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JBBNWYORKBOTANICALGARli 


=,7^1.  n.b' 1399  W 


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CLASS-BOOK  OF  BOTANY, 

DESIG.VED   FOR 
COLLEGES,  ACADEMIES,  AND  OTHER  SE.MLNARIES 

WHERE   THE    SCIENCE    IS   TAUGUT. 


En  Stoo  ipacts: 


PART   I. 
THE  ELEMENTS  OF  BOTANICAL  SCIENCK 

TART  IL 
THE   NATURAL   ORDERS, 

ILLUSTRATED    EY 

A  FI.ORA  OF  TIIE  NOIITIIERN  UNITED  STATES, 

PARTICULAKLY    NEW    ENGLAND   AND    NEW   YORK. 


BY  ALPHONSO  WOOD,  A.  M. 

ASSOCIATE    PRINCIPAL    IN    KIMBALL    UNION    ACADEMY. 


LIBRARV 


BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED  BY  CROCKEll  &  BREWSTER. 

CLAREMONT,  N.  H.,  SIMEON  IDE. 

1845. 


Entered  accordmg  to  an  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  lS4i5,  by 

ALPHONSO  WOOD, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


TO     THE 

REV.  CHESTER  DEWEY,  M.  D.,  D.  D., 

PROFESSOR   OP   NATURAL   SCIENCE   IN'   THE    BERKSHIKK   AND   OTHER   MltDICAL 

IKSTIIUTIONS,   AUTHOR   OF   THE   REPORT   ON   THE   HERBACEOOS 

PLANTS   OF  MASSACHUSETTS,   MONOGRAPH   ON 

THE   CARICES,   ETC.    ETC. 

THIS  VOLUME 

IS   RESPECTFULLY   DEDICATED,   BY 

THE    AUTHOR. 


PRE  FAC  E 


That  there  is  need  of  a  new  Class-Book  of  Botany,  prepared  on  the  basis  of 
the  present  advanced  state  of  the  science,  and,  at  the  same  time,  adapted  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  mass  of  students  collected  in  our  institutions  and  seminaries 
of  learning,  is  manifest  to  all  who  now  attempt  either  to  teach  or  to  learn.  The 
time  has  arrived  when  Botany  should  no  longer  be  presented  to  the  learner 
encumbered  with  the  puerile  misconceptions  and  barren  facts  of  the  old  school, 
but  as  a  System  of  Nature,  raised  by  recent  researches  to  the  dignity  and  rank 
of  a  science  founded  upon  the  principles  of  inductive  philosophy.  The  study 
of  this  science  through  the  medium  of  the  system  of  Jussieu,  is  adapted,  not 
merely  to  the  amusement  of  the  mind,  but  eminently  to  its  discipline ;  and  needs 
no  longer  to  be  excluded  from  popular  pursuit  by  cumbrous  and  costly  tomes. 
That  theory  of  the  floral  structure  which  refers  each  organ  to  the  principle  of  the 
leaf,  long  since  propounded  in  Germany  by  the  poet  Goethe,  and  recently 
admitted,  by  authors  generally,  to  be  coincident  with  facts,  is  adopted,  of  course, 
-N^  in  the  present  work.  Entering  into  almost  every  department  of  the  science,  it 
^Z"  has  given  a  new  aspect  to  the  whole  face  of  it ;  and  it  reveals,  more  clearly  than 
any  other  discovery  has  ever  done,  the  beauty  and  simplicity  of  that  plan  on 
which  Creative  Power  is  exerted  in  the  production  of  the  countless  fonns  of 
vegetable  existence. 

How  far  the  present  work  may  be  adapted  to  the  diffusion  of  this  important 

science,  in  its  present  advanced  state,  a  candid  public  must  determine.    I  have 

„   undertaken  and  accomplished  it,  thus  far,  from  a  thorough  conviction  of  my  own 

^  need  of  such  aid  as  is  here  contemplated,  both  in  acquiring  and  imparting 

'"''■"''  knowledge  in  this  department  of  natural  history. 

The  First  Tart  contains  a  summary  of  the  Elements  of  Botany,  according  to 
the  latest  authorities,  written  in  the  fonn  of  simple  propositions,  briefly  illus- 
trated, and  broken  into  short  paragraphs  with  direct  reference  to  the  convenience 
of  the  learner.  Brief  as  it  is,  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  be  found  to  embody  all  the 
established  principles  of  the  science  contained  in  fonner  school  treatises,  together 
with  tliosc  newly  discovered  principles  in  Organography  and  Physiology,  by 
which  the  science  has  been  really  enriched  and  advanced. 

The  Flora  comprehends  all  the  Phocnogamous  plants,  with  the  ferns,  &-c., 


which  have  hitlierto  been  diprovcrcd,  nnd  dcsciihcd  as  indijrcnons  to  the  New 
England  States  and  New  York,  tomtlicr  witli  the  naturalized  exotics,  and  lliose 
which  are  more  generally  cultivated,  either  as  useful  or  ornamental.  The 
descriptions  arc  as  extended  and  minute  as  appears  to  the  author  necessary  for 
the  complete  recognition  of  the  ])lants,  and  for  imparting  a  knowledge  of  what- 
ever is  peculiar  or  interesting  in  their  hahits,  culture,  or  use. 

With  regard  to  the  sources  of  information  from  which  this  pnrt  of  the  work 
has  been  i)rcpared,  it  is  proper  to  state,  that  I  have  for  several  years  been 
engaged  in  the  collection  of  materials,  during  which  I  liave  made  frequent  and 
extensive  tours  with  this  object  in  view,  in  nearly  every  section  of  country  wliich 
this  riora  represents;  and  have  had  access  to  many  extensive  collections  of 
plants,  among  which  I  mention  with  jieculiar  pleasure  that  of  Mr.  Ahel  StokkS, 
of  Lebanon,  N.  H.  By  these  means  I  have  been  able  to  draw  the  description  of 
about  three  fourths  of  the  species  mentioned  in  the  work  from  the  living  or  dried 
specimen.  The  remaining  descriptions  arc  compiled  from  a  careful  examination 
and  comparison  of  the  best  autliorities  within  my  reach,  among  which  arc  the 
botanical  works  of  Bigelow,  Faton,  Wright,  Nuttall,  Pursh,  Smith,  ToiTcy  (his 
Northern  Flora),  Beck,  Loudon,  Barton,  Michaux,  Parlington,  Dewey,  &c.,  &c. 
To  the  elaborate  and  liighly  authentic  Flora  of  Drs.  Torrey  and  Gray,  I  had 
no  access  until  after  the  present  Flora  had  been  written :  since  which  time  I  have 
availed  myself  of  their  researches  in  regard  to  the  nomenclature  of  plants,  suc- 
cession of  the  Orders,  and  recent  discoveries.  In  almost  all  cases,  I  have  adopted 
their  generic  and  specific  names,  for  very  obvious  reasons.  The  multitude  of 
synonyms,  by  which  plants  have  been  heretofore  designated,  have  greatly  encum- 
bered the  science,  and  are  to  be  regarded  as  an  evil  and  only  an  evil.  If  we 
then  have  a  standard  work  on  North  American  Botany,  written  by  North  Ameri- 
can authors,  as  we  most  cer:ainly  have,  it  is  absurd  for  Inimblcr  writers  to  strive 
to  perpetuate  this  useless  jargon  of  names.  Beyond  Order  LXXVJ,  to  which 
only  their  work  as  yet  extends,  I  have  adopted  those  names  which,  in  my  own 
judgment,  rest  upon  the  best  authority. 

There  arc  two  serious  evils  existing  in  the  treatises  in  more  general  use,  which 
liavc  too  long  checked  the  diffusion  of  botanical  knowledge.  First,  the  princi- 
ples of  the  science  arc  reduced  to  such  a  degree  of  simplicity  as  to  sacrifice  all 
incentive  to  intellectual  effort,  save  memory  alone :  and,  secondly,  the  application 
of  the  principles  in  practical  analysis  is  often  involved  in  such  obscurity  that  no 
degree  of  intellectual  effort  is  of  any  avail.  In  the  following  jiages  I  have 
guarded  against  both  these  evils  as  much  as  possible.  With  regard  to  the  latter, 
it  is  hoped  that  the  Analytical  Tables  will  be  found  of  essential  sen-ice.  The 
object  aimed  at  in  their  construction,  is,  to  exhibit  at  one  view  the  most  striking 
characteristics  of  each  group,  to  which  they  respectively  relate,  so  arranged  as  to 
conduct  the  mind  from  a  single  radiatins  point,  to  any  desired  genus  described  in 
the  volume.  That  we  have  fully  realized  this  plan,  or  that  the  t.ables  are  free 
from  error,  is  not  to  be  expected  ;  yet  we  do  hope  that  they  will  aflbrd  facilities 
for  analysis  far  greater  than  any  system  hitherto  available. 

In  t!ic  construction  of  these  tables  I  have  received  indis]icns.'ible  aid  from 
Dk.  Edward  E.  1'iieli'S,  of  Windsor,  Vt.,  Lecturer  on  Jledical  Botany,  in 


PREFACE.  5 

Dartmouth  College.  I  would  here  gratefully  acknowledge,  also,  the  important 
assistance  and  encouragement  I  have  received  from  him  in  other  departments  of 
this  work. 

To  the  Rev.  Professor  Dewey,  to  whom  I  am  permitted  to  dedicate  this 
volume,  I  am  indebted  for  that  part  of  the  Flora  which  relates  to  the  difficult, 
yet  deeply  interesting,  fomily  of  the  Cariccs.  He  has  not  only  granted  me  access 
to  his  former  excellent  Monograph  on  that  genus,  but  has  prepared  the  article 
for  the  present  work  with  his  own  hand. 

The  six  Primary  Classes  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  adopted  in  this  volume, 
diifering  somewhat  from  Torrey  and  Gray,  to  whose  arrangement  I  have  so  gen- 
erally adhered  in  other  respects,  rest  upon  the  authority  of  Prof.  Dewey,  and 
others.  The  Gymnosperms  of  Lindlcy  are  made  a  coordinate  class  with  that  of 
Exogens,  and  yet  are  at  the  same  time  acknowledged  to  be  only  a  subdivision  of 
it;  an  arrangement  which  certainly  appears  to  us  illogical. 

Finally,  that  the  present  work  contains  many  imperfections,  no  one  can  be 
more  fully  aware  than  the  author.  These  it  will  be  his  constant  care  to  detect 
and  amend  in  future  editions,  should  any  appear.  Meanwhile,  he  confidently 
relies  upon  the  indulgence  of  all  those  who  can  appreciate  the  difficulties  atten- 
dant on  a  work  like  this,  and  humbly  hopes  that  his  long  and  arduous  toil  will 
not  prove  wholly  unproductive  of  useful  results. 

Meriden,  N.  H.,  June  22,  1 844. 


THE  GREEK  ALPHABET,  &C. 


Large. 

SmalL 

Eom.  letten. 

Names. 

Kamerals. 

A 

a 

a 

Alpha. 

B 

^ 

b 

Beta. 

1. 

ff;,  ftoyag. 

r 

1 

g 

Gamma. 

2. 

dvu)^  di;. 

J 

(5 

d 

Delta. 

3. 

TQFtg. 

E 

e 

c 

Epsilon. 

4. 

leaauQFc,  Tcrgof 

z 

? 

z 

Zcta. 

5. 

nffie. 

II 

V 

c 

Eta. 

G. 

ii. 

o 

^d 

th 

Theta. 

I 

t 

i 

Iota. 

7. 

kara. 

K 

X 

c.  (k) 

Kappa. 

8. 

OXTOi. 

A 

I 

1 

Lambda. 

9. 

FfVfa, 

M 

A* 

m 

]Mu. 

10. 

dexu. 

N 

V 

n 

Nu. 

ti'Sfxa. 

11. 

^ 

1 

X 

Xi. 

12. 

8u)5fxa. 

0 

0 

5 

Omikron. 

n 

n  3 

P 

Pi. 

20. 

flXOUl. 

p 

Q 

r 

Rho. 

Many,  rioAuj. 

V 

u,S 

s 

Sigma. 

T 

T 
V 

t 

y 

Tan. 
Upsilon. 

r 

i» 

<P 

ph 

Phi. 

X 

7. 

ch 

Chi. 

u 

ion,  FTTi. 

!/' 

V 

ps 

Psi. 

Around,  rrfoj. 

Jl 

b) 

o 

Omega. 

Under,  l-ti. 

*  An  npolopy  for  introducing  the  above  lables  in  lliis  place  is  scarcely  (iue.  A  very  large 
propiirlion  of  ihe  iHilaiiic  vocaliulary,  including  generic  and  specific  names,  is  derived  from 
ihat  mosi  copiou.-,  rich,  and  beautiful  of  idl  lanjuagcs,  ilir  Greek  :  and  in  explaining  the  Rty- 
molopy  of  lliese  term.-!,  instead  of  preseniirig  tlit-ir  ihcnies  under  die  disguise  of  Roman  letters, 
a  practice  always  displeasing  to  the  classical  sludeni,  I  have  not  hesitated  to  introduce  ibem 
in  their  own  proper  Greek  dress.  Nur  will  this  occasion  the  least  dilTicully  to  the  Kngluh 
student,  since,  in  all  case.«,  the  corrcspcniding  I'nglish  words  immediately  lolUiw  the  Greek 
thus  in'roduceil.  It  u  ill  be,  however,  both  profitable  and  interesting  to  hini,  to  make  himacif 
thoroughly  acquainlcd  with  llic  abo\e  tables,  as  one  of  liLs  lessons,  preliiniiiaiy  lu  llie  study 
of  botany. 


CONTENTS    AND    ANALYSIS. 


CHAPTER  I.  — INTRODUCTION.  — Page  13. 

1,  Botany  ricfincc].  —  2,  Its  department?.  Organofjrnphy.  3,  Vegetable  Physiol- 
ogv.  -1,  Glossologv.  5,  Systematic  Botany.  C,  Relation  "to  man  —  ultimate  aim. 
7,  it.s  merits  and  claims.  'S,  Natural  world  —  its  division?,  — «,  mutual  relations, 
9,  Mineral  defined.  10,  Plant  defined.  11,  Animal  defined,  — «,  the  three  king- 
doms blend  in  one.  li.  Vegetation  universal,  —  a,  eflects  of  light  upon  it  —  and 
heat,  —  h,  elevation  above  the  sea — Peak  of  Teneriffe,  —  c,  soil,  —  (i,  moisture,  —  e, 
extremes  of  heat —  illustrations,  — /;  extremes  of  cold  — illustrations,  — o-,  light- 
illustrations.  13,  Variety  of  the  vcgetalde  kingdoiu.  14,  Causes  whicli  affect  it, — 
a,  plants  adapted  to  localities.  15,  Cultivation,  —  10,  Cabbage,  &c.,  for  illustration. 
17,  Species  dependent  on  cultivation,  —  a,  conclusion. 

CHAPTER  II.  — PLAN  OF  VEGETATION.    ELE^^IENTARY 
ORGANS.  — 18. 

IS,  Embryo.  19,  Axis,  — ascending  — descending.  20,  Bud,  — its  development, 
&c.  21,  Axillary  buds,  —  universal.  22,  Bud  a  distinct  individual,  — o,  illustra- 
tion. 23,  15ranclies,  —  a,  plant  compoinid,  —  b,  reproductive.  2J,  Flower,  origia 
of, — 25,  its  nature  and  end,  —  a,  illustration.  20,  Decay,  —  a,  a  leaf  the  elemen- 
tary organ.  27,  Leaf  consists  of,  —  a,  element.ary  tissues."  2S',  Chemical  basis  of  tho 
tiss'ues  —  organic  bases, — a,  illustration.  29,  Cellular  tissue— parenchyma,  —  a, 
pith  of  elder,  —  b,  c,  cellular  tissue  how  colored,  — rt",  size  of  cells,  —  e,  they  become 
solid, — /,  Paphides.  30,  Woodv  tissue  —  its  design,— a,  illustration.  31,  Glandu- 
lar fibre  —  fossil  coal.  32,  Vasiform  tissue,  —  a,  articulated  —  continuous,  —b,  illus- 
tration. .33,  Vascular  tissue,  —  a,  spiral  vessels, —  i,  spiral  thread,  —  c,  its  size, — 
d,  situ.ation  of  spiral  vessels,  —  e,  what  they  contain, — ./;  ducts, — g-,  closed  —  anmi- 
lar  —  reticulated  —  the  office  of  these  ducts.  34,  Laticiferons  tissue,  —  rr,  size,  &c. 
35,  Epidermis  —  where  it  is  not  found.  30,  Structure, — a,  illustration.  .37,  Stomata. 
3S,  Form.  39,  Position,  — «,  size.  40,  Surface.  41,  Hairs  — simple  — branched,— 
a,  position  —  downy  —  pubescent  —  hirsute  —  rough  —  tomentose  —  arachnoid  —  se- 
riceous—  velvety -Mediate.  42,  Stings.  43,  Prickles.  44,  Glands  —  sessile  —  im- 
bedded,—  a,  glandular  hairs.    45,  Receptacles  of  secretion. 

CHAPTER  III.  — PRIMARY  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  \T:GETABLE 
KINGDOM.  — 26. 

4G,  Ph.TUogamia  —  Cryptogamin, — 47,  their  distinctions  of  tissue,  —  4-S,  of  cotyle- 
dons. 49,  Further  distinctions.  50,  A  species,  —  a,  illustration  —  number  of  species 
known.  51,  Varieties,  —  c,  where  they  occur.  52,  A  genus,  —  a,  illustration,  —  i, 
summary. 

CHAPTER  IV.  — OF  THE  FLOWER. 
{1.    OF  ITS  PARTS  AND  THEIR  ARRANGEMENT.— CS. 

S.*?,  P.nrts  of  the  flower  einimerated,  —  a,  essential  organs  —  perfect  flower,  —  3,  ira 
perfect  flower  —  sterile  —  fertile  —  neu'^ral.  -54,  Perianth  consists  of — calyx  —  co- 
rolla—  achlamvdeous  flowers.  .O-'i,  Calyx  rVfiiied — sepals.  -50,  Corolla  defined  — 
petals.  57,  Stamens  —  dcfini'iou  of— office  —  :.'ndrcpcium.  5S,  Pistils  — offico 
of — gynrcciiun.  59.  Rocepfacle  —  order  of  tl-.e  organs  njwn  it.  GO,  S]iecimen.s. 
Gl,  A  complete  and  regular  fiov.'er,  —  a,  theoretical  number  of  tiie  pai'tt,  —  i,  tlieir 


8  CONTENTS    AND 

theoretical  position,  —  c,  summary  —  correspondence  between  a  flower  and  a  leafy 
branch.  6"2,  Apparent  exceptions  —  examples  of  symmetrical  flowers.  63,  «,  First 
cause  of  deviation,  the  development  of  one  or  more  additional  whorls  —  exam- 
ples.—  i.  Second  cause,  the  suppression  of  entire  whorls  —  examples.  —  c,  Third 
cause,  the  suppression  of  parts  of  whorls  —  examples.  —  ^,  Fourth  cause,  the  union 
of  parts  of  the  same  whorl  —  examples. — c,  Fifth  cause,  the  union  of  organs  of  differ- 
ent whorls  —  examples.—/,  Sixth  cause,  unequal  development  of  similar  organs  — 
examples. — g,  Seventh  cause,  reconversion  of  organs  —  examples. — h,  Eighth 
cause,  development  of  axis  —  examples. 

CHAPTER  v.  — OF  THE  FLOWER. 

§J.     STAMENS  AND  THE  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES.— .34. 

64,  The  stamens,  basis  of  a  classification  —  why.  —  6-5,  Definition  —  66,  parts  — 
which  essential.  6",  Filament.  68,  Anther  —  when  sessile  —  connectile  —  anal- 
ogy,—  cf,  cells  —  dehiscence,  —  A,  connectile,  —  f,  stamen  abortive.  69,  Modes  of 
attachment  of  anther  to  filament,  1st,  innate;  2d,  adnate;  .id,  versatile ;  4th,  in- 
troree  —  extrorse.  70,  Pollen  —  forms,  —  ff,  structure  —  molecules.  71,  Physio- 
k>gica!  structure  —  of  the  filament  —  connectile  —  anther  —  pollen.  72,  Theoretical 
structure — proof  from  the  transitions  of  stamens  into  pistils  —  examples.  7-3,  Cir- 
cumstances in  which  stamens  varv —  twentv-four  Linnean  Classes.  74,  Number, — 
Etymoloffv  of  the  names  of  the  Classes.  Class  1st,  2nd,  .3d,  4th,  5th,  6th,  7th,  Sth, 
9th,  10th;  nth.  2nd,  Position,  — 12th,  13th.  3d,  Relative  length,  — 14th,  1.5th, 
4th,  Connection,  —  iGth,  17th,  ISth,  19th,  20th.  5th,  Absence,  — 21st,  22d,  23d, 
aith. 

CHAPTER  VI.  — THE  FLOWER. 

}3.     OF  THE  PISTIL  AND  THE  ARTIFICIAL  ORDERS.  — 39. 

75,  The  pistil,  its  position  —  structure.  76,  Ovary  —  ovules.  77,  Ovary  simple  — 
compound  —  carpels.  7S,  The  style  —  number  —  connection.  79,  Stigma  —  sim- 
ple—  compound.  SO,  Number  of  stvles,  orders  founded  upon.  Order  1st,  2nd,  3rd, 
4th,  Sth,  6th,  7th,  &th,  9th,  10th,  11th,  12th.  i\'&<^,  — Orders  of  the  class  Didyna- 
mia  —  Tetradynamia  — Orders  of  the  IGth,  17th,  18th,  20th,  21st,  and  22d  classes. 
Orders  of  Syngenesia,  Equalis — Superflua  —  Frustranea — Necessaria  —  Segre- 
gata.  Orders  of  Polygamia,  JIona;cia  —  Dicecia.  Orders  of  the  24th,  class.  81, 
Ovules.  S2,  Placenta  —  structure  —  direction.  83,  Physiological  structure  —  of  the 
ovary  —  style  —  stigma  —  without  epidermis.  84,  Tlieoretical  structure  explained,  — 
sutnres  —  ventral  —  dorsal,  —  a,  illustration,  —  h,  c,  illustrations  continued.  85,  Pro- 
positions,—  first — second  —  third  —  fourth.  86,  These  propositions  when  true.  S7, 
Central  placenta,  —  parietal  placenta.  SS,  Free  central  placenta,  —  explanation. — 
a,  0\'u]es  proved  to  he  analogous  to  buds.  89,  Ovules  enclosed  —  naked,' — a,  erect 
—  ascending  —  pendulous  —  suspended.  90,  Foramen  —  primine  —  secundine  —  nu- 
cleus—  a,  illustration.    91,  Funiculus  —  chalaza. 

«4.     OF  THE  MUTUAL  ACTION  OF  THE  STAMENS  AND  PISTILS.  — 44. 

92,  Their  specific  ofl^ce  —  how  accomplished,  —  a.  illustrations,  —  tulip  —  Kalmia, 
&c.  93,  Action  of  pollen  upon  the  stigma  —  tubes.  94,  Molecules  —  their  destina- 
tion. 

CHAPTER  Vn.  — THE  FLOWER. 

§5.     OF  THE  CALYX.  — 45. 

9.5,  Calyx  —  etymology  —  color.  —  96,  Sepals  —  monosepalous  —  polysepalotis.  — 
97,  Calyx  — inferior  —  superior,  —  98,  caducous  —  deciduous  —  persistent,  —  99,  re- 
duced —  wanting  —  a.  Pappus  —  pilose  —  plumose  —  setose  —  paleaceous. 

§6.     OF  THE  COROLLA.  — 46. 

100,  The  corolla  —  etvmolosv.  101,  Petals  —  polypctalous  —  monopetalous.  102, 
Claw  —  lamina,  —  103,  tube  — limb,  — 104,  regular— irregular.  1,  Corolla  campanu- 
late.  2,  Infnndibulif'irm.  3,  llypocratirifo.rm.  4.  Potate.  .5,  Labiate  —  ringent  — 
personate  —  galea.  105,  Forms  of  pnlypetalons  corolhis,  —  1,  Cruciform.  2,  Rosa- 
ceous. 3,  Liliaceous.  4,  Caryophyllaceous.  5,  Papilionaceous  —  vexillum  —  aire  — 
carinae.     106,  Physiological  structure  —  colors. 


ANALYSIS    OF    SUKJECTS.  9 

§7.    OF  THK  NECTARY  AND  DISK.  — 40. 

107,  Definition,  — o,  Nectary  — labellum  — spur, —*,  Disk  — liypogynous  — epi- 
gyiious,  —  c,  true  character. 

§8.     OF  ESTIVATION.  — CO. 

lOS,  Definition  — vernation,- a,  illu.stration.  1,  ^Estivation  valvatc,  — 2,  Convo- 
Inte,- 3,  Quincuncial,- 4,  Contorted,  — 5,  Alternate,  — G,  Vexillary,  —  7,  hidupli- 
catc,  —  b,  Supervolute. 

CHArTER  VIII.  — THE  FRUIT.- 51. 

10!),  Its  importance  —  design,  —  a,  utility,  —  d,m  respect  to  time  —  defined.  110, 
Analogous  to  ovary  —  changes,  —  a,  examples. 

§1.     OF  THE  rERJCARP.-52. 

Ill,  Fruit  consists  of,  —  (7,  naked  seeds.  112,  Pericarp  defined  —  cpicarp  —  sar- 
cocarp,  — tf,  illustration.  11-3,  I'liysiology  of  growth,  —  114,  of  ripening,  — a,  acidi- 
fication,—  /),  maturitv.  115,  Dehiscence  —  iiidehiscent— valves, —  1,  Dehiscence 
locnlicidal,  —  2,  Septicidal,- 3,  SeptifVagal,  — 4,  Sunu-al,- -5,  Circuni.scissile.  IIG, 
Forms  of  pericarp.— 1 ,  Capsule,  —  a,  cells  —  columella. —2,  Siliqne. — .3,  Silicic. — 
4,  Legume. — 5,  FnlliL-le.  —  G,  Drupe.— 7,  Nut— S,  Caryopsis.  — '.),  Achcnium. — 
lb.  Samara.  —  1 1,  Pyxis.  — 12, 1'ome.  — 13, 1'epo.  — 14,  Beny  —  strawberry  —  black- 
berry. — 15,  Strobile. 

CIIAl'TER  IX.  — THE  FRUIT.  — 57. 
§2.    OF   THE    SEED. 

117,  The  seed  defined,  — «,  its  parts,  US,  integuments  — tcs'a  —  mesospcrm — 
cndoplein-a,- ff.  Testa,  its  substance  —  surface  —  form  —  appendages,  —  A,  Coma 
distinguished.  lliJ,  Aril.  120,  Hiluni.  121,  Seed  orthotropmis  —  anatropous.  122, 
Albumen  —  where  most  abundant  —  where  wanting.  12:3,  Embryo  —  124,  its 
part?,  — (7,  radicle,  — A,  plumule  — its  direction.  12.'),  Cotyledon, —  «,  the  number, 
&c.  12G,  Monocotvlcdons  — endogens.  127,  Dicotyledons  —  c.xogens  distiu 
guishcd.    12S,  Cotyledons  many  —  none.    12'J,  Kmbryo.^,  number  of.  —  Spores 

§3.     OF  GERMINATION.  — GO. 

130,  The  embrvo,  its  importance,  —  a,  germination  defined,  —  1.31,  tlie  process  ex  ■ 
plained.  1-32,  'Ihe  cotvledons.  1.33,  Conditions  of  perminatinn,  — »,  heat  — 6, 
•water— r,  o.Kygen  —  f/,  darkness.  1.34,  Duration  of  the  vitality  of  seeds.  Note, 
Two  examples  of. 

H-     OF  DISSEMINATION.— GI. 

1.3.5,  Remark  — examples,  Krigcron  — a,  Wings,  hooks  — /5,  Impatiens  — Streams 
and  oceans  —  Squirrels,  birds. 

CHAPTER  X.  — THE  ROOT.  — 02. 

13G,  Its  definition— origin,  — c,  divisions.  1.37,  Prone  direction,  — ff,  horizontal 
direction.  13S,  Number  and  extent.  139,  How  distingnished  from  stems.  140,  Ex- 
ceptions—  adventitious  buds  —  subterranean  stems.  141,  Collnm — a,  statioiun-y. 
142,  Parts  of  the  root,  —  ct,  caudcx  —  b,  fibres  — f,  spongioles.  143,  Forms  of  roots. 
144,  Ramose  —  a,  analojrous  to  branchei?  —  illustration,  —  A,  further  illustration, — 
c,  extent  of  roots.  145,'Fusiform  root  —  forked  —  tap  root  —  jiremorse  —  napifonu. 
14tj,  Fibrous,- a,  fascirnlatcd.  147,  Tuberous —ct,  palmare  — i6,  granulated.  148, 
Use  of  fleshy  roots.     149,  Floating  root.     150,  Ki>iphytes  — parasites. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL  STRUCTURE  AND  FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  ROOT.  — GG 

1.51,  Internal  structure.  1-32,  Fibrils,  structure  — function.  15.3,  Growjtji  of  root. 
1.54,  Its  most  obvious  function  —  most  impor'anl  one  —  a,  illustration.  155,  Activity 
of  absori)tion  dependent  on.  1.5G,  Part  which  absorbs,  &.c.—a,  illustration,  — 3, 
transplanting.  157,  Force  of  absorption,  —  a,  illustration.  1.5S,  Can=e  of  absorp- 
tion—  not  capillarv  .attraction,  —  a,  experiment  in  philosophy  —  exosmosc  —  endos- 
mose.  1-59,  Requisite  conditions, —  ff,  how  they  exist  in  the  root,  —  application. 
IGO,  Use  of  absorption,  —  o,  power  of  choice  —  illustration. 


10  CONTENTS    AND 

CELA.PTER  XI.  — THE  STEM,  OR  ASCENDING  AXIS.  — 69. 

161,  Definition,  —  a,  cause  of  its  ascent.  162,  Direction  horizontal  — erect  —  pro- 
cumbent—  ascending  —  subterranenn.  103,  Annual  —  perennial.  164,  Distinction 
in  regard  to  size,  &c.  — «,  tree  —  i,  shrub  —  c,  herb.  10.5,  Most  distinctive  property 
of  stem.  106,  Buds.  167,  Leaf-bud.  108,  The  scalj  envelopes,  a.  Scales  not 
-formed  in  hot  climates,  &c.  —  their  design.  169,  Bud  terminal,  develop*  a  simple 
axis, — a,  axillary,  developes  branches,  —  i,  adventitious.  170,  Branch.  171, 
Thorn,  —  a,  its  nature,  &c.  —  b,  distinguished  from  prickles.  172,  Node  —  inter- 
node,  —  c,  how  formed  —  why  the  axis  diminishes  upwards.  173,  Arrangement  of 
branches,  —  174,  spiral, — a,  modifications  —  circular,  how  caused.  175,  Alter- 
jiate  —  opposite  —  whorled.  176,  Same  of  the  branches.  —  a,  Two  classes  of  stems. 
477,  Subterranean  —  stemless  plants  —  varieties.  17S,  Bulb,  —  o,  tunicated  — 
scaly,  —  1^,  how  renewed,  —  c,  bulblets.  179,  Corm.  ISO,  Tuber.  ISl,  Rhizoma. 
182,"  Creeper,  —  a,  repent  stems,  their  use.  183,  Varieties  of  aerial  stems.  184, 
Caulis.     185,  Runner.     186,  Scape,  —  o,  culm.     187,  Vine  —  o,  tendril.     168,  Twin- 

■  inc  stems  —  tlieir  direction.  189,  Ti'unk — a,  its  dimensions.  Note,  Illustrations, 
■b,  its  duration.  Note,  Illustrations.  190,  Sucker.  191,  Offset.  192,  Stolon.  193, 
^Plurality  of  trunks  —  a,  Banyan  —  Mangrove. 

§1-    PHYSIOLOGICAL  STRUCTURE  OF  THE  EXOGENOUS  STEM.  — 77. 

194,  Structure  of  herbaceous  stems  —  195,  of  the  first  year's  growth  of  perennial 
'stems,  —  a,  basis  of  the  distinction  of  Exogens  and  Endogens.  190,  Exogens.  197, 
Endogens.  198,  Parts  of  the  exogenous  structure.  199,  Pith.  200,  Medullary 
sheath.  201,  Wood  —  number  of  layers.  202,  Layer  consists  of,  —  a,  arrangement 
of  its  parts.  203,  Alburnum  —  duramen.  204,  Medullary  rays.  205,  Bark,  — its 
parts.  —  206,  its  structure  —  cork  —  liber.  207,  New  layer,  how  formed,  —  a,  outer 
layers,  why  shaggy  —  horizontal  fibres,  —  5,  qualities  resident  in, — c,  its  peculiar 
ve'ssels. 

§2.    FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  STEM.  — 80. 

208,  Conveyance  of  sap,  — 209,  through  what  portion  — its  course  —  elabora- 
tion —  descent. 

§3.  OF  THE  ENDOGENOUS  STRUCTURE.  — SL 

210,  Its  peculiarity.  211,  Composition.  212,  Each  bundle  consists  of,  —  o,  mode 
of  increase. 

CHAPTER  XIL  — THE  LEAF.— 82. 

213,  Its  importance  —  character.  214,  How  distinguished.  215,  Color — autum- 
nal hues,  —  a,  due  to  what  —  chlorophyll  —  changes,  —  Z.,  color  of  flowers. 

§1.    VERNATION.  — 82. 

■  216,  Meaning  of  the  term  —  leaf-bud  how  compacted,- o,  illustration.  217, 
Forms  of  vernation,  —  1,  Equitant  —  2,  Obvolute  —  3,  Involute  —  4,  Revolute  —  5, 
Convolute  —  6,  Plaited  —  7,  Circinate. 

§2.    ARRANGEMENT.— 83. 

218,  In  the  bnd  — after  the  axis  is  developed,  — 1,  Scattered  — 2,  Altemate— 3. 
Opposite  —  4,  Verticilhite  —  5,  Fasciculate.  219,  How  these  forms  may  be  reconciled 
with  the  spiral,  —  a,  illu.stration,  —  h,  Alternate  explained,  —  c,  Opposite  or  whorled 
explained.    220,  Leaves  radical  —  cauline  —  ramial. 

§3.  ORGANOGRAPHY.  — SI. 

221,  Nature  of  the  leaf— lamina  — sessile  — petiolate.  222,  Petiole  — its  form  — 
1,  Compressed  —  2,  Winged— 3,  Amplexicaul.  223,  General  form  of  the  lamina- 
base  —  apex.  224,  Leaf  simple  —  compoimd.  225,  Physiologv.  226,  Venation  — 
its  organs.  227.  Midrib  —  nerves.  228,  Veins  —  veinlets.  229,  Modes  of  venation. 
1 ,  Re'.icnlate  —  2,  Parallel  —  3,  Forked.  230,  Varieties  of  reticulate  venation,  —  1, 
Fcuther-veined  —  2,  Radiate-veined  —  3,  Varieties  of  parallel  venation. 

H-     FORM  OR  FIGURE.  — 86. 
231.  Theory  of—  form  dependent  on  venation.    232,   Forms  resulting  from  the 


ANALYSIS    OF    SUBJECTS.  II 

feather  venation  —  1,  Orbicular  —  2,  Elliptic  —  3,  Oblong  —  4,  Ovate  —  5,  Lanceo- 
late—  6,  Obovate  —  7,  Spathulate — 8,  Cordate  —  9,  Auriculate  — 10,  Hastate  — 11, 
Sagittate  — 12,  Reniform  —  a,  Forms  dependent  on  the  (levelopment  of  the  tissue — ■ 
13,  Runcinate  — 14,  Lyrate  — 15,  Pinnatifid — 10,  Sinuate.  233,  Forms  resulting 
from  radiate  venation  —  17,  Palmate  —  IS,  Digitate — 19,  Pedate  —  20,  Lacinate  — 
21,  Peltate  —  22,  Reniform,  &c.  234,  Forms  of  parallel-veined  leaves  —  23,  Linear  — 
24,  Oval,  &c.  —  25,  Cordate  —  26,  Acerose. 

§5.    MARGIN. -90. 

235,  How  modified  —  1,  Entire  —  2,  Dentate  —  3,  Serrate  —  4,  Crenate  —  5,  Erose 
—  6,  Undulate — 7,  Spinous  —  S,  Licised  —  9,  Laciniate  — 10,  Crisped  — 11,  Repand. 

§6.    APEX.  — 90. 

2.36,  Termination  of  leaf — 1,  Acute  —  2,  Obtuse  —  3,  Acuminate  —  4,  Emargin- 
ate  —  5,  Eetuse  —  6,  Mucronate. 

}7.     SURFACE —90. 

237,  Terms  descriptive  of  the  epidermis  on  the  leaf  or  elsewhere —  1,  Glabrous  — 
2,  Pubescent  — 3,  Rough  — 4,  Pilose  — 5,  Hoary  — 6,  Villose  — 7,  WooUy  — S,  To- 
mentose — 9,  Rugose  — 10,  Punctate. 

§8.    COMPOUND  LEAVES.  — 91. 

238,  Leaf  becomes  compound  on  what  principle.  239,  Leaflets  —  articulated. 
240,  Forms  resulting  from  the  feather-veined  arrangement —  1,  Pinnate — 2,  Equally 
pinnate  —  unequally  —  cirrhose — 3,  interruptedly  —  4,  Number  of  leaflets  —  tri- 
foliate—  single — 5^  bipinnate  —  6,  tripinnate — 7,  biternate  —  S,  triternate.  241, 
Forms  resulting  from  radiate  venation  —  9,  Quinate  — 10,  Septinate.  242,  Leaf 
with  regard  to  insertion  —  1,  Amplexicaul — 2,  Perfoliate  —  3,  Decurrent — 4,  Con- 
nate.   243,  Combined  terms,  —  a,  the  preposition  siib. 

§9.    ASCIDIA,  STIPULES,  AND  BRACTS.  — 93. 

244,  Leaves  of  Teazel  —  Tillandsia  —  Arum.  245,  Ascidia,  —  a,  of  the  Sarracenia, 
how  formed,  &c.  246,  Nepenthes.  247,  Dischidia.  248,  Diontea.  249,  Stipules,— 
varieties  —  positions.  2.'50,  Their  nature.  251,  Leaves  stipulate  —  exstipulate  — 
stipels.  252,  Bracts,  —  2.5-3,  their  nature.  2.54,  Involucre  —  involucel,  —  20.5,  of  the 
Compositae.    256,  Glume  —  awn  —  palce  —  valves. 

§10.    DURATION.— 96. 

257,  Leaves  temporary — 1,  Fugacious  —  2,  Deciduous  —  3,  Persistent.  25S,  Fall 
of  the  leaf —  previous  changes.    259,  Cause  of  defoliation. 

§11.    PHYSIOLOGICAL  STRUCTURE.  — 96. 

260,  Of  the  frame-work,  —  o,  of  the  lamina.  261,  Parenchyma  disposed  in  two. 
layers,  —  a,  how  covered.  262,  Liternal  stiiicture  of  the  parenchyma.  263,  Ar- 
rangement of  the  cells,  —  a,  chlorophyll.  264,  Stomata  communicate  with  what  — 
found  on  which  surface.  265,  Vessels  of  the  latex  —  their  course.  266,  Leaf  of 
Oleander  —  air  cells. 

§12.     OF  THE  FUNCTIONS  OF  LEAVES.— 9S. 

267,  Enumerated  — result  — latex.  268,  Crude  sap  consists  of.  269,  Exhal.a- 
tion  —  270,  distinguished  from  evaporation  —  271,  takes  place  through  the  stoma- 
ta—occurs  only' in  the  light  — why —  a,  illustration.  272,  Exhalation  dependent, 
on  absorption  —  quantity  —  illustration.  273,  Absorption,  —  a,  illustration. — 274,. 
by  their  lower  surface  — illustration.  275,  Respiration  —  276,  consists  in — 277, 
constant  — the  result  —  278,  illustration  —  279,  two  periods  of  its  greatest  activity  — 
tt,  in  germination,  —  i,  flowering  —  proportion  of  oxygen  evolved.  —  Note,  illustra- 
tion.—280,  Life  of  the  plant  dependent  on.  281,  "Digestion —  the  process.  2S2, 
Carbon  —  its  sources,  —  o,  illustration.  —  Plants  blanched  in  the  dark.  283,  Fixation 
of  carbon  —  relative  amount  absorbed  and  evolved.  —  Experiments  of  Dr.  Daubeny- 
284,  Relation  of  animal  to  vegetable  kingdom  in  regard  to  cai-bon  —  Reflections. 


12  CONTENTS    AND    ANALYSIS    OF    SUBJECTS. 

CHAPTER  XIII.  —  IKFLORESCENCE.— 102. 

2S5,  Definition.  aSG,  Position,  —  a,  exception?.  2S7,  Pcdnticlc  —  flower  sessile. 
28S.  Peiiui  cle  simple  — brimciicd  — I'edieel.  2s'J,  Scijie.  2ii0,  liiicliis.  20],  Inflo- 
rescence solif:n-y, —  292,  centrifiip;;il — centripetal,  resulting  from  wlnit.  2'J.i,  Cen- 
tripetal,—  294,  "centrifugal,  —  «,  liow  indicateii — all  tlie  flowers  terminal,  why. 
295,  Both  modes  combined  —  examples.  29(i,  Varieties  of  centripetal  inflorescence. 
297,  Si)ike  — 20S,  Raceme  — 299,  Ament  — .-^00,  Spndix  — 301,  Corymb  — 302,  i 
Umbel — 303,  Heail  —  a,  of  the  Compositai  —  com])onnd  flowers  —  304,  Panicle  —  305, 
Thyrsc  —  ff,  Comjiound  umLel  —  Umlellet  —  Compound  raceme,  &c.  30G,  Varie- 
ties of  centrifugal  inflorescence,  —  307.  Cyme  —  «,  its  normal  structure  and  devel- 
opment—  1^,  inference,  —  SOS,  Fascicle  —  309,  Verticilluster.  —  o,  Peduncle  coa- 
verted  into  a  tendril. 

CIIArXER  XIV.  — SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY.— 107. 

5  I.     OF  THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  PLANTS. 

310,  Systematic  Botany  defined.  31 1,  Pcmarks  on  the  extent  of  the  field  of 
botanic  research.  312,  Folly  of  studying  individnals  only.  313,  Individuals  grouped 
into  species, — <?,  illustrations — clover  —  [line  314,  S|iecies  grouped  into  genera, — 
illustration.  31.5,  Genera  resolved  into  orders  and  classes.  310,  Two  methods  of 
classifying  the  genera,  —  artificial  —  its  basis,  —  natural  —  basis.  — 317,  comparative 
merits" of  the  two  —  use  of  the  artificial.  31S,  Value  of  the  natural — obscurities 
now  removed.  319,  Remaining  difficulties  —  artificial  method  how  and  why  re- 
taiued  in  this  work.    320,  Artificial  arrangement  consists  of. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

§2.     OF  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  — 1C9. 

321,  Its  aim,  —  322,  distinguished  from  the  Artificial  —  what  characters  em- 
ployed,—  323,  advantages,  —  324,  yet  to  be  fully  consumnnited — some  artificial 
ch.aracters  yet  necessary.  325,  The  first  two  grimd  divisions  —  Phrcnogamia  —  its 
characters,"— Cry ptogainia  —  i*s  characters,  —  .320,  uncertainty  of  these  characters, 
sipprc ximation  of  groups.  327,  Sporogens.  ■32&.  Subdivisions  of  Ph.Tiogamia  — 
J^xogens  —  characters — Endogens  —  characters.  329,  Classes,  six.  Kxogens  di- 
vided into  two  —  Angiosperms,  characters — Gymnosperms,  characters.  330,  En- 
dogens divided  into  two  —  Aglumaceous,  characters — Glumaceou--,  characters. 
331,  Crv))toQ:'uiiia  divided  into  two  —  Acrogens,  characters  —  Thallogens,  charac- 
ters. 332,  Affinities  of  these  classes.  334,  Sub-classes— Polypetala',  characters  — 
Monopetalrc,  characters  —  AfietaL-p,  characters.  335,  Orders,  —  330,  how  formed. 
337,  Alliances,  groups,  &c.    338,  Extent  of  the  orders.    339,  Summary. 

CHAPTER  XVI.— 114. 

§1.     NOMENCLATURE. 

.340,  Names  of  the  orders  Latin  adjectives  —  derivation, — a,  exceptioni5.  341, 
Etymology  of  generic  names.    342,  Of  specific  names, — 343,  derivation  —  rules. 

§2.     BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS.  — 114. 

344,  Defined.  345,  Proper  state  of  i)lants  for  this,  — .340,  importance  of  it.  347, 
Process.    348,  Process  with  the  learner.  —  Analytical  tables. 

§3.  OF  COLLECTING  AND  PRESERViNG  PLANTS.  — 115. 

349,  Importance  of  it,  — a,  hortus  siccus.  S-'JO,  Apparatus.  351,  Directions  for 
gathering.  —  3-52,  pressing,  —  -353,  changing.  .354.  Arrangement  of  the  specimens. 
355,  Genera  arranged  —  how  preserved.  "  35G,  Fruit,  seeds,  and  wood,  how  pro- 
eerved. 


BOTANY. 


CHAPTER  I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

1.  Botany  is  the  science  wliicli  treats  of  the  Vegetable 
Kingdom.  It  inchidcs  the  knowledge  of  the  habits,  structure, 
and  uses  of  plants,  together  with  their  nomenclature  and  classi- 
fication. 

2.  Like  its  kindred  sciences,  it  is  resolved  into  distinct  depart- 
ments, according  to  the  nature  of  the  subjects  to  which  it  relates. 
That  part  which  investigates  the  organic  structure  of  vegetables, 
is  called  Organography,  corresponding  to  Anatomy,  in  the 
science  of  Zoology. 

3.  That  part  of  botany  which  relates  to  the  phenomena  of  the 
vital  functions  of  plants,  is  called  Vegetable  Physiology  ;  in- 
cluding the  consideration  of  their  germination,  growth,  and 
reproduction.  It  has,  therefore,  a  direct  and  practical  bearing 
upon  the  labors  of  husbandry,  in  the  propagation  and  culture  of 
plants,  both  in  the  garden  and  in  the  field. 

4.  Another  department,  of  essential  importance,  is  Gloss- 
ology, wliich  relates  to  the  explanation  and  application  of 
botanical  terms,  whether  nouns  or  adjectives,  by  which  the 
organs  of  plants,  with  their  numerous  modifications,  are  desig- 
nated. 

5.  A  fourth  department,  called  Systematic  Botany,  arises 
from  the  consideration  of  plants,  in  relation  to  each  other,  their 
mutual  affinities,  and  their  endless  diversities,  whereby  the 
100,000  species,  supposed  to  exist,  may  be  an-anged,  classified, 
and  designated,  by  distinctive  characters  and  names. 

2 


14  INTEODUCTION. 

6.  Finally,  in  its  extended  sense,  Botany  comprehends,  also, 
the  knowledge  of  the  relations  of  plants  to  the  other  depart- 
ments of  nature,  particularly  to  mankind.  The  ultimate  aim  of 
its  researches  is,  the  development  of  the  boundless  resources 
of  the  vegetable  kmgdom  for  our  sustenance,  protection,  and 
enjoyment;  for  the  healing  of  our  diseases,  and  the  alleviation 
of  our  wants  and  woes. 

7.  This  extensive  department  of  Natural  History,  therefore, 
justly  claims  a  large  share  of  the  attention  of  every  individual, 
not  only  on  account  of  the  aid  it  affords  to  horticulture,  to  the 
employments  of  rural  life,  and  to  the  healing  art,  but  also  for  the 
intellectual  and  moral  culture,  wliich,  among  other  kindred 
sciences,  it  is  capable  of  imparting  in  an  eminent  degi-ee. 

a.  No  science  more  effectually  combines  pleasure  Avith  improvement,  than 
Botany.  It  conducts  the  student  into  the  fields  and  forests,  amidst  the  verdure 
of  spring,  and  the  bloom  of  summer;  — to  the  channing  retreats  of  Nature,  in 
her  wild  luxuriance,  or  where  she  patiently  smiles  under  the  improving  hand 
of  cultivation.  It  furnishes  him  with  vigorous  exercise,  both  of  body  and  mind, 
which  is  no  less  salutaiy  than  agreeable,  and  its  subjects  of  investigation  are  all 
such  as  are  adapted  to  please  the  eye,  refine  the  taste,  and  improve  the  heart. 

8.  The  natural  world,  by  distinctions  sufficiently  obvious,  is 
divided   into   three   great  departments,   commonly  called  the 

Mineral,  Vegetable,  and  Animal  Kingdoms. 

a.  Vegetables,  or  plants,  hold  an  intermediate  position  bet^veen  animals  and 
minerals:  while  they  are  wanting  in  both  the  intelligence  and  instinct  of  the 
former,  they  are  endowed  with  a  physical  organization,  and  a  living  principle, 
whereby  they  are  remarkably  distinguished  above  the  latter ;  they  constitute  the 
ultimate  nourislunent  and  support  of  the  one,  the  vesture  and  ornament  of  the 
other. 

9.  A  mineral  is  an  inorganic  mass  of  matter,  that  is,  without 
distinction  of  parts  or  organs.  A  stone,  for  example,  may  be 
broken  into  any  number  of  fragments,  each  of  which  will  retain 
all  the  essential  characters  of  the  original  body,  so  that  each 
fragment  will  still  be  a  stone. 

10.  A  playit  is  an  organized  body,  endowed  with  \dtality  but 
not  with  sensation,  composed  of  distinct  parts,  each  of  wliich  is 
essential  to  the  completeness  of  its  being.  A  geranium  is  com- 
posed of  organs,  winch  may  be  separated  or  subdivided  indefi- 


THE    DIFFUSION    OF    VEGETATION.  15 

nitely,  but  no  one  of  the  fragments,  alone,  will  still  be  a  complete 
plant. 

11.  Animals,  like  plants,  are  organized  bodies,  endowed  with 
vitality,  and  composed  of  distinct  parts,  no  one  of  which  is  com- 
plete in  itself;  but  they  are  raised  above  either  plants  or  min- 
erals, by  the  power  of  perception. 

a.  These  distinctions,  long  since  suggested  by  the  immortal  Linnteus,  are  per- 
fectly obvious  and  definite,  in  the  higher  grades  of  the  animal  and  vegetable 
kingdoms ;  but,  in  descending  the  scale,  we  recognize  a  gradual  and  constant 
approach,  in  both,  to  inorganic  matter,  and  consequently  to  each  other :  so  that, 
in  the  lowest  forms  of  life,  all  traces  of  organization  disappear,  and  the  three  great 
kingdoms  of  nature,  like  three  converging  radii,  meet,  and  blend  in  a  common 
centre. 

12.  Vegetation,  m  some  of  its  forms,  appears  to  be  coexten- 
sive with  the  surface  of  the  earth.  It  springs  up,  not  only  from 
the  sunny  soil,  moistened  with  rain  and  dew,  but  even  from  the 
naked  rock,  amidst  the  arid  sands  of  the  desert,  in  thermal  and 
sulphurous  sprurgs,  in  arctic  and  alpine  snows,  and  from  the  beds 
of  seas  and  oceans. 

a.  Among  the  multitude  of  natural  causes  which  affect  the  growth  of  vegeta- 
tion, the  action  of  the  sun,  through  the  light  and  heat  which  it  impart?,  is  the  most 
efficient.  This  is  most  powerful  at  the  equator,  and  gradually  diminislies  in  in- 
tensity, as  we  proceed  from  thence  towards  either  pole.  Vegetation,  therefore, 
arrives  at  its  highest  degree  of  luxuriance  at  the  equator,  and  within  the  tropics. 
In  the  temperate  zones  it  is  less  remarkable  for  the  beauty  and  variety  of  its 
flowers,  and  the  deliciousness  of  its  fraits,  than  in  the  torrid ;  yet  it  is  believed  to 
be  no  less  adapted  to  promote  the  arts  of  civilized  life,  and  the  well-being  of  man 
in  general.  In  still  higher  latitudes,  plants  become  f^w,  and  of  stinted  growth, 
until  finally,  within  the  arctic  cncles,  they  apparently,  but  not  absolutely,  cease 
to  regetate. 

b.  Since  climate  is  affected  by  elevation  above  the  level  of  die  sea,  in  the  same 
manner  as  by  increase  of  latitude,  we  find  a  similar  diminution  of  vegetable 
activity,  in  ascending  high  mountains.  Thus,  the  peak  of  Teneriffe,  situated  on 
a  fertile  island,  \vithin  the  tropics,  is  clothed,  at  different  elevations,  with  plants 
peculiar  to  every  latitude,  in  succession,  from  the  torrid  to  the  frigid  zones, 
while  the  summit,  being  always  covered  with  snow,  is  as  barren  as  the  region  of 
the  poles.  So  also  the  White  Mountains,  in  New  Hampshire,  exhibit  upon  their 
summits  a  vegetation  similar  to  that  of  Labrador,  or  even  Greenland. 

c.  One  of  the  first  requisites  for  the  gro-ivth  of  plants,  is  a  soil,  from  Avhich,  by 
means  of  roots,  they  may  derive  their  proper  nutriment  and  support.  But  numer- 
ous species  of  lichens  and  mosses  find  their  most  congenial  habitations  upon  the 
bare  rock.     The  coral  island  no  sooner  arises  to  tlie  surface,  than  it  airests  the 


16  INTRODUCTION. 

floating  germs  of  vegetation,  -niiich  soon  clothe  the  rough  rock  with  verdure  of  a 
humbler  kind,  and  ultimately,  by  the  growth  and  decay  of  successive  generations, 
form  a  soil  for  tlie  sustenance  of  the  higher  fonns  of  vegetable  life. 

d.  Another  important  requisite  is  moisture.  But  the  arid  sands  of  the  great 
African  desert  are  not  absolutely  destitute  of  vegetable  life.  Even  there,  certain 
species  of  Stapelia  are  said  to  flourish,  and  those  drcaiy  regions,  where  neither  rain 
nor  dew  ever  falls,  ai-e  occasionally  enlivened  by  spots  of  verdui'e,  like  islands  in 
the  ocean. 

c.  Extremes  of  heat  ai-e  not  always  fatal  to  vegetation.  In  one  of  the  Geyscii's 
of  Iceland,  which  was  hot  enough  to  boil  an  egg  in  four  minutes,  a  species  of 
Chara  has  been  found,  in  a  gro'^ving  and  fniitful  state.  A  hot  spring  at  the 
Island  of  Luzon,  which  raises  the  thermometer  to  187°,  has  plants  growing  in  it 
and  on  its  borders.  But  the  most  extraordinary  case  of  all,  is  one  recorded  by 
Sir  J.  Staunton.  '  At  the  Island  of  Amsterdam  a  spring  was  found,  the  mud  of 
which,  far  hotter  than  boiling  water,  gave  birth  to  a  species  of  liverwort.'  Other 
sunilar  instances  are  on  record. 

/  Nor  are  the  exti-emes  of  cold  fatal  to  eveiy  fonn  of  vegetation.  The  rein- 
deer lichen,  of  Lapland,  grows  in  vast  quantities  beneath  almost  perpetual  snows. 
And  far  in  the  arctic  regions,  the  eternal  snows  are  often  reddened,  for  miles  in 
extent,  by  a  minute  vegetable  of  the  Algte  tribe,  called  red  snow,  of  a  sh-ucture 
the  simplest  that  has  yet  been  observed,  consisting  of  a  single  round  cell  contain-, 
ing  a  fluid. 

g.  Light  is  also  a  highly  important  agent  in  vegetation ;  yet  there  are  plants 
capable  of  flourisliing  in  situations  where  it  would  seem  that  no  ray  of  it  ever 
entei'cd.  Mushrooms,  and  even  plants  of  higher  orders,  have  been  found  growing 
amidst  the  perpetual  midnight  of  deep  caverns  and  mines.  Sea  weeds  of  a  bright 
green  color  have  been  drawn  up  from  the  bed  of  the  ocean,  from  depths  of  more 
than  100  fathoms. 

13.  The  vogotablc  kingxlom  is  no  less  remarkable  for  its  rich 
and  boimcUess  variety,  than  for  its  wide  difTusion.  Plants  diiler 
from  each  other  in  respect  to  form,  size,  color,  habits,  structure, 
and  properties,  to  an  unlimited  degree,  so  that  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult, indeed,  to  find  two  individuals,  even  of  the  same  species, 
which  should  perfectly  coincide  in  all  these  points. 

fl.  Yet  this  variety  is  never  abrupt,  never  capricious;  but  here,  as  in  other 
departments  of  nature,  uniform  resemblances  are  so  blended  with  it,  as  to  lay  an 
adeq^iate  foundation  for  Systematic  Botany. 

14.  The  same  causes  which  affect  the  general  increase  of 
)ilants,  exercise,  also,  an  important  influence  in  determining  their 
diaracter.  Hence,  every  climate  has  not  only  its  own  2^^culiar 
degree  of  vegetable  actiA-ity,  but  also  i{s  pecidiar  species. 

a.  Other  causes,  besides  temperature,  are  efficient  in  determinuig  the  species  of 


GERMINATION.  17 

aay  given  locality,  such  as  the  qualities  of  the  soil,  the  degree  of  moisture  both  of 
the  earth  and  skies,  the  inclLnation  of  surface,  rocks,  shatles,  and  winds,  the  com- 
bined action  of  which  often  becomes  an  exceedingly  complicated  matter.  Now 
to  each  of  these  innumerable  combinations  of  circumstances,  the  Creator  has 
adapted  the  constitution  of  certain  species  of  plants,  so  that  each  given  locality 
may  be  expected  to  produce  its  owa.  appropriate  kinds.  But  since  some  species 
are  also  endowed  with  the  power  of  accommodating  themselves  to  a  wide  range 
of  circumstances,  these  are  found  more  extensively  diffused,  while  others,  without 
this  power,  arc  comparatively  rare. 

15.  Vegetation  is  susceptible  of  important  changes  by  culti- 
vation. Many  plants  are  improved,  in  every  desirable  quality,' 
by  accommodating  themselves  to  the  conditions  of  soils  enriched 
and  enlivened  by  art.  Examples  are  seen  in  almost  every  cul- 
tivated species. 

16.  The  cabbage,  in  its  wild  state,  is  a  slender,  branching  herb,  with  no  appear- 
aace  of  a  head.  The  potatoe,  in  its  native  wilds  of  tropical  America,  is  a  rank, 
running  vine,  with  scarcely  a  tuber  upon  its  roots.  Ail  the  ricli  and  delicate 
varieties  of  the  apple  have  sprung,  by  artificial  means,  from  the  sour  crab  of 
Siberia.  The  numerous  and  splendid  varieties  of  the  Dahlia  are  the  descendants 
of  a  coai-se  Mexican  plant,  with  an  ordinaiy  yellow  flower,  of  a  single  ckcle  of 
colored  leaves.    The  tuhp  and  the  gcranimn  atFord  similar  examples. 

17.  Changes,  not  only  in  the  qualities  of  vegetation,  are  ef- 
fected by  culture,  but  also  in  the  species  themselves,  through  the 
substitution  of  the  useful  or  the  ornamental  for  the  native  pro- 
ducts of  the  soil.  Thus,  in  agricultural  districts,  almost  the 
whole  face  of  nature  is  transformed,  by  human  skill  and  industry, 
from  the  A\T.ldemess  to  the  fruitful  field. 

a.  Hence  it  appears  that  there  is  scarcely  a  spot  on  earth  which  Is  not  caused, 
by  the  quickening  energy  of  the  Creator,  to  teem  with  vegetable  existence,  in  some 
of  its  numberless  forms,  while  his  goodness  is  coaspicuous  in  rendering  those 
tribes  which  are  most  subservient  to  the  wants  of  man  capable  of  the  widest  dif- 
fusion. 


2* 


13  PLAN    OF    VEGETATION. 

CHAPTER    II. 

PL^\^"  OF  VEGETATION.  — ELEMENTAllY  OKGANS. 

IS.  The  earliest  and  simplest  state  of  the  plant  is  an  embryo 
contained  in  a  seed.  Tliis  consists  essentially  of  two  parts,  the 
radicle  and  2^hi-7nuh ;  the  former  about  to  be  developed  into  the 
root,  the  latter  into  the  ascending  plant  with  its  appendages. 

19.  As  soon  as  the  process  of  germination  commences,  the 
radicle  begins  to  extend  itself  downwards  in  the  direction  of  the 
earth's  centre,  constantly  avoiding  the  air  and  the  light,  forming 
the  descending  axis,  or  root.  The  plumule,  taking  the  opposite 
dii-ection,  extends  itself  upwards,  always  seeldng  the  light,  and 
expanding  itself,  to  the  utmost  extent  of  its  power,  to  the  influ- 
ence of  the  atmosphere.  This  constitutes  the  ascending  axis,  or 
trunk,  around  wliich  the  leaves  and  their  modifications  are 
arranged. 

20.  At  the  commencement  of  its  gi-owth,  the  ascending  axis 
is  merely  a  hud,  that  is,  a  groiving  point,  enveloped  in  ruchmen- 
tary  leaves,  or  scales,  for  its  protection.  As  this  growing  point 
advances,  the  enveloping  scales  expand  into  leaves  below,  wliile 
new  ones  are  constantly  appearing,  in  succession,  above.  Thus 
the  axis  is  always  terminated  by  a  bud. 

21.  By  this  process  the  axis  is  elongated,  simply  in  one  direc- 
tion. But,  besides  this,  there  is  also  a  bud  (or  buds),  either 
visible,  or  in  a  rudimentary  state,  formed  in  the  axil  of  each 
leaf. 

a.  These  axillary  buds  are  generally  visible,  either  before  or  after  tlie  leaf  has 
fallen.  In  some  plants,  however,  they  seldom  appear;  but  their  existenee  is 
inferred  from  the  faet,  tliat  even  in  such  cases,  they  are  occasionally  developed  in 
extraordinary  circumstances. 

22.  Each  bud  is  a  distinct  individual,  capable  of  an  independ- 
ent existence,  in  favorable  circumstances,  although  severed  from 
the  parent  stock. 

a.  The  common  practice  of  propagation  by  layers,  offsets,  engrafting,  and 
budding,  is  both  a  result  and  a  proof  of  this  principle.    A  plant  may  be,  and 


FORMATION    OF    THE    FLOWER.  19 

often  is,  in  this  manner,  multiplied  indefinitely,  by  the  dissevered  parts  of  itself, 
as  well  as  by  the  seed. 

23.  But,  remaining  connected  with  the  parent  stock,  axillaiy 
buds,  a  part  or  all  of  them,  accordmg  to  cu-cumstances,  are  de- 
veloped into  branches,  each  of  which  may  again  generate  buds 
and  branchlets  in  the  axils  of  its  own  leaves,  hi  the  same 
manner. 

a.  Thus,  by  the  repetition  of  this  simple  process,  the  vegetable  fabric  is  reared 
from  the  earth,  a  compound  being,  fonned  of  as  many  united  individuals  as  there 
are  buds,  and  as  many  buds  as  there  are  branches  and  leaves,  ever  advancing  in 
the  du-ection  of  the  growing  points,  by  the  deposition  of  matter  derived  from  the 
cellular  tissue,  clothing  itself  with  leaves  as  it  advances,  and  enlarging  the  diam- 
eter of  its  axis  by  the  deposition  of  matter  elaborated  by,  and  descending  from, 
the  leaves  akeady  developed,  until  it  reaches  the  Umits  of  the  existence  assigned 
it  by  its  Crditor. 

b.  But  the  plant,  reared  by  this  process  alone,  would  consist  only  of  those  pai-ts 
requisite  to  its  own  individual  existence,  without  reference  to  the  continuance  of 
its  species  beyond  its  own  dissolution.  It  would  be  simply  an  axis,  expanded 
into  branches  and  leaves.  But  the  Divine  command,  wliich  first  caused  the  tribes 
of  vegetation,  in  their  diversified  beauty,  to  spring  from  the  earth,  required  tliat 
each  plant  should  have  its  '  seed  within  itself,'  for  the  pei-petuation  of  its  kind. 

24.  At  certain  periods  of  its  vegetation,  therefore,  a  change  is 
observed  to  occur  ui  the  plant,  in  regard  to  the  development  of 
some  of  its  buds.  From  the  diminished  or  altered  supply  of 
sap,  received  from  the  vessels  below,  the  growing  point  ceases 
to  lengthen  in  the  direction  of  the  axis,  but  expands  its  leaves 
in  crowded  and  concentric  whorls ;  each  successive  whorl,  pro- 
ceeding from  the  outer  to  the  inner,  undergoing  a  gradual  trans- 
formation from  the  original  type  (a  leaf),  according  to  the 
purpose  it  is  destined  to  fulfil  in  the  production  of  the  seed. 
Thus,  mstead  of  a  leafy  branch,  the  ordmary  progeny  of  a  bud, 
a  flower  is  the  result. 

25.  A  flower  may,  therefore,  be  considered  as  a  transfomied 
branch,  having  the  leaves  crowded  together  by  the  non-devel- 
opment of  the  axis,  and  moulded  into  more  delicate  structures, 
and  tinged  with  more  briUiant  hues,  not  only  to  adorn  and 
beautify  the  face  of  nature,  but  to  fulfil  the  important  office  of 
reproduction. 

a.  In  tlie  common  peony,  for  example,  as  the  leaves  approach  the  summit  of 
the  stem,  they  gi-adually  lose  their  characteristic  divisions,  and,  at  Icngtli,  just 


20  PLAN    OF    VEGETATION. 

below  the  flower,  become  simple  bracts,  still  retaining  every  essential  mark  of  a 
leaf.  Next,  by  an  easy  gradation,  they  appear  in  the  sepals  of  the  calyx,  the  outer 
envelope  of  the  flower,  still  essentially  tlie  same.  Then,  by  a  transition  rather 
more  abrupt,  they  pass  into  the  delicate  and  highly  colored  petals  of  the  corolla, 
retaining  still  the  form  and  organization  of  the  leaf.  To  the  petals  next  succeed 
those  slender  organs  called  stamens,  known  to  be  undeveloped  leaves  from  the 
fact  of  their  being  often  converted  into  petals.  Lastly,  those  two  ccnti-al  organs, 
termed  pistils,  are  each  the  result  of  the  infolding  of  a  leaf,  the  midrib  and  the 
imited  edges  being  yet  discernible. 

26.  "V^Tien  tlie  flower  has  accomplished  its  brief  but  unpor- 
taut  office  in  reproduction,  its  deciduous  parts  fall  away,  and 
the  remaining  energies  of  the  plant  are  directed  to  the  devel- 
opment of  the  germ  into  the  perfect  fruit.  Tliis  being  accom- 
plished, the  whole  plant  speedily  perishes,  if  it  be  an  annual, 
or,  if  not,  it  continues  to  put  forth  new  branches,  fr6m  other 
growing  points,  which,  in  their  turn,  are  to  be  terminated  by- 
flowers  and  fntit  the  following  year. 

a.  Such  is  a  very  brief  outline  of  the  plan  of  vegetation,  or  the  process  of  nature 
in  the  germination,  growth,  fx-uctification,  and  decay  of  plants.  And  it  is  impos- 
sible to  contemplate  it,  without  admiring  that  simplicity  of  design  in  the  midst  of 
the  most  diversified  results  which  every  where  characterizes  the  works  of  God. 
Every  part  of  the  vegetable  fabric  may  be  ultimately  traced  to  one  elementary 
organic  form,  of  which  the  leaf  is  tlie  tj-pe.  The  lamina,  or  blade,  in  various 
stages  of  transition,  constitutes  the  several  organs  of  fmctification,  while  the 
united  bases  of  all  the  leaves  constitute  the  axis  itself. 

27.  When  we  more  minutely  examine  the  internal  organization  of  plants,  we 
find  their  diiferent  parts,  however  various  in  appearance,  all  constnicted  of  the 
same  materials.  The  leaf,  for  example,  consists  of  a  foot-stalk  prolonged  into  a 
framework  of  veins,  a  Jleshy  substance  filling  up  the  interstices,  and  a  ciUicle,  or 
skin,  covering  the  whole.  Now  this  framework  is  composed  of  woody  fibre,  aque- 
ducts, and  air-ifesseh,  all  of  which  may  be  traced  through  the  foot-stalk  into  the 
stem,  where  they  equally  exist,  —  this  part  of  the  leaf  being  only  a  prolongation 
of  the  stem.  The  fleshy  substance  is  of  the  same  nature  with  the  pith  of  the 
stem,  or  the  pulp  of  the  fruit ;  and,  finally,  the  cuticle  corresponds  exactly  to  the 
thin  covering  of  the  newly  formed  branches,  of  the  various  parts  of  the  flower, 
and  even  of  the  roots. 

a.  These  several  kinds  of  structure,  of  which  the  various 
organs  are  composed,  are  called  the  elementary  tissues.  They 
are  five  in  number ;  —  cellular  tissue,  woodij  tissue,  vasi/orm  tissue, 
vascular  tissue,  and  laticifcrous  tissue. 

28.  The  chemical  basis  of  the  vegetable  tissues  is  proved  by 


CELLULAR    TISSUE.  21 

analysis  to  be  oxygen,  hydrogen,  and  carbon,  witli  an  occasional  . 
addition  of  nitrogen,  the  same  simple  elements  as,  by  their 
varied  combinations,  constitnte  the  ah,  water,  and  most  anmial 
snbstances.  The  organic  basis  is  simple  membrane  and  fibre. 
Of  one,  or  both,  of  these  two  forms,  all  the  tissues  are  con- 
structed. 

a.  If  the  fleshy  portion  of  the  leaf  above  mentioned,  or  the  pulp  of  the  fniit  he 
closely  examined,  they  A^iil  be  found  composed  of  numerous  vesicles  of  extreme 
minuteness,  adliering  together.  These  vesicles,  or  bladders,  consist  of  a  delicate 
membrane  enclosing  a  fluid,  such  as  is  seen  on  a  large  scale  in  the  pulp  of  an 
orange.  Now  this  membrane,  composing  the  walls  of  the  ccUs  or  vesicles,  is  one 
of  the  elementary  forms  of  vegetable  tissue.  Again,  if  the  stalls  of  a  strawbeny  or 
geranium  leaf  be  cut  around  but  not  through,  and  the  two  parts  be  thus  pulled 
asunder  for  a  short  space,  a  number  of  glistening  fibres  -will  be  seen  running  from 
one  portion  to  the  other.  Under  a  microscope  these  appear  to  be  spii'al  coils,  par- 
tially straitened  by  being  thus  dl•a^vn  out  from  the  membranous  tubes  in  which 
they  were  lying  coiled  up.  Thus  are  we  able  to  distingiush  the  elemcntaiy  mem- 
brane  and  fihre.^  of  wlaich  the  various  fonns  of  vegetable  tissue  are  composed. 

29.  Cellular  tissue  is  so  called,  from  its  bemg  composed 
of  separate  cells,  or  vesicles,  adheiiiig  together.  TMs  khid  of 
tissue  is  the  most  common,  no  plant  being  mthout  it,  and  many 
being  entirely  composed  of  it.  The  form  of  the  httle  cells 
wliieh  compose  it,  appears  to  be,  at  first  globular  or  egg-shaped, 
1  ut  afterwards,  being  flattened  at  their  sides,  by  their  mutual 
pressure,  they  become  cubical,  as  in  the,  pith,  or  twelve-sided, 
the  cross-section  being  six-sided;  each  cell  assuming  a  form 
more  or  less  regular,  according  to  the  degi-ee  of  pressure  exerted 
upon  it  by  those  adjacent.     It  is  also  called  parenchyma. 

a.  The  cuttings  of  the  pith  of  elder,  or  those  of  any  kind  of  Avood,  will,  under 
a  microscope,  exhibit  u-regular  cells  and  partitions,  rcsembliag  those  of  a  honey- 
comb.    (Fig.  1,  a.) 

b.  The  vesicles  of  cellular  tissue  have  no  visible  communications  with  each 
other,  but  transmit  their  fluids  by  imdsible  pores. 

c.  Cellular  tissue  is  transparent  and  colorless  in  itself,  but  exhibits  the  biilliant 
liucs  of  the  corolla,  or  the  rich  green  of  the  leaf,  from  the  coloring  matter  con- 
tained within  the  cells. 

d.  The  vesicles  of  tliis  tissue  are  extremely  vaiiable  in  size.  They  are  usually 
about  ^(j  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  but  are  found  of  all  sizes,  from  air  to  tj  ar^^ 
of  an  inch. 

e.  Although  this  tissue  is  usually  soft  and  spongy,  it  sometimes  acquires  con- 
siderable hardness  by  the  deposition  of  solid  instead  of  fluid  matter  in  the  cells. 


22 


ELEMENTARY    ORGANS. 


This  occurs  in  the  prickles  of  the  rose,  the  stones  of  the  plum,  peach,  &c.,  and  in 
the  albumen  of  seeds. 

/.  In  some  plants,  as  in  the  Turkey  rhubarb,  &c.,  little  bundles  of  crystals 
called  rapkides  (from  Rafn,  the  name  of  the  discoverer,)  are  formed  in  the  cells. 


'kJLA 


&m 


/       e        d  c  b 

FIG.  1.  — Forms  of  tissue;  a,  cutting  of  elder  pith  —  cellular;  t,  cells  from  the  gritty  centre 
of  the  pear;  c,  from  the  stone  of  the  plum  —  both  strengthened  by  solid  matter;  rf,  woody 
fibre  ;  e,  spiral  vessel  with  a  single  fibre  partly  drawn  out ;  /,  vessel  with  a  quadruple  fibre. 

30.  Woody  tissue,  called  also  fibre,  consists  of  slender, 
transparent,  membranous  tubes,  tapering  to  a  point  each  way, 
and  adhering  together  by  their  sides,  the  end  of  one  tube  ex- 
tending beyond  that  of  another,  so  as  to  fonn  continuous  threads. 
It  differs  from  cellular  tissue,  in  the  greater  sti-ength,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  the  greater  tenuity,  of  its  membrane.  It  seems  de- 
signed for  the  transmission  of  fluid,  as  well  as  for  giving  firm- 
ness to  those  parts  wliich  need  support.     (Fig.  1,  d.) 

a.  Tissue  of  this  form  constitutes  the  fibre  of  flax,  hemp,  &c.,  tlie  ligneous  sub- 
stance of  the  stems  and  roots,  the  petioles,  and  veins  of  leaves,  &c. 

31.  The  most  remarkable  modification  of  the  woody  fibre,  is 
that  called  glandular.  It  consists  of  little  glandular  points,  ar- 
ranged along  the  walls  of  the  woody  tubes.  It  occurs  only  in 
resinous  wood,  cliiefly  of  the  fir  tribe  (Coniferce).  It  has  fre- 
quently been  detected  by  the  microscope,  in  fragments  of  fossil 
coal,  whence  it  is  inferred  that  coal-beds  originated  from  buried 
forests  of  the  Coniferse.      ^ 

32.  Vasiform  tissue  consists  of  large  tubes,  called  dotted 
ducts,  having  nimierous  little  pits,  sunk  in  the  thickness  of  its 


DUCTS. 


23 


lining.     When  viewed  by  transmitted  light,  it  appears   as   if 
riddled  full  of  holes. 

a.  It  is  of  two  kinds ;  1st,  articulated,  having  its  tubes  interrupted  by  joints  and 
partitions,  as  in  the  oak,  vine,  and  in  the  monocotyledonous  stems ;  2d,  continuous, 
without  joints  or  partitions ;  often  found  in  the  roots  of  plants. 

b.  These  arc  the  largest  vessels  in  the  vegetable  fabric ;  and  their  open  mouths 
are  particularly  discernible  in  the  cuttings  of  the  oak,  cane,  &c.  It  is  through 
these  that  the  sap  arises  to  the  stem,  and  is  conveyed  to  the  leaves. 

33.  Vascular  tissue  consists  essentially  of  spiral  vessels,  with 
their  modifications. 

a.  The  tme  spiral  vessel  much  resembles  the  woody  fibre  in 
forai,  being  a  long,  slender  tube,  tapering  each  way,  but  is  thin- 
ner and  weaker.  Its  peculiar  mark  is  an  elastic,  spiral  fibre, 
coiled  up  witliin  it,  from  end  to  end. 

b.  The  spiral  tliread  is  usually  single,  sometimes  double,  triple,  &c  In  the 
Chinese  pitcher  j^lant,  it  is  quadruple.     (Fig.  !,/•) 

c.  In  size,  spiral  vessels  are  variable.  Generally  their  diameter  is  about  -j^'^^ 
of  an  inch ;  often  not  more  than  -juVTr- 

d.  The  situation  of  spiral  vessels  is  in  the  medullary  sheath,  that  is,  just  around 
the  pith ;  also  in  every  part  which  originates  from  it,  such  as  tlie  veins  of  leaves, 
petals,  and  other  modifications  of  leaves,  and  especially  in  the  petioles,  from 
which  it  may  be  uncoiled,  in  the  manner  above  described.  (28,  a.) 

e.  In  their  perfect  state  they  contain  air,  which  they  transmit,  in  some  way, 
from  one  to  another. 

f.  Duds  are  membranous  tubes,  with  conical  or  rounded  ex- 
tremities, their  sides  being  marked  "wath  transverse  bars,  rings, 
or  coils,  incapable  of  being  unrolled  without  breaking. 


•J 

n 

3i  f 

3    r 

^    § 

^^ 

1 

s 

s 

1,1 

FIG.  2.  —  Fonns  of  tissue,  &c. ;  a,  annular  ducts;  6,  spiral  and  annular  at  intervals;  e, 
laticiferous  tissue  ;  f,  storaata  of  iris  —  vertical  section,  d,  rf,  green  cells  at  the  orifice  ;/, /, 
cells  of  the  parenchyma,  e,  air-chamber ;  g-,  g-,  view  of  epidermis  and  stomaia  of  >Ttcx;a,  h, 
stomata  closed ;  small,  luminous  bodies  in  the  cells. 


24  ELEMENTARY    ORGANS. 

g.  In  tliis  modification  of  spii-al  vessels  tlic  tube  is  much  lengthened,  and  the 
coil  within  it  is  either  dosed,  that  is,  will  not  unroll,  as  in  the  ferns :  or  it  is  anmi- 
lar,  that  is,  hrokeu  into  distinct  rings,  as  in  the  garden  balsam ;  or  it  is  rdiculatcd, 
that  is,  branching,  the  branches  crossing  so  as  to  form  a  net-work.  The  office  of 
all  these  ducts  is  the  same,  —  that  of  conveying  fluid.  It  is  only  in  the  spiral 
vessel  that  we  find  air.     (Fig.  2,  a,  b.) 

34.  Laticiferous  tiss.ue  is  so  called,  from  latex,  tlie  tnie 
nutritious  sap,  which  it  is  destined  to  elaborate  and  convey.  It 
consists  of  branched  anastomosing  (ava,  to  and  fro,  cnofm,  a  pas- 
sage) tubes,  lying  cliiefly  in  the  bark,  and  the  under  side  of 
leaves.     (Fig.  2,  c.) 

a.  These  tubes  are  very  iiTegular  in  form,  direction,  and  position.  They 
expand  and  contract  at  intervals,  cross  and  recross  the  otlier  tissues,  and,  proceed- 
ing from  the  inner  parts,  ramify  xipon  the  outer  surface,  and  upon  the  hairs, 
forming  meshes  of  inconceivable  fineness.  Their  average  diameter  is  about 
TlVu  of  an  inch.    They  are  largest  in  plants  which  have  a  milky  latex,  or  juice. 

35.  The  EPIDERMIS,  or  sldn,  is  a  form  of  cellular  tissue  exter- 
nally enveloping  the  plant.  It  is  found  upon  every  part  exposed 
to  the  ah,  except  the  stigma  of  the  flower,  and  the  spongioles 
of  the  roots.  These  it  does  not  cover,  nor  is  it  found  upon  those 
parts  wliich  habitually  live  under  water.  And,  where  the  bark 
of  the  stem  is  rugged  with  seams  and  furrows,  tliis  organ  is  not 
distinguishaljle. 

36.  It  consists  of  a  tissue  of  flattened  cells  of  various  figures, 
filled  with  air.  Usually  there  is  but  one  layer  of  cells,  but 
sometimes  there  are  two  or  three,  especially  in  tropical  plants. 
The  Oleander  has  four.  Its  office,  in  the  economy  of  the  plant, 
is,  to  check  the  evaporation  of  its  moisture. 

a.  The  deUcate  membrane,  which  may  be  easily  stripped  ofl"  from  the  leaf  of 
the  house-leek  or  the  garden  iris,  is  the  epidennis.  It  is  transparent,  colorless, 
and,  under  the  microscope,  reveals  its  cellular  structure. 

37.  The  epidermis  does  not  entirely  exclude  the  tissues  be- 
neath it  from  the  external  air,  but  is  perforated  by  certain  aper- 
tures, called  stomata  (mouths),  wliich  open  or  close  under  the 
mfluence  of  the  light.     (Fig.  2.) 

38.  Stomata  are  usually  of  an  oval  fomi,  bounded  by  a  pair 
of  kidney-shaped  cells,  containing  a  green  matter.  Sometimes 
they  arc  round,  and  bounded  by  several  cells.  Many  other 
varieties  of  form  have  been  noticed 


EPIDERMIS. 


25 


39.  Stomata  are  always  placed  over,  and  communicate  with, 
the  intercellular  passages,  that  is,  the  spaces  between  the  cells  of 
the  tissue.  They  are  never  found  on  the  midrib,  or  veins,  of 
the  leaf,  or  over  any  ligneous  part  of  the  structure.  They  are 
most  abundant  over  the  soft,  green  tissue  of  the  leaves,  young 
shoots,  and  the  parts  of  the  flower. 

o.  These  organs  are  of  a  size  so  minute,  that  more  than  100,000  of  them  have 
been  counted  within  the  space  of  a  squai-e  inch.  The  largest  knowm  are  about 
- 1_  of  an  inch  in  length.  Thek  function  is  intimately  connected  witli  respira- 
tion. 


/^- 


FIG.  3. —  Hairs  and  glands  ;  a,  c,  simple  hairs  ;  6,  branched  hair  of  the  mullein  ;  d,  gland 
surmounted  by  a  hair ;  e,  gland  at  the  lop  of  a  hair ;  /,  prickles  of  the  rose. 

40.  The  surface  of  the  epidermis  is  either  smooth,  or  furnished 
with  numerous  processes,  originatmg  from  itself,  or  from  the 
cellular  substance  beneath  it.  These  are  of  several  classes, 
namely,  glands,  hairs,  prickles,  stings,  kc. 

41.  Hairs  £tre  minute  expansions  of  the  epidermis,  consisting 
each  of  a  single  lengthened  cell,  or  of  a  row  of  ceUs,  placed  end 
to  end,  containing  air.     They  are  simple  or  branched.     (Fig.  3.) 

a.  Hairs  are  occasionally  found  upon  the  leaves,  stem,  and  indeed  upon  any 
other  part.  In  the  cotton  plant  (Gossypium)  they  envelope  the  seed.  They  give 
various  names  to  the  surface,  tp  which  they  are  appended,  according  to  their 
nature  and  appearance ;  thus  it  is  said  to  be  dotniy,  or  ■p^dicscent,  when  clothed 
with  soft,  short  hairs; — hirsute,  with  longer  hairs;  —  rough,  with  short,  stiff 
hairs ;  —  tomentose,  when  they  are  entangled  and  matted ;  orachivoid,  when  like 
cobwebs;  —  sericeous,  when  silky;  —  velvetij,  when  they  are  short,  soft,  and 
dense ;  —  ciliate,  when  long  and  fringed,  like  the  eyelash. 

42.  Stings  are  tubular  and  acute  hairs,  fixed  upon  minute 
glands  in  the  cuticle,  which  secrete  an  acrid  fluid.     By  the 

3 


26  PRIMARY    DIVISIONS,    ETC. 

slightest  pressure  this  fluid  is  injected  through  the  tube  into  the 
wound  made  by  its  point.     Ex.  nettle. 

43.  Prickles  (Fig.  3)  are  also  expansions  of  the  epidermis, 
consisting  of  hardened  cellular  tissue  (29,  e).  They  are  appen- 
ded to  the  cuticle  alone,  and  are  stripped  off  with  it.  Unlike 
the  thorn  (171),  they  have  no  connection  with  the  wood,  nor  do 
they  disappear  by  cultivation.     Ex.  rose,  bramble.     (Rubus.) 

44.  Glands  (Fig.  3)  are  minute  bodies  of  cellular  tissue,  situ- 
ated on  various  parts  of  the  plant,  generally  serving  to  elaborate 
and  discharge  its  peculiar  secretions,  which  are  oily,  resinous, 
saccharine,  acrid,  &c. 

a.  They  are  either  sessile,  as  in  the  cassia;  or  mounted  upon  a  stipe,  as  in  the 
passion  flower ;  or  imbedded  in  the  leaf,  causing  it  to  appear  punctate,  as  in  the 
leaf  of  the  lemon.  Often  the  gland  appears  to  be  merely  the  expansion  of  a  hair, 
either  at  its  base  or  its  summit.     Such  are  called  glandular  hairs. 

45.  Analogous  to  glands,  are  those  cavities  formed  in  the  cel- 
lular tissue,  to  serve  as  receptacles  of  secretion.  Examples  are 
seen  in  the  rind  of  the  orange  and  lemon,  containing  minute 
drops  of  a  fragrant  volatile  oil.  The  turpentine  of  the  fir  balsam 
is  stored  up  in  large  resei-voirs  of  this  kind. 


CHAPTER    III. 

PEIMARY  DIVISIONS  OF  TIIE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM. 

46.  The  vegetable  kingdom  has  long  been  considered  by 
botanists  under  two  great  natural  di\'isions,  namely,  Ph.«noga- 
MiA,  or  Flowering  Plants,  and  Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless 
Plants. 

47.  Besides  the  obvious  distinction  made  by  the  presence  or 
the  absence  of  the  flower,  these  divisions  are  further  distin- 
guished by  their  structure.  The  Pheenogamia  abound  with  the 
ligneous  and  vascular  tissue,  while  the  Cryptogamia  consist 
almost  wholly  of  the  cellular.  Hence,  the  former  are  also  called 
Vasculares,  and  the  latter  Cellulares, 


SPECIES GENUS.  27 

48.  Again,  the  former  are  distinguished  for  producing  seeds 
composed  of  determinate  parts,  as  cotyledons  (^125)  and  embryo, 
while  the  latter  produce  certain  minute  bodies,  called  sporea, 
having  no  such  distinction  of  parts.  Thus  the  Phaenogamia  are 
also  called  Cotyledonous  and  the  Cryptogamia  Acotyledo- 
Nous  plants. 

49.  Lastly,  we  find  in  the  Pha;nogamia,  a  system  of  com- 
pound organs,  such  as  root,  stem,  leaf,  and  flower,  successively 
developed  on  a  determinate  plan  (s48- 26),  while,  in  the  Cryp- 
togamia, a  gradual  departure  from  this  plan  commences,  and 
they  become  simple  expansions  of  cellular  tissue,  without  syni- 
metiy  or  proportion. 

o.  In  the  following  pages  we  shall  first  direct  our  attention  exclusively  to  the 
compound  organs  of  Flowerixg  Plants  ;  and  since,  in  our  descriptions  of  these 
organs,  freciuent  references  will  be  made  to  particular  species  and  genera,  for 
illustrations  and  examples,  it  seems  proper  to  subjoin,  in  this  place,  a  brief  notice 
of  these  fundamental  divisions  also. 

50.  A  Species  embraces  all  such  individuals  as  may  have 
originated  from  a  common  stock.  Such  individuals  bear  an  es- 
sential resemblance  to  each  other,  as  well  as  to  their  common 
parent,  in  all  their  parts. 

a.  Thus  the  white  clover,  ( Tnfolmm  rcpcns)  is  a  species,  embracing  thousands 
of  contemporary  individuals,  scattered  over  our  hills  and  plains,  all  of  a  common 
descent,  and  producing  other  individuals  of  their  o-vvn  kind  from  their  seed.  The 
innumerable  midtitudes  of  individual  plants  which  clotlie  the  earth,  are,  so  fur 
as  known,  comprehended  in  about  80,000  species. 

51.  To  tliis  law  of  resemblance  in  plants  of  a  common 
origin,  there  are  some  apparent  exceptions.  Lidividuals  from 
the  same  parent  often  bear  flowers  differing  in  color,  or  fruit 
differing  in  flavor,  or  leaves  differing  in  form.  Such  differences 
are  called  varieties.  They  are  never  permanent,  but  exhibit 
a  constant  tendency  to  revert  to  theh  original  type. 

a.  Varieties  occur  cliiefly  in  cultivated  species,  as  the  apple,  potatoe,  hilip. 
Geranium,  &c.,  occasioned  by  the  different  circumstances  of  soil,  climate,  and 
culture,  to  which  they  are  subjected.  But  they  continue  distinct  only  until  left  to 
multiply  spontaneously  from  seed,  in  their  own  proper  soil. 

52  A  Genus  is  an  assemblage  of  species,  with  more  points 
of  agreement  than  of  difference,  and  more  closely  resembling- 
each  other  than  they  resemble  any  species  of  other  groups. 


28  THE    FLOWER. 

a.  For  example,  the  genns  TrifoUum  includes  the  species  T.  repcns,  T.  pratensc, 
&.C.,  agreeing  in  structure  and  aspect  so  obviously,  that  tlie  most  hasty  observer 
would  notice  their  relationship.  Also  in  the  genus  Pimts,  no  one  would  hesitate 
to  include  the  white  i^ine  and  the  pitch  pine  (P.  sirobus  and  P.  rigida),  any  more 
than  he  would  fail  to  observe  their  differences. 

b.  Thus,  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom  is,  by  the  most  obvious 
characters,  distributed  into  species,  and  the  species,  by  truly  nat- 
lu-al  affinities,  grouped  into  genera.  These  divisions  constitute 
the  basis  of  all  the  systems  of  classification  in  use,  whether  by 
natural  or  artificial  methods. 


^  *  :jj:  To  the  admu-er  of  nature,  flowers  are  among  the  first  subjects  of  atten- 
tion, as  mere  objects  of  taste.  They  are  conspicuous  for  their  superior  beauty, 
even  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  where  all  is  beautiful.  Yet,  as  objects  of  science, 
they  merit  a  still  higher  regard,  whether  we  consider  the  Creative  skill  displayed 
in  their  constniction,  or  their  unportant  agency  in  the  reproduction  of  the  plant 
But,  to  the  practical  botanist,  an  intimate  knowledge  of  their  organic  structure  is 
one  of  his  frst  requisites,  on  account  of  the  indispensable  use  of  the  floral  organs 
in  classification. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

THE   FLOWER, 
fl.     OF  ITS  PARTS,  AND  THEIR  ARRANGEMENT. 

53.  A  FLOWER  may  consist  of  the  following  members:  — 
1.  Tlie  FLORAL  ENVELOPES,  Called, . coUectivcly,  the  perianth, 
(nsQi,  around,  av-d^og,  a  flower) ;  2.  The  stamens  ;  3.  The  pistils  ; 
and,  4.  The  receptacle,  or  torus. 

a.  Of  these,  only  the  stamens  and  pistils  arc  regarded  in  science  as  essential 
parts.  These,  together  -^dth  the  receptacle,  are  said  to  constitute  a  perfect  flower, 
even  when  one  or  all  other  parts  are  wanting ;  because  these  two  organs  alone 
are  sufficient  for  the  perfection  pf  the  seed.  In  a  popular  sense,  however,  a  per- 
fect flower  must  possess  all  the  organs  above  mentioned. 

b.  If  tlic  stamens  or  the  pistils,  either  or  both,  be  wanting,  the  flower  is  said  to 
lie  imperfect.  An  imperfect  flower  is  either  sterile,  having  stamens  only,  or  fertile, 
having  pistils  only,  or  naitral,  having  neither  organs  complete. 


PISTILS. 


29 


4        3  1  2 

pjG.  4.  —  No.  1,  Lily  (Lilium  Japonicum) ;  '-',  pink  (Dianilms) ;  3,  a  stamen  ;  4,  a  pistil. 

54.  Tlie    FLORAL    ENVELOPES,    Or   PERIANTH,    COllSlSt   of  0116   Or 

more  circles  or  ivJwrls  of  leaves,  surrounding  the  stamens.  Tlie 
outer  of  these  whorls  is  called  the  calyx,  and  the  other,  if  there 
be  any,  the  corolla.  The  calyx  may,  therefore,  exist  without  the 
corolla,  but  the  corolla  cannot  exist  without  the  calyx.  If  nei- 
ther of  them  exist,  the  flower  is  said  to  be  naked,  or  achlamyde- 
ous  («,  privative,  and  x^-«f'^s,  a  cloak). 

55.  The  CALYX  (xaAi^i,  a  cup),  therefore,  is  the  external  en- 
velope, the  cicp,  of  the  flower,  consisting  of  a  whorl  of  leaves, 
with  their  edges  distuict  or  united,  usually  green,  but  sometimes 
highly  colored.     The  calyx-leaves  are  called  sepals. 

56.  The  COROLLA  (Lat.  corolla,  diminutive  of  coro7ia,  croum) 
is  the  interior  envelope  of  the  flower,  consisting  of  one  or  more 
circles  of  leaves,  either  distinct,  or  united  by  then  edges,  usually 
of  some  other  color  than  gi-een,  and  of  a  more  deheate  structure 
than  the  cal^rx.     Its  leaves  are  called  petals 

57.  Tlie  stamens  are  those  tliread-like  organs,  situated  just 
witliin  the  perianth  and  around  the  pistils.  Their  number 
varies  from  one  to  a  hundred,  but  the  most  common  number 
is  five.  Their  office  is,  the  fertilization  of  the  seed.  They 
are  collectively  called  the  andrcccinm  [avdQeg*  stamens,  oixo;,  a 
house). 

*  The  plural  of  "-vn^,  a  man,  a  term  applied  to  the  stamen,  by  Linnseus,  in  accordance 
with  his  favorite  theory  of  the  sexes  of  platits.    The  term  J" ^f ,  woman,  is,  on  the  same 
grounds,  applied  to  the  pistil. 
?.* 


30  THE    FLOWER. 

58.  The  PISTILS  occupy  the  centre  of  the  flower.  They  are 
sometimes  mimerous,  but  often  only  one.  They  are  destined  to 
bear  the  seed.  Collectively,  they  are  called  gyncecium  (j'l^vj;, 
pistil,  otHOQ,  a  house). 

59.  The  RECETTACLE  is  the  summit  of  the  flower-stalk,  out  of 
wlrich  the  floral  organs  gi-ow,  and  upon  wliich  they  stand  in 
concentric  whorls,  tlie  gyncscium  in  the  centre,  the  andrcecium 
encircling  it,  the  cofolla  next  wdthout,  and  the  calyx  embracing 
the  whole. 

60.  Tlio  principal  pails  of  the  flower  are  shown  in  the  cuts  (Figs.  4,  6,  7,  &c.), 
or  better  by  specimens,  with  which,  both  hoc  and  throughout  the  xuork,  the  student 
should  always  be  provided. 

The  slender,  thread-like  organs  seen  at  a  (Fig.  4,  No.  1 ),  are  the  stamens,  sur- 
rounding the  pis^til  6 :  c  is  tlie  perianth,  consisting  of  two  similar  whorls,  the  outer 
one  a  calyx  of  tlu-ee  sepals,  the  inner  a  corolla  of  three  petals,  sun-ounding  or 
enveloping  the  stamens  and  pistil ;  aid  is  the  receptacle.  At  a  (No.  2)  is  the 
inner  envelope,  the  coroUa ;  at  6  is  the  outer  envelope,  the  calyx  or  cup,  which 
seems  to  contain  the  rest  of  the  flower  like  a  cup ;  at  c,  below  the  calyx,  are 
certain  leafy  appendages  c&WeAbracteoles or  bracts. 

a.  Let  the  pupil  compare  specimens  of  these  and  other  flowere,  whose  parts  are 
well  developed,  until  he  becomes  familiar  with  the  appearance  of  each  organ,  and 
can  instantly  apply  ils  name. 

Gl.  A  complete  and  regular  flower,  therefore,  is  made  up  of 
four  sets  of  organs,  arranged  in  concentric  whorls.  In  regard  to 
the  number  and  posiiion  of  the  individual  organs  composing 
these  whorls,  it  is  important  to  observ^e, 

a.  First,  that  each  set  consists,  theoretically,  of  the  same  num- 
ber of  organs,  that  is,  if  the  sepals  be  5,  there  should  be  5  petals, 
5  stamens,  and  5  pistils ;  or,  if  3  sepals,  there  should  be  3  petals, 
3  stamens,  and  3  pistils,  &c. 

h.  Secondly,  the  position  of  the  organs  in  each  set  alternates 
with  those  of  each  adjacent  set,  that  is,  the  sepals,  alternate  with 
the  petals,  the  petals  with  the  stamens,  and  the  stamens  with 
the  pistils. 

f.  Thus,  in  a  word,  the  normal  stniciure  of  tlie  tiiily  symmeti-ical  flower, 
divested  of  all  iiregularities,  consists  of  four  concentric  whorls  of  organs,  the 
organs  of  each  whorl  being  equal  in  number,  and  alternate  in  position  with  those 
of  the  other  whorls  (Fig.  5;  1 ).  This  structural  aiTangemcnt,  as  will  hereafter  be 
seen,  exactly  coincides  with  that  of  the  leafy  branch,  agreeably  to  the  beautiful 


ITS    NORMAL    STRUCTURE. 


31 


theory  of  the  '  ti-ansformation  of  the  leaves  into  the  floral  organs,'  *  to  which  allu- 
sion has  ah-eady  been  made  (§25).  When  the  bud  is  developed  into  a  branch, 
instead  of  a  flower,  the  leaves  are  usually  an-anged  in  a  simple  spiral  line.  This 
spire  may  be  broken  up  into  equal  cncles  or  whorls,  from  causes  to  be  hereafter 
explained.  In  either  case  the  leaves  of  one  spu-e,  or  circle,  do  not  issue  from  the 
stem  at  points  exactly  over  the  leaves  of  the  next  circle  below,  but  over  the  i'lUer- 
vals  between  them. 

62.  This  simple  noniial  stnicture  of  the  flower  is,  however,  subject  to  many 
apparent  exceptions,  so  that  few,  comparatively,  are  found  perfectly  confoimable 
to  it.  Of  these  few  the  order  Linaeece  affords  good  examples.  In  the  flax 
(Linum)  the  flower  is  built  upon  the  normal  plan,  consisting  of  5  sepals,  5  petals, 
5  stamens,  and  5  pistils  (each  \«th  5  double  carpels),  all  alternating  wth  each 
other,  according  to  the  diagram  (Fig.  5 ;  1 ). 


FIG.  5.  — Plan  of  flowers ;  1,  of  a  regular  and  symmetrical  flower,  as  the  flax  (Linum) ;  2, 
of  the  cherry,  showing  the  four  whorls  of  stamens  ;  .3,  of  the  primrose,  showing  the  position 
of  the  suppressed  row  of  stamens ;  4,  of  the  Samolus,  showing  the  position  of  the  5  abortive 
stamens;  5,  of  a  labiate  flower,  as  the  hemp-neule  (Galeopsis),  where  one  stamen  and  one 
carpel  is  wanting;  6,  of  a  cruciform  flower,  as  mustard,  where  the  stamens  are  in  two 
whorls,  two  of  those  in  the  outer  whorl  and  two  carpels  being  suppressed. 

G3.  If,  with  tliis  adopted  standard,  we  compare  the  numerous 


*  This  theory  was  first  suggested  by  Linnneus,  the  founder  of  Systematic  Botany,  and  sub- 
sequently by  Wolff  and  Goethe.  After  having  been  long  unheeded  by  botanists,  it  has  at 
length  been  revived  by  modern  writers  of  the  highe.st  merit,  and  shown  to  be  perfectly  coin- 
cident with  tacts.  '  The  adoption  of  this  theory,  accordingly,  has  given  a  new  aspect  to 
botany,  and  rendered  it  one  of  the  most  philosophical  and  inductive  of  the  natural  sciences.' 
See  Gray's  Bot.  Text-Book,  Chap.  YIII,  where  this  tlieorj'  is  clearly  stated,  and  richly  illiis- 
irated. 


32  THE    FLOWER. 

forms  of  floral  structure  wliich  occur,  we  shall  be  able  to  trace 
out  the  featiu-es  of  the  general  plan,  even  among  the  widest  de- 
viations, and  to  leaiii  the  nature  and  causes  of  these  de\'iations. 
Some  of  them  are  the  following. 

a.  One  or  more  additional  whorls  of  the  same  organ  may  have  been  developed.  For 
example,  the  flower  of  the  Trillium,  which,  as  in  most  liliaceous  plants,  is  trim- 
erous  (rgt/f,  three,  and  /"s§o?,  part)  in  its  parts,  has  6  stamens,  evidently  in  two 
whorls,  and  in  the  flower  of  the  cherry  (No.  2,)  there  are  20  stamens,  which  may 
be  regarded  as  an-anged  in  four  whorls  of  fives.  Other  illustrations  will  occur 
to  the  student. 

b.  Some  of  the  entire  whorls  may  have  been  stippressed.  For  example,  in  the 
primrose  there  are  5  sepals,  5  petals,  and  5  stamens,  but  the  stamens  are  placed 
opposite  the  petals.  This  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  absence  of  an  intennediate 
whorl  of  stamens,  for  in  the  Samolus,  a  plant  of  the  same  natural  order,  there  is 
a  circle  of  sterile  filaments  in  the  place  of  the  absent  stamens  (Fig.  5 ;  3,  4). 

c.  Some  of  the  parts  of  a  whorl  may  have  been  suppressed.  Such  deficiencies  are 
very  common.  In  the  sage,  for  example,  and  Monarda,  thi-ce  of  the  stamens  are 
wanting,  in  place  of  which  are  two  i-udimentary  filaments,  and  the  tliird  rudiment 
makes  its  appearance  in  some  allied  genera.  In  most  of  the  Labiatse  but  one 
stamen  is  wanting  (Fig.  5;  5).  In  the  carrot,  caraway,  and  all  the  Umbelliferse, 
the  pistils  are  reduced  from  5,  the  normal  number,  to  2. 

d.  The  parts  of  the  same  whorl  may  have  been  imited.  Thus  the  sepals  may  be 
united  at  their  edges  in  diff"ercnt  degrees,  as  in  the  phlox,  pink,  &c.  Or  the  petals 
may  be  thus  united,  as  in  the  morning  gloiy :  or  the  stamens,  as  in  the  mallows 
tribe ;  or  the  pistils,  which  is  extremely  common.  In  short,  scarcely  a  flower  can 
be  found  in  which  some  of  these  cohesions  do  not  occur. 

e.  The  organs  of  diffaent  ichorls  may  have  been  conjoined,  causing  great  disturb- 
ances in  the  symmeti-y  of  the  flower.  The  calyx  often,  as  in  the  currant,  coheres 
with  the  whole  surface  of  the  ovarium  (97),  only  becoming  free  at  the  summit,  so 
that  it  seems  to  stand  upon  it.  It  is  then  said  (but  improperly)  to  be  superior. 
Again,  the  stamens  adhere  to  the  petals  in  their  lower  part,  so  as  to  appear  to 
grow  out  of  them ;  they  are  then  said  (improperly)  to  be  inserted  into  the  corolla. 
In  the  Orchis  tribe  the  stamens  are  consolidated  with  the  pistil.  The  term  free 
is  used  in  opposition  to  these  adhesions,  just  as  the  term  distinct  is  used  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  cohesion  of  the  same  organs  with  each  other. 

f.  The  organs  of  the  same  whorl  may  have  been  unequally  developed.  This  is  the 
case  in  the  corollas  of  the  pea  and  bean  tribes,  called  papilionaceous  (Lat.  pajnlio, 
a  butterfly),  and  in  tliose  of  the  mint  tribe  called  labiate  (Lat.  labiimx,  a  lip). 

g.  Again,  organs  of  one  kind  may  have  been  reconverted  into  those  of  another  kind, 
or  into  leaves.  Such  monstrosities  are  of  frequent  occurrence  among  cultivated 
plants,  and  may  be  regarded  as  proofs  of  the  present  doctrine  of  the  floral  struc- 
ture. In  all  double  flowers,  as  the  rose,  peony,  tulip,  &c.,  the  stamens  have  been 
reconverted  into  petals.  By  still  further  changes,  all  parts  of  tlie  flower  tend 
towards  a  lealy  character,  rendering  the  resemblance  of  the  flower  to  an  undevel- 


ITS    NOKMAL    STRUCTURE. 


33 


oped  branch  very  obvious.  Nay,  in  some  cases,  the  whole  flower-bud,  after  having 
given  a  slight  indication  of  a  floral  character,  is  transformed  into  a  leafy  branch, 
showing  that  all  parts  of  the  flower  are  foimed  out  of  the  same  elements  as  the 
leaves. 

h.  Sometimes  the  flower-stalk  is  not  eff'ectually  checked  in  its  growth  by  the 
development  of  the  flower,  but  is  prolonged  through  it,  and  produces  secondary 
flowers  in  the  midst  of  the  organs  of  the  fii'st.  This  is  not  unfrequent  in  the  rose. 
Several  instances  of  these  malfoi-mations  are  exhibited  below.     (Fig.  6.) 

k.  This  mode  of  studying  the  floral  stnjctiu-c  is  deeply  interesting  and  instruc- 
tive, but  our  limits  will  not  pemiit  us  to  dwell  upon  it,  nor  is  it  necessary.  The 
intelligent  student  will  be  able  to  extend  the  above  illustrations  by  an  examina- 
tion of  almost  any  flower,  with  reference  to  its  deviations  from  the  nonnal  plan. 


FIG.  6.  —  1,  From  Lindley,  —  a  flower  of  white  clover,  reverting  to  a  leafy  branch  ;  2,  here 
drawn  from  a  living  specimen,  — a  tulip,  6,  a  leaf  arising  from  the  peduncle,  takes  the  posi- 
tion, form,  and  color  (in  part)  of  a  sepal ;  3,  here  drawn  from  a  living  specimen,  —  a  rose  (R. 
damascena)  with  the  axis  prolonged  into  secondary  rose-buds. 


***  In  our  detailed  description  of  the  flower,  we  shall  commence  with  those 
organs  which  are  deemed  essential,  their  mysterious  agency  being  indispensable  to 
the  perfection  of  the  seed. 


34 


THE    FLOWER. 


CHAPTER    V. 

THE  FLO  WEE. 
}2.    OF  THE  STAMENS,  AND  THE  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES. 

64.  The  stamens  and  pistils  are  situated  witliin  the  floral 
envelopes,  and  since  one  or  both  are  always  present,  in  every 
species,  at  least,  of  the  Phajnogamous  plants,  they  were  seized 
upon  by  Linnaeus  *  as  the  basis  of  his  beautiful  arrangement, 
called  the  Artificial  System. 

9  2345  G  7  8 


FIG.  7.  — Forms  of  stamens,  anthers,  pollen,  &c.  1.  Stamens  and  pistil  of  a  flower  (Rho- 
dodendron Lapponicum),  in  their  natural  position  ;  a,  stigma,  b,  anthers,  c,  style,  d,  filaments, 
e,  ovary,  /,  calyx  and  receptacle  ;  2,  stamen  of  ginger ;  3,  sage  ;  4,  Berberis ;  5,  Vaccinium 
amoenum,  with  the  terminal  pores ;  6,  cucumber,  with  the  sinuous  lobes  of  the  anther ; 
7,  Polygonum  ;  8,  Lemna,  anther  bursting  vertically ;  9,  lily ;  10  Magnolia  ;  17,  a  four-celled 
anther;  18,  anther  of  Alchemilla,  bursting  transversely.  Nos.  11,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  various 
(magnified)  forms  of  pollen-grains. 


*  Carl  Von  Linnfi,  or  Linnaeus,  the  most  eminent  of  naturalists,  was  the  son  of  a  clerg)-- 
man,  born  in  1707,  at  Rhoeshult,  in  the  province  of  Smaland,  Sweden.  In  his  24th  year, 
v/hile  a  member  of  the  University  of  Upsal,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  that  system  of  plants 
which  bears  his  name.  In  1741  he  became  professor  of  medicine  in  the  same  University, 
and  in  1761,  on  account  of  his  great  literary  attainments,  was  elevated  to  the  rank  of  nobility. 
He  died  in  1778.  To  him  the  natural  sciences  are  under  incalculable  obligations,  all  of 
which  he  classified  and  arranged  anew.  But  the  science  of  botany,  especially,  is  indebted 
to  him  for  those  discoveries  and  classifications,  which  have,  more  than  any  others,  contri- 
buted to  its  general  diffusion.  In  his  'immortal  work,'  l^ecies  Plantannn,  he  enriched  the 
language  of  botany  by  a  new  nomenclature  of  species,  and  many  new  terms  in  tlie  tech- 
nology of  plants,  for  their  more  accurate  description. 


POLLEN.  35 

65.  The  STAMENS  are  those  tliread-like  organs,  seen  in  the 
midst  of  the  flower,  situated  around  the  pistils  and  within  the 
corolla,  or  the  calyx,  constituting  the  androecium. 

66.  The  stamen  (Fig.  4,  No.  3)  consists  of  three  distmct 
parts ;  namely,  the  filament,  a ;  the  anther,  b  ;  and  the  pollen,  c. 
The  filament  is  sometimes  wantuig,  the  two  latter  are  essen- 
tial. 

67.  The  FILAMENT  (Lat.  filum,  a  tlnead)  is  the  stem,  sup- 
porting the  anther  at  or  near  its  top,  and  is  analogous  to  the 
stem  of  a  leaf,  or  to  the  claw  of  a  petal.  Wlien  it  is  wanting, 
the  anther,  like  a  leaf  or  a  petal  in  a  similar  case,  is  said  to  be 
sessile. 

68.  The  ANTHER  is  generally  situated  at  the  summit  of  the 
filament,  and  is  composed  of  two  parallel  lobes  or  cells,  con- 
nected to  each  other  and  to  the  filament  by  the  connectile.  It  is 
analogous  to  the  blade  of  the  leaf,  each  half  blade  being  trans- 
formed into  a  lobe,  and  the  midrib  into  the  connectile. 

a.  Each  cell  of  the  anther  usually  opens  by  a  longitudinal  fissure,  called  the 
dehiscence,  but  sometimes,  as  in  the  potato,  Pyrola,  &c.  by  an  apeitm-e  (pore)  at 
the  summit.    In  the  Polygala,  mallow,  &c.  the  two  cells  are  reduced  to  one. 

b.  The  connectile  is  usuallj^a  mere  pi'olongation  of  the  filament  tenninating, 
not  at  the  base,  but  at  the  summit  of  the  anthers.  In  some  cases  it  is  prolonged 
above  them,  into  a  sort  of  appendage,  as  in  the  violet,  silk-weed,  &c. 

c.  The  anther  is  sometimes  wanting,  and  the  filament  in  such  cases  cannot 
constitute  a  stamen,  but  is  said  to  be  abortive,  or  sterile. 

69.  In  regard  to  the  modes  of  attaclmient  between  the  anther  and  the  filament, 
we  find  the  following  variations ;  the  anthers  are  said  to  be, 

1 .  Innate,  when  they  are  attached  to  the  filament  by  the  base  of  the  connectile. 

2.  Adnate,  when  they  are  attached  to  the  filament  by  their  back,  so  as  to  appear 
lateral ;  as  in  the  Anemone,  water-Uly. 

3.  Versatile,  when  fixed  by  a  single  point  to  the  connectile,  from  wliich  they 
lightly  swing ;  as  in  the  grasses. 

4.  When  the  anthers  are  attached  to  the  inside  of  the  filament,  or  connectile,  so 
that  the  line  of  dehiscence  faces  the  pistils,  they  are  called  introrse  (turned 
inward).  But  when  they  are  attached  to  the  outside  of  the  connectile,  so  that  the 
dehiscence  faces  the  petals,  they  are  called  extrorse  (turned  outward).  Examples 
of  the  former  are  seen  in  the  violet ;  of  the  latter  in  the  lai-kspur.  These  distinc- 
tions are  of  importance,  as  will  hereafter  be  seen. 

70.  The  POLLEN  is,  in  appearance,  a  small,  yellow  dust,  con- 
tained in  the  cells  of  the  anther.  When  viewed  with  a  micro- 
scope, it  appears  to  consist  of  grains  (granules)  of  various  forms, 


36 


THE    FLOWER. 


usually  spherical,  but  iii  some  plants  cubical,  in  others  triangu- 
lar, in  others  still,  polygonal,  &c.,  always  being  of  the  same  form 
in  the  same  species.     (Fig.  7.) 

a.  Each  grain  of  pollen  has  heen  ascertained  to  consist  of  a  membranous  sack 
containing  a  fluid.  In  this  fluid  are  suspended  molecules  of  inconceivable 
minuteness,  possessed  of  a  tremulous  motion.  When  the  membrane  is  exposed 
to  moisture,  it  swells  and  bui'sts,  discharging  its  contents.     (Fig.  12.) 

71.  Physiological  structure.  The  filament  consists  of  a  bundle 
of  deUcate  Ugneous  tissue,  with  sphal  vessels,  surroimded  by 
cellular  tissue,  the  same  tissues  which  compose  the  stem  of  the 
leaf  (260).  Tlie  same  tissues  have  also  been  traced  uito  the 
connectile.  The  anther  consists  almost  wholly  of  cellular  tissue, 
corresponding  to  the  fleshy  substance  (parenchyma)  of  the  leaf 
The  pollen  consists  of  disintegTated  bladders  of  the  same  tissue. 

72.  Thcordkal  structure.  Thus  it  is  e\'ideut,  as  we  have  aheady  seen,  that 
however  much  the  stamen  may  dift'er  in  aspect  from  a  leaf,  tliey  both  have  the 
same  original  plan.  This  is  further  evident,  from  the  gradual  transition  of  sta- 
mens into  petals,,  as  seen  in  the  water-hly  or  the  double  rose.  In  the  fonner,  the 
process  is  so  gradual  that  the  outer  whorls  exactly  resemble  petals,  except  in  ha\'ing 
the  tops  developed  into  yellow  anthers,  while  in  the  rose  we  find  organs  in  every 
conceivable  state  of  transition  from  stamens  to  petaj?.  That  the  petals  are  modi- 
fied leaves,  will  hereafter  be  more  definitely  shown  (106). 


FIG.  8.  —  Stamens  of  the  water-lily  gradually  pas.<iiig  into  petals. 

73.  The  stamens  vary  in  the  different  kinds  of  plants,  in  re- 
spect to  their  numher,  position,  relative  length,  connection,  and 
presence.  Upon  these  five  different  conditions  of  tire  stamens, 
the  TWENTY-FOUR  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES  of  Liuuajus  are  founded. 

74.  1st.  Numher.  The  first  eleven  classes  are  founded  upon 
the  numher  of  the  stamens — the  stamens  being  ^%o  free  (63, 
c),  and  of  equal  length.  Their  names  arc  derived  from  the 
Greek  numerals  combined  witli  aK^os?   (-57,  note),  as  follows  :  — 

Class  I,  MoNANDRiA  (ftovog,  solitaiy,)  includes  all  genera  (52) 
of  plants  with  one  stamen  to  each  flower. 


LINNEAN    CLASSES.  37 

Class  II,  DiANDRiA   (Sig,   tAvice),  with  two  stamens  to  each 
flower. 

III,  Triandria  (TQtg,  tlarice),  with  three  stamens. 

IV,  Tetrandria  (tetqu,  four  times),  with  four  stamens. 
V,  Pentandria  (tievts,  five),  with  five  stamens. 

VI,  Hexandria  {iS,  six),  with  six  stamens. 
VII,  Heptandria  (eirrot,  seven),  with  seven  stamens. 
VIII,  OcTANDRiA  (oxTw,  eight),  with  eight  stamens. 
IX,  Enneandria  (evveu,  nine),  with  nine  stamens. 

X,  Decandria  (deya,  ten),  with  ten  stamens. 
XI,  Dodecandria  (dMdsy.u,  twelve),  with  twelve  stamens. 
2d.  Position.     The  next  two  classes  depend  upon  the  posi- 
tion of  the  stamens,  —  the  stamens  being  free  and  equal. 

XII,  IcosANDRiA  (eoJOCTi,  tweuty),  includes  those  genera 
of  plants  wliich  have  twenty  or  more  stamens  to 
the  flower,  seated  on  the  calyx  (perigynous). 

XIII,  PoLYANDRiA  {nolvg,  many),  twenty  or  more  stamens, 

seated  on  the  receptacle  (hypogynous). 
3d.  Relative  length.     The  two  following  classes  are  foimded 
upon  the  relative  length  of  the  stamens,  together  with  their 
number. 

XIV,  DiDYNAMiA  {Si;,  twice,  Svm,  two,  vijua,  a  filament), 

includes  plants  with  four  stamens,  of  which  two 

are  long,  and  two  are  short. 

XV,  Tetradynamia  {tetqu,  four  times,  3va),  rrifice),  with  six 

stamens,  of  wliich  four  are  long,  and  two  are  short. 

4th.    Connection.     The  five  succeeding  classes  depend  upon 

the  connection  of  the  stamens,  in  various  ways. 

XVI,  Monadelpuia    {iiovoc,   (xdEkfpog,  a  brother),  includes 
plants  with  the  filaments  united  into  one  set  or 
fraternity. 
XVII,  DiADELPHiA  {dvo),  udslcpoc),  into  two  sets  or  fraternities. 
XVIII,  PoLYADELPHiA  {nolvg,  ttdsXcpog),  into  many  sets  or  fra- 
ternities. 
XIX,  Syngenesia,  {(tvv,  together,  ysvEoig,  origin),  stamens 
united  by  their  anthers,  into  a  tube. 
XX,  Gynandria  {yvvri,  §57,  note,  «»''??),  stamens  consoli- 
dated with  the  style. 
4 


38 


THE    FLOWER. 


5th.  Absence.  The  four  remaining  classes  depend  upon  the 
absence  of  the  stamens  m  a  part  or  all  of  the  flowers  of  the  same 
species. 

XXI,  MoNCECiA  (ftovog,  ofAog,  an  abode),  includes  plants 
where  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate  flow-  "• 
ers,  on  the  same  individual. 
XXII,  DicEciA  {8ig,  oiy.og),  in  separate  flowers  on  diflerent 
individuals. 

XXIII,  PoLYGAMiA  (ttoP.i';,  many,  yauog,  marriage),  where  the 

stamens  and  pistils  are  separate  in  some  flowers, 
and  united  in  others,  either  on  the  same  or  two  or 
three  diflerent  plants. 

XXIV,  Cryptogamia    (xgvTiTog,  concealed,   ya/xog),  includes 

those  genera  of  plants  where  the  stamens  and  pis- 
tils are  wanting,  or  at  least  invisible,  commonly 
called  Flowerless  Plancs.     (46  —  49.) 

«.  Snoh  are  the  twenty-four  Linnean  classes,  in  which  all  the  genera  of  the  vege- 
table kingdom  are  included.  Nothing  could  have  been  more  simple  than  the  first 
eleven.  To  distinguish  them,  we  have  only  to  count  the  stamens.  The  otlicr 
classes  are  founded  upon  distinctions  less  simple,  though  in  general  easy  to  be 
understood.  A  good  specimen  flower  of  eacli  class  should  here  be  closely  exam- 
ined, to  illustrate  the  definitions,  and  fix  them  in  the  memoiy. 

The  following  simple  figures  are  emblematic  of  each  class,  to  wliich  the  pupil 
is  required  to  apply  the  appropriate  numbers  and  names. 


X  '1^^ 


FIG.  9.  —  Stamens. 


CARPELS. 


39 


CHAPTER    VI. 

THE  FLOWER. 
§3.     OP  THE  PISTIL,  AND  THE  ARTIFICIAL  ORDERS. 


FIG.  10.  —  1,  Pistil  of  a  whortleberry  (Vaceinium  ammnum) ;  b,  the  stigma  ;  c,  styli; ,  a,  the 
epigynous  disk  ;  e,  perpendicular  section  of  the  ovary  combined  with  the  adherent  (superior) 
calyx  ;  rf,  the  placenta  with  the  ovules  ;  2,  the  gynopcium  of  a  flower  whh  5  pistils,  showing 
the  carpels  and  styles  distinct ;  7,  cross  section  of  the  same ;  3,  the  carpels  united  and  the 
styles  distinct ;  6,  cross  section  of  the  same  ;  4,  both  carpels  and  styles  united  ;  5,  cross  section 
of  the  same  ;  8,  leaf  of  Bryophyllum,  putting  forth  buds  from  its  margin  ;  9,  carpel  of  the  par- 
den  cherrj-,  reverting  to  the  form  of  the  leaf;  10,  two  such  carpels  ;  11,  two  perfect  carpels. 

15.  The  pistil  (or  pistils)  occupies  the  centre  of  the  flower,  at 
the  termination  of  the  axis.  It  consists  of  three  parts,  the  ovary, 
or  germ,  a,  (Fig.  4.)  the  style,  b,  and  the  stigma,  c.  The  style  is 
sometimes  wanting,  and  the  stigma  then  becomes  sessile  upon 
the  ovaiy.     (See  also  Figs.  10,  11.) 

76.  The  ovAKY  (Lat.  ovarium,  a  depositor}^  from  ovum,  an 
egg)  is  the  tumid  and  hollow  part  of  the  pistil,  situated  at  its 
base,  containing  the  ovules,  or  young  seeds  withui  its  cavities, 
aoid  destined  to  become  the  fruit. 

77.  The  ovaiy  is  either  simple  or  compound.  "When  com- 
pound, it  consists  of  two  or  more  lobes  or  divisions,  called 
CARPELS  {naqnog,  fruit),  united  together  more  or  less  closely. 


•10  THE    FLOWER. 

Sometimes  these  divisions  are  veiy  evident,  being  but  slightly 
connected,  while  in  other  cases,  all  external  marks  of  them  dis- 
appear. \^nien  simple,  it  of  course  consists  of  a  single  carpel. 
(Fig.  10.) 

78.  The  STYLE  is  that  prolonged  columnar  part  of  the  ovary, 
or  rather  of  each  carpel,  which  bears  the  stigma  at  its  top.  The 
Jiumber  of  the  styles,  when  they  are  not  wanting,  always  equals 
llie  number  o(  car[)els :  but  wiien  the  carpels  are  closely  united, 
the  styles  may  be  united  also,  into  a  single  compound  column, 
or  they  may  even  then  remain  distinct. 

79.  The  STIGMA  is  the  upper  portion,  or  extremity,  of  the  style, 
extremely  various  in  form,  but  usually  globular.  Like  the  ovary 
ixiid  style,  it  is  either  simple  or  compound.  When  it  is  com- 
pound it  consists  of  as  many  united  lobes  as  there  are  carpels. 

80.  The  number  of  distinct  styles  (or  of  stigmas,  when  the 
styles  are  wanting)  constitutes  the  basis  of  the  artificial  orders, 
into  which  the  first  thirteen  classes  of  Linneeus  are  subdivided. 
They  are  named  from  the  Greek  numerals  prefixed  to  the  ter- 
mination gynia,  {yvi'i],  57,  Note,)  as  follows. 

Order  1.  Monog^'nia,  includes  all  the  genera  of  plants  in 
either  of  the  fii'st  thirteen  classes,  with  one  style 
to  the  flower. 

2.  Digynia,  with  two  styles  to  the  flower. 

3.  Trigj'nia,  with  three  styles. 

4.  Tetragynia,  with  four  styles. 

5.  Pentagynia,  with  five  styles. 

6.  Hcxagynia,  with  six  styles. 

7.  Heptagynia,  with  seven  styles. 

8.  Octog}'nia,  with  eight  styles. 

9.  Enneagynia,  with  nine  styles. 

10.  Decagynia,  with  ten  styles. 

11.  Dodecagynia,  with  eleven  or  twelve  styles. 

12.  Polygynia,  with  more  than  twelve  styles.* 


*  TliH  orders  of  the  remaining  classes  are  founded  upon  characters  not  depend- 
\i\%  upon  the  pistil,  and  are  as  follows:  — 

The  orders  of  class  11,  Didynamia,  are  only  two; 

1.  Gymnospennia,  with  seeds  appai-ently  naked. 

2.  .;\jigiospennia,  with  seeds  evidently  in  a  seed-vessel,  or  pericarp. 


THEOEETICAL    STRUCTURE.  41 

61.  The  OVULES  are  certain  little  globular  bodies,  produced  in 
the  cells  of  the  ovary,  destined  to  become  the  seeds  in  the 
matured  fruit.     (Fig.  10;  1.) 

82.  The  PLACENTA  is  that  part  of  the  ovary  from  wliich  the 
o\ailes  arise,  and  to  which  they  are  attached.  It  consists  of  a 
line,  or  fleshy  ridge,  placed  in  some  angle  of  the  cell.  Its  direc- 
tion is  always  vertical,  that  is,  parallel  with  the  axis  of  gi'owth. 
(Fig.  10;  1,  c/.) 

83.  PItysiological  structure.  The  ovary  and  style  are  com- 
posed chiefly  of  one  or  more  bundles  of  vascular  tissue,  imbed- 
ded in  ceflular  tissue.  Tlie  stigma  consists  of  a  loose  cellular 
substance,  called  the  conducting  tissue,  communicating  \vith  the 
placenta  tln-ough  the  centre  of  the  style.  It  is  the  only  ])art  of 
the  ascending  axis  which  is  destitute  of  the  epidermis  (35). 

84.  Theoretical  structure.  The  pistil,  as  before  stated  (25,  a),  is  the  modifica- 
tion of  a  leaf,  or  of  a  whorl  of  leaves,  each  leaf  constituting:  a  cai7jel.  Each 
carpel  has  its  own  style  and  stigma,  and  is  foiTQed  of  a  leaf  folded  together  in 
such  a  way  that  the  upper  surface  becomes  the  inner,  and  is  turned  towards  tho 


The  15th  cinss,  Tetradj-namia,  is  divided  into  two  orders,  which  are  distinguished 
by  the  form  of  the  pod :  — 

1.  Siliculosa,  the  frait  a  silicle,  or  short  pod. 

2.  Siliquosa,  fruit  a  silique,  or  more  or  less  elongated  jKxi. 

The  orders  of  the  16th,  17th,  ISth,  20th,  21st,  and  22<:l  classes  ai-e  of  the  same 
name  and  character  as  tlie  first  13  classes  themselves,  that  is,  they  are  founded 
upon  the  number  of  the  stamens  to  tlie  flower,  tlms :  — 

Order  1,  Monandria,  includes  all  Monadelphous  plants,   Diadclphoxis  plants,  &c. 
with  one  stamen  to  each  flower. 
2,  Diandria,  with  two  stamens  to  each  flower,  and  so  on. 
The  orders  of  the  19th  class,  Syngenesia,  are  five:  — 
Order  1.  Equalis  (equal),  with  the  florets  (flowers)  of  the  head  all  perfect. 

2.  Superflua  (superfluous),  florets  of  the  i-ays,  or  margin  of  the  head  pistil- 

late, the  rest  perfect. 

3.  Frustranca  (frusti-ated),  florets  of  the  margin  neutral,  the  rest  perfect. 

4.  Necessaria  (necessary),  florets  of  the  margin  pistillate  ajid  fertile,  the  rest 

staminate  and  sterile. 

5.  Segrcgata  (separated),  each  floret  having  its  own  proper  calyx. 

Tlie  orders  of  class  23d,  Polygamia,  are  two,  founded  upon  the  same  ch.iracters 
as  the  two  preceding  classes :  — 

1.  Monwcia,  where  both  separated  and  perfect  flowers  are  found  in  the  samo 

individual. 

2.  Diwcia,  where  the  diiTerent  flowers  occupy  different  individuals. 

The  orders  of  class  24th,  Crj-ptogamia,  are  nine,  the  same  as  tlie  natural  orders 
of  this  gi-and  division,  as  FiJices,  the  fems,  Musci,  the  mosses,  &:c 
4* 


■12  THE    FLOW'EK. 

axis,  while  the  lower  surface  becomes  the  outer.  By  this  aiTangemcnt  the  two 
edges  of  the  carpel  often  appear  like  sutures  (Lat.  sutura,  a  seam),  of  which  the 
outer,  formed  hy  the  midrib,  is  called  the  dorsal,  and  the  inner,  formed  by  the 
united  margins,  the  ventral. 

a.  This  view  of  the  jjistil  is  remarkably  confirmed  and  illustrated  by  the  flowers 
of  the  douljlu  cherry,  where  the  pistil  may  be  seen  in  every  degree  of  transition, 
reverting  towards  the  form  of  the  leaf.  This  carpcUary  leaf  (Fig.  10;  9)  stands  in 
the  place  of  tlie  ])istil,  having  the  edges  infolded  towards  each  other,  the  midrib 
greatly  jw-olongcd,  and  a  little  dilated  at  the  apex. 

b.  If  this  be  c(jmpared  with  the  pistil  of  the  chen-y,  seen  in  the  figure,  no  donbt 
can  be  entertained  that  the  two  sides  of  the  leaf  con-espond  to  the  walls  of  the 
ovary,  the  margins  to  the  ventral  suture,  the  prolonged  midrib  to  the  dorsal 
suture,  and  the  style  and  the  dilated  summit  to  the  stigma.  Sometimes  tlie 
tlower  contains  two  such  leaves,  which  always, present  theii*  concave  faces  towards 
each  other,  as  seen  in  the  figure.  This  coiTesponds  with  the  position  of  the  true 
carpels,  in  which  the  ventral  sutures  of  each  are  contiguous. 

c.  Many  other  plants,  as  the  rose.  Anemone,  Eanunculus,  &c.  exhibit  similar 
transfonnations  of  the  pistil,  so  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  carpel  is 
formed  upon  the  same  plan  in  all  plants.  '  The  ovary,  therefore,  is  the  blade  of  a 
leaf,  the  style  the  lengthened  midrib,  and  the  stigma  the  dilated  and  denuded  apex  of 
the  same.'' 

85.  From  tliis  doctrine  of  the  stntcture  of  the  single  carpel, 
the  student  will  be  able  and  expected  to  deiiionstraie  many 
propositions  like  the  following. 

a.  First.  A  compound  ovary  consists  of  a  whorl  of  carpellary 
leaves,  their  united  edges  all  meeting  in  the  centre,  and  the 
cohering  sides  forming  a  kind  of  radiation  from  it  (Fig.  9). 

b.  Second.    There  must  be  as  many  cells  as  there  are  carpels. 

c.  Third.  The  partitions  between  the  cells,  that  is,  the  dis- 
sepiments (dissepio,  to  separate,)  must  each  be  double ;  they 
must  be  vertical ;  they  must  be  equal  in  number  to  the  carpels, 
and  alternate  with  the  stigma. 

d.  Again,  the  single  carpel  can  have  no  true  chssepiment.  If 
any  ever  occur,  it  is  regarded  as  an  anomaly,  and  called  spurious. 
Ex.  flax  (Fig.  11). 

86.  Those  propositions  are  true  only  when  each  carpellary 
leaf  appears  in  its  normal  condition,  that  is,  with  its  two  edges 
mutually  united.  But  cases  occur  where  only  the  margins  of 
adjacent  leaves  are  united  (Fig.  11 ;  1,  2,  3).  In  this  case  there 
will  be  no  dissepiments,  and  the  compound  ovary  will,  of  course, 
become  one-celled.     Ex.  pea. 


OVULES.  43 

87.  The  placentsB  are  developed  at  each  of  the  two  edges  of 
the  carpellary  leaf  If  these  edges  be  in  their  normal  condi- 
tions, that  is,  united,  there  will  be  apparently  but  one  placenta 
to  the  carpel,  and  that  central.  But  if  the  edges  be  separate, 
there  will  necessarily  be  two  placentae  to  each  carpel,  the  one 
to  the  right  and  the  other  to  the  left  of  the  dorsal  suture  and 
style.     They  are  then  said  to  be  parietal  (paries,  a  wall). 


FIG.  11.  —  1,  Cross  section  of  a  one-celled,  three-carpelled  ovary  with  parietal  placentae, 
the  dissepiments  partially  obliterated ;  '2,  dissepiments  wholly  obliterated;  3,  dissepiments 
obliterated,  showing  a  free  central  placenta ;  4,  a  five-celled  ovary  with  5  false  dissepiments, 
as  in  the  flax ;  5,  vertical  section  of  an  ovary  with  parietal  placentae  ;  6,  with  free  central  pla- 
centa; ;  7,  an  amphitropous  ovule ;  8,  vertical  section  of  the  same ;  a,  funiculus ;  b,  raphe ; 
c,  chalaza ;  d,  nucleus ;  e,  aecundine  ;  /,  primine  ;  g,  micropyle ;  9,  anatropous  ovules  at- 
tached to  the  ovary. 

88.  But  the  placentae  are  sometimes  found  in  the  coinnion 
centre  when  there  are  no  dissepiments  (Fig.  11;  3,6).  This 
anomaly,  which  is  called  a  free  central  placenta,  is  thus  ex- 
plained. The  dissepiments  were  at  first  actually  formed  in  the 
usual  manner,  but  aftenvards,  by  the  rapid  expansion  of  the 
shell,  they  were  torn  away  and  obliterated. 

a.  As  the  ovules  are  always  developed  by  the  placentie,  they,  of  course,  grow 
out  of  the  mafgins  of  the  cai^oellary  leaf,  and  are,  therefore,  understood  to  be 
analogous  to  buds.  For,  in  the  Bryophyllum,  and  some  other  plants,  the  true 
leaves  do  habitually  develop  buds  at  their  margins  (Fig.  10;  8),  and  in  the  mign- 
ionette  the  ovules  themselves  have  been  seen  transformed  into  leaves. 

89.  The  ovules  are  almost  always  enclosed  in  the  ovary.  In 
the  mignionelle  they  are  })artially  naked,  and  in  Iht;  fir  tribe, 
Coniferae,  are  entirely  naked,  there  being  no  carpellary  leaf 


44 


THE    FLOWER. 


a.  The  ovule  is  said  to  be  erect  when  it  grows  from  the  base  of  the  ovarr . 
ascending,  wlicn  it  grows  from  a  little  above  the  base ;  pendulous,  when  it  hangs 
from  the  simimit  of  the  cavity,  and  suspended,  when  it  hangs  from  a  little  below 
the  summit. 

90.  h\  their  early  state,  the  ovules  are  quite  soft,  consisting  of 
two  sacks  or  integuments,  containing  a  pulpy  mass,  and  open 
only  at  their  apex,  where  there  is  a  passage  left  through  both, 
called  the  foramen.  The  outer  integument  is  called  the  2Jriminc, 
the  other  the  sectmdine,  and  the  central  pulpy  mass  the  nucleus. 
(Fig.  11;  8.) 

a.  The  foramen  may  be  detected  even  in  the  perfect  seed,  hy  soaking  it  in 
water,  and  then  pressing  out  the  fluid  thus  absorbed,  wliich  will  be  seen  to  issue 
from  this  little  oiiiice.  It  has  an  important  agency  in  the  fertilization  of  the  seed, 
wliich  at  this  early  period  has  nof  traces  of  the  embryo  (18). 

91.  The  stalk  by  wdiich  the  ovule  is  connected  to  the  pla- 
centa, is  called  the  funiculus,  and  its  point  of  attachment  to  the 
nucleus  of  the  o\aile,  the  ckalaza.  Through  these  the  ovule 
receives  its  nourishment  from  the  placenta.     (Fig.  11 ;  8,  9.) 

,       §4.     OF  THE  MUTUAL  ACTION  OF  THE  STAMENS  AND  PISTILS. 


92.  The  specific  use  of 
the  stamens  and  pistils  is 
the  fertilization  of  the 
seed  (57,  58).  This  ap- 
pears to  be  effected  in  the 
following  manner.  At  the 
proper  season,  the  anthers 
discharge  the  pollen  con- 
tained in  their  cavities, 
thi'ough  their   dehiscence 

FIG.  12.  —  1,  Section  of  the  upper  part  of  the  style  Or  porCS,  iutO  thc  air.     Some 
of  the  snap-dragon,   the  pollen  tubes  passing  down  qC    if    iliiig    falls    UUOn    the 
between  the  cells ;  2,  3,  4,  5,  various  forms  of  pollen, 
showing  the  tubes;  6,  pollen  of  the  CEnolhera  bienni.";,  SUj^ma. 
one  of  its  tubes  descending  among  the  cells  of  the  style. 


a.  The  Author  of  nature  makes  special  provision  for  the  accomplu<hment  of 
this  function.  Thus  thc  anthers  are  generally  placed  above  thc  stigma,  the 
stamens  being  lovs:er  than  the  jiistils  when  the  flower  is  erect,  as  in  die  tulip, 
and  shoiier,  when  it  dix)op?,  as  in  several  species  of  tlie  lily.    In  thc  mountain 


CALYX.  45 

laarel  (Kalmia),  the  anthers  are  confined  in  ten  cavities  in  the  corolla;  at  the 
proper  season  they  are  disengaged,  and  throwTi  forcibly  against  the  stigma,  by  the 
elasticity  of  the  filaments.  In  Monoscious  and  Dioecious  plants,  where  the  sta- 
mens are  placed  apart  from  the  pistils  in  different  flowers,  the  pollen  is  often  con- 
veyed to  the  pistil  by  insects  in  going  from  flower  to  flower  in  search  of  honey. 

93.  Soon  after  the  pollen  falls  j^aa  the  stigma,  the  outer  coat 
of  each  granule  bursts  (69,  a)  at  one  or  more  points,  allowing 
the  inner  coat  to  pass  through  it  in  the  form  of  a  tube.  This 
tube  insinuates  itself  between  the  cells  of  the  stigma,  and 
passes  down  between  the  loose  cells  of  the  style,  extending 
itself  until  it  reaches  the  ovary,  even  when  the  style  is  of  con- 
siderable length.  When  these  tubes  reach  the  ovary,  they 
direct  themselves  towards  the  ovules  in  different  parts,  and 
enter  the  foramen,  which  at  tliis  time  is  turned  towards  the 
base  of  the  style,  and  brought  in  contact  with  its  conducting 
tissue  (83). 

94.  The  molecules  which  the  pollen  grains  contained  (69,  a) 
are  seen  to  pass  down  the  tubes,  and  some  of  them  are  con- 
veyed into  each  ovule.  Wliilst  yet  within  the  tube,  they  are 
seen  to  develop  themselves  into  new  cells,  and  these  becoming 
fixed  in  their  places  constitute  the  embryo,  or  the  rudiment  of 
the  future  plant. 


CHAPTER    VII. 

THE  FLOWER. 

f5.     OF  THE  CALYX. 

95.  The  term  calyx  comes  from  the  Greek,  and  signifies  a 
cup.  It  is  applied  to  the  outer  whorl  of  the  floral  envelopes,  in 
reference  to  its  common  fonn  and  position.  It  is  generally 
green,  but  is  sometimes  colored,  that  is,  it  is  of  some  other  coloi 
than  green.  It  seems  designed  for  the  protection  of  the  more 
deUcate  organs  of  the  flower  in  aestivation  (in  the  bud). 

96.  The  di\dsions  of  the  calyx  are  called  sepals,  which  are 


46 


THE    FLOWER. 


sometimes  distinct,  but  generally  cohere  by  their  edges,  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent,  forming  a  cup  as  in  the  rose,  or  a  tube  as 
in  the  pink.  The  calyx  is  then  said  to  be  monoscpalous,  a  tenn 
which  must  never  be  literally  applied,  since  no  true  calyx  can 
consist  of  merely  a  single  sepal ;  when  the  sepals  are  not  united 
in  any  degree,  the  calyx  is  said  to  be  polysepahus. 


97.  K  the  calyx  is  free,  that 
is,  distinct  from  the  ovary,  as 
in  the  pink,  it  is  said  to  be  in- 
ferior, while  the  ovary  is  supe- 
rior ;  but  if  the  calyx  be  adhe- 
rent to  the  sides  of  the  ovary, 
so  as  to  appear  to  grow  out  of 
its  summit,  as  in  the  rose,  it  is 
6         5  4  said  to  be  5w^mor.     (Fig.  13; 

FIG.  13.  — 3,  Ovar)-,  with  adherent  (superior),   j    3  \ 
persistent  calyx ;  1,  vertical  section  of  the  same, 

showing  the  epigynous  (Gr.  vpon  the  pistil)  sta-  98.  In  rCSpeCt  tO  duration, 
mens;  2,  calyx  free  (inferior),  stamens  hjT,og3'-  J^  J^  caduCOUS  whcu  it  faUs  off 
nous  (Gr.  under  the  ptsttl);  4,   stamens  on  the 

calyx,  that  is,  perigynous(Gr.  arowK/  r/i<  piXtZ);  as  soon  aS  the  fioWCr  is  CX- 
5,  stamens  on  the  corolla  (perigynous) ;  6,  sta-  ponded,  Ex.  poppy  :  dcciduOUS, 
men  with  the  connectile  continued  beyond  the  -^  .     „  ,,         t, 

anther.  whcn  it  lalls  Oil  as  the  flower 

decays,  Ex.  water  lUy;  and  persistent,  when  it  remains  upon 
the  germ  after  the  corolla  has  fallen ;  Ex.  rose,  apple. 

99.  The  calyx  is  sometimes  reduced  to  a  mere  rim,  and  some- 
times, when  there  is  no  corolla,  the  calyx  is  entii'ely  wanting 
(54). 

a.  Again,  the  calyx  is  reduced  to  a  whorl  of  mere  hair-hke 
processes,  called  pappus,  or  down.  This  kind  of  calyx  is  pecu- 
liar to  the  Compositaj,  as  the  Asters,  sunflower,  &;c.,  where  the 
flowers  are  collected  in  heads  so  compact  that  the  calyx  has  no 
room  to  develop  itself  in  the  usual  manner.  If  the  pappus  con- 
sists of  simple  hairs,  it  is  said  to  be  pilose ;  if  the  hairs  are 
feathery,  plumose;  if  they  are  stiff",  like  bristles,  setose;  if  dilated, 
so  as  to  become  chaff^y,  paleaceoics. 

§6.     OF  THE  COROLLA. 

100.  Corolla  is  a  Latin   diminutive,  signifying  a  chaplet  or 


MONOPETALOUS    COROLLAS.  47 

crown.  It  is  fitly  applied  to  that  whorl  of  the  lloral  envelopes 
situated  between  the  calyx  and  the  stamens,  upon  the  delicate 
texture  and  hues  of  which  cliiefly  depend  the  beauty  of  the 
flower. 

101.  The  divisions  of  the  corolla  are  called  petals.  Like  the 
sepals  of  the  calyx,  they  are  either  distinct,  or  united  by  their 
adjacent  edges  to  a  g-reater  or  less  extent,  as  in  the  morning 
gloiy.  When  they  are  distinct,  the  corolla  is  said  to  be  pohjpet- 
ahus ;  other\vise,  monopctahus,  a  term  which  is  as  greatly  niis- 
apphed  in  this  case  as  monosepalous  is  to  the  caljTC,  since  no  true 
corolla  can  consist  simply  of  a  single  petal. 

102.  A  petal  consists  of  two  parts;  the  claio,  which  is  the 
narrow  part  at  the  base,  answering  to  the  stalk  of  a  leaf,  and 
the  lamina,  which  is  the  expanded  portion  supported  by  the 
claw,  and  answers  to  the  blade  of  the  leaf  The  claw  is  some- 
times very  long,  as  in  the  pink,  and  often  is  wanting,  as  in  the 
rose. 

103.  When  the  petals  are  confluent  into  a  monopetalous 
corolla,  the  united  claws  form  that  part  of  it  which  is  called  the 
tube,  and  the  lamina  constitute  the  upper,  expanded  portion  of 
it,  which  is  called  the  limh  or  border.  Both  of  these  parts  are 
exhibited  in  the  Phlox. 

104.  Monopetalous  corollas  are  regular  when  all  the  parts 
con-espond  to  each  other  in  shape,  size,  and  cohesion;  and 
irregular  when  they  do  not.  Both  these  kinds  assume  various 
forms  (Fig.  14),  which  have  received  appropriate  names,  as 
follows : 

1.  Campanidate  (bell-shaped),  having  the  tube  wide,  and 
swelling  abruptly  at  the  base,  as  in  the  bell-flower  (Cam- 
panula). 

2.  Infundihuliform  (funnel- form),  tubular  at  the  base,  but 
gradually  enlarging  towards  the  border.  Ex.  morning  gloiy, 
tobacco. 

3.  Hypocrateriform  (salver- form),  the  tube  ending  abruptly  in 
a  border  spreading  horizontally.     Ex.  Phlox. 

4.  Rotate  (wheel-form),  limb  regular,  or  nearly  so,  spreading, 
with  a  veiy  short  or  imperceptible  tube.     Ex.  mullein. 

5.  Labiate  (hppcd).     This  corolla  has  its  limb  deeply  cleft 


48 


THE    FLOWER. 


into  two  irregular  segments,  called  the  upper  and  lower  lip.  If 
the  lips  be  widely  separate,  they  are  said  to  be  ringent  (ringo, 
to  grin).  Ex.  monkey-flower.  If  the  upper  and  lower  sides  are 
pressed  together,  personate  (persona,  a  mask) ;  Ex.  snap  dragon. 
If  the  upper  lip  is  arched,  it  is  termed  the  helmet  or  galea.  Ex. 
Lamium.  Tliis  forai  of  the  corolla  almost  universally  char- 
acterizes the  plants  of  the  large  and  important  natural  order 
Labiatse. 


FIG.  14.  —  Forms  of  corollas;  1,  Campanula  rotundifolia ;  2,  tobacco;  3,  Convolvulus; 
i,  Veronica ;  5,  sage  ;  6,  Gaultheria  procumbeus  ;  7,  Phlox ;  8,  cabbage  ;  9,  rose  ;  10,  Lalhyrus. 

105.  Several  fomis  of  polyjietalous  corollas  have  also  re- 
ceived appropriate  names,  and  are  described  as  foUows.  The 
last  only  is  irregiilar. 

1.  Cruciform  (crux,  a  cross),  consisting  of  four  petals  spread- 
ing at  right  angles  to  each  other.  Plants  with  this  corolla  con- 
stitute the  large  natural  order  Crucifera^,  which  corresponds  to 
tlie  15th  class  in  the  artificial  aiTangement.  Of  this  kind  is  the 
mustard  (Si napis). 

2.  Rosaceous,  like  the  rose.  A  regular  corolla,  consisting  of 
five  or  more  petals,  spreading  horizontally,  attached  to  the 
receptacle  by  very  short  claws.     Ex.  rose,  apple. 

3.  iz/zaceoj^s,  like  the  lily.  The  Perianth  consists  of  six  parts, 
each  gradually  bending  outwards  in  such  a  manner  as  to  resem- 
ble the  campanulate.     Ex.  lily,  tulip  (Fig.  4). 


NECTARY.  49 

4.  Caryophyllaceous,  like  the  pink.  This  corolla  consists  of 
five  petals,  having  long  claws  immersed  in  a  tubular  calyx.  Ex. 
pink,  cockle  (Fig.  4). 

5.  Papilionaceous,  butterfly-shaped.  Tliis  corolla  consists  of 
five  dissimilar  petals,  which  have  received  names  as  follows ;  — 
the  upper  and  largest  is  called  the  banner  {vexillum) ;  the  two 
lateral  ones  beneath  this,  the  ivings  (alcp);  and  the  two  lower 
ones  cohering  by  their  lower  margins,  the  keel  (carina).  Exam- 
ples, pea,  bean,  locust.  Plants  with  this  kind  of  corolla  consti- 
tute the  greater  part  of  the  Leguminosre,  one  of  the  most 
extensive  and  useful  of  the  natural  families. 

106.  Physiological  structure.  The  floral  envelopes  are 
found,  in  their  physical  organization,  to  agree  with  leaves,  of 
which  they  are  only  modifications.  They  consist  of  thin  expan- 
sions of  cellular  tissue,  traversed  by  veins  of  delicate  spiral 
vessels,  all  covered  with  an  epidennis  often  having  stomata. 
Their  various  colors  are  produced  by  secretions  contained  in  the 
little  bladders  of  the  cellular  tissue. 

§  7.    OF  THE  NECTARY  AND  DISK. 

107.  These  are  terms  which  have  been  apphed  to  certain 
anomalous  forms  of  the  floral  organs,  and  are  very  variable  in 
structure  and  position. 

a.  The  nectary  (nectar,  honey)  is  properly  an  apparatus  for  the  secretion  of 
honey.  In  the  violet,  larkspur,  columbine,  &c.,  it  consists  of  a  prolongation  of 
the  petal  into  a  spur.  In  the  nasturtium  it  is  a  similar  prolongation  of  the  sepal. 
In  the  passion  flower,  grass  parnassus,  gold-thread,  &c.,  the  nectaries  are  merely 
abortive  stamens  passing  into  petals.  In  the  lady's  slipper  and  other  Orchida- 
ceous plants,  the  lower  petal  being  inflated  and  larger  than  the  rest  of  them,  was 
called  nectary  by  the  Linnean  school,  but  bv  modern  writers  the  labcllum,  or 
lip. 

b.  The  DISK  is  a  temi  applied  to  certain  little  projections  situated  between  the 
bases  of  the  stamens  and  the  pistils.  Its  more  common  fonn  is  that  of  a  raised 
rim,  either  entire  or  variously  lobed,  sun-ounding  the  base  of  the  ovaiy,  that  is, 
h7fpogynous  {SttZ,  under,  ywn,  the  pistil),  as  in  the  pc'ony,  or  it  appears  at  the  top 
of  the  ovary  when  the  calyx  is  superior,  and  is  then  said  to  be  epigynous  (iti, 
upon,  yun),  as  in  the  Comus. 

c.  The  tnie  character  of  the  disk  is  little  underetood.  It  is  supposed  by 
Lindley  to  consist  of  stamens  in  a  rudimentary  state,  as  it  is  sometimes  separated, 
into  a  circle  of  glandular  bodies,  alternating  -nith  the  true  stamens. 

5 


50 


THE    FLOWER. 


58.    OF  ESTIVATION. 

108.  yEsTivATioN  {astivus,  of  summer)  is  a  term  used  by 
botanists,  to  denote  the  relative  arrangement  of  the  several 
organs  of  the  flower  while  yet  undeveloped  in  the  bud.  It  is 
the  same  to  the  flower-bud  as  vernation  {vermis,  of  the  spring) 
is  to  the  leaf-bud. 

a.  Tho  different  modes  of  Eestivation  may  be  best  observed  in  sections  of  the 
bud,  made  by  cutting  it  in  a  horizontal  direction.  The  most  common  varictica 
arc  the  following. 

1.  Valvate;  applied  to  each  other  by  the  margins  only;  as  the 
petals  of  the  UmbellifercE,  the  valves  of  a  capsule,  &c. 

2.  Convolute ;  Avhen  one  is  wholly  rolled  in  another,  as  in  the 
petals  of  the  wall-flower. 

3.  Quincuncial;  when  the  pieces  are  five  in  number,  of  wliich 
two  are  exterior,  two  interior,  and  the  fifth  covers  the  interior 
with  one  margin,  and  has  its  other  margin  covered  by  the  ex- 
terior, as  in  Pi,osa. 

4.  Contorted;  each  piece  being  oblique  in  figure,  and  over- 
lapping its  neighbor  by  one  margin,  its  other  margin  being,  in 
like  manner,  overlapped  by  that  which  stands  next  it,  as 
the  corolla  of  Apocynum. 

5.  Alternative ;  when,  the  pieces  being  in  two  rows,  the  inner 
is  covered  by  the  outer  in  such  a  way  that  each  of  the  exterior 
rows  overlaps  half  of  two  of  the  interior,  as  in  the  LiliacocC. 


^      ^^^ 


OWWWJ 


FIG.  15.  —  jEstivation  of  (he  corolla;  1,  Hydrangea;  2,  Cheiraiuhus;  3,  Rose  (single); 
4,  Oxalis;  5,  Lilium  ;  6,  Pisum  ;  7,  Ly.^iIn3cllia;  8,  Solauum  ;  9,  calyx  of  llie  Rose.  Tho 
last  form,  wilh  4  and  5,  are  also  termed  iml/ncaXt. 


THE    FRUIT.  51 

6.  VexiUary;  when  one  piece  is  much  larger  than  the  others, 
and  is  folded  over  them,  they  being  arranged  face  to  face,  as  in 
papihonaceous  flowers. 

7.  Indni^licate ;  liaving  the  margins  bent  abniptly  inwards, 
and  the  external  face  of  these  edges  applied  to  each  other  with- 
out any  twisting ;  as  in  the  flowers  of  some  species  of  Clematis. 

8.  Supervolute;  when  one  edge  is  rolled  inwards,  and  is  en- 
veloped by  the  opposite  edge  rolled  in  an  opposite  direction ;  as 
the  leaves  of  the  apricot. 

Of  these  forms  of  aestivation,  the  4th,  5th,  and  9th,  are  fre- 
quently designated  by  the  general  term  imbricate,  that  is,  edge 
overlapping  edge. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

THE  FRUIT. 

109.  The  fruit  appears  to  be  the  ultimate  object  and  aim  of  the  whole  vegetable 
organization :  a(;cordingly,  when  this  is  perfected,  the  process  of  vegetation  ceases, 
the  foliage  withers,  and  the  wliolc  plant,  if  it  be  an  annual,  soon  dies.  But  in  tlic 
fruit,  provision  is  made  for  the  reproduction  of  the  species,  so  that  it  is  justly 
Raid  to  be  '  the  termination  of  the  old  individual,  and  the  beginning  of  the  new.' 

a.  The  fmit  is,  therefore,  the  most  important  part  of  the  plant.  Although  it 
does  not,  like  the  flower,  serve  to  adorn  the  face  of  nature  by  the  beauty  of  its 
form  and  color,  yet,  besides  its  own  peculiar  office  of  perpetuating  vegetable  life, 
it  affords  one  of  the  principal  means  of  subsistence  to  animals  and  to  man. 

b.  The  fructification,  in  respect  to  time,  is  subsequent  to  the  flower,  is  always 
preceded  by  it,  and,  as  has  been  sufficiently  shown,  is  dependent  upon  it  for  it.s 
maturity  and  perfection.  After  liaving  imbibed  the  pollen  from  the  anthers,  the 
pistil,  or  its  ovary,  continues  to  enlarge,  and  is  finally  matured  in  the  form  of  the 
peculiar  fruit  of  the  plant.  The  fruit  is,  therefore,  properlj-  speaking,  the  ovary 
brought  to  perfection. 

110.  Such  being  the  case,  it  follows  that  the  fruit  is  constructed  on  the  same 
general  plan  as  the  ovary,  and  its  stracture  may  be  inferred  with  much  accuracy, 
by  the  examination  of  the  latter  at  the  time  of  flowering.  In  many  cases,  how- 
ever, the  frait  undergoes  such  changes  in  the  course  of  its  growth  from  tlie  ovarj-, 
as  to  disguise  its  real  stnicture ;  so  that  an  early  examination  would  be  even  more 
safe  in  its  results  than  a  late  one. 

a.  For  example,  the  oak-acorn  is  a  frait  with  but  one  cell  and  one  seed, 
although  its  ovary  had  three  cells  and  six  ovules.    The  change  is  produced  by 


52  THE    FRUIT. 

the  non-development  of  five  of  the  ovules,  while  the  sixth  grows  so  rapidly  as  to 
ohliterate  the  dissepiments  and  occupy  the  whole  space.  The  same  change  also 
takes  place  in  the  hazle-nut.  The  ovary  of  the  birch  is  two-celled  and  two- 
ovulcd,  b\it,  by  the  suppression  of  one  cell  with  its  ovule,  the  fruit  becomes  one- 
celled. 

§  1.    OF  THE  PERICARP. 

111.  The  FRUIT  consists  of  the  pericarp  and  the  seed;  the 
former  may  be  wanting,  but  the  latter  is  essential. 

a.  Truly  naked  seeds  are  found  in  few  plants,  except  the  Coniferaj,  where  the 
pollen  falls  directly  upon  the  ovules  without  the  intervention  of  the  pistil.  The 
seeds  of  the  sage  and  the  borage,  with  their  respective  tribes,  generally  said  to  be 
vcik-ed,  arc  not  so  in  fact,  for  each  seed  being  the  product  of  an  ovary  with  one 
ovule  must  necessarily  be  a  one-seeded  pericarp. 

112.  The  PERICARP  (. -If ^(,  around,  xugnog,  fruit)  is  the  covering: 
or  envelope  of  the  seeds,  of  whatever  nature  it  may  be.  It 
consists  of  three  diiferent  parts.  1.  The  epicarp  {em,  upon)  is 
the  outer  integument,  or  skin.  2.  The  endocarp  {evdop,  within), 
called  also  putamen  or  shell,  is  the  inner  coat,  and  the  sarco- 
carp  {ouqi,  flesh)  is  the  intervening  fleshy  substance. 

a.  Thus,  in  the  peach,  the  skin  is  the  epicarp,  the  fleshy  pulp  the  sarcocarp,  and 
tlie  shell  of  the  stone  the  endocarp.  In  the  apple  or  pear,  the  endocarp  forms  the 
glazed  lining  of  the  cells,  the  epicaip  the  epidennis,  and  the  sarcocarp  the  inter- 
vening pulp. 

ll.^.  The  growth  of  the  frait  depends  upon  the  absorption  of  sap  from  the  parts 
below.  This  fluid,  finding  no  growing  axis  to  be  prolonged  in  the  usual  manner 
into  a  branch,  is  accumulated  in  the  pistil  and  adjacent  parts,  is  condensed  by 
evaporation,  and  elaborated  into  cellular  matter  by  the  external  surfaces,  which 
still  pcrfonn  tlie  functions  of  true  leaves.  Thus  these  parts  become  gradually 
distended  into  the  fonn  and  dimensions  of  the  fruit. 

114.  The  process  of  ripening  consists  of  certain  chemical  changes,  eflTected  by 
the  combined  action  (jf  heat,  light,  and  air.  In  its  earliest  stages,  the  pericarp 
consists  of  a  structure  similar  to  that  of  leaves,  being  composed  of  cellular  and 
liccneous  tissue,  with  an  epidennis  and  stomata  (35,  37). 

a.  Secondly,  the  fleshy  pulp,  or  sarcocarp,  is  developed,  and  becomes  sour  by 
tihsorbing  from  the  air  an  excess  of  oxygen,  which  is  the  proper  acidifWng  prin- 
ciiile. 

/).  Lastly,  when  the  fruit  has  attained  its  full  growth,  the  pulp  becomes  gradu- 
al! v  sweetened  and  softened,  by  the  formation  of  sugar  at  the  expense  of  the 
acids  and  of  the  ligneous  matter,  which  before  rendered  it  both  sour  and  hard. 
These  transitions  are  exemplified  by  the  apple,  plum,  cuiTant,  &c.,  where  the 
greater  portion  of  nutritive  matter  is  stored  up  in  the  pericarp ;  but  in  the  fruit  of 


>  CAPSULE.  53 

the  oak,  cliestnut,  some  of  the  grasses,  &c.,  it  is  chiefly  or  entirely  deposited  in  the 


FIG.  IG.  —  Modes  of  dehiscence  ;  1,  Locu.icidal ;  2,  Septicidal ;  3,  Septifragal.  The  straight 
lines  represent  the  dissepiments. 

115.  Deldscence.  When  the  pencarp  has  arrived  at  maturity, 
it  either  remains  permanently  closed  (indehiscent)  as  the  acorn, 
or  it  sei)arates  into  parts  forming  openings.  These  parts  are 
called  valves,  and  these  openings,  the  dehiscence.  Regular  de- 
hiscence is  always  vertical,  and  is  called, 

1.  Loculicidal  {loculus,  a  cell,  ccedo,  to  cut),  when  it  takes 
place  by  the  opening  of  the  dorsal  suture  of  each  carpel  tlu-ectly 
into  the  cell.     Ex.  lily. 

2.  Septicidal  {septum,  a  wall,  and  ccedo),  when  it  tokes  place 
through  the  dissepiments  (which  are  doubled,  ^  85,  c).  Ex. 
mallows. 

3.  Septifragal  {septum,  and  frango,  to  break),  when  tlie  valves 
separate  from  the  dissepiments,  which  remain  still  united  in  the 
axis.     Ex.  Convolvulus. 

4.  Sjctural  {sutura,  a  seam),  when  it  takes  place  at  one  or 
both  sutures,  in  a  fruit  with  a  simple  carpel.     Ex.  pea. 

5.  An  irregular  dehiscence,  called  circumscissile  {circumscindo, 
to  cut  around),  occurs  in  the  plantain,  verbena,  henbane,  &c., 
where  the  top  of  the  pericarp  falls  oiT  like  a  lid.     (Fig.  18  ;  16.) 

116.  The  forms  of  the  pericarp  are  exceedingly  diversified,  and  have  been 
studied  by  botanists  with  great  attention.  The  following  varieties  arc  generally 
described  in  elementary  works. 

1.  Capsule  (a  casket),  is  a  term  applied  to  those  pericarps 
which  are  of  a  hard  and  woody  texture,  proceeding  from  a  com- 
pound ovary,  dehiscing  at  the  side  or  top,  by  valves,  or  some- 
times by  pores  only. 

a.  The  capsule  consists  of  only  one  cell,  or  is  divided  within 


54 


THE    FRUIT. 


by  dissepiments  (85,  c)  into  many  cells.  The  central  pillar,  or 
substance  formed  by  the  united  placentae  is  called  the  colu- 
mella. To  tliis  the  seeds  are  generally  attached.  The  seed- 
vessels  of  the  Lobelia,  mullein,  pink,  poppy,  bloodi-oot  (San- 

irninaria),  are  capsules. 


riG.  17.  —  Formn  of  fruil :  1,  capsule  of  Rhododendron;  2,  Nicoliana ;  3,  Colchicum ; 
4,  Oenothera;  5,  silique  of  R;iphami:i ;  6,  silicle  of  Capsella;  7,  les;ume  of  the  pea  ;  8,  jointed 
Ifgiime  (lomint)  of  Desmodium;  9,  follicle  of  Apocynum ;  10,  nut  of  oak;  11,  drupe  of 
Ccrasus. 

2.  SiT.iQn:  (a  pod).  This  is  a  long,  narrow  pericarp  of  two 
Aalves,  divided  into  two  cells,  by  a  false  dissepiment  formed  by 
tlic  extended  placenta^.  The  seeds  are  attached  to  the  edges 
of  this  dissepiment,  alternating  with  its  opposite  sides.  Ex. 
mustard,  wallflower,  and  other  CrucifercC. 

0.  Silicle  (a  little  pod),  differs  from  the  silique,  by  being 
.'<hortor,  and  mcirc  nearly  oval.  Ex.  pepper-gi'ass,  shepherd's 
purse  (Thlaspi).  The  silique  and  silicle  arc  peculiar  to  plants 
M'ith  cruciform  corollas. 

•1.  Lkch-me  (also  a  pod),  consists  of  two  valves,  but  has  no 
dissepiments,  and  thus  differs  essentially  from  the  silique.  It 
bears  its  seeds  attached  to  the  margin  of  each  valve  alternately. 
along  the  viMitral  suture  only.  Ex.  pea,  and  all  other  plants  of 
ihe  great  natural  order  Leguminosa>.  The  legume,  therefore, 
ac'com]vanios  the  papilionaceous  corolla. 

5.  Follicle  (a  bag)  is  a  pericarp  with  one  valve  and  one 


PEPO.  55 

cell,  opening  by  a  sutuial  deliiscence  on  the  inner  side,  and 
bearing  seeds  at  the  base,  or  along  the  suture.  Ex.  peony,  col- 
umbine, silk-weed. 

6.  Drupe  (stone-fmit)  is  one-celled,  one  or  two  seeded,  inde- 
hiscent,  with  a  hard  and  bony  endocarp  (stone),  and  a  moist  and 
pulpy  epicarp  and  sarcocarp.  Ex.  plum,  cherry,  peach.  It  also 
includes  those  fruits  which  have  a  fibro-fleshy,  or  even  coria- 
ceous epicarp,  as  the  walnut,  butternut,  which  kinds  of  fruit  are 
called  drupaceous. 

7.  The  Nut  is  a  hard,  dry,  indehiscent  shell,  proceeding  from 
an  ovary  wliich  is  two  or  more  celled,  and  two  or  more  ovuled, 
but  becoming  by  suppression  one-celled,  and  one-ovuled  ( 1 10,  a). 
It  differs  from  the  Drupe,  in  wantmg  the  soft,  succulent  cover-  - 
ing.  Instead  of  this  it  is  seated  in  a  kind  of  persistent  involu- 
cre, called  a  cupule.     Ex.  chestnut,  oak,  beech,  hazle. 

8.  Caryopsis  (kernel).  This  is  a  thin,  dry,  one-celled  peri- 
carp, inseparable  from  the  seed  which  it  encloses.  Ex.  maize, 
wheat,  Carex.  When  it  is  not  inseparable  from  the  seed,  it  is 
called  a  utricle,  as  in  the  pig-weed  (Chenopodium). 

9.  An  ACHENiuM  is  a  small,  diy,  hard,  one-cehed  pericarp,  dis- 
tinct from  the  seed  which  it  contains.  Ex.  Borago,  Ranun- 
culus, Aster,  and  the  Composite  generally. 

10.  Samara  (winged  fruit).  It  ponsists  of  a  diy,  indehiscent, 
one-seeded  pericarp,  with  a  ^\■ing-like  appendage.  Ex.  birch, 
maple. 

11.  A  PYXIS  (box)  is  a  capsule  which  opens  by  a  circum- 
sessile  dehiscence  (11-5  ;  5),  so  as  to  appear  like  a  little  cup  with 
a  hd.     Ex.  plantain  (Plantago),  purslane  (Portulaca). 

12.  Pome  (apple).  This  is  a  fleshy,  indehiscent  pericarp, 
formed  of  tlie  permanent  calyx,  containing  several  cartilaginous 
carpels,  or  cells,  which  enclose  the  seeds.  Ex.  apple,  pear, 
quince. 

13.  Tlie  PEPO  (gourd)  is  an  indehiscent,  fleshy  fruit,  proceed- 
ing from  a  compound  ovary,  either  one-celled,  or  entirely  filled 
with  pulp.     Ex.  cucumber,  melon,  pumpkin. 

11.  Berry  (Bacca),  a  succulent,  pulpy  pericarp,  holding  the 
sei'd:>  loosely  williin,  with  no  other  eovcring  than  its  own  soO 


56 


THE    FRUIT. 


mass.     Ex.  currant,  whortlebeiTy.     Tlie  orange  and  lemon  an- 
swer this  definition,  and  are  therefore  benies. 


FIG.  18.  —  Forms  of  fruit ;  13,  naked  achenia  of  Fragaria  on  the  surface  of  the  enlarged, 
fleshy  receptacle  ;  14,  drupaceous  achenia  of  a  Rubus  on  a  fleshy,  deciduous  receptacle;  1.5, 
samara  of  Acer ;  16,  pyxis  of  Hyoscyamus  ;  17,  pome  of  Pyrus  (pear);  18,  berr>'  of  Ribes 
(gooseberry);  19,  section  of  the  same  enlarged ;  20,  sirobilo  of  Piiius;  21,  cremocarp  of  the 
UrabelliferEB,  as  Conium. 

a.  This  definition  cannot  include  the  strawberry,  which  consists  of  an  en-* 
larged,  fleshy  receptacle,  bearing  numerous  achenia  upon  its  surface.  Nor  does 
it  include  the  blackbeiTV,  which,  like  the  other  species  of  the  llubus,  is  an  aggre- 
gate fi-uit  composed  of  united  drupes.  These  fruits  are  called  Etseria,  by  Mirbel. 
(Fig.  18;  13,  14.) 

15.  Strobile  (cone).  This  is  an  aggregate  fruit,  consisting 
of  scale-like  carpels  spread  open,  with  naked  seeds  on  their 
inner  side,  at  base.  Such  is  the  fruit  of  the  fir  tribe,  which  is 
on  this  account  called  Conifcra?. 


57 


CHAPTER    IX. 

THE  FRUIT. 
§2.     OF    THE    SEED. 

117.  The  seed  is  the  ultimate  product  of  vegetation,  and  con- 
tains the  rudiments  of  a  new  plant,  similar  in  all  respects  to  the 
original. 

a.  The  seed  consists  of  three  principal  parts;  —  the  integu- 
ments, the  ALBUMEN,  and  the  embryo. 

118.  The  Integuments,  or  coverings,  invest  the  seed  immedi- 
ately exterior  to  all  its  other  parts.  Although  apparently  single, 
they  consist  of  several  membranes,  to  each  of  which  an  appro- 
priate name  has  been  applied.  The  first,  or  outer  membrane, 
\s  the  testa  ;  the  second,  the  mesosperm  ;  the  third,  the  endo- 
PLEURA,  coiTesponding  with  the  primine,  &c.  (90)  of  the  ovule. 

a.  The  testa  is  either  papery  (membranous),  leathery  (coriaceous),  homy  (crus- 
taceous),  bony,  fleshy,  or  woody.  Its  surface  is  generally  smooth,  sometimes 
beautifully  polished,  as  in  the  Indian  shot  (Canna),  or  columbine,  and  often 
highly  colored,  as  in  varieties  of  the  bean,  &c.  It  is  sometimes  expanded  into 
wings,  as  in  the  Arabis,  and  sometimes  into  a  tuft  of  hau-s  at  one  end,  called 
coma,  as  in  the  silk-weed,  or  it  is  entirely  enveloped  in  hairs,  as  in  the  cotton. 

/>.  The  coma  must  not  be  confoimdcd  with  the  pappus  (99,  a),  which  is  a  modi- 
fication of  the  calyx,  appended  to  the  pericaqi,  and  not  to  the  seed,  as  in  the 
achenia  of  the  thistle,  dandelion,  and  other  Compositoe. 

119.  The  aril  is  an  expansion,  proceeding  from  the  summit  of 
the  funiculus,  or  seed-stalk  (91),  (or  from  the  placenta  when 
the  funiculus  is  wanting)  either  partially  or  wholly  investing 
the  seed.  A  fine  example  is  seen  in  that  gashed  covering 
of  the  nutmeg,  called  mace.  In  the  celastrus  it  completely 
envelops  the  seed.  In  other  seeds  it  is  a  mere  scale,  and  often 
it  is  wanting. 

120.  The  HiLUM,  or  scar,  is  that  point  or  mark  left  on  the  coats 
of  the  seed,  by  its  separation  from  the  funiculus  (stalk).  It  is 
commonly  called  the  eye,  as  in  the  bean,  pea,  maize,  &c.  (Fig. 
11;  8,  a.) 

121,  The  hilum  of  the  seed  sometimes  con-esponds  with  tlie  chalaza  of  the 


58  THE    FRUIT. 

ovule.  In  this  case  the  ovule,  or  seed,  is  said  to  be  orthotropous  (erect),  Ex.  can- 
dleberry  (Myiica).  More  generally,  however,  the  funiculus  (91)  extends  beyond 
the  hilum,  passing  under  the  integuments  partly  around  the  nucleus,  before  it 
is  joined  to  it.  The  point  of  this  final  juncture  is  always  the  chalaza,  and  that 
part  of  the  funiculus  which  then  intervenes  between  the  hilum  and  tlie  chalaza  is 
called  the  raphe.  This  form  of  the  ovule,  or  seed,  is  called  anatropous  (inverted), 
and  is  exemplified  in  the  apple.  The  raplie  can,  therefore,  exist  only  in  the  ana- 
tropous seed,  and  serves  to  distinguish  it.     (See  Fig.  11 ;   Ko's  8  and  9.) 

122.  The  Albumen.  Next  within  the  integuments,  there  is  a 
white  substance  called  the  albumen,  consisting  chiefly  of  starch. 
It  constitutes  the  chief  bulk  of  some  seeds,  as  maize,  wheat, 
rye,  and  ser\'es  to  nourish  the  embiyo  in  its  nascent  state.  It 
abounds  chiefly  in  those  seeds  which  have  but  one  cotyledon. 
It  is  wholesome  and  ntitritious,  even  in  poisonous  plants.  Tlie 
albumen  in  some  seeds  is  entirely  wanting,  particularly  in  the 
bean,  pea,  &c.,  the  nutritious  matter  being  all  absorbed  in  the 
cotyledon. 

123.  The  EMBRYO  is  an  organized  body,  the  rudiments  of  the 
young  plant,  situated  within  the  integuments.  To  the  growth 
of  this  all  other  parts  of  the  seed  are  subservient.  Li  some 
seeds  the  embryo  is  distinctly  visible.     Ex.  bean,  Convolvtihts. 

124.  The  embryo  is  divided  into  three  parts  ;  the  radicle,  the 
plumule,  and  colyledon. 

a.  The  radicle  is  the  descending  part  of  the  embryo,  destined 
to  form  the  root  (radix).  In  respect  to  position,  it  always  points 
towards  the  foramen. 

h.  The  PLUMULE  is  the  ascending  part  of  the  embryo,  or  the 
rudiment  of  the  ascending  axis  of  the  future  plant.  It  is  usually 
directed  towards  the  chalaza. 

125.  The  COTYLEDON  is  the  bulky,  porons,  and  farinaceous 
part  of  seeds,  destined  to  form  the  first  or  seminal  leaves  of  the 
young  plant,  as  well  as  to  afford  nourishment  to  the  plumule 
and  radicle,  before  they  can  obtain  it  from  the  earth.  In  the 
bean,  squash,  cucumber,  and  most  other  plants,  the  cotyledons 
are  conspicuoits  in  rising  above  the  ground. 

a.  The  number  of  cotyledons  is  variable ;  and  upon  this  cir- 
cumstance is  founded  the  most  important  and  distinct  division 
of  the  Pn^NOGAMiA,  or  flowering  plants. 

126.  Monocotyledonous  plants  are  those  whose  seeds  have  but  one  colyledon, 


SPOKES.  59 

or,  if  two  are  present,  one  is  minute  or  abortive.  Such  plants  are  also  called 
ENDOGENS  (ej'J'ov,  inside,  ymfM-M,  to  originate  or  grow),  because  their  stems  increase 
by  internal  accretions  (197).  Such  are  the  grasses,  the  palms,  the  Liliacese,  &c., 
v.-hose  leaves  are  mostly  constructed  with  parallel  veins. 

127.  Dicotyledonous  plants  are  such  as  bear  seeds  with  two  cotyledons. 
These  are  also  called  exogens  (sSa,  outside),  because  their  stems  increase  by 
external  accretions,  including  the  bean  tribe,  the  melon  tribe,  all  our  forest  trees, 
&e.  These  are  also  distinguished  at  a  glance,  by  the  structure  of  their  leaves, 
which  are  reticulate-vciued,  that  is,  with  veins  dividing  and  uniting  again,  like 
network. 


FIG.  19.  —  Structure  of  seeds  and  germination;  1,  seed  of  a  garden  bean;  2,  the  same 
after  ^ermijiation  is  commenced  and  the  skin  llirown  ofi';  .3,  seed  of  Triglocliin  (magnified) ; 
a,  fungous  clialaza,  b.  raplie,  c,  hilum;  4,  embryo  ;  a,  cotyledon,  6,  radicle,  c,  fissure,  beneath 
which  lies  the  plumule;  5,  vertical  section  of  the  same;  rf,  ihe  radicle  seen  beneath  the 
fissure  ;  6,  germinating  seed  of  Alisma  ;  a,  cotyledon,  6,  plumule,  c,  radicle  ;  7.  seed  of  Canna 
lulea,  vertical  section,  a,  albumen,  ft,  emliryo ;  S,  fruit  of  Mirabilis,  showing  the  cotnmence- 
ment  of  germination,  the  embryo  protruding  the  radicle  ;  9,  the  same,  having  thrown  ofi"  ihe 
pericarp  and  become  a  young  plant;  10,  germinating  seed  of  Calla  .^thiopica ;  a,  seed,  6, 
first  leaf  of  plumule,  r,  radicle  ;  11,  section  of  the  fruit  of  a  grass  with  the  embryo  at  base; 
12,  the  same  aficr  germination  lias  commenced ;  13,  the  germination  completed,  and  the 
young  plant  formed;  14,  embryo  of  Pinus,  showing  the  numerous  cotyledons;  15,  the  same 
after  germination  has  commenced  ;  16,  embryo  of  Cuscuta,  having  no  cotyledon. 

128.  The  pine  and  fir  have  seeds  with  from  two  to  throe  cotyledons,  while  the 
dodder  (Cuscuta)  is  almost  the  only  example  known  of  an  embryo  with  no  coty- 
ledon. 

129.  A  few  plants,  as  the  onion,  orange,  ConiferiS,  &c.,  occasionally  have  two 
or  even  several  embryos  in  a  seed,  while  all  the  Ckyptogamia,  or  flowerless 
plants,  have  no  embryo  at  all,  nor  even  seeds,  but  are  reproduced  from  spokes, 
(48)  bodies  analogous  to  the  pollen  grains  of  flowering  plants. 


60  THE    FRUIT. 

§3.     OF  GERMINATION.   * 

130.  The  embryo  is  the  most  important  part  of  the  seed.  It  is  to  the  protec- 
tion and  nourishment  of  this  alone,  that  all  other  parts  of  the  seed,  and  even  of 
the  whole  plant,  are  subserv-ient,  and  if  this  be  injured  or  destroyed,  the  ultimate 
object  of  the  whole  vegetable  economy  would  seem  to  be  defeated. 

a.  Germination  is  a  term  denoting  the  first  stages  of  vital 
action  in  the  seed ;  the  process  is  briefly  described  as  follows : 

131.  When  the  seed  is  planted  in  a  moist  soil,  at  a  moderate 
temperature,  the  mtegiiments  gradually  absorb  water,  soften, 
and  expand.  The  water  is  decomposed,  its  oxygen  combines 
with  the  carbon  of  the  starch  wliich  had  been  stored  up  in  the 
tissues.  Thus,  losing  a  part  of  its  carbon,  the  starch  is  con- 
verted into  sugar  for  the  nourishment  of  the  embryo,  which  now 
begins  to  dilate  and  develope  its  parts.  Soon  the  integuments 
burst,  the  radicle  descends,  seeking  the  damp  and  dark  bosom 
of  the  earth,  and  the  plumule  arises,  with  expanding  leaves,  to 
the  air  and  the  light.*     (See  Fig.  19,  explanations.) 

132.  As  to  the  cotyledons,  they  either  remain  under  ground  at 
the  centre  of  motion,  as  in  all  Monocotyledonous  plants  and  in 
the  oak,  or,  as  in  almost  all  Dicotyledonous  plants,  they  arise 
above  the  surface  with  the  ascending  axis,  become  gi'een,  and 
perform  the  functions  of  digestion  and  resphation,  hke  leaves, 
for  the  nourishment  of  the  young  plant. 

133.  The  conditions  requisite  for  the  germmation  of  the  seed 
are  heat,  moisture,  oxygen,  and  darkness. 

a.  Heat  is  a  requisite  condition  of  all  -vital  actions,  as  well  in  the  sprouting  of  a 
seed  as  in  the  hatching  of  an  egg,  and  if  it  be  not  supplied  from  a  source  within, 

*  The  phenomena  of  germination,  in  all  its  stages,  may  be  observed  in  an  interesting  ex- 
periment. Let  a  few  seeds,  as  of  the  flax  or  the  pea,  be  enveloped  in  a  look  of  cotton,  float- 
ing upon  water  in  a  bulb-glass.  In  a  few  days,  the  plumule  ascends  in  its  genial  air,  while 
tlie  radicle  shoots  downwards  in  long  silky  fibres. 

The  ascent  of  the  plumule  in  a  direction  contrary  to  gra\nty  is  a  law  in  vegetation,  a.s  uni- 
versal as  the  law  of  attraction  in  matter,  and  no  less  difficult  to  explain.  From  the  two 
following  experiments,  it  would  seem  to  result  both  from  the  influence  of  the  light  aiid  llie 
Jaw  of  gravitation.  Professor  Shullz  planted  some  seeds  of  cabbage,  mustard,  and  beans,  in 
moss,  and  so  arranged  them  that  the  only  light  which  they  could  receive  was  from  a  mirror, 
reflecling  the  solar  rays  upwards  ;  they  sent  their  stems  downwards,  and  their  roots  upwards. 

Mr.  Knight  placed  vessels,  containing  eanh  with  germinating  seeds,  upon  the  circumfer- 
ence of  a  large  horizontal  wheel,  which  was  kept  constantly  and  rapidly  revolving  for  seve- 
ral days.  The  seeds  grew,  but  instead  of  ascending  perpendicularly,  the  axis  of  each  plant 
was  inclined  at  an  angle  of  45°,  or  more,  towards  the  centre  of  the  wheel,  in  accordajice  with 
the  combined  action  of  the  centrifugal  force  of  the  wheel,  and  the  attraction  of  the  earth. 


DISSEMINATION    OF    SEEDS.  61 

must  be  obtained  from  without.  Different  degrees  of  heat  are  required  by  dif- 
ferent plants,  but  a  temperature  from  50°  to  80°  is  most  favorable  to  those  of  the 
temperate  zones.     Such  is  the  genial  wannth  supplied  by  the  sun. 

b.  Water  is  also  requisite  for  softening  the  integuments,  and  for  dissolving  the 
dry  nutriment  stored  up  in  the  albumen,  or  the  cotyledons.  This  is  supplied  in 
showers  of  rain  and  dew. 

c.  Oxygen  is  requisite,  as  seen  above,  for  the  conversion  of  starch  into  sugar ; 
a  process  always  depending  upon  the  formation  and  evolution  of  carbonic  acid,  a*i 
well  in  the  seed  as  in  the  laboratory  of  the  chemist  Tliis  is  supplied  by  the 
water  and  by  the  air. 

d.  And,  finally,  darkness  is  favorable,  because  it  is  tlu-ough  the  influence  of 
light,  as  will  hereafter  be  shown,  that  plants  absorb  carbonic  acid  from  the  air, 
decompose  it,  retain  the  carbonic  acid,  and  give  back  the  oxygen  only.  Light 
would  therefore  tend  to  increase  the  quantity  of  carbon,  ratlier  than  diminish  it. 
Hence  the  seed  should  be  buj-ied  in  the  soil. 

134.  The  ripened  seeds  of  most  plants  have  the  power  of  retaining  their  vitality 
for  many  years,  if  they  are  placed  in  circumstances  wliieh  will  neither  cause  them 
to  germinate  nor  decay,  such  as  a  low  or  moderate  temperature,  with  the  absence 
of  moisture.  Thus  the  seeds  of  maize  have  been  known  to  grow  when  30  years 
old,  rye  40  years,  kidney  beans  100  years,  and  the  raspbeny  and  beach  plum  afcer 
many  centuries.* 

ii.    THE  DISSEMINATION  OF  SEEDS 

135.  Is  a  subject  highly  curious  and  interesting ;  and  when  attentively  consid- 
ered, sen-es,  hke  a  thousand  other  cases  in  the  works  of  Nature,  to  illustrate  the 
wisdom  and  design  of  its  great  Author.  By  means  of  the  coma,  or  pappu?, 
already  described,  the  seeds  of  the  thistle,  dandelion,  and  numerous  other  plants, 
are  wafted  by  winds  to  considerable  ctistances,  across  rivers,  mountains,  and  even 
the  ocean  itself.  The  Erigcron  Canadense,  a  weed  now  common  on  both  sides  the 
Atlantic,^ was  supposed  by  Linnaeus  to  have  been  transported  to  Europe  from 
Canada,  of  which  country  it  is  native. 

a.  Seeds  are  also  furnished  with  wings  for  the  same  purpose.  Others  are  pro- 
vided with  hooks,  or  beards,  by  which  they  lay  hold  of  men  or  animals,  and  arc 
thus  scattered  far  and  wide. 

b.  Some  seeds,  as  the  Impatiens,  which  are  destitute  of  all  such  appendages,  are 
thi-own  to  some  distance  by  the  bursting  of  the  elastic  pericarp.  Kivers,  sti-eams, 
and  the  currents  of  the  ocean,  are  all  means  of  transporting  seeds  from  country  to 

*  No  instance  of  the  longevity  of  seeds  is  more  remarkable  than  that  rflated  by  Dr. 
Lintlley.  'I  have  before  me,'  says  he,  '  three  plants  of  ra.spberries,  raised  from  seeds  which 
were  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  man  wliose  skeleton  was  found  .30  feet  below  the  surface 
of  the  eanh.  He  had  been  buried  with  some  coins  of  the  emperor  Hadrian,  and  it  is  therefore 
probable  that  the  seeds  were  1600  or  1700  years  old.' 

Several  years  ago,  in  the  State  of  Maine,  about  40  miles  from  the  sea,  some  men,  m  dig- 
ging a  well,  threw  up  some  sand  from  a  remarkable  layer,  about  20  feet  below  the  surface, 
and  placed  it  by  itself.  A  year  or  two  afterwards  several  shrubs  sprung  up  from  this  sand, 
grew,  produced  fruit,  and  proved  to  be  the  beach-plum. 

6 


62  THE    ROOT. 

country.  Thus,  the  cocoa,  and  the  cashew-nut,  and  the  seeds  of  the  mahogany, 
have  been  known  to  perform  long  voyages,  without  injuiy  to  their  vitality.  Squir- 
rels, laying  up  their  winter  stores  in  the  earth,  birds,  migrating  from  clime  to 
clime,  and  from  island  to  island,  in  like  manner  conspire  to  effect  the  same  im- 
portant end. 


CHAPTER    X. 

THE  ROOT. 

136.  The  root  is  the  basis  of  the  plant,  and  the  principal 
source  of  its  nourishment.  It  originates  with  the  radicle  of  the 
seed ;  the  tendency  of  its  growth  is  downwards,  and  it  is  gener- 
ally immersed  in  the  soil. 

a.  When  the  radicle  has  burst  the  integuments  of  the  seed,  and  penetrated  the 
soil,  its  body  becomes  divided  into  branches,  or  fibres;  each  of  these  is  again 
divided  and  sub-divided  into  fibres,  often  exceedingly  numerous  and  minute,  ever 
extending  and  multiplying,  until  the  vegetable  has  attained  its  full  growth. 

1.37.  Tlie  prone  direction  of  the  root  is  accounted  for  by  the  extreme  delicacy 
of  the  fibres,  which  renders  them  averse  to  the  air  and  light,  by  their  avidity  for 
moisture,  and  by  the  effects  of  gravitation. 

a.  Although  the  primary  direction  of  the  roots  is  downward,  they  are  not 
known  to  extend  to  any  great  depth.  After  ha-\dng  descended  to  a  certain  dis- 
tance beneath  the  surface,  they  extend  themselves  horizontally,  keeping  at  about  a 
uniform  depth,  however  great  the  iiTcgularities  of  the  surface. 

13S.  The  number  and  extent  of  the  roots  must  always  correspond  to  the 
demands  of  the  vegetable,  both  for  affording  it  nourishment,  and  for  maintaining 
it  in  its  erect  position.  It  follows,  thercfoi-e,  that  for  every  expanding  loaf,  or 
extending  twig,  there  must  be  a  coiTcsponding  increment  of  the  roots  and  fibres 
beneath  the  soil. 

139.  Roots  are  generally  distinguished  from  stems  by  their 
downward  direction,  by  the  presence  of  absorbing  fibres,  by  the 
constantly  irregular  arrangement  of  their  branches,  and  by  the 
absence  of  buds,  stomata,  and  pith. 

140.  To  all  these  characteristics  thfere  are,  however,  exceptions.  Thus,  buds,  in 
peculiar  circumstances,  arc  developed  by  the  roots,  sending  up  shoots,  or  suckers, 
around  the  parent  stem.  This  does  not  happen  in  the  natural  or  healthy  state 
of  the  plant,  but  only  ^v■hcn  the  life,  of  the  upper  axis  is  partially  or  wholly 
destroyed,  the  roots  remaining,  iij  fall  vigor,  and  elaborating  more  nourishment 


SPONGIOLE3.  63 

than  there  is  now  demand  for.  Such  buds  are,  tlierefore,  merely  adventitious. 
On  this  account  it  would  seem  that  those  roots,  commonly  so  called,  which  do 
naturally  and  uniformly  produce  buds,  are  with  propriety  described  by  modem 
writers  as  subterranean  stems;  as  the  root-stalk  of  the  sweet  flag  (Calamus),  the 
tmlb  of  the  tulip,  or  the  tuber  of  the  potato. 

141.  The  summit  of  the  root,  or  that  part  which  connects  it  to 
the  ascending  axis,  is  designated  as  the  collurn,  or  neck. 

a.  Strictly  spealdng,  this  is  the  only  stationary  part  of  tlie  plant.  Occupying 
the  centre  of  motion  between  the  ascending  and  descending  axis,  every  enlarge- 
ment that  takes  place  upon  its  upper  surface  arises  into  the  iiii-,  wliile  all  below  it 
descends  into  the  earth. 

142.  Tlie  parts  of  the  root  which  require  especial  notice,  are 
the  caudez,  Jibrils,  and  spungiolcs. 

a.  The  caudex  (stock)  is  the  main  body  of  the  root. 

b.  The  FIBRILS  are  the  finer  branches  of  the  root,  sent  off 
from  the  caudex.     These  arc  the  true  roots. 

c.  The  spoNGioLES  are  the  tender  and  delicate  extremities  of 
the  fibrils;  and,  since  the  latter  lengthen  only  by  accretions 
made  to  these  extremities,  these  are  their  growing  points. 

143.  The  form  of  the  root  is  much  diversified  in  different 
plants,  but  the  principal  varieties  which  have  received  distinct- 
ive names,  are  the  following  :  — 

144.  Ramose  (branching).  This  root  consists  of  ramifications 
sent  off  from  the  main  root,  like  the  branches  of  a  tree,  but  in 
no  determinate  order.  Such  are  the  roots  of  most  trees  and 
shrubs.     (Fig.  20.) 

a.  There  is  a  strong  analogy  between  the  roots  of  a  tree  and  its  branches.  In 
many  instances  they  may  be  made  to  perform,  each  the  functions  of  the  other; 
that  is,  the  tree  may  be  inverted,  and  the  branches  will  become  roots  and  the  roots 
put  forth  leaves  like  the  branches.  The  willow  and  the  maple  may  be  thus 
inverted  without  injuring  their  vitality. 

b.  A  branch  may  often  be  made  to  put  forth  roots  instead  of  leaves.  If  a 
branch  (offset)  of  the  willow  or  currant  (Ribes)  be  inserted  into  the  ground,  cither 
l>y  the  lower  or  the  upper  end,  or  by  both  at  once,  it  will  take  root  .and  flourish. 
Other  trees,  as  the  mulberry  (Morns)  may  be  multiplied  by  layei-s.  A  branch  is 
bent  and  inserted  into  the  ground  by  the  apex.  When  it  has  taken  root  it  is 
severed  from  the  parent  stock,  and  becomes  a  perfect  tree. 

c.  The  roots  of  a  tree  extend  in  all  dii-ections,  and  to  considerable  distances. 
This  distance  is  at  least  equal  to  the  extent  of  the  branches,  and  often  much 
greater.     Those  of  the  elm  embrace  an  area  of  300  feet  diameter,  of  the  poplar, 


64 


THE    ROOT. 


400.    Forest  trees,  being  less  exposed  to  the  assaults  of  the  wind,  are  much  less 

firmly  rooted  than  those  in  open  situations. 

145.  JF'i^sz/brwi  (spindle-shaped).  It  consists  of  a  thick,  fleshy 
caiidex,  tapering  downwards,  and  also,  for  a  short  space,  up- 
wards. It  sends  off  from  the  sides  and  extremity,  thread-lilte 
fil)rils,  wliich  are  in  fact  its  true  roots,  since  they  alone  absorb 
nourishment  from  the  ground.     Ex.  parsnip,  radish. 


FIG.  20.  —  Forms  of  the  root ;  7,  branching  roots  of  r  tree  ;  8,  root  of  Daucns ;  9,  Oxalis ; 
10,  Orchis. 

a.  Wlien  the  fusiform  root  di-vides  into  two  principal  branches,  it  is  said  to  be 
forked.  Wien  it  tapers  from  the  coUum  downwards  its  whole  length,  it  is  called 
a  conical  or  tap  root.     But  its  most  remarkable  variety  is  the 

b.  Prcmorse,  in  wliich  the  caudex  terminates  abruptly  below, 
as  if  it  had  been  bitten  off  (prasmorsus).  This  is  due  to  the 
tact  that  the  lower  extremity  perishes  after  the  first  year.  Ex. 
Viola  ]-)edata,  and  Scabiosa  succisa. 

c.  The  napiform  (turnip-shaped)  root  is  another  variety  of  the 
fusiform,  where  the  upper  portion  swells  out,  so  that  the  diame- 
ter is  greater  than  the  length.     Ex.  turnip. 

146.  The  fibrous  root  consists  of  numerous  thread-hke  divis- 
ions, sent  off  directly  from  the  base  without  any  caudex.  Such 
are  the  roots  of  most  grasses,  which  multiply  their  fibres  exceed- 
ingly in  a  fight  sandy  soil. 

a.  A  fascicvlated  root  is  a  variety  of  the  fibrous,  with  some  of 
its  fibres  thickened,  as  in  the  crow-foot  (Ranunculus),  peony, 
Dahlia,  <Lc. 

147.  A  tuberous  root  consists  of  one  or  more  fleshy  knobs,  or 


ROOTS. 


65 


tumors,  situated  at  the  base  among  the  fibres.  Ex.  Orchis. 
This  root  must  be  distinguished  from  the  tuber,  which,  hke  the 
potatoe,  uniformly  bears  buds,  and  is  now  classed  among  stems. 

a.  A  palmate  (hand-shaped)  root  is  a  variety  of  the  tuberous, 
wnere  the  knob  is  separated  below  into  short,  thickened  pro- 
ce.sses,  as  in  some  species  of  the  Orchis. 

b.  A  granulated  root  consists  of  many  small  tubercular  knobs, 
connected  by  fibres,  as  seen  in  the  common  wood  soitcI.  Some 
writers  call  this  variety  moniliform  {monile,  a  necklace). 


FIG.  21.  —  Forms  of  the  root;  —  1,  Raphanus  ;  2,  Brassica  rapa;  3,  Scabiosa  ;  4,  Poa; 
5,  PcBoiiia ;  6,  Dahlia. 

148.  All  the  above  forms  of  fleshy  roots  appear  to  be  reser- 
voirs where  the  superabundant  nutriment  secreted  by  the  plant, 
is  accumulated  and  kept  in  store  for  the  following  year,  or  for 
the  time  of  flowering. 

a.  To  tlie  varieties  already  mentioned,  we  mny  acid  several  others,  which  are 
remarlcably  distinguished  by  tlieir  not  being  fixed  in  the  soil. 

149.  l^h.c  floating  root  is  peculiar  to  plants  which  float  loosely 
upon  the  surface  of  the  water.  Ex.  Lemna,  Callitriche.  The 
latter,  called  water  starwort,  floats  upon  the  surface  only  until 
flowering,  after  which  it  sinks  to  the  bottom,  fixes  its  roots  in 
the  mud,  and  there  ripens  its  seeds. 

150.  Aerial  xoo\.%  are  those  Avhich,  instead  of  originating  from 
portions  of  the  plant  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  are  pro- 
duced from  some  portion  in  the  open  air.  Of  these  roots,  seve- 
ral varieties  are  remarkable.     1st,  Those  which  are  sent  forth 

6* 


66  THE    ROOT. 

from  the  joints  of  creeping  or  prostrate  plants ;  as  the  ground- 
h'j,  and  the  twin-flower  (Linna^a).  2d,  The  roots  of  certain 
erect  plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  originating  from  the 
stem  high  in  air,  descending  and  entering  the  soil.  Of  this  class 
the  screw-pine  (Pandanus)  is  a  remarkable  example,  whose 
aerial  roots  are  often  several  feet  in  length  before  reaching  the 
earth.  Such  roots,  a  few  inches  in  length,  are  also  seen  in  the 
common  maize  (Zea). 

b.  A  third  class  of  aerial  roots  is  pecuhar  to  the  epiphytes  (cm, 
upon,  (pvTov,  a  plant).  These  plants  are  fixed  upon  the  trunk 
:ind  branches  of  other  species,  and  derive  their  nourishment 
chiefly  from  the  air.  Such  are  the  long  moss  (Tillandsia),  pen- 
dent from  lofty  trees,  and  many  of  the  Orchidaceae  at  the  south. 
4th,  The  roots  o?  parasites  are  usually  aerial.  These  are  not 
only  attached  to  other  vegetables,  but,  penetrating  their  tissues, 
they  derive  nourishment  from  their  juices.  The  Cuscuta  and 
Mistletoe  are  examples. 

PHYSICAL  STRUCTURE  AND  FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  ROOT. 

151.  The  internal  structure  of  the  root  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
stem  (q.  v.),  except  that  there  is  often  a  greater  proportion  of 
cellular,  fleshy  matter,  as  in  the  beet.  In  Endogens  the  root 
is  endogenous,  in  Exogens  it  is  exogenous,  but  in  the  latter  case 
it  is  always  destitute  of  a  pith. 

152.  The  fibrils  are  in  fact  but  subdivisions  of  the  caudex,  or 
main  root.  They  consist  of  minute  bundles  of  vasiform  tissue 
(32),  enclosed  in  a  loose,  cellular  epidermis,  except  at  the  ex- 
tremities (35),  where  the  tissue  is  naked  and  becomes  exceed- 
ingly loose  and  spongy.  These  (spongioles)  have  the  property 
of  powerfully  absor])ing  water. 

153.  The  growth  of  the  root  docs  not  take  i)lace  by  the  ex- 
pansion of  the  parts  already  formed,  but  simply  by  the  addition 
of  new  matter  at  the  extremities,  and  by  the  fonnation  of  new 
layers  upon  the  surface.  This  accounts  for  the  facility  with 
which  it  penetrates  the  crevices  of  the  soil,  and  forces  its  way 
into  the  hardest  earth. 

154.  The  most  ob\ious  function  of  the  root  is  the  purely 
mechanical  one  o^  fir.ing  the  plant  in  the  earth,  and  maintaining 


ABSOEPTION.  67 

its  posture.  But  its  peculiar  and  most  important  function  is 
ABSORPTION,  or  drawing  from  the  soil  that  food  and  moisture 
which  its  growth  absolutely  requires. 

a.  Let  any  small  growing  jilant  be  taken  from  the  earth,  and  immersed  by  its 
roots  in  a  glass  of  water.  If  it  be  then  exposed  to  the  light  of  day,  or  especially 
to  the  sun,  the  water  will  disappear  from  the  glass  more  rapidly  than  could  be 
expected  from  evaporation  alone.  A  plant  of  spearmint  has  thus  been  found  to 
absorb  water  at  the  rate  of  more  than  twice  its  own  weight  per  day.  The  water 
thus  absorbed  by  the  roots  is  mostly  sent  off  again,  or  exhaled  through  the  leaves 
(a  process  called  exhalation),  only  a  small  part  of  it,  together  with  the  salt* 
which  it  held  in  solution,  being  retained  for  the  use  of  the  plant. 

155.  The  activity  of  absorption  must,  therefore,  depend  upon 
the  activity  of  exhalation ;  and  since  the  latter  is  dependent  upon 
the  presence  of  light  and  heat,  it  follows  that  absorption  \\nl\,  in 
general,  be  more  active  by  day  than  by  night. 

156.  The  root  does  not  absorb  moisture  by  its  whole  surface, 
indiscriminately,  but  only  by  the  spongioles  at  the  extremities 
of  the  fibrils,  where  the  pores  are  not  obstructed  by  the  epider- 
mis. From  the  spongioles  it  is  conducted  by  the  vasiform  tissue 
of  the  fibril  to  the  vessels  of  the  main  root,  and  immediately 
carried  up  the  stem,  and  distributed  to  all  parts  of  the  plant. 

a.  If  a  growing  radish  be  placed  in  such  a  position  that  only  the  fibres  at  the 
end  may  be  immersed  in  water,  the  plant  will  continue  to  flourish.  But  if  the 
nx)t  be  so  bent  that  the  fibrils  shall  be  curved  up  to  the  leaves,  and  only  the 
curved  body  of  the  root  be  immersed,  the  plant  will  soon  wither,  but  will  soon  be 
again  revived,  if  the  fibres  be  relaxed  and  again  submerged. 

b.  Hence,  in  transplanting  trees,  too  much  care  cannot  be  taken  to  preserve, 
uninjured,  as  many  as  possible  of  these  tender,  absorbing  fibres. 

157.  The  force  with  which  plants  absorb  fluids  by  their  roots 
is  veiy  great,  as  is  proved  by  experiment. 

a.  If  the  stem  of  a  vine  be  cut  off  when  the  sap  is  ascending,  and  a  bladder  be 
lied  to  the  end  of  the  standing  part,  it  will  in  a  few  days  become  distended  Avith 
sap,  even  to  bursting.  Dr.  Hales  contrived  to  fix  a  mercurial  gauge  to  a  vine  thus 
severed,  and  found  the  upward  pressure  of  the  sap  equal  to  26  inches  of  mercury, 
or  13  lbs.  to  the  square  inch. 

1.58.  The  causes  of  the  absorption  of  fluids,  by  the  roots,  have  been  the  subject 
of  much  inquiry.  It  ha,s  generally  been  said  to  be  due  to  capillaiy  atti-action ; 
but,  unfortunately  for  this  theory,  there  are  no  capillary  tubes  in  the  vegetable 
structure,  but  only  closed  cells,  more  or  less  elongated,  through  tlie  mcmbraiions 
wall£  of  which  the  fluids  must  force  their  wav.    There  is,  liowever,  a  phenomenon 


68  THE    ROOT. 

in  Natural  Philosophy,  discovered  by  Dutrochct,  which  bears  so  strong  a  resem-' 
blance  to  ahsoii^tion  in  Pliysiology,  that  late  writers  are  generally  agreed  in  ex- 
plaining the  latter  by  the  former.     It  is,  briefly,  as  follows : 

a.  Let  the  broad  end  of  a  tunnel-sliaped  glass  be  finnly  covered  with  a  piece  of 
bladder,  and  the  cavity  within  be  filled  witli  a  solution  of  gum  or  sugai-.  If  now 
the  outer  surface  of  the  bladder  be  immersed  in  water,  a  passage  of  fluid  will  take 
place  through  the  membrane  into  the  glass,  so  that  the  volume  of  the  solution 
will  be  much  increased,  while  at  the  same  time  there  will  be  a  current  in  the 
opposite  direction,  the  solution  within  passing  into  the  water  without,  but  in  a 
much  smaller  quantity.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  glass  be  filled  with  water  and 
immersed  in  the  .solution,  it  will  be  partly  emptied  by  this  action.  The  principal 
current  is  termed  endosmose  (flowing  inwards),  and  the  other  exosmose  (flow- 
ing outwards). 

159.  From  the  above  experiment,  and  others  of  a  similar  nature,  it  is  justly 
inferred,  tliat  tlie  conditions  requisite  for  the  action  of  these  two  currents  are,  two 
fluids  of  different  densities,  separated  by  a  porous  septum,  or  partition.  Wlierever 
these  conditions  exist,  the  current  exists  also. 

a.  Now  these  conditions  exist  in  the  root.  The  spongiole  is  the  porous  sep- 
tum ;  the  water  around  it  is  one  of  the  fluids,  and  the  other  is  the  fluid  within, 
rendered  dense  by  the  admixture  of  the  descending  sap  elaborated  by  the  leaves. 
Now  if  the  absorption  be  the  endosmose  resulting  from  these  conditions,  there  must 
be  the  counter  current,  the  exosmose,  also.  That  this  is  actually  the  case,  is  proved 
by  the  fact  that  the  peculiar  products  of  the  species  may  always  be  detected  in 
the  soil  about  the  roots  of  the  plant,  and  also,  that  a  plant  grown  in  water,  always 
communicates  some  of  its  peculiar  properties  to  the  fluid  in  which  it  is  im- 
mersed. 

160.  The  use  of  absorption  in  the  vegetable  economy  is  not  merely  the  intro- 
duction of  so  much  water  into  the  plant,  but  to  obtain  for  its  growth  those  min- 
eral substances  held  in  solution  by  the  water,  which  constitute  an  important  part 
of  its  food. 

a.  Now  in  accomplishing  this. object,  the  roots  seem  to  be  endowed  with  a  cer- 
tain power  of  selection  or  choice,  which  has  not  been  satisfactorily  explained. 
Thus,  if  wheat  be  grown  in  the  same  soil  with  the  pea,  the  former  will  select  the 
sUex  along  with  the  water  which  it  absorbs,  for  the  construction  of  the  more  solid 
parts  of  its  stem ;  while  the  latter  will  reject  the  silex,  and  appropriate  to  its  use 
the  calcareous  matter  which  the  water  holds  in  solution. 


HERB. 


69 


CHAPTER    XI. 

THE  STEM,  OR  ASCENDING  AXIS. 

161.  That  part  of  the  plant  which  originates  with  the  phim- 
ule  (124,  b),  and  arises  above  the  surface,  expanding  itself  to 
the  influence  of  the  air  and  the  light,  is  called  the  ascending 

AXIS  or  STEM. 

a.  The  cause  of  its  upward  tendency  is  unknown  (131,  note),  but  is  supposed 
to  be  in  some  way  due  to  the  principles  of  light  and  gravitation. 

162.  Although  the  first  direction  of  the  stem's  growth  is  verti- 
cat,  there  are  many  plants  in  which  it  does  not  continue  so,  but 
extends  in  an  oblique  or  horizontal  direction,  either  just  above 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  just  beneath  it.  When  the  stem 
continues  to  arise  in  its  original  direction,  it  is  said  to  be  erect. 
Wlien  it  grows  horizontally  upon  the  surface,  it  is  said  to  be 
procumbent,  creeping,  trailing,  &c.  When  it  arises  obhqiiely  it 
is  an  ascending  stem,  and  when  it  continues  buried  beneath  the 
soil  it  is  a  subtei'ranean  stem. 

a.  The  subterranean  stem,  and  some  varieties  of  the  creeping,  have  usually 
befln  described  as  roots. 

16.3.  In  regard  to  duration,  the  stem,  like  the  root,  is  said  to 
be  annual  when  it  lives  but  one  season,  afterwards  dpng,  at 
least  down  to  the  root,  and  perennial  when  its  existence  is  con- 
tinued beyond  one  season,  to  an  indefinite  period  of  time. 

164.  In  regard  to  the  size  and  duration  of  the  stem,  plants  are 
distinguished  into  trees,  shrubs,  and  herbs. 

a.  A  TREE  is  a  plant  with  a  perennial,  woody  stem,  or  trunk, 
which  does  not  divide  into  branches  for  a  certain  distance  above 
the  ground.     Ex.  elm,  palm. 

b.  A  SHRUB  is  a  plant  of  smaller  dimensions  than  a  tree,  hav- 
ing a  perennial,  woody  stem,  which  divides  into  branches  at  or 
near  the  ground,  hke  the  alder.  A  shrub  of  diminished  size  is 
termed  an  undershrub.     Ex.  whortleberry. 

c.  An  HERB  is  a  plant  with  an  annual  or  perennial  root,  pro- 


70  THE    STEM. 

ducing  stems  which,  above  the  ground,  are  of  annual  duration 
only,  and  do  not  become  woody.     Ex.  the  grasses,  muUem. 

165.  The  most  distinctive  property  of  the  stem  is  the  forma- 
tion and  development  of  buds.  At  the  commencement  of  its 
growth,  the  ascending  axis  is  itself  a  bud. 

166.  Buds  are  of  two  kinds,  namely,  the  leaf-bud,  containing 
the  rudiments  of  a  leafy  branch,  and  the  fiower-bud,  containing 
the  same  elements  transformed  into  the  organs  of  a  flower,  for 
the  purposes  of  reproduction. 

167.  The  leaf-bud  consists  of  a  minute,  tender,  groiving  point 
of  cellular  tissue,  originating  with  the  pith,  surrounded  and  pro- 
tected by  a  covering  of  imbricated  scales  and  incipient  leaves. 
(Fig.  22;  1.) 

168.  These  scaly  envelopes  of  the  bud  appear  to  he  the  i-udimentar}-  leaves  of 
the  preceding  year,  formed  late  in  the  season,  arrested  in  their  development  by 
the  frosts  and  scanty  nutriment,  and  reduced  to  a  sear  and  hardened  state.  If 
the  bud  of  the  maple  or  horse-chestnut  (^sculus)  be  examined,  when  swollen  in 
spring,  the  student  will  notice  a  gradual  transition  from  the  outer  scales  to  the 
evident  leaves  within. 

o.  It  is  an  interesting  illustration  of  designing  Wisdom,  that  buds  are  furaished 
with  scales  only  in  wintry  climates.  In  the  ton-id  zone,  or  in  hot-houses,  where 
the  temperature  is  equalized  through  the  year,  plants  develope  their  buds  into 
foliage  immediately  after  their  formation,  without  clothing  them  in  scales.  In 
annual  plants,  also,  the  buds  are  destitute  of  scales,  not  being  destined  to  survive 
tlie  winter.  Hence  it  is  evident  that  the  transformation  of  autumnal  leaves  into 
scales,  is  a  means  ordained  by  the  great  Author  of  nature,  to  protect  tlie  young- 
shoots,  in  their  incipient  stages,  from  cold  and  moisture,  —  an  office  which  they 
effectually  fulfil  by  their  numerous  downy  folds,  and  their  insoluble  coat  of 
resin.  * 

169.  The  original  bud  (plumule)  of  the  embryo  is  at  first 
developed  into  a  simple  stem,  and  being  itself  continually  repro- 
duced, is  always  borne  at  the  termination  of  that  stem ;  that  is, 
the  axis  is  always  terminated  by  a  hud. 

a.  Besides  this,  the  axis  produces  a  bud  (21,  a)  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf,  that  is, 
at  the  point  just  above  the  origin  of  the  leaf-stalk.  If  these  axillary  buds  remain 
inactive,  the  stem  will  still  be  simple,  as  in  the  mullein.    In  general,  however, 


♦  In  many  trees  the  soales  of  the  buds  are  clothed  with  a  tliick  down.  In  others,  as  in  the 
horsL'-chestiiut,  balm  of  Gilcad,  and  olhcr  species  of  poplar,  the  buds  are  covered  with  a 
viscid  and  aromatic  resin,  reseml)liiig  a  coat  of  varnish.  A  considerable  quantity  may  be 
separated  from  a  handful  of  such  buds  in  boiling  water. 


NODE    AND    INTEKNODES.  71 

some  ov  all  of  them  are  developed,  forming  leafy  divisions  of  the  axis,  which  thus 
becomes  branched. 

b.  Buds  are  said  to  be  adventitious  when  they  are  neither  terminal  nor  axillary. 
Such  buds  generally  result  from  some  unnatural  condition  of  the  plant,  as  maim- 
ing or  disease,  and  may  be  formed  in  the  internodes,  or  upon  the  roots  (140), 
or  from  the  trunk,  or  even  from  the  leaves,  as  in  the  Bryophyllum. 

170.  A  BRANCH,  therefore,  is  a  division  of  the  axis,  produced 
by  tlie  dcvelopmeut  of  an  axillary  bud. 

171.  A  THORN,  or  spine,  is  a  leafless,  hardened,  pointed, 
woody  process,  with  which  some  plants  are  armed,  as  if  for  self- 
defence.     Ex.  Cratffigus,  locust. 

a.  The  thora  appears  to  be  an  abortive  growth  of  a  bud,  resulting  from  the  im- 
perfect development  of  the  growing  point  only,  while  ifs  leafy  coverings  perish. 
Some  plants  which  naturally  produce  thorns  become  thornless  by  cultivation. 
In  such  cases  the  buds  are  enabled,  by  better  tillage,  to  produce  branches  instead 
of  thorns.     Ex.  apple,  pear,  gooseberry. 

b.  Tiie  thorn  is  distinguished  from  the  prickle  (43)  by  its  woody  structure,  and 
its  connection  with  the  wood  of  tlie  stem,  while  the  prickle,  as  of  the  rose,  consists 
of  hardened  cellular  tissue,  connected  with  tlie  bark  only. 

172.  That  point  in  the  stem  where  the  leaf,  with  its  axillary 
bud,  is  produced,  is  called  the  node,  and  the  spaces  between 
them  the  internodes. 

a.  In  the  internodes  the  fibres  of  the  stem  are  parallel,  but  at  the  nodes  this 
order  is  inten-upted  in  consequence  of  some  of  the  timer  fibres  being  sent  off  later- 
ally into  the  leaf-stalk,  occasioning,  more  or  less,  a  jointed  appearance.  Hence, 
also,  each  internode  contains  fewer  fibres,  and  is  of  a  less  diameter  than  those 
below  it,  so  that  the  axis  gradually  diminishes  upwards. 

173.  Since  the  branches  arise  from  axillary  buds,  their  ar- 
rangement upon  the  stem  will  depend  upon  that  of  the  leaves, 
which,  in  all  young  plants,  at  least,  are  arranged  with  great 
symmetry  and  order. 

174.  It  is  a  general  law  in  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  and 
indeed  of  all  other  appendages,  that  they  are  disposed  spirally, 
that  is,  in  a  hne  which  winds  around  the  axis  like  the  threads 
of  a  screw.  , 

a.  But  this  an-angement  is  often  so  much  disguised  by  disturbing  causes  that  it 
can  scarcely  be  recognized.  The  most  common  modification  of  it  is  the  circular, 
which  is  readily  explained.  The  spiral  line  is  foiined  by  the  union  of  two 
motions,  the  circular  and  the  longitudinal.  The  latter  is  produced  in  the  grow- 
ing plant  by  the  advancement  or  lengthening  of  the  axis.    Now,  if  the  latter  be 


72 


THE    STEM. 


interrupted  from  any  cause,  a  circular  arrangement  is  the  consequence,  —  an 
arrangement  so  conspicuous  in  the  organs  of  the  flower  (61,  a,  b,  c),  and  in  the 
leaves  of  the  Stellatae,  and  other  plants. 

175.  When  a  single  leaf  arises  at  a  node  the  arrangement  is 
more  obviously  spiral,  and  is  said  to  be  alternate.  When  two 
arise  at  each  node  they  are  placed  opposite  to  each  other,  and  at 
right  angles  to  the  adjacent  pairs.  When  three  or  more  arise  at 
each  node  they  are  disposed,  of  course,  in  a  circle,  and  are  said 
to  be  verticillate,  or  whorled. 

176.  In  like  manner,  the  arrangement  of  the  branches,  when 
divested  of  all  disturbing  causes,  is  found  to  be  spiral  ;  that  is, 
alternate  in  most  plants,  opposite  in  the  ash,  &c.,  or  verticillate 
in  the  pine,  &c. 


FIG.  22. —  1,  Buds,  terminal  and  lateral,  with  their  scaly  envelopes  ;  2,  the  scaly  bulb  of 
the  lily,  showing  its  analogy  to  the  bud ;  3,  vertical  section  of  the  same. 

a.  The  ascending  axis  is  exceedingly  various  in  form,  size,  position,  and  stnic- 
ture,  existing  in  every  plant  under  some  one  or  other  of  its  modifications.  It  has 
already  been  stated,  that  although  its  tendency  is  at  first  upwards,  it  does  not 
always  arise  above  the  surface.  Ilcnce  the  primary  division  of  this  organ  into 
subterranean  and  aerial. 

177.  The  SUBTERRANEAN  STEM  was  deemed  a  root  by  the  ear- 
lier botanists,  and  those  plants  which  possessed  such  stems  only 
were  called  acaulescent  or  sionlcss,  terms  still  in  use,  denoting 
merely  the  absence  of  aerial  stems.  The  principal  modifica- 
tions are  the  bulb,  corm,  tuber,  rhizoma,  and  creeper. 


TUBER. 


73 


178.  Tlie  BULB  partakes  of  the  nature  of  the  bud.  It  consists 
of  an  oval  mass  of  short,  thickened  scales,  closely  compacted  in 
concentric  circles  and  layers,  emitting  a  stem  from  their  midst, 
and  roots  from  the  base  or  coUum  (141). 

a.  Bulbs  are  said  to  be  ttmicated  when  they  consist  of  concentric  layers,  each 
entire,  and  enclosing  all  within  it,  as  in  the  Onion.  But  the  more  common 
variety  is  the  scaly  bulb,  consisting  of  thickened  concave  scales,  connected  to- 
gether at  the  base,  as  the  lily,  tuUp. 

b.  The  bulb  is  renewed  annually,  at  the  approach  of  wnter,  by  the  develop* 
ment  of  new  bulbs  in  the  axUs  of  the  scales,  wliich  increase  at  the  expense  of  the 
old. 

c.  Bvlblets  are  small,  aerial  bulbs,  formed  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  upon  the 
stem,  which,  when  matured,  fall  to  the  ground,  take  root,  and  produce  a  perfect 
plant.  The  tiger-Uly  (Lilium  bulbiferum)  is  an  example,  also  several  species  of 
the  onion.     Such  plants  are  tcnned  bulbiferous. 


FIG.  23.  —  Forms  of  the  stem;  — 1,  Allium;  2,  Arum; 
guinaria ;  5,  a  spinous  branch. 


Solanum  tuberosum;  4,  San- 


179.  The  coRM  is  the  dilated,  subterranean  base  of  a  stem, 
resembling  the  bulb  in  form  and  position,  but  differing  in  struc- 
ture, being  composed  of  a  uniform  and  solid  mass,  without  dis» 
tinction  of  layers  or  scales.  It  has  been  improperly  called  a 
solid  bulb.     Ex.  Arum,  or  Indian  turnip. 

180.  The  TUBER  is  an  annual,  thickened  portion  of  a  subter- 
ranean stem,  provided  with  latent  buds  (called  eyes),  from 
which  new  plants  arise  the  succeeding  year.  It  is  the  develop- 
ment of  buds,  and  the  fact  of  its  origin  with  the  ascending  axis, 
that  places  the  tuber  among  stems  instead  of  roots.  The  pota- 
toe  is  an  example. 

7 


74  THE    STEM. 

181.  Tlie  RHizoMA,  or  rootstock,  is  a  prostrate,  tliickened, 
rooting  stem,  either  wholly  or  partially  subterranean,  often  cov- 
ered with  scales,  which  are  the  rudiments  of  leaves,  or  marked 
with  scars,  which  indicate  the  insertion  of  former  leaves,  and 
yearly  producing  both  shoots  and  roots.  Such  is  the  thickened, 
horizontal  portion  of  the  blood-root  (Sanguinaria),  sweet  flag 
(Calamus),  and  the  bramble  (Rubus). 

182.  The  CREEPER  differs  from  the  above  only  in  size,  consisting  of  slender 
branches,  exceedingly  tenacious  of  life,  extending  horizontally  in  all  directions, 
and  to  considerable  distances  beneath  the  surface,  sending  out  roots  and  branches 
at  intervals.  The  witch-grass  (Triticum  repens)  is  an  example.  Such  plants 
are  a  sore  evil  to  the  garden.  They  can  have  no  better  cultivation  than  to  be 
torn  and  cut  in  pieces  by  the  spade  of  the  angiy  gardener,  since  they  are  thus 
multiplied  as  many  times  as  there  are  fragments. 

a.  Ilcpcnt  stems  of  this  l^ind  are  not,  however,  without  their  use.  They  fre- 
quently abound  in  loose,  sandy  soil,  wliich  they  scne  to  bind  down  and  secure 
against  the  inroads  of  water,  and  even  of  the  sea  itself.  Holland  is  said  to  owe  its 
verj-  existence  to  certain  repent  stems,  by  which  its  shores  are  apparently  bonnd 
together.  Much  of  the  surfice  of  that  country  is  well  known  to  be  even  below 
die  level  of  the  sea.  To  protect  it  from  inundation,  dikes  of  earth  have  been 
built,  with  immense  labor,  along  the  coast.  These  dikes  are  overspread  with  a 
thick  growth  of  such  plants  as  the  mat-grass,  or  Arundo  arenaria,  the  Carex  are- 
naria,  and  the  Elymus  arenarius,  by  the  innumerable  roots  and  creepers  of  which 
they  are  enabled  to  resist  the  washing  of  the  waves. 

183.  To  AEPaAL  STEMS  bcloug  the  following  varieties; — caulis, 
mnner,  scape,  vine,  trunk,  sucker,  offset,  and  stolon. 

184.  Caulis  (stem)  is  the  term  commonly  applied  to  the  aerial 
stems  of  herbaceous  plants,  which  are  annual  in  duration,  and 
destitute  of  woody  tissue.  Caulescent  and  acaulescent  are  con- 
venient terms,  denoting,  the  former  the  presence,  and  the  latter 
the  absence  of  the  caulis,  or  nerial  stem. 

185.  Runner.  This  is  a  prostrate,  filiform  stem,  or  shoot,  ex- 
tending itself  along  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  throwing  out 
roots  and  leaves  at  its  extremity,  which  become  a  new  plant, 
soon  putting  forth  new  runners  in  its  ttirn.     Ex.  strawbelT}^ 

186.  The  SCAPE  is  a  stem  which  springs  from  the  summit  of 
the  root,  or  rootstock,  and  bears  the  inflorescence  of  the  plant, 
but  not  its  foliage.  Ex.  Sarracenia,  daffodil,  several  species  of 
the  Orchis,  &c.  The  foliage  of  such  plants  is  usually  radical, 
that  is,  springing  from  the  root  or  subterranean  stem. 


TRUNK.  75 

a.  Culm  {culmus)  is  a  term  by  which  the  peculiar  steins  of  the  grasses,  and 
similar  plants  are  usually  designated  in  descriptive  botany.  It  seems,  however, 
an  unnecessary  distinction. 

187.  Vine.  This  i.s  a  term  denoting  those  stems  wliich,  being 
too  weak  to  stand  erect,  creep  along  the  ground,  or  any  conven- 
ient support,  and  do  not  throw  out  roots  like  the  runner.  The 
vine  sometimes  supports  itself  on  other  plants,  or  objects,  by 
means  of  tendrils,  as  the  gourd,  and  most  of  its  tribe  ( Cucurbita- 
ceffi);  the  grape-vine,  &c.     Such  plants  are  called  climbers. 

a.  The  tendril  is  a  leafless,  thread-like  branch ;  or  an  appendage  gro^v^ng  out  of 
the  petiole  of  the  leaf;  or  it  is  the  lengthened  extremity  of  the  midril>  of  the  leaf 
Its  first  growth  is  straight,  and  it  remains  so  until  it  reaches  some  object,  wlien  it 
immediately  mnds  and  coils  itself  about  it,  and  thus  acquires  a  firm,  though  elastic 
hold.  This  beautiful  appendage  is  finely  exemplified  in  the  CucurbitaceaJ  and 
grape,  above  cited;  also  in  many  species  of  the  pea  tribe  (Leguminoste),  where  it 
Is  appended  to  the  leaves. 

188.  The  twining  vine,  or  stem,  having  also  a  length  gi-eatly  disproportionate 
to  its  diameter,  supports  itself  on  other  pl.^nts  or  objects,  by  entwining  itself 
around  them,  being  destitute  of  tendrils.  Thus  the  hop  (Ilumulus)  ascends  into 
the  air  by  foreign  aid,  and  it  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  direction  of  its  ^vindiIlgs  is 
always  the  same,  namely,  with  the  sun,  from  right  to  left;  nor  can  any  artificial 
training  cause  it  to  reverse  its  course.  This  appears  to  be  a  general  law  among 
twining  plants.  Every  individual  plant  of  the  same  species  revolves  uniformly  in 
one  direction  although  opposite  directions  may  characterize  diftcrent  species. 
Thus  the  Convolvulus  revolves  from  left  to  right,  against  the  sun. 

189.  Trunk.  This  is  the  name  given  to  the  peculiar  stems 
of  trees.  It  is  tlte  central  collum,  or  axis,  which  supports  their 
branching  tops,  and  withstands  the  assaults  of  the  wind  by 
means  of  the  great  fimmess  and  strength  of  the  woody  or  ligne- 
ous tissue  in  which  it  abounds. 

a.  The  trunk  often  attains  to  great  dimensions.  The  white  pine  (Pinus 
strobus)  of  the  American  forest,  with  a  diameter  of  6  or  7  feet,  sometimes  attains 
the  height  of  180,  or  even  200  feet,  with  a  trunk  straight,  erect,  and  without  a 
branch  for  more  than  two  thu-ds  its  length.  * 


*  At  the  first  establishmpnt  of  Dartmouth  College,  there  was  felled  upon  the  college  pl:vin  a 
tree  of  this  species,  measuring  210  feet  in  length.  A  Bombax  of  the  South  American  forests, 
measured  by  Humboldt,  was  120  feet  in  height,  and  15  in  diameter.  The  Dagon  tree  on  the 
island  of  Teneriffe,  is  said  to  be  16  feet  in  diameter.  Trees  of  the  genus  Adansoiiia,  in  Sene- 
gal and  the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  have  been  found  of  more  than  34  feet  in  diameter.  The 
famous  Chestnut  tree  on  Mt.  Etna,  often  mentioned  by  travellers,  is  64  feet  in  diameter,  and 
consequently  near  200  feet  circumference. 


76 


THE    STEM. 


b.  In  regard  to  duration,  trees  differ  much,  some  attaining  their  growth  in  a  few 
yeai-s  and  immediately  decaying,  while  on  the  contrary,  the  ordinary  age  of  trees 
is  beyond  the  age  of  man,  and  some  outlive  many  generations,  as  the  oak,  pine.  * 

190.  The  SUCKER  is  a  branch  proceeding  from  the  stem,  or 
root,  beneath  the  surface,  producing  leaves,  &c.,  and  throwing 
out  roots  from  its  own  base,  becoming  an  independent  plant. 
Ex.  rose,  raspberry. 

191.  An  OFFSET  is  a  short,  lateral  branch,  terminated  by  a 
cluster  of  leaves,  and  capable  of  taking  root  when  separated 
from  the  parent  plant.     Ex.  house-leek  (Sempervi^itm). 

192.  A  STOLON  is  a  branch  wliich  proceeds  from  an  elevated 
part  of  the  stem,  and  aftenvards,  descending  to  the  earth,  takes 
root,  sends  up  new  shoots,  and  finally  becomes  a  new  plant.  It 
differs  from  the  sucker,  in  originating  above  the  ground  and  not 
below  it. 


FIG.  21.  — Forms  of  the  stem  ;  1,  Fragaria;  S,  Vilis  ;  6,  tendrils;  3,  cirrhose.  leaf  of  Pisum  ; 
4,  \^-To\a. ;  5,  sucker. 

193.  A  plurality  of  stems,  or  tntnks,  is  observed  in  a  few  spe- 
cies of  trees  growing  in  tropical  regions.     The  Banyan  (Ficus 


*  It  is  recorded  that  a  live  oak,  in  Louisiana,  lived  1000  years  ;  a  sycamore  in  Palestine, 
1050  years  ;  a  pine  in  Asia  Minor,  1800  years  ;  a  cedar  on  Ml.  Lebanon,  2120  years,  and  the 
great  chestnut  on  Mt.  Etna,  2600  years.  It  is  also  supposed  that  there  are  yet  living,  In  the 
'•  jrarden  of  Gcihscmane,"  some  of  the  olives  which  wiuiessed  our  Saviour's  passion  ;  and 
a-.  Terni,  Italy,  is  an  olive  plantation  supposed  to  have  existed  since  the  age  of  Pliny. 


EXOGENS    AND    ENDOGENS.  ll 

Indica),  aud  the  black  Mangi-ove  {Rhizophora  mangle)  are  men- 
tioned as  examples  of  this  singular  conformation. 

a.  The  former  originally  arises  with  a  single  trunk.  From  the  principal 
branches,  when  they  have  become  so  widely  extended  as  to  need  additional  sup- 
port, long,  leafless  shoots  are  sent  down.  "VNTien  these  shoots  reach  the  earth, 
they  take  root,  and  become  new  trunks,  in  all  respects  similar  to  the  first.  The 
branches  thus  supported  still  continue  to  advance,  and  other  tninks  to  descend, 
until  a  single  tree  becomes  a  grove  or  forest.  There  is,  in  Ilindostan,  a  tree  of 
this  kind,  called  the  Banyan,  which  is  said  by  travellers  to  stand  upon  more  than 
3000  tmnks,  and  to  cover  an  area  of  7  acres.  The  Mangrove  tree  is  a  native  of 
the  "West  Indies.  The  new  tninks  of  this  tree  are  said  to  be  fonned  from  the 
seeds  which  germinate  without  becoming  detached  from  the  branches,  sending 
down  remarkably  long,  tapering  radicles  to  the  earth. 

^'^l.     OF  THE  PHYSIOLOGICAL  STRUCTURE  OF  THE  EXOGENOUS  STEM. 

194.  The  substance  of  herbaceous  stems  is  soft  and  succu- 
lent, consisting  almost  wholly  of  cellular  tissue,  traversed  longi- 
tudinally by  some  few  bundles  (strings)  of  woody  fibre  and 
vascular  tissue,  which  diverge  from  the  main  stem  into  the 
leaves. 

195.  This  is  essentially  the  stmcture  of  the  fust  year's  growth 
of  -perennial  plants  also.  Cellular  tissue  constitutes  the  frame- 
work of  the  yearly  shoots  of  the  oak,  as  well  as  of  the  annual 
pea,  but  in  the  former  it  becomes  strengthened  aud  consohdated 
by  the  deposition  of  ligneous  fibre  in  subsequent  years. 

a.  Plants  differ  in  respect  to  the  an'angement  of  these  fibre.s  and  vessels,  and  in 
the  mode  of  their  increase ;  on  this  difference  is  based  that  firet  grand  distinction 
of  Phsenogamous  plants  into  Exogens  and  Endogens.  to  wliicli  allusion  has 
already  been  made  (126 — 7). 

196.  The  division  of  Exogens  (outside  growers)  includes  all 
the  trees  and  most  of  the  herbaceous  plants  of  temperate  cH- 
mates,  and  is  so  named  because  the  additions  to  the  diameter 
of  the  stem  are  made  eo:ternalIy  to  the  part  aheady  formed. 

197.  The  di\'ision  of  Endogens  (inside  growers),  including 
the  grasses,  and  most  bulbous  plants  of  temperate  regions,  and 
the  palms,  canes,  &c.  of  the  tropics,  is  named  from  the  accre- 
tions of  the  stem  being  made  tcithin  the  portions  alreadj' 
formed. 

198.  In  the  exogenous  stmcture,  the  stem  coii-sists  of  the  pith, 

wood,  and  bark. 

7* 


78 


THE    STEM. 


199.  The  PITH  (medulla)  occupies  the  central  part  of  the 
.stem.  It  consists  of  a  light,  spongy  mass  of  cellular  tissue,  is 
chiefly  abundant  in  young  plants,  and  appears  to  be  serviceable 
only  in  the  earlier  stages  of  growth.  It  is  then  pervaded  by 
fluids ;  but  as  the  plant  advances  in  age,  it  becomes  dry,  being 
filled  u-ith  air  only,  and  much  diminished  in  volume. 


FIG.  25.  —  Exogcns,  — oak,  fir,  &c. ;  Endogens,  palm  (American),  Agave,  &C. 

200.  Immediately  around  the  pith  is  formed  the  medullary 
SHEATH,  which  is  a  tliin,  dehcate  membrane  of  vascular  tissue 
(33),  sending  oft'  a  portion  of  its  spiral  vessels  to  the  stalk  and 
veins  of  each  leaf  This,  with  the  leaves,  is  the  only  part  of 
exogenous  stems  which  usually  contains  spiral  vessels. 

201.  The  WOOD  is  composed  of  concentric  zones,  or  layers. 
peiTaded  and  intersected  by  the  medullary  rays  (204).  The 
first,  or  inner  layer,  together  with  the  pith  and  medullary  sheath, 
is  the  product  of  the  first  year.  One  new  layer  is  formed  each 
successive  year,  during  the  life  of  the  plant ;  hence  the  whole 


ALBURNUM    AND    DURAMEN. 


19 


niunber  of  layers,  if  counted  at  the  base,  will  correctly  indicate 
the  age  of  the  tree. 

202.  Each  woody  layer  is  composed  of  hgneous  fibre,  vasi- 
form  tissue,  and  ducts  ( 33, /).  The  first  gives  strength  and  solid- 
ity to  the  trunk,  and  determines  the  direction  of  the  cleavage. 

a.  The  ducts  are  always  first  formed  and  lie  in  the  inner  part  next  the  centre, 
while  the  fibres  are  produced  towards  the  end  of  the  season,  and  are  deposited  in 
the  outer  parts  of  the  zone.  The  former  are  distinguished  by  the  large  size  of 
their  open  ends,  while  the  woody  fibres  are  more  minute  and  compact.  This  cir- 
cumstance renders  the  limits  of  each  layer  distinctly  perceptible  in  a  cross  section 
of  the  stem. 


b  c  d  c  (1  c  d 


FIG.  26. Sections  of  wood  :  1 ,  2,  3,  horizontal,  4,  5,  vertical.     1,  Exogenous  stem  of  one 

year's  Towth  ;  a,  pith,  6,  bark,  c,  medullary  rays,  rf,  woody  bundles  of  fibre  and  vessels; 
2,  stem  of  three  years'  growth,  o,  pith,  e,  bark,  b,  c,  d,  successive  annual  layers  ;  4,  a,  pith,  b, 
spiral  vessels  of  the  medullary  sheath,  c,  doited  ducts,  d,  woody  fibre,  e,  bark  ;  .3,  Endogen- 
ous stem,  exhibiting  the  bundles  of  woody  fibre,  spiral  vessels,  and  ducts,  irregularly  disposed 
in  the  cellular  tissue  ;  5,  o,  cellular  tissue,  b,  spiral  vessels  on  inner  side  of  c,  doUed  ducts,  d, 
woody  fibre  on  the  exterior  side.    6,  Laticiferous  vessels  of  the  bark. 

203.  The  outer  and  more  recent  portion  of  the  layers  constitutes  the  albur- 
num {albus,  white),  or  sap-wood.  This  is  usually  of  a  softer  structure  and  lighter 
color  than  the  rest  of  the  wood,  and  it  is  through  the  vessels  of  these  layers  alone, 
that  the  sap  ascends.  The  interior  layers  of  the  albumum  gradually  harden  by 
the  deposition  of  solid  secretions  in  their  vessels,  until  tliey  can  no  longer  allow 
tlie  passage  of  fluids  through  them.  Thus  the  duramen  (dwus,  hard),  or  heart- 
wood  is  formed,  the  texture  of  whicli  is  firm  .".nd  durable.  It  is  only  the  dura 
men  which  is  useful  in  the  arts. 


80  THE    STEM 

204.  The  medullary  rays  are  those  fine  lines  which  appear  in 
a  cross  section  of  the  stem,  radiating  from  the  pith  to  the  hark, 
intersecting  all  the  intervening  layers.  They  consist  of  thin, 
firm  plates  of  cellnlar  tissue  ;  being,  like  the  pith,  the  remains  of 
that  tissue,  which  at  the  first  constituted  the  whole  of  the  stem. 

a.  These  rays  are  quite  conspicuous  in  vertical  sections  of  the  oak,  or  the 
maple,  where  they  are  sometimes  called  the  silver  grain. 

205.  The  bark  is  the  external  covering  of  the  stem,  consisting 
of  several  integuments,  of  which  the  outer  is  the  epidermis  (35), 
that  next  within  the  cellular  integument,  and  the  inner  the  liber. 

206.  The  structure  of  the  two  outer  integuments  is  chiefly 
cellular,  and  that  of  the  inner,  or  liber,  is  both  cellular  and 
woody.  The  celhtlar  integument  is  very  thick  in  Quercus 
suber,  and  constitutes  that  useful  substance  cark.  The  liber 
(Lat.  the  inner  bark,  hence  a  book,  because  it  was  manufactured 
into  parchment)  is  usually  thin,  delicate,  and  strong,  and  has 
been  often  applied  to  useful  purposes,  as  in  those  trees  of  Poly- 
nesia from  which  cloth,  mats,  and  sails  are  made. 

207.  At  the  end  of  the  spring  a  portion  of  the  sap,  now  transfoniied  into  a 
viscid,  glutinous  matter  called  cambium,  is  deposited  between  the  liber  and  the 
wood,  becomes  organized  into  cells,  and  forms  a  new  layer  upon  each.  Soon 
aftei-wards,  the  new  layers  are  pei-v-aded  by  woody  tubes  and  fibres,  which  com- 
mence at  the  leaves  and  grow  downwards.  Thus  the  number  of  layers  formed 
in  the  bark  and  wood  will  always  be  equal. 

a.  Since  the  growth  of  the  bark  takes  place  by  internal  accretions,  it  follows 
that  the  older  layers  must  be  can-icd  outwards  and  continually  expanded.  Thus, 
although  smooth  and  entire  at  first,  they  at  length  become  shaggy  and  rough, 
with  longitudinal  furrows  and  ridges,  and  finally  they  are  cast  off",  as  in  the  hem- 
lock, spiTice,  walnut,  &c.  Not  unfrcqucntly,  however,  the  older  layers  are  ex- 
tended in  horizontal  grains,  or  fil)res,  encircling  the  stem,  as  in  tlie  white  birch 
(Betula  papyracea). 

b.  The  peculiar  virtues  or  qualities  of  the  plant  reside  in  the  bark  ratlier  than 
in  the  wood;  hence  this  is  the  part  chiefly  used  for  medicine,  dye^,  tannin,  &c. 

f.  That  vascular  system  which  is  peculiar  to  the  bark,  scn-ing  for  tlie  circula- 
tion of  its  fluids,  is  called  the  laticiferous  tissue  (34).  It  exists  in  the  fonu  of  a 
complete  network  of  vesseb,  through  wliich  the  sap  moves  in  all  direcrions. 

§  2.    FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  STEM. 

208.  We  have  already  stated  (156)  that  the  stem  serves  to 
convev  the  saji  from  the  roots  to  the  opposite  extremities  of  the 
plant. 


"  ENDOGENOUS    STRUCTURE.  81 

209.  That  portion  of  the  stem  which  senses  this  important 
purpose  is  the  alburnum  (203).  Through  its  ducts  and  fibres 
the  sap  is  elevated  to  the  leaves,  with  the  vessels  of  which  they 
communicate.  Having  been  there  elaborated  by  exhalation  and 
decomposition  into  a  certain  nutritious  fluid  called  latex,  it  de- 
scends by  the  laticiferous  tissues  of  the  fiber.  Of  tlfis  descend- 
ing sap  a  part  is  carried  inward  from  the  bark  by  the  medullary- 
rays,  and  thus  diflused  through  the  whole  stem ;  the  remainder 
descends  to  the  roots,  and  is  in  the  same  manner  difllised 
through  their  substance,  both  for  thehr  nourishment,  and  for  the 
pui-pose  of  maintaining  the  conditions  requisite  for  endosmose 
(159,  a). 

§  .5.  OF  THE  ENDOGENOUS  STRUCTURE. 

210.  In  the  endogoious  stem  there  is  no  distinction  of  pith, 
wood,  and  bark,  nor  does  a  cross-section  exhibit  any  concentric 
arrangement  of  annual  layers.     (Fig.  26;  3,  5.) 

211.  It  is  composed  of  the  same  tissues  and  vessels  as  that 
of  the  exogen,  that  is,  of  ceUular  tissue,  woody  fibre,  spiral  ves- 
sels, and  ducts;  the  fii-st  existing  equally  in  all  parts  of  the 
stem,  and  the  rest  imbedded  in  it  in  the  form  of  bundles. 

212.  Each  bundle  consists  of  one  or  more  ducts,  with  spiral 
vessels  adjoining  their  inner  side  next  the  centre  of  the  stem, 
and  woody  fibres  on  then-  outer  side,  as  in  the  exogen. 

a.  A  new  set  of  these  bundles  is  formed  annually,  or  oftener,  proceeding  from 
the  leaves  and  passing  downwards  in  the  central  parts  of  the  stem,  where  the  cel- 
lular tissue  is  most  abundant  and  soft.  After  descending  awhile  in  this  manner, 
they  turn  outwards,  and  interlace  themselves  with  those  which  were  pre-viously 
formed.  Hence  the  lower  and  outer  portions  of  the  pahns,  and  other  endogens, 
become  exceedingly  dense  and  hard,  even  so  as  to  resist  the  stroke  of  the  axe. 


82  THE    LEAF. 

CHAPTEU    XII. 

THE  LEAF. 

213.  The  leaf  constitutes  the  verdure  of  plants,  and  is  by  far 
the  most  conspicuous  and  beautiful  object  in  the  scenery  of 
nature.  It  is  also  of  the  highest  importance  in  tlie  vegetable 
economy,  being  the  organ  of  digestion  and  respiration. 

214.  The  leaf  is  characterized  by  a  thin  and  expanded  form, 
presenting  the  largest  possible  surface  to  the  action  of  the  uir 
and  the  light,  which  agents  are  indispensable  to  the  life  and  in- 
crease of  the  plant. 

215.  The  color  of  the  leaf  is  almost  universally  green,  wliicli 
of  all  colors  is  the  most  agreeable  to  the  eye ;  but  its  intensity 
varies  by  infinite  shades,  and  is  often  finely  contrasted  vi-ith  the 
more  delicate  tints  of  the  flower.  Towards  maturity  its  verdure 
is  changed,  often  to  the  most  brilliant  hues,  as  red,  crimson, 
orange,  yellow,  giving  our  autumnal  forest  scenery  a  gaiety, 
variety,  and  splendor  of  coloring,  which  the  wildest  fancy  could 
scarcely  surpass. 

a.  The  color  of  the  leaf  is  due  to  minute  globules,  or  gi-ains,  called  chlorophyll 
{;^reen  leaf),  adhering  to  the  insides  of  the  cells,  just  beneath  the  cuticle,  aiid 
composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  with  a  small  proportion  of  oxygen.  Their 
change  of  color  in  autumn,  is  stated  by  Macaire  to  depend  upon  their  oxydation. 
As  the  leaves  in  autumn  absorb  more  oxygen  by  night  than  they  evolve  liy  day, 
an  excess  is  gradually  added  to  the  chlorophyll,  which  changes  the  green  iirst  to 
vellow,  then  to  orange,  red,  and  crimson  successively,  according  to  the  quantity 
absorbed.     The  same  effect  may  be  produced  by  acids. 

b.  As  flowers  are  modifications  of  leaves,  it  is  probable  that  their  various  and 
splendid  coloring  is  due  to  the  same  source,  namely,  the  modifications  of  the 
chlorophyll  by  various  degrees  of  oxydation,  or  by  the  presence  of  acids  or  alka- 
lies in  the  cells. 

§1.    VERNATION. 

216.  A  leaf-bud  contains  a  collection  of  undeveloped  leaves, 
folded  together  in  such  a  manner  as  to  occupy  the  least  possible 
space.  The  particular  manner  in  which  the  young  leaves  are 
folded  in  the  bud,  varies  in  different  species,  and  is  called  ver- 
nation. 


ARRANGEMENT. 


83 


a.  The  vernation  of  the  leaf  is  exliibited  in  a  most  interesting  manner,  by 
making,  mth  a  keen  instrument,  a  cross-section  of  the  bud  in  its  swollen  state) 
just  before  its  expansion ;  or  it  may  be  well  observed  by  removing  the  scales. 

217.  The  forms  of  vernation  are  mostly  similar  to  those  of  aestivation  (108), 
and  arc  expressed  by  similar  terms.     Some  of  the  principal  are  the  following : 


FIG.  27.  —  Forms  of  venialion.     The  numbers  agree 
with  llie  corresponding  paragraphs. 


1.  Equitant,  overlapping  each 
other  in  a  parallel  manner,  vdth- 
out  any  involution,  as  in  the 
leaves  of  the  Iris. 

2.  Obvobite,  one  of  the  margins 
of  each  leaf  interior  and  the 
other  exterior  to  the  margin  of 
the  leaf  opposite.    Ex.  sage. 

3.  Involute,  having  the  edges 
rolled  inwards.  Ex.  apple,  \'iolet. 


4.  Rcvolute,  the  margins  rolled  outwards  or  backwards.    Ex.  ^villow,  rosemary. 

5.  Convolule,  the  leaf  wholly  rolled  up  from  one  of  its  sides,  as  in  the  cherry. 

6.  Plaited,  each  leaf  folded  like  a  fan.     Ex.  vine,  birch. 

7.  Circiiiaic,  when  rolled  downwards  from  the  apex.    Ex.  sundew,  fern. 

§  2.    ARRANGEMENT. 

218.  In  regard  to  their  insertion  upon  the  axis,  the  an-ange- 
ment  of  the  young  leaves  in  the  bud  is  nearly  or  quite  circular, 
but  by  the  development  of  the  axis,  tliis  arrangement  is  modi- 
fied in  various  ways,  and  the  leaves  are  then  said  to  be 

1.  Scattered,  or  irregular,  as  in  the  potatoe. 

2.  Alternate,  one  above  the  other,  on  opposite  sides.     Ex.  pea. 

3.  Opposite,  two  against  each  other  at  the  same  node  (172). 

Ex.  Hydrangia. 

4.  Verticillate,  or  whorled,  more  than  two  in  a  circle  at  each 

node.     Ex.  meadow  lily. 

5.  Fasciculate,  or  tufted,  in  crowded  whorls,  or  spires.     Ex. 

Callitriche. 

219  We  have  formerly  shown  how  some  of  these  modes  of  arrangement  may 
be  reconciled  with  the  spiral  (174,  a),  and  we  here  add,  diat,  in  general,  when  the 
leaves  are  said  to  be  scattered  or  alternate,  they  will  be  found,  by  the  attentive 
observer,  to  be  strictly,  though  perhaps  u-regularly,  spiral ;  —  always  so  in  the 
annual  shoot. 

a.  Thus  in  the  potato-vine,  above  cited,  or  in  the  house-leek,  poplar,  &c.,  if  we 
commence  at  the  lower  leaf,  and  draw  a  line  to  the  next  above  it,  thence  to  the 
next  and  so  on  to  the  sixth  leaf,  we  shall  have  gone  just  once  around  the  stem, 


84  THE    LEAF. 

describing  one  turn  of  an  elongated  spire,  so  that  each  sixth  leaf  only  is  placed 
exactly  above  the  first. 

b.  In  the  strictly  alternate  arrangement,  we  shall  have  made  one  complete  turn 
on  arriving  at  every  third  leaf.  But  this  is  rare.  More  commonly  the  third  leaf 
is  a  little  to  the  right  or  left  of  the  perpendicular  line  on  which  tlie  first  is  in- 
serted, so  that  several  turns  must  be  made  before  we  anive  at  one  wliich  is 
exactly  in  that  line. 

c.  The  opposite,  or  whorled,  arrangement  may  be  referred  to  the  non-develop- 
ment of  some  of  the  intemodes ;  but  a  better  theory  is  that  which  supposes  seve- 
ral coordinate  spires  arising  side  by  side:  two, -when  the  leaves  are  opposite,  and 
three,  or  more,  when  they  are  whorled.  For  the  leaves  of  the  second  pair,  or 
whorl,  are  never  placed  exactly  above  those  of  the  first,  but  above  theii-  intervening 
spaces,  in  accordance  with  the  alternation  of  the  petals  -wiih  the  sepals,  &c.  (61,  fc). 

220.  In  regard  to  their  position  upon  the  plant,  leaves  are 
radical,  when  they  grow  out  of  the  stem  at  or  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  so  as  to  appear  to  grow  from  the  roots ;  cau- 
line,  when  they  grow  from  the  stem,  and  ramial  {ramus,  a 
branch)  when  from  the  branches. 

§  3.     ORGANOGRAPHY. 

221.  A  leaf  may  be  regarded  as  an  expansion  of  the  two 
outer  integuments  of  the  bark  (205)  extended  into  a  broad,  thin 
surface  by  a  woody  framework,  or  skeleton,  proceeding  from  the 
medullary  sheath  (200).  This  broadly  expanded  part  is  called 
the  LAMINA,  or  BLADE  of  the  leaf,  and  it  is  either  sessile,  that  is, 
connected  to  the  stem  by  its  base,  or  it  is  petiolate,  connected  to 
the  stem  by  a  foot-stalk  called  the  petiole. 

222.  The  petiole,  therefore,  where  it  exists,  is  the  unexpanded 
part  of  the  leaf,  but  like  the  claws  of  the  petiils  (102),  it  is  not 
an  essential  part,  and  is  often  wanting.  Its  form  is  rarely  cylin- 
dric,  but  is  usually  flattened  or  channeled  on  the  upper  side.     It 

^is  said  to  be 

I 

•  1.  Coynpressed,  when  it  is  flattened  in  a  vertical  direction,  so 
that  it  is  agitated  by  the  shghtest  breath  of  air,  as  in  the  aspen 
(Populus). 

2.  Winged  (margined),  when  it  is  flattened  or  expanded  later- 
ally into  a  border.     Ex.  orange. 

3.  Anvplexicaid  (sheathing),  when  it  is  dilated  at  the  base  into 
a  margin  which  embraces  or  surrounds  the  stem,  as  in  the  Um- 
bclliferte. 


223.  The  lamina  is  generally  of  a  rounded  oval  outline,  longer 
than  wide,  with  equal  sides  but  unequal  ends.  It  is,  how-ever, 
subject  to  variety  almost  infinite  in  this  respect.  The  end  of 
the  blade  next  the  stem  is  the  base,  and  that  most  remote,  the 
apex. 

224.  A  leaf  is  simjjle  when  its  blade  consists  of  a  single  piece, 
however  cut,  cleft,  or  divided ;  and  compound  when  it  consists 
of  several  distinct  blades,  supported  by  as  many  branches  of  a 
compound  petiole. 

225.  The  frame-work,  or  skeleton,  of  the  lamina  above  men- 
tioned, consists  of  the  ramifying  vessels  of  the  petiole,  while  the 
lamina  itself  is,  of  course,  parenchyma  (29,  221). 

226.  The  manner  in  wliich  the  veins  are  divided  and  distrib- 
uted, is  termed  venation.  The  organs  of  venation  are,  as  they 
are  called,  the  midrib,  nerves,  and  veins;  distinctions  which  musr. 
be  regarded  as  purely  arbitraiy,  since  there  is  no  diiFerence  in 
their  functions,  but  only  in  their  size. 

227.  The  midrib,  or  casta,  is  the  principal  prolongation  of  the 
petiole,  running  directly  through  the  midst  of  the  leaf  to  the 
apex.  If  several  such  ribs  of  nearly  equal  size  radiate  from  the 
base,  they  are  called  nerves,  and  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  three- 
nerved,  five-nerved,  &c. 

228.  The  primary  divisions  sent  off  from  the  midrib,  or  nerves, 
are  properly  the  veins.  (In  descriptive  botany,  however,  the 
terms  nerves  and  veins  are  too  often  used  indiscriminately.) 
The  secondary  divisions,  or  the  branches  of  the  veins,  are  called 
veinlets. 

229.  There  are  three  principal  modes  of  venation  which  are,  in  general,  char- 
acteristic of  the  three  grand  divisions  of  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

1st.  Reticulate  or  net  veined,  as  in  Exogens.  The  petiole  is 
prolonged  into  the  leaf  in  the  form  of  the  midrib,  or  several  pri- 
mary branches,  dividing  and  subdividing  into  branchlets,  which 
unite  again,  and  by  their  frequent  inosculations  fonn  a  kind  of 
network.     Ex.  maple,  bean. 

2nd.  Parallel-veined,  as  in  Endogens.  In  this  kind  of  vena- 
tion the  veins  are  all  parallel,  whether  proceeding  from  the  base 
of  the  leaf  to  the  apex,  or  sent  off  laterally  from  the  midrib,  and 


86  THE    LEAF. 

are  always  connected  by  simple  transverse  veinlets.     Ex.  grass, 
lily. 

1  2  3  4 


FIG.  28.  —  Forms  of  venation.    J,  2,  Exogens ;  3,  Endogen ;  4,  acrogen. 

3cl.  Forked-veined,  as  in  the  Ciyptogo.mia,  when  the  veins 
divide  and  subdivide  by  forked  divisions  wliich  do  not  unite 
again.     Ex.  ferns. 

230.  Of  the  first  Idnd  of  venation,  the  reticulate,  there  are  two  varieties  which 
desenc  the  most  careful  attention.     The  fealhcr-vdned  and  the  radiate-veined. 

1.  The  feather-veined  leaf  is  that  in  which  the  venation  con- 
sists of  a  midrib,  giving  off  at  intervals  lateral  veins  with 
branching  veinlets.     Ex.  beech,  chestnut. 

2.  In  the  radiate-veined,  the  venation  consists  of  several 
nerves  (ribs)  of  nearly  equal  size,  radiating  from  the  base 
towards  the  circumference,  each  with  its  own  system  of  veins 
and  veinlets.     Ex.  maple,  crow-foot. 

3.  In  parallel  venation,  the  veins  are  either  straight,  as  in  the 
linear  leaf  of  the  grasses,  curved,  as  in  the  oval  leaves  of  tlie 
Orchis,  or  transverse,  as  in  the  Canna,  Calla,  &c. 

§4.    FORM   OR   FIGURE. 

231.  That  infinite  variety  of  beautiful  and  graceful  forms  for  which  the  leaf  is 
distinguished,  becomes  intelligible  to  the  student  only  when  viewed  in  connection 
with  its  venation.  Since  it  is  through  the  veins  alone  that  nutriment  is  conveyed 
for  the  development  and  extension  of  the  parenchj-ma,  it  follows  that  there  -vvill 
be  the  greatest  extension  of  outline  where  the  veins  are  largest  and  most  numer- 
ous. Consequently,  the  fonn  of  the  leaf  will  depend  upon  the  direction  of  the 
veins,  and  the  vigor  of  their  action,  in  developing  the  intervening  tissue.  For 
this  interesting  II1C017  we  are  indebted  to  Alphonse  Dc  Candolle. 


a.  In  onr  description  of  indii-idual  forms,  we  shall  select  only  the  most  remark- 
able, leaving  others  for  explanation  in  the  Glossary. 

The  most  obvious  arrangement  is  that  which  is  founded  upon  the  modes  of  the 
veining ;  but  it  should  be  premised  that  different  forms  of  venation  often  give  rise 
to  the  same  outline. 

232.  Of  FEATHER-VEINED  leaves,  the  following  forms  depend 
upon  the  length  of  the  veins  in  relation  to  each  other,  and  to  the 
midrib.  If  the  middle  veins  are  longer  than  the  rest,  the  leaf 
will  be 

1,   Orbicular  (roundish),  as  in  Pyrdla  rotundifolia. 


FIG.  29. —  Figures  of  featlier-veined  leaves.    The  numbers  refer  to  paragraplis.  a,  deUate 
leaf  of  Populus. 

2.  Elliptical  (oval),  as  in  Lespedeza  prostrata;  or 

3.  Oblong  (narrow-oval).     Ex.  Pyrola  umbellata. 

If  the  lower  veins  are  longer  than  the  rest,  the  leaf  mil  be 

4.  Ovate  (egg-shaped),  as  in  the  JNIitchella  repens,  or 

5.  Lanceolate  (lance-shaped),  nan-ow,  and  tapering  to  each 
end.     Ex.  sweet-william. 

When  the  veins  are  most  developed  towards  the  summit  of 
the  leaf,  it  becomes 

6.  Obovate  (inversely  egg-shaped),  as  in  the  walnut;  or 

7.  Spathulate  (shaped  hke  a  spathula),  as  in  the  daisy. 
Again,  if  the  lowest  veins  are  longest,  sending  oft"  veinlets 

backwards,  the  leaf  will  be 

8.  Cordate  (heart-shaped),  hke  the  ovate  form,  wnith  a  hollow 
(sinus)  at  the  base,  as  in  the  hlac. 

9.  Auriculaie,  having   ear-shaped   lobes   at   the   base.     Ex. 
sage. 


S3 


THE    LEAF. 


10.  Hastate  (halbert-shapecl),  hollowed  out  at  the  base  and 
.sides.     Ex.  Bitter-sweet. 

11.  Sagittate  (arrow-shaped),  with  pointed,  descending  lobes 
at  base.     Ex.  Polygonum  sagittatum ;   Sagittaria ;  &c. 

12.  Reniform  (kidney-shaped),  broad,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
and  hollowed  at  the  base,  as  in  the  Asarum  Canadense. 

a.  The  following  forms  depend  less  upon  the  proportion  of 
the  veins  than  upon  the  imperfect  development  of  the  tissue 
between  them. 


FIG.  30. —  12  — 16,  figures  of  feather- veined  leaves,  the  remainder  of  radiale-veiiied. 

13.  Runcinatc  (re-uncinate),  having  the  margin  extended  at 
the  veins  into  pointed  segments,  which  curve  backwards.  Ex. 
Taraxacum. 

14.  Lyrate  (lyi-e- shaped),  with  several  deep,  rounded  sinuses, 
occasioned  by  deficiency  of  tissue  between  the  lower  veins.  Ex. 
water-cress  ( Sisymbrium). 

15.  Pinnatifid  (feather-cleft),  with  deep  sinuses  between  all 
the  veins,  separating  each  margin  of  the  leaf  into  oblong,  par- 
allel segments.     Ex.  Lepidium. 

16.  Sinuate,  having  deep,  rounded  openings  between  the 
M?ins,  as  seen  in  the  leaves  of  the  white  oak. 

233.  Eadiate-veined  leaves  assume  many  forms,  depending 
upon  the  direction  of  the  veins,  and  the  quantity  of  the  inter- 
Acning  tissue.     Some  of  them  are  the  following. 

17.  Palm  ate  (palm-shaped),  having  five  lobes,  with  as  many 
ncn-es  (227)  separated  by  deep  divisions,  so  as  to  resemble  the 
palm  of  the  hand  with  the  fingers.     Ex.  passion-flower. 


PARALLEL-VEINED    LEAVES. 


89 


18.  Digitate  (finger-shaped),  having  narrower  and  deeper 
segments  than  the  pahiiate,  as  in  the  hemp. 

19.  Pedate  (foot-shaped).  The  same  as  palmate,  except  that 
the  two  lateral  lobes  are  themselves  subdivided,  as  in  the 
peony  and  passion-flower. 

20.  Laciniate  (gashed),  the  nei-ves  and  veins  all  separate,  as  if 
the  blade  were  cut  and  gashed  with  scissors.     Ex.  Ranunculus. 

21.  Peltate  (shield-like)-,  the  nerves  radiating  in  all  directions, 
and  all  connected  by  intervening  tissue.  This  form  is  gener- 
ally also  orbicular,  and  appears  to  result  from  the  union  of  the 
base-lobes.     Ex.  Podophyllum  peltatum,  Tropeolun^,  Brasenia. 

22.  Rcmform,  broad-ovate,  broad- cor  date,  &c.,  may  also  rcsuh 
from  the  radiate  veining. 

234.  The  form  of  parallel-veined  leaves  is  less  diversified 
than  that  of  the  preceding  classes,  being 

23.  Linear,  when  the  veins  (or  nerves)  are  straight,  as  in  the 
grasses.  This  form  may  also  occur  in  the  feather-veined  leaf 
by  an  equal  development  of  all  the  veins,  as  in  the  Linaria  vul- 
firaris,  &c. 


FIG.  31. 23,  24,  25,  figures  of  leaves  with  parallel  veins  ;  2  — 10.  margins  of  leaves. 

24.  Oval,  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  some  kindred  form,  when  the 
veins  are  cur\^ed,  as  in  Carex,  Cypripedium,  Orchis,  &c.,  or  it 
may  be 

25.  Cordate,  when  some  of  the  lower  veins  are  cun^ed  back- 
wards and  then  upwards,  as  in  Pontaderia,  and  even  sagittate, 
when  they  are  directed  downwards  at  the  base,  as  in  the  Sagit- 
taria. 

8* 


90  THE    LEAF. 

26  Acerose  (needle-shaped),  when  there  is  Httle  or  no  distinc- 
tion of  lamina,  petiole,  or  veins,  as  in  the  leaves  of  the  pine. 

}  5.    MARGIN. 

235.  The  margin  of  the  leaf  is  also  modified  chiefly  by  the 
same  causes  which  afiect  the  form.     It  is  said  to  be 

1.  Entire,  \\\\Qn  even-edged.  This  may  result  from  the  full  development  of  the 
tissue,  or  from  a  nerve  running  parallel  M'ith  the  margin.     Ex.  lilac,  lily. 

2.  Dentate  (toothed),  the  tissue  incomplete,  having  teeth  with  concave  edges, 
pi>inting  out^vurds  from  the  centre.  Ex.  liawkweed.  If  the  teeth  are  very  fine, 
the  margin  is  said  to  be  denticulate.  If  the  teeth  are  themselves  toothed,  it  is 
iljuhhj  dentate. 

3.  Senate,  having  shai-p  teeth  pointing  forward  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw.  Ex. 
Rosa.  If  the  serratures  are  very  small,  it  is  serrulate.  If  they  are  themselves 
serrate,  it  is  doubly  serrate. 

4.  Crenate,  notclied  with  rounded  or  convex  teeth,  as  in  Glechoma.  If  such 
notches  are  very  small,  it  is  crenulate. 

5.  Erosc  (gnawed),  having  the  margin  irregularly  tootlied,  or  jagged,  as  if 
bitten  by  animals. 

G.  Undulate  (wavy),  the  margin  rising  and  falling- like  waves.   Ex.  Amaranthus. 

7.  Sjnnous,  when  the  veins  project  far  beyond  the  tissue  in  sharp  spines,  as  in 
the  thistle.  Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  armed,  and  tlie  opposite  corresponding 
term  is  tmaimed. 

8.  Incised  (cut),  margin  divided  by  deep  incisions. 

9.  Ladniate  (torn),  divided  by  deep  and  irregular  gashes. 

10.  Crisped,  margin  much  expanded  and  curled  by  a  superabundance  of  tisene, 
s.i  in  the  mallows. 

11.  iifp.a)!^!?,  having  the  margin  slightly  concave  between  the  projecting  veins. 
Ex.  Solanum  nigrum. 

§G.    APEX. 

23G.  In  regard  to  the  termination  of  a  leaf  at  its  apex,  it  is 
said  to  be 

1.  Acute,  when  it  ends  with  an  acute  angle. 

2.  Obtuse,  when  it  ends  with  a  segment  of  a  circle. 

3.  Acuminate,  ending  with  a  long,  tapering  point. 

4.  Emarginate,  having  a  small  notch  at  the  end. 

.*■).  Retusc,  terminating  with  a  round  end,  having  the  centre  depressed. 

6.  Kucronale,  abruptly  terminated  by  a  short,  haid,  bristly  point  &c. 

}7.     SURFACE. 

237.  The  following  terms  are  employed  in  descriptive  botany, 
chiefly  to  denote  the  modifications  of  the  sm-face  (epidermis) 


LEAFLETS. 


91 


of  the  leaf.     They  are,  however,  equally  applicable  to  the  sur- 
face of  any  other  organs.     (41,  a.) 

1.  Glabrous,  smooth ;  denoting  the  absence  of  all  hairs  or  bristles.    Hydrangea. 

2.  Pubescent,  covered  with  soft  hairs  or  down.    LoniceraXylosteum. 

3.  Rough,  with  hard,  short,  even  points.    Borago  officinalis. 

4.  Pilose,  with  short,  weak,  thin  hairs.    Pmnella  vulgaris. 

5.  Hoary,  white,  with  very  short,  dense  hairs.     Gnaphaliiim. 

6.  Villose,  with  long,  thin  hairs.     Solidago  altissima. 

7.  Woolly,  with  long,  dense,  matted  hairs.     Mullein. 

8.  TomeiUosc,  with  dense,  short,  and  rather  rigid  hairs.     Spirea  tomentosa. 

9.  Rugose,  the  tissue  between  the  reticulated  veins  convex,  from  its  superabnn- 
dance.     Sage. 

10.  Punctate,  dotted  with  peUucid  glands  (44,  a).     Hypericum  punetatum. 

*  ^9.     COMPOUND  LEAVES. 


FIG.  32. —  Compound  leaves.    4,  Trifoliate  loaves  ;  a,  pinnately,  as  of  the  bean  ;  b,  pnl- 
mately,  clover. 

238.  When  a  simple  leaf  becomes  a  compo^md  one,  the  divis- 
ion takes  place  upon  the  same  principle  as  the  separation  of  an 
entire  leaf  into  segments,  lobes,  and  teeth,  namely,  from  a  defi- 
ciency of  parenchyma;  the  number  and  arrangement  of  the 
leaflets  will  therefore,  in  like  manner,  depend  upon  the  mode  of 
veining. 

239.  The  divisions  of  a  compound  leaf  are  called  leaflets, 
and  the  same  distinctions  of  outline,  margin,  &:c.,  occur  in  tht-m 
as  in  simple  leaves.     Li  the  truly  compound  leaf,  each  leaflet 


92  THE    LEAF. 

(which  is  usually  supported  on  a  distinct  stalk),  is  articulated 
(articula,  a  joint),  with  the  main  petiole,  and  separates  from  it 
iu  decay. 

240.  From  the  feather  veined  arrangement  may  result  the 
following  forms  of  compound  leaves  : 

1.  Pinnate  (winged),  where  the  petiole  (midrib)  bears  a  row 
of  leaflets  on  each  side,  generally  equal  in  number  and  oppo- 
site, as  in  the  Acacia. 

2.  A  pinnate  leaf  is  said  to  be  equally  pinnate  where  the 
petiole  is  terminated  by  neither  leaflet  nor  tendiil,  as  the  Cassia 
Marilandica,  and  unequally  pinnate  when  it  is  terminated  by  an 
odd  leaflet  or  by  a  tendril.  Ex.  rose,  locust,  pea.  In  the  latter 
case  the  leaf  is  called  cirrhose. 

3.  An  interruptedly  pinnate  leaf  has  the  leaflets  alternately 
small  and  large,  as  in  the  potato,  avens. 

4.  A  pinnate  leaf  sometimes  consists  of  as  many  as  twenty  or 
thirty  pairs  of  leaflets,  as  in  the  Astragalus.  Sometimes  the 
number  of  leaflets  is  but  three,  and  the  leaf  becomes  ternate  or 
trifoliate,  as  in  the  ash ;  and,  finally,  it  is  sometimes,  by  the  non- 
development  of  the  pinna  (pairs)  reduced  to  a  single  terminal 
leaflet,  as  in  the  lemon.  Such  a  leaf  is  known  to  be  compound 
by  the  articulation  of  the  leaflet  to  the  petiole. 

5.  A  bipinnatc  leaf  (twdce  pinnate),  is  fomied  when  the  leaf- 
lets of  a  pinnate  leaf  themselves  become  pinnate.  Ex.  Fuma- 
ria  officinalis. 

6.  A  tripinnate  leaf  (tluice  pinnate),  is  formed  when  the  leaf- 
lets of  a  bipinnate  leaf  become  pinnate,  Ex.  Aralia  spinosa.  In 
the  leaf  of  the  honey-locust  ( Gleditschia),  we  sometimes  find  all 
these  three  degrees  of  division,  namely,  the  pinnate,  bipinnate, 
and  tripinnate,  curiously  combined,  illustrating  the  gradual  tran- 
sition of  the  simple  to  the  most  compound  leaf 

7.  A  hiternate  leaf  is  formed  when  the  leaflets  of  the  tcmate 
leaf  become  themselves  ternate,  as  in  Fumaria  lutea. 

8.  A  triternate  leaf  is  formed  when  the  leaflets  of  a  hiternate 
leaf  become  again  ternate.     Ex.  Aquilegia. 

241.  The  following  forms  of  compound  leaves  may  result 
from  the  division  of  a  radiate-veined  leaf;  the  ternate,  hiternate, 
itc,  already  mentioned ; 


ASCIDIA,    STIPULES,    AND    BRACTS. 


93 


9.  Quinate,  when  there  are  five  leaflets  radiating  from  the 
same  point  of  the  petiole,  as  in  Potentilla  argentea. 

10.  Septinate,  when  there  are   seven  leaves  from  the  same 
point  in  the  petiole,  and  so  on. 

242.   With  regard  to  insertion,  the  leaf  is  said  to  be 
1.  Amplexicaul,  when  its  base  surrounds  or  clasps  the  stem. 
12  4  3  5 


FIG.  33.  —  Modes  of  insertion. 

2.  Perfoliate,  when  the  base  lobes  of  an  amplexicaul  leaf  are 
united  together,  so  that  the  stem  appears  to  pass  through  the 
leaf 

3.  Decurrent,  when  the  base  lobes  of  the  leaf  grow  to  the 
stem  below  the  point  of  insertion,  so  that  the  leaf  seems  to  run 
doumicards  (Lat.  decurro). 

4.  Connate,  when  the  bases  of  two  opposite  leaves  are  united. 

5.  Stellate,  verticillate,  or  whorled,  when  several  leaves  are 
arranged  around  the  stem  at  the  same  node. 

243.  It  is  often  found  necessary,  in  the  description  of  a  plant,  to  combine  two 
or  more  of  the  terms  above  mentioned,  to  express  some  intennediate  figure  or 
quality ;  thus  ovate-laiv.eolale,  signifying  between  ovate  and  lanceolate,  &c. 

a.  The  Latin  preposition  sub  (under),  prefixed  to  a  descriptive  term,  denotes 
the  quality  which  the  tenn  expresses,  in  a  lower  degree,  as  subscssile,  nearly  ses- 
sile, sv.bserratc,  somewhat  serrate,  &c. 

§9.     ASCIDIA,  STIPULE.S,  AND  BRACTS. 

244.  In  the  teazel  (Dipsacus)  of  our  own  fields,  and  in  the  Tillandsia,  or  wild 
pine  of  South  America,  there  are  hollows  at  the  point  of  union  between  the  leaf- 
stalk and  the  stem,  capable  of  holding  a  considerable  amount  of  water.  The 
midrib  and  petiole  of  the  leaves  of  the  Arum,  also,  ai-e  channeled  out  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  convey  water  to  the  axil. 

245.  But  the  most  remarkable  of  all  leaves  are  those  which  are  ho31o=H^  out 
into  the  form  of  pitchers,  called  ascidia.  'ijiiW" 

a.  In  the  Sarracenia,  a  plant  common  in  our  own  peat-bogs,  these  pitchers  are 
evidently  formed  by  the  very  deep  channeling  of  the  petiole,  and  the  uniting 
together  of  the  involute  edges  of  its  winged  margin  so  as  to  form  a  complete 
vase,  wiih  a  broad  expan-sion  at  the  top,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  true  leaS. 


94 


THE    LEAF. 


The  ascidia  thus  formed  are  always  full  of  water,  in  which  insects  are  clro\\Tied. 
being  prevented  from  escaping  by  the  deflexed  hairs  at  the  mouth. 

246.  The  Nepenthes  is  a  native  of  tlie  East  Indies.  Its  proper  leaves  are  ses- 
sile and  lanceolate.  The  midrib  extends  beyond  the  apex,  like  a  tendril,  to  the 
length  of  six  or  eight  inches.  The  extremity  of  this  tendril  is  inflated  into  a  hol- 
low vessel  similar  to  a  pitcher,  and  usually  contains  about  half  a  pint  of  pure 
■water.  It  is  furnished  with  a  leafy  lid,  connected  to  it  by  a  ligament  which  ex- 
pands or  contracts  according  to  the  state  of  the  atmospliere,  so  that  the  cup  is 
open  in  damp  weather  to  receive  moisture  from  the  air,  and  closed  in  dry  wcathei- 
to  prevent  its  evaporation. 


FIG.  34.  —  Ascidia.     1,  Sarraceiiia  purpurea  ;  2,  Nepenllies  distillatoria  ;  3,  Dischidia  R:if- 
flesiana. 


247.  Another  wonderful  provision  of  this  kind  is  observed  in  a  plant  growing 
in  the  forests  of  India,  called  Dischidia.  It  is  a  twining  plant,  ascending  the  tall 
trees  to  the  distance  of  100  feet  from  its  roots,  and  destitute  of  leaves  except  near 
its  top.  These  cannot,  therefore,  it  would  seem,  derive  much  nourishment  from 
the  earth.  The  pitchers  seem  fonncd  of  a  leaf  with  its  edges  rolled  towards  eacli 
otlier,  and  adlierent,  and  its  upper  end,  or  mouth,  is  open  to  receive  ■whatever 
moisture  may  descend  into  it,  of  which  there  is  always  a  considcraTjle  quantity. 
But  the  greatest  marvel  in  its  structure  is  yet  to  be  described.  Several  bundles 
of  absorbent  fibres,  resembling  roots  (142,  b),  are  sent  out  from  the  nearest  parts 
of  the  stem  and  enter  the  pitchers  and  spread  tliemselves  through  the  cavity. 
The  design  of  this  apparatus  scarcely  needs  be  mentioned. 

248.  The  leaf  of  Venus'  fly-trap  (Diontea  muscipula),  native  at  the  south,  is 
al.so  of  a  very  curious  eonstniction.  At  the  extremity  of  each  leaf  are  tAvo  lobes, 
bordered  with  spines.  In  the  cavity  between  the  lobes  are  several  sharp  points 
projecting  upwards,  and  a  gland  which  secretes  a  liquor  atti-active  to  insects.  But 
when  an  unlucky  fly,  in  searcli  of  food,  alights  upon  it,  the  irritable  lobes  instantly 
close  and  impale  him  in  their  fatal  embrace. 

249.  Stipules  are  certain  leaf-like  expansions  situated  on 
each  side  of  the  petiole,  at  its  base.  They  are  membraiioiLs, 
leathery,  or  spiny.  They  do  not  occur  in  every  plant,  bnt  are 
pretty  uniformly  present  in  each  plant  of  the  same  natural  order 
Ex.  pea,  rose,  Viola  tricolor. 

250.  Stipules  ai-e  generally  supposed  to  be  accessory  kavcs,  although  their 


INVOLUCRE. 


9-3 


nature  is  certainly  obscure.  Tliey  are  subject  to  the  same  laws  of  venation  and 
form,  perform  the  same  functions,  and  are  sometimes  almost  undistinguishable 
from  the  leaves  themselves.  They  also  (very  rarely)  develop  buds  in  their  axils. 
a.  When  they  grow  from  the  stem  itself,  they  may,  therefore,  be  regarded  as 
rudimentary  haves,  but  when  from  the  base  of  the  petiole,  as  is  most  common, 
they  are  the  undeveloped  leaflets  of  a  pinnate  leaf,  as  in  the  I'ose. 

251.  When  leaves  are  furnished  with  stipules  they  are  said 
to  be  stvpulale,  and  when  without  them  they  are  exstipulate. 
Tlie  stipules  which  are  situated  at  the  base  of  leaflets  are  called 
siipcls. 


FIG.  35.  —  Stipules,  Bracts,  &c.  1,  a,  stipule  of  grass  ;  2,  6,  of  rose  ;  .3,  c,  bract  of  Tilia  ; 
4,  d,  of  a  Campanula  ;  5,  Slum,  a,  involucre,  c,  iuvolucel ;  G,  Cornus  Canadensis,  a,  colored 
involucre,  c,  flowers  ;  7,  Arum,  a  spathe,  c,  spadix. 

252.  Bracts,  called  also  fioral  leaves,  are  leaf-like  append- 
ages, intermediate  between  leaves  and  the  floral  organs.  From 
leaves  they  are  generally  distinguished  by  their  being  placed 
near  the  flower,  their  smaller  size,  their  difference  in  form,  and 
often  in  color. 

253.  That  bracts  are  of  the  same  nature  as  leaves  is  perfectly  evident,  for  so 
^•adtial  is  the  transition  between  them  tliat  no  absolute  limits  can  be  assigned. 
That  tliey  have  a  common  oj-igin  with  the  sepals  of  the  cah'x  also,  is  equally  evi- 
dent,—  so  imperceptibly  do  the  latter  pass  into  bracts;  affording  one  of  the 
strongest  proofs  of  the  doctrine  of  floral  metamorphosis. 

a.  Bracts  have  received  different  names,  according  to  tlieir  arrangement  and 
situation.     They  constitute  an 

254.  Involucre,  when  they  are  arranged  in  a  whorl,  and  snr 
round  several  flowers.     In  the  Phlox,  and  generally,  it  is  green, 


96-  THE    LEAF. 

but  sometimes,  as  in  the  Cornus,  it  is  colored  like  petals.  Situ- 
ated at  the  base  of  a  compound  umbel  (305,  a)  it  is  called  a 
general  involucre,  at  the  base  of  a  partial  umbel  a  partial  invo- 
lucre, or  involucel,  both  of  which  are  seen  in  the  Umbelliferas. 

255.  In  the  Compositse  the  involucre  consists  of  imbricated  bracts,  often  in 
several  whorls  sun-ounding  the  base  of  the  heads  (compound  flowers),  as  the 
calyx  surrounds  a  simple  flower. 

256.  In  the  grasses,  the  bracts  subsist  under  the  common  name  of  husk  or 
chaff,  to  which  is  attached  the  awn  or  beard.  The  bracts  situated  at  the  base  of  a 
spikelet  of  flowers,  are  called  the  glume,  coiTesponding  to  the  involucre.  Those 
situated  at  the  base  of  each  separate  flower  are  ■palcm,  answering  to  the  calyx,  or 
corolla.  The  pieces,  of  which  each  glume  or  palea  is  composed  (generally  two), 
are  called  valves. 

§10.    DURATION. 

257.  Leaves,  althougli  so  universal  an  accompaniment  of  vegetation,  are  only 
temporary  appendages.  They  rapidly  attain  their  growth,  and  in  a  great  ma- 
jority of  cases  flourish  but  a  single  season,  at  the  end  of  whicli  they  perish, 
alUiough  the  plant  on  which  they  grew  may  continue  to  flourish  for  ages.  To 
mark  their  duration  more  accurately,  leaves  are  said  to  be 

1.  Fugacious,  when  they  fall  oflp  early,  before  the  end  of  summer. 

2.  Deciduous,  when  they  endure  for  a  single  season  and  fall  in  autumn. 

3.  Persistent,  or  evergreen,  when  they  remain  through  all  seasons,  retaining  their 
color  until  the  new  leaves  of  the  following  spring  appear,  so  that  the  plant  is 
always  verdant.  In  accordance  with  the  last  two  distinctions,  plants  are  said  to 
be  DECIDUOUS,  or  evergreen. 

238.  The  fall  of  the  leaf  in  temperate  climates,  occurs  near  the  end  of  autumn, 
and  mai-ks  an  important  era  in  the  year.  The  first  symptoms  of  decay  are  seen 
in  the  changes  of  color  from  green  to  various  shades  of  gold  and  crimson.  The.«e 
gorgeous  hues,  gradually  fading,  at  length  give  place  to  a  pale  russet,  the  com- 
mon color  of  the  faded  leaf. 

259i  Defoliation,  or  the  separation  of  the  leaf  from  the  stem,  is  due  to  several 
causes.  During  the  latter  part  ofthe  summer,  the  vessels  become  clogged  by  the 
deposition  of  earthy  and  solid,  matter  contained  in  the  sap,  until  they  can  no  lon- 
ger admit  the  free  circulation  of  the  fluids  through  them.  The  whole  structure 
consequently  loses  its  vitality,  dries  up,  and  withers,  and  is  finally  cast  oif  at  tlie 
point  of  articulation,  as  a  dead  part  is  from  the  living  body  of  an  animal. 

HI.    PHYSIOLOGICAL  STRUCTURE. 

260.  Since  the  frame-work  of  the  leaf  is  merely  a  divergent 
portion  of  the  medullaiy  sheath  (200),  it  must  consist  essentially 
of  the  same  tissues,  namely,  spiral  vessels  accompanied  by 
woody  fibre,  that  is,  fihro-vascular  tissue. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    STRUCTURE. 


97 


a.  The  tissue  of  the  lamina,  iii  hke  manner,  must  essentially 
correspond  with  the  outer  integuments  of  the  bark,  of  which  it 
is  but  an  extension.  That  peculiar  form  of  cellular  tissue  of 
which  it  is  composed  is  called  parenchyma. 

261.  The  parenchyma  of  the  leaf  exists  in  two  layers,  as 
might  be  inferred  from  the  manner  in  which  it  is  produced 
(221).  In  all  those  leaves  which  are  ordinarily  horizontal  in 
position,  one  surface  being  upwards  and  the  other  downwards, 
these  two  layers  are  dissimilar  in  structure ;  but  m  those  leaves 
where  the  lamina  is  vertical,  as  in  the  iris,  they  do  not  mate- 
rially differ. 

a.  The  whole  structure  is,  of  course,  clothed  with  the  epi- 
dermis. 

262.  The  internal  structure  of  the  p.ai-enchjTna  is  more  complicated  than  would 
be  at  first  supposed.  A  powerful  microscope  is  necessary  for  its  examination. 
Let  an  exceedingly  thin  ■paring  be  taken  from  a  vertical  section  of  the  lamina 
and  submitted  to  the  solar  (or  compound)  microscope,  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
rays  shall  pass  from  section  to  section.  Fig.  36  represents  a  magnified  view  of 
such  a  paring  of  the  leaf  of  the  lily,  which  may  be  regarded  as  characteristic  of 
leaves  in  general. 


FIG.  36.  —  1,  Magnified  section  of  a  leaf  of  the  li!j' ;  2,  of  the  epiJermis  with  sloraata. 

263.  The  upper  surface  (a,  o)  is  thus  seen  to  consist  of  tlie  flattened  cells  of  tb.e 
epidermis,  an-ang^d  in  a  single  layer.  Just  beneath  tliis  (6,  6)  is  the  more  com- 
pact part  of  the  parenchyma,  consisting  of  a  layer  of  oblong  cells  placed  in  such  a 
position  that  their  longer  a.xis  is  perpendicular  to  the  leaf's  surface.  Next  below 
we  meet  wth  the  parenchyma  of  the  lower  surface  (c,  c),  composed  of  oblong 
cells  arranged  longitudinally,  and  so  loosely  compacted  as  to  leave  larger  empty 
spaces  between.  Lastly,  we  find  again  the  epidermis  {d^d)  of  the  under  surface 
with  stomata  (f,  e),  opening  into  air-chambers. 

a.  Within  all  the  vesicles  of  the  parenchyma  are  seen  adhering  to  the  walls, 
the  green  globules  (chlorophyll)  which  give  color  to  the  parenchyma,  —  dark 
9 


98  THE    LEAF. 

green  above,  where  it  is  more  compact ;  but  paler  beneath,  where  the  cells  are 
more  loose  and  separate. 

264.  The  empty  spaces  between  the  cells,  called  intercellular,  communicate 
with  the  external  air  by  means  of  the  stomata  (37—39),  which  are  generally 
found  only  in  the  lower  suiface.  In  those  leaves,  however,  whose  position  is  nat-  > 
urally  vertical  instead  of  horizontal,  stomata  are  found  equally  on  both  surfacCB. 
In  other  leaves,  as  in  the  Nymphaja,  they  are  found  upon,  the  upper  surface  alone, 
the  lower  being  in  contact  with  the  surface  of  the  water. 

265.  The  vessels  of  the  latex  (34)  arc  distributed  through  the  under  layer  of  the 
parenchyma.  These  are  prolongations  of  the  ramified  veins,  which,  having 
reached  tlic  edge  of  the  leaf,  double  back  upon  themselves,  pervade  the  lower  sur- 
face, and  arc  again  collected  into  the  petiole,  through  which  they  are  finally 
returned  into  the  bark. 

266.  A  singular  structure  occurs  in  the  Oleander  of  Barbary,  and  other  plants 
of  hot  and  arid  regions.  The  epidermis  on  the  upper  surface  is  double  and  very 
com]3act,  and  there  are  few  if  any  stomata  on  the  lower  surface,  their  places 
being  supi)Iied  by  cavities  within  its  substance,  opening  outwards  by  a  small  aper- 
ture, and  covered  within  by  minute  hairs.  These  peculiarities  are  adapted  to  the 
TOnditions  of  the  air  and  soil  in  which  the  Oleander  flourishes.  The  hairs  absorb 
moisture  from  the  air,  which  the  cavities  readily  retain,  while  the  double  epider- 
mis cflcctually  restrains  its  evaporation. 

§  12.   OF  tup:  functions  of  leaves 

267.  These  are  exhalation,  ahsor2ition,  respiration,  and  diges- 
tion, and  the  residt  of  their  combined  action  is  the  conversion 
of  the  crude  sap,  absorbed  from  the  soil  by  the  roots,  into  the 
proper  juice  or  latex,  for  the  nourishment  and  increase  of  the 
plant,  with  its  various  products. 

2G8.  The  crude  sap  consists  of  water  holding  in  solution 
minute  quantities  of  various  kinds  of  solid  and  gaseous  matter 
derived  from  the  soil.  In  its  passage  from  the  root  to  the 
leaves,  its  composition  is  somewhat  modified  by  dissolving  the 
previously  formed  secretions,  which  it  meets  with  on  its  way. 

269.  Exhalation  is  the  process  by  which  the  superabundant 
water  of  the  sap  is  given  off  to  the  atmosphere,  so  that  the  re- 
mahiing  sap  is  reduced,  as  it  wore,  by  co7iccnt)%tion,  and  con- 
tains a  greater  proportion  of  solid  matter.  It  is  analogous  to 
perspiration  in  animals. 

270.  It  is  to  be  distinguished  from  evaporation;  the  latter 
depending  solely  upon  heat  and  the  state  of  the  air,  and  being, 
in  plants,  almost  wholly  restrained  by  the  epidermis. 

271.  Exhalation  appears  to  take  place  through  the  stomata 


RESPIRATION.  99 

alone.  But  since  these  are  opened  by  the  influence  of  the  light 
and  closed  in  its  absence,  it  follows  that  exhalation  can  proceed 
only  in  the  presence  of  the  light  (155). 

a.  If  a  plate  of  glass  be  held  near  the  uiuler  surface  of  an  active  leaf  of  tho 
Hydrangea,  in  a  still  air,  it  will  soon  be  covered  with  dew ;  but  if  the  experiment 
be  repeated  by  holding  the  glass  over  the  upper  surface,  it  will  remain  dry. 
Again,  if  the  light  be  suddenly  excluded  from  the  plant  in  a  state  of  active 
growth,  it  will  immediately  cease  to  transpire,  whatever  be  the  temperature ;  and 
if  the  stomata  be  then  examined  they  will  be  found  closed. 

272.  That  exhalation  and  absorption  by  the  roots  are  mutually  dependent  upon 
eachother,  has  already  been  stilted  (155).  The  quantity  of  fluid  discharged  by 
the  former  may  therefore  be  inferred  from  that  of  the  latter.  This  has  also  been 
confirmed  by  experiment.  A  sunflower  3^  feet  high,  was  ascertained  by  Hales 
to  transpire  from  20  to  30  oz.  of  water  daily;  a  cabbage  from  15  to  25  oz.,  &c. 
Experiments  have  also  been  made  upon  single  leaves,  recently  plucked,  with  the 
petiole  immersed  in  water.  Thus  a  leaf  of  the  sunflower,  weighing  31  grains, 
absorbed  and  exhaled  its  own  weight  of  water  in  6  hours. 

273.  Absorption  is  primarily  the  office  of  the  roots  (154),  but 
in  certain  circumstances  it  is  performed  by  the  leaves  also. 

a.  Wlicn  the  roots  are  imperfect,  or  wanting,  or  serve  merely  to  fix  the  plant 
in  its  position,  as  in  some  aerial  parasites,  and  in  some  of  the  Orchidacea?,  it  is 
evident  that  the  i)lant  must  derive  its  nourishment  chiefly  from  the  absoi-ption 
performed  by  the  leaves.  Experiment  also  proves  that  the  leaves  of  plants  in 
general  are  capable  of  this  function.  Every  one  knows  how  plants,  when  parched 
and  withered  by  drought,  are  revived  by  a  shower  which  does  not  reach  their 
roots,  but  only  moistens  their  leaves. 

274.  The  lower  surface  of  the  leaf  appears  to  be  chiefly  instrumental  in  absorp- 
tion. This  is  readily  shown  by  experiment.  Leaves  with  their  lower  surfaces  in 
contact  with  the  water,  remain  fresh  much  longer  than  others  with  their  upper 
surfaces  thus  placed.  Leaves  of  the  white  mulberry,  with  the  upper  surface  only 
in  contact  with  water,  faded  in  six  days,  while  others,  reversed  in  position,  lasted 
as  many  months. 

275.  Respiration  in  plants  is  analogous  to  respiration,  or 
breatJmig,  in  animals.  In  both  it  is  equally  constant  and  equally 
necessary.  It  is  performed  principally  by  the  leaves,  but  is  not 
confined  to  them,  being  partially  performed  by  other  parts  also, 
even  by  the  roots. 

276.  Pvespiration  consists  of  the  absorption  of  oxygen  from 
the  atmosphere,  accompanied  by  the  evolution  of  carbonic  acid. 

a.  This  process  must  not  be  confounded  with  another  which  occurs,  of  a  cciv 
tntfy  nature,  treated  of  under  the  head  of  digestion. 


100  THE    LEAF. 

277.  Respiration  appears  to  be  going  on  constantly,  by  day 
and  by  night,  during  the  life  of  the  plant,  even  while  it  is  act- 
ively engaged  in  the  contravening  process  of  the  fixation  of  car-  ^ 
bon.  The  result  of  it  is,  the  removal  of  a  certain  superfluous  " 
])ortion  of  carbon,  in  a  state  of  combination  with  oxygen,*  from 
the  nutritive  substances  of  the  plant,  just  as  the  same  deleteri- 
ous acid  is  removed  from  the  blood  of  animals  by  breatliing. 

278.  Let  a  few  healthy  phints  be  placed  under  a  bell-glass  containing  air  from 
^vliich  all  the  carbonic  acid  lias  been  previously  removed.  After  a  few  hours 
let  the  air  be  tested  by  shaking  it  with  lime-water,  and  it  will  be  found  to  contain 
carbonic  acid,  rendering  the  lime-water  turbid.  This  effect  will  be  produced, 
Y'hether  the  ])ell-glass  stand  in  the  sunshine  or  in  darkness,  but  the  quantity  of 
acid  evolved  will  be  found  to  be  much  greater  in  the  darkness. 

279.  E,espiration  is  carried  on  with  peculiar  activity  during 
the  two  periods  of  germination  and  fioioering. 

a.  In  gennination  pure  oxygen  is  absorbed,  either  from  the  air  or  water,  or 
both,  in  the  absence  of  light  (1-33,  rf),  and  returned  to  the  air  combmed  -with  the 
si'.pei-fluous  carbon  of  the  starch,  wliich  thus  is  converted  into  sugar  for  the  nour- 
ishment of  the  young  plant. 

h.  It  is  also  equally  active  at  the  time  of  flowering,  a  large  quantity  of  oxygen 
being  converted  into  carbonic  acid  by  the  flower.  By  tliis  process  it  seems  that 
the  starch  previously  contained  in  the  disk  (107),  or  receptacle  (59),  is  changed 
into  .«;accharinc  matter  for  the  nutrition  of  the  pollen  and  ovules  (70,81),  the 
superfluous  portion  flowing  off  in  the  fonn  of  honey.  And  it  has  been  ascer- 
iained  that  the  quantity  of  oxygen  evolved  bears  a  direct  proportion  to  the  devel- 
cpment  of  the  disk,  t 

280.  The  life  of  the  plant  depends  upon  the  continuance  of  respiration,  for  if  it 
be  surrounded  by  an  atmosphere  with  too  gi-eat  a  proportion  of  carbonic  acid,  or 
in  a  confined  portion  of  air,  which  has  become  vitiated  by  its  own  action,  and  fx- 
clvied  from  the  light,  its  respiration  is  necessarily  soon  suspended,  and  it  speedily 
])erishes. 

281.  DioESTiox,  in  plants,  consists  properly  of  all  those 
changes  efteeted  by  the  leaves  in  rendering  the  cmde  sap  fit  for 
tiie  purposes  of  nutrition.     But  that  process  which  is  more  par- 

*  Carbonic  acid  is  composed  of  0  parts  (by  weight)  of  carbon,  combined  with  16  parts  of 
oxygen. 

t  Thus  Saussiire  found  that  the  flower  of  the  Arum,  wliile  in  bud,  consumed  5  or  6  times  its 
own  volume  of  oxygen  in  24  hours  ;  during  the  expansion  of  the  flower,  30  times,  and  during 
i-a  withering,  5  limes.  When  the  floral  envelopes  were  removed,  he  found  that  the  quantity 
of  oxygen  consumed  by  the  stamens  and  pistils  in  24  hours,  was,  in  one  instance,  132  times 
I'leir  own  bulk. 


CARBON. 


101 


ticularly  described  under  the  head  of  digestion,  consists  in  the 
decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  by  the  green  tissues  of  the  leaves, 
under  the  stimulus  of  the  light,  the  fixation  of  the  solid  carbon, 
qaid  the  evolution  of  pure  oxygen. 

282.  Carbon  is  one  of  the  principal  ingredients  in  the  vegetable  structure.  The 
chief  source  from  which  plants  obtain  it  is  the  atmosphere,  which  always  contains 
it  in  the  form  of  carbonic  acid,  evolved  by  combustion,  by  the  respiration  of  ani- 
mals, from  the  earth,  &c. 

o.  '  Now  if  we  place  some  fresh  leaves  in  an  inverted  bell-glass,  containing  air 
charged  with  7  or  8  per  cent,  of  carbonic  acid,  and  expose  them  to  the  direct  light 
of  the  sun  for  a  few  hours,  it  will  be  found  that  a  large  proportion  of  tlie  carbonic 
acid  will  have  disappeared,  and  will  be  replaced  by  pure  oxygen.'  But  this 
change  will  not  be  effected  in  the  dark,  or  by  any  degree  of  artificial  light.  Ac- 
cordingly we  find  that  plants  which  grow  in  the  dark  become  blanched  from  the 
want  of  the  proper  supply  of  carbon,  on  which  their  green  color  depends. 

283.  We  have  before  stated  that  this  fixation  of  carbon  in  the  substance  of  the 
plant,  contravenes  the  process  of  respiration,  in  which  carbon  is  given  off.  The 
former  occurs  only  in  the  light  of  day,  the  latter  by  night  as  well  as  by  day.  But 
as  to  the  relative  amount  of  carbon  thus  absorbed  by  the  former  process,  and 
evolved  by  the  latter,  there  can  be  no  rejisonablc  doubt;  for  when  we  consider 
how  large  a  portion  of  the  tissues  of  every  plant  is  solid  carbon,  and  that  too, 
derived  chiefly  from  the  atmosphere,  it  is  evident  that  much  more  carbonic  acid 
is,  on  the  whole,  consumed  by  vegetation  than  is  evolved.  In  accordance  with 
this  arc  the  results  of  the  experiments  of  Dr.  Daubeny,  who  has  recently  sho^vn, 
that  '  in  fine  weather,  a  plant,  consisting  chiefly  of  leaves  and  stems,  if  confined 
in  a  capacious  vessel,  and  duly  supplied  with  carbonic  acid  during  sunshine,  as 
fast  as  it  removes  it,  will  go  on  adding  to  the  proportion  of  oxygen  present,  as  long 
as  it  continues  healthy.' 

284.  Thus  are  the  tivo  great  kingdoms  of  nature  rendered  mutually  subser- 
vient, each  to  the  well-being,  and  even  the  existence,  of  the  other.  Animal3 
require  an  atmosphere  comparatively  jjure,  although,  by  their  respiration  and 
decay,  they  are  continually  adding  to  the  proportion  of  its  deleterious  gases. 
Plants,  on  the  other  hand,  thrive  by  the  decomposition  of  these  gases  and  the  res- 
toration of  pure  oxygen  to  the  air  in  their  stead.  It  is  impossible  not  to  admire 
this  beautiful  arrangement  of  Providence,  by  which,  as  in  a  thousand  other  cases, 
the  means  and  ends  are  rendered  reciprocal,  affording  the  highest  proof  of  wis- 
dom and  design. 


9* 


102  INFLORESCENCE. 

CHAPTER    XIII. 

INTLORESCENCE. 

285.  Inflorescence  is  a  terra  denoting  the  arrangement  of 
the  flowers  upon  a  stem  or  branch. 

266.  In  regard  to  position  upon  the  stem,  the  inflorescence, 
like  the  leaf-bud,  of  which  we  have  shown  it  to  be  a  modifica- 
tion, is  either  terminal  or  axillary. 

a.  It  is,  however,  in  some  plants,  particularly  in  the  potatoe  tribe  (Solanacefe), 
situated  opposite  to  a  leaf.  Tliis  in-egularity  is  accounted  for,  if  we  suppose,  with 
Lindlcy,  that  the  flower-stalk,  originating  in  the  axil  of  the  leaf  next  below,  ad- 
heres to  the  internode  (172)  in  its  lower  part,  and  does  not  separate  from  it  until 
it  is  opposite  the  succeeding  leaf. 

287.  The  peduncle  (flower-stalk)  is  that  part  of  the  stem  on 
which  the  inflorescence  is  immediately  supported.  It  bears  no 
leaves,  or,  at  most,  only  such  as  are  reduced  in  size,  and  altered 
in  fonn,  called  bracts  (252).  If  the  peduncle  is  wanting,  the 
flower  is  said  to  be  sessile. 

288.  The  peduncle,  like  the  stem  of  which  it  is  a  portion,  may 
be  either  simple  or  branched.  When  it  is  simple  it  bears,  of 
course,  a  single  flower,  but  when  it  is  divided  into  branches  it 
bears  several  flowers,  and  its  final  divisions,  each  bearing  a  sin- 
jrle  flower,  are  called  pedicels. 

289.  A  SCAPE  is  a  flower-stalk  which  springs  from  a  subter- 
ranean stem,  in  such  plants  as  arc  called  stemless  (177).  Ex. 
Sarracenia,  Taraxacum,  Hyacinthus.  Like  the  peduncle,  of 
which  it  is  a  modification,  it  is  leafless,  or  A\dth  bracts  only,  and 
may  be  either  simple  or  branched. 

290.  The  uachis  {q«x^?,  the  spine)  is  the  axis  of  the  inflores- 
cence, or  the  main  stem  of  a  compound  peduncle,  along  which 
the  pedicels  are  arranged,  as  seen  in  the  Plantago,  currant, 
grape,  and  grasses. 

291.  The  inflorescence  is  said  to  be  solitary  when  it  consists 
of  a  single  terminal  flower,  as  in  Erytlu-onium,  or  when  but  a 
single  axillary  flower  is  developed  at  the  same  node,  as  in  Petu- 
nia, Convolvulus. 


CENTRIFUGAL    INFLORESCENCE. 


103 


292.  lu  regard  to  the  evolution  of  the  inflorescence,  that  is, 
the  mode  of  succession  in  the  development  of  the  flowers,  bota- 
nists have  recently  observed  two  important  distinctions,  namely, 
the  centripetal  and  the  centrifugal,  the  former  resulting  from 
axillaiy.and  the  other  from  terminal  flowers. 

293.  In  CENTRIPETAL  iiiflorescence  the  evolution  (blossoming) 
of  the  flowers  commences  with  those  of  the  circumference  (or 
the  base)  and  proceeds  towards  the  centre  (or  the  summit),  as 
in  the  Umbellifera;  and  the  Cruciferge. 

a.  The  studcut  will  readily  perceive  that  the  ciraimfereiKe  of  a  depressed  (flat- 
tenedanflorescence  corresponds  to  the  base  of  a  lengthened  one;  and  also  that  tlie 
centre  of  the  fonner  answers  to  the  summit  of  the  latter.  For  when  the  axis,  or 
rachis,  is  lengthened,  it  is  the  centre  which  it  bears  along  with  it  at  its  apex,  leav- 
ing the  circumference  at  the  base. 

294.  In  CENTRIFUGAL  iiifloresccnce  the  blossoming  com- 
mences with  the  terminal  and  central  flower,  and  proceeds 
towards  the  lateral  flowers,  or  those  of  the  circumference.  Ex. 
Hyckangea,  elder,  and  the  pink  tribe. 

a.  '  This  mode  of  inflorescence  is  generally  indicated  by  the  presence  of  a  soli- 
tarj-  flower  seated  in  the  axils  of  the  dichotomous  (forked)  branches.'  All  the 
flowers  are  considered  terminal,  because  they  do  in  fact  (except  the  first  which 
terminates  the  axis)  terminate  lateral  branches  successively  produced  at  the  node 
next  below  the  primary  flower.    This  is  beautifully  illustrated  in  Spcrgula. 


FIG.  37.  —  Modes  of  inflorescence  ;  1,  centrifugal  inflorescence  (cyme)  of  Ceraslium  maii- 
mum :  2,  fascicle  ;  3,  centripetal  inflorescence  (corj-mb) ;  4,  spike. 

295.  Sometimes  we  find  these  two  modes  of  inflorescence 
combinetl  in  the  same  plant.  In  the  Composit;c,  as  Dr.  Gray 
remarks,  the  heads,  which  may  be  called  the  partial  iutlores- 


104  INFLORESCENCE. 

cences,  are  centripetal,  while  the  general  inflorescence  is  centri- 
fugal, that  is,  the  central  head  is  developed  before  the  lateral 
ones.  But  in  the  Labiata)  the  partial  inflorescences  (verticilas- 
ters,  309)  are  centrifugal,  while  the  general  inflorescence  is 
centripetal. 

296.  Of  centripetal  inflorescence  the  principal  varieties  are, 
the  spike,  raceme,  ament,  spadix,  corymb,  umbel,  head, 
panicle,  and   thyrse. 

297.  The  spike  is  an  inflorescence  consisting  of  several  ses- 
sile flowers  arranged  along  a  common  peduncle  (rachis).  Ex. 
Plantago,  Verbascum. 

298.  The  raceme  is  the  same  as  the  spike,  but  having  the 
flowers  raised  on  pedicels,  each  being  axillary  to  a  bract,  and 
blossoming  in  succession  from  the  base  upwards.  The  raceme 
may  be  either  crec^  as  in  Hyacinthus,  Pyrola,  or  pendulous,  as 
in  the  currant  and  black  cherry. 

299.  The  ament,  or  catkin,  is  a  spike  whose  flowers  are  cov- 
ered each  with  a  scaly  bract,  instead  of  a  calyx  and  corolla,  and 
fall  off'  together,  all  remaining  still  connected  with  the  rachis. 
Ex.  Salix,  Betula. 

300.  The  spADix  is  a  spike  with  a  fleshy  rachis  enveloped  in 
a  large  bract,  called  spathe.     Ex.  Anim,  Calla. 

301.  The  CORYMB  is  the  same  as  the  raceme,  having  the 
lower  pedicels  so  lengthened  as  to  elevate  all  the  flowers  to 
nearly  or  quite  the  same  level.     Ex.  wild  thorn  (Crataegus). 

302.  An  UMBEL  resembles  the  coiymb,  but  the  pedicels  are  of 
nearly  equal  length,  and  all  arise  from  the  same  point  in  the 
common  peduncle.     Ex.  Asclepias,  Aralia  higpida,  onion. 

303.  A  HEAD  or  CAPiTULUM  is  similar  to  an  umbel,  but  the 
flowers  are  sessile  or  nearly  so  upon  the  summit  of  the  pedun- 
cle.    Ex.  button-bush,  clover,  globe-amaranth  (Gomphrena). 

a.  But  the  more  common  kind  of  capitulum  is  that  where  the 
summit  of  the  peduncle  (rachis)  is  dilated  into  a  broad  disk  {re- 
ceptacle) bearing  the  sessile  flowers  upon  its  surface.  This  is 
the  kind  of  inflorescence  peculiar  to  the  vast  family  of  the 
Compositaj,  and  is  equivalent  to  the  compound  Jloicers  of  the 
earlier  botanists. 

b.  In  the  cfipitulum  there  is  a  general  resemblance  to  the  simple  flower,  tbo 


CYME.  105 

rays  answering  to  petals,  and  the  involucre  (254)  to  the  calyx.  The  flowei-s  are 
called  florets,  those  in  the  outer  circle,  florets  of  the  ray,  and  those  of  the  central 
portions,  florets  of  the  disk. 

304.  The  panicle  is  a  compound  inflorescence,  formed  by  an 
irregular  branching  of  the  pedicels  of  the  raceme.  Ex.  oats, 
Poa,  and  many  other  grasses. 

305.  The  thyrse  is  the  same  as  the  panicle,  having  the 
lower  branches  rather  shorter  than  those  in  the  midst,  and  all  of 
them  very  compact,  as  in  the  lilac  (Syringa),  horse-chestnut. 

a.  The  umbel  becomes  compound  when  each  pedicel  becomes 
itself  an  umbel,  as  in  most  of  the  Umbelliferse.  Li  these  cases 
the  secondary  umbels  are  called  umbellets,  and  sometimes 
partial  umbels.     See  ^  254. 

By  a  similar  decomposition,  a  raceme  becomes  a  compound 
raceme,  a  corymb  a  compound  corymb,  &c. 


FIG.  38.  —  Modes  of  inflorescence  ;  1,  raceme ;  2,  ament ;  3,  spadix  ;  4,  head  ;  5,  panicle ; 
6,  veiticillaster ;  7,  thyrse. 

306.  Of  the  centrifugal  inflorescence,  the  following  varieties 
are  described ;  namely,  c/j'HTie,  fascicle,  and  verticillaster. 

307.  Cyivie.  This  inflorescence  has  the  general  aspect  of  the 
corymb,  but  is  remarkably  distinguished  from  it  by  its  centrifu- 
gal evolution,  and  by  its  branches  being  repeatedly  2-forked 
and  3 -forked,  as  exemplified  in  Hydrangea,  Viburnum,  chick- 
weed. 

a.  The  cj-me  is  found  only  in  plants  with  opposite  leaves,  and  its  normal  struc- 
ture and  development  are  as  follows.    The  terminal  flower,  which  is  the  first  to 


106  INFLORESCENCE. 

be  opened,  is  borne  upon  a  peduncle  of  two  or  more  nodes,  which  arc,  of  couree, 
transverse  to  each  other  (219,  c).  From  one,  or  two,  or  all  of  these  nodes,  pairs 
of  secondary,  opposite  peduncles  arise,  each  of  which,  like  the  first,  is  binodal  or 
multinodal,  and  tcnninatcd  by  a  flower.  Again,  in  the  nodes  of  these  secondary 
peduncles,  may  arise,  in  the  same  manner  as  before,  pairs  of  tertiarj'  peduncles, 
each  to  be  terminated  by  a  flower,  and  perhaps  to  bear  still  other  peduncles,  and 
so  on. 

b.  Hence  it  is  evident,  that  in  each  axil  of  the  forked  branches  there  should  be 
a  solitary  flower.  This,  however,  is  often  wanting.  LTCgularities  may  also  be 
occasioned  by  the  absence  of  other  parts. 

308.  Fascicle.  This  is  a  modification  of  the  cyme,  in  which 
the  flowers  become  crowded,  and  nearly  sessile,  as  in  sweet- 
william,  and  other  species  of  Dianthus. 

309.  Verticillaster  or  verticil,  called  also,  though  improp- 
erly, uhorl,  is  a  term  denoting  those  reduced  cymes  which  are 
peculiar  to  the  Labiattc,  where  two  such  cymes  occupy  the 
opposite  axils  of  each  pair  of  leaves. 

a.  Sometimes  the  peduncle,  instead  of  prodadng  flowers,  is  changed  into  a  ten- 
dril, as  in  the  vine. 


SPECIES    AND    GENERA.  107 


CHAPTER    XIV. 

SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 
i  1.    OF  THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  PLANTS. 

310.  Systematic  Botany  relates  to  the  arrangement  of  plants 
into  groups  and  families,  according  to  their  characters,  for  the 
purpose  of  facihtating  the  study  of  their  names,  affinities,  habits, 
liistoiy,  properties,  and  uses. 

311.  The  student  in  botanical  science  is  introduced  into  a  boundless  field  of 
inquiry.  The  subjects  of  his  research  meet  liira  at  every  step :  they  clothe  the 
hill  and.the  plain,  the  mountain  and  the  valley.  They  spring  up  in  the  hedges 
and  by  the  wayside ;  they  border  the  streams  and  lakes,  and  sprinkle  over  its  sur- 
face; they  stand  assembled  in  vast  forests,  and  cover  with  verdure  even  the 
depths  of  the  ocean ;  they  are  innumerable  in  multitude,  infinite  in  variety.  Yet 
the  botanist  proposes  to  acquaint  himself  with  each  individual  of  this  vast  king- 
dom, so  that  he  shall  be  able  readily  to  recognize  its  name,  and  all  that  is  either 
interesting.-,  instractive,  or  useful  concerning  it,  whenever  and  wherever  it  is  pre- 
sented to  his  view. 

312.  Now  it  is  obvious,  that  if  the  student  should  attempt  the  accomplishment 
of  this  task  by  studying  each  individual  plant  in  detail,  whether  with  or  -^vithout 
the  aid  of  books,  the  longest  life  would  scarcely  be  sufiicient  to  make  a  begin- 
ning. 

313.  But  such  an  attempt  would  be  as  unnecessary  as  fruitless.  The  Author 
of  Nature  has  grouped  these  mpiads  of  individuals  into  species  (50).  When 
he  called  them  into  existence  in  their  specific  forais,  he  endowed  each  with  the 
power  of  perpetuating  its  ovm  kind  and  no  other,  so  that  they  have  descended  to  us 
distinguished  by  the  same  diflTerences  of  character  and  properties  as  at  the  begin- 
ning. When,  therefore,  the  student  has  become  acquainted  with  any  one  indi- 
vidual plant,  he  is  also  equally  acquainted  with  all  others  belonging  to  the  same 
species. 

a.  Thus  a  single  stalk  of  white  clover  becomes  a  representative  of  all  the  mil- 
lions of  its  kind  that  grow  on  our  hills  and  plains,  and  a  single  description  of  die 
white  pine  will  answer,  in  all  essential  points,  for  eveiy  individual  tree  of  that 
ancient  and  noble  species,  in  all  lands  where  it  is  found. 

314.  Again,  the  species  themselves,  although  separated  from  each  other  by 
obvious  differences,  still  are  found  to  exhibit  many  constant  affinities,  whereby 
they  are  formed  into  larger  groups,  called  geneka  (52).  Thus  the  white  clover 
and  t!:e  red  (Trifolium  rcpens  and  T.  pratense)  are  nnivei-sally  recognized  as  of 
different  species,  but  of  the  same  genus ;  and  a  single  generic  description  of  any 


108  SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY. 

one  plant  of  the  genus  Trifolium  will  convey  intelligence,  to  a  certain  extent, 
concerning  every  other  plant  belonging  to  its  150  species. 

315.  Thus  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom  is  grouped  into  species,  and  the  spe- 
cies themselves  into  genera.  But  natural  affinities  do  not  stop  here.  The  genera 
are  still  too  numerous  for  the  purpose  of  clear  and  systematic  study.  The  natu- 
ralist would  therefore  generalize  still  further,  and  reduce  the  genera  to  still  fewer 
and  larger  tribes  or  groups.  Accordingly  he  finds,  on  comparing  the  genera  with 
each  other,  that  they  still  possess  some  characters  in  common,  although,  perhaps, 
of  a  more  general  nature  than  those  which  distinguish  them  among  each  other. 
These  general  characters,  therefore,  serve  to  associate  the  genera  into  a  sys- 
tematic an-angement  of  Classes  and  Orders. 

316.  There  are  two  independent  and  widely  different  methods 
of  classifying  the  genera,  winch  have  generally  been  approved, 
namely,  the  Artificial  System  of  Linnasus,  and  the  Natural  Sys- 
tem of  Jussieu.  The  former  has  for  its  basis  those  characters 
which  are  derived  from  the  organs  of  fructification,  leaving  all 
other  natural  aflinities  out  of  view.  The  latter,  on  the  contrary, 
is  founded  upon  all  those  natural  affinities  and  resemblances  of 
plants,  by  wliich  Nature  herself  has  distinguished  them  into 
groups  and  families. 

317.  In  regard  to  the  relative  merit  of  these  two  arrangements  there  is  now  no 
longer  room  for  comparison.  That  of  Linnasus  is  truly  ingenious  and  beautiful, 
and  furnishes,  perhaps,  the  readiest  means  for  detennining  the  names  of  plants 
which  has  ever  been  devised;  but  this  must  be  regarded  as  its  principal  use. 
Indeed,  its  author  himself  did  not  design  it  for  any  higher  end,  or  claim  for  it  any 
higher  merit. 

318.  But,  in  acquiring  a  thorough  and  accurate  kno-\dedge  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  the  Natural  System  is  not  only  the  best,  but  it  is  the  only  method  which 
can  be  relied  upon  for  this  purpose.  The  obscurity  and  misconceptions  which 
foimerly  embaiTassed  the  science  of  the  vegetable  stracture,  so  as  to  render  this 
system  una\-ailable,  have  now  been  so  far  removed  by  the  labors  of  De  Candolle 
and  Lindley,  in  Europe,  and  of  Drs.  Ton-ey  and  Gray,  of  our  own  countiy,  that  it 
is  brought  generally  within  the  scope  of  the  ordlnaiy  mind,  and  shown  to  be 
founded  in  true  pliilosophy.    Accordingly,  it  is  now  generally  adopted. 

319.  Still,  the  difficulties  attending  analysis*  by  the  Natural  System  alone, 
are  confessedly  too  great  to  be  successfully  encountered  at  the  thi'eshold  of  the 
science,  by  him  who  has  it  yet  to  learn.  These  arise,  partly  from  the  obscurity 
of  the  characteristic  distinctions  employed,  and  partly  from  the  remaining  in;ic- 
curacies  of  their  definitions.  On  tliis  account  it  has  been  thought  best  to  retain, 
in  this  work,  the  artificial  characters  of  the  Linnsean  Classes  and  Orders,  in  the 


*  Analysis,  as  used  in  botany,  denotes  the  dissection  and  examination  of  llie  organic  struc- 
ture of  plants,  in  order  to  learn  their  characters,  afFinitics,  names,  &c.     See  §  344—348. 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  109 

form  of  analytical  tables,  to  be  used  simply  as  a  guide  in  the  analysis  of  plants, 
to  point  the  Icai'ner  to  the  place  in  the  Natural  System  wliich  his  specimen 
occupies. 

320.  Tlie  artificial  arrangement  consists  of  classes,  orders, 
genera,  and  species.  The  two  latter  are  the  same  as  in  the  nat- 
ural system  (50,  51),  and  the  two  higher  divisions,  classes  and 
orders,  have  already  been  seen  (74,  SO)  to  be  founded  upon 
the  number,  situation,  and  connection  of  the  stamens  and 
pistils. 


CHAPTER    XV. 

OF  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEIVL 

321.  It  is  the  aim  of  the  Natural  System  to  associate  in  the: 
same  divisions  and  g^roups,  those  plants  which  have  the  greatest 
general  resemblance  to  each  other,  not  only  in  aspect  and  struc- 
ture, but  also  in  projierties. 

322.  While  the  artificial  arrangement  employs  only  a  single 
character  in  classification,  the  natural  seizes  upon  every  charac- 
ter in  which  plants  agree  or  disagree  with  each  other.  Thus, 
those  plants  which  correspond  in  the  gi-eatest  number  of  points 
will  be  associated  in  the  smaller  and  lower  di\'isions,  as  species 
and  genera,  while  those  corresponding  in  fev/er  points  will  be 
assembled  in  divisions  of  higher  rank. 

323.  By  an  acquaintance,  therefore,  with  the  characters  of 
each  of  the  families  of  the  Natural  System,  we  may  at  once 
determine  to  which  of  them  any  new  plant  belongs,  what  are 
its  affinities  with  others,  and  what  are  its  poisonous  or  useful 
properties. 

324.  Although  the  aim  of  this  System  is  as  above  s'lited,  yet 
the  full  consummation  of  it  is  still  reserved  for  a  future  age.  At 
present,  though  greatly  advanced,  we  are  still  obliged  to  call  in 
the  aid  of  artificial  characters,  where  Nature  Ls  as  yet  too  pro- 
found for  ordinaiy  skill.  Such  aid  is,  for  example,  employed  in 
the  fii'st  subdivision  of  Angiosperais. 

10 


110  THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM. 

325.  The  first  and  highest  division  of  the  vegetable  kmgdom, 
aamely,  into  the  Phcenogamia  or  Flowering  Plants,  and  the 
Cryptogamia  or  Floiverlcss  Plants,  has  already  been  noticed, 
and  its  distinctions  explained,  in  Chapter  III,  and  elsewhere. 
These  grand  divisions  lie  at  the  foundation  of  both  the  System '! 
of  Linnteus  and  of  Jussieu,  and  are  truly  founded  in  nature ; 
for 

The  PlI^BNOGAMIA 

1.  Consist  of  a  regular  axis  of  growth  with  leafy  appendages. 

2.  They  possess  a  woody  and  vascular  structure. 

3.  They  devclope  flowers,  and 

4.  They  produce  seeds.    On  the  otlier  hand 
The  Cryptogam  I A 

1.  Are  destitute  of  a  regular  axis  and  of  true  leaves. 

2.  They  possess  a  cellular  structure  only. 

3.  They  do  not  dcvelope  flowers,  and 

4.  They  produce  spohes  (129)  instead  of  seeds. 

326.  These  distinctive  characters  must  not,  however,  be  regarded  as  decisive  in 
all  cases;  for  the  higher  Cryptogamia.  as  the  ferns,  give  indications  both  of  a  regu- 
lar woody  axis  and  of  a  vascular  stracture,  while  some  of  the  lower  Phrenogamia 
can  scarcely  be  said  to  ])roduce  flowers.  And,  universally,  so  gradual  are  the 
transitions  from  family  to  family  and  tribe  to  tribe,  that  it  is  impossible  to  fi.x 
upon  characters  so  definite  as  to  completely  circumscribe  any  one  group,  while  at 
tlie  same  time,  they  exclude  every  member  of  surrounding  and  approximating 
groups. 

327.  There  is  a  small  and  curious  order  of  plants  of  comparatively  recent  dis- 
covery, native  chiefly  of  the  East  Indies,  which  appear,  from  the  most  authentic 
accounts  of  them,  to  form  the  connecting  link  between  the  Flowering  and  Flow- 
crless  plants,  combining  a  part  of  the  characters  of  each,  so  that  Ijotanists  are  at 
a  loss  to  which  it  belongs.  They  possess  a  cellular  structure,  develope  flowers 
immediately  from  the  root,  whence  they  are  called  Ehizanths  {{"f»;,  a  root,  acfli:,-, 
a  flower) ;  but  their  ovaries  are  said  to  be  filled  wth  spores  instead  of  seeds,  and 
hence  they  are  also  called  Sporogens.    Ex.  Rafflesia. 

328.  Again,  the  Pha?nogamia  are  very  naturally  resolved  into 
two  subdivisions,  depending  upon  their  manner  of  growth,  called 
ExoGENS  and  Endogens,  whose  distinctions  are  briefly  as  fol- 
lows :  —  ' 

ExOGENS, 

1.  Growing  by  external  accretions  (196). 

2.  Bearing  leaves  which  have  reticulated  veins  (229)  and  which  fall  off  by 
an  articulation. 

3.  Seeds  with  tATO  or  more  cotyledons  (127)  or  dicotykdonoiu. 


ACROGENS.  Ill 

Emdogens, 

1.  Growing  by  internal  accretions  (197). 

2.  Leaves  parallel-veined  (229)  and  decaying  without  falling  off. 

3.  Seeds  with  one  cotyledon  (126)  or  monocolyledonoui. 

329.  Classes.  The  gi-oups  above  mentioned,  compiising  the 
whole  vegetable  kingdom,  are  again  subdivided  into  six  classes. 
The  first  two  are  formed  from  the  subdivision  Exogens,  and  are 
founded  upon  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  pericarp ;  namely, 

Class  I.  Angiosperms,  (as  the  oak,  rose,) 

1.  Ovules  produced  within  an  ovary,  and 

2.  Fertilized  by  the  action  of  the  pollen  through  the  stigm£L 

3.  Becoming  seeds  enclosed  in  a  pericarp. 

4.  Embryo  with  two  opposite  cotyledons. 
Class  n.  Gymnosperms,  (as  the  pine,  yew,) 

1.  Ovules  produced  naked  beneath  a  scale-like  carpel. 

2.  Fertilized  by  the  direct  action  of  the  pollen  without  the  stigma. 

3.  Becoming  tnily  naked  seeds,  that  is,  destitute  of  a  pericarp. 

4.  Embryo  mostly  with  several  whorled  cotyledons. 

330.  The  next  two  classes  are  formed  from  the  subdivision 
Endogens,  and  are  founded  upon  the  presence  and  absence  of 
glumes  or  husks ;  namely, 

Class  in.  AglumacevE  or  aglumaceous  endogens, 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure  with  flowers  constractcd  on  the 
usual  plan;  perianth  verticillate,  of  one  or  more  whorls  of  petaloid 
organs,  or  wanting.     Ex.  lily,  orchis,  rush. 

Class  IV.  Glumace^e  or  glumaceous  endogens. 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  striicture,  the  flowers  invested  in  an  imbri- 
cated perianth  of  glumes  instead  of  a  calyx ;  as  the  grasses,  grains, 
sedges. 

331.  The  Cryptogamia  are  separated  into  two  great  classes, 
called  Acrogens  and  Thallogens ;  the  former  including  those 
tribes  which  make  some  approximation  towards  the  Phsenoga- 
mia,  and  the  latter  including  the  lowest  tribes  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom.  As  their  names  indicate,  they  are  distinguished  from 
each  other  by  their  manner  of  growth  ;  thus. 

Class  V.  Acrogens  (growing  from  ax^c?,  the  summit  or  point)  have  a  regular 
stem,  or  axis,  which  grows  by  the  e.xtcnsion'  of  the  point,  or  apex  only, 
without  increasing  at  all  in  diameter,  generally  furnished  with  leaves, 
and  composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  ducts.  Ex.  ferns,  mosses,  club- 
mosses,  and  tlie  Equisetacese. 


112  THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM. 

Class  Yl.  TiiALLOGENS,  consisting  merely  of  cellular  tissue,  with  a  tendency  to 
grow  into  a  fiat  expansion  called  thallus,  but  having  no  distinction  of 
root,  stem,  leaves,  or  tiowcrs.  Ex.  Lichens,  seawcedii,  liverworts, 
fungi. 

332.  Affinities  of  the  Six  Classes.  These  may  be  represented 
to  the  sight  by  the  following  arrangement' 

Angiosperms. 

Gymnosperms.         Aglumaccro. 

Acrogens.  GlumacccC. 

Thallogens. 

Angiosperms  stand  in  the  highest  rank,  as  tliey  justly  merit,  by  their  superior 
organization.  These  are  n(!arly  allied  to  Gymnosperms  by  their  mode  of  growth ; 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  to  Aglumaccs  by  their  mode  of  flowering.  Gymnos- 
perms are  intimately  connected  with  Acrogens  through  Equisetaceas  of  the  latter, 
which  stands  intermediate :  and  the  Aglumaceai  approach  the  Glumaccie,  almost 
indefinitely,  through  the  Junccaj  (rushes).  Between  the  Acrogens  and  Thallo- 
gens a  close  relationship  is  established  through  the  Musci  (mosses),  while  the 
sporogms  form  the  connecting  link  between  the  Endogens  and  the  lowest  tribes 
of  vegetation,  as  the  Fungi.  Thus,  from  the  highest  rank  we  descend  to  tlie  low- 
est, through  Gymnosperms  and  Acrogens  on  the  one  hand,  and  through  Aglu- 
macea;  and  Glumacca;  on  the  other,  forming  a  circle  of  affinities. 

333.  The  mutual  relations  of  the  six  classes  with  the  higher  divisions,  arc  pre- 
sented in  the  following  synopsis : 

I-p  (  Class     I.  AxGiosrERJis. 

1.XOGENS;    j  f^iass    II.  Gymnosperms. 
(  Class  III.  Aglumaceous. 
E^°o«^^'^5J  Class  IV.  Glu-maceous. 
Kingdom  ;  ,  ^lass   V.  Acrogens. 

[  Cryptogamia  ; ^  ^lass  VI.  Thallogens. 

334.  Sub-classes.  The  classes  are  next  to  be  broken  up 
into  smaller  divisions.  In  effecting  this  object  most  writers 
have  einployed  artificial  methods,  since  no  natural  one,  founded 
upon  clear  and  comprehensive  distinctions,  has  yet  been  de- 
vi.sed.  Tlius  Angiosperms,  which  class  is  by  far  the  largest  of 
ihc  six,  is  divided  into  three  sub-classes.  Polyfetal^,  or  poly- 
petalous  Exogens,  flowers  with  distinct  petals;  MonopetaljE, 
or  MONoPETALous  ExoGENS,  flowors  with  united  petals;  Apet- 
AL.E,  or  APETALous  ExoGENS,  flower  with  no  floral  envelopes,  or 
with  a  calyx  only. 

335.  Orders,  or  Families,  arc  the  most  important  of  all  the 
natural  associations.     On  the  accuracy  and  distinctness  of  the 


ORDERS. 


113 


characters  of  these,  botanists  have  bestowed  tiie  highest  degree 
of  attention,  and  the  student's  progress  will  depend  chiefly  upon 
his  acquaintance  with  them. 

336.  Orders  are  formed  by  associating  together  those  genera 
which  are  the  most  nearly  allied  to  each  other,  or  to  some  one 
genus  previously  assumed  as  the  type.  Therefore,  as  the  spe- 
cies form  genera,  so  genera  form  orders. 

337.  In  systematic  works,  the  orders  are  also  associated  on 
natural  principles  into  alliances,  groups,  &c.,  which  are  inter- 
mediate between  these  and  the  sub-classes,  and  are  designated 
numerically,  thus,  group  1st,  group  2d,  Sec,  or  by  names  derived 
from  a  leading  order. 

338.  In  regard  to  their  extent,  the  orders  difier  veiy  widely, 
some  consisting  of  a  single  genus,  as  San-aceniaceaB,  while 
others  comprehend  hundreds  of  genera,  as  Compositor.  For 
convenience'  sake  the  larger  orders  are  broken  up  into  sub- 
orders, or  tribes. 

339.  The  Natural  System,  with  its  classes  and  subordinate 
divisions,  may  be  exhibited  in  one  view ; 

The  Vegetable  Kingdom  is  separated 

1st,    into  Grand  Divisions  and  Subdivisions. 


2nd, 

3d, 

4  th, 

5th, 

6th, 

7th, 


Classes. 

Sub-classes,  Alliances,  and  Groups. 

Orders  and  Sub-orders. 

Genera  and  Sub-genera. 

Species  and  Varieties,  and 

Lidividuals. 


W 


114  NOMENCLATURE. 


CHAPTER    XVI. 

§1.     NOMENCLATURE. 

340.  The  names  of  the  Ordas  are  Latin  adjectives,  (feminine,  pUiral,  to  agree 
with  j)lant(E,  plants,  understood,)  usually  derived  from  the  name  of  the  most 
prominent,  or  leading  genus,  in  each,  by  changing  or  prolonging  the  tennination 
into  acecB,  as  Rosacecz,  the  rose  tribe,  Papaveraccce,  the  poppy  tribe,  from  Kosa  and 
Papaver. 

a.  Earlier  names,  however,  derived  from  some  leading  character  in  the  Order, 
and  with  various  terminations,  are  still  retained.  Thus,  Compositce,  with  com- 
pound flowers ;  Labiates,  with  labiate  flowers. 

341.  Gaicnc  names  are  Latin  substantives,  arbitrarily  formed,  often  from  some 
medicinal  virtue,  either  supposed  or  real,  or  from  some  obvious  character  of  the 
genus ;  sometimes  from  the  native  counti7  of  the  plants,  Or  from  the  name  of 
some  distinguished  botanist,  or  patron  of  botany,  to  whom  the  genus  is  thus  said 
to  be  dedicated.  Also  the  ancient  classic  names,  either  Latin  or  Greek,  are  often 
retained.    Examples  of  all  these  modes  of  construction  will  be  hereafter  seen. 

342.  Specific  names  are  Latin  adjectives,  singular  number,  and  agreeing  in  gen- 
der with  the  name  of  the  genus  to  which  they  belong.  They  are  mostly  founded 
upon  some  distinctive  character  of  the  species;  as  Gerardia  glaiica,  glaucous- 
stemmed  Gerardia;  G.  jmrpitrca,  purple-flowered  Gerardia;  G.  tenuifoUa,  slender- 
leaved  Gerardia.  Frequently  the  species  is  named  after  some  other  genus,  which, 
in  some  respect,  it  resembles  ;  as  Gerardia  quercifolia,  oak-leaved  Gerardia.  G. 
ihlphini/olia,  larkspur-leaved  Gerardia. 

313.  Species,  like  genera,  arc  also  sometimes  named  in  commemoration  of  dis- 
tinguished persons.  The  rules  given  by  Lindlcy,  for  the  construction  of  such 
names,  are,  1st,  If  the  person  is  the  discoverer,  the  specific  name  is  a  substantive 
in  the  genitive  case,  singular  number;  as.  Lobelia  Kalmii,  Kalm's  Lobelia;  Pin-^s 
Frastri,  Eraser's  pine.  2d,  If  the  name  is  merely  conferred  in  honor  of  the  per- 
son to  whom  it  is  dedicated,  it  is  an  adjective  ending  in  nus,  na,  mm;  as  Erica 
Linmana,  Linnajus's  heath ;  Rosa  Lawrenciam,  Miss  La^vTcncc's  rose.  In  these 
cases,  and  in  all  others  where  the  specific  name  is  derived  from  proper  names,  or 
where  it  is  substantive,  as  it  often  is,  it  should  begin  with  a  capital  letter. 

§2.     BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS. 

344.  The  application  of  the  niles  of  Systematic  Botany  to  the 
natural  plant,  in  order  to  ascertain  its  affinities,  place,  name,  &c. 
iS  called  botaiiical  anahjds. 

345.  In  order  to  be  in  a  proper  state  for  this  kind  of  examina- 
tion plants  should  be  in  full  blossom,  and  fresh,  that  is,  not  with- 


PRESERVING    PLANTS.  115 

ered  or  decayed.     A  good  lens  is  requisite  for  the  examination 
of  the  minute  parts  of  tlie  structure,  or  of  the  flower. 

346.  The  analysis  of  plants  is  a  constant  object  of  pursuit  with  the  practical 
botanist.  Without  this  cxcrcise.the  study  of  authors  will  be  of  little  avail.  A 
more  accurate  and  useful  knowledge  of  a  plant  can  be  acquired  in  a  few  minutes, 
by  a  careful  examination  of  the  living  specimen,  or  even  of  the  dried,  than  by  com- 
mitting to  memory  the  most  elaborate  descriptions  found  in  books.  During  tho 
flowering  months,  the  learner  will  often  in  his  walks  meet  with  plants  in  blossom, 
witli  which  he  is  yet  unacquainted.  And  he  who  is  duly  interested  in  his  pursuit, 
will  by  no  means  fail  to  seize  and  analyze  each  specimen  while  the  short  hour  of 
its  bloom  may  last,  and  to  store  his  memory  with  the  knowledge  of  its  names, 
habits,  and  uses.  Thus,  in  a  few  seasons,  or  even  in  one,  he  will  have  gi-own  fa- 
miliar with  nearly,  or  quite,  eveiy  species  of  plants  in  his  vicinity. 

347.  Let  us  now  suppose  the  pupil  in  possession  of  a  specimen  of  an  unknown 
plant  in  full  blossom.  In  order  to  study  it  by  the  aid  of  authors,  a  point  immedi- 
ately requisite  is  its  name.  Kow,  having  learned  by  examination  the  organic  and 
physiological  structure  of  the  flower,  leaves,  stem,  &c.,  the  experienced  botanist, 
who  has  at  his  command  the  characters  of  all  the  Natural  Tamilies,  will  at  once 
determine  to  which  of  them  the  plant  belongs. 

348.  But  this  is  not  to  be  expected  of  the  pupil  who  is  supposed  to  be  yet,  in  a 
measure,  unacquainted  with  the  characters  of  the  orders.  He  must  be  gtiided  to 
the  place  which  his  specimen  holds  in  the  classification,  by  a  longer  course  of 
inquiry  and  comparison.  For  the  assistance  of  the  learner,  therefore,  and  for  the 
convenience  of  all,  wc  are  happy  to  be  able  to  add  a  full  series  of  Analytical 
Tables,  which,  with  proper  use,  will  seldom  fail  of  conducting  them  almost  im- 
mediately, to  the  object  of  tlieir  research.     Sec  the  directions. 

§3.  OF  COLLECTING  AND  PRESERVING  PLANTS. 

349.  The  student  in  botanical  science  should  give  an  early  and  persevering  at- 
tention to  tiie  collection  and  preseiTation  of  specimens  of  as  many  species  of 
plants  as  he  can  procure.  The  advantages  to  be  derived  fiom  such  collections, 
cither  in  refreshing  the  memory  by  reviewing  them,  or  in  instituting  a  more 
thorough  examination  at  one's  leisure,  are  such  as  will  afford  an  abundant  com- 
pensation for  all  the  labor  requisite  in  preparing  them. 

a.  Such  a  collection  of  dried  specimens  of  plants  is  called  an  uerbaeium,  or 
by  the  more  significant  title,  hortus  siccus  (dry  garden). 

350.  The  apparatus  requisite  for  the  accomplishment  of  this  object  is,  1st,  a 
close  tin  box,  2©  inches  in  length,  and  of  a  portable  form ;  2d,  a  portable  press, 
consisting  of  two  boards  of  light  material,  12  by  18  inches,  opening  and  shutting 
by  hinges,  like  the  cover  of  a  book,  and  secured  by  springs  (even  a  large  book  is 
a  good  stibstitute) ;  3d,  a  quantity  of  smooth,  bibulous  paper,  of  large  size  (a 
dozen  or  more  quires  of  ])rinting  paper) ;  4th,  eight  or  ten  boards  of  the  same  size 
as  the  paper;  5th.  a  small  sci-ew-press,  or  several  lead  weights  of  varioius  sizes, 
fi-om  15  to  30  pounds  each. 


116  NOMENCLATURE. 

351.  In  gathering  plants  for  Uiis  purpose,  or  specimens,  as  they  are  called,  the 
smaller  and  licrbaceous  plants  should  be  taken  up  witli  a  portion  of  the  roots, 
vfhile  from  larger  plants  there  should  be  selected  a  shoot,  with  complete  represen- 
tations of  the  leaves  and  flowers.  They  may  be  preserved  for  several  days,  with- 
out withering,  in  the  tin  box,  or  they  may  at  once  be  laid  between  several  thick- 
nesses of  the  paper,  and  enclosed  in  the  portable  press.  It  is  always  desirable 
that  tlicy  be  gathered  in  a  dry  day ;  if  not,  they  should  be  freed  from  dampness 
before  being  committed  to  the  paper  and  press. 

352.  In  drjing  the  specimens,  great  care  is  required,  that  they  may  preserve 
well  their  natural  appearance,  form,  and  color.  It  is  generally  recommended 
that  they  be  carefully  spread  out,  as  nearly  in  their  natural  position  as  possible, 
between  8  or  10  thicknesses  of  paper,  and  then  submitted  to  pressure  between  the 
boards.  The  degree  of  pressure  should  never  be  such  as  to  crush  their  parts,  and 
may  be  easily  regulated  by  the  screw,  or  by  the  number  and  size  of  the  weights 
tised. 

353.  As  often  as  once  a  day  they  should  be  taken  from  the  press,  transferred  to 
fi-esh  and  dry  paper,  and  returned,  until  they  are  thoroughly  dried,  when  they  are 
ready  to  be  transfen-ed  to  the  cabinet.  Others,  however,  recommend  that  the 
papers  be  not  changed  at  all ;  and  that  the  plants  remain  undisturbed  in  their 
position,  until  they  are  perfectly  dry. 

354.  The  next  object  with  the  collector  is  the  arrangement  of  his  specimens. 
For  this  purpose,  each  one  is  first  to  be  fastened  to  a  sheet  of  firm  white  paper, 
about  10  inches  by  18,  either  by  glue  or  with  loops  of  paper  of  the  same  kind,  or 
tliey  may  be  stitched  to  the  paper  with  a  fine  needle.  The  latter  mode,  if  done 
skilfully,  is  preferable.  Then  let  all  those  specimens  which  belong  to  the  same 
genus  be  collected  together  and  placed  within  a  folded  sheet  of  colored  paper, 
with  tlie  name  of  the  genus  and  each  species  written  on  the  outside.  Each  sheet 
should  also  be  labelled  with  the  names  of  the  plant,  the  locality,  time  of  gather- 
ing, habits,  &c. 

355.  The  genera  are  next  to  be  collected  together  into  orders,  each  order  being 
wrapped  or  folded  in  a  still  larger  sheet,  of  a  difl'ercnt  color  from  that  which  en- 
folds the  genera,  having  the  name  of  the  order,  with  a  catalogue  of  its  genera  on 
the  outside.  Thus  an-angcd,  the  orders  are  to  be  laid  away  upon  the  shelves  of  a 
cabinet,  or  packed  in  a  chest.  To  protect  the  plants  from  the  attacks  of  insects, 
pieces  of  camphor  gum  are  to  be  placed  among  them,  or  a  piece  of  sponge  satu- 
rated with  the  oil  of  turpentine.  To  save  them  from  decay,  they  should  be  kept 
dry,  and  well  ventilated. 

356.  Fruits  and  seeds  which  arc  too  large  to  be  pressed  with  the  plants,  and 
also  truncheons  of  wood,  are  to  be  preserved  separately,  in  a  cabinet 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSAHY. 


»*,  The  figures  refer  to  paragraphs. 


A;  ('',  privative)  in  composition  signifies 

without. 
Abortion ;  an  imperfect  development  of 

any  organ. 
Absorption,  157,  15S,  272,  273,  274. 
Acaulescent,  1S4. 
Acccssoi-y  ;  something  added  to  the  usual 

parts. 
Accretion ;  the  growing  of  one  thing  to 

another. 
Accum_bent;  lying  upon.    In   the   Orn- 

ciferaj  it  denotes  tlie  radicle  lying  upon 

the  edges  of  the  cotyledons. 
Acerose,  234,  20. 
Achenium,  110,  9. 
Achlamydeous,  .'54. 
Acicular;  needle-shaped. 
Acine ;  a  separate  grain  or  cai-pel  of  a  col 

lective  fruit. 
Acotyledonous,  48. 
Acrogens,  331. 

Aculeate ;  armed  with  prickles. 
Acuminate,  230,  3. 
Acute,  230,  1. 
Adherent,  97. 

Adnate ;  growing  to  or  upon,  G9,  2. 
JEstiyation,  lOS. 

Aggregate ;  assembled  closely  together. 
Agiumaceous,  330. 
AVaj,  105,  5. 
Alburnum,  203. 
Albumen,  122. 
Alternative,  108,  5. 

Alveolate ;  with  partitions  like  a  honey- 
comb. 
Anient,  299. 
Amplexicaul,  222,  3. 
Aniustomosiiig;    the   uniting  of  vessels; 

inosculating. 
Anatropous,  121. 
Ancipital ;  two-edged. 
Androecium,  57, 65. 


Androgynous;  with  both  stamens  and 
pistils. 

Angiosperm',  329. 

Anthelmin'ic  ;  expelling  or  killing  worms. 

Animal,  definition  of,  11. 

Antiseptic  ;  efficacious  against  putrefac- 
tion. 

Anther,  G'''. 

Apctalaa,  331.    Apetalous,  without  petals. 

Appressed ;  pressed  closely  upon  some- 
thing else. 

Apterous;  without  wings  (or  mnrgins). 

Aquatics ;  growing  in  or  belonging  to  the 
water. 

Arachnoid ;  41,  a. 

Arboreous ;  tree-like. 

Arborescent;  belonging  to  a  tree. 

Areolte ;  having  the  surf  ice  divided  into 
little  spaces,  or  areas. 

Arlditv ;  dryness. 

Aril,  119. 

Arlstate ;  bearded,  as  in  the  glumes  of 
barlev. 

Armed,"  235,  7. 

Aroma  ;  the  spicy  quality  of  a  thing. 

Articulation ;  a  joint ;  the  place  where 
one  thing  is  joined  to  another. 

Artificial  Classes,  73. 

Artificial  Orders,  SO. 

Ascidia,  245. 

Ascending ;  arising  obliquely,  assurgent. 

Assurgent;  arising  in  an  oblique  direc- 
tion. 

Attenuate ;  rendered  slender  or  thin. 

Auricnlate,  232,  9. 

Awn,  25G. 

Axil  (arm-pit);  the  angle  between  tha 
petiole  and  branch,  on  the  upper  side 

Axillary  ;  growing  out  of  the  axils. 

Axis,  ascending,  19. 

Axis,  descending,  19. 


118 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Baccate ;  berry-like,  covered  with  pulp. 

Banner,  105,  5. 

Barli,  205. 

Beak ;  a  liard,  short  point,  like  the  beak 

of  a  bird. 
Bearded;  with  long  awns  or  hairs. 
Berry,  IIC,  14. 

Bicuspidate  ;  with  two  points. 
Bidentate  ;  with  two  teeth. 
Biennial ;  of  two  years'  duration. 
Bifid;  two-cleft. 
Bifoliate  ;  with  two  leaves. 
Bilabiate ;  two-lipped. 
Bifurcate ;  two-forked. 
Binate  ;  growing  two  together. 
Bipinnate,  2-10,  5. 
Bipinnatifid ;  twice  pinnatifid. 
Bisaccate  ;  with  two  tumors  or  sacks. 
Biternate,  240,  7. 
Bivalved ;  two-valved. 
Botany  defined,  1. 
Brachiate ;     with     opposite     spreading 

branches  (arms). 
Bracteate ;  having  bracts. 
BracteolcT;  little  bracts. 
Bracts,  252. 

Branchlets ;  small  branches. 
Branch,  170. 
Bristles ;  rigid  hairs. 
Bud,  20.  22.  16i>— 169. 
Bulb,  178. 
Bulbiferous,  178,  c. 
Bulblets,  178,  c. 
Bulbous ;  having  bulbs. 

Caducous,  98. 

Csespitose ;  turfy,  growing  in  tufts. 

Calycine  ;  of  a  calyx. 

Galyculated ;  having  bracteoles  resem- 
bling an  external  or  additional  calyx. 

Calyptra;  (an  extinguisher)  applied  to 
the  cover  of  the  thecaof  some  mosses. 

Calyx,  55,  95. 

Cambium,  207. 

Oampanulate,  104,  1. 

Campylotropous ;  denotes  that  the  ovule 
is  curved  upon  itself. 

Canaliculate;  channelled,  or  furrowed. 

Canescent ;  hoary,  ajiproaching  to  white. 

Capillary ;  very  slender,  hair-like. 

Capitate  ;  growing  in  a  head. 

Capsule,  lie,  1. 

Carina,  105,  5.     Carinate,  keel-shaped. 

Caryopsis ;  a  small,  1-celled,  indehiscent 
pericarp,  adhering  to  the  seed  which  it 
encloses,  as  in  the  grasses.  116,8. 

Carpels,  77. 

Carpophore ;  the  axis  of  the  fruit  in  the 
Umbellifcras. 

Cartilaginous ;  gristly. 

Caryophyllaceous,  105,  4. 

Cathartic ;  purgative. 

Catkin,  299. 

Caudate ;  with  a  tail-like  appendage. 

Caudex,  142,  a. 


Caulescent,  1S4. 

Cauline,  220. 

Caulis,  18'1. 

Cellular;  composed  of  cells. 

Cellular  tissue,  29. 

Cellulares,  47. 

Cernuous ;  nodding. 

Chatfy;  with  chatfhke  processes. 

Chalaza,  91. 

Chemical  basis  of  vegetable  tissue,  28. 

Chlorophyll,  215,  a. 

Chromulas ;  green  coloring-matter  or  par 

tides. 
Cilise  ;  hairs  like  those  of  the  eyelash. 
Ciliate,  41,  a. 
Circinate,  217,  7. 
Circumscissile,  115,  5. 
Cirrhose,  240,  2. 
Clavate ;  club-shaped. 
Claw,  102. 
Climbers,  187. 
Cochleate ;    resembling  the    shell    of   a 

snail. 
Coherine;  connected. 
Collum,"l41. 
Columella,  116,  a. 
Colored ;  not  green. 
Columnar;  formed  like  columns. 
Column ;  the  consolidated   stamens   soA. 

pistils  of  Orchidaceaj. 
Coma,  lis,  a. 
Commissure ;  the  inner  face  of  the  car 

pels  of  Umbellilcra;. 
Compound  leaves,  23S. 
Comose  ;  a  kind  of  inflorescence,  havinjj 

a  tuft  of  sessile  bracts  on  the  top  of  it. 
Compound  leaves;  consisting  of  several 

leaflets. 
Compressed,  222,  1. 
Concave ;  hollow. 

Concentric;  points  or  lines  at  equal  dis- 
tance from  a  common  centre. 
Concrete ;  hardened,  or  fomied  into  one 

mass. 
Confluent ;  running  into  one  another. 
Conjugate  ;  joined  in  pairs. 
Connate ;    joined   together  at   the   base, 

242,  4. 
Connectile,  68,  h. 
Connivent ;  converging. 
Conoid  ;  like  a  cone. 
Contorted  ;  lOS,  4,  twisted. 
Convolute,  lOS,  2. 
Convex ;  rising  spherically. 
Coral  Islands,  12,  c. 
Cordate,  2.3'!,  25. 

Coriaceous;  leathery,  thick,  and  tough. 
Corm,  179. 
Coriiute;  horned. 
Corolla,  56,  100. 
Corona  (a  crown);    the   expanded  cnp- 

like  disk  of  the  Narcissus,  &c. 
Corymb,  301. 

Corymbose  ;  arranged  like  a  coiymb. 
Costate;  ribbed. 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSAUY. 


119 


Cotyledon,  125. 

Cotyledonous  plants,  48. 

Creeper,  1S2. 

Oreiiate,  '2.3.'),  4. 

Crenulate,  2.'J5,  4. 

Crisped,  -23'),  10. 

Ci-uciform,  10.5,  1. 

(^ryptogamia,  3'25. 

Cucullate ;  hooded,  cowled. 

Culm,  ISG,  a. 

Cultivation,  effects  of,  1.5. 

Cuneate;  wedge-shaped. 

Cupule ;  the  cup,  or  involucre,  of  the 
acorn,  and  of  all  amentaceous  plants. 

Cuspidate  ;  like  the  point  of  a  spear.  A 
leaf  is  cuspidate  when  suddenly  con- 
tracted to  a  point. 

Cuticle  ;  the  epidermis ;  scarf-skin. 

Cyathiform  ;  cup-shaped  ;  concave. 

Cylindraceous  ;  like  a  cylinder  in  form. 

(jyme,  .307.  Cymose ;  arranged  like  a 
cyme. 

Decandrous  ;  with  10  stamens. 

Deciduous,  9S. 

Declinate;  turned  towards  one  side. 

Decompound  ;  more  than  once  compoun- 
ded, as  bipinnate,  &c. 

Decumbent;  lying  down,  or  leaning  on 
the  ground. 

Decurrent,  242,  3. 

Decussate ;  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles. 

Deflexed ;  bent  downwards. 

Defoliation,  2-59. 

Dehiscence,  6S,  a,  11;5. 

Deltoid  ;  shaped  like  the  Greek  letter  A. 

Dentate,  235,  2. 

Denticulate,  2-35,  2. 

Depressed ;  pressed  inward  or  flattened 
from  above. 

Diandrous  ;  with  two  stamens. 

Diadelpheus;  h.aving  the  stamens  united 
in  2  sets. 

Diaphanous ;  transparent. 

Dichotomous;  branching  by  two  equal 
divisions ;  forked. 

Dicli'ions  ;  (stamens  and  pistils)  in  sepa- 
rate flowers. 

Dicotyledonous  plants,  127. 

Didymous ;  two  united. 

Didynamous ;  having  two  long  stamens 
and  two  short  ones  in  the  ^ame  flower. 

Diffuse ;  -vVide-spread,  scattered. 

Digestion,  281. 

Digitate,  233,  IS. 

Digynous  ;  with  two  pistils. 

Dioicious  ;  bearing  staminate  flowers  on 
one  individual,  and  pistillate  on  another. 

Discoid ;  in  the  Compositse,  when  the 
flowers  are  all  tubular  in  the  same 
head. 

Disk,  107,  I) ;  also,  the  centre  of  a  head  in 
the  Composite. 

Dissected  ;  cut  into  2  parts. 


Dissepiment;  the  partitions  by  which 
the  cells  of  the  pericarp  are  separated. 

Dissemination  of  seeds,  13-5. 

Distichous;  leaves  or  flowers  in  two  op- 
posite rows. 

Distinct,  63,  e. 

Divaricate;  spreading  in  a  straggling 
manner. 

Dodecandrous ;  having  twelve  stamens. 

Dorsal,  S4  (on  the  back). 

Drape,  116,  6. 

Ducts,  33,  /. 

Duramen,  203. 

Echinate;  beset  with  prickles. 

Elementary  organs,  29,  &c. 

Elliptical,  232,"2. 

Elongated  ;  exceeding  tlie  common  length. 

Emarginate,  236,  4. 

Embryo,  123,  124,  130. 

Emollient ;  softening. 

l^ndocarp,  112. 

Endogenous  structure,  210,  211. 

Endogens,  126,  197,  328. 

Endopleura,  IIS. 

Endosmose,  1.58,  a. 

Endostome ;  inner  mouth  or  perforation. 

Ensiform ;  sword-shaped,  two-edged. 

Entire,  23.5,  1. 

Epicarp,  112. 

Epidermis,  35. 

Epigvnous,  107,  />. 

Epiphytes,  1.50,  L 

Equitant,  217,  1. 

Erose,  235,  5. 

Esculent ;  eatable. 

Etiolated  ;  blanched  or  whitened. 

Exhalation,  269,  271. 

Exogenous  structure,  198,  199,  &c. 

Exogens,  127.  196,  32S. 

Exosmose,  1.5S,  a. 

Exotic  ;  foreign  ;  not  native. 

Exsertcd  ;  projecting  or  extending  ont  of 

the  flower  or  sheath. 
Exsiccated ;  dried  up. 
Exstipulate,  251. 
Extrorse,  68, 4. 

Ffficula ;  the  nutritious  part  of  wheat  and 

other  fruits. 
Falcate ;  sickle-shaped ;  linear  and  curved. 
Farinaceous ;  mealv. 
Fascicle,  308. 
Fasciculated,  146,  a. 
Fastigiate  ;  having  a  flat  or  level  top. 
Faviise ;  deeplv  pitted. 
Featlier-veineii.  230,  1. 
Febrifuge  ;  efticacious  against  fever. 
Fecundation;  the  act  of  making  fruitfuL 
Ferruginous  ;  iron-colored ;  rusty. 
Fibrils,  142,3,  152. 
Fibro-vascular  tissue,  260. 
Fibrous,  146. 
Filament,  67. 
Filiform ;  shaped  like  a  thread. 


120 


INDEX    AND    CLOSSAE.Y. 


Fimbriate;  fnngcd. 

Fistular  or  fistulous;  tubular. 

Flabelliform  :  fnn-sliap*d. 

Flexuous;  bent  in  an  undulating  manner. 

Floating  root,  119. 

Flonil  envelope*;,  or  perianth,  54. 

Floral  leaves,  252. 

Florets,  303,  b. 

Flosculous;  consisting  of  many  tubular 

monopetalous  flowers,  or  florets. 
Flower,  origin  of,  24. 
"       consists  of,  53. 
"       physiological  structure  of,  lOG. 
"       normal  stnicture  of,  (Jl,  c. 
Flower-bud,  IGG. 

Foliaceous  ;  having  the  fomi  of  leaves. 
Follicle,  IK),  5. 
Foot-stalks;  the  stalks  of  either  flowers 

or  leaves. 
Foramen,  90. 
Fork-veined,  229,  3. 
Free,  97. 

Free  central  placenta,  SS. 
Fringed  ;  having  a  border  like  a  fringe. 
Frond  ;  the  leaves  of  the  ferns,  palms,  «&c. 

have  been  generally  so  called. 
Fruit,  109,  110. 

"     growth  of,  113. 

"     ripening  of,  114. 

"  consists  of.  111. 
Frutescent;  shrubby. 
Fugacious,  2-'57,  1. 

Fungous ;  of  the  substance  of  the  Fungi. 
Funiculus,  91. 
Furcate  ;  forked. 
Fusiform,  145. 

Galea  ;  (104,  5)  the  arched  wpper  lip  of  a 
labiate  flower. 

Geminate ;  doubled. 

Genus,  52. 

Germ  ;  the  old  name  of  the  ovary. 

Germination,  130 — 133. 

Gibbous;  swelled  out,  protuberant. 

Glabrous,  237,  1. 

Glands,  44. 

Glandular  fibre  or  tissue,  31. 

Glaucous;  sea  green;  pale  bluish  green 
with  a  powder  or  bloooi. 

Globose;  round  or  spherical. 

Glossology,  4. 

Giumaceie,  330. 

Glume,  2-')(). 

Granular;  147,  (6,  formed  of  grains  or  cov- 
ered with  grains. 

Gregarious ;  herding  together. 

Grooved  ;  furrowed  or  channelled. 

Groups,  337. 

Gymiiosperms,  329. 

Gynandrous ;  having  the  stamens  and 
'styles  combined  in  one  body. 

Gyncccium,  5S. 

Hairs,  41. 
Hastate,  232,  10. 


Habit ;  tlie  general  a.spect  or  external 
features  of  a  plant,  by  which  it  is 
known  at  sight. 

Head,  303. 

Helmet  or  Galea,  104,  5. 

Herb,  1G4,  c. 

Herbarium,  349,  350. 

Heterogamous ;  flowers  not  all  perfect, 
some  being  neutral  or  pistillate. 

Hexandrous;  having  six  stamens. 

Hilum,  120. 

Hirsute,  41,  a. 

Hispid  ;  roush,  with  stiff  hairs. 

Hoary,  237,  5. 

Homogamous ;  flowers  all  tubular,  simi- 
lar and  perfect,  as  in  some  of  the  Com- 
posita?. 

Homogeneous;  having  a  uniform  nature 
or  composition. 

Hooded ;  curved  or  hollowed  at  the  end 

,  into  the  form  of  a  hood. 

Hot  springs,  12,  e. 

Hyaline ;  crystalline,  transparent. 

Hybrid;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  two 
species. 

Hypocrateriform,  104,  3. 

Hypogynous,  107,  b. 

Imbricate  ;  placed  one  over  another,  like 
the  tiles  upon  a  roof,  lOS,  S. 

Incised,  235,  S. 

Incrassated ;  becoming  thicker  by  de- 
grees. 

Indehiscent,  115. 

Indigenous;  native  of. 

Indupl'icate,  lOS,  7. 

Incumbent;  lying  against  or  across.  In 
the  Crucifei-aj  it  denotes  that  the  radi- 
cle is  applied  to  the  back  of  one  of  tha 
cotyledons. 

Indusium ;  the  membrane  that  encloses 
the  theca  of  ferns. 

Inferior,  97. 

Inflated ;  tumid  and  hollow,  blown  up 
like  a  bladder. 

Inflexed  :  bending  inward. 

Inflorescence,  285,  &c. 

''  centrijjetal,  293. 

"  centrifugal,  294. 

Infnndibuliform,  104,  2. 

Innate,  GS,  1. 

Inserted  into  ;  growing  out  of. 

Integument,  llS. 

Intercellular  passages,  30. 

Internode,  172. 

Introi-se,  GO,  4. 

Involucel,  2;>l. 

Involucre,  2-y\. 

Involute,  217,  3. 

Irregular;  unequal  in  size  or  figure. 

Keel,  105,  5. 

Kidney-shaped,  232,  12  (rcnifonn). 

Labcllum,  107,  a. 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


121 


LaLinfp,  101,  5. 

I-acitiiii'c,  '2!.'j,  20. 

Lactc'scent ;  milky  or  juicy. 

Lainiiin,  10'2. 

Laiiatf  ;  woolly. 

Lanceolate,  23J,  5. 

I.atei-al ;  relating  to  the  sido. 

Latex,  20-5. 

LftticilcrouR  tisstic,  3-1,  207,  c. 

Leaf  consists  of,  27. 

"    foi-mof,  2:J1. 

"    color  of,  215. 

"    marj^iu  of,  235. 

"    MU-face  of,  2.37. 

"    functions  of,  2^7. 

"    duration  of,  257. 
Leaf-bud,  107. 
Leaflot-s  23'J. 

Leaver,  arra?ic;cment  of,  215'. 
Lesuinc,  ll'J,  4. 
Lesumii'""'^ ;  havin<T  legumes. 
Lenticular:  lens-shaped. 
Liber,  205,  20G. 
Ligneous ;  woody. 
Lipuhi,  or  lipnle;  the  mcmbrano  at  the 

top  of  the  sheath  of  grasses,  &.C. 
Ligulatc;  strap-shaped. 
Liliaceous,  105,  3. 
Limb,  103. 
Linear,  231,  23. 
Linnoaii  Classes,  73,  74. 
Linnean  Orders,  SO. 
Locnlicidal,  115,  1. 
Loment,  a  Jointcil  legume. 
Lunate ;  crescent-shaped. 
Lyrate,  232,  14. 

Marcscent ;  withering  on  tho  plant- 

Marginal ;  on  the  margin. 

Medulla;  pith. 

Medullary  ravs,  201. 

Medullary  sheath,  200. 

Membrani'.us,   or  membranaceous ;  with 

the  texture  of  membraue. 
Mericarp;  hall-fruit. 
Mesosperm,  US. 
Midrib,  227. 
Miiienil  defined,  9. 
Monadclphous;  stamens  all  united. 
Monandrous;  with  one  stamen. 
Moniliform,  1 17,  6. 
Monocotyledonous  plants,  12G. 
Monoecious  ;  stamens  and  jiistils  apart,  in 

separate  flowers  on  the  same  plant. 
Monopetala.',  334. 
Monopctalous,  101. 
Monosepalous,  06. 
Mucronate,  23G,  6. 
Multifid ;  many-cleft. 
Muricate  ;  with  hard  short  points. 

Naked  ovules,  or  seeds,  111,  a. 
Napiform,  145,  c. 

Narcotic  ;  producing  sleep  or  torpor. 
Natui-al  System,  321. 

11 


Nectariferous:  producing  honey. 

Nectary.  107,  a. 

Nerves,  227. 

Net-veined,  22;>. 

Nod<ling;  in  a  drooping  position. 

Node,  172. 

Normal ;  regular,  according  to  rule. 

Normal  structure  of  plants,  Gl. 

"        causes  of  deviation  from,  C3. 
Nucleus,  90. 
Nut,  IIG,  7. 

Ob,  in  composition  implies  inversion,  as 

obovatp,  inverselv-ovate,  iSiC. 
Oblons;,  2.32,  3. 
Obovalc,  232,  G. 
Obvolute;  217,2. 

Obsolete;  indistinct,  as  if  worn  out. 
Obtuse;  blunt. 

Octandrous  ;  with  eight  stamens. 
Octogynous;  with  eight  styles. 
Officiiial :    used   in  or  belonging  to  tho 

shops. 
Oil^ct,  m. 
Oleaginous,  oily. 

Operculum  ;  tl'ie  lid  to  a  pyxis,  &c 
Oi)positc,  21N,  3. 
Orbicular,  2-32,  1. 
Orders,  335. 

"         names  of,  340. 
Ordinal ;  relating  to  tlie  Orders. 
Organic  bases,  23. 
Organography,  2. 
Orthotropou^",  121. 
Oval,  2-34,  24. 
Ovarv,  7G,  77. 

Ovate ;  egg-shaped  (surface),  as  a  leaf. 
Ovoid  ;  egg-formed  (solid),  as  a  fruit. 
Ovules,  bl,  St). 

Palcacions,  9!),  a. 

Palca.-,  2.')fi. 

Palmate,  147,  a. 

Paniluriform ;  fiddle-shaped,  rounded  at 
the  eiiiU,  narrow  in  the  middle. 

Panicle,  304. 

Papilionaceous,  105,  5. 

Papillose  ;  producing  small  glandular  ex- 
crescences. 

Pappus,  iX),  a. 

Parasitic  ;  growing  upon  or  nourished  by 
another. 

Parallel-veined,  229,  2. 

Parenchyma,  29,  2G1. 

Parietal  placentcc. 

Pectinate;  comb-like,  with  long,  narrow 
segments. 

Pedate ;  when  the  palmate  leaf  has  tho 
two  lateral  lobes  cut  into  two  or  more 
segments. 

Pedicel,  2S8. 

Pedicellate  ;  furnished  with  a  pediceL 

Peduncle,  2S7,  25S. 

Pellucid  ;  transparent. 

Peltate,  233,  21. 


122 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Pendulous ;  drooping,  hanging  down. 

Pentagonal ;  with  5  sides  and  5  angles. 

Pentundrous  ;  with  5  stamens. 

Pepo,  llf),  13. 

Perennial ;  enduring  three  years  or  more. 

Perfoliate,  -212,  2. 

Perianth,  ')i. 

Pericarp,  112. 

Perigynous  ;  inserted  into  the  calyx. 

Peristome  ;  the  rim  or  border  surromiding 
the  orifice  of  the  theca  of  a  moss. 

Pei-manent ;  same  as  persistent. 

Persistent,  98. 

Personate,  104,  5. 

Petiil,  101. 

Petaloid ;  resembling  petals. 

Pctiolate,  221. 

Petiole,  221,  222. 

Pha;nogamia,  46,  325. 

Pilose,  99,  a. 

Pinna? ;  (wings)  the  segments  of  a  pinnate 
leaf. 

Pinnate,  210,  1. 

Pinnatifid,  232,  15. 

Pistil,  5S,  75. 
"      physiological  structure  of,  S3. 
"      theoretical  structure  of,  S-1. 

Pistillate ;  bearing  pistils. 

Pith,  199. 

Placenta,  87. 

Plaited,  217,  6. 

Plant  defined,  10. 

Plicate  ;  folded  like  a  fan. 

Plumose,  99,  a. 

Plumule,  124,  6. 

Pod  ;  lesumes,  siliques,  &C. 

Pollen,  70. 

Polyandrous  ;  with  many  stamens. 

Polyadelphous ;  stamens  united  in  seve- 
ral sets. 

Polygamous ;  having  staminate  or  pistil- 
late and  perfect  flowers  on  the  same 
tree. 

Polygynous  ;  with  many  pistils. 

Polypetate,  334. 

Polypetalous,  101. 

Polysepalous,  96. 

Polvspermous ;  many-seeded. 

Poiiie,  116,  12. 

Pores;  apertures  of  perspiration  in  the 
cuticle. 

Premorse,  145,  i. 

Prickles,  43. 

Primiue,  90. 

Prismatic;  fonned  like  a  prism,  with  3 
or  more  angles. 

Procumbent;  trailing  on  the  ground. 

Proliferous  ;  fonning  young  plants  about 
the  roots. 

Prostrate  ;  trailing  flat  on  the  ground. 

Pubescent,  41 ,  a. 

Pulp  ;  the  soft,  juicy,  cellular  substance 
found  in  berries  and  other  fruits. 

Pulverulent;  powdery. 
Punctate,  237,  10. 


Pungent ;  stingmg  or  pricking, 
l^utamen,  112. 
Pyriform ;  pear-shaped. 
Pyxis,  116,11. 

Quinate,  241,9. 
Quincuneial,  108,  3. 

Eaceme,  208. 

Racemose ;  resembling  a  raceme. 

Kachis,  290. 

Radiate ;  when  the  outer  flowers  of  an  in- 
florescence are  largest,  or  furnished 
with  ravs.   , 

Radiate-veined,  230,  2. 

Radical,  220. 

Radicle,  124,  a. 

Ramiul,  220. 

Ramose,  144. 

Raphe,  121. 

Raphides,  29,  / 

Receptacle,  59. 

Recurved  ;  bent  or  curved  backwards. 

Reflexed  ;  curved  backwards  and  down- 
wards. 

Reniform,  232,  12. 

Repand,  2:35,  11. 

Respiration,  275  — 2S0. 

Resupinate ;  inverted. 

Reticulate,  229,  1. 

Retrorse ;  bent  backwards. 

Retuse,  236,  5. 

Revolute,  217,  4. 

Rhizoma,  ISl. 

Rhomboid ;  oval  and  angular  in  the  mid- 
dle. 

Rib  [costa] ;  ridge  caused  by  projecting 
veins,  &c. 

Ringent,  104,  5. 

Root,  136  — 160. 
"      growth  of,  153. 
"     forms  of,  1-13,  &c. 
"     use  of,  154. 
"     physiological  structure  of,  151. 

Rosaceous,  105,  2. 

Rostrate  ;  with  a  beak. 

Rosulate  ;  arranged  in  a  radiant  manner, 
hke  the  petals  cf  a  doable  rose. 

Rotate,  104,  4. 

Rugose,  237,  9. 

Ruiicinate,  232,  13. 

Runner,  1S5. 

Saccate ;  with  a  bag  or  sack. 
Sagittate,  232,  11. 
Sanuira,  116,  10. 
Sap,  26s. 
Sapwood,  203. 
Sarcocarp,  112. 
Scabrous ;  rough. 

Scale  ;  the  bracts  of  the  CompositaB. 
Scape,  1S6,  2S;D. 

Scarious  ;  dry,  colorless,  membranaceous. 
Scorpoid  ;  when  racemes  are  revolute  be- 
fore expansion,  as  Drosera,  &c. 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


123 


Scattered,  21^,  1. 

Secund;  turned  to  one  side. 

Secundine,  90. 

Scrobiculate  ;  pitted  or  furrowed. 

Seed,  117,  &c. 

"      vitality  of,  134. 
Segments ;  parts  or  divisions. 
Seminal ;  of  tlie  seed. 
Sepals,  9G. 
Septicidal,  115,  2. 
Septifrap-al,  115,3. 
Septinate,  241,  10. 
Septum ;  a  partition. 
Sericeous,  41 ,  a. 
Serrate,  '235,  3. 
Serrulate,  235,  3. 
Sessile,  221. 

Setaceous,  or  setose  ;  bristly. 
Setose,  99,  a. 

Sheath  ;  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf  or  leaf- 
stalk which  surrounds  the  stem. 
Shrub.  1G4,  6. 
Silicle,  116,  3. 
Silique,  110,  2. 
Sinuate,  2;32,  16. 
Sinus ;  the  recesses  formed  by  the  lobes 

of  leaves,  &c. 
Soporific ;  inducing  sleep. 
Sori ;  the  patches  of  fructification  on  the 

back  of  the  fronds  of  ferns. 
Spadix,  300. 
Spathe  ;  the  sheath  surrounding  a  spadix 

or  a  single  flower. 
Spathulate  ;  obovate,  with  the  lower  end 

much  narrowed  and  tapering. 
Species,  .50. 
Specific  names,  .342. 
Spermodenn  ;  skin  of  a  seed. 
Spike,  297. 
Spines,  171. 
Spinous,  235,  7. 
Spiral  vessels,  .33,  a. 
Spongioles,  142,  c. 
Spores,  129. 
Sporogens,  327. 
SporuTes  or  spores,  129. 
Spur,  107,  a. 
Stamens,  57,  65,  73. 
"        consist  of,  66. 
"        and  pistils,  use  of,  92. 
Staminate  ;  with  stamens  only,  barren. 
Standard  ;  same  as  vexillum  or  banner. 
Stellate,  242,  5, 
Stem,  161. 

"      functions  of,  208,  209. 
Sterile  ;  barren,  unfruitful. 
Stemutatorv  ;  exciting  to  sneezing. 
Stigma,  79.' 
Stings,  42. 

Stipe  ;  the  stalk  of  a  pod,  of  a  fungus,  &c. 
Stipels,  251. 

Stipitate,  bnrne  on  a  stipe. 
Stipules,  21'.'. 
Stipulate,  251. 
Stolon,  192. 


Stoloniferous ;  bearing  stolons. 

Stomata,  37,  3S,  39. 

Straight-veiTied ;     where    the    principal 

veins  pass  direct  to  the  margin. 
Strice  ;  small  streaks,  channels  or  fuiTOWS. 
Striate  ;  with  strisE,  slightly  furrowed,  &c. 
Strigose ;  clothed   with  short,  stifl",  and 

appressed  hairs. 
Strobile,  116,  15. 
Style,  7S. 
Stylopodium  ;  a  kind   of  disk  -which  is 

epigynous  and  confluent  with  the  style. 
Sub  ;  in  composition,  it  denotes  a  lower 

degree  of  the   quaUty.   a.s  sub-sessile, 

nearly  sessile,  &c. 
Submersed ;  under  water. 
Subulate ;  awl-shapcd. 
Succulent ;  thick,  juicy,  and  fleshy. 
Suffrutescent ;  somewfiat  shrabby. 
SutlVuticose  ;  same  as  the  last. 
Sulcate  ;  fuiTOwed  or  grooved. 
Superior,  97. 
Suture,  S'l. 
Symmetrical,  61,  c. 
Syncarpous ;  when  the  fniit  consists  of 

united  carpels. 
Syngenesioui  ;  when  the  anthers  are  uni- 
ted into  a  tube,  as  in  Corapositse. 
Systematic  botany,  310. 

Tap  root,  14.5,  c. 

Tendril,  1S7,  a. 

Terete  ;  rounded  or  cjdindric. 

Terminal ;  borne  at  the  summit. 

Ternate,  240,  4. 

Testa,  lis. 

Tetradynamous  ;  with  2  short  and  4  long 
stamens. 

Tetragynous  ;  with  4  pistils. 

Tetrandrous  ;  with  4  stamens. 

Thallogcns,  .331. 

Thallus ;  that  part  of  Lichens  which 
bears  the  fructification. 

Theca;  the  vessels  which  contain  the 
sporules  of  the  Crvptogamia. 

Thorn,  171. 

Throat;  the  orifice  of  the  tube  of  the 
corolla. 

Thyrse,  305. 

Tomentose,  41,  a. 

Toothed ;  dentate. 

Torose ;  uneven  or  undulating  on  the  sur- 
face. 

Torus ;  receptacle,  -59. 

Trailing  ;  creeping  or  lying  on  the  ground- 
Transverse  ;  cross-wise. 

Tree,  164,  a. 

Triandrous  ;  with  3  stamens. 

Tricuspidate  ;  having  three  points. 

Tridentate  ;  three-toothed. 

Trifid;  three-cleft. 

Tripinnate,  239,  6. 

Triternate,  239,  S. 

Truncate  ;  blunt,  as  if  cut  square  off. 

Trank,  1S9. 


124 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Tube,  103. 

Tuber,  180. 

Tuberiferous;  bearing  tubers. 

Tuberous,  147. 

Tubular,  10?. 

Tunicated,  178,  a. 

Turbinate  ;  shaped  like  a  top. 

Turgi<l ;  swollen. 

Umbel,  302,  a. 

Umbellet,  305,  a. 

Umbilicate;  depressed  in  the  centre. 

Unarmed,  235,  7. 

Uncinate  ;  liootced  at  the  end. 

Undulate ;  wavy. 

Unquis ;  liie  claw,  as  of  a  petal. 

Unilateral;  one-sided. 

Utricle,  11(3,  S. 

Valvato,  108,  1. 
Valves,  11.5. 
Varieties,  51. 
Vascular  tissue,  33. 
Vasculares,  47. 
Vaaiform  tissue,  32. 


Vcgef.ible  physiology,  3. 

Vegetable  kingdom,  variety  of,  13. 

Vegetation,  its  diffusion,  l4,  a. 

Veins,  228. 

Vcinlets,  228. 

Velvety ;  clothed  with  a  dense,  soft  pub- 
escence. 

Venation,  22G. 

Ventral,  84. 

Vernation,  21G. 

Verticilla.ster,  30[>. 

Vcrticillate,  218,  4. 

Vescicular;  bjaddeiy. 

Vexilhiry,  108,  G. 

Vexilluni,  105,  5. 

Villose ;  villous  ;  clothed  with  long  hairs. 

Vine,  187. 

Viscid ;  clammy,  sticky. 

Vittae ;  receptacles  oi  secretion  iu  tha 
seed  of  Urabellifer£e. 

Whorled,  17.5. 

Winged,  222,  2. 

Wood,  201,  202. 

Woody  tissue,  or  fibre,  30, 


CLASS-BOOK  OF  BOTANY. 

PART  SECOND, 


-m^^^m- 


PREFACE    TO    THE    TABLES. 


The  following  anahjl.kal  tables,  founded  upon  the  artificial  arrangetncnt 
of  Linnosus,  together  with  those  of  the  succeeding  pages  nnder  each  natural 
order,  are  designed  and  presented  simply  as  a  mode  of  botanic  analysis,  which 
is,  in  some  respects,  new  and  improved.  They  are  the  result  of  much  labor  and 
investigation,  since  each  character  employed,  required  a  previous  examination 
of  all  the  species  included  under  it.  They  reduce  the  process  of  analysis  to 
a  simple  series  of  dilemmas  or  alternatives,  the  decision  being,  in  almost  all 
cases,  to  be  made  merely  between  t(oo  opposite  or  obviously  distinct  characters. 
These  decisions  or  dilemmas  being,  nwreover,  few  in  number,  conduct  the  stu- 
dent with  absolute  precision  (provided  the  tables  be  free  from  error  and  the 
specimen  a  good  one),  to  the  order  or  genus  to  which  his  plant  belongs,  by 
once  reading  across  the  page.  The  advantages  thus  afforded  v»'ill  be  duly  ap- 
preciated, at  least  by  those  who  have  hitherto  been  subjected  to  the  drudgery 
of  readintr  through  whole  pages  of  dry  generic  descriptions,  and  that  too,  oft- 
en, without  arriving  at  any  satisfactory  conclusion. 

In  regard  to  the  generic  characters  employed  in  the  tables,  it  will  be  observed 
tliat  they  are  drawn  from  leaves,  fruit,  floioer,  or  any  portion  of  the  plant  which 
suited  our  convenience,  our  only  inquiry  being  after  those  which  appear  to 
us  the  most  obvious  and  constant.  It  should  be  remarked,  however,  that  in 
many  instances,  these  characters  are  not  strictly  applicable  to  all  the  known 
species  belonging  to  those  particular  genera,  but  only  to  those  which  are  de- 
scribed in  this  work,  that  is,  found  ia  New  England  or  New  York.  In  our 
choice  of  terms  we  have  always,  of  necessity,  studied  the  utmost  brevity  of 
expression,  but  have  used  none  but  such  as  are  explained  in  the  glossary  or 
in  the  body  of  the  work. 

AUhougli  the  manner  in  which  these  tables  are  to  be  used  will  in  general 
be  obvious  at  a  glance,  yet  it  may  not  be  unprofitable  to  attend  to  the  follow- 
A 


11  PREFACE  TO  THE  TABLES. 

ing  directions  and  illustrations.  We  will  suppose  the  student  to  be  in  posses- 
sion of  an  unknown  plant  which  he  wishes  to  study  by  the  aid  of  the  Flora, 
in  other  words,  to  analyze.  To  this  end,  he  first  determines  to  which  of  the 
Linnaean  classes  it  belongs,  either  by  his  previous  knowledge  of  their  char- 
acters, or  by  an  appeal  to  the  synopsis,  page  3.     Thus,  he  inquires, 

1.  Has  tlie  plant  stamens  and  pistils?     Answer     It  has. 

2.  Are  they  in  the  same,  or  in  separate  flowers.'     In  the  same  flower. 

3.  Are  the  stamens/z-ce  from  the  pistils,  or  udhcrcnt  to  them.'     Free. 

4.  Are  they  distinct  from  each  other,  or  united?     Distinct. 

5.  Are  tliey  of  equai  or  unequal  length  ?     Equal. 

G.  What  is  their  number?  Ten.  The  plant  is  therefore  of  the  class 
Decandria.     The  student  now  turns  to  class  10,  and  inquires, 

1.  What  is  the  number  of  s<y?es.?     Two.    The   artificial  order  is  Digynia. 

2.  Are  the  flowers  apetalous,  &c.  or  polijpetalous,  S^c?     Polypetalous. 

3.  Arc  the  iicta.\s  unguiculate  or  not  unguiculate?  Unguiculate.  The  nat- 
ural order  is  therefore  Caryophyllaceae.  Turn  now  to  natural  order  24, 
and  inquire, 

1.  Is  the  calyx  tubular,  or  not  tubular?     Tubular. 

2.  What  is  the  number  of  the  styles?     Two. 

3.  Ca.\yx  loilh,  or  without  scsiles  atlheha.se?  Without.  The  genus  is  there- 
fore Saponaria.  Turn  lastly  to  the  0th  genus,  and  learn  the  species  in  the 
usual  way. 

Attain,  suppose  that  by  the  synopsis,  page  3,  his  plant  is  ascertained  to 
belono-  to  class  12,  Icosandria;  by  reference  to  that  class  he  learns  its  artificial 
order  to  be  Polyandrla,  corresponding  with  natural  order  49,  Rosaceae.  Turn- 
intr  to  that  order  he  inquires,  with  the  conspectus  before  him, 

1.  Is  the  fruit  achcnia,  fullidcs ,  drupes  or  jmincs?     Achenia. 

2.  Are  the  achenia  naked,  or  enclosed,  &c.?     Naked. 
3. — Dry,  or  drupaceous,  &c.?     Dry. 

4.  Is  their  number  3 — many,  or  ouly  1 — 2  ?     3 — many. 

5. — On  a  dry  receptacle,  or  a.  juicy  one  .'     Dry.  [uous. 

6.— Caudate  with  the  persistent  styles,  or  are  the  styles  deciduous?     Decid- 

7.  Are  the  leaves  compound,  or  simple?     Compound. 

8.  Is  the  plant  caulescent,  or  acaulcsccnt  ?  Aoaulescent,  and  the  genus  is 
Waldsteinia.  Turn  lastly  to  that  genus  and  study  the  species.  Further  illus- 
trations are,  perhaps,  unnecessary. 


ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES. 


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ABBREVIATIONS. 


Very  few  abbreviations  or  arbitrary  characters  are  used  in  tliis  work.  The  impressions- 
made  by  them  upon  the  mind  of  the  learner,  even  wlien  well  understood,  are  believed  to 
be  less  vivid  than  those  conveyed  by  a  full  and  fair  type.  Abbreviated  words,  however, 
will  occasionally  be  found,  but  as  they  are  only  those  of  more  Irequent  usage  and  are  sim- 
ply shortened  by  the  omission  of  the  last  letters  or  syllables,  they  will  occasion  little  difficul- 
ty to  the  learner.     Some  of  iheni  are  as  follows  ; 


ace.  accumbent. 
ach.  achenia. 
CBStiv.  aestivation. 
(Uter.  alternate. 
ajnplex.  amplexicaul, 
ann.  annual. 
anth.  anther. 
Apr.  April. 
Aug.  August. 
axiil.  axillary. 
bien.  biennial. 
col.  calyx. 
cor.  corolla. 
Dec.  December. 
decid.  deciduous. 
dichot.  dichotomous. 
ell.  elliptical. 
einars-  emarginate. 


fpig.  epigynous. 

F(rb.  February. 
Jil.  filament, 
fl.  flower. 
Jls.  flowers. 
fr.  fruit. 
/(.  foot. 

hrt.  head.    hdf.  heads. 

hijp.  hypogynous. 

ivibr.  imbricate. 

inf.  inferior. 

invol.  involucre. 

irreg.  irregular. 

Jan.  January. 

Jti.  June. 

Jl.  July. 

leg.  legume. 

Ivs.  leaves. 


lorn,  loment. 
Mar.  March. 
Nov.  November. 
Oct.  October. 
opp.  opposite. 
ova.  ovary. 
ped.  peduncle. 
per    perennial. 
pet.  petal. 
perig.  perig^'nous. 
recept.  receptacle. 
reg.  regular. 
seg.  segment. 
Sept.  September. 
sta.  stamens. 
stig.  stignja. 
sds.  seeds. 


It  is  aside  from  the  design  of  a  work  purely  elementary'  like  the  present,  to  burden  its 
pages  with  long  lists  of  synonyms  and  authorities.  Of  the  former  we  have  introduced 
only  such  as  have  been  in  more  general  use  among  us,  and  are  adopted  in  such  works  as 
those  of  Torrey,  Nultall,  Beck,  Bigelow,  Eaton,  &c.  In  regard  to  authorities  lor  specific 
and  generic  names,  we  quote  none  except  where  .synonyms  are  introduced,  or  where  we 
are  indebted  to  colemporary  authors  of  our  own  country.  These  names  are  sometime* 
quoted  in  full  type  ;  others  are  abbreviated  as  follows ; 

Aitt  Alton.  Hook.  Hooker.  Pfts.  Persoon. 

jB«>.  Bigelow.  Jus.  Jussieu.  Poir.  Poiret. 

Br.  Brown.  L.  Linnaeus.  P.  Pursh. 

Dr.  DeCandolle.  Lind.  Lindley.  Raf.  Rafinesque. 

Darl.  Darlington.  Imtji.  Lamark.  Rich.  Richard. 

Desf.  Desfontaines.  Lee.  Le  Come.  Spr.  Sprengel. 

Dew.  Dewey.  L' Her.  L'Heretier.  Sw.  Swartz. 

Ell.  Elliot.  Manch.  Mcenchauson.  S^n.  Smith. 

Ea.  Eaton.  MuJi.  Muhlenberg.  T.  ^  G.  Torrey  and  Gray. 

G-n.  Gmelin.  Mr.  or  M.  Michaux.  Tor.  Torrey. 

Groii.  Gronoviiis.  N.  or  Nutt.  Nuttall.  W.  Willdenow.  &c. 


OF  THE 

NORTHERN  SECTIONS  OF  THE  U.  STATES, 

PARTICULARLY  OP 

FIRST  GRAND  DimtSION, 
PH.ENOGAMIA  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

Plants  consisting  of  a  regular  axis  of  growth  with  leafij  appendages  ; 

composed  of  a  cellular^  vascular  and  ligneous  structure  ; 

developing  flowers  and  producing 

seeds. 


SUBDIVISJON  FIRST, 

EXOGENS  OR  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

Stem  composed  of  distinct  bark  and  pith  with  an  intervening  layer 
of  woody  fibre  and  vessels.  Growth  by  annual,  concentric, 
■exteinal  zones  or  layers.  Leaves  mostly  with  reticulated  veins 
and  falling  off  by  an  articulation.  Sepals  and  petals  in  5s  and 
4s  much  oftener  than  in  3s.  Embryo  with  2  opposite,  or  several 
whorled  cotyledons. 


CLASS  I.     ANGIOSPERMS. 

Ovules  produced  within  an  ovary  and  fertilized  by  the  pollen 

through  the  medium  of  the  pistil,  becoming  seeds  enclosed  in 

a  PERICARP.     Embryo  with  two  opposite  cotyledons. 


SUBCLASS  I.     POLYPETALJ5. 

Floral  envelops  usually  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the 
latter  composed  of  distinct  petals. 
B 


KANUSCULACE,E,  14 


ORDER    I.  RANUNCULACE^.  The  Crowfoot  Tribe. 

Calyx — Sepals  usually  5,  sometimes  3,  4  or  6f  mostly  decMuous  and  imbricate  in  oEstivation. 

f'oToUa — Petals  '3 — 15,  sometimes  0,  hypogyiioHs. 

Stamftis — Indefinite,  numerous,  distinct,  hypo^^nous ; — anthers  adnate  or  innate. 

Ovaries — Numerous,  rarely  solitary  or  few,  seated  on  the  torus. 

Fruit — Achenia,  baccate  or  follicular. 

A  moderately  large  order  of  plants,  g-enerally  herbs,  in  a  few  instances  climbing-.  The 
leaves,  Which  are  mostly  aiierwate,  are  variously  divided,  with  half-clasping  petioles.  Very 
few  of  the  genera  are  found  in  hot  climates. 

Properties.  Almost  all  the  genera  contain  an  acrid  juice  highly  prejudicial  to  animal 
life,  but  easily  decomposed  and  deprived  of  its  activity  by  a  heat  of  212  deg.  They  also 
lose  tlieir  poisonous  qualities  in  drying.     This  order  is  rich  in  ornamental  cultivated  plants. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

1 ;  anthers  introrse  ;  /  '""'■'=""^''  "^''^"^  "^  °''''^"?'  j^'""":,  \ 

'  '  (  racemes  long,  virgate,  Cimiafuga.    2 

J-.    I  petals  not  spurred;  flowers  erect,  NIgelki.       ^17 

'    I  petals  spurred,  equal ;  flowers  iiodiVing,-  A'juilegia.      I'i 

'ju  1.»   J  o    ^ .    (  corolla  irregular ;  sepals  5,  |  "PPCT'^'"=  f P^^^ed  at  base,  mphmmm.  10 

Styles   ^2 — 3;    )                      6         i       i          '  |  upper  one  large,  vaulted,  Aronitum.     14 

I  corolla  regular;  fruit  follicular,  Peronia.         10 

(  fruit  acheiiiT  •  )  '^■*-  entiWor  palmately  div.  Ranunculus.   4 

r  petals  5-1.5 ;                            '  {  Y^"--"^'  P''"!'"'^'/  '"^ided,  Mo^.          15 

(  fruit  follicn  •        leaves  eauline,  Trolhus.         12 

.„_,..!                          Uruit  lollicu.,     I  leaves  radical,  Coptis.           11 

■''1                          f  involucre  calyx-like,  near  the  flower,  Hepatica.        7 

I  petals  0,  the!  involucre  leal-like,  distant  from  the  flower,  Anemone.        ($ 

[  calyx  colrd.;  !                         I  Ivs.  opposite ;  stem  climbing,  Cle7nuti.s.         5 

I  involucre  0;  J                            ( 2-3-ternate,  T/ialirtrmn.    3 

( Ivs.  alternate,  I  simple,  Caltka.            'J 

( 2  only,  Hydrastis.       8 

1.  ACTiE' A. 

Calyx  4-sepalcd,  deciduous;  petals  4,  often  wanting;  stig- 
ma 1  ;  berry  1-cellcd,  man^-seeded  ;  seeds  hemispherical. 

Gr  .  ax-Tt),  the  elder,  which  plant  these  herbs  resemble  in  foliage.  Cal.  infe- 
rior, of  four  circular,  obtuse  sepals.  Pet.  oblong,  clawed.  Fii.  about  30,  dilated 
above.  Aiith.  2-lobed.  Ova.  ovate.  Stig.  sessile.  Berry  globular,  smooth, 
with  a  lateral  furrow.  Seeds  in  two  rows. — Perennial  herbs  with  palmately 
divided  leaves. 

1.  A.  RUBRA.      B.  A.  Americana,  P. 

Leaves  twice  and  thrice  ternate  ;  raceme  hemispherical ;  petals  acute  ;  pedi- 
cels of  the  fruit  slender;  berries  red,  ovate-oblong.  Not  uncommon  in  rocky 
woods,  and  rarely  found  in  the  borders  of  fields.  The  stem  divides  into  two 
branches,  one  of  which  usually  bears  leaves  only,  the  other,  leaves  and  a  btinch 
of  flowers.  The  leaves  are  irregularly  2  and  3-ternute  with  leaflets  ovate- 
lanceolate,  variously  lobed  and  cut.  Petioles  lengthened,  smooth  as  well  as 
nearly  the  whole  plant.  Raceme  of  flowers  dense,  white.  Pedicels  smallest 
in  their  midst.  Plantabout2feethigh,  slightly  glaucous.  May.  Red  Baiuberrij. 

2.  A.  ALBA.      B.  A.  Americana,  /3  alba.     P. 

Leaves  twice  and  thrice  ternate;  rficeme  oblong;  petals  truncate;  pedicels 
of  the  fruit  thicker  than  the  peduncle  ;  berries  white.  Resembles  the  foregoing 
in  foliage  and  habits,  but  is  readily  distinguished  bj'  the  racemes,  wl>ic!*- are 
narrower  and  much  longer,  by  the  thickened  pedicels  and  tiie  milk-white 
fruit.  U'hitc  Buncberry. 


KANDNCCLACE^. 


^5  RANeNeCLES. 


2.  CIMICI'FUGA. 

Calyx  4— 5-sepaled  ;  corolla  4— 6-petaIed,  sometimes  want- 
ing;  follicles  1 — S,  oblong,  many-seeded. 

Lat.  cimex,  a  hug,fugo,  to  drive  away,  imJieating  a  certain  supposed  prop- 
erty of  one  of  tiie  species.     Plants  herbaceous. 

C.    RACEMO'S.'V..      Ells.  Actaea  racemosa.     P. 

Leaves  ternately  decompound;  lenflcts  ovate-ob'long,  eut-dentate ;  ramncs 
very  long ;  capsules  follicular,  dry, dehiscent,  ovate  ;  s/ylel.  A  tali, leafy  pknt, 
with  the  aspect  of  an  Actaea,  found  in  upland  woods.  Stern  4—8  feK  high 
with  lono-  panicled  racemes  of  white  sepaled,  and  monogynous  flowers.  Pe- 
tals small,  4—6.  Stamens  about  100  to  each  flower,  giving  the  raceme  the 
appearance  of  a  long  and  slender  plume.  Flowers  very  fetid.  The  Indians 
use  the  root  to  cure  the  bite  of  the  Rattle-snake.    Jn.  Jl.  Per.  Black  Snake-root, 

3.  THALI'CTRUM. 

Calyx  4— 5-sepaled,  colored;  corolla  0;  seeds  without 
awns. 

Said  to  be  from  BuXXa),  to  begreen.  Sepals  roundish,  concave,  deciduous. 
Fil.  numerous,  compressed,  dilated  upwards,  longer  than  calyx.  Ovaries  su- 
perior,  numerous.     Sty.  0.     Stig.  many.     Achenia  ovate. 

1.  T.    DIOI'CUM. 

Very  smooth;  leaves  decompound;  leaflets  roundish,  with  obtuse  lobes; 
fiUments  filiform  ;  fluwers  dioecious.  Herb  1  or  2  feeihigh,  growing  jn  mead^ 
ows  and  woods.  Stem  striate,  jointed.  Leaflets  paler  beneath,  w^th  o  to  / 
rounded  lobes  or  teeth.  Flow^s  in  -long-stacked  panicles,  bepals  o  <ibVsse, 
purplish.  The  barren  flowers  with  numerous  slender  filamecls  and  yellow 
anthers;  the  fertile  ones  smaller,  with  shorter  stamens.  Fruit  oval  striate. 
j^j^y_  pgj_  Early  Meadoio  Rue. 

2.  T.    CoRNu'ti.     L.  T.  Corynellum.     Dc. 
Flowers  polygamous  ;  filaments  clavate ;  /ra J^'sessile ,  striate  ;  leaflets  obtusely 

3-lobed,  paler  underneath.  A  handsome,  herbaceous  plant,  common  in  mead- 
ows. Stem3-4  feethigh.  smooth, hollow,  jointed,  furrowed.  Leaves  resem- 
blincr  those  of  the  Columbine  (Aquilegia),  green  above,  smooth  several  times 
compounded.  Petioles  sheathing  at  base.  Panicles  large  and  difi-use.  The 
barren  flowers  have  numerous  club-shaped  stamens  with  oblong  yellow 
anthers.    Fertile  flowers  smaller  and  less  crowded.  Jn,  Jl.  Per.   Meadoio  Rue. 

3.  T.   ANEMONOI'DES.      Mx.  Anemone  thalictroides.     L. 
Flowers  Vimhe\eA;  floral  leaves  petiolat^,  simple,  whorled,  resembling  an 

involucrum  ;  radical  leaves  biternate.  Woods  and  pastures.  The  root  ot  this 
little  herbaceous  plant  consists  of  several  oblong  tubercles.  Stem  erect,  ()— S 
inches  hio-h,  slender,  beaj^wg  several  flowers  at  the  top  in  a  sort  ot  umbel. 
Leaves  broad-cordate,  3-lobed  at  the  end,  on  Ions  petioles,  surrounding  the 
umbel  in  a  kind  of  involucre.  Radical  leaves  2— 3-ternate.  Flowers  white. 
April,  May.  Per.  ■R"^  -Anemone. 

4.  RANU  NCULUS. 

Calyx  5-sepaled;  petals  5,  with  a  nectariferous  pore  at  the 
base  of  each,  inside;  achenia  numerous,  crowded. 

Said  to  be  derived  from  rana,  a  frog,  on  account  of  the  aquatic  habits  of 


KANUNCULACEJE.  16  RANUNCULUS. 

some  of  its  species.  A  large  and  well  known  genus  of  perennial  herbs,  made 
the  type  of  the  Order.  Cal.  inf.  of  5  ovate  leaves.  Pet.  5,  roundish,  shining. 
Nect.  a  pore  sometimes  covered  b}'  a  scale.  Fil.  numerous,  much  shorter  than- 
pet.  Ova.  many,  collected  into  a  round  head. 

*  Leaves  simple,  undivided. 

1.  R.  Fla'mmula. 

Leaves  smooth,  lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  petiolate  ;  pcdioicJcs  opposite  the 
leaves ;  stem  declining,  rooting.  An  aquatic  herb,  growing  in  ditches,  &c. 
Root  fibrous.  Stem  6 — 18  inches  long,  more  or  less  decumbent,  with  alternate, 
nearly  entire  leaves  thickened  at  the  tip.  Flowers  lateral  and  terminal,  soli- 
tary, of  a  golden  yellow.     It  contains  a  very  acrid  juice.     Jn. — Aug. 

Small  Spcarworl. 

2.  J\.    REPTANS.      L.  Var.  filiformis.     B. 

Very  small,  smooth}  s/crrefiliform,  creeping,  geniculate;  ?iof/fis  one-flowered  ; 
leaves  linear-subulate,  obtuse.  A  very  slender  species,  (J — 10  inches  long, 
creeping  on  river  banks,  tVc.  with  small,  yellow  flowers,  fading  to  white,  on 
a.xillary  peduncles.     Fruit  very  smooth.     Jl.  Creeping  Crowfoot. 

/3.  ovalis.     B.  Petals  5 — 8.     Leaves  oval  and  lanceolate. 

3.  R.    CYMBALA'RIUS. 

Very  small,  smooth;  stem  filiform,  creeping,  rooting  at  the  joints ; /cares 
reniform-ordate,  crenate-denlate  ;  pcrfM7?c/es  solitary,  mostly  2-flowered  ;  pet- 
als spathulate  ;  fruit  oblong.  In  salt  marshes,  at  Saliua,  ^'C.  Flowers  small, 
with  bright  yellow  petals.     June.  Sea  Crowfoot. 

*  *  Leaves  divided. 

4.  R.    ABORTI'VUS. 

Radical  leaves  roundish,  cordate  at  base,  crenate,  petiolate ;  cauUne  leaves 
ternate  or  pedate,  angular,  with  linear  segments.  A  very  pretty  species  found 
in  woods,  remarkable  for  the  dissimilarity  of  the  root  and  stem  leaves.  Stem 
nearly  a  foot  high,  smooth  as  well  as  the  leaves.  The  leaves  which  spring 
from  the  root  are  on  long  stalks,  kidney-shaped  or  roundish-heart-shaped, 
regularly  margined  with  crenate  divisions.  The  lower  stem  leaves  are  pedate, 
with  a  pentangular  outline;  the  upper,  in  3-deep  divisions,  sessile.  Flowers 
small,  yellow.     Fruit  in  globular  heads.     May.  Jn.     Round-leaved  Croufoot. 

5.  R.    SCELERA'TUS. 

Smooth;  loiver  Zcares  palmate ;  upper  ones  sessile,  digitate;  /rj/iZ  oblong. 
Grows  in  wet  places.  The  stem  is  much  branched,  a  foot  high,  round,  thick, 
hollow.  Lower  leaves  more  evidently  stalked,  larger  and  less  deeply  divided 
than  the  upper  ones.  Floral  leaves  (bracts)  mostly  simple,  lanceolate  and 
entire.  Flowers  numerous,  small,  yellow.  Calyx  defle.\ed.  This  is  one  of 
the  most  acrid  of  tlie  tribe,  and  will  raise  blisters  upon  the  skin.     Jn.  Jl. 

Celery  Croicfoot. 

6.  R.    ACRIS. 

Leaves  pubescent,  in  3-divisions,  incisely  cut  and  toothed,  the  upper  ones 
linear;  s^em  erect,  many-flowered;  f«/(/2;  spreading.  This  is  the  more  com- 
mon species,  variously  denominated  butler-cups,  yellow-weed,  i^-c.  It  spreads 
rapidly  in  pastures  and  meadows,  and  often  becomes  an  annoyance  to  farmers, 
since  cattle  will  not  eat  it  e.xccpt  when  dry,  and  even  then  with  little  relish. 
Stem  2  feet  high,  hollow,  branching.    Upper  leaves  in  3  linear,  entire  segments. 


RANUNCDLACEiE.  17  RANUNCULUS. 


Flowers  large,  of  a  brilliant  yellow,  and  so  numerous  as  often  to  clothe  whole 
fields  in  their  golden  mantle.  There  is  acultivated  variety,  w:th  double  flow- 
ers.    Jn.— Sept.  Bidtcr-cups. 

7.  R.    BULBO'SUS. 

Hairy;  s^em  erect,  bulbons  at  the  base;  radical  leaves  ternaie  ;  lenjlets  petl- 
olate,  incisely  dentate,  each  about  ;?-cleft;  pcr/zwic/fif  furrowed  ;  calyx  retle.xed. 
This  is  another  acrid  species,  very  coininon  in  pastures,  mow-lands,  &c.  Root 
fleshy.  Stem  leafy,  lurrowed,  12—18  inches  high,  hollow,  thickened  at  the 
base  into  a  sort  of  bulb,  and  dividing  above  into  upright  peduncles,  with  gol- 
den-yellow flowers.  It  is  well  distinguished  from  R.  acris  by  the  lower  ternate 
and  hairy  leaves,  and  the  reflexed  calyx  leaves.     Flowering  all  summer. 

Bulbous  Croirfoot. 

8.  R.  fascicula'ris. 

Leaves  pubescent,  ternate,  the  middle  segment  deeply  3-cleft ;  ro7?/x  spread- 
ing, villous,  shorter  tlian  the  petals;  ^stern  erect,  branching.  Grows  on  dry 
hills  and  in  woods,  flowering  in  April  and  May.  Root  a /fl5c;<;/«  of  fleshy 
fibres.  Rdot  kaves  on  lon;.r  stalks,  so  divided  as  to  appear  nearly  pinnate. 
Flowers  large.  Nectary  a  flat  scale  as  broad  as  the  transparent  claw  of  the 
petal.     Caly.x  sjireadiiig,  yellow  inside,  hairy  outside.  Early  Ciovjout. 

9.  R.    PeNNSYLVA'NICUS.       L.  R-  Hispidus.     P. 
.S<em  hispid,  erect,  branching;  /eaMsteraate  ;  hafiets  s\.-A.\keA,  deeply  3-cleft, 

cut  and  toothed,  hairy  beneath  ;  calyx  reflexed,  rather  longer  than  the  round- 
ish petals.  A  very  hairy  plant,  above  a  foot  high,  found  in  wet  meadows. 
Leaflets  strongly  veined  with  spreading  segments.  Flowers  numerous,  bright 
yellow,  terminal.     Petals  orbicular,  hardly  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Jn. — Aug. 

Bristly  Crowfuol. 

10.  R.  recurva'tus. 

.S/fm  erect;  leaves  3-parted,  incised  at  the  apex  and  cunciate  at  the  base, 
hairy;  c«/!/x  recurved  ;  petals  linear-lanceolate.  Also  a  hairy  species,  afoot 
high,  growing  in  woods.  Stem  very  hairy,  brajiched  at  top  and  leafy.  Leaves 
somewhat  S-iuigled.  iia'J-broad-oval. segments,  the  lateral  ones2-lobed.  Flow- 
ers small,  nearly  white  of  yellowisk.  Achenia  ovate,  with  minute,  hooked 
beaks.     May.— Jl.  Recurved  Croicfoot. 

11.  R.    REl'ENS. 

Le«»es  ternate  ;  Zca^c(5  crenate,  3-lobed,  cut-dentate;  main  stems  creeping, 
flowering  ones  erect;  /jerftmc/ 65 furrowed  ;  calyr  spreading.  In  wet  or  shady 
places.  "Readily  distinguished  by  its  long,  prostrate  stems  which  are  jointed, 
leafy  and  branching.  The  upright  stems  are  short  and  ramose  with  bright 
yellow  flowers  of  middle  size.  Petals  often  emarginate.  The  herb  is  dark 
green,  riulher  rough  and  hairy.     Flowers  all  summer.  Trailing  Croirfoot. 

12.  R.  Pu'RSHII.  Richardson.  R.  Fluviatilis.  B. 
Floating;  leaves  cleft  into  numerous  capillary  segments  with  axillary  leaf- 
lets ;  peduncles  opposite  to  bracts;  petals  5—8,  of  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx;  7iec<«/-(/ concave.  It  grows  in  stagnant  pools,  where  the  stems  float 
in  the  water,  and  are  several  feet  in  length.  Leaves  on  short  stalks,  all  sub- 
merged, with  clasping  menbranaceous  stipules.  Peduncles  emerging,  forked, 
striate,  bearing  large,  terminal,  yellow  flowers.  Nectary  nearly  as  long  as  the 
■iiiamenta.     Calyx'spreading,  caducous,  thick,  hairy.     May.  Jn. 

Floating  Crowfoot. 

1* 


RANUNCULACE^.  18 


13.  R.    AQUA'tILIS.       L.  R.  Fluviatilis.      IV. 

Stc7ns  submerged,  filiform;  leaves  all  capillary-dicliotomous.  In  ponds 
and  slugoish  streams,  where  the  whole  plant  is  submerged  with  the  exception 
of  the  flowers.  Stem  long,  slender,  weak,  round,  smooth.  Leaves  alternate, 
divided  in  a  dichotomous  ujanner  into  innumerable,  hair-like  segments.  Pe- 
duncle.? opposite  the  bracts.  Flowers  yellowish  white.  Tiiis  species  is  hardly 
distinct  from  the  preceding.     Jl.  Aug.  River  Crowfoot. 

14.  R.  Asia'ticus. 

Leaves  ternate  and  biternate ;  segments  toothed  or  cut,  trifid ;  stem  erect, 
simple  or  branched;  fruit  in  a  cylindrical  spike.  Native  of  Levant.  This 
popular  and  splendid  flowering  s])ecies  has  been  cultivated  for  centuries  in  the 
gardens  of  Europe,  and  has  become  frequent  in  those  of  this  country.  Under 
cultivation  it  sports  into  innumerable  varieties,  chiefly  double,  of  every  con- 
ceivable, variegated  hue.  More  than  800  varieties  have  been  named  in  Euro- 
pean catalogues.  Indeed  the  varieties  raised  from  seeds  may  be  said  to  be 
endless,  since  no  two  plants  will  flower  alike,  or  like  the  original.  Favorite 
sorts  must  bo  propagated  by  oSsets,  and  will  generally  blossom  the  first  year. 
It  prefers  a  rich  loamy  soil,  well  manured  Vi-ith  fine  rotten  compost.  The 
roots  are  to  be  planted  in  Nov.  Seeds  sown  in  April.  The  plant  grows  1 — 2 
feet  high,  leafy,  branches  from  the  middle,  bearing  several  flowers,  which  are 
not  untrequently  0  inches  in  diameter.     May.  Jn.  Garden  Ranunculus . 

5  .    C  L  R'  M  A  T  I  S . 

Calyx  4 — S-sepaled ;  corolla  0:  achenia  with  along,  plu- 
mose Cauda. 

Gr.  x.Xrifjucc,  a  tendril;  the  species  are  perennial,  climbing  herbs.  Sep.  4, 
rarely  5.  C  or  8,  colored,  oblong,  lax,  pubescent.  Fil.  numerous,  shorter  than 
calyx.  Ova.  4 — 20.  Sty.  longer  than  stani.  Achen.  tailed  with  the  long, 
perm,  style. 

1.  C.  Virginia'na. 

Climbing;  leaves  ternate;  leaflets  ovate,  cordate,  cut-dentate  and  lobed : 
fioioers  dicecious.  A  very  common,  hardy,  climbing  plant,  found  in  shady 
thickets.  Stem  many  feet  in  length,  supporting  itself  on  fences  and  bushes 
by  means  of  its  long,  opposite  petioles,  which  serve  as  tendrils,  twining  around 
twigs,  &LC.  Flowers  white,  in  large,  axillary,  dichotomous  panicles.  The 
seeds  when  ripe  are  furnished  with  long,  plumose  tails  (cauda;.)  appearing  in 
large  downy  tufts.     Aug.  Virgiiis  Boicer. 

2.  C.  Vio'rna. 

Climbing;  leaves  compound  and  decompound;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  trifid  and  entire  ;  flowers  solitary ,  campanula tc  ;  sepals  thick, 
leathery,  acuminate.  A  twining  vine  a  dozen  feet  in  length,  cylindric.  striate. 
Leaves  opposite,  stalked,  composed  of  !i  or  12  leaflets  v.'iiich  are  arranged  iis 
3s.  Flowers  purple,  axillary.  Peduncles  long,  with  a  pair  of  simple  leaves 
in  the  middle.     Fruit  with  long,  plumose  taila.     Jn.  Lcuthcr-floicer. 

».    C.    CRISPA. 

Climbing;  Zfares  pinnate  and  ternate;  ^rc//?(?/s  divaricate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, 3-lobed  or  entire;  /'oic^r*- solitary  ;  se/za/.f  acuminate,  revoliite,  with  un- 
dulated margins.  Stem  twining,  C — 8  feet  long.  Flower  large,  pale  purple, 
bell-shaped,  the  sepals  approximate  in  their  lower  part,  and  spreading  or  revo- 


RANCNCULACK.^. 


19  ANEMONE. 


lute  at  the  end.     Flower-stalk  axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaf.     Fruit  with  a 
naked  cauda.     Jl.  Curl-fioioered  Clematis. 

4.  C.  Fla'mmula. 

Lenvrs  pinnate,  sejrments  smooth,  entire,  round-oval,  oblong  or  linear,  acute 
From  France.  A  fine  climber  for  arbors,  &c.  very  ornamental  and  sweet 
scented.     Flowers  white.     Jl.— Oct.  ^iceet  Virgins  Bower 

5.  C.    FLO'RIDA. 

Leaves  lernate,  decompound  ;  serrments  ovate,  acute,  entire  ;  sepals  acumin- 
ate, naked.  From  Japan.  Vine  12  feet  long,  with  large,  white  and  yellow 
flowers.     Jn.— Sept.  Largc-fiowered  Virgins  Bower. 

G.  C.  vitice'lla. 

Leaves  entire,  ternate,  decompound  ;  lobes  or  segments  entire  ;  se-paJs  oho- 
vate.  From  Spain.  Tliis,  as  well  as  the  preceding  species,  is  oilen  double- 
flowered.     Vine  20  feet  long.     Flowers  purple. 

7.    C.    VER,TICILLa'riS.      Dc-  Atragene  Americana.     Sm. 

Leaves  verticillate,  in  4s,  ternate;  hnfiets  cordate,  nearly  entire  ;  pednneJes 
1 -flowered;  petals  acute.  A  beautiful  climbing  vine,  in  highland  woods,  at 
Windsor,  Vt.  Stem  ascending  trees  ]5  feet  by  means  of  its  clasping  leaf- 
stalks. At  each  node  is  a  whorl  of  4  ternate  leaves  and  2  large,  purple,  oppo- 
site flowers.     May.  Jn.  Whorl-leaved  Virgin's  Bower. 

All  the  species'are  ornamental  and  of  easy  culture.  They  require  only  a 
common  soil,  and  are  propagated  by  layers,  cuttings,  or  from  the  seed. 

6 .    A  N  E  M  O' N  E  . 
Calyx  5— 9-sepalecl:  corolla  0  :  achenia  numerous. 

Gr.  a.vif^ni',  wind  ;  because  most  of  the  species  grow  in  elevated,  windy 
places.  A  rather  large  crenus  of  perennial  herbs.  Sep.  5—15,  regular,  colored. 
Fil.  .numerous,  much  shorter  than  sep.  Ova.  sup.,  collected  into  a  roundish, 
or  oval  head.     Sty.  numerous,  short. 

1.  A.    NEMORO'SA. 

Leaves  ternate  ;  /cfl/7rf.';5-parted,  with  incisely  dentate,  lanceolate  and  acute 
segments;  iwro/wcram  similar  (to  the  leaves.)  petiolate;  stem  l-Ro\vered.  A 
common  and  interesting  little  plant,  found  in  old  woods,  hedges,  and  sometimes 
in  open  fields.  Root  creeping.  Stem  6—10  inches  high,  erect.  The  involu- 
cre consists  of  3  petiolate  leaves  placed  in  a  whorl  near  the  top  of  the  stem. 
Leaflets  or  bracts  cut-toothed  and  lobed,  the  lateral  segments  cleft,  sometnnes 
quite  to  the  base,  so  as  to  render  the  leaf  quinate.  At  the  top  of  the  stem  is  a 
single  flower  of  5  sepals,  which  are  white,  purplish  outside.     Apr.  May. 

Wood  .Inemone.    Wmd-fower. 

2.  A.  Virginia'na. 

Leaves  ternate,  segments  trifid,  cut-toothed,  acuminate  ;  frvi.t  in  an  oblong 
ovate  head.  A  tall  species  of  very  different  aspect  from  the  Wood  Anemone 
found  in  dry  woods,  and  in  hilly  pastures.  Stem  erect,  2—3  feet  high,  round 
straight,  hairy,  branched  into  about  3  very  long-,  sraight,  erect  parallel  pedun- 
cles. Flowers  solitary,  vellowish  green.  '  Calyx  silky  outside.  Fruit  woolly 
July.  ' "  Virginian  .inemone 


RANUNCULACEJE.  20 


3.  A.    PeNNSYLVa'NICA.      L.  a.  aconitifolia.     Mx. 

5iem  dichotomous;  rarficaZ  leaves  palmate ;  cmdiiic  hnvcs  sess'i\e,  clasping, 
3-cleft,  the  lower  ones  ternate,  with  acute,  lanceolate,  incisely  serrate  lobes; 
peduncles  solitary,  1-flowered  ;  fruit  in  globose  heads,  subulate-beaked.  Stem 
about  15  inches  high,  divided  above  the  middle  into  2  shortish  branches  with 
a  flower-stalk  between  them,  and  a  whorl  (involucre)  of  3  leaves  at  their  base. 
Flowers  large,  white,  appearing  in  June.  Penmylvauian  Jlnemone. 

4.  A.    CYLl'NDRICA.       Gray. 

"  Silky  pubescent;  leaves  ternately  divided  ;  lateral  segments  2-parted,  the 
intermediate  one  3-cIeft;  lobes  linear- knceolate,  with  the  apex  incisely  tootlied; 
those  of  the  involucre  petioled  ;  peduncles  2 — C,  rarely  1  ;  sepals  5,  obovate, 
obtuse  ;  car^>e/s  woolly  in  a  long  cylindrical  head.'"  N.  Y.  Vt.  Lebanon,  N  H. 
Plant  2  feet  high,  the  diverging,  subumbelled  peduncles  a  thiid  as  long.  Flow- 
ers pale  yellow,  large,  solitary.     Heads  of  carpels  an  inch  in  length.  May.  Jn. 

5.  A.    MULTi'fiDA.      Do.  a.  Hudsoniana.     Rich. 

Hairy;  /ear cs  ternately  divided;  segments  cuneiform,  3  cleft,  gashed,  the 
lobes  linear  acute,  those  of  the  involucre  and  involucels  similar,  on  short  pe- 
tioles;  sepals  0 — 8,  oval-obtuse.  About  a  foot  high.  Flowers  white,  yellow, 
red  or  purple.  Sepals  covered  witii  a  silky  pubescence  outside.  In  the  val- 
leys of  the  Hudson  and  Ct. 

6.  A.    CORONA'RIA. 

Leaves  ternate,  with  multifid  segments  and  linear,  mucronate  lobes  ;  senals 
6,  oval,  close.  From  Levant.  A  hardy  flowering  plant,  with  large,  single  or 
double  variegated  flowers.     May.  Puppy  Anemone. 

8.  A.  horte'nsis. 

Leaves  3-parted,  with  crenate,  cut-dentate  lobes  ;  invnl.  sessile,  of  oblong, 
entire  or  cut  leaflets;  sepals  10 — 12,  oblong.  From  Italy.  A  fine  garden 
species,  with  double  and  semidouble  varieties  of  red,  white  and  blue  flowers. 
May.  Star  .'humonc. 

Anemonies  prefer  a  fresh,  loamy  soil.  The  root  is  commonly  planted  in 
October,  but  if  planted  every  month  they  flower  every  month. 

7.     HEPA'TICA. 

Involucre  of  3  bracts,  entire,  resembling  a  calvx:  calyx  of  6 
— 9  petaloid  leaves,  disposed  in  2  or  3  rows:  achenia  awnless. 

Gr.  'riTfo.'ciy.oi,  of  the  liver;  the  three  lobes  of  the  leaf  have  been  compared 
lo  the  three  lobes  of  the  liver.  Invol.  of  3,  ovate  obtuse,  hairy  leaflets,  situ- 
ated on  the  scape  a  short  distance  below  the  colored  calv-x.  A  small  genus  of 
.small  perennial  herbs. 

H.    TRI  LOBA.       Chaiz.  Anemone  Hepatica.     L. 

Leaves  trilobate,  the  lobes  entire;  scape  one-flowered,  hairy.  This  little 
plant  is  one  of  the  earliest  harbingers  of  spring,  often  putting  forth  its  neat  and 
elegant  flowers  in  the  neighborhood  of  some  lingering  snow-bank.  The  root  con- 
sists of  numerous  and  strong  fibres.  Leaves  all  radical,  on  long,  hairy  petioles, 
smooth,  evergreen,  coriaceous,  divided  into  3-lobes  which  suggestall  its  names. 
Flowers  on  scapes  3  or  4  inches  long,  solitary,  numerous,  generally  blue,  but 


EAN0NCULACEJE.  21  l^ELPHINIUM. 


frequently  in  varieties  of  white  and  flesh-color.     They  are  also  sometimes 
double.     In  respect  to  the  form  of  the  leaves  there  are  two  varieties  : 

a.,     ohtuga,  lobes  obtuse,  rounded; 

/3.     acuta,  lobes  acute. 
Grows  in  woods,  the  former  variety  prefering  the  south  side  of  hills,  the  latter, 
the  north.     In  the  garden,  it  makes  a  fine  border  flower.     April. 

Livericort.  Early  Anemone. 

8.    HYDRA'STIS. 

Calyx  3-sepaled;  corolla  0  ;  berrj  composed  of  one-seeded 
acines. 

Gr.  'f^^g,  water;  in  reference  to  the  humid  places  in  which  it  grows. 
Cal.  of  3,  ovate,  regular,  colored  leaves,  a  little  longer  than  the  numerous  fil. 
Sty.  numerous. 

H.  Canade'nsis. 

Stem  with  2  alternate  leaves  above,  which  are  petiolate,  emarginate  at  base, 
palmate  with  3—5  lobes;  peduncle  terminal,  solitary,  1-flowered.  The  only 
species.  In  bog  meadows.  The  root  is  of  a  deep  yellow  color  internally. 
Stem  6 — 9  inches  high,  becoming  purplish,  hairy  above.  Flowers  solitary, 
white,  of  short  duration.  Fruit  resembling  the  raspberry,  red  and  juicy. 
May.  June.  Turmeric-root. 

9 .    C  A  L  T  H  A  . 

Sepals  5,  orbicular;  petals  0;  capsules  5 — 10,  one-celled, 
many-seeded. 

Gr.  y.aXct.&oi,  a  goblet ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  yellow  calyx  which 
may  be  well  compared  to  a  golden  cup.  Sep.  petaloid,  inf.  Nee.  0  ;  Fil.  many, 
shorter  than  sep.  Ova.  5 — 10,  obi.  compr.  erect.         Styles  0. — Aquatic  herbs. 

C.    PALU'STRIS. 

Stem  erect;  leaves  cordate,  suborbicular,  acute,  crenate.  A  smooth,  hand- 
some, early  flowering  plant,  native  of  wet  meadows,  which  it  adorns  with  a 
profusion  of  dark  green  leaves  and  bright  yellow  flowers.  Root  large,  branch- 
ing. Stem  about  a  foot  high,  hollow,  round,  dichotomous.  Lower  leaves  on 
loner,  semi-cylindric  foot-stalks.  Upper  ones  sessile,  all  of  a  deep,  shining 
green,  veiny  and  smooth.  Flowers  of  a  golden  yellow  in  all  their  parts,  on 
simple,  axillary  stalks.  The  outer  row  of  filaments  twice  as  long  as  the  inner, 
club-shaped.  The  young  leaves  are  in  great  request  in  spring  for  greens.  A 
variet}',  with  double  flowers  is  cultivated  in  gardens.     May.   Per. 

Cowslips.  Mci^sh  Marygold. 

10.    DELPHI'NIUM. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  colored,  the  upper  one  spurred  ;  corolla 
4-petaled,  very  irregular,  terminating  behind  in  a  tubular, 
nectariferous  spur,  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx;  styles 
1  or  3;  follicles  1  or  3. 

Gr.  2i\<pi,v,  a  dolphin,  on  account  of  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flower 
to  that  animal.     The  species  are  showy,  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  much- 


RANUNCULACEJE.  ^2  TROLLIUS. 

divided  leaves  and  irregular  blue,  purple  or  red  (never  yellow)  flowers.     Only 
two  or  three  are  natives  of  this  country. 

1.  D.    EXALTA'TUM. 

Petioles  not  dilated  at  base;  leaves  flat,  3-clefl  below  the  middle;  segments 
cuneiform,  3-cleft  at  theend,  acuminate,  the  lateral  ones  often  2-lobed  ;  racemes 
straight;  spur  longer  than  the  calyx.  Native  of  the  Middle  States,  rarely  of 
the  Northern.  Stem  3  or  4  feet  high,  straight  and  erect.  Flowers  of  a  brilliant 
purplish  blue.  It  is  deservedly  esteemed  in  the  flower  garden,  and  of  the  easi- 
est culture.     Jl.  Aug.  Per.  American  Larkspur. 

2.  D.  conso'lidum. 

Stem  suberect,  smooth,  with  spreading  branches;  flowers  few,  loosely  ra- 
cemed  :  peduncles  longer  than  bracts  ;  fruit  smooth.  From  Europe.  This  is 
the  common  Larkspur  of  the  gardens.  A  showy,  branching  annual  of  the 
easiest  culture,  with  varieties  of  double  and  semidouble,  blue,  pink,  purple 
and  white  flowers.     Jn.  Jl.  Branching  Larkspur. 

3.  D.  grandiflo'rum. 

Leaws  palmate,  many  parted;  lobes  linear,  distant:  pedicels  longer  than 
bract;  petioles  shorter  than  calyx.  A  superb,  perennial  species  from  Siberia. 
Flowers  in  spikes  of  brilliant  dark  blue  with  a  tinge  of  purple,  double  or  sin- 
gle.    Its  culture  requires  but  little  care.     Jn.  Jl.        Great-jloicercd  Larkspur. 

D.  Ajacis,  the  Rocket  Larkspur,  also  common  in  gardens,  is  probably  only 
a  variety  of  D.  consolidum. 

11.    COPTIS. 

Calyx  5  or  6  sepaled,  deciduous;  corolla  5  or  6,  small  cu« 
cuUate;  follicles  5—8,  stipulate,  diverging,  rostrate,  6 — 6- 
seeded. 

Gr.  KOTTTU),  to  cut;  in  allusion  to  the  numerous  divisions  of  the  leaves. 
Small  perennial  herbs.  Sep.  obi.  concave.  Pet.  obconic,  hollow,  yellow  at 
the  end.     Stam.  many,  white.     Low,  perennial  herbs. 

C.    TRIFO'LIA. 

Leaves  ternate  ;  scape  l-flowered.  A  small  stemless  plant,  well  known  by 
its  lono-,  thread-like  roots  of  golden  yellow  color.  Grows  in  woods  and  groves. 
Leaves  radical  or  nearly  so,  on  long  stalks,  of  3,  sessile  leaflets.  These  are 
obovate  and  roundish,  crenate  and  lobed,  smooth.  Scape  3  inches  high,  slen- 
der, bearing  a  single,  white,  starlike  flower.  The  .'J  or  G  yellow  petals  are 
barely  distinguished  among  the  white  stamens  by  their  color.  The  root  is 
tonic,  bitter,  and  used  in  medicine.     May.  Goldthread. 

12.    TRO'LLIUS. 

Calyx  of  5  —  10—15  sepals,  deciduous;  corolla  of  5 — 20 
small,  iinear  petals,  tubular  at  base;  follicles  many,  subcjlin- 
dric,  many-seeded. 

Germanic  trol  or  trolen,  signifying  something  round  ;  in  allusion  to  the  form 
of  the  flowers.  Sep.  roundish-ovate,  concave.  Fil.  numerous,  liaear,  much 
shorter  thzii  cal.     Ova.  sup.  many.     Sty.  shorter  than  stam. 


RANUNCULACEJE,  23 ACONITPM. 

1.  T.    AmERICA'NUS.      Mu.  T.  laxus.     P. 

Sepals  5,  oblong,  spreading  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  stamens.  A  plant  with 
the  general  habit  of  a  Ranunculus.  In  swamps.  About  afoot  high.  Leaves 
palmate,  deeply  cleft  in  5  segments  which  are  lobed  and  cut-dentate.  Sepals 
yellow,  resembling  petals,  3-4  inch  in  length.  Petals  very  small,  orange- 
colored.  Capsules  about  10,  crowned  with  the  pusistent  styles.  This  is  the 
only  American  species,  and  is  happily  named  by  Dr.  Muhlenburgh  in  refer- 
ence to  the  two  others  which  follow.     June.     Per.      American  Globe  Flower. 

2.  T.  EuROP^'us. 

Sepals  closely  converging ;  petals  equal  to  the  stamens.  Native  of  Europe. 
Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect,  branching,  leafy.  Leaves  deeply  divided  into 
many  wedge-shaped,  acute,  cut  and  toothed  lobes.  Flowers  solitary,  at  the 
naked  summits  of  the  branches,  erect,  globular,  about  an  inch  wide,  of  a  fine 
yellow.  A  very  ornamental  flower,  of  easy  culture  from  seeds  or  roots.  May. 
June.  European  Globe  Flower. 

T.    ASIA'TICUS. 

Sepals  spreading;  petals  longer  than  the  stamens.  Native  of  Asia.  About 
2  feet  high.  An  ornamental  flower,  like  the  preceding,  of  easy  culture.  Flow- 
ers more  open,  and  of  a  fine  orange  color.  Asiatic  Globe  Flower. 

J3.    AQUILE'GIA. 
Calyx 5-sepaled,  colored, caducous;  petals 5,  each  terminating 
behind  in  a  spurred  nectary ;  styles  5;  follicles  5;  many-seeded. 

Lat.  aquila,  the  eagle  ;  the  inverted  »purs  of  the  petals  have  been  likened 
to  the  talons  of  a  bird  of  prey.  Cal.  inf  of  5,  equal,  ovate,  spreading  leaves, 
resembling  petals.  Cor.  of  5  equal  petals,  alternating  with  the  sepals,  each 
tubular,  dilated  at  the  mouth,  the  outer  margin  erect,  the  inner  attached  to  the 
torus,  extended  behind  into  a  long,  spurred  nectary.  Fil.  30 — '10,  the  inner 
ones  longer  and  barren.     Ova.  5,  oblong,  tapering  into  the  style. 

1.  A.  Canade'nsis. 

Spurs  straight ;  stijJes  and  stamens  exserted ;  rahjx  rather  acute,  longer  than 
the  corolla;  divisions  of  the  leaves  3-parted,  rather  obtuse,  cut-dentate.  This 
beautiful  plant  grows  wild  in  most  of  the  States,  in  dry  soils,  generally  on 
the  sunny  side  of  rocks.  It  is  cultivated  with  tlie  greatest  ease,  and  is  much 
more  delicate  in  foliage  and  in  the  hues  of  its  flowers,  than  the  common  blue 
Columbine.  Stem  branching,  a  foot  high,  with  ternate,  lobed  leaves.  Flow- 
ers terminal,  scarlet  without  and  yellow  within,  pendulous,  much  embellished 
by  the  numerous,  descending,  yellow  stamens  and  styles.  Fruit  erect.  May. 
Per.  iVild  Columbine. 

2.  A.  vulga'ris. 

Spurs  incurved;  stems  leafy,  many-flowered;  leaves  nearly  smooth,  stijles 
not  lonsref  than  the  stamens.  A  hardy  perennial,  from  Europe,  well  known 
in  gardens.  Stems  1 — 2  feet  high,  with  a  profusion  of  handsome,  smooth  foli- 
age, and  large  blue  flowers.  In  cultivation,  the  flowers  become  double  by 
the  multiplication  of  the  hollow,  spurred  petals.  They  also  vary  in  color 
throu"-h  all  the  shades  between  blue  and  white.  Jn.  Per.  Common  Columbine. 

14.    ACONI'TUM. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  colored,  the  upper  one  vaulted ;  corolla 
of  5  jetals,  the  upper  3  minute,  the  lower  2  on  long  claws. 


EANUNCULACE^E.  24 


concealed  beneath  the  upper  sepal,  recurved  and  nectarife- 
rous at  the  summit.     Style  3 — 5;  follicles  3 — 5. 

Gr.  ax.oi'tToj,  without  dust ;  because  the  plants  grow  on  dry  rocks.  Rank, 
herbaceous  perennials,  upright,  from  2  to  6  feet  high,  with  many  palmate  or 
digitate,  dark-green  Ivs.  with  terminal  spikes  of  large  blue  and  yellow  flowers. 

1.  A.  uncina'tum. 

Stem  flexuose ;  leaves  palmate,  3 — 5-parted,  with  rhomboidal-lanceolate, 
cut-dentate  divisions;  wpjjcr  lip  of  the  calyx  lengthened,  convex,  beaked.  A 
cultivated,  poisonous  plant,  which  is  said  to  be  found  wild  in  some  parts  of 
N.  Y.    Two  feet  high.     Flowers  blue.    Jl.  Aug.  American  Wolfs-bane. 

2.  A.  Nape'llus. 

Ujiper  sepal  arched  at  the  back  ;  lateral  ones  hairy  on  the  inside  ;  avaries  3, 
smooth  ;  leaves  deeply  5-cleft,  cut,  with  linear  segments,  furrowed  above.  The 
common  Monk's-hood  is  found  wild  in  Virginia,  and  although  a  noxious  poi- 
son, is  cultivated  among  flowers,  it  is  a  tall,  rank  plant,  making  quite  a  con- 
sequential appearance.  Stem  about  4  feet  high,  with  a  long  spike  of  flowers 
at  its  termination.  Flowers  dark  blue,  surmounted  by  the  vaulted  upper  petal 
as  if  hooded  in  a  monk's  cowl.  There  are  varieties  with  flowers  white,  rose- 
colored,  &.C.     Aug.  Monk's-hood. 

[lb.    ADO'NIS. 
Calyx  of  5  appressed  sepals;  petals  5 — 15,  with  naked 
claws;  achenia  in  a  spike,  ovate  and  pointed,  with  the  hard- 
ened, persistent  style. 

The  plant  which  is  feigned  to  have  sprung  from  the  blood  of  Adonis,  when 
wounded  by  the  bear. 

1.  A.    AUTUMNA'LIS. 

Floicers  5 — 8  petaled  ;  fruit  subcylindric  ;  petals  erose  or  emarginate.  A 
hardy  annual,  from  England,  naturalized  in  N.  Y.  It  is  a  desirable  flower  for 
the  garden.  The  seeds  should  be  sown  in  Autumn,  in  a  light  soil.  Flowers 
crimson.  P/ieasaiU's-cyc. 

2.  A.    VERNA'LIS. 

Lower  leaves  abortive;  upper  ones  sessile;  fruit  velvety;  petals  10— 12, 
oblontr,  subdentate.  An  ornamental  perennial,  from  Europe,  a  foot  high, 
whitet  yellow  flowers.  Fercnnial  Adonis. 

IG.    PiEO'NIA. 
Calyx  of  5  sepals;  corolla  of  5  petals;  style  0;  stig.  2  or 
3 ;  folHcles  many-seeded. 

The  physician  Paon,  according  to  mythology,  first  used  this  plant  in  medi- 
cine, and  cured  Pluto  with  it.  The  petals  are  excessively  multiplied  by  cul- 
tivation.   The  species  are  magnificent  flowering  plants. 

P.  officina'lis. 

Fruit  downy,  nearly  straight ;  segments  of  leaves  unequally  cut ;  lobes  ovate 
lanceolate.    The  splendid  Pceony  has  long  been  cultivated  in  every  part  of 


MAGNOLIACE^.  25  MAGNOLIA. 


Europe  and  in  this  country.  Tiiis  species  is  s;iid  to  be  native  of  Switzerland. 
It  is  a  hardy  perennial,  requiring  very  little  pains  for  its  cultivation.  Among 
its  varieties  the  double  red  is  the  most  common.  The  loliite  is  truly  beautiful. 
Tlie  Jlesli-colorcd  and  pink-colored  aie  also  lavorites.  Flowers  in  May  and 
jmjg  Common  Ftaonij. 

16.     NIGE'LLA. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,   colored  ;    corolla  of  5,  3-cleft   petals  ; 

■styles  5;  capsules  5,  follicular,  convex, 

Lat.  nigcr,  black ;  the  color  of  the  seeds  wliich  are  used  in  cookery. 

1.  N.  damasce'na. 

.Anthers  obtuse  ;  capsules  ^i,  smooth,  2-celled,  united  as  far  as  the  end  into 
an  ovate,  globose  one  ;  jlowers  in  a  leafy  involucre.  Native  of  S.  Europe.  A 
hardy  annual  of  the  gaidens.  to  which  has  been  applied  the  gentle  names  ot 
'rafftf^d  lady,'  '  devil  in  a  bush,'  &-C.  Leaves  twice  and  thrice  pinnatihd, 
as  finely  cut  as  those  of  the  Fennel.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary ,  encompassed 
and  over-topped  by  a  circle  of  leaves  divided  like  the  r<ist.  They  are^  often 
double,  of  a  white  or  pale  blue  color.     June— Sept.  Feimel  Flower. 

2.  N.    SATl'VA. 

jintkers  obtuse  ;  capsules  muricate;  stem  erect,  hairy  ;  flowers  naked,  pale 
blue.     From  Eo-ypt     P».atker  smaller  than  the  last.     June— SepL    Ann. 

"  jYutmt<{  Flower. 


ORDER  15.    MAGNOLIACE.E.  The  Magnolia  Tribe. 

Cal. — .'Sepals  3— k5.  deciduous,  colored  liVe  the  petals- 
(i'.v.— PotuLs  i',—V>.  ln-p'..rviRms,  in  several  row*,  imbricate,  in.  restivatioii 
>Vn.— Indefmiv   li\  :'--■'  n-u^,  disiincl,  -,villi  short  fdiiuu-uts  aud  adiuue  anthers. 
Oi-a.— Sevcnil.  ii!  m:.;  >    ,n\v<  upon  an  rloji-aled  toru;,^ 

J?f .—Follicular,  I  r  ljai.L-j.lc,  I— •J-.-.-i-ded.  ,,    ,  , 

6V,,._Auached  U)  th«  laiicr  .snlure  of  the  carpels  from  wliicli  [in  Maguoha]  tiiey  are  suspen- 
ded by  a  long;,  delicate  funiiuhis. 

An  order  containing  but  lew  genera,  includiuR,  however,  some  of  the  most  splendid  and 
iJiajestic  forest  trees.  The  Southern  States  seem  to  be  the  region  ot  most  ol  Iheni.  Cliiua, 
Japan  and  llie  Indies  coma  in  a  tew-  .  .  ,    , ...         ■     ■   i 

Proptrlies  The  bark  of  tlie  species  mentioned  below  contains  an  intensely  bitter  pnuciplo, 
which  i.s  tonic  aud  stimulating,  and  the  corollas  are  aromanc  beyond  almost  all  other  flowers. 

Genera. 
Tarpel^  dehicent  bv  the  dors3.1  suture,  seeds  pendulous,  .        .        .     Magnolia,        1 

•Carpels  indehiceut,' seeds  eiiclo.sod,  not  peudulou.s,  .        -        •        Linodtndron,  '^ 

1  .    M  A  G  N  O '  L  I  A  . 

Sepals  3 — 5;  petals  6—12,  caducous;  carpels  2-valved, 
1 — 2-seeded,  imbricated  into  a  cone  ;  seeds  baccate,  subcor- 
date  and  suspended. 

Named  in  honor  of  Pierre  Magnol,  physician  and  botanist  of  Montpelier, 
France,  author  of  '  Botanicum  Montpeliense,'  l(i7G.  A  superb  genus,  con- 
sisting mostly  of  large  trees,  with  luxuriant  foliage,  and  large,  fragrant  flowers. 

1.    M.    CLAU'CA. 

Leaves  oval,  glaucous  beneath;  vetah  obovate,  tapering  to  the  base.  _^Thia 
species  is  native  in  N.  Eng.  pa,rtictilarly  at  Gloucester;  RIs,  and  in  the  Middle 
n 


menispermacejE.  26  liriodenj.ron. 

States.     The  tree  is  about  25  feet  in  hight,  remarkable  only  for  the  beauty  of 

its  foliacre  and  flowers.  The  leaves  are  smooth  and  entire,  of  a  regularly  ellip- 
tical form,  remarkably  pale  beneath.  Flowers  terminal,  white,  solitary,  of  3 
sepals  and  several  concave  petals,  appearing  in  July.  White  Bay. 

2.  M.  grandiflo'ra. 

This  is  the  noblest  species.  Although  inferior  in  size  to  the  Tulip-tree,  yet 
no  tree  of  the  Americati  forests  can  compare  with  the  stateliness  of  its  form 
or  the  magnificence  of  its  foliage  and  flowers  Its  ordinary  stature  is  about 
60,  rarely  75  or  80  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  1 — 3  feet,  The  trunk  is  nearly 
straight,  covered  with  a  greyish  bark,  bearing  a  pyramidal  summit.  Foliage 
e.xceedingly  rich  and  shining.  Flowers  white  and  fragrant,  nearly  a  foot  broad, 
and  often  very  numerous,  presenting  the  most  brilliant  display  of  vegetable 
luxuriance  tliat  can  be  imagined.  It  is  common  in  the  Southern  States,  but 
not  found  farther  north  than  Pennsylvania.  Big-Laurel.     Magnolia. 

3.  M.  acumina'ta. 

Leaves  oval,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  petal sohoxaie,  obtusish.  Grows 
near  the  falls  of  Niagara,  but  is  more  abundant  in  the  S.  States.  It  is  a  noble 
forest  tree,  equal  in  size  to  the  preceding.  Trunk  perfectly  straight,  bearing 
an  ample  and  regular  summit.  Leaves  very  acuminate.  Flowers  o — 6  inches 
in  diameter,  bluish,  sometimes  yellowish  white,  numerous  and  finely  contrasted 
with  the  rich  dark  foliage.  Cones  of  fruit  about  3  inches  long,  cylindric, 
bearing  some  resembla.nce  to  a  small  cucumber.     May.  Cucumber  Tree. 

2.     LIRIODE'iNDRON. 

Calyx  o-loaved  ;  petals  6  ;  seeds  ending  in  a  scale  ;  carpels 
imbricated  in  a  cone. 

Gr.  Xiiptov,  a  lily,  dii/a^ov,  a  tree.  The  flowers,  which  may  be  likened  to' 
lilies  or  tulips,  grow  upon  one  of  the  loftiest  trees  of  the  forest. 

1.  L.  tulipi'fera. 

Leaves  truncate  at  the  end,  vi^ith  2  lateral  lobes.  The  Tulip  {ree,both  in 
respect  to  its  size  and  beauty,  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  the  American 
forests.  It  is  found  in  the  southern  part  of  Ms.  thence  in  the  Atlantic  States 
to  Carolina,  but  is  especially  abundant  in  the  Western  States.  It  is  ordinarily 
about  80  feet  high,  with  a  diameter  of  2  or  3  feet ;  but  along  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers  trees  of  this  kind  have  been  not  unfrequently  found  nnieli  ex- 
ceedinir  100  feet  in  bight,  with  a  diameter  of  4 — (J  feet,  inferior  in  dimensions 
only  to  the  Pine.  The  trunk  is  perfectly  straiglit  and  cylindric,  and  the 
branches  disposed  with  much  regularity.  In  June  and  July  it  puts  forth 
numerous  large  and  brilliant  flowers,  variegated  with  different  colors,  among 
which  yellow  predominates.  They  are  solitary,  terminal,  fragrant.  The  foli- 
ao-e  is  very  luxuriant,  dark  green,  smooth,  on  long  petiole.^.  The  wood  is 
considered  valuable  for  tarious  kinds  of  lumber.  Tulip  Tree. 


ORDER    V.    MENISPERMACE^.  The  ■Moon-seed  Tribe. 

JV5.— Di.-scious.  .  ...         , .  ...  ,     . , 

Cjx/.—Sepals  3— 8,  in  a  double  series,  2 — l  in  each,  imbricated  in  pcstivation,  hypofr.,  tlccKi. 
;<,7n.— DisUnc.t  or  nionadelphouSj  equal  in  number  to  the  petals  and  oppo.site  to  them,  or  3 
Anth.—lnn-dlc  and  consisting  of  4  globose  lobe.s.  (or  4  times  as  iitony. 

Oua.— Usually  solitary,  sometimes  2— 4.— Pruir,-  a  drupe,  glcbose-renilorm. 


BEEBKRIDACEJE. 


57 


This  order  is  neither  large  nor  important.  Most  of  the  genera  which  compose  it  are  natives 
of  Tropical  Asia  and  America.  They  are  mostly  twining  shrubs  or  herbs.  The  only  .Nor- 
thern genus  is  Menispermum.  _  ..,-.•  ,         »  f  ,„:„„ 

Provertieis.  A  few  plants  of  this  order  contain  a  bitter  principle  m  their  rool.s.  A  foreign 
species  of  Menispermum  vields  the  Colimibo  of  the  shops,  whicli  is  a  valuable  tome ;  and 
aiiother  genus,  Anamirta  coculus  of  India,  furnishes  the  ImJian  cockle,  so  intoxicating  to  hshes. 

MENISPE'RMUM. 
Flowers  dioecious;  sepals  4— -8,  in  a  double  row;  petal  4-^ 
7,  minute,  retuse.     Sterile  Fl.     Stamens  12— 20.     Fertile  Fl. 
Ovaries  and  styles  2 — 4;  drupes  1-seeded,  seed  lunate   and 
compressed. 

Gr.  f^rivr,,  the  moon,  oTriQfAo.,  seed;  on  account  of  the  crescent  form  of 
the  fruit. 

M.  Canade'nse. 

Stem  climbing  ;  leaves  cordate,  roundish,  angular,  peltate,  the  petiole  insert- 
ed near  the  base  :  racemes  co\iipound;  petals  8.  In  woods  and  hedges.  Stem 
8  or  10  feet  long,  with  alternate  leaves  about  5-angled,  and  on  long  stalks. 
Flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  small  yellow.  The  root  is  perennial,  and  is  used 
in  medicine  as  a  tonic.     July,     fi,  lobatum  hsiS  leaves  lohed.  Moon-sccd. 


ORDER    VI.    BERBERIDACE^.  The  Berherry  Tribe. 

Cal  —Sepals  3— 4— G,  imbricate  in  two  rows,  often  reinforced  by  petah  .id  scales 

/>r._Hypo<fynous :  petals  1  to  3  times  as  nia^iy  as  the  sepals,  and  opposite  to  them. 

iS(a.— As  many,  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  to  them. 

>ln«^t.— Generally  opening  by  recurved  valves,  extrorse. 

Oa.— One-celled,  solitary,  simple.     Style  often  lateral.     Shg-  often  lateral  or  peltate. 

Ft. — Berried  or  capsular.  ,     ,       ,  ,    ,         ,„ 

Sds.—One  or  few,  attached  to  the  bottom  of  cell,  or  many,  attached  to  lateral  placentaj. 

A  small  order  mhabiting  the  Temperate  Zones.  Some  genera,  as  the  Podophyllum  and 
Jeflersonia,  possess  cathartic  properties.  Others,  as  the  Berberis,  contain  in  their  Iruits 
malic  and  oxalic  acid.  Li  habit  they  are  generally  herbaceous,  only  a  few  attaining  to  the 
structure  of  shrubs. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Petals  S,  flower  on  a  scape,  .Tefferxnnia.        3 

(  Leaves  not  peltate  ;  |  Petals  6,  with  a  scale  at  base,      Lenntice.  4 

Herbs,perennial;  I  Leaves  peltate;  stamens  numerous,        .         .         •         Podophyllum.    2 

Shrubs,  With  yellow  tlovvers  and  irritable  filaments,  ....     herben.^.  l 

1.    BE'RBERIS. 
Calyx  6-sepaled,  inferior;  corolla  6-petaled  ;  two  glands  at 
the  base  of  each  petal;  style  0;  berry  1-celled. 

Name  derived  from  the  Arabic.  Sep.  6,  obovate,  spreading,  colored,  the  ,3 
iouter  smaller.  Pet.  6.  roundish.  Fil.  flattened.  Anth.  2  separate  lobes  on 
the  opposite  edires  of  the  connectile.  Ber.  oblong,  pulpy,  1-celled.  Seeds  2,  3. 
Fine  hardy  shrubs. 

B.  vulga'ris. 

Racemes  pendulous,  spines  3-forked  ;  serratures  of  the  leaves  terminated  by 
eoft  bristles.  A  well  known  bushy  and  ornamental  shrub,  loving  hard  grav- 
elly soils.  Grows  3— 5  feet  high.  Leaves  obovate,  serrate,  well  d^istinguishe4 
by  their  bristly  serratures.     Flowers  yellow,  in  hanging  clusters.    The  stameiis 


BERBKRIDACEiE.  28  LEONTICC. 

on  being  touched  exhibit  a  remarkable  degree  of  irritability  by  springing  vio- 
lently against  the  stigma.  Berries  oblong,  scarlet,  very  acid,  and  when  boiled 
with  sugar  form  an  agreeable  jelly.     The  bark  of  the  root  dyes  yellow.     Jn. 

Berberry  Bush.. 

2.    PODOPHY'LLUM. 

Calyx  of  3  sepals,  caducous;  corolla  G — 9-petalled  ;  stamens 
numerous,  with  linear  anthers;  berrj  1-telled.  crowned  with 
the  single  stifrnia. 

Gr.  TFO'ji,  -T^odoi,  a  foot  and  CpvyXav,  a  leaf;  in  allusion  to  the  long,  firm 
petioles.  Cal.  of  3,  oval,  obtuse,  concave  leaves,  falling  when  the  flower  ex- 
pands. Pet.  obov.  concave,  smooth,  longer  than  stam.  Anth.  as  long  agaia 
as  til.     Fr.  large,  ovate.     Low  neat  herbs. 

P.    PELTATUM. 

Leaves  peltate,  lobed  ;  fioircrs  3.  Grows  in  woods  and  cultivated  grounds, 
especially  common  in  Western  N.  Y.  It  is  among  our  more  curious  and  inte- 
resting plants.  Grows  about  a  foot  high.  Stem  round,  sheatlied  at  base,  erect, 
dividing  into  '2,  round  leaf-stalks,  between  which  grows  the  flower.  The  leaves 
are  large,  smooth,  deeply  divided  into  5 — 7  lobes,  which  are  each  2-parted  and 
dentate  at  the  end.  They  are  often  peltate,  but  generally  separate  at  base 
quite  to  the  petiole.  The  flower  is  stalked,  drooping,  white  with  a  3-leaved, 
caducous  calyx,  and  a  corolla  of  about  G  petals,  often  more,  curiously  reticula- 
ted with  veins.  Fruit  about  the  size  of  a  plum,  ovate,  yellowish,  acid,  eatable, 
ripening  early.   The  root  is  cathartic.   May.  ?ct.  May  afptc.    Wild  Mandrake. 

3.    JEFFERSO'NIA. 

Calyx  of  4  sepals,  colored,  deciduous;  corolla  of  8  petals, 
incurved,  spreading  ;  stamens  8,  surrounding  the  ovary  ;  cap- 
sules obovate,  stipitate,  opening  by  a  circumscissile  dehiscence. 

Named  after  President  JeiFerson.who  was  distinguished  as  a  patron  of  science. 
Small  plants,  remarkable  cluefly  for  the  curious  structure  of  the  capsule,  which 
opens  like  a  snuti'-box. 

J.  diphy'lla. 

Acaulescent ;  pedimcles  naked,  l-Rowered;  hares  in  pn'iis.  A  singular  little 
plant,  half  a  foot  hio-h,  growing  in  calcarious  soils,  N.  Y.  and  Ohio.  Petioles 
all  radical,  each  bearing  at  the  top  a  pair  of  binate  leaves,  which  are  placed 
base  to  basif,  and  broader  than  long,  ending  in  r^n  obtuse  point.  Bracts  lanceo- 
late, entire,  at  the  bases  of  the  petioles.  Scape  as  long  as  the  petioles,  1 -flow- 
ered. Flowers  large,  regular,  white,  starlike.  The  capsule  opens  only  half 
round,  and  has,  therefore,  a  persistent  lid.  Thia  plant  has,  in  Ohio,  the  repu- 
tation of  a  stimulant  and  antispasmodic,  and  is  there  significantly  termed 

Rheumatism  Root 

4.    LEO'NTICE. 

Calyx  6-sepaled,  inferior;  corolla  6-pctaled  ;  cells  of  the 
anther  opening  at  the  edge;  capsule  berry-like,  1-celled. 

Gr.  >.tojVj  a  lion ;  the  leaf  is  likened  to  a  lion's  foot-track.  Nectaries  (i, 
attached  to  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Seed  naked  and  stiped  after  having  burst 
its  caducous  pericarp. 


KELPMBIACEJE.  ^9  NELtTMBICM. 

h.    TIIALICTROI'DES.       L.  Canlophyllum  thalictroides.     Mx. 

Smooth  ;  leaves h\teTnaie  and  triternate  ;  leaflets  oval,  the  lower  ones  petioled 
and  lobed  ;  the  terminal  one  3-lobed.  A  handsome  herbaceous  plant,  commen 
in  woods.  Stem  one  or  two  feet  high,  dividing  at  the  top  into  two  branches, 
one  of  which  is  a  thrice  conipountied  leaf-stalk  ;  the  other  bears  a  twice  com- 
pounded leaf  and  a  small  racemose  panicle  of  flowers.  Leaves  dark  green, 
resembling  those  of  the  Thalictrym,  and  still  more  those  of  the  Columbine 
.(Aquilegia.)    May.     Per.  Fujjpoose  Hoot. 


ORDER    VII.    CABOxMBACE.E.  ne  Watcr-Targct  Trile. 

Cal. — Sepals  3 — I,  cnlored  inside. 

Cor. — Petals  3 — 1.  alteniatc*  with  the  sepals. 

Sla. — Hypogynous,  either  G  or  mure  tliun  17;  anth.  innate. 

Ova. — '2  or  more  ;  stig.  simple. 

Fr. — Indehiseent,  tijiped  by  the  hardened  style. 

^s. — Globular,  pendulous. 

A  small  order  of  aquatic  plants,  ■(vith  centrally  noltate,  floatinff  leaves,  and  yellow  or  pur- 
■ple  flowers.,  which  are  axillary  and  solitary.  I'he  two  genera  which  alone  compose  this 
order  are  both  American,  and  arc  timnd  t'rom  Cayenne,  S.  A.  to  N.  Jersey.  The  Braseniii 
ot'Torrey  antl -Gray's  Flora,  [Hydropeltis  of  Michaux]  is  found  still  larther  north. 

BRASFJNIA. 
Sepals  3 — 4,  colored   within,    persistent.       Petals  3 — 4; 
stamens  IS — 36  ;  ovaries  6 — 18  ;  carpels  oblong,  ovate,  2,  or 
by  abortion,  1-seeded. 

Eng.  brassct  signifies  a  helmet  or  target.  Curious  water-plants,  with  a  leaf 
like  a  shield.  The  stem,  peduncles,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  covered 
■with  a  gelatinous  and  viscid  transparent  substance. 

B.    PELTA'ta.      p.  Hydropeltis  purpurea.     Mx. 

Leaves  peltate,  oval,  entire  ;  ■peduncles  solitary,  1-flowered.  An  aquatic 
plant  of  curious  structure.  It  inhabits  u)t.iddy  shores  and  pools  usually  in 
company  with  the  water  lily  (NymphsBa.)  The  leaves  are  elliptical,  on  lonor 
fle.xible  petioles,  floating  on  the  surf  ice  of  the  water,  smooth  and  siiining  above, 
purplisli  beneath.  It  is  very  exactly  peltate, .tlie  stalk  being  inserted  in  the  cen- 
tre. The  whole  plant  e.xcept  the  U[)per  surface  of  the  leaves  is  covered  with 
a  slimy  mucilage.     Flowers  purple,  on  long,  slender  stalks.      July.  Per. 

WuLer  Tarsei. 


ORDER  IX.  NELUMBIACEiE.  The  miumho  Tribe. 

Ch/.— Sepals  4—5. 

Ojr. — Petals  numerous,  in  many  rows,  arising-  from  without  the  disk. 
Sla. — Numerous,  in  several  rows ;_/?/.  petaloid;  anth.  adnate.  introrse. 

Oca. — Ntimerous,  separate,  -with  a  simple  style  and  stiffina,  half  enclosed  in  hollows  of  the 
Fr. — A  nut,  g-enerally  one-seeded.  [elevated,  fleshy  and  excessively  enlarged  torus. 

>5y,«.^-Destitute  of  albumen,  and  ^vith  a  highly  developed  embryo. 

This  order  comprizes  but  the  sui^le  genus,  Nelumbiura,  one  of  tlie  species  inhabiting  the 
still  waters  of  tropical  regions,  and  the  other,  of  the  United  Stales.  The  nuts  are  eatable, 
and  indeed  all  other  parts  of  the  plant. 

NELU'MBIUM. 
The  characters  of  the  gengs  the  sa,nne  as  those  of  the  order. 

.Called  in  Ceylon,  JVeluvtbo, 


kymph^gaceje.  ■  30 


N.   LU'teUM.      W.  Cyamas  Nelumbo.     L. 

Leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  entire.  A  magnificent  flowering  plant,  peculiar 
to  the  nsuddy  lakes  and  stagnant  waters  of  the  South  and  West,  bnt  is  occa- 
sionly  met  with  in  Ct.  and  N.  Y.  The  rhizomacreeps  in  the  mud  at  the  bottom, 
in  depths  of  water  from  2  or  3  to  10  feet.  From  this  arise  the  simple  scapes 
and  petioles,  to  the  surface.  I^eaves  very  large,  smooth  and  verdant,  round- 
ish, the  petiole  inserted  one  side  of  the  centre.  They  sometimes  cover  the 
entire  surface  in  large  patches.  The  flowers  bear  a  general  resemblance  to 
the  pond  lily,  but  are  several  times  larger,  and  want  its  fragrance.  The  petals 
are  broad  and  concave,  of  a  brilliant  white,  becoming  yellow  towards  the  centre. 
The  nuts  imbedded  in  the  torus  are  about  the  size  of  acorns,  and  are  roasted 
and  eaten  as  nuts  by  the  Indians,  or  dried  and  pulverized  into  a  bread  meal. 

ii'ater  Clunquupin. 


ORDER    X.    NYMPH  J!:ACE^.  TU,  Water  Uhj  Tdbe. 

Cal. —  f  Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated,  g:ra(lnally  passiiis  into  each  other.    S-^v 

Cor. —  I  persistent.    Pet.  inserted  upon  ihe  diisk  -which  .surrounds  the  pistil. 

Sta. — Numerou.s,  in  several  rows  upon  the  disk.    Fil.  pelaloid.    Antk.  adnate,  intror.se. 

Ova. — Many-celled,  many-seeded,  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  disk. 

Sds. — AUaehed  io  the  spongy  placenta;,  and  enveloped  by  a  gelatinous  aril. 

A  small  order  of  aquatic  plants,  inhabiting  the  northern  hemisphere-  The  general  aspect 
of  these  plants  is  that  of  an  endogen-  but  they  have  two  foliaceous  cotyledons. — The  stems 
of  the  >.'ympha?ace.'e  contain  a  powerful  astringent  principle,  which  is  removed  by  repeated 
washnig  in  water,  after  which  they  are  tasteless,  and  may  be  used  for  food. 

Two  of  the  genera  are  tbuiul  in  the  Northern  States;  Nijmphfea,  winch  has  flowers  of 
a  white  or  rose  color,  and  Nvphnr,  with  yellow  flowers. 

1.    NYMPPK^'A. 
Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals ;  corolla  of  numerotts  petals  inserted 
on  tile  disk;  stamens  giadually  transformed  into  petals;  stig, 
suriounded  with  rays;  pericarp  many-celled,  many-seeded. 

The  Greek  JS'ijviph  or  Naiad  of  the  waters.    Beatitiful  aqtratic  plants. 

N.  odora'ta. 

Leaves  orbicular,  cordate,  entire,  tlie  lohes  arnminate  and  veins  projninent 
beneath  ;  calyx  equaling  the  petals,  4-leaved.  The  White  Water  Lily  is  truly 
one  of  the  most  lovely  of  flowers,  possessinor  beaoty,  delicacy  and  fragrance 
in  the  highest  degree.  It  grows  onl^'  in  ponds  and  quiet  streams,  wheie  the 
water  is  of  sufficient  depth  to  protect  the  plant  from  the  frosts  of  winter.  The 
rhizoma  is  several  inches  in  diameter,  extending  in  its  muddy  bed  beneath  the 
water,  to  a  great  length,  and  seniHng  up  leaves  and  flowers  to  the  surface.  The 
leaves  are  nearlv  round,  entire,  of  a  fine  glossy  green,  cleft  at  the  base  to  the 
petiole,  and  floating  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  The  flowers  consist  of  four 
sepals,  white  within,  numerous,  lance-shaped  petals  of  tlie  most  delicate  white- 
ness, often  tinged  externally  with  red,  and  a  great  number  of  yellow  stamens 
beautifully  carved.  The  filaments  are  gradually  dilated  from  the  inner  to  the 
outer  series,  so  as  to  pass  insensibh-  into  petals.  Flowers  in  July,  sometimes 
in  such  profusion  as  to  mantle  t!ie  surface  of  the  water,  and  perfume  the  air 
with  exquisitt!  fragrance.     Per.  While  Wata-  Lily. 

2.     NUPHAR. 

Calyx  5 — 6  sepaled  ;  corolla  of  numerous  minute  petals^ 

inserted   with   the  truncated  stamens  ou  the  torus;   stigma 


SARRACENIACEJE. 


31  SARRACENIA. 


discoid,  with  prominent  rays ;  pericarp  many-celled,  many- 
seeded. 

From  the  Arabic  name  which  ia  navfar.  Sep.  oblong,  concave,  colored, 
much  larger  than  the  pet.  which  are  furrowed  at  the  back.  Fil.  numerous, 
linear.  Anth.  linear,  2-celled.  Stig.  circular,  convex,  with  many  radiating 
clefts. 

1.  N.   ADVE'NA.      Mt.  Nymphasa  advena.     Mx. 
Calyx  G-leaved  ;  fetals  numerous  ;  margin  of  the  stigma  crenate  ;  lohcs  of 

the  leaves  divaricate.  Very  common  in  ditches,  sluggish  streams  and  muddy 
lakes,  often  covering  the  entire  surface  with  its  leaves.  A  well-looking  and 
very  curious  plant,  but  from  its  filthy  habits  it  has  been  called,  with  some  jus- 
tice, the  frog  lily.  The  stem  (rhizoma)  is  large,  creeping  extensively.  Leaves 
laro-e.  dark  green,  shining  above,  and,  when  floating,  pale  and  slnny  beneath. 
Pefioies  half-round.  Flowers  rather  large  and  globular  in  form,  erect  on  a 
thick,  rio-id  stalk.  Its  most  conspicuous  partis  the  calyx,  of  which  the  3  outer 
sepals  are  yellow  inside,  and  the  3  inner  entirely  yellow,  as  well  as  the  petals 
and  stamens.     June,  July.     Per.  Ydloic  Pond  Lily. 

2.  N.    KaLMIA'NA.      Jiit.  Nymphffia  Kalmiana.     Mx. 
Leaves  cordate  ;  lobes  approximate  ;  calyx  5-leaved  ;  stigmas  gashed,  8—12 

rayed.  A  smaller  species  with  small  yellow  flowers,  growing  in  similar  situa- 
tions with  the  last.     The  leaf  is  smaller,  with  a  roundish  petiole.      July.    Per. 

Kalvls  Pond  Lily, 


ORDER  XI.  SARRACENIACE^. 

C«/.— Sepals  5,  persistent,  with  a,3-leaved  involucel  at  base.     Estivation  imbricate. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  unquiculate,  hypog-ynous,  concave. 

.5«a.— Numerous,  hvpogynous.   .ji««A.  oblong,  adnate,  introrse. 

Om— 5-celled,  placense  central.  ■!  Sty.  single.     Stig.  dilated,  peltate,  5  -an|;led. 

i?r.— Capsular,  S-celled,  5-valved;  crowned  with  the  broad,  persi-stant  stigma. 

Sds. — Numerous,  minute. 

An  order  consisting  of  two  genera,  one  inhabiting  the  bogs  of  N.  America,  the  other  in 
Guiana.  In  habit  they  are  herbaceous,  with  fibrous  roots  and  radical  leaves,  liaving  hollow, 
urn-shaped  petioles  [ascidia,  244]  with  an  articulated  lamina. 

SARRACE'NIA. 
Calyx  of  5  sepals,  with  3  small  bracts  at  base;  petals  5, 
deciduous  ;  stigma  very  large,  peltate,  persistent,   covering 
the  ovary  and   stamens;    capsule   5  celled,   5-valved,   many- 
seeded. 

Named  for  Dr.  Sarrazen  of  Quebec,  who  first  sent  this  genus  to  Tourefort 
from  Canada.     The  genus  embraces  six  species,  of  which  one  only  is  native  of 

the  N.  Stales. 

S.  purpu'rea. 

Leaves  radical,  decumbent,  inflated,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  winged  on  the 
inside,  much  shorter  than  the  scape,  with  the  broad,  cordate,  erect  lamina 
articulated  to  the  mouth.  The  Sarracenia,  or  Pitcher  plant,  as  it  is  sometimes 
called,  is  certainly  one  of  the  most  curious  of  all  plants.  It  grows  in  wet 
meadows  and  on  muddy  shores,  often  in  great  abundance,  where  it  is  conspic- 
uous for  its  tall,  nodding,  dark  purple  flowers.  The  leaves  are  large,  composed 
of  a  hollow,  pitcher-form  petiole,  swelling  in  the  middle,  with  a  winged,  wavy 


PAPAVERACKJB.  32  CHELIDONIUM. 

appendage  extending  lengthwise  inside,  and  the  cordate  lamina  as  above,  with 
inversed  hairs  at  the  mouth.  Their  capacity,  when  of  ordinary  size,  is  about  a 
wine-glass,  and  they  are  generally  full  of  water.  The  scape  is  a  foot  or  more 
high,  round,  smooth,  supporting  a  large,  nodding  flower,  which  is  almost  as 
curious  in  structure  as  the  leaves.     June.     Per.  Side-saddle  Flower. 


ORDER   XII.    PAPAVERACE.E.  The  Poppy  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepals  2,  rarely  3,  deciduous,  imbricated  in  rcstivation. 

Ck>r. — Petals  4,  rarely  5  or  6,  hypog-ynous. 

jSta.— Often  numerous,  but  some  multiple  of  4,  rarely  polyadelphous.    Anth.  innate. 

Oi'o, — Solitary,  style  short  or  0.     Stig.  2,  or  if  more,  stellate  upon  the  flat  apex  of  ovary. 

Fr.— Either  pod-shaped,  with  2  parietal  placentfE,  or  capsular  with  several. 

Sds. — Very  numerous,  minute. 

More  than  two-thirds  of  the  genera  of  this  order,  which  is  small,  are  native  of  Europe. 
Inhabit,  they  are  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  and  hav£  a  milky  or  turbid  juice.  Flowers  mostly 
showy,  but  never  of  a  blue  color.  Almost  all  the  genera  contain  active,  narcotic  properties, 
principally  resident  in  the  turbid  juices.  The  seeds  are  commonly  rich  in  fixed  oil.  Thu 
order  contains  many  highly  ornamental,  cultivated  plants. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  I.eaves  unarmed,  entirely  green,  cauline,     .         .        .  Chelirlonium.  2 

f  yellow  ;  (  Leaves  armed  with  prickly'iteelli,  blotclied  with  wliite,  Argemone,  3 

orange-red  ;  leaves  radical,  reniform;  capsule  terete,         .        .  Sangumaria.  1 

white ;  leaves  unarmed,  caulinCj  capsule  globose,  .         .         .  Pn/iarcr.  4 

colorless;  leaves  nmltifid  with  hnear  segments  ;  capsule  terete,  ClirijseU.  5 

1.  SANGUINA'RIA. 

Calyx  2-sepaled,  caducous  ;  corolla  8-petaIed  ;  stamens  nu- 
merous; stigma  1,  2-lobed,  sessile;  capsule  pod  like,  1-celled, 
2valved,  many-seeded. 

Lat.  savffuis,  blood ;  all  parts  of  the  plant  when  wounded  discharge  a  blood- 
colored  fluid.  Sep.  concave,  falling  as  soon  as  the  corolla  expands.  Petals 
generally  8,  in  two  series,  the  4  outer  ones  longer,  giving  the  flower  a  quad- 
rangular outline.    Anth.  obi.  yellow.  Sty.O.  Pod  obi.  ovate,  acute  at  each  end. 

S.  Canade'nsis. 

Lcapes  solitary,  radical,  reniform  ;  scope  naked,  1 -flowered,  sheathed  at  base; 
petals  spreading,  regular.  The  only  species.  An  interesting  flower  of  fertile 
woods,  groves,  &c.  appearing  in  early  Spring.  Ilhizoma  fleshy,  tuberous, 
and  when  broken  or  bruised,  as  well  as  every  other  part  of  the  plant,  exudes 
a  blood-colored  fluid.  From  each  bud  of  the  root-stock  there  springs  a  single, 
large,  glaucous  leaf,  and  a  scape  about  G  inches  high,  with  a  single  flower. 
The  whole  plant  is  smooth.  The  leaf  is  kidney  shaped,  with  roundish  lobes 
separated  by  roundish  sinuses.  The  flower  is  white,  square  and  on  a  round 
scape.  It  is  scentless  and  of  very  short  duration.  The  juice  is  emetic  and 
purgative.     April.  Per.  Blood  Rout. 

2 .  C  H  E  L I  D  O'  N  I  U  M  . 

Calyx  2-sepaled,  corolla  4-petalcd  ;  stamens  numerous  ;  stifr- 
1,  small,  sessile,  hilid;  capsule  silique-form,  linear,  2-valved, 
1-celled  ;  seeds  crested. 

Or.  %sXiS»i',  the  swallow;  because  it  was  thought  to  flower  with  the  arri- 
val of  that  bird,  and  to  perish  with  Us  departure.   Sep.  roundish.  Pet.  rouodiiih, 


PAPAVERACEJE- 


33 


flat,  narrowed  at  base.     Fil.  about  30,  shorter  than  cor.     Ova.  long  as  stam. 
Style  0. 

C.    MAJUS. 

Leaves  pumate,  lobed,  the  segments  rounded;  floicers  in  umbels.  A  plant 
found  under  fences,  by  road  sides,  &c.  yielding  a  yellow  juice.  Stem  1 — 2 
feet  high  with  pinnate,  glaucous,  smooth,  spreading  leaves.  Flowers  yellow, 
in  thin,  axillary,  stalked  umbels.  Petals  elliptical,  entire,  and  like  every  other 
part  of  the  plant  very  fugacious.  The  juice  is  used  to  cure  itch,  and  to  destroy 
warts.     May— Oct.     Per.  Celandine. 

3 .    A  R  G  E  M  O'  N  E  . 

Calyx  3-sepaled,  caducous;  petals  6;  stamens  numerous; 

capsules  obovate,  half-valved. 

From  argema,  a  former  name  for  the  cataract  of  the  eye,  which  was  thought 
to  be  cured  by  this  plant.  A  small  genus  of  annuals.  Sep.  roundish,  con- 
cave, pointed.  Pet.  roundish,  larger  than  cal.  Fil.  as  short  as  the  cal.  Stig. 
sessile,  capitate,  4 — 7-lobed.     Caps,  opening  at  tip  by  valves. 

A.  Mexica'na. 

Leaves  pinnatifid,  gashed,  spiny;  fiowcrs  a.iillary  ;  capsules  6-valved.  A 
weedy  plant  in  cultivated  fields,  &c.  about  2  feet  high,  with  prickly  stems 
and  leaves.  It  abounds  in  a  milky  juice  which  changes  in  the  air  to  a  fine, 
briglit,  gamboge  yellow,  and  is  said  to  be  an  active  medicine,  used  for  cutane- 
ous eruptions,  jaundice,  sore  eyes,  fluxes,  &c.  Flowersyellow.  Jl.  Horn  Pojjpij. 

4.    PAPA'VER. 

Calyx  2-sepaled,  caducous;  corolla  4-petaled ;  stamens 
numerous ;  capsule  1-celled,  opening  by  pores  under  the  broad, 
persistent  stigma. 

Celtic,  papa,  pap,  that  is,  a  soft  food  given  to  children,  in  which  the  seeds 
of  the  poppy  were  boiled  to  induce  sleep.     The  species  are  all  exotics. 

1.  P.  somni'ferum. 

Calyx  and  capsules  smooth,  /ear C5  clasping,  gashed,  glaucous.  This  and  other 
species  of  the  Poppy  is  of  a  fine  appearance,  with  large  brilliant  flowers,  often 
cultivated  among  the  ornamental  plants  of  the  garden.  Every  part  of  it,  but 
more  especially  the  capsule,  abounds  with  a  white  milky  juice,  powerfully 
narcotic,  and  which,  vi'hen  hardened  inthe  air,  forms  the  opium  of  the  shops. 
The  juice  is  obtained  by  incisions  made  in  the  capsule.  For  this  purpose  it 
is  extensively  cultivated  in  Europe,  Persia,  Turkey  and  India.  Opium  acts 
as  a  pov.'erful  stimulus,  followed  by  narcotic  and  sedative  effects  When  taken 
into  the  stomach  it  operates  directly  upon  the  nervous  system,  destroying  irri- 
tability and  pain  in  the  most  distant  parts  of  the  body.  In  large  doses,  it 
immediately  induces  stupor,  followed  by  delirium,  convulsions,  apoplexy  and 
death.  The  use  of  opium  as  a  stimulant  cannot  be  too  much  reprobated.  It  soon 
becomes  an  inveterate  iiabit,  impairing  the  digestive  organs  and  consequent- 
ly weakening  the  whole  body.  Tlie  memory  and  all  other  intellectual  powers  of 
its  victims  soon  fail,  they  become  prematurely  old,  and  soon  sink  into  the  grave, 
objects  of  loathing  and  pity.     June,  July.     Ann.  Opium  Poppy. 

2.  P.  Rh.eas, 

Capsules  smooth,  nearly  round  ;  stem  many  flowered,  hairy;  leaves  cut- 
pinnatifid.     Naturalized  and  cultivated.     About  2  feet  high.     Flowers  very 


F0MARIACE5;. 


34 


large  and  showy,  of  a  deep  scarlet  red.     Varieties  are  produced  with  various 
shades  of  red  and  particolored  flowers, more  or  less  double.    June,  July.  Ann. 

Common  Red  Poppy. 

3.  P.  Orienta'le. 

Capsules  smooth  ;  stems  1-flowered,  rough  ;  haves  scabrous,  pinnate,  serrate. 
Native  of  Levant.  Stem  3  feet  high.  Flowers  very  large  and  of  a  rich  scarlet 
color,  too  brilliant  to  be  looked  upon  m  the  sun.  June.  Per.  This,  as  well 
as  all  other  species,  is  of  the  easiest  culture.  Oriental  Poppij. 

5.     CHRYSE'IS. 

Calyx  of  2  sepals,  coherincj  by  their  edges,  caducous;  pe- 
tals 4  ;  stamens  numerous,  adhering  to  the  claws  of  the  petals ; 
stigmas  4 — 7,  sessile,  2  — 3  of  them  abortive;  capsule  pod- 
shaped,  cylindric,  10-striate,  many  seeded. 

Gr.  XigviTHoi,  golden,  gilt;  in  reference  to  its  large  golden  yellow  flowers. 
Annual  herbs  with  glaucous,  pinnatifid  leaves.  The  juice,  which  is  colorless, 
exhales  the  odor  of  muriatic  acid. 

1.  C.    CaliFo'rNICA.      Lind.  Eschscholtzia  Californica.     Cham. 

Stem  branching,  leafy  ;  torus  obconic  ;  calyx  ovoid  with  a  very  short,  abrupt 
acumination  ;  petals\ix\g\\i  yellow,  with  an  orange  spot  at  base.  A  very  showy 
annual,  common  in  our  gardens.  Native  of  California,  Oregon,  »fcc.  The 
foliao-e  is  smooth,  abundant  and  rich,  divided  in  a  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid 
manner  into  linear  segments.     Flowers  2  inches  broad. 

2.  C,    CRO'CEA.      Lind.  Eschscholtzia  crocea.     Cham. 

Stem  branching,  leafy  ;  torus  funnel-form,  with  a  much  dilated  limb;  cahjz 
obconic,  with  a  long  acumination  ;  flowers  orange  yellow.  From  California. 
Leaves  and  flowers  as  in  the  preceding,  except  the  latter  are  more  of  a  reddish 
hue.     Cultivated. 


ORDER    XIH.    FUMARIACE^.  The  Fumitory  Tribe. 

Fls. — Irregular.     Sep.  2.  deriduous.  .  . 

Cor.— Hvpoa;.  4-pctaled,'  parallel,  one  or  both  of  the  outer,  saccate,  2  inner  cohering  at  apex. 

Sta.--(i.  cliadelphous ;  Jil.  dilated ;  ant/i.  adnata,  extrorse,  2  outer,  1-celIed,  middle,  2-ceUea. 

Ona.— Superior,  1 -celled;  sty.  filiform;  stig.  with  two  or  more  points. 

Fr.— Either  an  mdehiscent  nut,  1— 2-seeded,  or  a  pod-shaped  capsule,  msny-speded. 

Sds. — Shinina:,  ariled.  ,  •  ,        ■      u  . 

A  small  order,  containing:  several  beautiful  herbs,  inhabiting  thickets  in  the  temperate 
regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  They  have  generally  dehcate,  bnttle  stems,  with 
flowers  arranged  in  racemes  or  cymes,  purple,  wliite  or  yellow.  They  possess  no  r^njart- 
able  action  upon  the  animal  economy. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

{  fr.  a  pod-shaped  caps.    Conjdalis.  3 

(  only  1  of  the  outer,  sacc.  or  spurred,  (  fr.  a  subglobose  nut,      Fiimaria.  4 

(  distinct,  I 'J  outer  equally  saccate  or  spurred,  ....     Dielytra    2 

Petals  1  united,  base  bigibbousj  apex '1-lobed;  climbing  herbs,       .     *.        .        Adlurnm.  I 

1  .    A  D  L  U'  M I  A  . 
Calyx  of  2  small  sepals;  petals  4,  united  in  a  fungous  mo- 
nopetalous  corolla,  persistent,  bigibboys  at  base  and  4-lobed 


FUMARIACE.'E.  35 


at  apex;  stamens  united  in  2  equal  sets;  pod  2-valved,  many- 
seeded. 

Etymology  unknown.     A  tall  climbing  annual. 
A.    CIRRHO'SA.      Raf.         Fumaria  fungosa.   JV.     Corydalis  fungosa.  Perj. 

SZcw climbing;  leaves  cirrhose  ;  cj/jncs  nodding,  axillary.  A  delicate  climb- 
er, native  of  rocky  hills,  known  in  our  gardens  by  the  name  of  Mountain 
Fringe.  Stem  striate,  many  feet  in  length.  Leaves  decompound,  divided  in 
a  pimiate  manner,  ultimate  divisions  3-lobed,  smooth,  their  foot-stalks  serving 
for  tendrils  Flowers  very  numerous,  in  axillary,  pendulous  cymose  clusters, 
pale  pink.  Calyx  minute.  Corolla  slightly  cordate  at  base,  of  4  petals  united 
into  a  spongy  mass,  cylindric,  compressed,  tapering  upwards.  2-lipped.  This 
plant  is  of  very  rapid  growth,  of  the  easiest  culture,  and  well  adapted  to  the 
arbour  by  its  abundance  of  delicate  foliage,  and  its  profuse  flowering,  which 
continues  all  summer.    Per.  Mountain  Fringe. 

2.    DIELY'TRA. 
Calyx  of  2  small  sepals;  corolla  of  4  petals,  the  two  outer 
equally  spurred  or  gibbous  at  the  base:  stamens  united  in  2 
sets  of  3  in  each  ;  pod  2-valved,  many-seeded^ 

Handsome  perennia;!  herbs,  of  small  stature. 

1.  D.    CUCULLA'RIA.      Dec  Corydalis  cticullaria.     Pers. 

Scape  naked;  raceme  simple,  1-sided;  spurs  2,  divaricate,  as  long  as  the 
corolla;  style,  included;  root  tuborcled.  A  smooth,  handsome  plant,  pretty  com- 
mon in  the  woods  of  N.  II.  The  root  consists  of  a  number  of  tubercles  about 
the  size  of  peas,  and  of  a  briglit  yellow  color,  collected  togetlior  in  a  scaly  sack. 
Leaves  radical,  a  little  glaucous",  decompound,  the  last  divisions  linear  oblong, 
obtuse.  The  scape  bears  at  top  a  short  raceme  of  odd- looking  flo\yers,  white, 
tipped  with  yellow.  Calyx  minute.  Corolla  distinguished  at  sight  by  the 
2  obtuse,  diverging  spurs.     Stam.  3  on  each  lip.  May ,  Jn.   Dutchman's  breeches. 

2.  D.    CaNADE'NSIS.     T.SfG.  Corydalis  formosa.     P. 
Ptacemc  naked,  nodding,  many-flowered  ;  spvrs  2,  short,  incurved  ;  style  ex- 

serted;  root  tuberous.  This  plant  resembles  the  last,  but  is  rather  larger  and 
much  more  beautiful,  both  in  lespect  to  its  nodding  cluster  of  rose  colored 
flowers  and  numerously  divided  leaves,  which  are  decompound  and  very  glau- 
cous beneath.     Flowers  larger  than  in  the  last,  with  shorter  spurrs.     July. 

Rose-colored  Dlelytra. 

3 .    C  O  R  Y'  A  L 1  S  . 

Calyx  of  2  small  leaves;  corolla  of  4  petals,  one  of  which 

is  spurred   at  base;  stamens   6,  diadclphous ;    pod   2-valved, 

compressed,  many-seeded. 

The  Greek  name  for  the  Fumitory,  from  which  genus  this,  as  well  as  the 
two  preceding,  was  taken.  Filaments  6,  united  inio  2  equal  sets  by  their  broad 
membranous  bases,  which  sheath  the  ovary.     Small  herbs. 

1.    C.    GLAUCA. 

Stem  erect,  branched;  haves  glaucous,  decompound,  segments  cuneate,  3- 
cleft;  bracts  linear,  minute;  spur  one;  jiods  linear,  as  long  as  the  pedicel. 


CRUCIFER^^E.  36 


Found  on  rocky  hills.  A  smooth,  delicate,  glaucous  plant,  about  1  foot  high. 
Root  fusiform.  The  leaves  both  from  the  root  and  stem  are  variously  subdi- 
vided, mostly  bitornate,  with  smooth  leaflets  about  ;}-cleft,  and  together  with 
the  whole  plant,  covered  with  a  fine  glaucous  dust.  The  stem  divides  above 
into  an  irrea'ular  panicle,  with  very  curious  and  delicate  flowers.  The  cilyx 
consists  of  2  ovate  acuminate  leaflets,  between  which,  placed  crosswise,  is 
balanced  the  tul>ular,  ringent  corolla  with  closed  mouth,  and  behind,  a  single, 
rounded  spur,  the  whole  beautifully  colored  with  alternating  shades  of  light 
red  and  yellow,  and  about  iialf  an  inch  long.  On  dry  rocks,  with  little  soil, 
the  plant  is  sometimes  found  with  a  simple  :5tem,and  a  single  terminal  flower. 
May — Aug.     Bicnn.  Glaucous  Corydalis. 

2.  C.  au'rea. 

Stem  branching,  diff'use  ;  leaves  bipinnated  ;  Irafle.ts  linear-lanceolate,  lobed, 
acute  at  each  end;  racemes  one-sided,  opposite  tlie  leaves  and  terminal; 
bracts  lanceolate,  'S  times  as  long  as  the  peduncle.  About  a  foot  high,  with, 
finely  divided  leaves.  Flowers  yellow,  about  half  as  long  as  the  slender, 
terete,  torulose  pods  which  succeed  them.  May,  Aug.  Ann.   Golden  CorijUalis. 

4.    FUMA'RIA. 

Calyx  2-sepalecl ;  corolla  4-petaled,  one  of  the  petals  spur- 
red at  base;  tilaments  in  2  sets  each,  with  3  anthers;  nut 
ovate  or  globose,  1 -seeded  and   valveless. 

Lat.  fumus,  smoke,  from  its  disagreeable  smell  The  species  are  handsome 
annual  weeds.  Cal.  caducous,  inf  Cor.  irregular,  tubular,  spreading  at  the 
apex.     Fil.  as  in  Corydalis. 

F.  officina'lis. 

Sfcm branching,  spreading.  Leaflets crenate .  lanceolate;  caj'sulc  a  globose- 
retuse  nut.  A  small  erect  plant,  common  in  sandy  fields  and  about  gardens. 
Leaves  supra-decomi)ound,  the  last  divisions  linear-lobed,  dilated  upwards. 
Flowers  purple,  in  rather  loose  racemes.  Pedicels  in  fruit  erect,  twice  as  long 
as  the  bracts.     July— Aug.    Ann.  Fumilurij. 


ORDER    XIV.    CRUClFERiE.  The  Cruciferous  Trlhc. 

frt?.— Sepols  4,  ilecidiimis.  [ing  in  die  form  of  a  cross. 

Car. (_)f  4  rff;ul;ir  petals,  Oieir  claws  inserted  into  the  receptacle,  and  tlieir  limbs  spread- 

Sirt.— 0,  2  of  llieiii  upon  op))o.site  sides  shorter  than  the  other  4. 

Ora.— Composed  of  two  united  carpels  witli  two  parietal  plaeentce,  united  by  a  meinbran- 

Fr.—A  siliquc  or  siliele  u.sually  two-celled.  [ous  false  disscpimeiil,— Ji«ig-»ias  two. 

S,/,<._Allnchi;d  in  a  single  row  to  each  side  of  the  plaeentic;— «/6H?ne«  0. 

Embryo,  with  the  two  cotyledons  variously  folded  on  the  radicle. 

A  very  natural  order,  largor  than  any  of  the  prccedinpr,  of  an  herbaceous  habit,  witli 
alternate  leaves  :uid  yellow'or  while  flowers;  occasionally  a  species  is  found  with  purple 
flowers.  Of  llie  iidn  sp.iifs  included  in  this  order,  only  Ui  are  peculiar  to  this  conthieiii. 
The  greater  pari  -.wi-  {••uui\  \u  the  Temperate  Zones. 

Pmpntks.  The  Cruciicrx  as  a  class  are  of  much  importance  to  man.  They  furnish  sev- 
eral alimenlary  articles  which  are 'very  nutrieious,  as  the  turnip,  cabbage,  cauliflower; 
several  others  are  used  as  amrliments :  as  mustiird.  radish,  eoehleana,  &c.  They  all  possess 
!i  peculiar  acrid,  volatile  principle  dispersed  tlirouph  every  pan,  often  aceompanied  by  an 
etlierial  oil  abounding:  in  sulphur.  They  are  ahso  remarkable  for  eontaining-  more  nitrujri'n 
than  other  vegetables,  for  wiiich  reason  ammonia  is  generally  evolved  in  their  pulrifaetion. 
In  medicine  they  are  eminently  stimulant  and  antiscorbutic.  None  are  really  poisonous, 
although  very  acrid.    The  root  of  Isalis  tiiicluria  allurds  a  blue  coloring  matter. 


CRDCIFERJE.  37  CARDAMI^-E. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

*  Cotyledons  accumbent  (0=;).    Seeds  generally  oompressed. 

f  silique  terete  ;  calyx  bisaccate,        .        .     Cheimnthtts.  10 

«;i:^„«-o-         *               '        *    ■  ,;i;„  „,:,\.   1  one  nerved.        .        .        .        Arabis.  4 

?.nM^?nJ                                     U'^'-T                 ',          i  funicu.  Slender.     Cnrdaviine.  2 

*;;i;;^"^'," i                                       ^''^ ^'^^'^*'  ^  nerveless ;  |  f„„ie„i„s  dilated,  De„taria.  5 

'  I  Sds   in  tAvo  «erie--  '  ^''^l^'^*  convex;  Ivs.  pinnately  divided,        Nasturtium.  H 

I''     '               "        "'  \  valves  flat ;  leaves  toothed  and  entire,          Turrith.  S 

f  valves  seiniglob.:stam,  toothless:  fls.  white,        Coclilearia.  9 

f  Septum  broad ;  j                      ,  stamens  some  of  them  toothed,       Alyssum.  11 

(  valves  flat,  {    ,  „        ..11         (  cal.  bisaccate,  Ltmftrin.  1'2 

Siliculose-                                                  ^^'^«"^'°°^Wess;|^.^ly^,q^^,^'^,„,„.  3 

'  ''eotum  linear-  i  cells  many-seeded;  valves  winged  on  the  back.  ThinspL  1 

\  ''                       'I  cells  one-seeded, Pteris.  14 

I  Septum  transverse:  silicle  tomeutose.  2-jointed.  2-seeded,            C'ahile.  13 

"  *  Cotyledons  incumbent  (ojj ).     Seeds  ovate. 

<,jjjjgjg  .  I  Silique  4-cornered ;  eal)-x  closed,        .....  Erysimum.  15 

'1  SiUoue  rouniUsh-  1  '''^'>'^  bisaccate  ;  stig.  2,  seeds  sub-3-angled,  Hesperis.  20 

'  '  ( calyx  reg^ular, Sysimbnum.  16 

|-                                 ( valves  flat ;  silicle  1-celled,  1-seeded,        .  Ji:atis.  22 

!  Septum  elliptic  ;<,.            f  caulescent,        .        .  Camdina.  17 

Siliculose:^                                 r=^'*=^  ^'^''""="*«!  i  ^'emless,  aquatic,        .  Subularia.  19 

i  Sep. ven,- narrow  i^'['^'e'"^?u'«'"-''^cordate,        .        .  0,p>,;eUa.  18 

I  sil.  ovate  or  subcor.,[cotyl.  sometimes  ace.,]  Ltpidtum.  21 

***  Cotyledons  conduplicate  (o»).     Seeds  globose. 

''iliauose  •  J  ^''''  '•■'^Jisversely  manv-celled;  sds.  in  a  single  series;  Ivs.  lyrate,  Enphanus.  3.3 

'I  Silique  2-celled  :  -j  *'^'5->^  spreading,  style  acute,        .        .        .     ^m,ph.  2:3 

/*  ( calyx  closed,  style  obtuse,        .        .        .         Brn).-<tea.  24 

Siliculose  ;  Silicle  2-jointed,  lower  loment  abortive  :  upper,  globose,        .       Crambe.  20 

Tribe  1,  PLEURORHIZE.E. 

Cotyledons  accumbent  (  0=  ).     Radicle  lateral.     Seeds  compressed. 

1 .     T  H  L  A  S  P  I . 

Silicle  compressed,  emarginate,  many-seeded;  valves  car- 
inate,  oi'tea  winged;  caly.x  equal  at  the  base. 

Gr.  ^Xa-co.  to  cotnpress ;  because  the  seed  vessels  appear  as  if  compressed. 
Seed-vessel  a  short,  flat,  2-celled,  inversely  heart-shaped,  smooth  silicle, 
crowned  with  the  style. 

T.  arve'nse. 

Leaves  oblong-sagittate,  coarsely  toothed,  smooth  ;  silicle  suborbicular,  lon<r 
er  than  tiie  pedicel ;  its  wings  dilated  longitadinallv.  In  cultivated  fields. 
The  whole  plant  smooth,  S — 12  inches  high,  branching.  Leaves  claspinsr  tiie 
stem  with  their  arrow-sliaped  bases,  their  margins  wavy  and  toothed.  Flow- 
ers small,  white.  Silicles  almost  round.  The  plant  has  a  disagreeable  flavor 
of  garlic.     June.     Ann.  Penny  Cress. 

2.     CARDA'MINE. 

Siliqne  linear,  with  flat,  nerveless  valves,  which  often  open 
elastically,  and  are  narrower  than  the  dissepiment;  seed  not 
margined,  with  a  slender  funiculus. 
D 


CKUCIFER.-E.  38 


Gr.  jco-g^ta,  the  heart,  2a,ft,a.iu,  to  strengthen ;  from  its  supposed  stomach- 
ic qualities.  Calyx  leaves  spreading  but  little.  Stigma  entire.  A  single 
gland  between  each  of  the  shorter  stamens  and  the  calyx.  Margins  ot  the 
bilique  truncate. 

1.  C.    IHRSU'TA.      L.  C.  Pennsylvanica.     Mil. 

Smooth,  branching  ;  haves  pinnate,  often  sublyrate;  leaflets  roundish-oblong, 
obtuse,  angular-toothed  ;  silujurs  erect.  In  wet  places,  often  submerged 
except  its  upper  leaves  and  flowers.  Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, large,  sniooth,  delicate,  of  about?  leaflets.  Leaflets  rounded  at  the  end, 
with, a  few  obtuse  teeth  or  entire,  the  terminal  one  much  the  longest.  Branch- 
es axillary.     Flowers  white,  small.     Pods  very  slender.     May — July.     Per. 

2.  C.    VlRGI'NICA. 

Smooth,  erect;  /caj-es  pinnate,  leaflets  lanceolate,  subaurlculate;  slUqiie 
long,  straight,  erect.  A  small  species  in  wet  places,  5 — 8  inches  high.  Leaves 
with  a  single  tooth  on  one  or  both  sides  of  the  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  white. 
May.  Per.  Virginian  Waier-Crcss. 

3.  C.    TERES. 

Small,  erect,  ramose;  ^raBey  all  sub-lyrate-pinnatifid ;  siJique  short,  terete, 
acuminate.  Wet  places.  Stem  6  inches  hin-h,roughish.  Cauline  leaves  with 
3  or  4  pairs  of  lobes,  of  which  the  terminal  one  is3-cleft.  Flowers  white,  mi- 
nute, in  long  racemes.     June.  Per.  Slender  Water  Cress. 

4.  C.    BELLIDIFO'LIUM.      L.  C.  rotu.ndifolia.     B. 

Leaves  suborbicular,  nearly  entire,  smooth,  petiolate ;  stem  simple,  weak, 
procumbent.  A  very  small  plant  on  the  sunnnits  of  the  White  Mts.  The 
specimen  before  me  was  found  in  flower  in  the  month  of  July.  The  stem  is 
an  inch  and  a  half  high.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  broadly  oval  and  ovate,  a 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  length,  on  petioles  as  long  as  the  stems.  Fascicles  of  3 
or  4  white  flowers.     Petals  oval,  obtuse,  nearly  as  long  again  as  the  calyx. 

3.    DRABA. 

Silicic  entire,  oval-oblon,^,  llie  valves  flat  or  convex;  cells 
2,  many-seeded  ;  seeds  not  margined  ;  filaments  without  teeth. 

Gr.  ^ga^firi,  acrid,  biting;  from  the  taste  of  the  plant.  Flowers  white  or 
yellow. 

1.  D.    VERNA. 

Scape  naked  ;  lenres  oblong,  acute,  subserrate,  hairy  ;  petnls  bifid  ;  stigma 
sessile.  A  little  carl3'-flo\vering  plant  in  fields,  &c.  Leaves  all  radical,  with 
a  few  teeth  towards  the  end.  Scape  a  few  inches  in  hight,  with  a  raceme  of 
small  white  flowers.     Calyx  spreading.     Petals  cleft  half  down.     Apr.  May. 

Whitlow  grass. 

2.  D.    ARA'bISANS.      Mx.  Arabis.     P. 

57c??i  leafy,  somewhat  branched  and  pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate,  acutely 
dentate  ;  silicle  linear,  smootli,  longer  than  tlie  pedicel.  Among  rocks,  &c. 
The  silicle  is  elongated,  acuminate,  contorted.  It  may  be  justly  called  a  sili- 
que,  and  hence  Pursh  considered  this  plant  an  Arabis.    May.  Bien. 


CRUCIFERjE. 


39  DENTARIA. 


4.  A'RABIS. 

Silique  compressed,  linear;  valves  one-nerved  in  the  mid- 
dle; seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell. 

Said  to  derive  its  name  from  Arabia,  its  native  country.  A  genus  well 
distinguished  by  its  linear,  compressed  siliques  and  flat  valves.  Two  of  the 
opposite  sepals  larger  and  protuberant  at  base.  Petals  a  little  shorter  than 
calyx,  entire.     Flowers  generally  white. 

1.  A.    CaNADE'NSIS.      L.  a.  falcata.     .¥, 
Stem  haves  sess\\e,  oblong-lanceolale,  narrow  at  base,  pubescent;  pedicels 

pubescent,  reflexed  in  the  fruit;  silique  sub-falcate,  nerved,  pendulous.  On 
rocky  hillsL  A  plant  remarkable  for  its  long  drooping  pods,  which  resemble 
a  sickle  blade,  or  rather  a  curved  sword  blade.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  slen- 
der,  round ,  smooth.  Loaves  scattered,  slightly  toothed,  the  lower  ones  some- 
what clasping,  upper  sessile,  with  narrow  bases.  Flowers  small,  white.  Pods 
slender,  flattened,  nearly  3  inches  long.     June,  Per.  Sickle-pod. 

2.  A.  lyra'ta. 

Stem  and  upper  leaves  smooth  and  glaucous  ;  radical  lea.ves  lyrate-pinnati- 
fid,  often  pilose;  stern  branched  at  the  base;  pedicels  spreading;  siltque  erect. 
On  rocky  hills.  Stems  many,  united  at  base,  8  iirches  high.  Stem-leaves 
narrow,  obtuse,  taperino-  at  basje,  the  upper  ones  entire,  lower  ones  with  a  few 
teeth,  radical  ones  stalked,  and  lyrate-toothed  at  base.  Flowers  middle  size, 
white.     April— July.     Bien. 

3.  A.    LEVIGA'TA.      Dc.  Turritis.     L. 
Stemleaves  linear  oblong,  sagittate,  smooth,  lower  ones  subdentate,  radical 

ones  obovate  ;  pedicels  erect;  siliques  very  long  and  narrow,  at  length  pendu- 
lous. On  rocky  hills.  Stem  2  feet  high,  simple,  round,  smooth,  its  leaves  with 
remote  amd  minute  teeth.    Flowers  vv'hite.     Pods  1 J  inches  long.     May,  Per. 

4.  A.  hirsu'ta. 

Erect,  branching ;  leaves  mostly  dentate^  hirsute  ;  radical  ones  oblong-oyate, 
tapering  to  a  petiole,  caulinc  ones  oval  or  lanceolate,  sagittate  ;  siliques  straight, 
erect.  IPound  at  Windsor,  Vt.  Stems  two  or  more  from  the  same  root,  round, 
hairy  at  base,  near  a  foot  high,  dividing  into  very  slender  and  parallel  branch- 
es. Leaves  scarcely  dentate,  sessile,  with  heart  shaped  or  arrow-shaped 
bases,  upper  ones  acute.    Flowers  white.    June.  Hairy  Cress. 

5.  DENTA'RIA. 

Silique  lanceolate,  with  flat,  nerveless,  revolute  valves, 
opening  elasticallj;  placentae  not  winged;  funiculus  dilated. 

Lat.  dcHS,  a  tooth;  the  rhizoma  is  furnished  v^ith  projecting  angles  which 
resemble  the  molar  teeth  of  animals.  Cal.  converging.  Silique  dissep.  thick 
and  fungous-like.     Stig.  emarginate.     Seeds  in  a  single  row,  ovate, 

1.  D.  diphy'lla. 

Stem  two-leaved  ;  leaflets  ternate,  subovate,  unequally  and  incisely  dentate  ; 
rhizoma  dentate.  In  woods  and  wet  meadows.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  round, 
smooth,  with  2  nearly  opposite,  ternate  leaves  above  the  middle.  Leaflets  on 
very  short  stalks,  the  lateral  ones  oblique,  all  with  rounded,  mucronate,  une- 
qual teeth.     Flowers  racemed,  large,  white;  the  petals  much  larger  than  th» 


CKUCIFERJE.  40  BAKBAREA. 

calyx.     The  root-stock  is  long  and  large  in  proportion  to  the  plant,  beset  with 
teeth,  with  a  pungent,  arouiatic  taste.      May.  Per.  Pepper  Root. 

2.  D.    LASCINIA'TA.      Mh.  D.  concalinata.     Mx. 

Lvs.  3,  3-parted,  the  divisions  linear-oblong,  incisely  dentate;  r/H":07nrt  tube- 
rose. In  woods.  The  root-stock  consists  oi"  connected  tubers,  of  a  pungent 
taste.  Stein  a  foot  high,  smooth.  Leaflets  sessile,  deeply  cut  into  very  irreg- 
ular mucronate  teeth,  the  lateral  leaflets  cut  nearly  to  the  base,  almost  rendering 
the  leaves  quinate.     Flowers  racemed,  large,  purplish.  May.  Per.  Tooth-wort. 

3.  D.  ma'xima.     k. 

Leaves  many ,  (5 — 7.)  alternate,  petiolate,  remote;  I c 'i fl ct s  suhovdA,  incisely 
and  acutely  dentate ;  lateral  ones  lobed  ;  tuliers  concatenate.  In  western  N. 
Y.     Stem  1 — 2  feet  high."   Flowers  pale  purple.     Per. 

6.    NASTU'RTIUM. 

Silique  subterete,  shortish  or  cleclinate;  valves  nerveless ; 
calyx  equal,  spreading;  seeds  in  a  double  scries. 

A  latin  name,  which  according  to  Pliny,  comes  from  nnsus  tortus,  from  the 
effect  which  the  acrimony  of  these  plants  have  upon  the  nose.     Aquatic  herbs. 

1.  N.  officina'le. 

Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  ovate,  subcordate,  repand.  In  brooks  and  ponds. 
Stems  decumbent,  a  foot  high,  thick,  the  branches  axillary.  Leaves  alternate, 
of  :3 — 7  leaflets;  leaflets  broad,  often  cordate  at  the  base,  and  somewhat  acute 
at  the  ends,  very  obtusely  toothed,  the  terminal  one  the  largest.  Flowers 
white.  Siliques  erect,  about  half  an  inch  in  length.  This  cress  is  said  to  be 
in  great  demand  in  the  vicinity  of  London  as  a  salad.  For  this  purpose  it  is 
extensively  cultivated  in  streamsof  running  water,  on  a  chalky  bottom.  June. 
Per.  English  Water  Cress. 

2.  N.    HIS'PIDUM. 

Stem  villous;  leaves  somewhat  villous,  runcinate-pinnatifid ;  lobes  rather 
obtusely  dentate;  siliques  ovate,  tumid,  pointed  with  the  style,  scarcely  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  petals  scarcely  as  long  as  calyx.  Stem  an- 
gular, branched,  2 — 3  feet  high,  with  many  panicled  racemes  above.  Flowers 
minute.     Siliques  very  short,  on  somewhat  spreading  pedicels. 

7.    BARBA'REA. 


Silique  columnar,  2  or  4-eornered  ;  valves  concave-carin- 
ate  ;  seeds  in  a  single  series;  calyx  equal  at  base,  erect. 

Gr.  ip'jci),  to  cure  ;  from  its  salutary  medicinal  effects.  Leaves  lyratc-pin- 
natifid.     Flowers  yellow. 

B.    VULGa'RIS.      Br.  Erysimum  vulg.    L. 

Lower  leaves  lyrate,  the  terminal  lobe  rotindish  ;  vpptr  leaves  obovate,  den- 
tate. Found  in  old  fields,  also  by  brooks.  Stems  1 — 2  feet  high,  smooth, 
furrowed,  branched  above.  Leaves  on  clasping  stalks,  lyrate-piijnate,  with 
large  terminal  lobes,  upper  sessile,  all  with  obtuse  teeth.  Flowers  yellow,  in 
terminal  racemes.  Pods  slender,  somewhat  4-sided,  curved  upwards.  May — 
July.     Per.  Winter  Cress. 


CRUCIFER5:.  41  CHEIRANTHUS. 


8.    TU'RRITIS. 
Silique  very  long,  linear,   striate,  2-edged ;  valves  keeled 
or  nerved;  seeds  in  a  double  row;  calyx  erect,  converging; 
corolla  erect. 

Lat.  turris,  a  tower ;  the  leaves  and  fruit  giving  the  plant  a  pyramidal  form. 

T.    GLABRA. 

Stein  erect ;  radical  leaves  petiolate,  dentate,  with  ramose  hairs ;  upper,  broad 
lanceolate,  sagittate,  smooth,  half-clasping,  glaucous  ;  siliques  narrow,  linear, 
erect ;  pcUils  scarcely  longer  than  tlie  calyx.  Stem  1|  feet  high,  branching. 
Flowers  sulphur  yellow,  pale.     June.  Per.  Tower  Mustard. 

9.    COCHLEA'RIA. 
Silicle  sessile,  oblong  or  ovate,  globose,  with  ventricose 
valves;    seeds  many,  not  margined;  petals  entire;  stamens 
witliout  teeth. 

Lat.  cochlear,  a  spoon,  in  allusion  to  the  concave  leaves,  which  are  hollow 
like  the  bowl  of  a  spoon.     Flowers  white. 

1.  C.    AQUA'tICA.      Ea. 

Leaves  all  pinnatifid,  the  lower  ones  doubly  and  finely  pinnatifid.  Gjows 
in  wet  ])laces,  often  partly  submerged.  Flowers  white.  June.  Per.  Eaton 
supposes  that  it  may  be  a  variety  of 'the  common  horse  radisli. 

Water  Horse  Radish. 

2.  C.  Armora'cia. 

Pads  elliptical ;  radical  leaves  oblong,  crenate  ;  cauline  leaves  long,  lanceo- 
late, toothed  or  cut ;  root  large,  fleshy.  The  horse  radish  is  a  garden  exotic, 
cultivated  as  a  condiment  for  roast  beef  and  other  viands.  Stem  "3  feet  high. 
Flowers  white.     May.  Per.  i^orse  liadt^k. 

3.  C.  officina'lis. 

Pods  oval,  globose,  half  the  length  of  the  stalk;  radical  leaves  stalked, 
cordate  ;  cauline  ones  ovate,  angular,  dentate.  A  garden  exotic,  valuable  for 
its  powerful  medicinal  properties,  as  antiscorbutic,  and  stimulating  to  the  di- 
gestive organs.  Stems  less  than  a  foot  high.  Flowers  white,  in  the  spring 
months.     Ann.  Scurvy  Grass. 

10.    CHEIRA'NTIIUS. 

Calyx  closed;  two  of  the  leaflets  gibbous  at  the  base;  pe- 
tals dilated  ;  silique  when  young  with  a  glandular  tooth  each 
side;  stigma  2-lobed;  seed  flat,  sometimes  margined. 

Name  from  the  Arabic  kheijry,  the  name  of  a  certain  plant,  and  the  Greek 
eivdoi,  a  flower. 


1.  C.  Cheiri. 

LertDfs  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  smooth;  Jrawf/ic?  angular;  stem  somewhat 
■oody.     From  S.  Et 
colors  and  agreeable  t 


woody.     From  S.  Europe.     A  popular  garden  flower,  admired  for  its  various 
"'2  odor.     About  2  feet  high.     June.  Per.         Wall  Floiver. 


D* 


CRUCFFER^.  42 


2.  C.  a'nnuus. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  snbdentate,  obtuse  hoary ;  sJi/q'Me  cylindric,  with  an  acute 
apex;  stem  somewhat  woody.  Native  of  England.  A  fine  garden  bienniel, 
with  several  varieties,  as  the  Brompton  Stock,  Brompton  queens,  double-flow- 
ered   &c.  Stock  July-Jioioer.     Ten-icecks  Stock. 

3.  C.  inca'nus. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  hoary  ;  siliqne  truncate,  compressed  at  the 
apex  ;  stem  somewhat  woody.  Native  of  England.  A  fine  garden  biennial, 
with  several  varieties.  Purple  July-flower, 

4.  C.  fenistra'lis. 

Leaves  crowded  together  in  a  head,  recurved,  undulate,  downy  ;  pods  dow- 
ny, without  glands  ;  broadest  at  base  ;  stem  erect,  somewhat  shrubby,  simple. 
Flowers  purple.     July,  Aug.     Bien.  Winduio  July-flower. 

5.  C.  Gr.\e'cus. 

Stem  Iierbaceous,  erect,  branched;  haves  lanceolate,  smooth;  pods  some- 
what compressed,  without  glands.  From  Greece.  A  garden  annual  with 
white  flowers.     May,  June.  Gredan  Stock. 

11.    ALY'SSUM. 

Silicle  orbicular  or  oval,  with  valves  flat  or  convex  in  the 
ccntie;  seeds  2 — 4  in  eacli  cell;  calyx  equal  at  base;  petals 
entire;  some  of  the  stamens  with  teeth. 

Gr.  a,,  privative,  and  'K'ja-iTc^,  rage.  The  plants  possessed  with  the  ancients 
a  reputation  for  allaying  anger.     Hence  their  old  English  name,       Madwort. 

1.  A.  saxa'tile. 

Stem  half  slirubby  at  base,  subcorymbose  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  downy  ; 
silkies  ovato-orbicular,  2  seeded  ;  seuis  margined.  An  early  flowering  garden 
perennial,  native  of  Candia.  Stem  a  foot  high,  with  numerous  yellow  flow- 
ers in  close  corymbose  bunches.     April,  May.  Rock  Alyssum. 

2.  A.    MARI'TLMUM. 

Stems  half  shrubby  at  base  and  procumbent ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
somewhat  hoary  ;  pads  oval  smooth.  A  sweet  scented  garden  perennial,  with 
fine  leaves  and  small  white  flowers.  Stem  a  foot  in  length.  Flowers  from 
June  to  Oct.  All  the  species  of  Alyssum  are  of  easy  culture  in  common 
loamy  soils.  ^^'^'^^^  Myssutn. 

12.    LUNA' HI  A. 

Silicle  pedicellate,  cliptical  or  lanceolate  with  flat  valves, 
equalling  tlic  partition.     Calyx  of  4,  colored,  sack-like  leaflets. 

Lat.  hina,  the  moon;  from  the  broad,  round  silicles. 

1.    L.    REDIVI'VA. 

Silicles  oval,  narrower  at  both  ends;  leaves  with  mucromate  teeth. 

Perennial  Satin  flower,  or  Honesty. 


CRCCIFER^.  4S 


2.  L.  bie'nnis. 

Silides  oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends  ;  leaves  with  blunt  teeth.  These  are  large 
hairy  plants,  native  of  Germany,  and  naturalized.  Stems  3  or  4  feet  high. 
Leaves  cordate.  Flowers  large,  lilac-colored.  The  broad,  roundish,  silvery 
eilicles  are  the  most  remarkable  ieature  of  the  plants. 

13.  CAKI'LE. 

Silicle  2-jointe(],  the  upper  part  ovate  or  ensiform ;  seed  in 
the  upper  cell  erect,  in  the  lower  pendulous. 

From  the  Arabic.  Maritime,  annual,  smooth  and  fleshy  plants.  The  low- 
er joint  of  the  silicle  often  abortive. 

C.  mari'tima. 

Upper  joint  of  the  silicle  ensiform,  or  ovate-ensifornn.  Native  of  the  sea- 
coast  and  the  lake  shores  of  N.  Y.  Stem  prostrate,  0 — 12  inches  long,  much 
branched.  Leaves  sinnate-dentate,  oblong-cuniform.  Flowers  in  axillary 
and  terminal  corymbs,  purple.     July,  Aug.  Sea  Rocket. 

14.  IBE'RIS. 

Silicle  compressed,  truncate,  emarginate,  the  cells  1-seed- 
ed  ;  the  two  outer  petals  largest. 

Prom  the  country  once  called  Iberia,  now  Spain,  where  most  of  the  species 
are  native. 

1.  I.  umbella'ta. 

Herbaceous,  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  lower  ones  serrate,  up- 
per ones  entire ;  siUclcs  umbellate,  acutely  2  lobed.  This  and  the  following 
species  are  very  popular  garden  annuals,  very  pretty  in  borders,  and  of  easy 
culture.  Tlie  «;/(/>c//rtto  is  from  S.  Europe.  Stem  a  foot  high.  Flowers  purple, 
terminal,  in  simple  umbels,  and  like  the  rest  of  tlie  genus,  remarkable  for 
having  the  two  outer  petals  larger  than  the  two  inner  ones.     June,  July. 

Purple  Caiuhj-tvft. 

2.  I.  ama'ra. 

Herbaceous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  toothed  ;  flotpers  corymhed, 
becoming  racemed  ;  .?«7/c.'e  obcordate,  narrowly  emarginate.  Native  of  Eng- 
land.    Stem  a  foot  high.     Fowers  while.     June,  July.         Bitter  Candy-tuft. 

3.  I.  pinna'ta. 

Herbaceous,  smooth;  /rnce^  pinnatifid  ;  racemes corymhose,  but  little  elon- 
gated after  flowering.  From  S.  Europe.  A  foot  high.  Flowers  white.  Jxi. 
August.  fVing-lmVid  Candy-tuft. 

4.  I.  saxa'tilis. 

Shrubby ;  leaves  linear,  entire;  somewhat  fleshy,  rather  acute,  smooth  or 
ciliate  ;  flowers  in  corymbs.  From  S.  Europe.  Near  a  foot  high.  Flowers 
wliite.     April,  June.  Rock  Candy-tuft. 

Twenty-four  species  of  the  Iberis  have  been  described,  others  of  which  are 
equally  ornamental  with  those  above  mentioned. 


CRUCIFERjE,  .44  CAMELINA. 

Tribe  2,  NOTORHIZE.E. 

Cotyledons  incumbent  (  o||  ).     Railidc  dorsal.     Seeds  ovate,  never  margined. 
15.    ERl'SYMUM. 

Silique  columnar,  4  cornered  5  stigma  capitate;  seeds  in  a 
single  row  ;  cotyledons  oblong,  calyx  closed. 

Gr.  £gv4»,  to  cure  ;  on  account  of  its  salutary  effects  in  medicine. 

E.    CHEIRANTHOI'DF.S. 

Pubescence  minute,  appressed  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  denticulate  or  entire;  sili- 
que  erect,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  stioina  small.  By  streams  and  in 
wet  grounds.  Stem  often  branched,  1  or '2  feet  liigh.  Flowers  small,  yellow. 
Siliques  an  mch  in  length.     July,  Aug.     Ann. 

1  G  .    S  Y  S 1'  M  B  R I  U  M  . 
Siliques  cylindrical ;  cotyledons  incumbent,  sometimes  ob- 
lique, flat;  calyx  mostly  spreading,  equal  at  the  base. 

The  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  unknown  plant.  Stigmas  2,  somewhat 
distinct  or  connate. 

1.  S.    OFFICINA'LE.  Erysimum.     L. 

Siliques  close  pressed  to  the  rachis  of  the  spike.  Leaves  runcinate.  In 
cultivated  fields,  among  rubbish,  »fcc.  Stem  18  inches  high,  round,  branched, 
more  or  less  hairy.  Leaves  lyrate,  toothed,  the  lower  segments  lanceolate, 
and  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  petiole  or  pointing  backwards;  upper  leaves 
in  3  narrow  segments,  placed  at  right  angles.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  termi- 
nating the  spike,  which  becomes  long  and  environed  with  the  appressed, 
sessile  pods.     June,— Oct.     Ann.     Medicinal.  Hedge  Mustard. 

2.  S.  Sophi'a. 

Leaves  bipinnate;  segments  oblong-linear,  incised  ;  petals  shorter  than  ca- 
lyx ;  calijx  half  as  long  as  pedicel.  In  sandy  fields.  Stem  2  feet  high.  Flow- 
ers yellow.     April.     Ann.  Flax-icecd. 

3.  S.    THALIA'NA.       Gray.  Arabis  thaliana.     L. 

Leaucs  hairy,  subdentate ;  radical  ones  petiolate,  oblong;  stein  branched, 
hairy  at  the  base ;  siliques  ascending,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  calyx 
much  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  Rocks  and  dry  hills.  Stem  G  inches  high, 
erect,  with  slender  branches.  Flowers  very  small.  Siliques  slender,  |  incii 
in  length.     April,  May.     Ann.  Mouse-car  Wall  Cress. 

17.     CAM  EL  I'M  A. 

Silicle  obovate,  or  suhglobose,  with  vcntricose  valves  and 
many-seeded  cells;  style  filiform;  cotyledons  incumbent. 

A  conU-action  Cot  chajnne-l ilium,  dwarf  flax.  Style  rather  long.  Stamens 
not  toothed.     Seeds  oblong,  striate,  not  membrane-winged. 

C.    SATi'VA. 

S«7tc/e  obovate,  pyriform,  margined,  tipped  with  the  pointed  style;  leaves 
subentire,  lanceolate,  sagittate.     Grows  in  fields.     Stem  straight,  erect,  Id 


CRUCrFERJE. 


45  HESPERIS. 


inches  high,  branching.  Leaves  clasping  the  stem,  with  their  arrow-shaped 
bases,  the  margin  nearly  entire,  tapering  to  a  point.  This  plant  is  cultivated 
in  Europe  for  "the  seeds,  from  which  an  oil  is  expressed.  Flowers  yellow. 
June.     Ann.  Madwort.     False-jiax. 

18.     CAPSE'LLA. 
Silicle  triangular,  cuneiform;  valves  boat-shaped,  wingless, 
coriaceous;  cells  small,  many-seeded  ;  cotyledons  incumbent. 

Name,  a  diminutive  of  cajisuh,  on  account  of  the  little,  inversely-heart- 
shaped  silicles.  A  genus  removed  from  Thlaspi  on  account  of  its  incumbent 
cotyledons. 

C.    BURS.\-PASTo'ris.       Dc.  Thlaspi  bursa-pastoris.     L. 

Plant  hairy;  silicle  triangular,  obcordate,  wingless;  cells  many-seeded; 
radical  leaves  pinnatifid.  The  Shepherd's  Purse  is  found  every  where  in 
pastures  and  by  road  sides,  flowering  from  INIarch  toOct.  Stem  round,  branch- 
ing, from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  high.  Root  leaves  rosulate,  hairy,  more  or 
le^s  pinnatifid  and  toothed.  Stem  leaves  much  smaller,  auriculate  at  base, 
sessile.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  racemes  which  continue  to  ascend  and  put 
forth  new  blossoms  until  the  late  frosts  of  Autumn.  Silicles  smooth,  triangu- 
lar, emarginate  at  the  end,  and  tipped  with  the  style.  Ann.    Shepherd's  Purse. 

19.    SUBULA'RIA. 
Silicle  oval;  valves  turgid  ;  cells  many-seeded;  stigma  ses- 
sile; cotyledons  linear,  curved. 

Named  in  reference  to  the  linear-subulate  leaves.     A  small  aquatic  plant. 

S.  aqua'tica. 

The  only  species.  .  Grows  on  the  muddy  shores  of  ponds,  in  Maine.  Autt. 
Leaves  all  radical,  an  inch  in  length,  awl-sliaped.  Scape  two  or  three  mches 
high,  racemose,  with  a  few  minute,  white  flowers,  on  slender  pedicels  one  or 
two  lines  in  length.  Jiwlwort. 

20.     HE'SPERIS. 
Calyx  closed,  furrowed  at  base,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the 
petals;  petals   bent   obliquely,  linear  or  obovate ;  silique   4- 
sided,  2-edged   or  subterete  ;  seeds   not   margined  ;  sligm.as 
forked,  with  the  apices  converging. 

Gr.  io-TTiQvi,  the  eyening;  the  flower  is  more  fragrant  towards  evening. 

1.  H.  matriona'lis. 

Stnn  simple,  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  ovate,  denticulate  ;  petals  emarginate, 
mucronate;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx.  A  fine  garden  perennial,  said  to  be 
found  native  about  Lake  Huron.  Stem  3  or  4  feet  high.  Flowers  purple; 
often  double  and  white  in  /3,  hortensis.  Roclf-ct. 

2.  H.  apri'ca. 

Stem  simple,  erect,  pubescent;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  ciliate-hispid  ; 
pedicels  as  long  as  calvx.  From  Siberia.  Stem  a  fpot  high.  Flowefs  pur- 
ple.    Mav,  June.     Per.  Siberian  Rocket. 


CRUCIFERJE.  46 


21.    LEPl'DIUM. 
Silicic  ovale,  emarginate  ;  valves  carinale,  dehiscent;  cells 
1-seeded;  cotyledons  incumbent  or  accumbent. 

Gr.  >.£7rt«,  a  scale ;  the  form  of  the  silicles  is  that  of  a  little  scale.  Petals 
obovate.  Sepals  ovate.  Silicle  2  celled,  the  partition  very  narrow,  crossing 
the  greater  diameter.     Seeds  ovate. 

1.  L.    VlRGl'NlCUM. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  incisely  serrate,  smooth;  stamens  2—4,  silicle 
orbicular,  emarginate  ;  cott/l edmis  accnmhent;  s/c?)i  branched  above.  In  san- 
dy fields,  flowering  from  June  to  Oct.  Stem  rigid,  round,  smooth,  a  foot  high. 
Flowers  and  capsules  very  numerous,  in  a  panicle  of  racemes.  Flower  very 
small,  white,  diandrous.  Radical  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  cauline  ones  narrow, 
with  a  few  long  teeth.  Silicles  ions-shaped,  with  a  notch  at  tlie  end.  It  has 
a  pungent  taste  lilce  the  garden  peppergrass.     Ann.  JVild  Peppergrass. 

2.  L.    SATi'VUM. 

Silicles  orbicular,  winged  ;  haves  variously  divided  and  cut ;  branches  with- 
out spines.     A  well  known,  annual,  garden  salad,  flowering  in  July. 

Common  Peppergrass  or  Cress. 

22.    ISA'TIS. 
Silicle  elliptical,  flat,  1-celled,  1-seeded,  with  carinate,  na- 
vicular valves,  which  are  scarcely  dehiscent. 

Gr.  iirci^M,  to  make  equalj;  the  plant  is  believed  to  remove  roughness  from 
the  skin.     Dissepiment  obliterated. 

I.  tincto'ria. 

Silicles  cuneate,  acuminate  at  base,  somewhat  spathulate  at  the  end,  very 
obtuse,  3  times  as  long  as  broad.  The  Woad  is  native  of  England.  It  is  oc- 
casionally cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  leaves,  which  yield  a  dye  that  may 
be  substituted  for  Indigo.  The  plant  grows  about  four  feet  high,  with  large 
leaves  clasping  the  stem  with  tiieir  broad  bases.  Flowers  yellow,  large,  in 
terminal  racemes.     May — July.     Bien.  Woad. 

Tribe  3,  ORTHOPLOCEvE. 

Cotyledons  conduplicate,  or  folded  together  lengthwise  on  the  radicle  (o»  ). 
Seeds  globose,  never  margined, 

2  3.     S  I  N  A'  P  I  S . 
Calyx  spreading;  corolla  with  straight  claws;  silique  sub- 
terete;  valves  nerved  ;  partition  extending  beyond  the  valves 
and  ensiform;  seeds  in  a  single  row,  subglobose;  cotyledons 
conduplicate  (folded  together.) 

Name  from  the  Greek,  a-ivuTrt,  mustard.     Flower  always  yellow. 

1.    S.    NIGRA. 

Silique  smootii,  4-corncred,  appresscd  to  the  rachis  of  the  raceme;  upper 
leavr.s  linear,  lanceolate,  entire,  smooth.  In  cultivated  grounds  and  waste 
places.  Stem  3 — IJ  feet  high,  branching,  smooth,  round,  striate.  Leaves 
variously  lobed   and  tootlied,  the  upper  ones  deiiexed  and  entire.     Flowers 


CRUCIFERjE. 


47  raphanus. 


numerous,  yellow.  Pods  very  numerous,  2  inches  in  length.    Seeds  well  known 
as  a  condiment.     June,  July.     Ann.  Black  Mustard. 

2.  S.  arve'nsis. 

Silique  smooth,  many-angled,  torose,  about  3  times  the  length  of  the  slen- 
der ancipital  style ;  5/c«j  and  ier/t^es  hairy.  In  N.  York,  introduced.  Lower 
leaves  large  sublyrate-pinnatifid,  upper  ones  oblong-ovate,  ail  repand  toothed. 
Silinue  smnewhat  spreading,  1^  inches  long.  Seeds  large  and  black.  Jn. 
—Aug.     Ann.  Charlock. 

3.  S.    ALBA. 

Silique  bristly,  torose,  shorter  than  the  2-edged  beak;  leaves  pinnatifid,  up- 
per ones  sublyrate,  all  irregularly  dentate ;  seeds  large,  pale  yellow.  Native 
of  Europe.  The  seeds  are  iiscd  for  the  same  purposes  as  the  S.  nigra.  Both 
are  much  esteemed  for  various  medicinal  pui  poses.  White  Mustard. 

24.  BRA'SSICA. 

Silique  roundish;  st3le  small,  short,  obtuse;  seeds  in  one 
row;  calyx  closed;  seeds  globose  ;  cotyledons  conduplicate. 

From  the  Celtic  hrcsic,  a  cabbage. 

1.  B.  olera'cia. 

Leaves  with  a  glaucous  dust,  somewhat  fleshy,  repand  or  lobed,  even  in  their 
youngest  state,  and  quite  smooth.  The  original  plant  grows  native  in  Eng- 
land "on  rocky  shores  and  cliffs,  with  no  appearance  of  a  head,  forming  a  sur- 
prising contrast  with  the  cultivated  varieties.  The  excellence  of  the  Cabbage 
as  a  pot-herb  needs  no  encomium.  Common  Cabbage. 

2.  B.  campe'stris. 

Leaves  fleshy,  with  glaucous  bloom,  the  lower  when  young,  somewhat  his- 
ped  or  ciliate,  lyrate  dentate,  the  upper  cordate,  amplexicaul,  acuminate.  Root 
between  fusiform  and  napiform.  Native  of  Sweden.  It  is  cultivated  like 
the  common  turnip,  but,  after  a  thorough  experiment,  is  considered  by  farmers 
inferior  in  value  to  that  root,  although  it  grows  to  an  enormous  size.  Flow- 
ers yellow.     June.     Bien.  Rutabaga. 

3.  B.    RAPA. 

Radical  leaves  lyrate,  without  a  glaucous  bloom,  rough;  caidine  leaves  cnt; 
upper  ones  entire.     Root  napiform  depressed.     Bien.  Turnip. 

4.  B.    NAPUS. 

Leaves  smooth,  upper  ones  cordate-lanceolate,  amplexicaul;  lower  ones 
lyrate-toothed.  This  species  is  said  by  Nuttall  to  grow  native  on  ledges  of 
rocks  in  Arkansas.     Flowers  yellow.     May.  Bien.  Rape. 

25.  RA'PHANUS. 

Calyx  closed,  setose ;  silique  torose,  terete,  not  opening 
by  valves,  1  or  2  celled  ;  glands  between  the  short  stamens 
and  pistil,  and  between  the  long  stamens  and  calyx  ;  cotyle- 
dons conduplicate. 

Gr.  Qcij  quickly,  and  (^uivu),  to  appear;  on  account  of  the  rapidity  of  its 
growth. 


CAPPARIDACE^.  48  POLASISIA. 


1.  R.    RAPHANI'STRUM. 

Leaves  \yvaie;  siHque  terete,  jointed,  smooth,  1-celled,  becoming  at  length 
2-celled  and  not  jointed.  Naturalized  in  cultivated  fields  and  by  road-sides. 
Stem  glaucous,  branching,  1  or  2  feet  high.  The  upper  leaves  are  ovate-ob- 
lonir,  toothed.  Flowers  yellow  or  light  blue,  blanching  as  they  grow  old. 
August.  Wild  Radish. 

2.  R.    SATI^VA. 

Leaves  \yraXe ;  silique  round,  torose,  acuminate,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
stalk.  A  well  known  salad  root  from  China.  It  is  well  grown  in  gardens 
with  a  deep  sandy  soil.  There  are  many  varieties,  both  with  spindle-shaped 
and  turnip-shaped  roots,  arranged  as  the  spring,  summer,  turnip,  autumn  and 
winter  radishes.  Garden  Radish. 

2G.    CRAMBE. 
Silicic  with  2  joints,  of  which  the  lower  is  abortive,  the 
upper  globose,  1-seeded. 

One  of  the  ancient  Greek  names  of  the  cabbage. 

C.    MARI'TIMA. 

The  Ion  (T  filaments  forked;  fnd  bhint ;  leaves  roundish,  sinuate,  wavy, 
toothed,  glaucous,  and  with  the  stem,  quite  smooth.  Native  of  England.  Cul- 
tivated 'for  its  early  shoots,  which  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  asparagus. 
Flowers  white.     Per.  '^'fi"  ^'"'e. 


ORDER   XV.    CAPPARlDACEiE.  The  Caper  Tribe. 

Coi.— Sepals  4. 

(^;o,-._Petals  4,  cruciate,  unquiculate,  liypogj-nous,  more  or  less  unequal. 
,Srto._6— 12,  or  some  liish  multiple  of  4,  almost  perigynous. 
To^-.—Sinall.  "Itcii  (■lllll^al.■ll,  hrtiriu};- a  single  gland. 

0^.(l. Ollrii  siipiinir.  i.t  -i  iiiiili'il  rarpcls.     Styles  united  into  one.     Stigma  di.seoid. 

jr,-._F,jth(M-  p,ul-sli:iiii-d  ;uui  dclnsccnt,  or  fleshy  and  indehiscent.     Placenta;  usually  two. 
6ys.— Many,  renitbrm. 

A  small  order  of  tropical  plants.  Six  genera  have  been  found  in  N.  Aiuerica.  Their 
properties  resemble  those  of  the  Crucifira;.  One  species  ol  Polamsia,  which  is  the  only 
northern  genus,  is  used  as  a  vermifuge. 

P  O  L  A  N  I'  S  I  A  . 

Sepals  distinct,  spreading;  petals  4;  stannens  8-^32  ;  fila- 
ments tiiiform,  or  dilated  at  the  summit;  torus  minute;  pod 
linear. 

Annual  herbs  with  a  strong  odor. 
p.    GRAVE'OLENS.      Raf.  Clcoine  dodecandra.     Mt. 

Viscid  pubescent;  /era-es  ternate  ;  Zcr/^c^s  elliptical-oblong;  /yiocrs  axillary, 
solitary;  stammsB — 12;  siZif/iic^  oblong,  attenuate  at  base.  A  strong-scented 
plant,  found  on  sandy  shores.  Stem  a  foot  high,  branching.  Flowers  reddish 
while,  in  terminal  racemes,  with  a  variable  number  of  stamens.  Pods  one- 
celled,  2-valved,  hairy  and  viscid  hJce  every  other  part  ot  the  plant.     Jl.  Ann. 


POLYGALACE^.  49  POLYGAJLA. 

ORDER   XVI.    RESEDACE^.  The  Mignionette  Tribe. 

Oii.— Sepals  somewhat  united  at  base,  unequal,  green. 

Ci»-.— Petals  lacerated,  unequal. 

Sta.—S — 2(1,  inserted  on  the  disk.     Torus  hypog-j'nous,  one  sided,  glandular. 

Oi-a.— Sessile,  3-lobed,  1-celled,  many-seeded.     Placenta;  n,  parietal. 

Fr. — A  capsule,  1-celled,  opening  between  the  stigmas  before  maturity. 

A  small  order  inhabiting  the  countries  around  the  Mediterranean  sea,  having  no  veiT- 
remarkable  properties.  Reseda  luteola  contains  a  yellow  coloring  matter,  and  other  spe- 
cies ai-e  very  fragrant.    This  genus  is  nearly  naturalized  in  the  western  part  of  N.  \ . 

RESE'DA. 
Caljx  leaves  many,  petals  of  the  same  number,  each  bearing 
one  or  more  stamens-,  torus  large,  fieshv,  bearing  the  ovary, 
with  several  stamens  and  styles. 

Lat.  rescdo,  to  calm,  to  appease;  in  allusion  to  the  supposed  efficacy  of  the 
plant  in  relievinff  pain. 

1.  R.  lute'ola. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  base;  cabjx  4-clen:. 
This  useful  exotic  (nearly  naturalized  in  Western  N.  Y.),  atfords  a  most  use- 
ful yellow  dye  for  cotton,  wollen,  silk  and  linen.  The  yellow  color  of  the  paint 
called  Dutch-pink  is  from  this  plant.  For  th«se  purposes  the  entire  plant, 
when  about  flowering,  is  pulled  up,  and  employed  both  fresh  and  dried.  It  is 
annual,  about  2  feet  Fiigh.  The  fto\Vers  are  without  petals,  arranged  in  a  long 
spike,  which,  as  Linnreus  observes,  follows  the  course  of  the  sun,  inclining 
cast,  south  and  west  by  day,  and  north  by  night.  Dyer's  Weed. 

2.  R.  odora'ta. 

Leaves  entire,  3-lobed  ;  sepals  shorter  than  petals.  A  well  known  and  uni- 
versal favorite  of  the  garden,  native  of  Egypt.  The  flowers  are  higiily  fragrant, 
and  no  boquet  should  be  considered'couiplete  witliout  it.  The  v&xi€iy  Jrates- 
cens  is  by  a  peculiar  training,  raised  to  the  height  of  2  feet  with  the  form  of  a 
tree.  The  spcclvs  jjlujieuma,  native  of  Palestine,  has  a  caly.x  longer  than  the 
petals.  Migiiioitetie. 


ORDER  XVII.  POLYGAL.ACE/E.  The mk-wort  Tribe. 

C/il. Sepals  .5,  very  irregular,  3  exterior:  '2  interior,  lar:j-pr  and  petiuloid. 

Cor. — Petals  3.  hypogynous,  one  larger  and  anli-ii^.r,  keci-slia])(Tl. 

S^^.—Hyposfyiiotis-  0— S;  filaments  cnmhined  in  a  tul)i-  whirli  is  split  on  the  upperside,  and 

coherent  to  some  extent  with  the  claws  of  the  petals. 
Oya.— Superior,  compressed,  2-celled,  one  often  abortive.     Sty.  curved  and  often  cucullate. 
Pr. — Loculicidal  or  indebi^cent.     Seeds  pendulous. 

A  small  order  of  shrubby  or  herbaceous  plants,  very  equally  distributed,  each  division 
of  the  globe  having  two  or" three  genera  peculiar  to  it.  The  properties  of  the  Poiygalacein 
have  not  been  well  determined.  Some  of  the  genera  possess  a  biUer  matter  and  a  milky 
juice  which  is  emetic,  expectorant  and  diuretic.     Polygala  is  the  only  Northern  genus. 

P  O  L  Y'  G  A  L  A  . 
Calj^x  5-leaved,  persistent,  2  of  the  sepals  vving-shapefl  and 
colored;  vexillum  cylindric;  capsule  obcordate,  2-celled,  2- 
valved. 

Gr.  TtoXv,  much,  yaXa.  milk.     It  was  said  to  promote  the  lacteal  secretions 

E 


POLYGALACEiE. 


50  POLTGALA. 


of  animals.  Cal.  inferior,  3  outer  leaves  smaller,  ovate  ;  petals  united  to  the 
fil.  by  their  claws.  The  limb  of  tlie  upper  partly  divided,  liie  lower  keel- 
shaped,  generally  crowned  with  a  crested  appendage.  Fil.  united  at  the  base, 
divided  above  into  2  sets.     Seeds  1  in  each  cell. 

1.  P.  paucifo'lia. 

Stem  simple,  erect,  naked  below ;  haves  ovate,  acute,  smooth ;  terminal 
flowers  laro-e,  crested,  radical,  apterous.  A  small  handsome  plant,  with  a 
few  ratlierlarn-e  i)uri)le  iiowers.  Native  of  woods  and  swamps.  Stem  ',i  or  4 
inches  hioh,wTtli  its  acute  leaves  mostly  near  the  top,  2 — 4  flowers  above  them. 
Calyx  of  5  leaves,  the  upper  one  gibbous  at  base.  Corolla  mostly  purple ; 
with  a  purple  crest  on  its  middle  lobe.  The  radical  flowers  are  either  close 
to  the  ground,  or  subterraneous,  smaller,  greenish,  wanting  the  wings  of  the 
calyx.  "May.     Per.  Fringed  Poly  gala. 

2.  P.   POLY'GAMA.       IVr.  P.  rubella.     Mk. 
Stems  simple,  numerous  ;  leaves  linear,  oblong,  mucronate,  alternate  below; 

racemes  terminal  and  lateral;  flowers  sessile,  those  of  the  stem  winged, 
those  of  the  root  apterous.  A  plant  of  a  bitter  taste,  used  in  niedicme  as  a 
tonic,  found  in  fields  and  pastures.  Steins  crowded,  many  from  the  same 
root,  angular,  smooth.  Leaves  smooth,  lower  obovate,  upper  linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  sessile.  Flowers  crested,  purple,  smaller  than  the  last.  Wings  of  the 
calyx  obtuse.  Anthers  8,  in  2  equal  parcels.  Bracts  small,  subulate,  cadu- 
cous. Terminal  racemes  with  perfect  flowers,  radical  racemes  prostrate,  or 
subterraneous,  wincrless  and  nearly  apetaious.     Jn.,  Jl.     Per. 

Bitter  Pohjgala. 

3.  P.    PURPU'rEA.      .v.  p.  sanguinea.     Mx. 
6Ye7?i  branching  at  the  top;  leaves  linear,  alternate ;  powers  beardless,  in 

alternate,  oblong^spikes;  calycine  wings  obovate.  An  erect  plant C— 12  inch- 
es hich,  found  in  meadows  and  wet  grounds,  and  known  at  once  by  its  short, 
reddish'  cylindric  spikes  of  flowers.  Stem  angular,  with  fastigiate  branches, 
each  ending  in  a  smaller  spike  than  that  of  the  main  stem,  but  rising  above  it 
in  hitrht.     Flowers  purple,  caducous.     Jl.— Oct.     Ann.     Caducous  Folijgala. 


4.  P.  se'nega 


wards 

medicine,  saiu  lu  niivc  uccu  cmj^.i/jrv-u   ^j  ^.^  .^^..^ —  .. — -  — 

to  the  bite  of  the  rattle-snake.  The  root  is  woody,  branched,  contorted,  about 
half  an  inch  thick,  covered  with  ash  colored  bark.  Stems  about  a  foot  high, 
with  numerous,  scattered,  subsessile,  lanceolate  leaves.  Flowers  while,  in  a 
lontr,  filiform  spike.  Calyx  larger  than  the  corolla,  5-leaved,  colored.  The 
roor'has  at  fiist'a  sweetish  and  nauseous  taste,  which  soon  becomes  pungent 
and  hot,  producing  a  peculiar  tingling  sensation.   Jl.  Per.     Seneca  Siialu- Rout. 

5.  P.  verticilla'ta. 

Stem  branched,  erect;  leaves  linear,  verticillate;  spikes  linear,  stalked;  floirers 
alternate,  crested  ;  calycine  wings  roundish.  Found  on  dry  hills.  Stem  very 
slender,  square,  G— 8  inches  high.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  5  or  C.  Flowers  small, 
greenish  white,  in  very  slender  spikes,  which  are  higher  upon  the  branches 
than  upon  the  main  stem.     Jl.— Oct.     Ann.  Wlwrlcd-leaved  Pohjgala. 

6.  p.  crucia'ta. 

Stem  erect,  somewhat  fastigiate,  winged  at  the  angles  ;  leaves  in  4s,  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  hds.  of  flowers  spiked,  sessile.     Sphagnous  swamps  and  other  low 


VIOLACE.'E,  51 


grounds.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  with  'I,  winged  angles  and  opposite  branch- 
es. Leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  smooth,  with  obscure  resinous  dots.  Cal- 
ycine  wings  cordate,  acute,  purple.  Corolla  beardless,  greenish  purple.  Jl. 
Aug.     Ann.  Cross-leaved  Polygala. 


ORDER  XVI il.  VIOL ACE.E.  The  vhut  Tribe. 

Cal— Sepals  5,  persistent,  slightly  united,  elongated  at  base,  the  two  lateral  interior. 
Cor.— Petals  5,  commonly  unequal,  the  inferior  usually  spurred  at  base. 
Sta.—5.  inserted  on  the  hyposry-nous  disk.     Fil.  dilated,  prolonsred  beyond  the  anthers. 
Ova.— be  3  united  carpels,  with  3  parietal  placentae.     Stij.  1,  declinate.     Stig.  cucuUate. 
Ft.— A  3-valved  capsule.     S'Js.  many,  with  a  crustaceous  testa  and  distnict  chalaza. 

A  small  order  of  shrubs  and  herbs,  mostly  inhabitants  of  the  Northern  Temperate  Zone. 
The  roots  of  almost  all  the  Violaceae  possess  emetic  properties,  and  some  are  valiied  m 
medicine.  The  Ipecac  of  the  shops  is  partly  the  product  of  certain  Brazilian  species  ot 
lonidium.  Several  species  of  the  violet  are  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers.  Of 
die  4  genera  found  in  N.  America  only  2  are  found  in  the  Northern  States. 

Genera. 

Sepals  unequal,  more  or  less  auricled  at  base, Viola.    1 

Sepals  nearly  equal,  not  auricied, Solea.  i 

1 .     V  I'  O  L  A  . 
Sepals  5,  unequal,  auricular  at  base;  corolla  of  5  petals,  ir- 
regular, the  upper  one  spurred  at  base;  anther  connate,  the 
lobes  diverging  at  base;  capsule  1-celled,  3-valved. 

The  Greek  name  of  this  beautiful  genus  is  io»,  from  lai,  the  name  of  a  cer- 
tain cow,  which  according  to  a  ridiculous  iable  fed  upon  the  Violet.  Cal.  of 
5  oblong,  acute,  equal,  erect  sepals,  produced  downwards  beyond  their  inser- 
tion, 2  of  them  under  the  uppermost  petal,  one  under  each  lateral  petal,  and 
one  under  the  two  lower.  Cor.  irregular,  the  upper  petal  broadest,  slightly 
cleft,  eeding  at  base  in  a  curved  spur  projecting  between  the  leaves  of  the 
calyx  ;  tvvolateral  petal's  opposite,  equal,  obtuse.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell, 
attached  to  the  valves.  Low,  herbaceous,  perennial  plants,  with  a  short  sub- 
terraneous stem  or  rhizoina,  or  caulescent.  Peduncles  angular,  solitary,  1- 
flowered,  recurved  at  the  summit,  so  as  to  bear  the  flower  in  a  resupinate 
position. 

*  Acaulescent.     Flowers  blue. 

1.  V.    .SeLKI'RKII.       Goldie. 

Leaves  cordate,  crenately  serrate,  minutely  hirsute  above,  smooth  beneath, 
the  sinus  deep  and  nearly  closed  ;  stigma  triangular,  margined,  distinctly 
beaked;  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  lamina,  thick,  very  obtuse.  Grows  on 
woody  hills  and  mountains.  A  small  stemless  violet,  with  small  pale  blue 
flowers  conspicuously  spurred.  The  radical  heart-shaped  leaves  are  rather 
numerous  and  longer  than  the  peduncles.  Tlje  lateral  petals  bearded,  and 
with  the  upper  one  striate  with  deep  blue.  Selkirk's  Violet. 

2.  V.  cuculla'ta. 

Very  smooth;  leaves  cordate,  cucullate  at  base,  crenate;  stipules  linear; 
inferior  and  lateral  petals  bearded.  This  is  one  of  the  more  common  kinds  of 
violet,  found  in  low,  grassy  g;rounds.  Leaves  on  long  petioles  heart-shaped, 
remarkably  rolled  at  the  base  into  a  hooded  form.  The  late  leaves  are  crenate- 
yepiforra.     Flowers  light  blue  or  purple,  with  scapes  somewhat  4-sided,  longer 


\'10I^ACE.f;.  52  VIOLA. 

than  the  leaves.  Petals  twisted,  veiny,  entire,  vi'hite  at  the  base,  the  lateral  and 
upper  ones  marked  with  a  few  blue  sliite,  very  variable  in  respect  to  pube- 
scence.    May.     Per.  Huud-Lcavtd  Violet. 

3.  V.  palma'ta. 

Pubescent;  leaves  cordate,  Inbed  in  a  hastate  or  palmate  manner,  the  lobes 
crenafe  and  toothed,  the  middle  one  much  the  largest,  lateral  petals  bearded. 
In  upland  pastures;  3 — 6  inches  hiirh.  Root-stalk  scaly.  Petioles  hairy. 
The  early  leaves  are  ovate,  entire.  The  later  and  perfect  are  pubescent,  often 
purple  beneath,  variously  lobed  and  cleft ;  the  middle  lobe  always  the  largest 
and  longest,  with  2  or  3  lateral  ones  each  side.  Peduncle  sub-4-angled,  longer 
than  tlie  leaves.  Stipules  lanceolate.  Petals  purple,  entire,  veiny,  white  at 
the  base,  upper  ones  smaller,  lateral  ones  densely  bearded,  and  marked  with 
blue  strics.     May.     Per.  I'almatcd  Violet. 

4.  V.  peda'ta.    l. 

Leaves  pedatc,  5 — 9-parted ;  .•!Cff7//C7?75  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  glabrous. 
A  species  very  distinct  from  all  others,  with  large  blue  flowers,  pedate  leaves 
and  a  premose  root,  found  in  dr}'  woods  and  pastures.  Root-stalk  fleshy, end- 
ing abruptly  as  if  cut  or  bitten  off.  Leaves  a  fine  example  of  the  pedate  form, 
being  divided  into  about  7  obtuse  segments.  Petioles  furnished  with  long, 
ciliate  stipules  at  base.  Peduncles  sub-4-angled,  much  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Petals  pale  blue,  white  at  base,  all  of  them  beardless  and  entire.  Calyx  seg- 
ments long,  linear,  entire.  Stigma  large,  obliquely  truncate  and  perforate  at 
the  apex.     May.     Per.  Pcdale  Violet. 

5.  V.  ova'ta.     js'-. 

Leaves  ovate,  crenate,  pubescent,  often  cut-toothed  at  the  base ;  petiole 
margined.  Found  on  dry  hills,  Apr. — May,  with  numerous  pale  purple  flow- 
ers. The  leaves  are  hairy  on  both  sides,  subcordate,  upper  ones  lacerately 
toothed  at  the  base,  and  on  shortish  petioles.  Calyx  segments  ovate,  ciliate, 
deeply  emarginate  behind.  Petals  entire,  veiny,  white  at  base,  the  lateral  ones 
bearded.     Stigma  recurved,  beaked.     Spur  broad,  usually  lengthened.     Per. 

Ooate-lcaxcd  Violet. 

G.  V,  asarifo'lia.     p. 

Villose;  Icavr.s  very  large,  subovate-reniform,  crenate,  dentate,  decurrent 
into  the  petioles,  always  entire;  peduncle  somewhat  4-sided,  short,  (rarely  an 
inch  and  a  half;)  divisions  of  the  calyx  ovate,  ciliate,  entire  or  emajginate 
behind;  -petals  all  very  entire,  veiny,  white  at  the  base;  upper  one  smooth, 
naked;  lateral  ones  densely  bearded  ;  and  with  the  upper  one,  marked  with  a 
few  blue  lines.     Lc  Cjute.     Woods,  Lebanon,  N.  11.     May.     Per. 

Kidnetj-lcuved  Violet. 

7.    V.    SAGITTA'TA.      ,<?. 

Leaves  oblong,  sagittate-cnrdate,  serrate,  gnsh-toothed  at  the  base,  mostly 
smooth;  pedimchs  longer  tlian  leaves.  On  dry  hills,  witii  dark  purple  flow- 
ers. The  plant  is  generall}'  smooth,  but  varieties  are  mentioned  with  downy 
leaves.  Leaves  varj'  in  form,  oval,  ovale  or  lanceolate,  serrate  or  toothed, 
acute  or  not,  with  large  divergent  teeth  at  base.  Calyx  segments  lanceolate, 
acute,  emarginate  behmd.  Petals  entire,  veiny,  white  at  base,  lower  and  lat- 
eral ones  densely  bearded.     Flower-stalks  obscurely  4-sided.     Apr.    Jn.     Per. 

Jlrroic-lcaved  Violet. 


VIOLACEJB. 


53 


*  *  Acaulescent.    Flowers  white,  somewhat  regular. 

8.  V.    BLANDA.       W. 

icfflwes  broad-cordate,  slightly  pubescent  above;  petiole  p\xhescent;  flowers 
white.  Found  in  meadows.  The  rhiz.oma  .is  slender  and  creeping.  Leaves 
close  to  the  earth,  nearly  round,  cordale  or  ovate,  and  sometimes  with  a  round- 
ed sinus,  so  as  to  appear  renilbrm.  PeUoles  half-round.  Peduncles  sub-4- 
sided,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Petals  white,  greenish  at  base,  upper  and  lat- 
eral ones  marked  with  a  few  blue  lines,  generally  beardless.  Flowers  small, 
fragrant.     May.     Per.  ^wcct  liolet. 

9.  V.  lanceola'ta.     l. 

Leaves  smooth,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base  into  the  petiole,  obtusish,  sub- 
crenate.  Found  in  wet  meadows.  Rhizoma  creeping.  Leaves  very  narrow, 
and,  with  the  stalk,  3-5  inches  long.  Petioles  half-round.  Peduncles  sub- 
4-sided.  Petals  white,  greenish  at  base,  upper  and  lateral  ones  marked  with 
blue  lines,  generally  beardless.     Flowers  small.     May.     Per. 

'  *=  ■'  Spear  leaved  Uhite  J  lolet. 

10.  V.  primul^fo'lta.     L.  ^-  ^'="^^-    ^• 
Leaves  lance-ovate,  abruptly  decurrent  at  base  ;  hrncts  knee-linear  ;  petals 

acute,  nearly  equal,  beardless.  Found  in  damp  soil,  lihizoma  creeping. 
Leaves  sometimes  subcordate,  rather  obtuse,  mostly  smooth,  longer  than  their 
Btalks.  Petals  obovate,  acute,  flat,  marked  with  purple  lines  at  base  general- 
ly beardless,  as  long  as  the  bracts.  Flowers  small,  white,  on  sub-4-sided 
stalks.    May.    Per. 

*  *  "  Acaulescent.     Flowers  yellow. 

11.  V.  rotundifo'i.ia. 

Leaves  orbicular-ovate,  cordate,  slightly  serrate,  nearly  smooth,  with  the 
sinus  closed:  petiole  pubescent:  calyx  obtuse.  A  small  yellow  violet  tound 
in  woods  May.  Per.  Leaves  nearly  round,  with  a  deep,  narrow  sinus  at 
base,  obscurely  and  remotely  serrated.  Nerves  and  petiole  pubescent  1  e- 
duncles  as  long  as  the  claws,  sub-4-sided,  bracted  m  the  middle.  Petals  yel- 
low, marked  at  base  with  brown  lines.     Flowers  small. 

Round-leaved  xellow  yioict. 

i  Caulescent. 

12.  V.  Canade'nsis. 

Smooth ;  leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  serrate :  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  stipules  short,  entire.  A  large  species,  often  a  foot  in  height,  found 
in  woods.  Stem  sub-simple,  terete,  with  lance-ovate,  membranaceous  stipules. 
Leaves  alternate,  the  lower  on  very  long  petioles,  acute  or  obtuse.  Peduncles 
8ub-4-sided,  terminal,  with  minute  bracts.  Flowers  large,  nearly  regular. 
Petals  white  or  light-blue,  yellowish  at  base,  the  upper  ones  purple  without, 
and  marked  with  1)lue  lines.  Lateral  ones  bearded.  Flowering  all  summer. 
Pgj.  '  Canadian  Violet. 

13.  V.  pube'scens.    j3. 

Villous-pubescent ;  stem  erect,  naked  below ;  leaveshTosLd  cordate,  toothed ; 
stipules  ovate,  subdentate.  A  large  yellow  violet,  found  in  dry,  stony  wooas. 
Root  fibrous.  Stem  simple,  more  or  less  pubescent,  somewhat  triangular  and 
fleshy,  bearing  a  few  leaves  at  the  top,  leafless  below.  Leaves  broad,  ovate, 
cordate  or  deltoid,  obscurely  dentate,  obtuse,  on  short  stalks.     Stipules  large, 

E* 


VIOLACEiE.  54  VIOLA. 

ovate,  wavy.  Flower-stalks  rather  shorter  than  leaves,  downy,  axillary,  soli- 
tary, with  2  subulate  bracts.  Petals  yellow,  lateral  ones  bearded,  and  with 
the  upper  one  marked  with  a  fL^w  brown  lines.  The  plant  varies  in  pubes- 
cence, sometimes  even  glabrous.  Height  very  variable,  from  5  to  20  inches. 
May,  Jn.     Per.  Common  Yelluw  Violet. 

14.  V.   Muhi.enbe'rghti.      Tor.  V.  debilis.    M. 

Siem  weak,  assurgent;  7ea?ies  reniforrn-cordate,  upper  ones  crenate,  rather 
acuminate;  ai//)«/es  lanceolate,  serrate-ciliate.  A  spreading,  slender  species, 
in  swamps,  &c.  Stems  branched  below,  C — 8  inches  long,  v.-ith  large  stipules 
cut  into  fringe-like  serratures.  Younger  leaves  invohite  at  base.  Petioles 
longer  than  tlie  leaves,  and  shorter  than  the  axillary  peduncles.  Bracts  linear, 
alternate,  on  tlie  upper  part  of  the  stalk.  Petals  entire,  pale  purple,  the  late- 
ral ones  bearded.  Spur  porrected,  very  obtuse.  Stigma  rostrate.  May. 
Pel.  MuhlmLergli's  VioUt. 

15.  V.    ROSTR.'i'TA, 

Smooth;  stf.m  terete,  diffuse,  erect ;  Z^rtrcs  cordate,  roundish,  serrate,  upper 
ones  acute;  .s/z/juZes  lanceolate,  deeply  fringed;  pc^a/s  beardless ;  .9;;Mr  longer 
tlian  the  corolla.  A  common  violet  in  moist  woods,  well  characterized  by  its 
long,  straight,  linear,  obtuse  nectary,  which  renders  the  large  flowers  similar 
to  those  of  the  Larkspur.  Stem  6 — 8  inches  high,  branching  below.  Petioles 
much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Stipules  almost  pinnatifid.  Peduncles  slender, 
very  long,  axillary.     Flowers  pale  blue.     May.     Per.  Beaked  Violet. 

16.  V.  stria'ta. 

Smooth;  stem  branching,  nearly  erect;  leaves  roundish,  ovate,  crenate- 
dentate;  .tii^j»/f5  large,  ciliate-toothed  ;  s/rur  sub-porrected.  In  rocky  woods. 
Stem  6 — 12  inches  high;  half-round.  Leaves  often  sub-pube.scent.  Stipuk-s 
lance-linear,  large.  Petioles  long.  Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.  Petals 
white,  streaked  with  blue,  lateral  ones  bearded.  Resembles  V.  Canadensis,, 
but  sufficiently  distinct  in  the  form  of  the  leaves  and  the  nectary.     Jn.     Per. 

Striped  Violet. 

17.  V.  trico'lor. 

6Vc7«.  angular,  difl'use;  Icnrcs  oblong,  deeply  crenate  ;  sfijmles  Ivrate,  pin- 
natifid. This  pretty  flower  is  found  in  all  cultivated  grounds,  and  especially 
in  the  garden.  Its  flowers  are  among  the  earliest  of  spring,  and  continue  to 
expand  through  the  summer  and  autumn.  Stems  more  or  less  branched,  very 
variable  in  luxuriance.  Stipules  deeply  jjinnatiiid.  the  terminal  segment 
largest,  ovate,  crenate.  Flowers  variable  in  size.  The  2  upper  petals  purple, 
the  lateral  ones  whitish,  veined  with  purple,  and  the  lower  one  yellow,  obcoi- 
date,  with  purple  veins,  ending  behind  in  a  short  spur. 

Garden  Violet.     Pdnsy.     Hearts-ease 

18.  V.  odora'ta. 

Stemless;  scions  creeping;  leaves  cordate,  crenate,  nearly- smooth ;  cahjx 
obtuse  ;  lateral  petals  with  a  hairy  line.  This  species  is  cultivated  and  exotic. 
It  is  well  characterized  by  its  long,  trailing,  leafy  runners.  The  leaves  are 
truly  heart-shaped.  Stipules  lanceolate,  toothed.  Flower-sfalks  longer  than 
the  leaves,  bracted.  Flowers  large,  of  the  true  v/olet  color,  fragrant."  There 
are  several  varieties,  dislinii'uislied  by  the  for;n  and  color  of  the  flowers:  via. 
the  purple,  trhitc  and  bluc-jhucnrcd,  the  donhlc-purple,  doublc-trhUe  and  dvuhlc- 
hlue-Roweiud,  and  ihc. ^'cupolitan,  with  pale-blue  flowers.     Apr.,  May.     Per. 

Sweet  Viukt. 


droserace.t:.  55  parnassia. 


2.     SO'LEA. 

Sepals  nearly  equal,  not  auriculate;  petals  unequal,  the 
lowest  2-lobed  and  gibbous  at  base ;  the  rest  emarginate.  Sta- 
mens cohering,  the  lowest  2  bearing  a  gland  above  the  middle 
capsule,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  concave  torus;  seeds 
6 — 8,  very  large. 

S.   CO'NCOLOR.      Gingins.  Viola  concolor.     Forst. 

Straitrht,  erect;  leaves  hroad  lanceolate,  subentire;  stipules  subulate;  pe- 
duncles short.  In  woods,  N.  Y.  Stem  1  or  2  feet  bigh,  and  with  the  leaves 
somewhat  hairv.  Flowers  greenish  white,  spur  none.  Capsule  near  an  inch 
lono-.     Apr.     May.     Per.  Green  Violet. 


ORDER    XIX.    DROSERACE.E.  The  San-dew  Tribe. 

Ca!. — Sepals  .'),  persistent,  equal,  with  an  imbricate  tcstivation. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  hypogynous,  marescent. 

Sta. — Distinct,  niarescent,  usually  equal  in  number  to  the  petals. 

(}„a. — Single.     Styles  3 — 5,  either  wholly  distinct  or  slightly  united,  bifid  or  branched, 

Pr. — A  capsule,  1— 3-celled,  usually  many-seeded.     Sds.  sometimes  arilled, 

A  very  small  order  of  delicate  herbaceous  plants,  scattered  over  the  whole  globe,  where- 
ever  marshes  are  found.  Their  leaves  are  usually  furnished  with  glandular  hairs,  and  are 
entire,  alternate  or  crowded.  Attached  to  this  order  is  the  Genus  Parnassia,  regarded  by 
some  as  fonning  a  separate  order.  It  is  variously  located  by  different  botanists.  We  foUo'W 
Torrey  and  Gray.after  DeCandolle,in  placing  it  here.  Some  peculiarity  exists  ia  the  arrange- 
mi'nt  and  struct  are  of  the  stainens  in  this  genus,  which  will  be  mentioned  further  on. 

No  remarkable  properties  have  been  discovered  belonging  to  plants  of  this  o^'des, 

Genera. 

( .5  in  number,  stylos  .3 — 5        .         .  Dtoaera.     2 

(  hypogynous,  all  perfect  and  \  10 — 1.5  in  number,  style  1,  .         .  iJiunfua.     3 

Stamens  (  perigy.  inner  row  5  perf  ones,  outer  row  5  groups  of  imperf  ones,  Parnassia,  I 

1 .  P  All  N  A'  S  S I  A  . 
Calyx  of  5  persistent  sepals,  united  at  base;  corolla  of  5 
persistent,  nearly  perigynous  petals;  stamens  perigynous  in 
2  series,  the  outer  indefinite  in  number,  united  in  5  groups, 
sterile,  the  inner  of  5  futile  stamens;  capsule  ] -celled,  4- 
valved  ;  seeds  very  numerous  with  a  winged  testa. 

Named  from  Mt.  Parnassus,  the  abode  of  grace  and  beauty,  where  this  plant, 
•on  account  of  its  singular  elegance,  is  feigned  to  have  first  sprung  up.  Hand- 
soine  perennial  herbs,  with  radical  leaves  and  1-flowered  scapes. 

P.  Cauolixia'na. 

Slerile  fiJaments  in  5  clusters,  3  in  each,  distinct  to  near  the  base,  surmount- 
ed with  little  spherical  heads;  petals  much  exceeding  the  calyx,  marked  with 
green  veins;  leaves  radical,  or  sessile  on  the  scape,  broad-oval,  witli  no  sinus 
at  base.  An  exceedingly  elegant  and  interesting  plant,  growing  in  wet  mead- 
ows, borders  of  streams,  fyc.  Root  fibrous.  Leaves  al)out  7-nerved,  broad- 
oval  or  ovate,  smooth,  leathery,  radical  ones  long-stalked,  cauline  ones  sessile, 
clasping,  a  few  inches  above  the  root.  Scapes  about  a  foot  high,  with  a  hand- 
some regular  flower  about  an  inch  in  diameter.     Jl,     Aug. 

Grass  of  Parnassus. 


OROSERACF.iG.  56  DIONiEA. 

2.     DRO'SERA. 

Caljx  of  5  sepals  united  at  base,  persistent;  petals  5  ;  an- 
thers adnate ;  st}  les  6,  capsules  superior,  1-celled,  3 — 5-valved, 
manj-seeded. 

Gr.  dQoa-oi,  dew ;  on  acco-unt  of  the  dew-like  drops  of  viscous  matter  on 
the  glandular  hairs  of  the  leaves.  Hence  also  its  English  name.  Small  aquat- 
ic herbs. 

1.  D.  rotundifo'lia. 

Zicaz)e5 radical,  nearly  round,  depressed;  petioles  hairy;  scape  erect,  bearing 
a  simple  raceme.  This  little  curious  plant  is  not  uncommon  in  bogs  and  mud- 
dy shores  of  ponds  and  rivers.  It  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  reddish, 
glandular  hairs  with  which  the  leaves  are  beset,  and  which  are  usually  tipped 
with  a  small  drop  of  a  clammy  fluid,  appearing  like  dew  glistening  in  the  sun. 
Leaves  small,  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  narrowed  into  the  elongated  petiole. 
Scape  about  5  inches  high,  at  first  coiled  inward.  Flowers  arranged  on  one 
side,  very  small,  white.     Aug.     Per.  Sun-dew. 

2.  D.  longifo'lia. 

Leaves  radical,  spathulate  and  obovate,  tapering  at  base  into  a  long,  smooth 
petiole;  scape  bearing  a  simple  raceme.  A  more  slenderand  delicate  species, 
in  similar  situations  with  the  last.  Leaves  slender,  ascending,  cuneiate-oblong, 
crenate,  numerous,  beset  with  dewy  hairs.  Scape  ascending  at  base,  bearing 
a  cluster  of  small,  yellowish  white  flowers,  and  arising  from  3 — 8  inches.  Jn. 
— Aug.     Per.  Long-lcared  Sun-deic. 

3.  D.  filifo'rmis. 

Leaves  filiform,  berry  long;  scape  neajly  simple,  longer  than  the  leaves, 
many-flowered  ;  petals  obovate,  erosely  denticulate,  longer  than  the  glandular 
calyx  ;  stTjlcs  2-parted  to  the  base.  Grows  in  wet,  sandy  places.  Much  larger 
than  the  preceding  species.  The  leaves  seem  destitute  of  a  lamina,  are  sub- 
erect,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape,  beset  with  glandular  hairs,  except  near  the 
base.  Scape  about  a  foot  high,  with  largish  purple  flowers.  Aug.  Sept. 
Per.  Linear  Sun-dew, 

3.     DION^'A. 
Stamens   10 — 15;  style   1;  stigmas   5;  connivent,  many- 
cleft;    capsules  indehiscent,   opening    irregularly,    1-celled; 
seeds  numerous. 

Dioncea  is  one  of  the  names  of  Venus.  Sep.  ovate,  oblong,  sproadino-.  Pet. 
obovate,  with  pellucid  ribs  in  their  lower  part. 

D.    MUSCI'PULA. 

The  leaves  of  this  plant  chiefly  distinguish  it,  and  are  of  a  very  singular 
structure;  the  petiole  is  winged;  the  proper  leaf  is  2-lobed.  A  gla'nd  within 
the  lobes  secretes  a  sweet  li(juor,  which  is  attractive  to  flies.  The  edges  of 
the  leaf  are  furnished  with  long  spines,  and  there  are  three  others  within  the 
cavity,  upon  each  lobe,  and  such  is  the  remarkable  irritability  of  the  plant, 
that  if  a  (!y  or  othe*r  insect  aligiits  upon  the  leaves,  or  if  they  be  touched  with 
a  pin,  they  instantly  close  and  retain  the  irritating  object.  Hence  the  specific 
name,  musripula,  a  fly-trap.  Native  of  wet  grounds  in  the  Southern  States. 
Cultivated  in  a  pot  of  bog  earth,  placed  in  a  pan  of  water.       Venus'  Fly-lrap. 


CISTACEiE.  57  HELIANTHEMUM. 

ORDER  XX.  CISTACEtE. 

Cal. — Sepals  5,  unequal,  the  3  inner  with  a  twisted  aestivation. 
Cor. — Petals  5,  hypogynous,  very  fugitive,  crumpled  in  scstivation. 
Ifta. — Indefinite,  hypogynous,  distinct.     Anthers  innate. 
Ova. — Distinct,  or  many-celled.     Style  single.     Stigma  simple. 

Fr. — Capsular,  either  ] -celled  with  parietal  placentre,  or  imperfectly  3 — 5-celled,  with  dis- 
sepiments proceeding  from  the  middle  of  tlie  valves. 
A  small  order  of  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  found  most  abundantly  in  the  North  of  Africa  or 
South  of  Europe.    They  possess  no  interest  on  account  of  their  properties. 

Petals  3,  lanceolate,  »      Lechea.  1 

p      1 .  <;.  I  Calyx.  3  equal  sepals,  or  5  in  two  rows,  2  outer  smaller,  Hdianthemum-  2 

i.  etals  o;  J  Cj^ij,^  5  parted,  segments  unequal,  the  2  outer  minute.  Hudsonia.  3 

1.    LE'CHEA. 

Calyx  three  sepaled,  inferior;  corolla  three  petaled,  petals 
linear;  capsule  3  celled,  3-valved,  with  3  smaller  valves  with- 
in ;   sti^jmas  3,  plunnose  ;  seed  one. 

Name  In  memory  of  C  Lecheo,  a  Swede,  professor  of  natural  history  at 
Abo,  and  a  botanic  author. 

1.  L.    MAJOR. 

Erect,  hairy ;  haves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  foicers  in  fascicled  racemes,  one 
sided  on  short  pedicels;  stem  from  one  to  two  feet  high,  rigid,  brittle,  hairy, 
purple;  leaves  downy,  whitisli  underneath  ;  flmvcrs  small,  obscure,  in  dense, 
terminal  and  lateral  bunches;  cupsides  roundish,  of  the  size  of  a  large  pin's 
bead.     Dry  woods.     Jl.     Aug.     Per.  Large  Pin-weed. 

2.  L.    MINOR. 

Smoothish  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  panicle  leafy,  its  branches  elon- 
gated, flowering  on  all  its  parts.  Stems  about  8  inches  high,  slender,  with 
numerous,  simple,  expanding  branches  and  narrow  leaves  ;  flowers  minute  ; 
capsule  not  longer  than  a  pin's  head,  round.  Grows  in  dry  sandy  grounds. 
Jl.     Auo-.     Per.  Small  Pin-weed. 

3.  L.  thymifo'lia.     p. 

Frutescent ;  stems  decumbent  at  base,  densely  branched,  hoary  with  appies- 
sed  hairs,  and  very  leafy  ;  root  leaves  on  tlie  short  radical  branches,  imbricated, 
elliptical,  very  smill ;  cauline  leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate,  often  whorled. 
Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  racemes,  on  very  short  pedicels.  Stem 
about  a  foot  high,  rigid  and  very  bush}'.     Sea  coast.     Jl. — Sept.     Per. 

Tkyme-leuvcd  Pin-weed. 

2.    PI  E  L I  A'  N  T  H  E  M  U  M  . 

Calyx  5-leavcd;  exterior  leaflets  smaller;  petals  5  ;  capsule 
superior,  1-celled,  3-valvcd,  opening  at  top;  seeds  angular. 

Gr.  ^Xioi,  the  sun,  and  a-v9oi.  a  flower;  in  allusion  to  the  bright  golden 
radiance  of  the  blossoms.  Cal.  of  5  roundisli,  concave  leaves.  Pet.  roundish, 
flat,  spreading.  Slam,  numerous,  shorter  than  cor.  Style  long  as  stamens. 
A  genus  separated  from  Cistus. 

H.    CaNADE'NSE.      M.  Cistus  Canadensis.     L. 

Without  stipules,  erect,  hairy  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  erect,  flat,  paler 
beneath;    raceme  terminal,   few-flowered;    capsule  shorter  than   the  calyx. 


HTPERlCACEa;.  58 


Plant  about  a  foot  h\gh,  found  in  dry  fields  and  woods.  It  has  small  and  near- 
ly sessile  leaves,  with  solitary,  lateral,  yellow  flowers  near  the  top,  which  are 
very  deciduous.  This  plant,  accordinir  to  Eaton,  is  remaikable  for  the  thin, 
fibrous,  curved  ice-crystals  which  it  shoots  out  near  the  roots,  in  the  late  au- 
tumn months.  Frost  plant.     Rock  Rose. 

3 .    H  U  D  S  O'  N  I  A . 

Calyx  3-parted  tubular;  petals  5;  capsule  1-celled,  three- 
valved,  three-seeded. 

In  honor  of  Wm.  Hudson,  a  correspondent  of  Linnreus,  and  author  of  Flora 
Anglica.  Cal.  inferior,  of  one  leaf,  unequally  5-parted,  2  of  the  divisions  ob- 
solete, colored.     Stam.  15  to  30.     Caps.  1  to  3  seeded. 

1.  H.    TOMENTO'SA.     j\'. 

Hoary-tomentose  ;  leaves  ovate,  imbricate,  shorter  than  the  intervals  of  the 
stem  ;  flowers  subsessile  ;  calyx  obtuse.  Grows  upon  the  sea-shore.  The  whole 
plant  covered  with  a  whitish  down.  Stem  and  branches  with  numerous,  mi- 
nute leaves.     Flowers  lateral,  small,  yellow.     Jl.  Doicny  Hudsonia. 

2.  H.  ericoi'des. 

Leaves  acerose-subulate  ;  peduncles  filiform,  hairy.  A  very  delicate  shrub, 
found  in  pine  barrens.  Stem  half  a  foot  high,  procumbent,  round,  with  many 
short,  compound  branches.  Leaves  needle-like,  scattered,  oppressed  to  the 
stem,  minute.  Flowers  lateral,  yellow,  the  stalks  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Jn.  False  Heath. 


ORDER  XXI.  HYPERlCACEiE. 

Cal. — Sepals  4 — 5,  distinct  or  cohering-,  persistent,  unequal,  dotted. 
Cor. — Petals  4 — 5,  hypogynous,  festivation  twisted,  veins  oblique,  dotted. 
jSta. — Hypogynous,  indefinite,  in  8  or  more  parcels.     Anihers  versatile. 
Ova. — Single,  superior.     Styles  slender.     Stig^na  simple. 
Fr. — A  capsule  or  berry,  many-celled.     Steda  indefinite,  minute. 

A  small  order  very  generally  distributed,  presenting  a  very  great  variety  in  habit,  and 
flourishing  in  all  kinds  of  localities.  Tlie  juice  of  many  species  is  considered  purgative 
and  febrifugal. 

Genera. 

Triadelphous :  the  parcels  alternating  with  3  hypo^'nous  glands,     .        .    Elodea.  1 

Triadelphous  or  polyadelphous ;  without  any  glands,       ....        Hypericum.    2 

1 .     E  L  O'  D  E  A  . 

Sepals  5,  equal,  somewhat  united  at  the  base;  petals  five, 
deciduous,  equilateral;  stamens  9,  triadelplious,  the  parcels 
alternating  with  3  hopogynous  glands ;  styles  three,  distinct  ; 
capsule  3-c(;lled. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  pellucid-punctate  leaves,  the  axils  leafless. 

E.   Virgi'NICUM.      A'.  Hypericum  Virginicum.     L. 

Flmccrs  with  9  stamens,  in  3  distinct  sets,  with  nectariferous  glands  between 
each  set;  styles 'i;  /cv/i'fs elliptical,  obtuse,  subcordate,  clasping;  sic7?t  herba- 
ceous, compressed.  The  leaves  of  this  species  are  much  larger  than  any  of 
the  foregoing,  except  the  first.     Stem  and  leaves  reddish,  about  a  foot  high. 


HYPERICACEJE.  59  HYPERICDM^ 

Grows  in  swamps.  Leaves  opposite,  oblong-ovat.e,  very  obtuse,  the  upper 
ones  elliptical,  all  paler  beneath.  Flowers  middle  size,  reddish  yellow,  on 
axillary  and  terminal  peduncles.  The  whole  plant  often  presents  a  reddish 
hue.     Jl.— Sept.  ^^-  Johns-wort. 

2.    HYPE'RICUM. 
Sepals  5,  connected  at  base,  sub-equal,  leaf-like;  petals  5 
oblique;  stamens  very  nuoierous  (sonnetimes  few,)  united  at 
base  into  3 — 5  parcels,  with  no  glands  between  them;  styles 
3 — 5,  distinct  or  united  at  base,  persistent. 

Herbaceous  and  shrubby  plants,  with  yellow  flowers  in  cymose  panicles  or 
solitary.  Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  opposite,  entire  and  without 
stipules. 

1.  H.   PYRAMIDA'tUM.      Ait.  H.  ascyroides.     W. 
Floiocrs  penlagynous,  terminal ;  stem  branching,  somewhat  4-sided  ;  leaves 

sessile,  oblong,  acute,  smooth ;  styles  as  long  as  the  stamens.  A  tall  species, 
with  large  flowers,  found  on  dry  hills  at  Royallon  and  Burlington,  Vt.jJ'ots- 
dam,  N.  Y.,  &c,  Stem  scarcely  4-sided,  smooth,  rigid,  branching,  3—5  feet 
high.  It  is  occasionally  simple.  Leaves  opposite,  those  of  the  branches  small- 
er^all  smooth,  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping,  acute  but  not  pointed,  oblong- 
ovate.  Flowers  yellow,  as  well  as  those  of  all  the  other  species.  Petals  broad- 
ovate,  near  an  inch  in  length.  Stamens  very  numerous,  hair-like.  Capsules 
very  large,  ovate,  pointed,  tipped  with  the  3  styles.  Seeds  in  5  cells,  very 
numerous.     Jl.     Aug.     Per.  Giant  Hypericum. 

2.  H.  perfora'tum. 

Flowers  with  3  styles;  stem  2-eAgeA ;  Zcapes  elliptical,  with  pellucid  dots; 
segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate.  A  hardy  weed  prevailing  in  pastures  and 
dry  soil,  much  to  the  annoyance  of  farmers.  Stem  from  1  to  2  feet  high,  brachi- 
ate,  erect,  round,  with  2  elevated  lines,  opposite,  extending  from  the  insertion 
of  the  branches.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  oblong,  obtusish,  covered  over  with 
dots,  which  may  best  be  seen  by  transmitted  light.  Flowers  numerous,  bright 
yellow,  with  purple  lines,  in  terminal  panicles.  Petals  and  calyx  bordered 
with  fine  dark-colored  glands.     Jn.     Jl.     Per.  Common  St.  Johns  icort. 

3.  H.    CORYMBO'SUM. 

Flowers  with  three  styles,  dotted;  stem  erect,  round,  smooth,  branching; 
haves  clasping,  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  with  black  dots;  coryumbs  terminal, 
brachiate,  dense-flowered  ;  calyx  segments  lanceolate.  Found  in  wet  meadows 
and  damp  woods.  Stem  2  feet  high,  with  larger  leaves  than  the  common  St. 
John's  wort.  Flowers  small,  numerous,  pale  yellow.  The  sessile  leaves,  as 
well  as  every  other  part  of  the  plant,  are  thickly  covered  with  black  dots.  Jn. 
jj      Ppj..  Spotted  St.  Johns  wort. 

4.  II.  Canade'nse. 

Stem,  erect  and  straight,  4- winged  ;  leaves  linear;  alternate  at  the  base,  rath- 
er obtuse ;  panicle  dichotomous ;  calyx  segments  lanceolate ;  styles  3,  very 
short;  capsule  conical.  Sandy  soils,  about  a  foot  high.  Stem  roundish,  with 
4  prominent  lines.  Lower  branches  opposite,  the  upper  pair  forked.  Flow- 
ers minute,  yellow,  axillary  and  terminal.  Capsules  red,  the  narrow  leaves 
of  this  species  are  also  punctate  and  naked,  marked  with  black  dots  beneath. 
11     Au(T  Canadian  St.  Johns  wort. 


ULLECEBRACE.!;.  60 


5.  H.   MU'tiLUM.      L.  H.  parviflorum.     ML 

Stem  erect,  dichotomous-ramose,  somewhat  4-winged  ;  leaves  obtuse,  ovate- 
oblong,  subcordate,  sessile,  nerved;  flowers  in  leafy  cymes;  pcta's  shorter 
than  calyx  ;  styles  3.  Damp,  sandy  soils.  Stem  a  i'ew  inches  hioh,  with  mi- 
nute, yellow  flowers.     Jl.     Aug.     Ann.  Small- flowered  St.  Julin's  wort. 

6.  H.  Kalmia'num. 

Sfnn  corymbosely  branched  ;  branches  somewhat  4sided,  two  of  the  ano-les 
slightly  winged;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  numerous,  obtuse,  alternate  at 
base;  aimcs 'S — 7-flowered,  fastigiate  ;  sepals  half  as  long  as  petals.  Rocks 
below  Niagara  Falls,  Slc.  A  shrubby  species  a  foot  or  more  in  heiirht.  I^eaves 
an  inch  in  length,  slightly  revolute  on  the  margin,  1-ncrved,  minutely  and 
thickly  punctate,  sessile.  Branches  slender  and  delicate.  Flowers  yellow. 
Stamens  very  numerous.     Aug.  Kahn's  St.  John's  loort. 

7.  H.    SaRo'tIIRA.      Mx.  Sarothra  gentianoides.     L. 

Stem  and  branches  filiform,  quadrangular;  leaves  very  minute,  subulate; 
flowers  sessile.  Dry  fields  and  road  sides.  Stem  4 — 8  inches  high,  branched 
above  into  numerous  very  slender,  upright,  parallel  branches,  apparently  leaf- 
less from  the  minuteness  of  the  leaves.  Flowers  very  small,  yellow,  succeed- 
ed by  a  conical  brown  capsule,  which  is  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals.  Jl. 
Aug.  Pine  weed. 


ORDER  XXIIf.  ILLECEBRACE.E. 

Cat. — Sepals  5,  distinct  or  coherent  at  base,  persistent. 

Cot. — Petals  iriinule,  inserted  between  the  segments  of  the  calyx,  often  wanting. 

Sta. — Equal  in  number  to  sepals,  sometimes  less  or  more,  inserted' into  the  pcrigynous  disk. 

Oua.— Superior,  1-eelled.     Styles  •2—5,  either  partially  distinct  or  wholly  combined. 

^r. — A  utricle.     Sic/s  solitary,  attached  to  base  of  cell,  or  a  many-seeded  capsule. 

A  middling  sized  order  of  herbaceous  or  half-shrubby  plants,  found  mostly  around  the 
Mediterranean.  Seven  genera  have  been  found  in  North  America.  A  slight  astrin"ency 
is  the  only  property  possessed  by  them.  '^ 

Genera. 

Petals  none.     Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals.     Fruit  an  utricle,      Anijchia.     1 
Petals  5.     Stamens  inverted,  with  petals  between  the  sepals.  Fruit  capsular.    Spognki.   2 

1.    ANY'CHIA. 

Calyx  of  5  ovate-oblon^f,  connivent  sepals,  callous,  subsac- 
catc  at  the  apex;  corolla  0;  filaments  2 — 5,  distinct;  sti^-ma 
subcapitate;  utricle  enclosed  by  the  sepals  of  the  calyx. 

Gr.  owl,  the  nail;  because  supposed  to  cure  the  maladies  of  the  fino-cr 
nail.     Small  annual  herbs,  with  dichotomous  branches. 

A.  dicho'toma. 

Stem  dichotomous;  leaves  lanceolate;  those  of  the  stem  opposite,  of  the 
branches  alternate  ;  flowers  about  as  long  as  the  stipules.  A  very  slender 
plant,  half  a  foot  iiigh,  much  branched.  Ateach  foik  are  two  opposite,  smooth, 
acute  leaves,  and  several  minute,  pointed  stipules.  Flowers  a.xillary,  solita- 
ry, very  small,  while.     Jn.— Aug.  Fork  Chlck-wctd. 


CARTOPHYLLACE.E.  61  STELLARIA. 

2.    SPE'RGULA. 
Sepals  5,  nearly  distinct ;  petals  5,  entire  ;  stamens  5 — 10; 
styles  3—5,  capsule  superior,  ovate,  1-celled,  5-valved. 

Lat.  spergo,  to  scatter ;  from  the  dispersion  of  its  seeds.  Annual  herbs,  with 
flowers  in  ioose  cymes. 

1.  S.  arve'nsis. 

Leaves  whorled  ;  stalks  of  the  fruit  reflexed  ;  seeds  reniform,  angular,  rougli. 
A  common  weed,  growing-  in  cultivated  grounds,  and  flowering  from  June  to 
Sept.  Root  small.  Stem  round,  branched,  with  swelling  joints,  beset  with 
copious,  linear,  whorled  leaves,  somewhat  downy  and  viscid.  Two  stipules 
under  cacli  whorl.  Cyme  forked,  the  terminal  (central)  peduncles  bending 
down  as  the  fruit  ripens.  Petals  white,  longer  than  the  calyx,  capsule  twice 
as  long.     Seeds  many,  with  a  membranous  margin.        Corn  Spvrry.      Tares. 

2.  S.    RUBRA.       T.  <^.  G.  Arenaria  rubra.     L. 
Stems  decumbent,  much  branched;  leaves  linear,  slightly  mucronate  ;  stip- 

7z?cs  ovate,  membranous,  cleft ;  se/;a/s  lanceolate,  with  scarious  margins  ;  petals 
red  or  rose-color;  seeds  compressed,  angular,  roughish.  A  common  and  va- 
riable species.  Found  in  sandy  fields,  iScc.  Steins  a  few  inches  in  length, 
slender,  smooth,  spreading  on  the  ground,  with  small  narrow  leaves,  and  dry 
sheathing  stipules.     Flowers  small,  on  hairy  stalks.     May — Oct. 

Common  Sand-icort. 


ORDER  XXIV.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.         The  Pink  Tribe. 

Cfd. — 8<'p;ils  4 — 5,  disliiiol.  or  cnhering:  in  a  tube,  persisieiit. 

Car. — Petals-  4 — 5  (sDMH-tiriics  ijimc),  enlier  uufruicuUUr.  an.l  iiisnlrd  upon  tho  pedicel  of  tlie 

ovary,  or  witliMul  claws,  and  inserted  on  the  (uil-nl.-  .ii  a  lli'shy  disk. 
Sta. — Twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  rarely  equal  or  Irwi  i  ;  aiiiiin-.s  imrorse. 
Oca. — Ol'ten  slipitate.     Styles  slifjmatose  the  whole  leiiglh  nl'  tlieir  iinier  surlarc. 
Fr. — A  1-eellcd  capsule  or  inipert'oetly  i — 5-erlle(l,  opeuing  at  the  apex  by  twice  as  many 

teeth  as  there  are  stigmas.     Seeds  nuuierous. 
An  order  of  herbs  with  opposite,  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  stems  swelling  at  the 
.joints.     They  are  noticeable  chiefly  for  the  beauty  of  a  lew  ol' the  cullivatcd  species.     It 
includes  eleven  North  American  peiiera.     The  remainder  of  the  order  is  found  in  the  tem- 
perate and  frigid  climates  of  the  Eastern  Continent.     Their  properties  are  uuimporlant. 
Conspectus  of  the  genera. 

{  Sepals  partly  united.  Honrhenya.    ^ 

(  entire.  (  Sepals  entirely  distinct.         Arrnaria.        2 

(  Petals  .5,  \  biaa SteUaria.         1 

(StylesD.  I  Petals  0.         , "  ■• 

fnot  <  Sivles4.  Petals  4 — 5  or  0,  entire.       .... 

tubular.  (  Styles  5.  Petals  5.  bifid.    '         .         .      •. 
J  )  Calyx  calyculate  with  2 — 4  scales  at  base, 

i  (  Sivles  'i.  I  Calyx  without  scjiles  at  the  base. 

I  Styles:^ 

Calyx  ( tubular.  (  Styles  5 

Tribe  ],  ALSINE^.. 

Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.     Petals  without  claws  inserted  on  the  outside  of 
the  disk.     Staincns  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk. 

1.     STELLA'RIA. 
Sepals  5,  connected  at  base;    petals  5,  2-parted  ;  stamens 
10,   rarely  fewer;    styles  3,  sometimes  4;  capsule  superior, 
] -celled,  o-valved,  many-seeded. 
F 


Motliigo. 
Siiifina. 
Cerastium. 
IJinntlnis. 

.5 
4 

0 

10 

Saponaria. 

Sileiie. 
Lycliitis. 

!) 
7 

8 

CAKYOPHYLLACF.jE.  63  arenaria. 

Lat.  Stella,  a.  slvLT ;  the  flowers  are  stellate  or  star-like.  Small,  grass-like 
Jjcrbs,  in  moist  or  shady  places.     Flowers  in  forked  cymes. 

1.  S.  me'dia. 

Leaves  ova.ie  ;  stems  procumbent,  with  an  alternate,  lateral,  hairy  line  ;  sta- 
mens 3,  5  or  10.  A  common  weed  in  almost  every  situation,  flovverinor 
from  the  beo-inning  of  spring  to  the  end  of  autiunn.  Stems  prostrate,  branched, 
brittle,  round,  jointed,  leaiy,  and  remrArk;<l)ly  distinguished  by  the  hairy  ridge 
extending  from  joint  to  joint,  in  an  a!teni:itc  manner.  Flowers  small,  white. 
The  seeds  are  eaten  by  poultry  and  tiie  birds.     Ann.      Chick-weed  Slich-icurt. 

2.  S.  lokgifo'lia. 

Leaves  linear,  entire;  ryme  terminal,  sf)reading,  with  lanceolate,  scarious 
bracts;  calyx  3-nerved,  about  equal  to  the  petals."  The  stems  are  of  consid- 
erable length,  very  slender  and  brittle,  supported  on  other  plants  and  bushes.- 
Leaves  alternate  at  base.  The  flowers  are  in  a  divaricate,  naked  cyme,  very 
elegant,  white,  appearing  in  10  segments  like  the  other  species.  Three  acute, 
green  ribs  singularly  distinguish  the  sepals.    Jn.    Jl.     Grass-leaved  Stich-wurt. 

3.  S.    BOREA'lIS.      Bio. 

Sfem  weak,  smooth;  leaves  veinless,  broad-lanceolate,  acute;  ■peduncles 
a.villary,  elongated,  1-flowered ;  peials  3-parted,  about  equal  to  the  nerveless 
sepals.  A  spreading  plant,  with  flowers  in  difiuse  cymes,  both  terminal  and 
a.tillarj'.  Peduncles  lilifcnn, petals  sometimes  wanting.  Grows  in  mountain 
bogs.     Jn.     Jl.  JS'orllicrn  SteUaria. 

4.  S.   Lo'kgipES.      Goldie.  S.  palustris. 

Smooth  and  shining ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  broadest  at  base,  acute  ;  stem 
more  or  less  decumbent,  with  ascending  branches;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
filiform,  cymose,  with  ovate,  membranous  bracts  at  base  ;  se;  «/a- with  mem- 
branous margins,  obscurely  3-nerved^  scarcely  shorter  than  the  petals.  In 
meadows  and  moist  gravelly  soils.  Petals  white,  2-parted.  Flowers  in  loose 
cymes,  the  terminal  peduncle,  or  the  middle  one,  the  longest.  Jn. — Aug. 
Per.  Long-stalked  Stich-icort. 

2.    A  R  E  N  A'  R I  A  . 
Sepals  5,  sproadinf^;  petiils  5,  entire  ;  stamens  10  ;  stjlcsS; 
capsule  3-valvcd,  1-cellcd,  many-seeded. 

Lat.  «rr;/?^,  sand  ;  in  which  most  of  the  species  grow.  Flowers  terminal. 
Sla.  often  less  than  10. 

1.  A.    GrEENLA'NDICA.       Spre^ig.  A.  glabra.     B, 

Glabrous;  stems  numerous,  low,  filiform,  sub-erect;  /races linear-subulate^ 
fiat,  spreading;  pedicels  i-Howered,  elongated,  divaricate;  sepals  nerveless, 
ovate,  obtuse,  membrane-margined,  mucli  shorter  than  the  petals.  An  intc 
resting  little  plant,  enlivening  the  bleak  and  barren  summits  of  Alt.  VVashino-^ 
ton  and  others  of  that  group,  where  I  saw  it  in  blossom  in  the  month  of  Auo-.. 
It  grows  in  tufted  masses,  consisting  of  exceedingly  numerous  stems,  about  3 
inches  high,  and  sprinkled  over  with  birge  white  flowers,  with  yellow  stamens.- 
Root  perennial.     The  plant  is  also  native  of  Greenland.   Greenland  Sand-xcort. 

2.  A.  Stria'ta. 

Glabrous;  sfrm  difl'u.sely  spreading,  branched  from  the  base ;  haves  subu- 
late-linear, erect;  pclu'.s  much  longer  than  culy.x;    seiuls  oval-lauceolate, 


CARTOPHVLLACE^.  63 


striate  ;  cymes  few-flowered.  Stems  8 — 10  inches  high,  with  erect,  very  n-jv- 
row  leaves,  clustered  in  dense  tufts  in  each  axil,  generally  shorter  than  the 
internodes.     May.     Jn.     Per.  Straight  Saiid-icori. 

3,  A.  lateriflo'ra. 

Leaves  oval,  obtuse  ;  pr.duncks  lateral,  2-flowered.  An  erect,  slender  spe- 
cies. G — 10  inches  high,  slightly  pubescent,  found  in  damp,  shady  grounds. 
Leaves  oblong-oval,  opposit«,  on  very  short  petioles.  Peduncles  axillary, 
dividing  into  2  or  more  pedicels,  one  of  them  with  a  minute  pair  of  bracts  near 
the  middle  and  a  white  flower.  Calyx  leaves  oval,  united  at  base,  obtuse, 
nervless,  shorter  than  the  corolla.     Jn.     Per.  Sidc-jloicering  Sand  wort. 

4.  A.  serpyllifo'lia. 

Stem  diohotomous,  spreading  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  subciliate  ;  cabjx  acute, 
sub-striate;  -petals  shorter  than  the  calyx;  capsule  ovdie,  G-toothed.  _  Byroad 
sides  and  in  sandy  fields.  Stems  numerous,  downy  with  reflexed  hairs,  a  few 
inches  in  length,  with  sessile,  acute  leaves  and  axillary,  Vv'hite  flowers.  Jn. 
Ann.  Thymc-haved  Simd-tcort. 

3.    HONCKE'NYA. 

Sepals  5,  united  at  base;  petals  5,  unguiculate,  entire;  sta- 
mens 10,  inserted  into  a  glandular  disk;  styles  3 — 5;  capsule 
3 — 5-valved,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

Perennial  herbs  of  the  sea-coast,  with  fleshy  leaves. 

H.    PEPLOI'dES.      Dc.  Arenaria  peploides.     L. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  fleshy;  sepals  obtuse,  ribless,  exceeding  the  petals. 
Abundant  on  the  sea-coast  and  other  sandy  soils.  The  plant  is  smooth,  fleshy 
in  all  its  parts,  near  a  foot  in  length,  with  forked  branches.  Flower  small, 
white,  axillary.     Jl.  Sea  duckweed. 

4.     SAGl'NA. 

Sepals  4 — 5,  united  at  base ;  petals  entire,  4,  5  or  0 ;  stamens 
4 — 10;  styles  4 — 5;  capsules  4 — 5-valved,  many-seeded. 

Lat.  sagina,  any  kind  of  food  or  nourishment ;  from  the  nourishing  qualities 
of  some  of  the  species.     Flowers  solitary. 

1.  S.    PROCU'MBENS. 

Stems  procumbent,  glabrous  ;  petals  very  short ;  stamens,  sepals  and  petals 
4  or  5.  A  small  weed  with  slender,  creeping  stems  3  or  4  inches  long,  found 
in  dry  pastures  and  by  road-sides.  Leaves  very  small,  linear,  mucronate-poinf- 
ed,  connate  or  opposite.  Flowers  white  and  green,  axillary  and  terminal, 
on  peduncles  larger  than  the  leaves.     Jn.     Per.  Creeping  Pearlwort. 

2.  S.    DECU'MBENS.       T.  ^-  G.  Spergula  saginoides.     L. 

Stems  decumbent,  ascending,  mostly  glabrous ;  hates  linear-subulate,  vcrj'- 
acute  ;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  petals  and  sepals  -5  ;  stamens 
10.  Grov/s  in  sandy  fields,  flowering  in  July.  Stem  2  or  3  inches  long. 
Flowers  axillary  and'  terminal.  Petals  white,  hardly  as  large  as  the  sepals. 
Ann.     Apparently  a  variety  of  S.  procumbens.  Decumbent  Pearlwort, 


CARYOPHYLLACE^.  64  CERASTIUM. 

5.    MOLL U' GO. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  inferior,  united  at  tlie  hase ;  corolla  0; 
capsule  3-celled,  S-valved,  manj-seeded.  Stanaens  5,  some- 
times 3  or  10. 

The  old  Lat.  name  of  a  plant  which  this  somewhat  resembles.  The  interior 
of  the  sepals  colored.  Fil.  setaceous,  shorter  than,  and  opposite  to  the  sepals, 
placed  very  near  the  pistils.     A  nth.  simple.     Seeds  reniform. 

M.    VERTICILLA'TA. 

Leaves  verticillate,  cuneiform,  acute;  stem  depressed,  branched;  peduncles 
1 -flowered.  A  small  prostrate  plant,  common  in  cultivated  grounds.  Stems 
slender,  jointed,  branched,  lying  fiat  upon  the  ground.  At  every  joint  stands 
a  whorl  of  wedge-shaped  or  spalhulate  leaves  of  unequal  size,  usually  5  in 
number,  and  a  few  flowers,  each  on  a  solitary  stalk,  which  is  very  slender,  and 
shorter  than  the  petioles.     Flowers  small,  white.     Jl. — Sept.     Ann. 

Carpet-weed. 

6.    CERA'STIUM. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals;  petals  5,  bitid  ;  stamens  10;  capsule  1- 
celled,  superior,  10-toothed;  seeds  numerous. 

Gr.  y-iQui,  a  horn  ;  from  the  horned  appearance  of  the  capsules  of  many 
of  the  species.  Sep.  ovate,  acute,  permanent.  Pet.  length  of  Sep.  Fil.  gen- 
erally 10,  sometimes  5  or  4,  the  alternate  ones  shorter.  Anth.  2-lobed.  Stig. 
down}'. 

1.  C.    VULGA'tUM.      (Broad-leaved.) 

Hairy,  pale  green,  viscid,  caespitose ;  leaves  ovate,  alternate  at  base  ;  petals 
the  lengti)  of  the  calyx  ;  jiowcrs  longer  than  their  pedicels  when  young. 
Steins  numerous,  spreading,  forked,  4—0  inches  long.  Leaves  ovate  or  obo- 
vate.  Capsule  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  cylindric.  Flowers  from  the  forks 
of  the  stems,  the  lowest  always  the  oldest,  forming  diffuse  cymes.  Common 
infields  and  waste  grounds,  flowering  all  summer.  Ann.  J\louse-ear  C/iickwecd. 

2.  C.    VISCO'SUM.      L.  (jXarrom-Icavcd.)  /3.  semidecandum.     L. 

Hairy,  viscid,  spreading ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  shorter  than  their  stalks  ; 
Jloiccrs  in  loose  cymes.  Stems  numerous,  4 — 8  inches  long.  The  whole  plant 
dark  green,  hairy  and  clammy.  Petals  obovate,  white.  Fields  and  waste 
grounds.     Common.     Jn. — Aug.  Sticky  Chickwced. 

3.  C.  arve'nse. 

Le«!>cs  sub-acute,  linear-lanceolate,  ciliate  at  base;  petals  twice  as  long  as 
the  caly.x  ;  capsule  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  Stems  numerous,  about  a 
foot  high,  covered  with  fine,  deflected  hairs.  Leaves  hairy.  Flowers  few, 
large,  white,  appearing  all  summer.     Grows  in  dry  fields.     Per. 

4.  C.    OBLONGIFO'HU.-W.      Torr.  C.  villosum.     ML 

Siems  villous,  erector  declined;  leaves  mos,i\y  obtuse,  oblonsr-lanceolate ; 
jloiccrs  numerous,  with  viscid  peduncles;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals; 
ciip.iulc  as  long  as  the  petals.  Flowers  in  forked  cymes,  rather  large,  white. 
Grows  in  rocky  places.     Stem 6-^10  inches  high,  thick.    Apr. — Jn.     Per. 

HAtry  Chkkweed, 


CARyOPHYLLACEjE.  65  SILENE. 

Tribe  2,  SILENE7E. 

Sepals  united  into  a.  cylindrical  tube.     Petals  clawed,  inserted  icilh  the  stamens 
upon  the  stipe  of  the  ovary. 

7 .     S  I  L  E'  N  E . 
Caljx  tubular,  swelHri^^j,  williout  scales  at  the  base,  5-tootl)- 
ed  ;  petals  5,  ungiiiculate,  often  crowned  with  scales  at  the 
month,  2-cleft;  stamens  10;  stylesS;  capsule  3-celled,  many- 
seeded. 

Named  after  the  god  Silenus  of  the  Latins,  whom  their  poets  represent  as 
always  drunk,  and  covered  with  slaver,  as  the  species  of  this  genus  usually 
are  with  a  viscid  secretion.  Five  alternate  stamens  are  attached  to  the  petals, 
and  later  than  the  rest. 

1.  S.  Pennsylva'nica. 

Viscid-pubescent;  stems  numerous;  leaves  from  the  root  spathulate  or  cu- 
■neate,of  the  stem  lanceolate:  ciimc  few-flowered;  j^etv/s  slightly  emarginate, 
suh-crenate.  Grows  in  dry,  sandy  soils.  Stem  decumbent  at  base,  nearly  a 
foot  high,  witli  long,  lanceolate  leaves,  and  terminal,  upriuht  bunches  of  flow- 
ers. Caly.x  long,  lubular,  very  glutinous  and  hairy.  Petals  wedge-shaped, 
red  or  purplish.     Jn.     Fur.  Cu'c'i-Jhj.    li'iidFin/c. 

2.  S.  Antirrhi'na. 

Nearly  smooth  ;  stem,  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  aub-ciliate  ;  peduvcJes 
trifid,  3-flowered  ;  pe?a/s  emarginate  ;  calijx  o\&\.e.  Stem  sleijder,  branching, 
with  opposite  leaves  and  about  a  foot  in  height.  Leaves  ai)Out  2  inches  long, 
the  upper  ones  very  narrow,  all  sessile,  and  scabrous  on  the  margin.  A  few 
•of  the  upper  internodes  are  vtsf'idly  pubescent  above  their  middle.  Flowers 
small,  red,  in  loose,  erect  cymes.     Road  sides  and  dry  soils.     Jl.     Per. 

Snap-drugon  Caich-Jli/. 

3.  S.  Virgi'nica. 

Viscid-pubescent;  slcin  procumbent  or  erect,  branching;  fmcers  large, 
cymose  ;  calyx  large,  clavate;  petals  bifid,  broad,  crowned.  From  12  to  18 
inches  high.  Leaves  oblong,  a  little  rougli  at  the  margin.  Cymes  dichoto- 
mous.     Stamens  and  pistils  exsert.     Petals  red,  large.     Jn.     Per. 

Virginian  Catch-ftj. 

4.  S.   NOCTIFLO'UA. 

Viscid-pubescent;  stem  erect,  branching;  low-er  leaves  s]iathulate,  upper 
leaves  linear ;  cali/x  C3'lindrical,  ventricose,  the  alternate  stria;  vined;  tcetk 
subulate,  very  long;  petals  2-parled.  From  Europe,  introduced  into  our  cul- 
tivated erouuds.  Flowers  rather  large,  white,  e.xpanding  only  in  the  evening 
and  in  cloudy  weather.  jXighi-Jlowcring  Cuich-jiij. 


5.    S.    STELLA'TA.      ^it.  Cucubalus  stcllatus.     L. 

Erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  4s,  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate.  Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  with  paniculate  cymes  of  white  flowers.  At  each  of  the  dis- 
tant, tumid  nodes,  is  a  whorl  of  sessile,  spreading,  long-pointed  leaves.  Petals 
wanting  the  crown  of  scales.  Calyx  not  reticulated,  the  segments  tapering 
loamucronate  point.     Woods,     JL     Per.  '  Star-like  Cainpion. 

F* 


CARYOPHYLLACEjE.  66 


6.  S.  INFLA'tA.  .Sm.  Cucubalus  Bchen.  L. 
Calyx  nearly  globular,  smooth,  reticulated  with  veins;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate, glaucous,  smooth  ;  foiorrs  in  c3'niose  panicles,  drooping.  Stem  erect, 
about  2  feet  high.  Petals  white,  cleft  half  way  down.  The  calyx  remarkably 
inflated,  and  finely  reticulated  with  pale  purple  veins.  In  pastures,  about 
fences,  &c.  The  young  slioots  and  leaves  wlien  boiled,  may  be  used  as  a 
substitute  for  asparagus  or  peas,  which  they  resemble  in  taste.     Jl.     Per. 

Bladder  Campion. 

7.  S.  Arme'ria. 

Very  smooth,  glaucous,  viscid ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  floicers  in  panicu- 
late cymes  ;  petals  obcordate,  crowned.  Native  of  Europe.  Introduced.  A 
popular  garden  flower.  Stem  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  with  numerous  pink- 
colored  flowers.     Jl. — Sept.     Ann.  Garden  Caich-ft/. 

8.  S.    VISCO'SA. 

Pubescent,  very  viscid  ;  stem  simple,  thick,  leafy  ;  leaves  large,  linear-lan- 
ceolate, wav}' ;  floicfrr  large,  nodding;  pet/ds  red.  Native  of  Levant.  Culti- 
vated in  gardens.    About  2  feet  high.     Bien.  Clammy  Catch-jUj. 

8 .    LYCHNIS. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-tooth,  oblong;  petals  5,  clawed;  limb 
slightly  cleft ;  stamens  10;  pistils  5;  capsule  1 — 5-cleft,  with 
a  5-toothed  opening. 

Gr.  "Kvyj/oi,  a  lamp;  because  the  cottony  leaves  of  some  species  have  been 
used  as  wicks  to  lamps.  Cal.  inferior,  membranous.  Pet.  claws  length  of 
cal.,  sometimes  crowned.     Fil.  longer  than  cal.,  fixed  to  the  claws. 

1.  L.    Gl  THAGQ.      Lavi.  Agrostemma  Githago.     i. 

Hairy  ;  stetn  dichotomous ;  floicers  on  long  stalks ;  leavesVinevir ;  calyx  much 
longer  than  the  corolla;  'petals  eniue,  without  n  crown.  A  well  known,  hand- 
some weed,  growing  in  corn-fields,  or  wheat-fields,  of  a  pale  green  color,  with 
large,  pink-like  and  very  ornamental  flowers.  Corolla  of  a  dull  puri^le.  In- 
troduced from  Europe.     JL  Corn  Cockle. 

2.  L.  Chalcedo'nica. 

Smoothish;  floicers  fascicled;  calyx  cylindric,  clavate.  ribbed;  petals  two- 
lobed.  A  fine  garden  flower,  native  of  Europe.  Stem  2  feet  high,  with  point- 
ed, opposite,  dark  green  leaves,  and  a  large,  terminal,  convex,  dense  fascicle 
of  flowers,  remarkable  for  their  deep  scarlet  hue      Jn.     Jl.       Scarlet  Lychnis. 

/3.     Flowers  white. 

y.     Flowers  double.     This  is  chiefly  valued  in  cultivation. 

3.  L.  Floscu'culi. 

Smoothish;  stnns  asccndintr ;  _^*7?rcr5  dichotomous,  fascicled;  calyx  ram- 
panulate,  ID-ribbed.  Petals  in  4  deep,  linear  segments.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
smooth.  Fruit  roundish,  1-celled.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  with  rough  ani/les, 
viscid  above.  Flowers  pink,  very  delicate,  with  a  brown,  antrubir,  smooth 
calyx.     Native  in  Britain.     Jl. — Sept.  Ragged  Robin. 

4.  L.  corona'ria. 

Smooth ;  flowers  terminal  and  axillary,  1 — 3  ;  calyx  rounded,  clavate,  ribbed  : 
petals  torn.  Native  of  Cliina.  Remarkable  for  the  large  size  of  the  flower.---. 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.     Petals  of  a  lively  red.  Citinese  Lyclmis. 


caryophvllace^.  67  dianthus. 


9.  SAPONA'RIA. 

Calyx  tubular,  naked  ;  petals  5,  clawed  ;  stamens  10 ;  styles 
2;  capsule  oblong,  1-celled. 

Lat.  sapo,  soap  ;  the  mucillacrinous  juice  is  said  to  make  soap.  Cal.  inferior, 
5-toothed.  Claws  long  as  caF.  Limb  dilated  toward  the  end.  Fil.  long  as 
•cal.  and  styles.     Stig.  acute,  downy.     Caps,  concealed  in  the  calyx. 

S.  officina'lis. 

Cahjx  cylindrical ;  hates  lanceolate,  Inclining  to  elliptical.  A  hardy,  smooth 
and  suculent  plant,  with  handsome  flowers  resembling  the  pink,  (Dianthus.) 
Steins  1  or  2  teet  high,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  a  terminal  panicle  of  erect, 
flesh-colored  flowersT  The  taste  is  bitter,  and  the  juice  in  water  will  raise  a 
lather  like  soap,  and  will  take  out  spots  of  grease.  Road-sides.  Jl.  Aug. 
Per.     Introduced  and  naturalized.     Flowers  frequently  double. 

Common  Soap-icort. 

10.  D  I  A'  N  T  H  U  S  . 

Calyx  cylindrical,  tubular,  with  scales  at  base  ;  petals  5, 
with  long  claws;  stamens  10;  styles  2;  capsule  cylindric, 
1-celled. 

Gr.  Aio«  civ^oi,  Jupiter's  flower,  or  the  divine  flower;  so  named  on  ac- 
count of  Its  preeminent  beauty  and  fragrance.  Cal.  inferior,  striate,  5-toothed, 
with  2  or  more  pairs  of  opposite,  imbricate  scales  at  base.  Claws  as  long  as 
cal.  Limb  flat,  dilated  outwards,  unequally  notched.  Fil.  as  long  as  calyx. 
Ova.  oval.     Sty.  longer  than  stam.,  with  revolute,  tapering  stig. 

1.  D.  Arme'ria. 

Florcers  aggregate,  fascicled;  scales  of  the  calyx  villose,  lanceolate,  as  long 
as  the  tube.  °  Our  only  native  species  of  the  pink.  In  fields  and  pine  woods. 
Stem  a  foot  high,  leafy,  pubescent,  corymbose  above.  Leaves  opposite,  pu- 
bescent, linear'lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  broader,  clasping  at  base.  Flowers 
terminal,  small,  without  fragrance.  Petals  pink,  sprinkled  with  white,  crenate 
on  the  margin.     Aug.     Ann.  "'*'''^  Fink. 

2.  D.  barba'tus. 

Flowers  aggregate,  fascicled  ;  scales  ovate,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube; 
leaves  lanceolate.  Long  known  and  valued  as  an  ornamental  flower,  and  is 
still  esteemed,  as  in  the  times  of  old  Gerarde,  "  for  its  beauty  to  deck  up  the 
bosoms  of  the  beautiful,  and  garlands  and  crowns  for  pleasure."  It  has  many 
varieties.     Flowers  in  J  n.,  Jl.     Per.  Sweet  William. 

3.  D.  Chine'nsis. 

Stem  branched  ;  flower  solitary  ;  scales  linear,  leafy,  spreading,  as  long  as 
the  tube  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate.  An  elegant  species,  well  characterized  by 
its  leafy,  spreading  scales,  and  its  large,  toothed  or  crenate,  red  petals.  The 
foliage,  like  the  oUier  species,  is  evergreen,  being  as  abundant  and  vivid  in 
winter  as  in  summer.     Native  of  China.     JL— Sept.     Bien.  China  P ink. 

4.  D.  pluma'rius. 

Glaucous;  s«e7ns  2— 3-flowered  ;*jffoz«r5  solitary  ;  teetlihluni;  bracts  ov^le, 
very  pointed;  leaves  linear,  rough  at  the  edge;   corolla  many-cleft,   throat 


PORTOLACACE^.  68  PORTOLACA. 

hairy.  Native  of  Europe.  From  this  species  probably  originated  those  beau- 
tiful pinks  called  pheasants'  eyes,  of  which  there  are  enumerated  in  Scotland, 
no  less  than  3UU  varieties.     Flowers  white  and  purple.     Jn. — Aug.     Per. 

aingle  Pink.     Phtasants'-cycs. 

5.  D.  caryophy'llus. 

Floicers  solitary;  scales  very  short,  ovate;  petals  very  broad,  beardless; 
leaves  linear-subulate,  channeled,  glaucous.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  branched. 
Flowers  wliite  and  crimson  ;  petals  crenate.  This  species  is  supposed  to  be 
the  parent  of  all  the  varieties  of  the  splendid  Carnation.  Over  400  sorts  are 
now  enumerated  by  florists,  distinguished  mostly  by  some  peculiarity  in  col- 
ors, which  are  crimson,  white,  red,  purple,  scarlet,  yellow,  and  arranged  in 
every  possible  order  of  stripes,  dots,  flakes,  angles,  &c.  Carnations  are  pro- 
pagated by  layers,  cuttings  and  seeds.  They  thrive  best  in  ricli  loam,  rather 
sandy,  and  should  be  protected  from  all  extremes  of  heat  or  cold,  dryness  or 
moisture.  Cumutiun  Pink. 

6.  D.    SUPE'RBUS. 

Flowers  fastigiate  ;  scales  short,  ovate,  mucronate  ;  petals  pinnate.  A  singu- 
larly beautiful  pink,  native  of  Europe.  Stem  2  t'eet  high,  paniculate,  branch- 
ing, with  many  flowers.  Petals  white,  gashed  in  a  pinnate  manner  beyond  the 
middle,  and  hairy  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  tube.     Jl. — Sept.     Per.     Superb  Pink. 

The  species  of  this  admirable  genus  are  quite  numerous,  exceeding  a  hun- 
dred, nearly  all  of  them  valued  as  well  for  tlieir  fragrance  as  their  beauty, 
displaying  the  gentler  attributes  of  their  Creator. 


ORDER    XXy.    PORTULACACEtE.  The  Purslane  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepals  2,  united  at  the  base. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  somelimes  more  or  less,  imbricated  in  rostivation, 
Sta. — Variable  in  number.     Filaments  distinct.     Anthers  versatile  or  introrse. 
Ova. — Superior,  l-t-elled.     Styles  several  stigmatose  along  the  inner  suriace. 
i'V. — A  pyxis,  dehiscing  by  a  lid,  or  capsule,  loculicidal,  with  as  many  valves  as  stigmas. 
A  small  order  of  succrjent  plants,  inhabiting  dry  places  in  every  quarter  of  the  world. 
They  possess  no  remarkable  properties. 

Genera. 

Stamens  8^90,  Porhii/ira.  1 

Slanretis  5, Claytonia.  2 

1.    PORTULA'CA. 

Sepals  2,  the  upper  portions  deciduous;  petals  5,  equal; 
style  3 — 6-cIeft;  pyxis  subglobose,  dehiscing  near  the  middle, 
many-seeded. 

An  ancient  name,  of  unknown  origin.  Low,  herbaceoits  weeds.  Flowers 
expanding  only  in  sunshine. 

P.  olera'cea. 

Leaves  cuneate  ;  foicrrs  sessile.  A  prostrate,  fleshy  weed,  more  common 
in  our  gardens  than  seems  desirable.  Stem  thick  and  succulent,  much  branched 
and  spreading,  smooth.  Leaves  fleshy,  sessile,  rounded  at  tlie  end.  Flowers 
3'ellaw.  The  herbage  of  tlie  plant  is  of  ft  reddish  green  color.  Sometimes 
used  -ds  a.  pot-herb.    Jn.— Aug.     Ann.  Purslane. 


ELATINACE^.  69  ELATINE. 

2.     CLAYTO'NIA. 

Calyx  of  2  sepals  ;  corolla  of  5,  emarginate,  obcordate  pe- 
tals; stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  petals;  stigma 
3-cleft;  capsule  3-valved,  2 — Sseeded. 

In  memory  of  John  Clayton,  a  botanist  of  Virginia.  Small,  fleshy,  delicate, 
early-iowering  plants. 

1.  C.  Carolinia'na. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  sepals  and  petals  obtuse  ;  root  tuberous.  A  pretty 
little  plant,  flowering  in  April,  common  among  the  rocky  hills  of  N.  England. 
Root  a  compressed,  brown  tubercle,  buried  at  a  depth  in  the  ground  equal  to 
the  heioht  of  the  plant.  Root-leaves  very  few  if  any,  spathulale.  Stem  weak, 
2—3  inches  higli,  with  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves  half-way  up,  which  are  ob- 
long-ovate, entire,  obtuse,  tapering  at  base  into  the  petiole.  Flowers  in  a 
terminal  cluster,  white,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  red,  and  beautifully  penciled 
with  purple  lines.     Apr.     May.     Per.  Spring  beauty. 

2.  C.  Virgi'nica. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  petals  obovate,  mostly  emarginate  or  retuse  ;  sepals 
rather  acute  ;  pedicels  slender,  nodding.  Habits  similar  to  the  last,  but  less 
common  in  the  Northern  States.  Tubercle  or  cormus  as  large  as  a  hazel-nut, 
deep  in  the  ground.  Stem  a  few  inches  high,  weak,  with  a  pair  of  opposite, 
very  narrow  leaves.  Flowers  5 — 10,  rose-colored,  with  deeper  colored  veins, 
in  a  terminal  raceme.     Apr.     May.     Per.  Virginian  Spring  Beautij. 


ORDER    XXVI.    ELATINACE^.  The  Water-pepper  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepals  2 — 5,  distinct  or  slightly  coherent  at  the  base,  persistent. 
Cor. — Petals  hypog^nons,  as  many  as  the  sepals. 

Sta. — Equal  m  number  to,  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.     Anthers  introrse. 
Ova. — i — 5-celled.     Styles  '2 — 5.     Stigmas  capitate  ;  placentce  in  the  axis. 
Fr. — Capsular.     Seeds  numerous. 

A  very  small  order  of  annual  marsh  plants,  found  in  every  part  of  tlie  globe,  and  having 
no  known  peculiar  properties.  The  only  known  Northern  genus  is  the  Elatine  of  Linnaeus, 
the  Crj'pta  of  Nuttall  or  the  Peplis  of  Pursh. 

ELA'TINE. 

Stigmas  sessile,  minute. 

Gr  iXarr),  fir;  the  fine,  slender  leaves  of  some  of  the  species  have  been 
compared  to  those  of  the  fir-tree. 


E.    AmeRICA'NA.      L.  Cypta  minima.    JV.     Peplys  Americana.     P. 

Stevi  diffuse,  procumbent,  striate,  rooting  from  the  joints,  with  assurgent 
branches;  leaves  cuneate-oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  entire;  stales  0;  sepals, 
petals,  stamens  and  stigmas  2  or  3,  as  well  as  the  cells  and  valves  of  the  cap- 
sule ;  stipules  very  minute.  A  small  mud  plant,  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and 
rivers.     Flowers  axillary,  sessile,  solitary.    Corolla  minute,  closed.    Jl. — Sept. 


Mud  Purslane. 


GERANlACEJi;.  70  GERANIDM. 

ORDER    XXVII.    LlNACEiE.  The  Flax  Tribe. 

Oil— Sepals  3,  4  or  5,  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united ;  aestivation  stron-jly  imbricated. 
Cor. — Petals  equal  in  number  to  sepals,  hypogynous,  uiig-uieulate ;  ajestivation  twisted. 
fSta — :3.  4  or  5,  united  at  base  into  a  hypogj-nous'ring-,  which  is  often  toothed,  opposite  the  p3t. 
Oca.— Of  as  many  cells  as  sepals  or  styles.     Stigma  capitate. 
Sds. — Solitary  in  each  cell,  compressed. 

An  order  containing  only  a  very  few  herbaceous  plants  or  small  .shrubs,  yet  a  very  im- 
portant one  in  the  arts.  The  Linum  has  a  very  tenacious  fibre  in  its  bark,  which  is  wrought 
into  thread  and  clutli,  forming  the  ^/ne?!  of  commerce.  Some  species  arc  cathartic,  and  yield 
from  their  seeds  a  fine  mucilage.     Only  one  genus  need  be  mentioned  here,  \-iz  : 

LINUM. 

Sepal.s,  petals  and  slarnens  5;  styles  5,  rarely  3  ;  capsule  5- 
celled,  cells  nearly  divided  by  a  false  dissepiment. 

Gr.  Xivov,  flax,  which  is  from  Uin  in  Celtic,  signifying  a  thread. 

1.  L.  Virginia'n'jm. 

Calyx  leaves  acute  ;  pa7iicles  coryn)bose,  terminal ;  Jloicers remoie ,  alternate  ; 
leaves  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  those  of  the  root  ovate.  Woods,  &c.  Stem 
slender,  leafy,  1 — 3  feet  high,  ascending,  bearing  at  top  a  thin  panicle  of  small, 
yellow  flowers  on  short  pedicels.    Jl.     Ann.  yirginiaii  or  Wild  Flax. 

2.  L.    USITATl'SSIMUM. 

CaZi/z  Zcrtzjcs  ovate,  acute,  3-nerved;  petals  ere n?ite;  Zcarcs  lanceolate,  alter- 
nate ;  stevi  nearly  solitary.  This  important  plant  has  been  cultivated  from 
the  earliest  antiquity,  for  the  fibres  of  its  bark,  which  when  separated  from 
its  woody  stalk  by  the  hrahe,  and  cleared  from  the  tow  by  the  hatchcl,  is  spun 
into  thread  and  woven  into  linen  cloth.  So  ancient  is  ihe  manufacture  of  linen, 
that  it  appears  to  have  been  carried  to  great  perfection  in  Egypt,  in  the  times 
of  the  Pharaohs,  (Gen.  41:  42;)  and  mummies  are  there  found  at  this  da}', 
enveloped  in  linen  fabrics  of  great  fineness  and  beauty,  which  can  bo  no  less 
than  3000  yeais  old.  The  seeds  yield  the  linseed  oil,  so  extensively  used  in 
mixing  paint,  printer's  ink,  ^-c.  Native  country  unknown;  perhaps  it  is  in- 
digenous to  many.  Stern  1  or  2  feet  high,  branching  above,  with  3-nerved 
leaves,  and  bearing  at  top  niany  handsome  blue  flowers,    Jn.    Jl.   Ann.     Flax. 


ORDER    XXVIII.    GERANIACEiB.  The  Geranium  Tribe. 

Col. — Sepals  5,  persistent,  ribbed,  one  sometimes  saccate  or  spurred  at  base. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  hypog>'nous  or  perigj-nous,  unguiculate  :  aestivation  twisted. 

Sta. — Usually  monadelphous.  hypogynous,  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as  the  petals. 

Ova. —  1  Of  3  united  carpels,  2  ovuled,  alternate  wjtjj  sepals,  upon  an  elongated  axis,  from 

Fr.—i    \  which  tliey  separate  in  fruit,  curving  upwards  on  the  persistent  style. 

A  small  order  of  herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  with  tumid  and  separable  joints.  The 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  is  the  favorite  habitation  of  some  of  the  most  important  genera.  Most 
species  of  the  beautiful  Pelargonia  are  native  oj','that  region  alone. 

Conspectus  of-M  Genera. 

fall  perfect,       .        .        .'.'*; Garaniuvi.     1 

<  .5  perfect,  witli  5  shorter  and  imperfect,            ....  Erodium.        2 

Stamens  10.  (  7  perl'eet ;  corolla  irregular, Pelargonium.  3 

1.    GERA'NIUM. 

Sepals  and  petals  5,  regular;  glands  5,  nectariferous,  uni- 
ted to  the  base  of  the  longer  stamens;  stamens  10,  all  perfect ; 


GKRANIACEiE.  71  GEfiANlUM. 

fruit  rostrate,  at  length  separating  into  5,  long-styled,  1-seed- 
ed  carpels;  styles  smooth  inside. 

Gr.  yipd'joi,  a  crane ;  the  capsule  and  beak  resembling  the  head  of  that 
bird,  fcityles  erect,  longer  than  the  stamens,  permanent.  Stig.  5,  oblong,  re- 
flexed.  Carpels  5,  aggregate,  globose,  each  tipped  with  the  long,  linear,  erect 
pointed,  rigid  style,  smooth,  naked,  at  length  recurved  and  adhering  by  its 
point  to  the  summit  of  the  axis.  This  is  the  original  genus  of  Linnaeus,  for- 
merly including  all  those  ornamental  species  popularly  called  Geraniums, 
since  divided  by  L'Heritier  into  the  three  genera,  Erodium,  Pelargonium  and 
Geranium. 

1.  G.  macula'tum. 

Leaves  3 — 5-parted,  cut,  radical  ones  on  Very  long  stalks ;  peduncles  2-flo\v- 
ered  ;  stem  somewhat  angular,  dichotomous,  erect,  retorsely  pubescent.  This' 
species  is  very  common  in  moist  woods,  about  streams,  &c.,  and  is  not  inferi- 
or in  beauty  to  many  that  are  cultivated  in  the  parlor  and  green-house.     Stem 

1  or  2  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  hairy,  deeply  lobed  and  variously  cut,  upper 
ones  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  large,  purple,  2  together  on  a  long,  hairy  pedun- 
cle. The  leaves  in  late  summer  and  autumn  are  said  to  become  marked  with 
pallid  spots,  as  the  name  .indicates.  Root  astringent,  medicinal,  perennial. 
May,  June.  Spotted  Geranium, 

2.  G.  Robertia'num. 

Leaves  3 — 5-parted,  the  segments  pinnatifidly  3-cleft ;  peduncles  2-flowered  ; 
cali/x  10-angled,  awned,  much  shorter  than  the  entire  petals.  A  smaller  and 
less  interesting  plant  than  the  preceding,  but  no  less  common.  Found  in  dry, 
rocky  places.  It  has  a  reddish  stem,  with  long,  diffuse,  weak  branches. 
Leaves  stalked,  somewhat  hairy,  ternate  or  quinate,  with  pinnatifid  leaflets. 
Flowers  small,  pale  pur])le.  Capsules  small,  rugose,  keeled.  Seeds  smooth. 
Tiie  plant  has  a  strong,  disagreeable  smell.     Flowers  from  May  to  Sept.    Per. 

Herb  Rohtrt.     Stinking  Cranes' -hill, 

3.  G.  pusi'llum. 

Leaves  5-parted,  the  lobes  3-cleft,,  linear;  prduncles2-Q.0V7ereA,  long;  petals 
emarginate,  as  long  as  the  awned  calj^v.  A  delicate  annual  species,  growing 
in  waste  grounds,  pastures,  «fcc.  Stem  weak,  a  foot  high,  branching,  covered 
with  short  deflected  hairs.  Leaves  ppposite,  divided  almost  to  the  base  into 
5  or  7  lobes,   these  again  variously  cut.     Peduncles  axillary,  forked,  bearing' 

2  purplish  red  flowers  in  Jn.  and  Jl. 

4.  G.  Carolinia'num. 

Leaves  b-\oheA,  lobes  trifid,  cut;  peduncles  2-flowered,  clustered  at  the  end 
of  tlie  branches;  petals  emarginate,  as  long  as  the  awned  calyx.  A  diffuse, 
pubescent  plant,  8 — 15  inches  high.  Leaves  on  long  stalks,  beautifully  and 
deeply  divided,  and  of  a  S-sided  figure.    Flowers  rose-colored.     Jl.     Bien. 

Carolinian  Geranium. 

5.  G.  sangui'neum. 

Stem  erect,  diffuse,  branched ;  peduncle  longer  than  petioles ;  leaves  opposite, 
5-parted,  lobes  trifid,  with  linear  segments.  A  beautiful  species,  native  of 
Europe,  deemed  worthy  of  culture  by  many  a  florist.  Grows  about  afoot 
high.  Leaves  orbicular,  deeply  divided  into  5  or  7,  3-fid  lobes.  Flowers 
large,  round,  of  a  deep  red  or  blood  color.  Bloodij  Geranium, 


GERANIACEJC.  7ii  PELARGONIUM. 

6.  G.  anemo'nifo'lium. 

Stem  shrubby;  leaves  smooth,  palmate,  5-cut,  the  seg.  bipinnatifid;  pedun- 
cles opposite,  erect,  hairy,  2-flo\vered.  An  extremely  beautiful  species,  from 
the  Cape.  Stem  3  feet  high,  with  large,  fern-like  leaves  of  the  most  delicate, 
glossy  green.     Flowers  large,  red.  Jlneinonc-kavtd  Geranium. 

2.  ERO'DIUM. 
Calyx  5-leaved  ;  petals  5  ;  scales  5,  alternate  with  the  fila- 
ments and  nectariferous  glands  at  the  base  of  the  stamens; 
filaments  10,  the  5  alternate  ones  abortive;  fruit  rostrate,  of 
b  aggregate  capsules,  each  tipped  with  tlie  long  spiral  style, 
bearded  inside. 

Gr.  i^ai2ioi,  a  heron,  because  the  fruit  resembles  the  beak  of  that  bird. 

1.  E.  cicuta'rium. 

Stem,  prostrate  or  diffuse,  hairy  ;  leaves  pinnate,  with  cut-pinnatifid  segments; 
peduncles  double,  many-flowered;  petals  unequal.  A  small  species  in  waste 
places,  with  prostrate  or  diffuse  branches,  and  many  finely  divided  leaves, 
which  somewhat  resemble  those  of  the  cicuta  or  poison  hemlock.  Flowers 
small,  purple, irregular.     The  whole  plant  is  fetid.     Apr.     Ann. 

Hemlock  Geranium. 

/3.  bipinnatum  has  a  caulescent  stem,  diffuse  branches,  segments  of  leaves 
pinnatifid,  with  linear  lobes. 

2.  E.  moscha'tum. 

Siew  procumbent ;  leaves  pinnated  with  stalked,  ovate,  unequally  serrated 
segments;  peduncles  downy,  glandular;  petals  equalling  the  calyx.  Native 
of  England.  Sometimes  cultivated  for  the  strong  musky  scent  of  its  herbage. 
A  foot  high.     Leaves  large,  flowers  small,  purple.     May — Jl.     Ann. 

Musk  Geranium. 

3.    PELARGO'NIUM. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  the  upper  one  ending  in  a  nectariferous 
tube,  extending  down  the  peduncle  with  which  it  is  connect- 
ed;  petals  5,  irregular,  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  tilaments  10, 
3  of  them  barren. 

Gr.  TTiXu-Qyoi,  a  stork,  in  allusion  to  the  beak  of  the  fruit,  which  resembles 
the  bill  of  tliat  bird,  as  well  as  to  preserve  an  analogy  with  Geranium, 
(Crane's-bill)  from  which  genus  this  was  taken.  An  immense  genus  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  embracing  more  than  200  species  and  several  hun- 
dred varieties,  with  endless  differences  of  form,  size  and  color.  No  genus 
seems  to  be  regarded  with  such  universal  favor  for  green-house  plants  as  this. 
The  species  are  cultivated  witii  assiduous  attention,  by  nearly  every  family, 
which  makes  the  least  pretensions  to  taste,  throughout  the  civilized  world. 

*  Stem  very  short.     Root  tuberous. 

1.    P.    FLAVUM. 

Leayes  decompound,  lasciniate,  hairy;  srrrments  linear ;  tnnh  el  ma.ny -low- 
ered; 5icm  very  simple.  Flowers  brownish  yellow.  From  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  as  well  as  all  the  other  species.  Carrot-leaved  Geranium. 


GERANIACKJE.  73  PELARGONIUM. 

2.  P.     TRISTI. 

Leape.9  hairy,  pinnate  ;  Ze^/^cfs  bipinnatifid  ;  divisions  linear,  acute.  Afoot 
hifjii.     Flov^ers  dark  green,  in  simple  umbels.  Mourning  Geranium. 

**Stem  elongated,  herbaceous  or  sufFruticose. 

3.  P.    ODORATI'SSIMUM. 

Leaves  roundish,  cordate,  very  soft ;  stem  short,  fleshy  ;  Iranches  herbaceous, 
long-diffuse.  Chiefly  valued  for  the  powerful,  aromatic  smell  of  the  leaves, 
the  flowers  being  small,  whitish.  JVutmeg-sceuted  Geranium. 

4.  P.  alchemilloi'des. 

Slem  villous;  leaves  cordate,  villous,  5-lobed,  palmate;  peduncles  few-flow- 
ered; stigma  sessile.  Stein  G  inches  high,  diffuse,  very  hairy,  with  deflt-xed 
bristles.     Flowers  pink-colored.  Ladif  s-vtaatlc  Geranium. 

5.  P.    TRICOLOR. 

Stem  sufFruticose,  erect;  /c«»es  lanceolate,  villous,  cut-dentate,  trifid  ;  xipper 
petals  glandular  at  base.  Stem  Ig  feet  high.  This  species  is  distinguished 
for  its  beautifully  variegated  flowers.  Petals  roundish  and  nearly  uniform  in 
shape,  but  very  different  in  color.  Tlie  3  lower  ones  are  white,  slightly  veined ; 
the  2  upper,  of  a  rich  purple,  almost  black  at  base.      Tkree-colorcd  Geranium. 

6.  coriandrifo'lium. 

Stem  herbaceous,  biennial,  somewhat  downy;  leaves  bipinnate,  smooth; 
lobes  linear,  subpinnalifid.  Stem  diffase,  a  foot  high.  Distinguished  by  the 
finely  divided  leaves  and  large  flowers.  The  2  upper  petals  much  the  largest, 
obovate,  veined  with  purple ;  the  3  lower,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  often 
wanting,  are  narrow  and  of  a  pure  white.  Coriander-leaved  Geranium. 

*"'*  Leaves  neither  divided  nor  angular;  stem  fruticose. 

7.  P.    GLAUCUM. 

Veri/  smooth  and  glaucous;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  acuminate;  peduncles 
1  or  2-flowered.  Stem  3  feet  high,  shrubby  and  branched.  The  plant  is  re- 
markably distinguished  by  its  leaves.  Peduncles  axillary,  with  1  or  2  elegant 
flowers.     Petals  obovate,  of  a  delicate  blush-color,  with  red  veins. 

Glaucous-leaved  Geranium. 

8.  P.    BETULINU.M. 

Leaves  ovate,  unequally  serrate,  smoothish  ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate  ;  pe- 
duncles 2 — 4-flowered.  Stem  shrubby,  3  feet  high.  The  plant  is  well  named 
for  its  leaves.  Flowers  pale  pink,  with  deep-red  veins.  Blrck-leavcd  Geranium. 

9.  P.    ACETO'SUM. 

Leaves  ■very  smooth,  obovate,  crenate,  somewhat  fleshy;  peduncles  few- 
flowered  ;  pdals  linear.  Slem  shrubby,  3  feel  high.  Named  for  the  acid  fla- 
vor of  the  leaves.     Flowers  pink.  Sorrel-leaved  Geranium. 

****  Leaves  either  angular,  lobed  or  palmate  ;  stem  fruticose. 

10.  p.  zona'le. 

Leaves  cordate-orbicniar,  obsoletely  lobed,  toothed,  marked  v;!th  a  concen- 
tric zone.     Stem  thick,  shrubbv,  2  or  3  feet  high.     One  of  the  most  popular 

G 


GERANIACE^.  74  PELARGONIUM. 

of  all  the  species.  Leaves  always  marked  with  a  dark  concentric  stripe  of 
various  shades.  The  flowers  are  of  a  bright  scarlet,  urnbelled,  on  long  pedun- 
cles.     It  has  many  varieties,  of  wliich  the  most  remarkable  is 

p.  mar  (finale,  silver-edged,  the  leaves  of  which  are  bordered  with  white. 

Horseshoe,  Geranium. 

11.  P.  i'nquinans. 

Leaves  round,  renifornr,  scarcely  divided,  crenate,  viscid;  jirnhcJs  many- 
flowered;  petals  obovate,  cuneate.  Justly  admired  for  the  vivid  scarlet  of  its- 
numerous  flowers.  The  name  alludes  to  the  reddish,  clammy  moisture  which 
stains  the  fingers  in  liandling  the  soft  downy  branches.        Scarlet  Geranium. 

12.  P.    PELTATUM. 

Leaves  5-lobed,  entire,  fleshy,  smooth,  more  or  less  peltate;  umbels  few- 
flowered.  Stem  climbing,  several  feet  in  length.  Whole  plant  very  smooth. 
A  beautiful  species  with  umbels  of  very  handsome  purplish  flowers. 

Ivy-leaved  Geranium. 

13.  P.  tetrago'num. 

Sr«7?,c/(C5  4-cornered,  fleshy;  leiives  cordate,  bluntly  lobed,  somewhat  toothed. 
Petals  4;  the  2  upper  ones  pale  pi»k,  with  crimson  veins;  the  2  lower,  small, 
white.     Leaves  small,  rounded,  notched,  with  scattered  hairs. 

Square-stalked  Geranium. 

14.  P.  grandiflCrum. 

Smooth,  glaucous  ;  leaves  5-lobed,  palmated,  cordate  at  base,  the  lobes  den- 
tate towards  the  end  ;  petals  three  times  as  long  as  calyx.  Distinguished  for 
the  size  and  beauty  of  tiie  flowers,  which  are  white,  the  2  upper  ones  elegantly 
veined  and  tinged  with  red,  larger  than  the  rest.      Large-jlowercd  G&ranium. 

15.  P.  grave'olens. 

Leaves  palmately  7-lobed ;  lobes  oblong,  bluntly  toothed,  revolute  and  very 
rough  at  the  edge  ;  umbels  many-flowered,  capitate.  Nectary  about  half  as 
lon^as  caly.x.     Leaves  very  fragrant.   Flower  purple.    Ruse-scented  Geranium. 

16.  P.  ra'dula. 

Leaves  palmate,  rough;  lobes  narrow,  pinnatifid,  revolute  at  edge,  with 
linear  segments.  Umbels  few-flowered.  Nectary  nearly  as  long  as  calyx. 
Flower  purple.  Distinguished  for  its  large,  rough  leaves,  deeply  divided  into 
linear  segments,  and  with  a  rich,  mint-like  fragrance.    Rasp-leaved  Geranium. 

17.  P.  quercifo'lium. 

LcftBCA' cordate,  pinnatifid,  with  rounded  recesses ;  /o&C5  obtusely  crenate; 
iranc/ics  and  petioles  hispid.     Leaves  rough,  often  spotted.     Flowers  purplish. 

Oak-leaved.  Geranium . 

The  above  are  among  the  more  distinct  and  popular  species  ofthis  vast  and 
favorite  genus.  Innumcrabk'  varieties,  produced  from  seeds  and  propagated 
by  cuttings,  are  equally  conunon  in  collections,  and  often  of  superior  beauty. 
Many  splendid  works  on  this  order  have  been  published,  among  which  the 
"  Geraniaceaj'  of  Mr.  Sweet  is  the  most  extensive,  in  which  "  are  figured  and 
described,  not  only  all  the  known  species,  but  the  multitudes  of  hybrid  erea- 
ttuns  oroduccd  bv  the  assistance  of  modern  ingenuity." 


B41.S4MINACE.?;. 


75  IMPATIENS. 


ORDER   XXIX.    BALSAMINACEiE.  The  Balsam  Tribe. 

Fls. — Very  irregular. 

Oii.^Sepals  5,  deciduous,  the  2  upper  connate,  the  lowest  spurred  or  gibbous. 
Cor. — Petals  4,  hypogynous,  united  by  pairs,  or  rarely  .'3,  distinct. 
Sla. — 5,  hypogynous.     Filaiiii  nis  su\m\ii\e.    Xnt/iers  ij-celled. 

0va.—5-ce]iell,  compound.     ,V/i,»(,/x  sessile.  .  ,/■■"?■'",  ' 

J^r.— Capsular, 5-eelled,burstnigelastically  by  5  valves,     Sds.  several  m  each  cell.     J^mbr. 
Annual  herbs  with  succulent  stems  and  simple  leaves.     This  order  embracj-s  but  lew 
genera,  of  which  one  onlv  is  represented  in  the  U.  Stales.     With  regard  to  its  properties 
*ud  uses  it  is  ol'uo  iniporiancc.     Some  of  its  species  are  highly  oruanienial. 

■1.  IMPA'TIENS. 
Sepals  apparently  but  4,  the  2  upper  being  united  :  petals 
apparently  2,  each  of  the  lower  being  united  to  each  of  the 
lateral  ones;  anthers  cohering  at  the  apex;  capsule  often  1- 
celled  by  the  obliteration  of  the  dissepiments.,  5-valved,  burst- 
ing elastically. 

A  Lat.  term  applied  to  these  plants  on  account  of  the  capsules,  which,  when 
ripe,  burst  at  the  slightest  touch. 

1.  I.  pa'lida. 

Peduncles  solitary,  2— 4-flowered ;  lower  sepal  obtusely  conical,  dilated, 
shorter  than  the  petals  ;  spur  recurved,  very  short ;  floicers  sparing-ly  punctate ; 
leaves  rhomb-ovate,  mucronote-toothed ;  seeds  elliptical.  A  curious  annual 
plant,  found  about  wet,  shady  ])laces.  Stem  2  feet  high,  succulent  and  brit- 
tle, with  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  yellow,  on  branching,  axillary  stalks, 
resembling  ear-drops  in  form,  whence  the  plant  is  often  called  Jewel-weed. 
The  capsules  when  mature,  burst  at  the  slightest  touch  and  scatter  the  seed ; 
whence  its  more  common  English  name,  Touch-me-not,  and  the  French,  Ke- 
me-touchez-jms.     Aug.  Touch-me-not. 

2.  I.    FULVA. 

Peduncles  solitary,  2— 4-flowered ;  lower  sepal  acutely  conic,  longer  than 
the  petals;  spur  resupinate,  emarginate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  upper  sepals 
(cralea)  ;  flowers  with  crowded  spots  ;  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate- 
toothed  ;  seeds  prismatic.  Common  in  wet,  shady  places.  Nearly  resembles 
the  foregoing  in  habit,  aspect,  and  in  the  irritability  of  the  capsules.  Stern 
covered^'witli  a  glaucous  powder,  succulent,  diaphanous,  swelling  at  the  joints. 
Flowers  yellow,  spotted  with  red  within.     Hight  2—3  feet.     A'^ug.     Ann. 

J eic  el-weed. 

3.  I.  Balsami'na. 

Floiccr  stalks  clustered;  Zeacw  lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  alternate;  spur 
shorter  than  the  flower.  From  the  F-  [ndies.  It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  garden  annuals,  forming  a  showy  pyramid  of  finely  variegated  carnation- 
like flowers.  The  prevailing  colors  of  the  petals  are  red  and  while,  but  the 
former  varies  in  every  possible  shade  of  crimson,  scarlet,  purple,  pink  and 
flesh-color.     The  flowers  are  often  double.  Garden  Balsamine. 

Suborder,  TROP.EOLACE^. 

Flowers  irregular.  Calyx  of  5,  colored,  united  sepals,  the  lowest  one  spurred  ;  coroHa 
of  5  petals,  the  3  lower  ones  stalked  ;  stamens  8,  distinct,  unequal ;  ovary  of  3  united  car- 
pels ;  style  1 1  stigmas  3;  fruit  indeiiiscent,  separating  into  3  1-seeded  nuts;  seeds  large, 
.without  albumen. 

Trailing  or  twining  herbs,  with  a  pungent,  watery  juice. 


OXALIDACE.^.  76  FL(ERREA. 

2.     TROPiE'OLUM. 

Characters  essentially  the  same  as  of  the  suborder. 

Lat.  trojxriim^  a  trophy;  because  tlie  leaf  resembles  a  shield,  and  the  flower 
a  helmet  stained  with  blood,  both  ancient  weapons  of  war,  of  wliich  trophies 
were  formed.  Well  known  annual,  trailinjr  plants,  both  ornamental  and  cul- 
inary.    Their  properties  are  antiscorbutic,  t&c. 

T.    MAJUS. 

Leaves  peltate,  repand ;  petals  obtuse,  some  of  them  fringed.  Native  of 
Peru.  Tlie  flowers  are  large  and  showy,  orange  colored,  with  spots  of  deep- 
er shade,  the  calyx  unequally  5-cleft,  protracted  into  a  long  spur  or  nectary 
behind.  Leaves  a  fine  example  of  the  form  called  peltate,  the  petiole  being 
inserted  near  the  middle.  The  flowers  are  eaten  for  salad,  and  esteemed  very 
grateful.  The  fruit  is  pickled  as  a  substitue  for  capers.  In  the  evening,  the 
flowers  emit,  at  certain  intervals,  faint  flashes  of  electrical  light,  a  curious 
fact  first  observed  by  the  daughter  of  Linnajus.       Aa^lurtion.     Jiidiin  Cress. 


ORDER  XXX.  LIMNANTITACEiE. 

CaJ.. — Sepals  3—5,  united  at  base,  persistent,  valvate  in  sestivation. 

Cor. — Petals  3 — 5,  marescent,  inserted  upon  an  hypogynous  disk. 

Sta. — Tw-ice  as  many  as  petals  and  inserted  with  them.   Filavients  opposite  the  sepals,  with 

Ova. — Ot:2 — .5  distinct  carpels.  Sly.xyniXeA    iSi/g-.  simple,     [a  small  process  outside  the  base. 

Fr. — An  achenium,  rather  fleshy.     Seeds  solitary. 

A  very  small  order  of  small  hercaceous  plants,  mostly  natives  of  the  temperate  parts  of 
North  America.  They  have  no  very  remarkable  properties.  Flccrkea  is  the  only  northern 
genus. 

F  L  GE'  R  K  E  A  . 

Sepals  3,  lonj^er  tlian  the  3  petals;  stamens  G;  ovaries  3, 
tuberculate;  stjie  S-cleft. 

Named  in  honor  of  Flcerke,  a  German  botanist.  Small,  aquatic  plants, 
with  leaves  pinnatel}'  divided. 

F.    PROSERPINACOi'deS.      Lind.  F.  uliginosa.     Mh. 

Lravcx  alternate,  those  above  the  water  pinnate,  those  submerged  ternate, 
all  on  slender  stalks.  Stem  decumbeitt,  less  than  a  foot  in  length,  weak  and 
slender.  Petals  small,  white.  Achenia  large,  two  or  solitary.  Grows  in 
marshes,  and  on  the  shores  of  rivers  and  lakes.     Apr.     May.    False  Mermaid.. 


ORDER  XXXI.  OXALIDACE.^. 

Cal. — Sepals  .5,  persistent,  equal,  sometimes  slightly  roliering  at  the  liase. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  hypogynous,  equal,  iniguiculate,  deciduous,  twisted  in  a;stivation. 

Stn. — 10,  hypogynous,  more  or  less  monodelphous,  those  opposite  the  petals  longest. 

Ova. — Carpels  .5,  united,  opposite  the  petals. 

Ft. — Cap.sular,  usually  mendiranous,  5-lobed  and  5-celled. 

A  small  order  of  hcrlinccous  plants,  inhabiting  hot  and  temperate  regions.  The  stem 
and  leaves  generally  contain  free  oxalic  acid.  This  order  is  represented  in  the  Northern 
Slates  by  the  following  genus  only. 


ZANTHOXYLACE^.  77 


OXA'LIS. 

Sepals  5,  distinct  or  united  at  base ;  petals  much  larger  than 
calyx;  styles  5,  capitate  ;  capsule  oblong  or  subglobose. 

Gr.  o|t/j,  sour;  the  leaves  of  many  species  are  of  an  acid  taste. 
*  Acquiescent. 

1.  O.  acetoce'lla. 

Stemless;  sco^e  longer  than  the  leaves,  1-flowcred  ;  /cnre.?  ternate  ;  leaflets 
broad-obcordate,  with  rounded  lobes ;  styles  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens  ; 
root  dentate,  sealy.  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate,  on  long-,  weak  stalks,  purplish 
beneath.  Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  each  with  a  nodding,  scentless 
flower,  whose  petals  are  white,  j'ellowish  at  the  base,  delicately  veined  with 
purple.  The  whole  plant  has  an  agreeable  acid  taste.  Woods  and  shady 
places.     Flowers  in  June.     Per.  Common  IVoud-surrd. 

2.  0.    VIOL.V'CEA. 


Stemless;  scape  umbelifepous;  pedicels  sub-pubescent;  jlovers  noddincr; 
leaves  ternate,  smooth;  tips  of  the  nuhjx  fleshy;  styles  shorter  than  the  outer 
stamens.  An  elegant  species,  with  purple  flowers.  Scape  rather  taller  than 
the  leaves,  bearing  an  umbel  of  3 — 9  drooping  flowers.  Leaves  palmately  3- 
foliate.  Leaflets  very  broadly  obeordate.  Petals  recurved,  striate,  of  a  deli- 
cate light  purple.     May.     Per.  I'iolet-colured  icood-sorrel. 

**  Caulescent. 

3.  0.    STRICTA. 

Peduncles  umbeliferous ;  stem  branching,  erect ;  leaves  ternate ;  leaflets 
obeordate  ;  styles  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens.  This  plant  varies  in  hjght 
from  (i  to  12  inches  or  more,  according  to  the  soil.  Stem  leafy,  round,  smooth, 
succulent.  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate,  numerous,  scattered,  on  long  stalks. 
Umbels  on  long,  axillary  stalks,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles.  Flowers 
small,  yellow,  appearing  all  summer.     Per.  Yelloui  Wood-surrcl. 

4.  0.  cornicula'ta. 

Pubescent;  sdcjn.  branching,  creeping,  diff'use  ; /*^«rcs  ternate  ;  ?//7!Zi^/5  short-  ' 
er  than  the  petioles,  few-flowered;    'petals  wedge-form,  erose  at  the  apex; 
styles  long  as  the  inner  stamens.     Grows  in  Woods.     Sometimes  called  Ladies 
Wond-sorrel.     Distintruished   readily  by  its  long,  creeping  stems.     Floweis 
yellow,  appearing  in  May  and  after. 


ORDER  XXXIII.  ZANTHOXYLACE^E.     PrickiyAsh  Tribe. 

Flowers  clioBciou,s.     Sepals  3 — 9,  small,  rohering  at  the  base. 

Cnr. — Petals  longer  than  the  sepals,  of  the  same  number  or  0. 

6Vo.— Alternate  with  petals,  nf  the  same  numl)er,  seldom  twice  as  many;  in  the  pistillate 

flowers  either  wanting  or  imperfeet.     Ant/irrs  introrse. 
Ova. — Usually  of  the  same  number  as  sepals,  stipitate,  distinet  or  united. 
Fr. — Baccate,  membranaceous  or  drupaceous,  or  2-valved  capsules. 

An  order  consisting  of  trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly  of  Tropical  America,  only  two  genera 
being  found  in  tlie  United  States. 

Properties,     Bitter,  aromatic  and  .siimulant :  properties  residing  chiefly  in  the  bark. 

G* 


ANACAKDIACEJK.  78  BHUS. 

ZANTHOXYLUM. 

Perfect  JI.  Calyx  inferior,  5-parted  ;  corolla  0;  stamens 
3 — 6;  pistils  3 — 5;  carpels  3—5,  l-seeded.  Pislillnlcjl.  Wke 
the  perfect,  but  wanting  tlie  sfannens.  Slaminatejl.  like  the 
perfect,  but  wanting  the  pistils. 

Gr.  ^avSoi,  yellow,  |yXov,  wood;  from  the  color  of  the  wood. 
Z.  America'num. 

Prickiy  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  sub-entire,  sessile,  equal  at  the  base  ; 
nmhfils  axillary.  Tlie  prickly  ash  is  a  shrub  10  or  12  feet  liiffh,  growing  in 
woods  in  most  parts  of  the  U.  S.  The  branches  aie  armed  with  strong,  coni- 
cal, brown  prickles  with  a  broad  base.  Leaflets  about  5  pairs,  with  an  odd 
one,  smooth  above,  downy  beneath  ;  common  petioles,  with  or  without  prick- 
les. Flowers  in  sn)all,  dense  umbels,  axillary,  greenish,  appearing  before  the 
leaves.  The  perfect  and  staminate  ones  grow  upon  the  same,  and  the  pistilate, 
uoon  a  separate  tree.  The  bark  is  bitter,  aromatic  and  stimulant,  used  for 
rheumatism  and  to  alleviate  the  tooth-ache.     Apr.     May. 

Pricldy  Jlsh.     Tooth-achc-tree. 


ORDER  XXXIV.  ANACARDJACE/E.  The  Cusheio  Tribe. 

Flowers  perfect,  sometimes  polygamous  or  tliccciuus,  reg:ular,  small. 

Cal. — Sepals  3 — 5,  united  at  base,  persistent. 

Cor. — Petals  same  number  as  sepals,  sometimes  0,  imbricate  in  ajstivatinn, 

Sta.—As  many  as  petals,  alternate  willi  tliera,  distinct,  on  the  base  ol'tUe  calyx. 

Ova. — 1-celled,  free.     Ovule  onp.     Styles  3  or  0.     Stigy/mso.  . 

Fr. — A  beny  or  drupe,  usually  the  latter  and  one-seeded. 

An  order  of  trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly  natives  of  tropical  regions,  represented  in  the  United 
States  by  the  genus  Rhus  only. 

Propertus.  These  plants  abound  in  a  resinous  juice,  which  is  often  poisonous,  but  is  used 
as  an  indelible  ink  in  marking  linen,  and  as  an  ingredient  in  varnish.  Even  the  exhalations, 
from  some  of  the  species  are  deeinecl  poisonous.  The  Cashew  nut  is  the  product  of  a  small 
tree  of  both  Indies.  When  fresli  the  kernel  is  full  of  a  milky  juice,  and  has  a  most  deli- 
cious taste,  but  the  coats  are  filled  with  a  caustic  oil  which  blisters  the  skin,  and  kills  warts. 

RHUS. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at  the  base;  petals  and  stamens  5; 
fruit  a  small,  l-sceded,  subglobose  drupe. 

Said  to  be  from  Qtoj^  to  flow ;  because  it  is  u.seful  in  stopping  hcemorrhage- 
*  Leaves  pinnate. 
1.    R.    GLABRA. 

Leaflets  smooth,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  whitish  beneath ; 
fruit  downy.  A  common  Sumach,  growing  in  thickets  and  waste  grounds, 
6 — 12  feet  liigh.  The  shri>b  consists  of  many  straggling  branches,  and  is 
smooth  in  all  its  parts.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  a  dozen  or  more  pairs  of  leaflets. 
Flowers  in  terminal  clusters,  numerous,  dense,  greenish-red,  succeeded  in 
Autumn  by  crimson  colored  drupes.  These  are  at  length  covered  with  a 
whitish  crust,  extremely  acid.     The  drupes  dye  red.     The  bark  of  this,  as  welJ 


ANACARDIACEiE.  79 


as  the  other  species,  is  used  in  tanning.     Lands  long  neglected  are  sometimes 
overrun  by  this  shrub.     A  variety  has  dioecious  flowers.     Jn.     Jl. 

Smoolli  Sumach. 

2.  R.    TYPHl'NA, 

Branches  and  petioles  very  villous;  lenfcts  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
acutely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath,  in  many  pairs.  A  larger  Suniacli  than 
tlie  former,  attaining  tlie  height  of  20  feet.  It  grows  in  low  grounds,  hedges, 
&c.  The  younger  slioots  and  leaf-stalks,  are  thickly  covered  with  stiff  hairs. 
Leaves  pinnate,  of  many  pairs  of  leaflets.  Panicle  terminal,  dense,  oblong. 
Drupes  compact,  purple,  downy,  very  acid.  The  wood  is  of  a  sulphur  yellow- 
color,  and  aromatic  odor,  dying  yellow.     Jn.  SUig-horn  Sumach. 

3.  R.  Copalli'na. 

Leaves  pinnate,  the  petiole  winged  ;  Icnflets  oval-lanceolate,  entire  ;  flowers 
dioecious.  A  smaller  species,  not  half  the  height  of  the  last,  in  hilly  woods, 
«&:c.  Leaves  dark  green  and  shining  on  the  upper  surface.  The  stalk  be- 
tween each  pair  of  leaflets,  expands  into  a  leafy  margin.  Panicle  of  flowers 
sessile,  greenish.    Drupes  red.     Jl.     A  variety  has  the  leaflets  coarse!}'  serrate. 

Mountain  Sumach. 

4.  R.    VENENA'TA.      Dc.  R.  vernix.     L. 
Very  smooth;    lenflcts  oval,  abruptly  acuminate,  entire,  in  many  pairs; 

vanicle  loose;  flowers  dicccioua.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  of  fine  appearance, 
growing  in  swamps.  The  trunk  is  several  inches  in  diameter,  with  diff'use, 
spreading  branches  at  top.  The  leaf-stalks  are  very  smooth,  wingless,  of  a 
fine  red  color.  Leaves  pinnate,  of  about  5  pairs  of  sessile  leaflets,  and  an  odd 
one  stalked.  Panicles  axillary  ;  those  of  the  barren  tree  larger  and  more  dif- 
fuse. Flowers  very  small,  green.  Drupes  smooth,  whitisli.  The  whole  plant 
is  very  poisonous  to  the  taste  or  touch,  and  even  taints  the  air  to  some  distance 
around,  with  its  effluvium,  rendering  it  pernicious  to  breath.  In  48  hours 
after  exposure,  inflammation  appears  on  the  skin,  particularly  on  the  extremi- 
ties, in  large  blotches,  with  burning  and  itching,  terminating  in  watery  pus- 
tules and  eruptions.  On  some  constitutions,  it  has  little  or  no  effect.  The 
varnish  called  Japan,  is  a  product  of  this  shrub,  exuding  from  incisions  made 
in  the  bark.     Jn.  Poison  Sumach.     Dog-Wood. 

* "  Leaves  ternate. 

5.  R.  toxicode'ndron. 

Erect ;  leaflets  ternate,  entire  or  sinuate-lobed,  broad  oval :  flowers  dioecious. 
A  small  shrub,  1 — 3  feet  high,  smooth  in  all  its  parts.  Grows  in  woods. 
Leaves  large,  shining  on  tlie  upper  side.  Flowers  green,  small,  in  axillary 
panicles.     Poisonous,  but  in  a  less  degree  than  the  last,     Jn. — Jl.    Poison  Oak. 

6.  R.    RA'DICANS. 

Stem  climbing  and  rooting.  A  well  known  climber,  ascending  trees  to  great 
bights,  supported  by  lateral  roots.  Leaves  ternate,  on  long  stalks,  smooth  and 
shining  on  both  sides.  Flowers  in  axillary  panicles,  small,  greenish.  Drupes 
whitish.  Connnon  in  woods  and  hedges.  Poisonous.  The  juice  is  useful  for 
marking  linen.     Jn.  Poison  Ivy. 

7.  R.  aroma'tica. 

Leaves  ternate ;  leafl.ets  sessile,  incisely  crenate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  the 
lateral  ones  ovate,  the  terminal  ones  rhomboid.    Flowers  in  close  aments. 


AURANTIACE^.  80 


A  small  shrub,  2 — 6  feet  high,  in  hedges  and  thickets,  with  yellowish  flowers, 
and  red  fruit.     May.  Siceet  Sumach. 

*  ** Leaves  simple. 

8.    R.    COTI'NA. 

Leaves  simple,  obovate :  panicle  racemed,  plumose.  A  small  tree,  G  feet 
high,  from  S.  Kurope.  It  is  reared  in  shrubberies,  chiefly  remarkable  for 
the  very  singular  and  ornamental  appearance  of  its  long,  diffuse,  feathery, 
fruit  stalks,  showing  in  the  distance,  as  if  the  plant  were  involved  in  a  cloud 
of  smoke.  Flowers  small,  in  terminal,  compound  panicles.  Leaves  smooth, 
entire,  much  rounded  at  the  end.     In  Italy  the  plant  is  used  for  tanning. 

Venetian  Sumach.     Smoke-plant. 


ORDER    XXXVi.    AURANTIACEiE.  The  Orange  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepals  3 — 5,  united  into  a  short,  urceolale  or  campanulate  cup. 

Cor.— Petals  3—5. 

Sta, — As  many  as  the  petals  or  .some  multiple  of  their  number,  in  a  single  row,  hypogynous. 

Oua.— Compounded  of  several  united  carpels.     Style  1. 

JV. — A  berry  (orange),  many-celled,  pulpy,  covered  with  a  thick  rind. 

^rfs.^^Atlaehed  to  the  inner'angle  of  each  carpel.     Albumen  0. 

The  genera  are  nearly  all  natives  of  Tropical  Asia,  and  are  naturalized  throughout  all 
Tropical  regions,  and  cultivated  iu  all  civilized  countries  for  their  beauty  and  fragrance, 
both  of  flowers  and  fruit. 

Properties.  These  fruits  contain  free  Citric  and  Malic  Acid,  and  their  pulp  is  grateful  to 
the  taste.  The  rind  contains  an  aromatic  volatile  oil  which  is  tonic  and  stomachic.  The 
rind  of  the  Lime  yields  the  Oilof  Burgamot,  and  the  flower  of  the  Orange  the  Oilof  Neroli. 

CITRUS. 

Calyx  and  petals  as  above.  Anthers  20;  (ilaments  in  sev- 
eral sets;  berrj  9 — iS-celled. 

Gt.  KiTgict,  the  Citron,  the  fruit  of  one  of  the  species.  An  ancient  and 
noble  trenus,  combining  in  its  species  many  e-xcellencies,  beauty  of  form,  with 
shining,  evergreen  foliage,  most  odoriferous  flowers,  and  fragrant  and  delicious 
fruits.  The  golden  apples  of  the  Heathen,  and  the  forbidden  fruit  of  the 
Jews,  are  supposed  to  refer  to  these  plants.  In  a  splendid  work  entitled  "  The 
Natural  History  of  the  Oranges,'"  written  in  French,  by  Risso  of  Nice,  in  1818, 
there  are  described  1G9  sorts,  and  105  of  them  figured.  They  are  arranged  as 
sweet  oranges,  of  which  are  described  A'i  sorts ;  bitter  and  sour  oranges,  32 
sorts ;  bergamots,  5  sorts ;  limes,  8  sorts  ;  shaddocks,  6  sorts ;  lumes,  12  sorts  ; 
lemons,  4U  sorts  ;  citrons,  17  sorts.  The  most  successful  methods  of  cultiva- 
tion are  by  cuttings. 

\.    C.    LiMO'NUM. 

Petioles  somewhat  wincred  ;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  dentate  :  flowers  with  35 
stamens ;  friiiL  oblong,  with  a  thin  rind  and  very  acid  pulp.  A  tree  about  15 
feet  in  hicht,  which,  when  loaded  with  its  golden  fruit  suspended  among  its 
dark  o-reen,  siiining  leaves,  makes  a  most  beautiful  appearance.  It  is  a  native 
of  Tropical  regions,  and  is  easily  cultivated  in  our  climate,  if  protected  during 
winter.     The  petioles  are  articulated  with  the  lamina.  Lemon  Tree. 

2.  C,  Lime'ta. 

Petioles  naked;  /eares  ovate,  rounded,  senate ;  flowers  with  30  stamens; 
fniit  globose,  with  a  sweet  pulp,  and  a  protuberance  at  top.     This,  like  niost 


MALVACKjE.  81  ABOTILON. 

other  spocies.  is  a  native  of  Asia.  Hight  about  8  feet,  with  a  crooked  trunk, 
diffuse  branches,  with  prickles.  Berry  Ig  inches  in  diameter,  of  a  greenish 
yellow,  shining  surface.  Lime  Tree. 

3.  C.  Aura'ntium. 

Petals  winged  ;  leaves  elliptical,  acute,  crenulate  ;  flowers  with  20  stamens ; 
fruit  globose,  with  a  thin  skin  and  sweet  pulp.  A  middle  sized  evergreen  tree, 
with  a  greenish  brown  bark.  When  filled  with  its  large,  round,  golden  fruit, 
it  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  objects  in  nature.  It  is  easily  cultivated  in  the 
green-house.  Hweet- Orange  Tree. 

4.  C.   Me'dica. 

Petioles  naked  ;  leaves  oblong,  acute ;  flowers  with  40  stamens ;  fruit  oblong, 
rugose,  with  an  acid  pulp.  Commonly  about  8  feet  high.  Fruit  (J  inches  in 
length,  very  fragrant.  Citron  Tree. 

5.  C.  Decuma'na. 

Petioles  winged  ;  leaves  obtuse,  emarginate  ;  fruit  very  large,  with  thick 
skin.  A  tree  15  feet  in  hight.  The  wings  of  the  petioles  as  broad  as  the 
leaves.  Fruit  grows  to  the  diameter  of  7  or  8  inches,  weighs  14  pounds,  and 
is  of  a  greenish  yellow.  Skadduck. 


ORDER    XXXVllI.    MALVACEAE.      •  The  Mallow  Tribe. 

Col. — Sepals  generally  5,  more  or  less  united  at  their  base,  bearing  an  involucel.  valvate 

Cor. — Petals  equal  in  number  to  sepals,  hypog>'nous.  [in  ffislivalion. 

<Sta.— Indefinite,  raonadelphous.     Anthers  1-celled,  bursting  transversely. 

Ova. — Of  several  carpels  arranged  in  one  or  more  rows  around  a  common  axis. 

fity. — As  many  as  the  carpels,  either  united  or  distinct. 

Ft- — Capsular  or  baccate  ;  carpels  one  or  more  seeded,  united  or  distinct. 

Sds. — Sometimes  (as  in  Gossypium)  hairy. 

A  somewhat  important  class  of  plants,  forming  about  one  fifueth  of  all  the  flowering  plants 
of  tropical  vallies. — But  few  are  natives  of  the  temperate,  and  none  of  the  frigid  zone.  In 
the  Northern  States  they  are  all  herbs.     Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  more  or  less  divided. 

Properties.    Generally  abounding  in  mucillage,  and  destitute  of  any  deleterious  qualities. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

r  3  cordate  leaves,  Gnssypimn.  7 

I  -3  oblong  leaves,  Malva.  3 

3-cleft,      .         .  Lavatera.  6 

I  6— 9-cleft,      .  Mth(P.a.  2 

(  Carpels  in  one  circle.   Involucel  with  [  many  leaves,  Ililiisats.  4 

Involucels  present,  |  Carpels  irregularly  arranged.   Involucel  3-leaved,       -  MaUrpe.  5 

Invojuccls  wanting;  capsule  of  three  or  more  3-seedcd  carpels,        .         .  AhutUon.  I 

1.    ABU'TILON. 
Calyx  5-clert,  without  an  involuce],  often  angular;  ovary 
5--  many-celled  ;  styles  many-cleft ;  capsule  of  5  or  more  car- 
pels, arranged  circularly,  each  l-ccUed,  1 — 3-seeded. 

A  genus  taken  by  Lamark  from  Sida  of  Linn. 

A.    Avice'NN^E.      Gaert.  Sida  Abutilon.     L. 

Leaves  roundish-cordate,  acuminate,  dentate,  tormentose;  peduncles  ahoilei 
than  the  petiole,  solitary  ;  carpels  about  15,  3-seeded,  inflated,  2-awned,  trun- 
cate.    This  species  is  naturalized  in  most  of  the  Slates,  inhabiting  waste  pla-- 


1 


MALVACEJE. 


^'i 


ces,  &c.  Native  of  both  Indies.  Stem  branched,  3  or  more  feet  high.  Leaves 
large,  deeply  cordate  at  base,  velvety.  Flowers  orange  yellow,  nearly  an  inch 
broad,     Jl.     Aug.     Ann.  Indian,  Malloic. 

2.     ALTHtE'A. 

Calyx  surrounded  by  a  6 — 9-leaved  involucel ;  carpels  nu- 
merous ;  arranged  circularly  around  the  axis,  1-seeded,  inde- 
hiscent. 

Gt.  a.\9ci),  to  cure ;  the  mucilaginous  root  is  highly  esteemed  in  medicine. 

1.  A.    OFFICINA'LIS. 

Leaves  soft-downy  on  both  sides,  cordate-ovate,  dentate,  somev/hat  3-lobed, 
all  entire  ;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary,  many-fiowered. 
A  European  plant,  naturalized  on  the  borders  of  our  salt  marshes.  Stem  3 
feet  high,  erect,  firm,  covered  with  thick,  woolly  down,  with  alternate,  velvet- 
like leaves.  Flowers  large,  axillary  and  terminal,  pale  purple.  The  root,  as 
well  as  the  other  parts  of  the  plant,  abounds  in  mucilage,  and  in  medicine  is 
often  used  as  an  emollient  to  promote  suppuration.     Aug.     Sept.     Per. 

Marsh  Mallow. 

2.  A.    Ro'SEA.  Alcea  rosea. 

S/em  upright,  hairy;  /cares  cordate,  5— 7-angled,  rugose;  jZojfcrs  axillary, 
sessile.  The  Hollyhock  is  said  to  grow  native  in  China.  It  is  biennial,  of 
the  easiest  culture  in  any  common  garden  soil.  Its  tall  and  splendid  varie- 
ties are,  therefore,  among  the  most  common  of  cultivated  flowers.  Above  20 
varieties  have  been  noticed,  with  single,  double  and  semidouble  flowers,  of 
numerous  shades  of  coloring,  as  white,  rose-colored,  flesh-colored,  dark-red 
and  even  a  purplish  black,  purple,  yellow,  straw-color,  &c.  Those  varieties 
which  depend  on  color  alone,  can  hardly  be  perpetuated  from  their  seeds ;  but 
from  the  seeds  of  the  double-flowered  varieties,  there  will  generally  arise 
plants  of  a  similar  kind.  Hollyhock. 

3.  A.  ficifo'lia. 

Stem  erect,  hairy  ;  Zea»e5  palmate,  7-Iobed  beyond  the  middle  ;  lobes  oblong, 
obtuse,  irregularly  toothed.  Native  of  Levant.  Stem  tall  as  the  above.  Flow- 
ers oran (re-colored.  Fig-leaved  Hollyhock. 

3 .     M  A  L  V  A  . 
Calyx  3-cleft,  the  involucel  mostly  3-leaved  ;  carpels  nume- 
rous, 1-celled,  1-seeded,  arranged  circularly. 

Gr.  fji,a>.uy,r),  soft,  altered  by  the  Latins  to  Malva,  in  allusion  to  the  soft  mu- 
cilagenous  properties  of  some  of  the  species. 

1.  M.  rotundifo'lia. 

Stem  prostrate ;  leaves  roundish,  cordate,  obtusely  .'5-lobed  ;  frnit-stalks  bent 
downwards;  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  It  is  a  well  known  plant, 
common  in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places.  Root  fusiform ;  stems  nu- 
merous, lying  flat  on  the  ground.  The  leaves  are  of  a  fine,  delicate  texture, 
roundish,  somewhat  renlform,  crenate,  with  5  or  7  shallow  lobes  and  on  long, 
hairy  stalks.  Peduncles  axillary,  aggregate.  Petals  pale  pink,  deeply  notched. 
fVuit  ro^nd  and  flat,  composed  of  the  numerous  capsules,  arranged  circularly. 


MALVACEA.  83  HIBISCUS. 

The  child  sportively  calls  them  cheeses,  a  name  which  their  form  very  natu- 
rally suggests.     Jn. — Oct.    Per.  Low  Mallow. 

2.  M.  silve'stris. 

6Yfm  erect;  leaves^ — 7-lobed,  sub-acute  ;  pedvncles  ^ndpetiolcsheLiry.  Na- 
tive of  England.  A  popular  garden  flower  of  the  easiest  culture,  often  spring- 
ing up  spontaneously.  Hight  3  feet.  Flowers  reddish  purple,  with  veins  of 
a  darker  hue.  The  whole  plant,  especially  the  root,  abounds  in  mucilage. 
Jn. — Oct.     Per.  High  Mallow. 

3.  M.  Mauritia  NA. 

Stem  erect ;  haves  .5-lobed,  blunt;  pedicels  and  petioles  smoothish,  or  downy 
on  the  upper  side.  From  S.  Europe.  A  tall  species,  4 — 6  feet  high.  Stem 
smooth.     Flowers  purple,  with  deeper  colored  veins.     Ann. 

Ivij'lcaved  Mallow. 

4.  M.  Moscha'ta. 

Stem  erect;  radical /fares  reniform,  cut ;  cauline  ones  many- parted  ;  seg- 
ments \mQa.T ;  steins  a.nd  Old ijxes  hairy.  Native  of  Britain.  i5tems2  feet  high, 
branched.  Flowers  large  and  handsome,  rose-colored.  The  whole  herb  gives 
out  a  musk-like  odor  in  favorable  weather.     Jl.  Musk  Mallow. 

4.    HIBI'SCUS. 
Calyx  surrounded  by  a  many-leaved  involucel ;  stignnas  5  ; 
capsules  5-celled  ;  cells  many-seeded. 

One  of  the  Greek  names  of  the  Mallow. 

1.  H.    MoSCHEU'tOS.       L.  H.  palustris. 

S'fem  herbaceous,  sunple,  erect ;  leaves  ovate,  dentate,  subtrilobate,  hoary- 
tomentose  beneath;  peduncles  long,  axillary,  or  connected  with  the  petiole. 
A  tall,  showy  plant,  found  on  the  borders  of  salt  marshes,  salt  springs,  river 
banks^  &c.  1  gathered  a  flowering  specimen  at  Salina,  N.  Y.,  in  August. 
The  stem  is  without  a  branch,  round,  downy,  4  feet  high.  Leaves  3  or  4 
inches  lonff,  2  or  3  broad,  often  with  two  small,  lateral  lobes,  green  above, 
downy  white  beneath.  Flowers  larger  than  those  of  the  Hollyhock,  rose-col- 
ored. Peduncles  distinct  from  the  petiole,  although  in  some  specimens  it  ia 
found  articulated  to  it,  and  geniculated  above  the  middle.  Outer  calyx  in 
many  segments  >  inner  in  .5.  The  bark  yields  a  strong,  hemp-like  fibre,  which 
might  make  good  cordage.     Aug.     Per.  Marsh  Hibiscus. 

2.  H.    VlRGl'iMCUS. 

Leaves  acuminate,  unequally  dentate,  lower  ones  cordate,  undivided,  upper 
ones  oblong-cordate,  3-lobed ;  peduncles  axillary  and  in  terminal  racemes; 
flowers  nodding;  pistils  dcclinate.  The  whole  plant  downy,  rough,  about  3 
feet  high.  Found  on  Long  Island  and  in  the  Middle  States,  as  well  as  the 
Southern,  growing  near  the  coasts.     Flowers  red.     Aug.     Per. 

Virginian  Hibiscus. 

3.  H.    SPECIo'riUS. 

Very  smooth;  /t'wres  palmate,  5-parted  ;  /o6c5 lanceolate, acuminate,  subser- 
rate  at  the  end  ;  capsules  ovate,  smooth.  A  splendid,  showy  plant,  abundant 
in  moist  soils  in  Carolina,  is  raised  from  see4s  in  our  gardens,  but  hardly  en- 
dures the  N.  England  climate.     Root  perennial,  stem  herbaceous,  5 — y  feet 


MALVACEJE.  84  LAVATERA. 

high.     Each  branch  terminates  in  about  3  large  flowers,  of  a  rich,  shininT, 
carmine  red.     Aug. — Oct.  Scarlet  MaUoio. 

4.  H.  Syria'cus. 

Leaves  cuneiform,  ovate,  3-lobed,  dentate;  ■pedicels  scarcely  longer  than  the 
petiole;  involucel  about  8-leaved.  A  beautiful,  haidy,  free  flowering  shrub, 
from  Syria,  5 — 10  feet  high.  Flowers  purple.  There  are  varieties  with  white, 
red  and  striped  flowers,  both  single  and  double.  Sijrian  Malloic. 

5.  H.  Phojni'ceus. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate  and  crenate,  lower  cordate  and  tricuspi- 
date;  peduncles  jointed;  seeds  woolly.  From  E.  Indies.  Flowers  purple. 
Jn.     Per.  Phanician  Malloir. 

6.  H.  escule'ntis. 

Leaves  cordate,  5-lobed,  obtuse,  dentate;  petiole  longer  than  the  flower; 
involucel  about  5-leaved,  caducous.  From  W  Indies,  where  its  pods  are  used 
as  food.  They  are  pickled,  or  served  up  with  butter,  and  being  full  of  mu- 
cilage, make  a  rich  dish.  Okro. 

7.  H.  Trio'nu.m. 

Le«re5  dentate,  lower  undivided,  upper  3-parted;  /oie.t  lanceolate,  middle 
one  very  long;  calyx  inflated,  membranaceous,  nerved.  From  Italy.  An 
exceedingly  beautiful  flowerer,  branching,  2  feet  high.  Flowers  large,  soon 
withering  but  numerous.  Petals  of  a  rich,  chlorine  yellow,  the  base  of  a  deep 
brown.     Ann.  Flower  of  an  Huur. 

5 .     M  A'  L  O  P  E  . 

Calyx  surrounded  by  a  3-leavcd  involucel ;  carpels  irregu- 
larly aggregated,  l-?eeded. 

A  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  the  Tree  Mallow. 

1.  M.  grandiflo'rum. 

Leaves  nearly  smooth,  broad,  ovate,  obtusely  o-lobed,  crenate  ;  bracts  lance- 
olate ;  flmccrs  solitary,  axillary.  Stein  very  branching,  red,  procumbent,  1 — 2 
feet  long.  Flower-stalks  as  long  as  the  leaf,  smooth.  Calyx  of  3  leaves,  very 
cordate  at  base,  ciliate.  Inner  caly.Y  of  5  deeply  cleft,  lanceolate  segments. 
Petals  large,  of  a  rich  purple,  veiny.  A  beautiful  garden  plant.  Jl. — Oct. 
■Ann.  Large-fioiccring  Malope. 

6.     LAVATE'RA. 

Calyx  surrounded  by  a  three-cleft  involucel ;  carpels  many, 
1-seeded. 

Named  in  honor  of  two  Lavaters,  physicians  of  Zurich. 
1.  L.  areo'rea. 

Leaves  7-anglod,  downy,  plicate;  prdirels  axillary,  l-flowered,  clustered, 
much  shorter  than  tiie  petiole.  A  splendid  plant  for  borders  or  slirubberies, 
from  Europe.  It  is  biennial;  hight  about  6  feet.  Flowers  purple.  Sept. 
t>ct.  jVcc  Mullmc. 


TILIACEjE. 


85 


2.  L.  Thuringia'ca. 

Leaves  somewhat  downy ;  lower,  angled,  upper,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe 
longest.      From  Germany.      Hight  4  feet.      Flowers  light  blue.     Sept.     Per. 

Gay  Mallow. 

7.    GOSSY'PIUM. 
Calyx  surrounded  by  an  involucel  of  3  cordate  leaves;  cap- 
sule 3 — 5-celled  ;  seeds  involved  in  wool. 

A  word  said  to  be  of  Arabic  origin,  from  goz,  a  silky  substance. 

1,  G.    HERBACEUM. 

Leaves  5-lobed,  mucronate,  one  gland  beneath;  involucre  serrate;  stem 
smooth.  This  is  the  species  commonly  cultivated  in  the  Southern  States. 
It  is  an  herbaceous  plant,  about  5  feet  high.  The  flowers,  like  those  of  all 
the  other  species,  are  yellow.  Leaves  cut  half-way  down  into  3  large,  and  2 
small,  lateral,  rounded,  pointed  lobes.  Gland  on  the  mid-rib  at  its  back,  halt 
an  inch  from  the  base.     Jl.     Ann.  Common  CoUoii. 

2.  G.  Barbade'nse.  > 

Upper  leaves  3-lobed,  lower,  S-lobed  with  3  glands  beneath  ;  stem  smoothish. 
Native,  and  cultivated  in  the  W.  Indies.  A  larger  plant  than  the  foregoing. 
Sown  in  Sept.  and  Oct.  An  acre  yields  an  average  product  of  270  pounds 
of  this  cotton.     Bien.  Barhadoes  Cotton. 


ORDER    XXXIX.    TILIACE/E.  The  Linden  Tribe. 

Cal. — Se.pals  4 — .5,  deciduous,  valvate  in  aistivation. 

C'„r.— Petals  4—5,  hypog-ynous  ;  glands  4 — 5,  a1  tiu-ir  base. 

fita, — Indefinite,  distinct,  hypogr^^nous,    Antlifrs  \ersatite. 

Oca.— Carpels  2— ]0,  united.     Style  1,  compound.     Stigma  as  many  as  carp«ls. 

jTr. Capsular,  2— 5-cellcd,  with  numerous  seeds.     Cotyledons  leafy. 

A  family  of  trees,  willi  a  few  shrubs,  native  in  all  regions,  but  especially  within  tlie 

Properties.  These  plants  abound  in  a  wholesome,  mucilaginous  juice.  The  inner  bark 
is  remarkable  for  touglmess,  and  is  useful  for  various  purposes,  as  fishing  lines,  nets,  rice- 
Jjags,  &c. 

TI'LIA. 
Calyx  of  5  united  sepals,  deciduous;  petals  5;    capsules 
superior,  globose,  5-celled,  5-seeded,  opening  at  the  base. 

Lat.  tllia,  the  Lfnden-lree,  Lime-tree,  Bitss-wood.  Cal.  inferior,  colored. 
Cor.  of  5  oblong,  obtuse  petals,  crenate  at  the  summit,  as  large  as  the  caly.x. 
Fil.  numerous,  large  as  the  cor.  Anth.  2-lobed.  Ova.  superior.  Seeds  soli- 
tary, roundish. 

T.  America'na. 

Leaves  cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  coriaceous,  smooth  ; 
petals  truncate  at  the  top  ;  fruit  ovate.  This  is  a  common  forest  tree  in  the 
Nortliern  and  Middle  Slates.  It  frequently  grows  to  the  hight  of  80  feet, 
with  a  straight  and  even  trunk,  more  than  half  this  length,  and  2  or  3  feet 
diameter.    The  leaves  are  large,  nearly  round,  heart-shaped  at  the  base.    The 

H 


VITACEJE,  86  VITIS. 

leaves  of  the  shoots  which  arise  from  the  stump  and  roots,  are  remarkable  for 
their  large  size.  The  flowers  are  distinguished  for  their  peculiar  inflort'scence. 
They  are  in  little  clusters  on  a  foot-stalk,  proceeding  obliquely  from  the  cen- 
tre of  a  long,  narrow,  floral  leaf.  Color  green  and  yellow.  The  inner  bark 
is  very  strong,  and  manufactured  into  ropes.  The  wood  is  white,  soft  and 
clear,  much  used  in  cabinet-work,  and  the  panneling  of  carriages.     Jl. 

Buss-wood.     Lyme-  Tree. 


ORDER   XLII.    VITACE^.  The  vine  Tribe. 

Cal. — Minute,  nearly  entire  or  5-toothed.  [often  cohering  above,  and  caducous. 

Cor.— Petals  4 — 5,  inserted  on  the  outside  of  the  disk,  valvule  and  inflexed  in  aestivation, 
Sta. — 4 — 5,  oiiposite  the  petals,  inserted  upon  the  disk. 

Ova. — Superior,  d-celled.  Style  1,  very  short.  Fruit  a  berry,  globose,  pulpy.  Seeds  bony. 
Shrubs  climbing  by  tendrils.  Lower  leaves  opposite,  upper  ones  alternate.  Flowers 
raeemed.  Native  of  the  warmer  parts  of  both  hemispheres.  The  Grape  fruit  is  the  only 
important  production  of  this  order.  The  acid  of  the  grape  is  tartaric.  It  contains  a  sugar, 
which  dilfers  from  the  common  sugar  in  containing  a  smaller  quantity  of  carbon. 

Genera. 
Torus  elevated  into  a  ring  surrounding  the  ovary.     Leaves  cordate,  &c.,     Vitis.  1 

Torus  without  a  ring.    Leaves  digitately  5-foUate,  Ampelopsis.      2 

1.    VITIS. 

Petals  deciduous,  cohering  at  the  top,  or  distinct  and  spread- 
ing; ovary  partly  enclosed  within  the  torus,  2-celled;  cells 
2-ovuled ;  stigma  sessile,  capitate;  berry  1-celled,  1 — 4- 
seeded. 

Celtic  gwyd,  a  tree  or  shrub, 

1.  V.  Labru'sca. 

Leaves  broad  cordate,  angular  lobed,  tomentose  beneath.  This  vine  is  na- 
tive through  the  U.  S.,  growing  in  woods  and  groves.  Like  most  of  the  N. 
American  species,  the  flowers  are  dicecicms.  Stem  woody,  rough-barked, 
ascending  trees  often  to  a  great  bight,  and  hanging  like  cables  suspended  from 
the  branches.  Leaves  very  large,  somewhat  3-lobed,  at  first  white-downy 
beneath.  Flowers  small,  green,  in  panicles  with  a  leaf  opposite.  Fruit  large, 
purple,  often  green  or  red.  It  is  valued  in  cultivation  for  its  deep  shade  in 
summer  arbors,  and  its  fruit  which  is  pleasatit  in  taste.  The  Isabella,  and 
other  sorts  known  in  gardens,  are  varieties  of  this  species. 

2.  V.    CORDIFO'LIA.      Mx.  V,  vulpina.     L. 

Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  somewhat  equally  toothed,  smooth  on  both  sides ; 
racemes  loose,  many-flowered;  berries  small.  Grows  in  thickets,  by  rivers, 
&c.,  ascending  shrubs  and  trees  to  the  higlit  of  JO — 20  feet.  Leaves  large, 
membranous,  often  3-lobed,  witii  pubescent  veins  when  young,  and  with  a 
few  mucronate  teeth.  Berries  nearly  black,  rather  small,  late,  acid,  but  well 
flavored  after  frosts  of  November.     Jn.  Frost  Graj)e.     Winlcr  Grape. 

3.  V.  ^stiva'lis. 

Leaves  broadly  cordate,  3 — 5-lobed  or  palmate-sinnate,  coarsely  dentate, 
with  scattered  ferruginous  iiairs  beneath;  fertile  racemes  long,  j)Enicled  ;  //er- 
rtes  small.  Grows  in  woods,  by  rivers,  &c.  Stein  very  long,  slender,  climb- 
ing, with  very  large  leaves,  whicli  are  sometimes  witii  deep,  rounded  sinuses, 


ACEBACE.E.  87  ACER. 

clothed  beneath  when  young,  with  arachnoid,  rust-colored  pubescence.  Ten- 
drils from  the  peduncles,  which  are  dense  flowered,  and  with  a  leai  opposite. 
Petals  cohering  at  summit.  Berries  deep  blue,  well  flavored,  but  small,  ripe 
in  September.     Flowers  in  June.  Summer  Grape. 

4.  V.  vini'fer.\. 

Lenves  cordate,  5-lobed,  sinuate,  naked.  Naturalized  in  almost  all  temper- 
ate climates,  but  supposed  not  to  be  indigenous  in  this  country.  INo  plant  in 
the  vegetable  kingdom  possesses  more  interestinp;  attributes,  is  cultivated  with 
greater  care,  or,  let  me  add,  has  been  worse  perverted  or  abused  by  mankind, 
than  the  common  vine.  By  cultivation  it  sports  into  endless  varieties,  differ- 
ing in  the  form,  color,  size,  and  flavor  of  the  fruit,  and  in  respect  to  the 
hardiness  of  its  constitution.  In  N.  England  its  cultivation  is  chiefly  confined 
to  the  garden,  and  is  a  dessert  fruit;  but  there  are  extensive  vineyards  in  the 
Middle  and  Western  States,  for  the  production  of  wine.  The  vine  is  propa- 
gated by  cuttings.  Varieties  without  end  may  be  raised  from  the  seed,  wliich 
will  bear  fruit  the  fourth  or  fifth  year.  A  vineyard,  it  is  said,  will  continue 
to  produce  fruit  for  200  years.  C'Gmmun  Wiiia  Grape. 

2.    AMPELO'PSIS. 

Calyx  entire;  petals  5,  distinct,  spreading;  ovary  2-celled, 
cells  Sovuled;  style  very  short;  berry  2-celled,  cells  1 — 2- 
seeded. 

Gr.  afA,7riXoi,  a  vine,  "4^15,  appearance  ;  the  genus  resembles  the  vine  in 
habits,  leaves,  and  flowers.     Woody  vines,  with  digitate  leaves. 

A.  quinquefo'lia. 

Leaves  quinate,  digitate  ;  leaflets  oblong,  acuminate,  petiolate,  dentate, 
smooth.  A  vigorous  climber,  found  wild  in  the  woods  and  thickets.  It  has 
lono-  been  cultivated  as  a  covering  for  walls,  aud  is  best  known  by  the  name 
of  Woodbine.  By  means  of  its  radicating  tendrils,  it  supports  itself  firmly 
upon  trees,  ascending  to  the  bight  of  50  feet.  In  the  same  manner  it  ascends 
and  overspreads  walls  and  buildings.  The  large  quinate  leaves  constitute  a 
luxuriant  foliage  of  dark,  glossy  green.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  greenish,  in 
dichotoraous  clusters.     Berries  dark  blue,  smaller  than  peas,  acid.     Jl. 

Virg'uuaii  Creeper.      Woodbine. 


ORDER    XLIIl.    ACERACE/E.  The  Maple  Tribe. 

Cai. Sepals  5,  rarely  4 — 9,  more  or  less  united,  colored,  imbricate  in  sestivalion. 

Cor.— Petals  5,  rarely  4— 9,  hyposj^'nous  ;  sometimes  0. 

&'(a.^yposynuu3,  3 — 12,  usually  3.    Anth.  introrse  or  versatile. 

OBa.— 2-lobed,  componnded  ot"2  united  carpels. 

JF>. — A  double  samara,  with  opposite  wings,  thickened  at  the  lower  edges. 

An  order  of  trees  and  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves  without  stipules.     Flowers  often  di- 
oscious  or  polygamous.  Thesapof  several  species  of  the  Maple  yields  sugar  by  evaporation. 

Genera. 

Flowers  mostly  polygamous.    Leaves  simple, Acer.  1 

Flowers  dioscious.    Leaves  compound,  pinnate, ISegundo.  2 

1.    ACER. 

Flowers  mostly  polygamous;  calyx  5  cleft;  corolla  5  pe- 
taled  orO;  stamens  8;  styles  2;  samarse  2,  winged,  united 
at  base,  byabortion  1-seeded. — Leaves  simple. 


ACERACEJE.  88  ACER. 

Lat.  acer,  sharp,  vigorous.  The  wood  of  the  Maple,  was  anciently  manu- 
factured into  the  heads  of  pikes  and  other  sharp  weapons. 

*  Trees.     Flowers  corymbose,  &c. 

1.  A.    RUB  RUM. 

Leaves  palmate,  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base,  unequally  and  incisely  tootlied,  the 
sinuses  acute,  jrlaucous  beneatJi ;  foicers  aggregate,  about  5  togellier,  on  rather 
loner  pedicels;  oxaries  smooih.  The  red  luaple  is  a  common  tenant  of  low 
M'oods  and  swamps  tliroughout  the  Atlantic  states.  It  is  a  tree  somewhat 
above  tlie  middle  size.  The  trunk  is  covered  with  a  smooth  bark,  marked  with 
large,  white  spots,  becoming  dark  with  age.  In  spring,  the  appearance  of  the 
tree  is  remarkable  for  the  deep  crimson  flowers,  with  which  it  is  thickly  clothed. 
Each  bud  gives  birth  to  a  fascicle  of  about  5  flowers.  Stamens  much  cxscrt- 
ed.  The  fertile  flowers  are  succeeded  by  a  red  fruit,  furnished  with  a  pair 
of  winfs  resemblinff  those  of  some  insect.  The  wood  is  hard  and  compact, 
and  is  much  used  in  cabinet-work,  particularly  that  well  known  and  hand- 
some variety  called  curled  maple.  Red  Maple.     Swamp  Muplc. 

2.  A.  dasyca'rpum. 

Leaves  palmate,  5-lobed,  truncated  at  base,  unequally  and  incisely  toothed, 
with  obtuse  sinuses,  white  and  smooth  beneath ;  //ojiw.'rs  in  crowded,  simple 
umbels,  v.'ith  short  pedicels  and  downj'  vvarics.  This  species  much  resembles 
the  last,  but  its  leaves  are  larger,  and  the  winged  fruit  is  also  larger  than  that 
of  the  red  maple  or  of  any  of  the  following  species.  It  is  a  tall  tree  50  feet  in 
hight,  not  uncommon  in  the  N.  England  forests.  The  flowers  are  of  a  yellow- 
ish green  color,  as  also  the  fruit.  The  wood  is  white,  softer  and  less  esteemed 
than  that  of  other  species.  The  sap  yields  sugar  in  smaller  proportion  than 
the  sugar  maple.  While  Maple. 

3.  A.  sacchari'num. 

Leaves  palmate,  5-lobed,  subcordate  at  base,  acuminate,  remotely  toothed, 
with  rounded  and  shallow  sinuses,  glaucous  beneath ;  jloicers  pedunculate, 
corymbose,  nodding.  This  fine  tree  is  most  abundant  in  the  primitive  soils  of 
N.  England,  constituting  the  greater  part  of  some  of  its  forests.  It  is  a  tree 
of  lofly  proportions,  70  teet  in  hight,  with  a  trunk  3  feet  in  diameter.  The 
bark  is  of  a  light  gray  color,  rough  and  scaly.  The  branciies  become  nume- 
rous and  finely  ramified  in  open  situations,  and  in  summer  aie  clothed  with  a 
foliage  of  uncommon  luxuriance  and  beauty,  on  which  account  it  is  more  ex- 
tensively cultivated  as  a  sliade  tree  than  any  other,  not  even  excepting  the 
majestic  and  favorite  elm.  Maple  sugar,  perhaps  the  most  delicious  of  all 
sweets,  is  almost  wholly  the  product  of  this  species.  An  ordinary  tree  will 
3''ield  20 — 30  gallons  of  sap  in  a  season,  some,  twice  or  three  times  as  much. 
It  is  obtained  by  inserting  spouts  in  holes  bored  in  the  trunk.  When  collect- 
ed, it  is  concentrated  by  evaporation  until  it  crystallizes  or  grains,  yielding 
sugar  in  the  proportion  of  about  a  pound  to  four  gallons.  The  wood  of  the 
rock  maple  is  very  strong  and  compact,  and  makes  the  best  of  fuel.  It  is 
sometimes  curled  like  the  red  maple,  but  oftener  presents  that  beautiful  ar- 
rangement of  fibre,  called  bird's  cycmaple,  which  is  highly  esteemed  in  cabinet- 
work.    Apr.  Sugar  Maple.     Rock  Maple. 

*  *  Shrul)s.     Flowers  in  racemes. 

4.  A.   PeNNSYLVA'NICUM.      L.  A.  Striatum.     Lam. 

Leaves  with  3  acuminate  lobes,  rounded  at  base,  sharply  denticulate,  smooth  ; 
racemes  simple,  pendulous.     A  small  tree  or  shrub,  10 — 15  feet  high.     Found 


HIPPOCASTANACE^.  89 


in  our  northern  woods.  The  bark  is  smooth,  and  beautifully  striped  length- 
wise with  green  and  black.  Flowers  large,  yellowish  green,  succeeded  by 
long  clusters  of  fruit,  with  pale-gieeu  wings.  The  smaller  brandies  are  straight 
and  smootli,  easily  separated  from  the  bark  in  spring,  and  are  often  manufac- 
tured by  the  boys  into  certain  wind  instruments.  Hence  it  is  called  whistle- 
wood.     In  Europe  it  is  highly  prized  in  ornamental  gardening.     May. 

Striped  Maple.     Whistle- wood. 

5.   A.    SPICA'tUM.      Lam.  A.  montanum.     Jlit. 

Leaves  ahout  5-lobed,  acute,  dentate,  pubescent  beneath;  racemes  erect, 
compound.  A  shrub  of  smaller  stature  than  tlie  last,  found  in  mountain  or 
hilly  woods  throughout  the  country.  The  bark  is  a  light  gray.  Leaves  small, 
rough,  divided  into  3  or  5  lobes,  which  are  somewhat  pointed  with  large,  sharj) 
teeth,  and  more  or  less  cordate  at  base.  Flowers  greenish,  numerous  and 
minute,  in  cylindric,  oblong,  close,  branched  clusters,  becoming  pendulous 
with  the  winged  fruit.     Jn.  Mountain  Maple  Bush. 

2.    NEGU'NDO. 
Flowers  dioecious;    Corolla  0;    fertile   flowers  racemed; 
staminate  flowers  fascicled  ;  leaves  compound,  of  3 — 5  leaflets. 

A  fine,  ornamental  tree,  distinguished  from  the  genus  Acer  chiefly  by  its 
pumate  leaves.     Calyx,  stamens,  styles  and  fruit  as  in  the  last  genus. 

N.     ACEROI'dES.      Mwuck.  Acer  Negundo,     L. 

Leaves  ternate  and  5-pinnate;  Icnjlets  ovate,  acuminate,  remotely  and  une- 
qually dentate;  fertile  flowers  in  long,  pendulous  racemes;  barren  flowers 
corymbose  ;  fruit  oblong,  with  large  wings  dilated  upwards.  A  handsome 
tree,  20 — ?>0  feet  in  hight,  with  irregular,  spreading  branches,  growing  in 
woods.  The  trunk  is  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter,  and  when  young,  covered 
with  a  smooth,  yellowish-green  bark.  Leaflets  serrated  above  the  middle, 
petiolale.  the  terminal  one  largest,  all  slightly  pubescent.  Wings  of  the  sama- 
ra approximate,  broadest  towards  the  end.  Apr.    Ash-leaved  Maple.  Box-Elder. 


ORDER  XLIV.  HIPPOCASTANACE^.  Horse- chestnut  Tribe. 

Ca/.— Campanulate,  of  .5  united  sepals. 

Cor.— Petals  o  (one  of  them  sometimes  abortive),  unequal,  liypog}'nous. 

Sta. — 6 — 8,  distinct,  unequal,  inserted  upon  a  disli  with  the  petals. 

Oi-a.— Roundish,  ^-cornered,  3-celled,  crowned  with  a  single,  filiform,  conical  style. 

Pr.— Roundish,  coriaceous,  with  1— 3'larjje,  roundish,  smooth  seeds. 

Native  of  N.  America  and  Northern  India.  The  species  are  generally  ornamental  trees, 
with  astringent  properties  residing  in  the  bark.  The  seeds  contain  much  starch,  and  are 
nutritive,  but  bitter. 

Only  the  following  genus  is  found  iii  the  Northern  States,  and  even  this  is  not  indigenous. 

^'SCULUS. 

Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  5-lobed  ;  corolla  irregular, 

4 — 5-petaled;  stamens,  ovary  and  fruit  as  expressed  in  the 

order.  « 

M.    HiPPOCA'STANUM. 

Leaves  digitate  in  7s;  petals  5,  spreading;  capsule  prickly.  A  noble  tree, 
justly  admired  for  its  majestic  proportions,  and  for  the  beauty  of  its  foliage 


celastrace-?:.  90  celastru?. 

and  flowers.  It  is  a  native  of  the  north  of  Asia,  but  is  now  known  throughout 
Europe  and  in  tliis  country,  and  is  a  frequent  ornament  of  courts  and  avenues. 
It  is  of  rapid  growth,  and  attains  the  hight  of  40  or  50  feet.  In  June  it  puts 
forth  numerous  pyramidal  racemes  or  tliyrses  of  flowers,  of  pinlv  and  while, 
finely  contrasting-  with  the  dark  green  of  its  mnssy  foliage.  The  leaves  are 
digitate,  with  seven  obovate,  acute,  serrate  leaflets.  Th'e  fruit  is  large,  ma- 
hogany-colored, and  eaten  only  by  deer.  Horse- C/iestnut. 


ORDER  XLVI.  CELASTRACE^.  The  staff-mc  Tribe. 

Ca/.— Sepals  4 — 5,  united  at  l>ase,  imbricated.        [paneled  disk  whicli  surrounds  the  ovar\-. 
Co;-.— Petals  as  many  as  sepals,  inserted  by  a  broad  base  under  tlie  margin  of  the  flat,  ex- 
6'to.— As  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk. 
Ova. — Superior,  immersed  in,  and  adliering  to  the  disk. 
Fr. — A  capsule  or  berrj'.     Seeds  either  with  or  without  an  arillus. 

Chiefly  native  of  the  Temperate  Zone  of  both  hemispheres.  The  species  of  N.  America 
are  chiefly  slirulis.  the  leaves  opposite  or  alternate.  They  possess  acrid  and  bitter  proper- 
ties, sometimes  emetic  and  stinuilant. 

Genera. 

i  compound  (ternate),        ....     Stnphylm.      1 

( opposite,  (  simple, Euuiiijmus.    ;f 

Shrubs  with  leaves  ( alternate,  simple, Celustnii.       2 

Tkibe  ],  STAPHYLE.E. 
Leaves  pinnate,  opposite.     Seeds  not  arilled.     Cotyledons  thick. 

1.  STAPHYLE'A. 

Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  of  5,  colored,  persistent  sepals ;  pe- 
tals and  stamens  5;  styles  3;  capsules  2 — 3,  membranous 
and  inflated. 

A  Greek  word,  meaning  a  buncli;  from  the  form  of  tlie  fructification.  Shrubs, 
Leaflets  involute  in  vernation.     Flowers  white. 

S.  trifo'lia. 

Leaves  ternate;  racemes  pendulous;  petals  ciliafe  below ; /'?•^^^i  ovate.  A 
handsome  shrub,  6 — 8  feet  high,  in  moist  woods  and  thickets.  Leaflets  oval- 
acuminate,  serrate,  pale  beneath,  with  scattered  hairs.  Flowers  white,  in  a 
short,  drooping  raceme.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  plant  is  its  large, 
inflated  capsules,  which  are  3-sided,  3-parted  at  top,  3-celled,  containing  sev- 
eral hard,  small  nuts  or  seeds,  with  a  bony,  smooth  and  polished  testa.     May. 

BLudder-nut, 

Tribe  2,  EUONYMEiE. 

Leaves  simple.     Seeds  usually  arilled.     Cotyledons  leafy. 

2.  CELA'STRUS. 

Flowers  sometimes  polygamous;  calyx  flat,  of  5  united  se- 
pals ;  corolla  spreading,  of  5  sessile  petals ;  capsule  subglobose, 
or  3-angled,  3-celled  ;  seeds  with  an  arillus,  1 — 2  in  each  cell. 

A  Greek  name,  given  to  a  certain  evergreen  tree,  of  which  pails  and  other 
vessels  were  made.  Climbing  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  minute  decid- 
uous stipules. 


RHAMNACE^.  91  RHAMNUS. 

C.  sca'ndens. 

Unarmed  ;  stem  woody,  twining  ;  haves  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate  ;  racemes 
terminal.  Flowers  dioecious.  A  climbing  shrub  in  woods  and  thickets,  the 
stems  twining  about  other  trees  or  each  other,  ascending  to  a  great  hight. 
Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  petiolate,  smooth.  Flowers  in  small  racemes, 
greenish  white.  Seeds  covered  with  a  scarlet  aril,  and  contained  in  a  3-valved 
capsule,  continuing  upon  the  stem  through  the  winter.     Jn.  Stuff-tree. 

3.    EUO'NYMUS. 

Calyx  flat,  of  5,  (sometimes  4  or  6)  united  sepals;  corolla 
flat,  inserted  on  the  outer  margin  of  a  glaudular  disk;  stamens 
5,  with  short  filaments;  capsule  colored,  5-angled,  5-celled, 
5-valved;  seeds  ariled. 

Euonymus,  was  the  name  of  a  certain  deity  in  Grecian  mythology,  but  its 
application  to  this  plant  is  unexplained. 

E.  atropurpu'rea. 

Peduncles  compressed,  many-flowered;  s;(o-7?ias  square,  truncated;  leaves 
oblong,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  pubescent  beneatli.  A  shrub,  5  feet 
high;  with  opposite  branches  and  deciduous  leaves.  Flowers  purple,  in  axil- 
lary clusters.  Corolla  and  other  parts  of  the  flower,  usually  in  4s.  Capsules 
crimson,  smooth.     Seeds  covered  with  a  briglit  red  aril.     Jn. 

Spindle-tree.     Burning  Bush. 

E.  America'na. 

Peduncles  round,  3-flowered ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute, 
serrate,  smooth ;  branches  4-angle(i ;  corolla  and  other  parts  of  the  flower 
mostly  in  5s.  A  handsome  siirub,  of  smaller  size  than  the  preceding,  with 
opposite,  square,  slender,  green  branches  and  smooth  evergreen  foliage. 
Leaves  thick  and  leathery,  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  through  oval  to  ob- 
lanceolate.  Flowers  pink  and  yellow,  1 — 3  together,  axillary.  Capsules 
dark  red,  warty.     Seeds  with  a  bright  red  aril.  Burning  Bush. 


ORDER    XLVII.    RHAMNACEiE.  The  Buck-Tlwrn  Tribe. 

Col. — Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  base,  valvate  in  estivation.  [sometimes  I). 

Cr.^Petals  4  or  5,  distinct,  cucullate  or  convolute,  inserted  into  the  orifice  ol"  the  calyx, 

Sta. — Opposite  the  petals,  4  or  5. 

Ova — Superior,  or  hall'superior,  with  an  erect  ovule  in  each  cell. 

Fr. — A  capsule,  drupe  or  berr)'. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  often  armed  with  spines.  Leaves  generally  alternate  and  simple.  This 
family  of  plants  is  distributed  throughout  all  countries,  except  those  in  the  Frigid  Zones. 
Many  are  native  of  the  U.  States.     Ceanothus  is  peculiar  to  North  America. 

Properties.  The  berries  of  many  species  of  Rhamnus  are  violent  purgatives.  The  Ziz- 
yplius  Jujuba,  yields  the  weW  )ino\vn  jujube  paste  of  the  shops.  The  leaves  of  Ceanothus 
have  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 

Genera. 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary ;  petals  plane  ;  flowers  minute,       .        .        .        Rhmnmts.      1 
Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  at  base  ;  petals  unguiculale,     ....     Ceanothus.     2 

1.    RHAMNUS. 
Calyx  urceolate,  4 — 5-cleft;  petals  4 — 5,  emarginate,  in- 
serted upon  the  calyx;  ovary  free,  2 — 4-celled;  styles  2 — 4, 
more  or  less  united  ;  fruit  drupaceous,  3 — 4-seeded. 


92 


CEANOTHUS. 


The  Greek  name  for  a  thorn  bush.     Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  Ivs. 

1.  R.  catiia'rticus. 

Flmorrs  totrandrous ;  slinih  erect,  with  thorny  IraJiches ;  leaves  ovate,  doub- 
ly serrate  ;  flowers  polygamous  and  dioecious,  fascicled  ;  fruit  sub-globose, 
4-seeded.  A  shrub,  10 — 15  feet  high,  in  mountains  and  woods.  Leaves  near- 
ly smooth,  in  crowded  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  hranchlets.  Flowers  small, 
numerous,  green.  Sepals  reflexed  ;  petals  entire.  Fruit  black,  globose,  and 
with  the  inner  bark,  powerfully  catliartic.  This  shrub  is  sometimes  used  for 
hedges.  Buck  Thorn. 

2.  R.    ALNIFO'LIUS.      Viler.  R.  franguloides.     Mx. 
Flowers  mostly  pentandrous ;  shrub  erect,  with  unarmed  branches ;  leaves 

oval,  acuminate,  serrate,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  peduncles  aggre- 
gate, 1-tlowered  ;  ca/j/z  acute;  styles  thren,  united,  very  short ; //-m/^  turbin- 
ate, black.  A  shrub  common  in  rough  hills  and  pastures.  Berries  about  the 
eize  of  a  currant,  3-seeded.     May.     Jn.  Mdcr-lcavcd  Buclakorn. 

CEANO'THUS. 

Calyx  tubular,  5  cleft;  corolla  of  5,  saccate-arched  petals; 
berry  dry,  3-celled,  3~sceded. 

A  Greek  name  applied  to  some  prickly  plant.  Petals  with  long  claws, 
standing  in  the  turbinate  calyx.  Caps,  tricoccous,  3-parled,  opening  on  the 
inner  side.     Shrubby  and  thornless. 

1.  C.  Americ'ana. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  serrate,  3-nerved ;  •panicles  axillary,  elongated.  A 
small  shrub,  with  a  profusion  of  white  blos.soms,  found  in  woods  and  groves. 
Stems  2 — 4  feet  high,  slender,  with  reddish,  round,  smooth  branches.  Leaves 
alternate,  thrice  as  long  as  broad,  very  downy  with  soft  hairs  beneath.  Flow- 
ers minute,  white,  in  crowded  panicles  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Stamens  enclosed  in  the  curiously  vaulted  corolla.  The  root,  which  is  large 
and  red,  is  sometimes  used  for  coloring.  The  leaves  have  been  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  tea.     Flowers  in  June.  Jersey  Tea. 

2.  C.  ova'lis. 

Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  with  glandular  serratures,  3-nerved,  nerves  pube- 
scent beneath  ;  thyrse  corymbose,  abbreviated.  Found  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
Champlain.  Flowers  white,  larger  than  those  of  the  last,  and  in  short  or 
hemispherical  panicles.     May.  Smooth-leaved  Ccanothus. 


ORDER   XLVIIl.    ROSACE  J^.  The  Rose  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepiils  5,  raroly  fewer,  united,  often  reinlorced  by  as  many  bracts.  [calyx. 

Cm. — Petals  .5,  re!,'ular,  rarely  wanting,  in.sertcil  on  the  disk  which  lines  the  orifice  of  the 
Sta. — Indefinite,  usually  numerous,  arising  from  the  caly.x,  distinct.  [each  other. 

Ot'ct. — Superior,  1  or  several,  distinct,  1-celled;  often  coherent  to  the  sides  of  the  calyx  and 
Styles — distinct  or  united.     Fruit  a  drupe,  pome,  achenia  or  follicle. 

A  large  family,  composed  of  trees,  shrubs  smd  herbs.  Fjcaves  alternate,  often  accompa- 
nied with  conspicuous  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  often  huge  and  beautiful.  The  genera 
of  this  order  are  chiefly  natives  of  temperate  climates  north  of  the  equator. 

Prapfrties.  A  highly  imiiortiint  order,  whether  we  regard  its  delicious  fruit,  its  medicinal 
products,  or  the  beauty  of  its  flowers.  None  of  its  species  (excepting  those  of  the  Almond 
tribe)  are  unwholesome.  An  astringent  principle  characterizes  the  family,  residing  chiefly 
ill  the  bark  and  the  roots.    The  roots  of  tiie  Blackberry,  have  been  used  in  medicine  as  an 


ROSACEA.  93  CERASUS. 

a<trin<rent ;  those  of  Gillenia,  as  an  emetic ;  Agrimonia,  as  a  vermifuge.  The  petals  of 
Rosa  Damascena,  yield  the  well  known  fragrant  oil,  called  attar  of  rose.  The  Almond, 
Peach,  &c.  abound  in  Prussic  acid,  a  deadly  poison,  resuUng  chiefly  in  the  leaves  and  flow- 
ers.—Of  the  Rosaceoe,  as  ornamental  flowering  shrubs  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  speali. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  C&v\csc .Fotentilla.       9 

(  IiVs.com.  I  Acaules  Wald.^teinia.Vi 

f  Sty.  decid.  I  Leaves  simple,  Dilaharda.     V2 

(  a  dry  recep.  |  tt  caudate  with  the  persist,  style,  Geinn .  14 

\  I  which  is  sweet  and  eatable  in      Fragaria,      U 

r.3-many,on  (ajuicyrecp-l  but  insipid  in  .         .         .         Comarmn.    10 

I  (  Flowers  perfect,       SangmsorbaA^ 

«  \  f  Calyx 4-eleft,  unarmed;  l  Fls.  moncKcious,       Poterium.      17 

I       na-  (  dry,  |  1—2  ;  (  Calyx  4-cleft,  armed  with  hooked  bristles,        Agrimonia.   18 

S  (  ked,  (  drupaceous,  aggregated  upon  a  juicy  receptacle.     Prickly,  Ri(hus.  8 

.S  i  enclosed  within  the  cavity  of  the  thickened  calyx.    Prickly  shrubs,  Rosa.         .7 

J  3 — .5;  unarmed  shrul]s.  .         .         .     Spmea.         Ibi 

Follicles  nearly  or  quite  distinct,  (  5;  herbs  witli  :m:  <\v\u\  .niiline  leaves.         Gillenia.        1!) 

(  Br.iiHhrs  ill  iriiy.  Crataegus.       4 

(  Petals  roundish;  (  Bruii'liis  iiiKiiined,  Pyrus.  5 

(■  Pome  inferior;  |  Pet.  oblong  ;  porne  wiiho  double  cells,  Amelanchur.  6 

(  compressed;  fruit  glaucous.    Prumis.  2 

Trees  and"]  (  Nucleus  smooth,  |  globose;  fruit  not  glaucous.     Cerasus.  1 

shrubs  ;  [  Drupe  superi.;  (  Nucleus  perforated  with  pits  and  furrows,  Anvjgdalus.    3 

Suborder  1,  AMYGDALE^. 

Ovary  solitary.     Fruit  a  drupe.     Seed  mostly  solitary.     Calyx  deciduous. 

1.    CE'RASUS. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  deciduous;  petals  much  spreading;  stamens 
15 — 30  ;  drupe  globose,  fleshy,  destitute  of  a  glaucous  bloom  ; 
nucleus  roundish,  smooth. 

Naine  from  Cerasus,  a  town  in  Pontus,  from  whence  the  garden  cherry  was 
first  brought  into  Europe. 

*  Flowers  in  racemes. 

1.  C.  SEROTI'NA.  Dc.  C.  Virginiana.  Mx. 
7?rtccmes  erect,  elongated;  Zearcs  deciduous,  oval-oblong,  acuminate,  une- 
qually serrate,  smooth,  shining  above  ;  petioles  with  2 — 4  glands.  The  wild 
cherry  is  with  us,  a  well  known,  large  forest  tree,  40  or  50  leet  in  hight,  with 
a  diaiiieter  of  a  foot  or  more.  On  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  it  towers  to  the  hight 
of  80  or  100  feet,  with  a  trunk  of  uniform  size,  undivided  to  the  hjghtof  25  or 
30  feet,  and  3—5  feet  in  diameter.  Tlie  bark  is  black  and  rough.  Leaves  of 
a  fine  green,  5  or  6  inches  long,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  reddish  glands  at  the  base. 
In  May  and  June  it  puts  forth  its  numerous  cylindric  clusters  of  white  flow- 
ers. Fruit  nearly  black  when  mature,  bitterish,  yet  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and 
Greedily  devoured  by  tlie  birds.  The  wood  is  extensively  used  in  cabinet- 
work; it  is  compact,  fine-grained,  and  receives  a  high  polish.  The  bark  has 
a  stronn-,  bitter  taste,  and  has  been  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic. 

Wild  Cherry.     Black  Cherry. 

2.  C.    ViRGINIA'NA.      Dc.  C  serotina.     Hook. 

Racemes  lax,  at  length  pendulous;  leaves  smooth,  sharply  serrate,  oval, 
deciduous,  the  lower  serratures  glandular  ;  ribs  bearded  on  each  side  towards 
the  base  ;  petiole  with  2  glands.  A  small  tree  or  shrub,  5—20  feet  high,  in 
woods  and  hedges.  It  flowers  in  June,  and  yields  an  abundance  of  fruit  of  a 
dark  red  color,"  which  is  not  unpleasant  to  the  taste,  though  astringent  and 
bitter.     The  ciierries  are  about  as  large  as  those  of  the  preceding  species. 

Choke  Cherry. 


ROSACEiE.  94  PRUNDS. 

**  Flowers  subumbellate  or  solitary. 

3.  C.    PeNNSYLVA'NICA.      J.  C.  borealis.     Mx. 

Corymbs  with  elongated  pedicels;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  erose, 
membranous,  srnootli ;  fruit  subovate.  The  Red  Cherry-tree  is  common  in 
the  Northern  States.  It  rarely  exceeds  2.5  feet  in  hight,  with  a  diameter  of 
6 — 8  inches.  The  bark  is  smooth,  brown.  Leaves  5  or  G  inches  lonfr,  oval, 
denticulate,  with  a  long  point.  Flowers  white,  collected  in  a  sort  of  umbel. 
Fruit  red,  very  acid.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  and  quickly  succeeds  a  forest 
clearing  if  neglected.     May.  Red  Cherry. 

4.  C.   PU'mila.      L.  8^  Mx.  C.  depressa.     P. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  oval  or  obovate,  acute,  subserrate,  smooth,  paler  beneatli ; 
7tmbels  sessile,  few-flowered.  A  small  trailing  shrub,  on  sandy  shores.  Fruit 
small,  ovate,  black,  agreeable  to  the  taste.     May.  Sand  Cherry. 

5.  C.  horte'nsis. 

Umbel  sub-pedunculate;  lenves  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth,  folded  together. 
This  tree  is  quite  common,  cultivated  as  well  for  its  fine,  shady  foliage,  as  for 
its  excellent  fruit.  The  tree  is  about  20  feet  high,  flowering  in  MajT.  Seve- 
ral varieties  are  produced,  differing  in  respect  to  the  form,  taste,  color,  &c.  of 
the  fruit.     It  is  native  in  many  parts  of  Europe.  Garden  Cherry. 

2.     PRUNUS. 

Calyx  S-cleft,  deciduous;  petals  much  spreading;  stamens 
15 — 30;  ovary  2-ovuled  ;  drupe  ovate,  fleshy,  smooth,  gen- 
erally covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  ;  nucleus,  compressed, 
smooth. 

Greek  and  Latin  names  the  same  ;  derivation  unknown.  Small  tree  or 
shrub.     Leaves  convolute  in  vernation. 

1.  P.  mari'tima. 

Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  slightly  acuminate,  shaply  serrate;  petioles  with  2 
glands  ;  umbels  few-flowered  ;  pedicels  short,  pubescent ;  fruit  nearly  round. 
A  small  shrub,  abundant  on  the  sea  beach,  particularly  on  Plum  Island,  at  the 
mouth  of  Merrimac  river.  Fruit  large,  pulpy,  little  inferior  in  size  to  the 
common  garden  plum.     May.  Beach  Plum. 

2.  P.  America'na. 

Somewhat  thorny;  leaves  oblong-oval  and  obovate,  abruptly  and  strongly 
acuminate,  doubly  serrate  ;  drjipc  roundish-oval,  reddish-orange,  with  a  thick, 
coriaceous  skin.  Hedges  and  law  woods,  often  cultivated  for  its  sweet,  pleas- 
ant fruit,  which  is  about  the  size  of  the  damson.  The  slirub  is  10—15  feet 
high.     May.     Fruit  ripe  in  Jl.     Aug.  Red  Plum.      Yelloiu  Plum. 

3.  P.  dome'stica. 

Peduncles  nearly  solitary  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  convolute;  branches  un- 
armed. The  garden  plum,  long  cultivated  in  this  country  and  throughout 
Europe,  is  said  to  be  originally  from  France.  Among  its  more  common^vari- 
eties,  are  the  Juliana,  damson  plum,  fruit  oblong,  blue  ;  the  Claudiuna,  sweet 
plum,  fruit  round,  yellov/ish;  the  Enucleata,  stoneless  plum,  fruit  without 
the  putamen.  Garden  Plum. 


95  CRATAEGUS. 


4.  p.  Armeni'aca. 

Flowers  sessile;  leavfs  eubcordate.  The  Apricot  is  said  to  be  a  native  of 
Levant.  It  is  a  tree  of  small  size,  bearing  fruit  next  in  esteem  to  the  peach. 
There  are  many  varieties.  The  trees  are  generally  budded  on  plum-stocks, 
and  trained  against  walls.  Apricot. 

3.    AMY'GDALUS. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior;  petals  b;  drupe  with  a  nut  perfo- 
rated on  its  surface. 
The  Greek  name  of  the  almond. 

1.  A.  Pe'rsica. 

Leaves  with  all  the  serratures  acute;  floicers  sessile,  solitary.  The  exquisite 
fruit  of  the  Peach  and  Nectarine,  are  sufficiently  known  and  appieciated. 
The  richness  and  delicacy  of  its  juicy  pulp,  render  it  superior  to  the  grape  or 
the  apple,  and  inferior  in  these  respects  only  to  the  pine-apple.  This  species  is 
divided  by  Linnajus,  into  two  varieties;  that  with  downy  fruit,  or  tl;e  peach, 
and  that  with  smooth  fruit,  or  the  nectarine.  But  of  these  there  are  also  many 
varieties  produced  from  the  seed.  The  peach,  in  order  to  attain  its  proper 
Havor  in  the  Northern  States,  should  be  protected  with  glass  in  the  spring 
and  eariier  months  of  summer,  and  exposed  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  after- 
wards, to  ripen  ;  but  in  the  Middle  and  Western  States,  it  attains  to  its  per- 
fection without  protection  or  culture,  when  once  planted  in  good  loamy  soil. 
The  double-flowered  peach,  is  a  highly  ornamental  tree,  blossoming  in  May. 
From  Persia.  Common  Peach.     JVectariue. 

2.  A.  com.mu'nis. 

Lower  serratures  of  the  leaves  glaudular ;  ^ojccrs  sessile,  in  pairs.  The 
Almond  is  employed  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  shrubberies.  Jn  some  coun- 
tries of  S.  Europe,  it  is  cultivated  for  its  fruit.  The  sweet  Almond  is  used  for 
food,  is  pleasant  to  the  taste,  but  dry  and  difficult  of  digestion.  The  variety 
Jlmara,  bitter  Almond,  is  distinguished  only  by  the  taste,  and  contains  piussic 
acid  to  a  degree,  which  renders  its  extract  narcotic  and  very  poisonous.  Flow- 
ers in  April  and  May.     From  Barbary.  Alviond. 

3.  A.    NANA. 

Leaves  ovate,  alternate  at  base,  simply  and  finely  serrate.  A  very  ornamen- 
tal shrub  from  Russia.  Hight  about  3  feet.  The  flowers,  which  are  often 
double,  are  large,  red,  appearing  in  April,  while  the  leaves  are  yet  small. 

Flowering  Almond. 

SOBORDER    II,    POME^. 

Ovaries^ — 5  {rarely  I),  cohering  with  the  sides  of  the  persistent  calyx,  and 
with  each  other      Fruit  a  pome. 

4.    CRAT^'GUS. 

Calyx  5-clcft,  campanulate,  superior ;  petals  5  ;  ovaries  1  — 

5,  with  ternninal  styles;  fruit  a  pome,  with  1 — 5  1-seeded 
nuts,  or  bony  cells. 

Gr.  jcQuroi,  strength ;  on  account  of  the  extreme  hardness  of  the  wood  of 
come  of  the  species.  Cal.  perm.  Pet.  round,  spreading.  Styles  smooth. 
Pome  oblong,  concave  at  top,  closed  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx.  Trees  or 
ehiubs. 


ROS.«:EiE.  96  PYRUS, 

1.  C.  cocci'nea. 

Thorny  ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ovate,  subcordate,  acutely  lobed,  serrate, 
smooth;  petioles  and  pubescent  calyx  glaudular;  styles  5.  A  small  tree  or 
shrub,  20  feet  high,  in  woods  and  thickets.  The  spines  are  long,  rigid  and 
acute.     Flowers  white,  corymbed.     Fruit  scarlet-color,  well  flavored.     May. 

Thorn  Bush. 

2.  C.    TOMENTO'SA.       L.  C.  pyrifolia.     ^«7. 

Thorny  or  not;  leaves  oval-elliptic,  cut-serrate,  somewhat  plaited  and  hairy; 
calyx  villous  ;  segments  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  styles  3.  A  large  shrub, 
12 — 15  feet  high,  with  large  leaves  and  white  flowers.  Jn.     Pear-leaf  Thuin. 

3.  C.  Crus-ga'lli. 

Thorny;  leaves  obovate,  serrate,  coriaceous,  smooth ; /oifcrs  in  terminal 
corymbs ;  leaves  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  subserrate ;  styles  1 — 2.  A  small, 
branching  tree  or  shrub,  about  20  feet  high.  Thorns  two  or  three  inches  long, 
straight,  rigid,  acute.  Flowers  white,  fragrant.  Fruit  nearly  red,  remaining 
upon  the  tree  during  the  winter,  unless  eaten  by  the  birds.     May. 

Common  Thorn. 

p.  splendens;  leaves  shining,  y.  pyracanthifoUa;  Zenws  oblong-lanceolate, 
somewhat  wedge-shaped.     %.  salici folia;  willow-leaved. 

4.  C.  oxyca'ntha. 

Leaves  obtuse,  subtrifid,  serrate,  smooth  ;  peduncles  and  calyx  nearly  smooth; 
sepals  lanceolate,  acute.  This  is  the  common  hedge-hawthorn,  so  extensive- 
ly cultivated  for  fences  in  England  and  other  countries  of  Europe.  Haiclhorii. 

5.  C.  puncta'ta. 

Leaves  cuneiform,  obovate,  tapering  into  a  petiole  at  base,  the  veins  strong- 
ly marked  and  pubescent  beneath  ;  calyx  pubescent  when  young  ;  styles  '.i  or 
i'ewer  ;  fruit  roundish,  punctate.  A  tree  20  feet  or  more  in  hight,  generally 
armed  with  stout  spines.  The  branches  are  wide-spreading,  forming  a  head 
large  in  proportion  to  the  hight  of  the  tree.  Leaves  thin,  with  straight  veins. 
Fruit  large,  eatable.     May.  Thorti. 

5.     PYRUS. 
Calyx  superior,  5-cleft ;  corolla  of  5  roundish  petals  ;  styles 
2 — 5;    pome   2— 5-celled,  fleshy,   baccate;    cells   2-seeded  ; 
testa  cartilaginous. 

Celtic  pcren;  Anglo-Saxon,  ;7«-e;  Fr.,  poire;  Ldit.,  pyrus  ;  Eng.,  pear. — 
From  the  Celtic  api,  a  fruit,  the  Greeks  obtained  ct,7rioi,  and  the  English  apple. 
Cal.  segments  deep,  perm.  Pet.  roundish,  much  longer  than  cal.,  and  longer 
than  the  stam.  Styles  2 — 5.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  flowers  in  terminal,  cor- 
ymbose cymes.     Fruit  eatable. 

1.   P.    AmERICa'NA.      Do.  Sorbus  Americana.     P. 

Leaves  pinnate;  lenflcls  somewhat  unequally  serrate,  smooth;  petioles 
smooth.  A  small  tree  in  mountain  woods,  common  in  Me.,  N.  H.  and  V't. 
Hight  15 — 20  feet.  It  is  often  reared  in  shrubberies,  chiefly  for  its  large  cor- 
ymbs of  white  flowers,  and  its  handsome  bunches  of  fulvous  berries  wiiich  suc- 
ceed. It  has  smooth,  pinnate  leaves,  each  of  4  pairs  of  leaflets.  Corymbs 
terminal.    May.  Mountain  Jsh. 


ROSACEA.  97  PYRPS. 

2.  P.    ARBUTIFO'liA.      L.  Aronia  arbutifolia.     Pers. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  downy  beneath  ;  fiowtrs  in  corymbs.  A 
shrub  2—4  feet  high,  in  thickets,  &c.  Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  creiiulate- 
serrate.  Flowers  wliite.  Filaments  white.  Anthers  crimson.  Peduncles  and 
calyx  downy.     Fruit  red,  sweet,  but  astringent  to  the  taste. 

/3.  mclanocarpa ;  leaves  obtuse,  and  with  the  calyx  smooth;  fruit  black. 
Mountains.     May.    Jn. 

3.  P.    CORONA'RIA. 

ieatjcs  broad-oval,  rounded  at  base,  on  very  slender  stalks,  cut-serrate,  often 
lobed  or  angled,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  pedicels;  stales  united  and  wooly  at 
the  base  ;  Jiuiccrs  corymbose,  and  with  the  fruit  very  fragrant.  This  is  a  shrub 
or  small  iree,  10— 'JO  feet  high,  found  native  in  the  western  parts  of  N.  York, 
ttc.  in  woods  and  hedges,  and  is  sometimes  cultivated.  The  flowers  which 
appear  in  May,  are  pale  rose-colored,  very  large  and  sweet-scented.  The 
fruit  is  as  large  as  a  small  apple,  yellowish,  hard  and  sour.  Crab-apple. 

4.  P.    MALUS. 

Umhel  eessiie,  ovate,  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate,  smooth  ;  clmcs  of  the  petals 
shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  styles  smooth.  The  apple  is  the  most  hardy,  the  most 
valuable,  and  the  most  popular  of  all  our  fruits.  No  other  is  cultivated  with 
so  little  trouble,  or  brought  to  so  high  a  degree  of  perfection  in  our  climate. 
The  Romans  had  ^2  varieties,  hut  this  number  has  now  been  increased  to  sev- 
eral hundred,  and  new  varieties  are  still  produced  in  nearly  every  nursery; 
reared  from  the  seed.  The  flowers  appear  in  May,  and  by  tlieir  beauty,  fra- 
grance and  profusion,  make  ample  amends  for  the  roughness  and  deformity 
of  the  tree.     The  apple-tree  is  a  native  of  many  parts  of  Europe.      Jlpple-tree. 

5.  P.    COMMU'NIS. 

Leaves  ovate,  serrate ;  peduncles  corymbose.  If  the  Apple  be  esteemed  first 
amouo;  fruits,  the  Pear  must  have  the  second  rank.  It  is  far  superior,  indeed, 
m  the" richness  and  delicacy  of  its  taste,  but  less  valuable  for  most  culinary 
purposes,  and  is  liable  to  more  speedy  decay.  The  Romans  had  '.Hi  varieties 
of  the  Pear,  but  like  the  Apple,  varieties  without  number  are  now  produced 
from  seeds.  The  tree  is  taller  and  more  upright  than  the  Apple,  but  its  blos- 
soms are  white  and  less  showy.  It  is  grafted  on  young  trees  of  the  same  kind, 
or  upon  the  Apple  or  Quince.  Native  in  Europe,  where,  in  its  wild  state,  the 
fruit  is  small,  hard  and  unpalatable.     May.  Fear-tree. 

6.  P.    Cfdo'NIA.  Cydonia  vulgaris. 

Flowers  solitary  ;  fruit  lorraentose  ;  leaves  orate,  entire.  The  Quince  is  na- 
tive oi'the  town  of  Cydon,  in  the  island  of  Crete,  whence  the  specific  name. 
It  is  also  a  native  of  Austria.  It  is  a  low  tree  or  shrub  of  unsightly  furm,  but 
with  handsome  foliage  and  flowers,  and  a  large  pomaceous  fruit,  wliicii  is  a  well 
known  ingredieat  in  preserves  and  jellies.  The  tree  is  reared  from  layers  in 
moist  loam.  (Quince. 

7.  P.    PRUXIFO'LIA, 

Utnhels  sessile ;  pedunrles  pubescent ;  styles  wooly  at  base ;  haves  ovate, 
acuminate.  Native  of  Siberia.  A  tiee  20  feet  high,  with  numerous  pink- 
colored  flowers,  and  a  fruit  smaller  than  t!ic  apple,  esteemed  for  preserves  and 
taits,  and  when  nsellowed  by  frosts,  is  not  unpleasant  to  eat  in  the  raw  state, 
jjfay  Siberian  Crab. 

I 


EOSACE7E.  98  ROSA. 

6.     AMELA'NCIilER. 

Calyx  o-cleft;  petals  ol)lon<^-obovate  or  oblanceolale;  sta- 
mens short;  styles  5,  united;  pome  3  — S-celled;  cells  par- 
tially divided.  2-seeded. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs. 

A.    CaNADEN'SIS.    T.S^G.    Pyrus  Botryapium.  Z.    Mespilus  arborea.  Jlfz. 

Leaves  oval  or  cordate,  acuminate  or  mucronate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth  ; 
fioioers  in  racemes;  petals  linear,  obhmceolate ;  segments  of  the  calyx  about 
as  long  as  the  tube;  fruit  purplish,  globose.  A  tree  found  in  woods,  rarely 
exceeding  3-5  feet  in  iiight.  Leaves  alternate,  2 — 3  inches  long,  downy-to- 
mentose  when  young,  at  length  very  smooth  on  both  sides,  very  acute  and 
finely  serrate.  Flowers  large,  white,  in  terminal  racemes,  appearing  in  April 
and  May,  rendering  the  tree  quite  conspicuous  in  the  yet  naked  forest.  Fruit 
pleasant  to  the  taste,  ripening  in  Ju'ne.  Shad  Berrij.     June  Berry. 

/3.  rotund  if ol  ia  ;  (Pyrus  ovalis,  JV.)  /eases  broad-oval ;  j^c^aZs  linear-oblong. 
Shrub  10 — 20  feet  high.     Woods,  common.     Apr.     May. 

y.  oligocarpa ;  (Aronia  sanguinea,  N.)  leaves  narrow,  oval  or  oblong,  finely 
serrate,  sinooth  even  when  young;  racc/zies  few-flowered.  Shrub.    Apr.   May. 

Suborder  III.  ROSACEA  proper. 

Ovaries  solitary  or  several,  distinct.     Fruit  achenia  or  follicular. 

7.     ROSA. 

Calyx  urceolate,  flesliy,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  S-cleft ; 
petals  5;  achenia  numerous,  bristly,  fixed  to  the  inner  side 
of  the  calyx. 

Celtic,  rhos,  red  j  Gr.  Qoaov ;  Lat.  Rosa;  Eng.-  Rose.  Justly  styled  the' 
queen  of  flowers,  for,  from  time  immemorial,  it  has  been  the  choice  and  favo- 
rite flower  of  civilized  man.  Cal.  inferior,  with  a  pitcher-shaped  tube,  perm., 
deeply  divided  into  5  lanceolate  segments,  either  all  simple  or  2of  tiiem  onlj', 
the  other  3  being  appendaged.  Pet.  obcordate,  5,  but  greatly  increased  by 
culture.  Fil.  filiform.  Ova.  numerous,  with  silky  hairs.  Fruit  round  or 
ovate,  formed  of  the  matured  and  colored  calyx,  tube  closed  and  containing, 
the  achenia. 

1.    R.    RUBIGINO'SA. 

Fruit  obovate ;  peduncles  and  petioles  glandulrer-hispid ;  stent  smooth ;  prickles 
recurved;  letijlels  ovul,  with  ferruginous  glands  beneath.  A  slender  shrub, 
3  or  4  feet  high,  in  pastures,  about  hedges,  &c.  The  stem  is  bushy,  much 
branched,  with  numerous,  strong,  hooked  prickles ;  the  younger  shoots  nearly 
simple,  declined  at  top.  Leaves  pinnate,  of  5 — 7  leaflets,  douLily  serrate,  bright 
green  above,  clothed  with  viscid,  reddish  glands  beneath,  which,  when  rubbed, 
yield  a  delightful  fragrance.  Flowers  red,  sweet-scented.  Fruit  scarlet, 
smooth  or  bristl}^.     Jn.  Eglantine.     Sweet-briar. 

/3.  micrantka.  Fruit  ovate,  and  with  the  peduncles  somewhat  hispid; 
prickles  recurved;  leaf  cts  ovate,  acute.  Habit  like  the  precedmsr,  but  larger 
and  more  common.  Stems  often  6  feet  high.  Leaves  rusty  and  glandular 
beneath,  but  less  fragrant  than  the  last.  Fiowers  scarcely  half  as  large,  near- 
ly white,. appearing  in  June.  Small-fowcrcd  Swtel-Lriar, 


ROSACE-?:.  '  99  Ros^ 

2.  R.    LU'CIDA. 

Fruit  depressed-fflobose,  and,  with  the /lerfjOTcZes,  glandular-hispid  ;  prtioles^ 
pubescent  or  hispid;  stem  armed  with  scattered,  setaceous  prickles,  those  of 
the  stipules  straight;  le/iflels  elliptical-lanceolate,  simply  serrate,  smooth  and 
shining;  /ozi-e?-^  generally  in  pairs.  A  shrub,  8  feet  high,  in  woods  and  hedg- 
es.  Stem  slenderT  Leaflets  about  5.    Flowers  large,  red.     Jn.  Jl.     Variable. 

Wild  Rose 

3.  R.  Caroli'na. 

Fruit  globose,  hispid,  as  well  as  the  peduncles  ;  pe/l/o/cs^hairy,  sub-aculeate  ; 
stem  smooth,  with  uncinate,  stipular  prickles  ;  leajiets  5—7,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute,  sirarply  serrate,  glaucous  beneath;  flowers  in  corymbs.  A  shrub 
iu  swamps  and  wet  woods,  varying  in  hight  from  4  to  8  feet.  It  is  erect,  bushy, 
varying  in  the  number  and  size  of  the  prickles,  with  reddish  twigs  and  branch- 
es, rfowers  in  a  sort  of  corymb  of  5  to  7.  Petals  oboyate,  varying  between 
red  and  white.     Jn.     Jl.  Swamp  Ruse. 

4.  R.    BLANDA.       J]it.  R-   gemella.     L. 
Fruit  globose,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  peduncles;  flowers  mostly  in  pairs; 

lenflrts  oblong,  acute,  opaque  ;  ■petioles  and  veins  pubescent  beneath  ;  prickles 
uncinate,  those  of  the  steiii  in  pairs  below  the  axils.  A  low  shrub,  with  large 
red  flowers,  on  dry,  sunny  hill.-;.  Leaflets  7,  rather  downy  and  glaucous  be- 
neath.    Flowers  terminal,  enveloped  in  large,  downy  bractea.     Jl.     Aug. 

Twln-flowcred  Rose. 

5.  R.  cinnamo'mea. 

Fruit  globose  ;  stem  tall,  cinerous,  with  upright  branches  ;  prickles  stipular,^ 
shaightf  stipules  wavy;  leajlels  rugose,  oblong,  downy  beneath.  Native  oi' 
Oregon.  An  early  species,  flowering  in  May.  Stem  G  feet  high.  The  doub- 
le variety  has  flowers  of  a  delicate  purplish  color.  Cinnamon  Rose. 

6.  R.  Ga'llica. 

Fruit  ovate,  and  with  the  peduncles,  hispid  ;  stems  a.nd petioles  hispid-prick- 
ly ;  lefiflcts  5,  rigid,  elliptical ;  flowers  erect,  red;  sepals  ovate.  Native  of  the 
southern  parts  ol  Europe.  This  is  the  common  red  rose  of  our  gardens,  from 
which  tinctures  and  preserves  are  often  extracted,  and  which  is  also  used 
medicinally.  Of  this  species,  no  less  than  200  varieties  are  produced  in  the 
gardens  of  Europe,  and  named  in  the  catalogues  of  the  London  and  Paris 
nurserymen.  Stems  2—3  feet  high,  armed  with  five  scattered  prickles.  Flow- 
ers of  a  few  large,  spreading  petals,  of  a  rich  crimson  color  exccptat  the  base, 
where  like  the  stamens,  they  are  of  a  golden  yellow.  The  more  common  va- 
rieties are  the  cardinal,  carmine,  coquette,  Ua.ek- damask,  mignonne,  purple, 
velvet  ifC.  Common  or  French  Rose, 

7.  R.  DaiMasce'na. 

Arms  unequal,  the  larger  ones  falcate;  sepals  rcflexed  ;  fruit  long.  From 
Levant.  This  species  forms  a  bush  3  or  4  feet  high.  The  leaves  are  distin- 
guished at  sight,  by  their  hoary  and  downy  aspect.  The  prickles  of  the  stem 
are  broad  and  hooked.  The  flowers  are  rather  numerous,  of  a  delicate,  pur- 
plish pink,  of  a  sweet  and  most  delicious  fragrance.  Varieties  numerous, 
among  which  the  monthly  is  the  most  admired.  This  is  of  humble  growth, 
with  deep  crimson  flowers,  blooming  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.    Damask  R.ose. 

8.  R.    SPINOSIS'SIMA. 

Arms  unequal;  leaflets  flat,  naked,  simply-serrate.  Native  of  Europe.  A 
ghrub  2  or  3  feet  high.     Stem  closely  beset  with  innumerable,  straight,  needle.- 


R0SACE.1:.  100  ROSA. 

like  prickles.  Leaflets  7—9,  roundish,  obtuse.  Flowers  with  a  pleasant  fra- 
grance, usually  cream-colored,  but  changing  in  the  numerous  varieties,  to 
shades  of  red,  white  and  yellow.  Burnet  or  Scotch  Rose. 

9.  R.  lu'tea. 

PrichJrs  straight ;  leaflets  flat,  concave  ;  calyx  nearly  naked,  entire.  Native 
of  German3^  Stems  with  numerous  prickles.  Leaves  dark  green,  shinino- 
with  Fmallish  leaflets.  Petals  large,  broad-obcordate,  of  a  golden  yellow. 
Giovvs  about  3  feet  high.     Flowers  of  a  less  agreeable  odor  than  the  leaves. 

Yelloio  Rose. 

10.  R.  cani'na. 

Stem  and  pet'ioles  prickly ;  leaves  ovate,  smooth  ;  fruit  and  ■peduncles  smooth. 
This  species  of  the  Hose  is  inferior  to  none  in  elegance  or  fragrance.  Native 
of  Europe.  Shrub  6 — 8  feet  high.  Leaflets  usually  7,  of  a  dark,  shining 
green  above,  paler  beneath.     Flowers  pink-colored,     in.  Dog-Rose. 

11.  R.    MUSCO'SA. 

Calyx  and  peduncles  mossy  ;  hranchcs  and  pct/o/es  hispid  and  viscid  ;  leaflets 
glandular-ciliate.  The  Moss  Rose  is  the  very  emblem  of  beauty  and  loveli- 
ness. The  color  of  the  flower  is  usually  that  peculiar  crimson  blush,  called 
rose-color,  and  its  fragrance  delightful.  Shrub  3  feet  high.  Native  of  Eu- 
rope.    Ju.     Jl.  ^  Moss  Rose. 

12.  R,  masca'ta. 

Branchlets  nearly  naked;  leaflets  elliptical,  acuminate,  glaucous  beneath, 
with  connivent  serratures;  panicles  rnany-flowered,  and  with  the  calyx  dow- 
ny. Barbary.  Its  stems  are  trailing  or  climbing,  some  10  or  12  feet  long, 
smooth,  with  scattered  prickles.  Flowers  rather  large,  numerous,  white,  m 
terminal  panicles,  very  tragraut.  Musk  Rose. 

13.  R.  centifo'lia. 

£rms  unequal,  the  larger  ones  falcate;  leaflets  glandular-ciliate ;  forcers 
nodding ;  calyx  viscid ;  fruit  oblong.  S.  Europe.  Shrub  3  feet  high,  very 
prickly.  Flower  usually  of  a  pink-color,  but  varying  in  hue,  form,  size,  &c. 
through  near  a  hundred  varieties,  described  and  named  in  European  cata- 
logues. Hundred-leaved  or  Provens  Rose., 

14.  R.    MULTIFLO'RA. 

Branchlets,  pcdundes  and  calyx  downy ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  soft,  rugose ; 
.'Stipules  pectinate.  Japan.  A  shrub  of  luxuriant  growth,  easily  trained  to  the 
hight  of  a  dozen  feet.  Flowers  numerous,  in  clusters,  with  numerous,  imbri- 
cated pink  petals.  Japan  Rose. 

15.  R.  sempervi'rens. 

Rant  shoots  climbing ;  prickles  nearly  equal,  falcate  ;  leaves  evergreen.  From 
S.  Europe.  A  shrub,  of  rapid  and  luxuiiant  growth,  trailing  or  climbinor  20 
feet,  in  favorable  circumstances.  Leaves  shining,  evergreen.  Flowers 
white.  Evergreen  Rose. 

p.  subdecidua,  with  leaves  somewhat  deciduous. 

16.  R.  al'ba. 

Leaflets  ohlnn^,  glaucous,  simpl}^  serrate  ;  sepals  rcRexed  ;  fruit  unar.med 
Germany.     Shrub  f) — G  feet  high.     Flowers  large,  corymbose,  sweet-sceuted. 


RQSACEJE.  101  RUBUS. 

usually  of  a  pure  while,  but  often,  in  the  Bumerous  varieties,  ting-ed  with  the 
innst  delicate  blush.        '  '''/"'^e  Garden  Rose. 

17.  R.    BURGUNDI'ACA. 

Dwarf;  arms  nearly  equal ;  Icnfrts  riirid.  ovate,  acute,  finely  serrate  ;  sepals 
ovate.  Europe.  Shrub  a  foot  high,  well  known  for  its  diminutive  flowers, 
which  are  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  often  less,  of  a  purple  hue,  fragrant. 

Burgundy  Rose. 

18.  R.  I'ndica. 

Leaflets  elliptical,  acuminate,  smooth,  crenate,  serrate,  glaucous  beneath ; 
ovaries  40—50.  East  Indies.  A  shrub  of  lofty  growth.  Stem  Jo— 20  feet 
high,  armed  witli  scattered,  strong,  sharp,  hooUed  prickles.  Leayes  of  a  deep, 
shining  green  above,  paler  beneath,  of  about  5  leaflets.  Flowers  common 
size,  flesh-color,  but  varying  in  the  numerous  varieties,  through  every  tint  of 
pink  and  carnation.     Ca'lyx  leafy,  pinnate  or  jagged.         Blush  Clunese  Ruse. 

19.  R,    PENDULI'NA. 

Unarmed  ;  fruit  long,  pendulous ;  peduncles  hispid  ;  leaflets  numerous  ; 
stem  colored.  Native  at  the  South.  Stem  5— G  feet  high,  smooth,  dark,  red, 
bushy,  and  has  the  peculiar  distinction  of  being  without  a  thorn.  Leaflets 
9—13,  elliptical,  large,  smooth.     Flowers  crimson  or  purple.     Tkornless  Rose. 

This  beautiful  genus  includes,  according  to  Profssir  Lindley,  about  100 
species;  but  the  varieties  produced  by  cultivation  amount  to  near  a  thousand. 
These  are  obtained  from  the  seed,  and  their  number  is  annually  increasing. 
The  usual  mode  of  propagation  is  by  layers. 

S .     R  U  B  U  S  . 
C.aljx  spreading,  5-parted;  petals  5,  deciduous;  stamens 
numerous,  inserted  into  the  border  of  the  disk  ;  ovaries  many, 
2-ovuled,  one  of  them  abortive  ;  achenia  pulpy,  drupaceous, 
agi^regaled  into  a  compound  berry. 

Celtic  rub,  red,  the  color  of  the  fruit  of  some  of  the  species. — Perennial, 
half  shrubby  plants,  witli  biennial  stems,  usually  with  prickles.  Inflorescence 
centrifugal.     Fruit  eatable. 

*  Blackberries. 

Fruit  inseparable  from  the  juicy,  deciduous  receptacle. 

1.    R.    VILLO'SUS. 

Pubescent,  viscid  and  prickly;  stein  angular;  leaflets  in  3s  or  5s,  ovate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  hairy  on  both  sides  ;  stem  and  petioles  prickly  ;  cw/y.r  sliort, 
acuminate  ;  racemes  loose,  naked,  about  20-flowered.  A  tall,  branching,  thor- 
ny shrub,  4 — 6  feet  high,  in  pastures  and  hedges,  well  known  for  its  delicious 
fruit.  Stem  furrowed,  armed  with  sharp  prickles.  Leaflets  rather  large, 
with  scattered  hairs  above,  and  a  soft  pubescence  beneath.  The  terminal  one 
has  a  long  foot-stalk,  the  others  very  short.  Pedicels  slender,  flowers  white, 
in  an  erect  raceme.  Fruit  a  compounded  beir}',  of  a  shining  black,  ripe  in 
Aug.  and  Sept.,  abundant  and  very  sweet.  Few  persons,  in  the  interior  of  N. 
England,  are  unacquainted  with  the  pastime  of  gathering  blackberries  ia 
their  native  wilds  and  thickets.     Jn.  Jfgh  Blackberry. 

I* 


ROSACEA.  105i  KDBUS. 

fi.  frondosus ;  stem  prickly,  erect;  leaves  teinsite  and  quinate;  pubescence 

simple;  r«ccwcs  leafy,  about  10-flowered.  Roadsides,  thickets,  <^-c.  Petals 
orbiculir-ovate,  approximate,  white,  those  of  the  terminal  flowers  opening 
first.     Fruit  black,  sweet. 

2.  R.    HIS'PIDUS. 

.S7e7ns  slender,  reclining  or  prostrate,  hispid  with  bristles;  Zfa?;es  3-foliate, 
rarely  quinate,  smooth  and  green  both  sides,  the  leaflets  coarsely  serrate,  some- 
what obtuse  and  subcoreaceous ;  pediinrles  naked,  many -flowered,  corymbose  } 
fndt  and  Jlowcrg  small.  In  damp  woods  Enfield,  N.  H.,  &c.  Stems  woody, 
reclining  above,  thickly  covered  with  deflexed  bristles.  Leaves  commonly 
ternate,  on  long  stalks;  leaflets  lanceolate,  with  irregular  serratures,  the  up- 
per one  i>etiolate.     Flowers  white.    Fruit  dusky  purple.      Bristly  Blackberry. 

p.  semperv'rens ;  stem  trailing,  several  feet  in  length,  sending  up  many 
branches,  which  are  some  8  inches  long,  and  with  scattered  prickles  like  the 
stem.  Leaves  alternate,  obovate,  and,  like  the  above,  persistent,  but  becom- 
ing somewhat  discolored  before  spring.     Berries  small,  black,  acid.     Jl. 

3.  R.    CaNADE'NSIS.      L.  R.  trivialis.     P, 

Stems  procumbent ;  leaves  ternate  or  quinate,  oval,  acute,  unequally  serrate  ; 
perfice/y  solitary,  elongated;  jicdiinrlesnnd  petioles  rough  with  recurved  prick- 
les. Common  in  dry,  stony  fields.  Stem  slender,  weak,  prostrate,  running 
several  yards  upon  the  ground.  Flowers  large,  mostly  solitary,  on  long,  slen- 
der stalks.  Petals  white,  obovate.  Fruit  large,  black,  agreeable.  May. 
June,  Trailing  Blackberry.    Dew-berry. 

4.  R.  cuneifo'lius. 

Stem  erect,  subangular ;  branches,  petioles  and  peduncles  pubescent ;  leafiets 
cuneate-obovate,  in  3s  or  5s,  entire  at  base,  toothed  above,  subplicate,  downy 
beneath ;  racemes  loose.  Dry  fields  and  thickets.  A  low  shrub,  bearing 
fruit  of  an  agreeable  flavor,  ovate,  black.     Jn,  Wedge-leaned  Blackberry. 

*  *  Raspherries. 
Fruit  concave  beneath,  separating  from  the  dry,  conical,  persistent  receptacle. 

5.  R.  odora'tus. 

Leaves  simple,  palmate,  with  3 — 5  lobes;  stem  unarmed,  many-leaved, 
many-flowered,  covered  with  a  viscid  pubescence.  A  fine  flowering  shrub, 
3 — 5  feet  high,  common  in  upland  woods  in  JN.  H.,  Vt ,  &c.  It  is  cultivated 
in  gardens,  both  in  this  country  and  Europe,  much  admired  for  its  numerous., 
large,  crimson  flov/ers,  and  its  ample  foliage.  Leaves  very  large,  serrate, 
roughish,  mostly  in  5  lobes,  with  hairy  stalks.  Flowers  large,  purple,  not 
much  unlike  a  rose,  save  its  stamens  are  white.  J'ruit  broad,  thin,  yellowish, 
and  agreeable  to  the  taste.  A  variety  has  red  fruit.  This  plant  is  sometimes- 
called  Mulberry.     Jn.     JL  Flowering  llasjiberrij. 

6.  R.    STRIGO'SUS. 

L^narmed,  strongly  hispid;  Icnjlets  3  or  .'>,  oval,  obtuse  at  base,  marked  with 
lines  and  wliitish  downy  beneath,  the  odd  one  often  subcordate.  A  common, 
erect  shrub,  in  hedges,  neglected  fields,  «5s:.c.  bearing  a  very  delicate  fruit. 
Stem  without  prickles,  but  covered  with  bristles  instead.  Leaves  ternate  or 
5-pinnate,  only  the  terminal  one  stalked,  Fruit  a  compound  berry,  red,  of  a 
peculiar,  rich  flavor,  ripe  in  July.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  clusters. 
May.  Wild  Red  Raspbcrrif. 


ROSACEA.  103  POTENTILLA. 

7.  R.  occidenta'lis. 

Branches  and  petides  g]a.ucovis  and  prickly;  leaves  ternate;  leajlets  ovate , 
acuminate,  sublobate,  doubly  serrate,  downy  beneatli ;  petioles  terete.  A  tall, 
prickly  shrub,  5  feet  hio-h,  common  in  rocky  fields,  thickets,  &c.  Stem  round, 
slender,  inclining,  conspicuous  for  its  fine  glaucous  dust  Leaflets  oval,  cov- 
ered beneath  with  a  whitish  down,  only  the  terminal  one  stalked.  Fruit  a 
black,  round,  compound  berry,  of  a  lively,  agreeable  taste,  ripe  in  July.  Flow- 
ers white,  in  terminal  racemes.     May.  Black  Raspberry.     Thimble-hcrry . 

8.  R.    TRIFLO'RUS.      Rich.  R.  saxatias.     Bic. 

Herbaceous,  pubescent;  stems  creeping;  leaves  ternate;  leaflets  rhombic, 
acute,  cut-dentate,  naked,  the  odd  one  stalked  ;  flou^crs  somewhat  in  Ss,  with 
elongated  pedicels.  Mountains.  Root  perennial,  but  the  stems  are  annual 
and  somewhat  herbaceous.     Fruit  small,  black.     Flowers  white.     Jn. 

Three-floiccred  Raspberry, 

9.  R.  Chamjemo'rus. 

Herbaceous;  stem  decumbent  at  base,  erect,  unarmed,  1 -flowered;  leaves 
pimple,  cordate-reniform,  rugose,  with  5  rounded  lobes,  serrate  ;  sepals  obtuse. 
An  Alpine  species  of  small  size,  but  with  large  flowers  and  fruit.  Petals 
white,  obovate.  Berries  red,  richly  flavored.  Flowers  in  June,  July,  ripen- 
ing the  fruit  in  September.  Cloud-berry. 

10.  R.  Id.e'us. 

Leaves  5-pinnate  and  ternate  ;  leaflets  rhomb-ovate,  downy  beneath  ;  jielioles 
channelled  ;  stem  prickly-hispid  ;  ^o?ffer5  somewhat  panicled.  Native  of  stony 
woods  and  thickets,  and  successtully  cultivated  in  our  gardens.  An  erect, 
shrubby  plant,  about  5  feet  high.  Stem  usually  covered  with  bristly  thorns, 
but  sometimes  quite  smooth.  Leaflets  nearly  smooth  above,  covered  with  a 
dense,  cotton-like  down  beneath.  Flowers  in  lax,  terminal  clusters,  white. 
Fruit  dark  red,  compound  berries,  highly  and  richly  flavored.  In  the  variety 
£mtricanus,  the  leaves  are  all  ternate.  Garden  Raspberry. 

'  1         9.    POTENTI'LLA. 

Calyx  concave,  deeply  4 — 5-cieft,  with  an  equal  number 
of  alternate,  exterior  segments;  petals  4 — 5,  obcordate  ;  sta- 
mens numerous;  filaments  slender;  ovaries  collected  into  a 
head  on  the  small,  juiceless  receptacle. 

Lat.  potentia,  power ;  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  potency  in  medicine.  Seeds 
naked,  rugose,  attached  to  a  small,  dry  receptacle.  Herbs,  with  pinnately 
or  palmately  compound  leaves.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes,  yellow  or 
white. 

*  Leaves  trifoliate. 

1.  p.  Norve'gica. 

Leaves  3-foliate;  stem  dichotomous  above,  erect;  peduncles  axillary.  A 
hairy  plant  found  in  old  fields.  Stem  about  8  inches  high,  round,  forked  at 
top  Leaflets  stalked,  oval,  cut-serrate.  Stipules  large,  ovate.  Flowers  nu- 
merous, crowded,  axillary  and  terminal.  Petals  obovate,  shorter  than  calyx, 
yellow,    July.     Per.  Norway  Cinquefoil. 


104  POTENTILLA. 


2.  p.  tride'ntata. 

Leaves  evergreen  ;  leaflets  cuneate,  3-toothed  at  the  end  ;  flowers  terminal, 
corymbose;  petalslonger  than  the  calyx.  On  the  White  Mountains,  &c. 
The  root  and  lower  part  of  the  stem  woody.  Stems  erect,  round,  panicled, 
hairy,  4 — 8  inches  high.  Leallets  sessile,  leathery,  oblong,  ending  in  :j  large 
teeth.  Flowers  few,  in  a  sort  of  corymb.  Petals  obovate,  white.  June. 
Per.  Mountain  PutenL'dla. 

*  "  Leaves  digitate. 

3.  P.  Canade'nsis. 

Villose-pubescent;  sterns  sarmentose,  procumbent,  and  ascending;  leaves 
palmately  5-foliate,  the  leaflets  obovate,  silky  beneath,  cut-dentate  towards 
the  apex,  entire  and  alternate  towards  the  base ;  stipules  hairv,  deeply  2  or  3- 
cleft,  or  entire  ;  pedicels  axillary,  solitary  ;  bracteoles  of  the  calyx  longer  than 
the  segments,  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals.  Common  in  fields  and  thick- 
ets. Stems  more  or  less  procumbent  at  base,  from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  or 
more  in  length.  Flowers  yellow,  on  long  pedicels.  Calyx  segments  lanceo- 
late or  linear.     Apr.     May.  Common  CinquefoiJ . 

».  sarmcntosa.  Very  small  and  delicate.  Stems  procumbent,  running  a 
foot  or  more.     Flowers  small,  low  among  the  grass,  on  slender  peduncles. 

Running  Cinquefoil. 

fi.  simplex.  Stem  simple,  erect  or  ascending  at  base.  Plant  nearly  smooth. 
Leaflets  oblong-oval,  coarsely  serrate. 

4.  P.  arge'ntea. 

Leaves  quinale;  leaflets  cuneate,  cut,  revolute  on  the  margin,  white  and 
downy  beneath ;  ^?em  ascending.  A  small  species  frequent  in  fields,  remarka- 
ble for  the  silvery  canescence  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves.  Stem  half  a 
foot  high,  white  and  cottony,  half-erect,  spreading.  Flowers  numerous,  in  cor- 
ymbose, terminal  panicles,  small,  yellow,    in. — Sept.  Per.    Silvery  Cinquefoil . 

5.  P.    FRUXrCo'SA.  P.  floribunda. 

S/em  fruticose,  hairy,  erect,  branching;  leaves  innnnte;  leaflets  ohlong-\in- 
ear,  revolute,  entire  ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx.  A  shrubby  plant.  1 — 2 
feet  higli,  found  in  bogs  and  low  grounds.  Stem  very  branching.  Leaves 
alternate,  on  slender  stalks,  and  consisting  of  5 — 7,  oblong,  very  entire  leaflets. 
Flowers  yellow,  in  crowded,  terminal  corymbs.    Jn.  Per.     Bushy  Cinquefoil. 

6.  P.  anseri'na. 

Leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  serrate,  silky;  stem  slender,  creeping  and 
rooting  ;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered.  A  handsome,  creeping  plant, 
with  much  silvery  foliage  and  large  golden  flowers,  in  wet  meadows.  Stems 
long,  hairy,  reddish.  Leaves  composed  of  7 — 19  pairs  of  leaflets,  the  alternate 
ones  smaller,  covered  beneath  with  white,  silvery  hairs.  Flowers  3-ellow,  on 
long  stalks.     Jn.     Per.  Silver-weed.     Goose-grass. 

7.  P.    ARGU'tA.      p.  Bootia  sylvestris.     B. 

Stem  erect ;  radical  leaves  pinnate,  on  long  petioles,  hairy  and  pubescent  ; 
cutdine  ones  few  ;  leaflets  hToa.d\y-ova.te,  cui-seTTaie  ;  floiccrs  in  small,  termi- 
nal, nearly  sessile  cymes.  Along  streams,  «?kc.  Stems  2 — 3  feet  liigh,  large, 
round,  striate,  and  witii  the  rest  of  the  plant  very  pubescent.  The  upper 
leaves  are  simple  and  3-foliate  ;  lower  ones  5 — 9-foliate  Peduncles  dichoto- 
mous,  with  dense  clusters  of  white  flowers.  Disk  glandular,  5-lobed,  stellate. 
May.     June,  raise  ./}cc7is. 


105  DALIBAROA. 


10.  COMA'RUM. 

Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  bracteoles  alternating  with 
the  segments;  petals  5,  very  small;  stamens  numerous,  in- 
serted into  the  disU;  achenia  smooth,  crowded  upon  the  en- 
larged, ovate,  spongy,  persistent  receptacle. 

Gr.  ico^a-Qoi,  the  strawberry  tree,  which  this  plant  resembles.— A  perennial 
herb,  creeping  at  base. 

C.  palus'tre. 

Leaves  pinnate,  of  3,  5  and  7  leaflets;  sli-pnUs  sheathing,  adhering  to  the 
petiole  :  fioirers  somewhat  panicled,  every  part  permanent.  A  plant  in  some 
respects  similar  to  the  strawberry,  about  1^  feet  high,  growing  in  bogs  and 
ponds.  Root  creeping.  Stem  round,  smooth,  leafy,  decumbent  at  base. 
Leaves  on  long  stalks"  lenflels  on  short  ones,  oblong,  senate,  hoary  beneath. 
Flower  dark  purple  in  all  its  parts.     Fruit  permanent.     Jn. 

Marsh  Cinqnefoil. 

11.  FRAGA'RIA. 

Calyx  10-cleft,  5  alternate  segments  or  bracteoles  external; 
achenia  smooth,  naked,  affixed  to  a  large,  pulpy,  deciduous 
receptacle.     Stamens  numerous. 

hd.t.  frnarnns,  fragrant ;  on  account  of  its  perfumed  fruit.— Perennial  herbs. 
Stems  stoloniferous. 

1.  F.    ViRGINIA'NA.      Eh.  F.  Canadensis.     Mx. 
Leaves  trifoliate ;  leaflets  broad-oval,  smoothish  above ;    calyx  of  the  ^uit 

erect,  spreading;  achenia  imbedded  in  pits  in  the  globose  receptacle.  The 
fruit  of  the  strawberry  is  universally  grateful  and  salutary  either  alone,  or  with 
cream,  sugar,  or  preserved.  In  sunny  situations,  the  fruit  is  inferior  to  none 
in  sweetness,  but  when  grown  in  the" shade  it  degenerates,  becoming  msipid 
and  even  sour.     May.     Ripe  in  Jn.— Aug.  Common  loild  Strawberry. 

2.  F.    VESCA. 

Leaves  trifoliate  ;  calyx  of  the  fruit  reflexed  or  much  spreading;  receptacle 
conical  in  fruit,  without  pits  ;  pcduiicUs  longer  than  leaf-stalks.  Native  of  our 
woods  and  meadows,  and  well  known  in  our  gardens,  where  the  fruit  is  some- 
times an  ounce  or  more  in  wciffht.     Flowers  white,  appearing  in  early  spring. 

Garden  Strawberry.     English  Strawberry. 

3.  F.    GRANDIFLO'RA. 

Calyx  of  fruit  erect ;  pubescence  of  petioles  and  peduncles  erect ;  leaves  cori- 
aceous, smoothish  above.  From  Surinam,  S.  A.  Flowers  large,  in  early 
spring.  Fruit  very  large,  globose.  In  cultivation,  the  strawberry  requires 
an  open  situation,  and°a  rich,  loamy  soil;  and  the  lu.xuriance  of  its  foliage 
and  flowers  requires  also  copious  supplies  of  water.       Pine-apple  Strawberry. 

12.  DALIBA'RDA. 

Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5 — 6-parted,  spreading,  3  of  the  seg- 
ments larger;  petals  5;  stamens  numerous ;  styles  5 — S,  long, 
deciduous;  fruit  achenia,  dry  or  somewhat  drupaceous. 

Named  for  Dalibaid,  a  French  botanist. — Small,  perennial  herbs. 


EOSACEiC.  106  GEUM. 

D.    REPENS.  D.  violajoides.    M. 

Pubescent,  bearing  creeping  shoots;  lenves  simple,  roundish-cordate,  cre- 
nate;  pcdtiiicles  1-flowered.  A  little,  creeping,  diffuse  plant,  found  in  woods 
and  mountains.  Leaves  obtuse,  on  fnig,  slender  petioles.  Peduncles  as 
long,  bearing  a  single  white  flower.     Jn.  False  Violet. 

13.     WALDSTEl'iNIA. 

Caljx  o-cleft,  widi  5  alternate  bracteoles;  petals  5,  decid- 
uous; stamens  numerous,  inserted  into  the  caljx;  stales  2-- 
5;  achenia  (ew,  dry,  on  a  dry  receptacle. 

Named  by  Wildenow,  in  honor  of  Franz  de  Waldstein,  a  distinguished  Ger- 
man botanist.  Acaulescent  perennial  herbs,  with  radical,  lobed  or  divided 
leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

W.  fragarioi'des. 

Leaves  trifoliate,  on  long,  radical  petioles  ;  leaflets  cuneate,  incisely  crenate- 
dentate,  ciliate;  scapes  bracted,  many-flowered;  tube  of  caly.x  obconic.  A 
liandsome  plant,  found  in  hilly  woods,  N.  H.,  bearing  some  resemblance  to 
tiie  strawberry',  a  few  inclies  to  half  a  foot  high.  Leaflets  roundish,  cut  into 
lobes  and  teeth,  sessile,  in  3s,  of  a  dark,  shining  green.  Scape  divided  at  lop  in- 
to a  panicle  of  yellow  flowers,  on  pedicels  bracted  at  base.  Jn.  Dry  Straicbary. 

14.     GEUM. 

Calyx  inferior,  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate  segments  or  brac- 
teoles smaller  and  exterior;  petals  5  ;  achenia  tipped  with 
the  permanent  style,  which  is  mostly  jointed,  bearded  and 
geniculate. 

Gr.  yivcij^  to  taste  well ;  in  allusion  to  the  quality  of  the  root.  Cal.  segments 
deep,  acute,  the  5  alternate  ones  smaller.  Pet.  rounded,  cleft  or  entire,  as 
long  as  the  cal.  and  longer  than  the  fil.  Ova.  numerous  as  the  styles,  fiat, 
ovate,  in  a  roundish  head.     Recep.  columnar. — Perennial  herbs. 

1.  G.  stric'tum. 

Hairy,  radical ;  leaves  interruptedly^  pinnate,  cauline  ones  3 — .5-foliatc  ;  leaf- 
lets ovute,  dentate,  the  terminal  one  larger;  stipules  erect;  cahjx  with  the  o 
alternate  bracteoles  short,  linear;  -petals  roundisli,  a  little  longer  than  the  ca- 
lyx; aions  naked,  hooked.  Habit  various.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  with  a 
cluster  of  large,  jellow  flowers  at  top,  on  short  pedicels.  Petals  about  the 
length  of  the  long  calyx  segments.     31.     Aug.  Ydloic  .'ivcns. 

2.  G.  riva'le. 

Pubescent;  stem  simple;  radical  leaves  l3'-rate;  stiptdcs  ovate,  acute,  cut; 
flowers  nodding;  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx;  awns  plumose,  nearly  naked  at 
top,  hooked.  A  fine  plant,  conspicuous  above  ijie  grass  in  wet  meadows, 
for  its  dttrk  colored,  nodding  flowers.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  from  a  creeping, 
woody  rhiy.oma.  Root  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  inclining  to  lyrate,  tiie 
terminal  leaflets  large,  roundish,  lobate  and  crenate  ;  stem  leaves  ternate  or  tri- 
lobate, sessile.  The  stem  divides  at  top  into  several  drooping  flower-stalks, 
forming  a  sort  of  panicle.  Calyx  ])urplish  brown,  closed.  Petals  cbcordate, 
erect,  yellowish  brown,  veined.  The  root  is  aromatic  and  astringent.  June. 
Per.  iVuter  Acens. 


107  SANCIUISORBA. 


3.  G.  Virginia'num. 

Pubescent;  radical  leaves  pinfiate,  cauline  ones  3 — 5- foliate  or  lobed,  all 
unequally  serrate,  cut ;  flowers  erect ;  petals  not  exceeding  the  calyx.  About 
2  feet  high  in  hedges  and  thickets.  Stem  erect,  branching.  The  lower  leaves 
are  Sometimes  ter'nate,  or  even  simple,  with  appendaged  petioles.  Stipules 
large,  cut  into  lobes  and  teeth.  Flowers  small,  whitish.  Styles  bent  and  hairy 
at  t1ie  summit.     July.  White  jivens. 

4.  G.  triflo'rum. 

Hairy  ;  stem  erect,  about  3-flowered  ;  leaves  mostly  radical,  interruptedly 
pinnate,  of  numerous,  cuneate  leaflets,  cut-dentate;  &roc?co/fs  linear,  longer 
than  the  segments;  stifles  plumose,  very  long.  On  the  White  Mts;  in  N.Y., 
&c.  Stems  scarcely  a  foot  high,  with  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves  in  the  middle, 
and  several  bracts  at  the  bases  of  the  long,  slender  pedicels.  At  the  top  it  di- 
vides into  about  3  flower-stalks,  each  bearing  a  single,  large,  purplish  flower. 
June.  Three-flowered  Geum. 

5.  G.  Peck'ii. 

Scape  nearly  naked,  paniculate  above,  many- flowered;  radical  leaves  ]yrSLle- 
pinnate,  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large,  roundish,  somewhat  lobed,  cut-den- 
tale  or  crenate,  tlie  lateral  ones  minute;  petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 
White  Mts.  A  species  remarkable  for  its  large  root-leaves,  which  are  on  long, 
appendaged  petioles,  roundish-reniform,  somewhat  truncate  at  base,  and  with 
radiate  v°eins.     Petals  yellow,  rather  large.     Jl.  Peck's  Geum. 

6.  G.  urba'num. 

Flowers  erect;  awns  hooked,  naked;  cauline  leaves  ternate ;  radical  ones 
lyrate-pinnate,  in  5s;  upper  leaves  ovate;  stipules  large,  roundish.  From 
Europe.  The  root  is  mildly  astringent,  aromatic  like  cloves.  They  are  chewed 
to  correct  a  foul  breath. — Flowers  yellow.     Jn — Aug.  Per.     Common  JJzens. 

15.     SANGUISO'RBA. 
Calyx  tubular,  4-si(led,  limb  4-partecl,  2 — 3-bractecl  at  base  ; 
petals  0;  stamens  4,  opposite  tiie  calyx  segments;  filaments 
dilated  upwards;  style   1,  filiform;  achenium   dry,  included 
in  the  calyx. 

Lat.  sanguis,  sorhere,  q.  d.  to  absorb  blood.  The  plant  has  the  reputation  of 
an  excellent  vulnerary. — Perennial  herbs. 

S.  Canade'nsis. 

Spiles  very  long,  cylindric  ;  stamens  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Stem  herbaceous,  2 — 3  feet  high,  smooth,  striate.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 
Leaflets  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate.  Flowers  reddish-white,  in  long,  terminal 
spikes,  appearing  in  July,     ^'ative  in  wet  grounds,  and  cultivated. 

Canada  Burnet. 

IG.    AGRIMO'NIA. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  contracted  at  the  throat,  and  with  hooked 
bristles  above;  petals  5;  stamens  12 — 15;  achenia  2,  in  the 
bottom  of  the  calyx  tube. 

Gr.  ayqoi,  field,  and  ittovoj,  alone;  a  name  of  dignity,  on  account  of  its 
reputed  excellence  in  medicine,     Cal.  inferior,  tubular.     jPet.  flat,  emarginate. 


KOSACEiE.  108  SPIRiBA. 

Fil.  shorter  tlian  cor.,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  cal.     Ova.  ovate,  flattened,  in 
the  bottom  of  the  cal.     Styles  lateral,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

A.  eupato'ria. 

Stem-leaves  pinnate,  the  odd  one  petiolate ;  fniit  hispid.  This  plant  is  com- 
mon bv  road-sides,  margins  of  fields,  &c.  Stem  angular,  hairy,  2  feet  higii. 
Leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  the  leaflets  ovate,  acutely  toothed,  smoothisii, 
sessile,  the  terminal  one  stalked.  Flowers  yellow,  scattered  in  along,  slender 
spike.  Calyx  half  as  long  as  the  petals,  persistent,  hispid,  with  hooked  bris- 
tles. The  plant  is  bitter,  aromatic,  astringent  and  tonic.  In  June  and  July, 
when  in  flower,  it  dyes  wool  a  nankeen  color;  in  September,  a  darker  hue. 
Per.  Jigriiiiony. 

p.  parviflora.  Stem-leaves  pinnate,  the  odd  one  sessile  ;  fruit  hispid.  Fields. 
Stem  2  feet  high.  Leaflets  mostly  linear-lanceolate,  serrate.  Petals  once  and 
a  half  the  length  of  the  calyx.     Flowers  small,  yellow.     Jl.     Per. 

17.     POTE'RIUM. 

Flowers  monoecious.  S/en'/e, — calyx  of  4  leaves;  corolla 
4-parted  ;  stamens  30 — 40.  Fertile^ — calyx  of  4  leaves ;  cor- 
olla 4-parted;  ovaries  2;  fruit  2-celled,  invested  with  the 
calyx. 

Literally  a  drinking  vessel,  and  hence  a  beverage;  the  plant  is  used  as 
inirredient  in  some  medicinal  drinks. 

P.  sanguiso'rba. 

Unarmed;  siem  subangular;  stamens  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  From 
Europe.  The  Burnet  is  less  valued  in  medicine  than  formerly.  The  leaves, 
when  bruised,  smell  like  cucumbers,  and  are  used  as  a  salad.     Jn.     Per. 

Burnet. 

18.     S  P  I  R  iE'  A  . 
Calyx  inferior,  5-cleft;  petals  5;  stamens  10 — 50,  exsert; 
carpels  distinct,  follicular,  1-celled,  2-valved,  1 — 3-seeded. 

Gr.  ffTfUgov,  a  coil  or  wreath ;  in  allusion  to  the  spire-like  form  of  the  clus- 
ters. Cal.  spreading.  Pet.  roundish.  Fil.  numerous,  nearly  as  long  as  cor. 
Caps,  as  many  as  the  stig. — Unarmed  shrubs  or  perennial  iierbs. 

1.  S.    TOMENTO'SA. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  tomcntose  beneath;  floipers  doubly 
racemed.  A  shrubby  plant  about  3  feet  high,  very  common  in  pastures  and 
low  grounds.  The  stem  is  woody,  hard,  brittle,  and  consequently  very  trouble- 
some to  the  scythe  of  the  mower.  Leaves  leathery,  dark  green  above,  whitish 
and  downy  beneath.  Flowers  small,  purplish,  with  numerous  and  conspicu- 
ous stamens,  forming  dense,  conical  and  terminal  clusters,  of  some  beauty. 
The  fruit  which  succeeds,  remains  upon  the  dead  stalks  during  winter,  furnish- 
ing food  for  the  snow-bird.     July.     Aug.  Hard-hack. 

2.  S.    SALICIFo'lIA.      L.  S.  alba.     Mx. 

XeaTJCs  elliptical-lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth  ;  _^f)7ccrs  panicled.  A  slender 
shrub,  3  or  4  feet  high,  in  meadows,  «fec.,  distinguished  from  the  foregoing  by 
smooth  leaves  and  whiter,  larger,  thinner  clusters  of  flowers.     Stem  reddish, 


LEGUMINOS^.  109  GILLENIA. 

woody.     Leaves  acutely  serrate,  thin,  smooth  on  both  sides.    Flowers  white, 
small,  in  large,  cylindric  panicles,  terminal  and  axillary.     Jl.     Aug. 

Meadow-sweet. 

3.  S.  aru'ncus. 

Leaves  3-pinnate,  membranaceous ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
tlie  terminal  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  doubly  and  sharply  serrate;  flmm-s  very 
numerous,  small,  white.  A  tall,  branching  herb,  on  the  Cattskill  Mts.,  &c. 
Tor.  <^  Gray. 

4.  S.  hypericifo'lia. 

Leaves  obovate,  entire  or  toothed  at  the  apex  ;  mnhels  sessile.  A  handsome 
shrub,  4  or  5  feet  high,  cultivated  in  shrubberies.  Leaves  an  inch  long.  Flow- 
ers abundant,  white,  in  smooth,  lateral  umbels,  appearing  in  May.  In  Eu- 
rope, where  it  is  common,  it  is  called  the  Jtalian  St.  Jokus-wort.     Hard-hack. 

5.  S.  opulifo'lia. 

Leaves  ovate,  3-lobpd,  serrate;  eorijinls  stalked.  River  banks  throughout 
the  Northern  and  Middle  States.  A  shrub  4  feet  high,  sometimes  seen  in  our 
shrubberies.  Leaves  like  those  of  the  viburnum  opulus.  Flowers  white,  in 
crowded,  terminal  corymbs.  Capsules  inflated,  smooth,  of  a  shining  brown. 
Styles  3.     June. 

19.  GILLE'NIA. 

Calyx  infundibuliform,  5-toothed  ;  petals  5;  stamens  10 — 

15,  very  short;  styles  5;  carpels  5,  connate  at  base,  each  2- 
seeded. 

Gr.  yiXuco,  to  laugh  ;  on  account  of  its  exhilarating  qualities.  Cal.  tubular, 
with  an  expanding,  5-toothed  border.  Cor.  partly  unequal.  Pet.  lanceolate, 
tapering  at  the  claws.  Stem  included.  Capsule  opening  within. — Perennial 
herbs,  with  trifoliate  leaves. 

G.  trifoi.ia'ta. 

Leaves  trifoliate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  nearly  equal ;  stipules  linear,  entire ; 
floicers  in  loose,  terminal  panicles;  crt/(/2- tubular-canipanulate  ;  styles  5.  A 
handsome  herbaceous  plant,  2  feet  high,  with  ternate  or  trilobate  leaves,  and 
white  flowers  appearing  in  June.  Indian  Phi/sic. 


ORDER    XLIX.    LEGUxMINOSiE.  Leguminous  or  Bean  Tribe. 

fa/.— Sepals  generally  -3.  more  or  less  united,  often  unequal. 

(k)r. — Petals  5,  eitlier  papilionaceous  or  regular,  peri^n,-uous. 

Sta. — Diadelphous,  nionadclphous  or  distinct.    Anthers  versatile. 

Oca. — Superior,  single  and  simple.     Sh/le  and  stigma  simple. 

Fr. — A  legume,  either  continuous  (1-celled),  or  (a  lament)  jointed  into  1-seeded  cells. 

Sds. — Solitarj'  or  several,  destitute  of  albumen. 

An  immense  family,  consisting  of  herbs,  shrubs  and  trees,  with  alternate,  usually  com- 
pound leaves.  Stipules  2.  at  the  swelling  base  of  the  petiole.  Stipelles  connnonly  S,  at 
the  base  of  each  leaflet.  The  Order  is  divided  into  two  principal  Suborders,  whose  char- 
acters are  indicated  further  on;  viz.  Suborder  I,  Papilionace.e,  and  Subnrder'J,  MimosE-E. 

Geography.  The  Leguminosffi  are  distributed  throughout  all  lands,  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  unimportant  Islands,  from  the  Equator  to  either  of  the  frigid  zones.  Of  its  3300 
Epecies  known,  about  290  are  natives  of  the  United  States,  ]6U2  (according  to  De  Caudolle) 
inhabit  the  Torrid  Zone.  1302,  north  of  that  Zone,  and  424,  south  of  it. 

K 


leguminos;e,  110  lathyrus. 

Properties.  No  family  of  the  vegetable  kino:doni  possesses  a  higher  claim  to  the  attention 
of  the  naturalist  tliau  the  LesjuminosaRj  whether  we  regard  them  as  ohjecis  of  ornament  or 
utility.  Of  the  former  we  miglit  mention  the  splendid  varieties  of  Cercis,  with  their  purple 
flowers,  the  Acacias,  with  their  airy  foliage  and  silky  stamens,  the  pride  of  India,  Collulea 
and  Caesalpiua,  with  a  host  of.olhers,  wiiich,  like  the  Sweet  Pea,  are  redolent  willi  per- 
fume. Of  the  latter,  the  Beans,  Peas,  Lentils,  Clover  and  Lucerne,  are  too  well  known  to 
require  particular  conmieudation.  Among  timber  trees  the  Rosewood  (a  Brazilian  species 
of  Mimosa),  the  Laburnum,  whose  wood  is  durable  and  of  an  olive-green  color,  and  the 
Locust  (Robinia)  of  our  own  country,  are  pre-eminent. 

The  following  are  a  few  of  tlie  important  officinal  products  of  this  order.  In  medicine  : 
liquorice  is  the  product  of  the  root  of  Glycyrrhiza  glabra  of  S.  Europe.  The  purgative  senna 
consists  o(  tlic  leaves  of  Cassia  semia,  C.  aeutifolia,  C,  iEthiopiea  and  oilirr  species  of 
Egypt  and  Arabia.  C.  Marylandica  is  also  acatliartic,  but  more  mild  than  llie  iumier.  The 
sweet  pulp  tamarind,  is  the  product  of  a  large  and  beautiful  tree  (Tamarindus  Indica)  of 
the  E.  aiui  W.  Indies.  Resins  and  balsams  :  Gwm  Senegal  is  yielded  by  Acacia  Verek  of 
the  river  Senegal ;  Gum  Arabic,  by  several  species  of  Acacia  of  central  Africa;  Chim  Tra- 
gacynth,  by  Astragalus  verus.  &c.  of  Persia.  Baham  Copaiva  is  the  product  of  several  spe- 
cies of  Copaifera,  natives  of  Brazil  and  AV.  India ;  Balsam  Tolu  of  Myospennum  toluife- 
rum,  of  Peru,  and  balsam  Peru  of  AI.  peruiferum  of  the  same  country.  Dyes,  &c.  Indigo, 
the  most  valuable  of  all,  (but  a  violent  poison,)  is  the  product  of  several  southern  species  of 
Indigolera,  as  I.  anil  of  the  W.  Indies,  and  I.  argentea  of  Egypt.  Brazil-wood,  from  Caes- 
alpiua Braziiieusis.  Log-icood  from  Haematoxylon  Campeachianum,  of  Campeachy,  and 
Red-saiidal-wood  Irom  Plerocarpus  santalinus  of  Egypt,  &.e.  &.c. 

Conifpcctus  of  the  Genera. 

*  Corolla  papilionaceous. 

(  Calyx  5-tootlied,  Melilotus.  6 

(1 — 2-seeded;  I  Calyx  4-toothed,  Anipliicarpaa.  7 

Legumes  'j  many-seeded  ;  calyx  5-toothed,  Pluvteolus.  5 

i(  l-.jointed,.l-seeded;  diadelphous,  Lespedeza.  8 

\  2-jointed,  1-seeded  ;  monadel.      Htylosantites.  12 

pinnately ;  1  Lonient     (many-jointed,         .        .        .         Desniodiitm.  11 

(  I/cgume  falcate  or  spiral,  Medirago.  i) 

I  Legu.  short,  few-seeded,  Trifuliuin.  1(1 
(  Sta. diadelphous;  (  Legu.  square,  4-winged,  Tciragonolobus.VS 

palmately;  (  Stamens  distinct,  equal,           .        .        .        Baptisia.  17 

(  outside,       .     Lnt/iijrus.  1 

(  and  produced  (  Style  villous  |  inside,     .         Vicia,  Pisum.  2,  '-i 

\  into  tendrils  ;  )  Style  glabrous,            .        .     Ervum.  4 

(■  abruptly,     (  not  cirrhose;  .^tam.  monadelphous;  leaflets  4,  Arachis.  16 

I  linear,  many-seeded.  iV/j/ifo.vi'rt.  14 

(  Leg.  flat  (  oblong,  1 — 4-seeded,  Glycyrrhiza.  15 

Leafl.  ]                      (  1-celled,  grooved,  P/ioca.  18 

9—3:1 ;  (  Leg.  turgid  )  sub-2-celled,           Astragalus.  19 

]               (  Herbs;  (  Leaflets  5 — 7 ;  stem  twining,       -        .    Apios.  21 

I                                                                     1  inflated,  ,        .         CoUutea.  22 

i                                  (  Legume  \  terete,  arcuate,  .     Indigo/era.  20 

uneq-  |  Slirubs  unarmed ;  j  Loment  jointed,        .        .         Coronilla.  24 

pinnate  [  ually  ;[  Trees,  &c.  armed  with  spiny  stipules,        .         .     Robinia.  23 

I  Herbs ;  stamens  10,  monadelphous,      ....         Crotularia.  2.5 

J                   (  Calyx  2-leaved,  with  two  bracteoles,     .        .     Vlex.  2(i 

"]  Shrubs ;(  Calyx  2-lipped,  5-toothed,             .        .        .         Genista.  27 

simple.    I.  Trees  ;  stamens  di.stinct ;  legume  flat,    ....     Cercis.  23 

**  Corolla  not  papilionaceous. 

(  Loment  lor  more  joint.  Mi)nosa.  32 

(  Fls.  polygamous  ;  i  Legume  not  jointed,  Acaeia.  33 

(  Shrubs;  I  Flowers  perfect ;  stamens  10,   .        .        .  (hesalpina.  31 

V  I  1  unarmed, Gymnocladus.  34 

g  fbipinnate,  &c.  ( Trees,    (spiny, Gleditschia.  35 

g  ]  palmately  .5 — 15-lbliate  ;  stamens  monadelphous.      Herbs.   .        .  I.upinus.  29 

,j  (  unequally  pinnate,  without  tendrils  ;  sta.  10  distinct.     Herbs.  .  Cassia.  30 

Tribe  1,  PAPILIONACEiE. 

Corolla  papilionacenns,  rnreJy  somcirliat  regular,  imbriciite  or  verillanj  in 
asfivdtion.  Stamens  10,  dludelplwus,  rarely  monaddplwus  or  distinct,  inserted 
■with  the  petals  into  the  base  cj  the  calij.c. 


LEGCMINOS*.  Ill  I.ATHTP.US. 

1.    LA'THYRUS. 
Caljxcampanulatc,  the  two  upper'segments  shortest;  stjle 
flat,  dilated  above,  pubescent  or  villous  along  the  inside,  next 
the  free  stamen. 

The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Sweet  Pea.  Cor.  5-petaled,  vex.  largest, 
obcordate  ;  aire  oblonji,  obtuse,  curved  upwards,  approximate  ;  keel  of  2  uni- 
ted petals  with  separate  claws.  Style  ascending,  bent  at  a  right  angle  with 
the  ovar}'. — Herbaceous,  mostly  climbinp;.  Leailets  from  one  pair  to  several. 
Petioles  produced  into  tendrils.     Peduncles  axillary. 

1.  L.    VENO'SUS.      Muk. 

Siem  4-coraered,  naked;  stipules  semi- sagittate,  lanceolate,  very  small; 
peduncles  8 — 16-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  hujlets  h — 7  pairs,  some- 
what alternate,  obtusish,  mucronate.  Stexii  erect,  2 — 3  feet  higli.  Flowers 
purple.     In  shady  grounds.     Jn.     Jl. 

2.  L.    OCHROLEU'CUS.      Hook. 

Stem  slender;  peduncles  7 — 10-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  upper 
segments  of  the  calyx  truncate,  angular  ;  leijlrts  about  3  pairs,  broadly  ovate; 
stipules  senii-cordale.  A  small,  delicate  species,  in  shady  places  and  river 
banks.     June.     July. 

3.  L.    PALU'STRIS. 

S/f?rt  winged;  stipules  semi-sagittate,  large,  ovate,  mncronate ;  Icajlcts  in 
3  pairs,  oblong-ovate,  mucronate  ;  peduncles  3 — 5-flowered,  rather  larger  than 
the  leaves.  A  slender  climber,  found  in  wet  meadows  and  thickets.  Leaves 
pinnate-cirrhose,  broad  or  narrow-ovate.  Flowers  variegated  with  purple  and 
blue,  drooping.  Stems  square,  broadly  winged  at  the  angles,  slender,  sup- 
ported by  the  tendrils.     Jn,     Jl.     Per.  Marsh  Latliyrus. 

4.  L.    M.4Rr'TIMUS.      Bio.  Pisum  maiitimum.     P. 

Stem  quadrangular,  compressed  ;  petioles  flat  above  ;  si/pi/Zfs  sagittate  ;  leaf- 
lets  numerous,  subalternate,  ovate  ;  ■peduncUs  many-flowered.  A  pale  green, 
creeping  plant,  resembling  the  common  pea,  found  on  sandy  shores.  Stem 
rigid,  1 — 2  feet  in  length.  Stipules  connate.  Leaves  ending  in  a  branching 
tendril,  the  lower  pairs  of  leaflets  largest.  Flowers  large,  blue.  Pod  hairy. 
.May — July.     Per.  Beach  Pea. 

5.  L.    MYRTIFO'LIUS.      Muh. 

Stem  quadrangular,  winged,  weak  and  flexuous;  stipules  semi-sagittate, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  leaflets  2  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  mucro- 
nate, vei[iless ;  peduncles  longer  tlian  the  leaves,  4 — 5-flowered.  A  little  climb- 
ber,  growing  on  river  banks.     Stem  about  3  feet  long.    Flowers  red.    Jl.    Per. 

6.  L.    LATIFO'L[US. 

Peduncles  m^ny-{[oweTed;  tendrils  2-]cs.veA,  the  leaflets  hnceo]a.te  ;  joints 
membranous-winged.  A  very  showy  plant  for  gardens  and  arbors,  native  of 
England.  Stem  G  feet  long,  climbing,  wiijged  between  the  joints.  Flowers 
pinli.     Jl. — Sept.     Per.  Everlasting-  Pea. 

7.  L,   odor.\'tus. 

Peduncles  2-flowered;  tendrils  2Ieaved,  the  leaflets  ovate-oblong;  legumes 


I-EGUMINOSiE.  112 


liirsute.    A  well  known  garden  flower,  native  of  Sicily.    The  flowers  appear 
in  June,  are  large,  variegated  with  red  and  white.     Very  fragrant.     Ann. 

Sweel  Pea. 

8.  L.    SATi'VUS. 

Peduncles  l-Roweied;  tendrils  2 — 4-leaved  ;  ;?oJs  ovate,  compiessed,  with 
two  edoes  at  the  back.  Native  of  S.  Europe,  where  it  has  been  sometimes 
cultivated  for  food ;  but  it  proved  to  be  a  slow  poison,  both  to  man  and  beast, 
producing  ultimately  entire  helplessness,  by  rendering  the  limbs  rigid,  but 
without  pain.     Ann.  Cluck  Pea. 

9.  L.  Cly'imenum. 

Pednncles  2-flowered  ;  tendrils  many-leaved  ;  leaflets  lanceolate ;  stipules 
toothed.     Native  of  Levant.     Ann.  Various-floieered  Pea. 

2.     V  I'  C I  A  . 

Calyx  with  3  inferior  segments,  straight,  and  longer  than 
the  2  above;  vexillum  emarginate;  style  transversely  beard- 
ed beneath  the  stigma. 

Celtic  gicig,  whence,  Gr.  /Stx-ioy.  Lat.  vicia,  Fr.  Tcsce.,  Eng.  vetch.  Cor. 
of  5  petals,  vex.  largest,  oval,  ascending,  alee  oblong,  approx.,  carina  flattened, 
of  2  united  petals  with  separate  claws.  Fil.  10,  4  united  into  a  compressed 
tube,  open  at  the  upper  edge,  the  others  hair-like,  separate.  Stig.  obtuse, 
with  a  tuft  of  hairs  in  front,  below  the  summit.— Mostly  climbing  herbs.  Leaf- 
lets several  pairs.  Petioles  produced  into  branching  tendrils.  Peduncles 
axillary. 

1.  V.    AmERICA'NA.      Muh. 

Smooth;  peduncles  4— S-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  stipules  semi- 
sagittate,  deeply  dentate;  lenflets  10—14,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  mucro- 
nale,  veined,  somewhat  alternate  ;  legumes  oblong-linear,  compressed,  reticu- 
lated. Stems  slender,  1 — 3  feet  long.  Flowers  blue  or  purple.  Lower  calyx 
teeth  broad-lanceolate,  much  longer  than  the  2  upper.  Style  very  hairy  at 
the  summit.     May.  jimerican  Vetch. 

2.  V.  Carolinia'na.      IValt. 

Pednncles  many-flowered  ;  flotcers  distant ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  shorter  than 
the  tube,  the  two  upper  very  short;  style  hairy  at  the  summit;  letifcts  8^2, 
linear-oblong,  smootliish  ;  legumes  not  reticulated,  oblong.  Woods  and  river 
banks.  A  slender  climber,  "4 — G  feet  long.  Flowers  pale  blue,  the  banner 
tipped  with  deep  purple.     May.     Per.  Carolinian  Vetch. 

3.  V.    TETRASPF/RMA.      Loisel.  V.  pusilla.     Mh. 

Peduncles  about  2-flowered  ;  calyx  teeth  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  tube  ; 
legume  smooth,  4-sceded  ;  lenflcls  4— (i,  small,  linear ;  stipules  lanceolate,  semi 
sagittate.  Slender  and  delicate  plants,  growing  on  banks  of  streams,  Slc. 
Flowers  very  small,  bluish  white.     Legumes  about  5-seeded.     Jl.     Ann. 

Slender  Vetch. 

4.  V.  sati'va. 

Flowers  2,  subsessile  ;  stipules  toothed,  dotted  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  refuse, 
mucronate ;    legumes  erect,  roundish,  smooth.      A  slender,  climbing  plant. 


LEGUMINOS^. 


113 


found  in  cultivated  fields,  probably  introduced.  Stem  square.  Leaflet^  in 
5_G  pairs,  lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  abrupt.  Flowers  axillary,  purple.  Stip- 
ules marked  with  a  dark  spot.     J  a.     Ann.  Cumvion  Vetch. 

5.  V.  Cracca. 

Flowers  in  imbricated  spikes;  lenjlds  lanceolate,  pubescent ;  stipnhs  semi- 
sagittate,  linear-subulate,  entire.  A  slender  climber,  2—3  ieet  long,  about 
fences,  hedges,  thickets,  <^-c.  Stem  square,  downy.  Leaves  of  many  pairs 
of  downy,  iTuicronate  leaflets,  with  a  branched  tendril  at  the  end  of  the  prin- 
cipal stalk.  Flowers  blue  and  purple,  arranged  in  a  long,  dense,  one-sided 
raceme.     July.     Per.  Toficd  Vetch. 

6,  V.  Faba. 

S:em  many-flowered,  rigidly  erect;  legumes  subsessile,  torulose;  leaflets 
oval,  entire,  acute  ;  s<j/;uZes  sagittate,  dentate  at  base.  Native  of  Egypt.  This 
epecies  is  one  of  our  most  valuable  field  or  garden  legumes.  Among  its  nu- 
merous varieties,  the  Magazan  is  the  earliest  and  tlie  Windsor  the  largest. 
June.     Ann.  Garden  Bean.     IVindsur  Bean. 

3.  PISUM. 

Calyx  segments  leafy,  two  upper  ones  a  little  shorter  than 
the  rest;  vexillum  with  2  protruding  Iblds  ;  style  compressed, 
carinate,  villous  on  the  upper  side;  suture  of  the  legume 
without  down. 

Celtic  pis  a  pea.  Cor.  papilionaceous.  Fil.  10,  united  into  a  tube  open  on 
upper  edge.     Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  ending  with  branching  tendrils. 

P.    SATl'VUM. 

Petioles  round  ;  stipules  round  at  base,  crenate  ;  ■pedundcs  many-flowered. 
One  of  the  most  valuable  of  leguminous  plants.  It  has  been  cultivated  from 
time  immemorial,  so  that  its  native  country  is  unknown.  It  has  many  varie- 
ties, of  which  the  most  remarkable  is  /3.  hvmile,  the  dwarf  pea,  with  an  erect, 
bushy  stem  not  climbing,  and  roundish  leaflets.  Jn.  Ann.    Common  Gard.  Pea. 

4.  ERVUM. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  acute,  linear  and  nearly  equal  seg- 
ments^ about  the  length  of  the  corolla  ;  stigma  capitate,  smooth. 

Celtic  erw,  tilled  lands;  to  which  this  plant  is  a  pest.— Annual  herbs. 
Leaflets  numerous.     Petioles  produced  into  tendrils. 

1.  E.  hirsu'tum. 

Peduncles  many-flowered  ;  legumes  hirsute,  2-seeded  ;  leaflets  linear,  trun- 
cate. A  leguminous,  creeping  weed,  1 — 3  feet  in  length,  found  in  cultivated 
fields.     Flowers  purple.     June.     Ann.  Creeping  Vetch. 

2.  E.    LENS. 

Peduncles  2-flowered  ;  seeds  compressed  ;  leaflets  entire.  Native  of  orien- 
tal countries,  France,  &.C.  A  legume  of  the  highest  antiquity,  known  and 
valued  in  Esau's  time,  and  among  eastern  nations  ever  since.  In  Egypt  and 
Syria,  Lentils  are  parched  and  taken  bv  travelers  in  long  journies.  The  plant 
is  prostrate  or  climbing,  1  foot  in  length.  Flov.'ers  pale  purple.  May.  Jn. 
Annual.  Lentil. 

K* 


LEGUMINOS^.  114  PHASEOLCS. 

5.    PHASE' OLUS. 

Keel  with  the  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted  ;  legume 
compressed,  falcate,  many  seeded  ;  seeds  compressed,  reni- 
form  ;  calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  two  upper  segments  often 
united. 

Lat.  phasehis,  a  little  boat,  which  the  pods  may  be  said  to  resemble. — Herb- 
aceous, twining  or  trailing.     Leaflets  stalked. 

1.  P.    DIVERSIFO'LIUS. 

Stem,  prostrate,  diffuse,  scabrous  with  recurved  hairs;  lenflcts  angular ,  2 — 
3-lobed  or  entire  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaf,  few-flowered;  lower  tooth 
of  the  calyx  longer  tlian  the  tube  ;  legvmes  pubescent,  broadly  linear,  cylin- 
dric.  A  creeping  or  climbing  plant,  3 — 5  feet  lor>g,  on  sandy  shores.  Pod 
becomes  black  when  ripe,  5 — 7-seeded.     Corolla  purplish,    Aug. — Oct.  Ann. 

2.  P.  helve'olus. 

Slevi  slender,  twining ;  leaflets  between  oblong-ovate  and  linear,  entire  ; 
peduncles  slender,  several  times  longer  than  the  leaves,  lew-flowered  ;  legume 
straight,  cylindric,  8 — 10-seeded.     Grows  in  sandy  fields.     Aug.    Sept. 

3.  P.  pere'nnis. 

Twining,  pubescent;  racemes  paniculate,  mostly  in  pairs,  axillary  ;  leaflets 
ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved;  legumes  pendulous,  falcate,  broad-mucronate. 
A  slender,  twining  vine,  several  feet  long,  in  dry  woods.  Panicles  of  flowers 
C — 12  inches  long,  exceeding  the  leaf,  1 — 3  together.  Corolla  red  and  pur- 
ple.    July.     Per.  Bean  Vine. 

4.  P.  vulga'ris. 

Raceme  solitary,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  peduncles  in  pairs;  Icgujnes  pen- 
dulous, long-mucronate.  Native  of  E.  Indies.  Universally  cultivated  in  the 
garden,  not  only  for  the  sake  of  its  matured  fruit,  but  for  its  young  pods,  which 
constitute  that  favorite  dish  called  string-hcans.  Varieties  are  produced  by 
cultivation,  in  respect  botii  to  the  hight  of  the  stem  and  the  color  of  the  fruit. 
Leaves  ternate,  leaflets  nearly  smooth,  broad  ovate-,  acuminate.  Stipules 
oblong.  Flowers  4  or  G,  in  each  cluster,  their  pedicels  opposite,  pale-bluish 
white.     July.     Ann.  Common  Pole  Bean. 

5.  P.  multiflo'rus. 

Raceme  solitary ,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  peduncles  opposite  ;  pods  pendulous  ; 
bracts  appressed,  a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Native  of  S.  America.  Stem 
twininof,  many  feet  in  length,  with  numerous  clusters  of  brilliant  scarlet  flow- 
ers.    Fruit  considered  less  valuable  for  the  table  than  the  last.     Jl.    Ann. 

Scarlet  Kidney  Bean, 

6.  P.  luna'tus. 

Legumes  scimetar-shaped ;  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves;  peduncles  in 
pairs;  secrf.s  compressed,  purplish-white.  NativeofE.  Indies.  Stem  twining, 
of  great  length.     Flowers  of  a  greenish  white.    Jl.     Ann.  Lima  Beau. 

7.  P.    NANUS. 

Stein  smooth ;  bracts  larger  than  the  calyx ;  pods  pendulous,  compressed,, 
rugose.  From  India.  Stem  erect,  a  foot  high.  Flowers  white.  June. 
Ann.  Common  dwarf  Kidney-Bean.     Buck  Bean, 


LEGUMIKOS^.  115  LESPEDEZA. 

6.    MELILO'TUS. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed;  keel  simple,  shorter  than  the 
ate  and  vexillum;  legume  rugose,  longer  than  the  calyx; 
flowers  racemose. 

Lat.  md,  honey,  and  lotus.  In  drying  it  exhales  a  sweet  scent.  Tliis  genus 
was  taken  from  Trifoliinn,  from  wliich  genus  it  technically  differs  in  the  pods, 
they  being  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  in  the  inflorescence  being  racemose, 
not  in  heads. 

M.   OFFICINA'LIS.      P.  Trifolium  officinalis.     L. 

Slemevect;  /flffl/Zcfs  ovate-oblong,  dentate  ;  legumes  naked,  2-seeded,  rugose, 
in  racemes.  This  kind  of  trefoil  is  about  3  feet  high,  growing  in  meadows, 
indigenous  according  to  Eaton.  Stem  furrowed,  branching.  Leaves  ternate, 
leaflets  oblong,  narrow,  obtuse,  smooth,  with  minute,  mucronated  teeth.  Flow- 
ers yellow,  in  long,  one  sided,  axillary,  erect  racemes.  Pods  oval,  pendulous. 
The  whole  plant  is  sweet-scented.     Jn.     Ann.  McLilot  Trefoil. 

/3  alba,  sometimes  made  a  distinct  species,  is  the  common  Sweet-scented  clo- 
ver of  tlie  gardens.  The  stem  is  robust,  very  blanching,  4 — G  feet  high. 
Flowers  small,  very  numerous,  white.  Leaves  ternate,  oval,  more  obtuse  at 
tlie  summit  tlian  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate.  The  whole  plant  sweet-scent- 
ed.    June — Aug.     Naturalized.  Sweet-scented  Clover. 

7.    AMPHICARPJE'A. 

Calyx  tubular,  campanulate,  4-toothed,  (or  5-toothed,  the 
upper  2  united)  with  nearly  equal  segments;  petals  oblong  ; 
vexillum  with  the  sides  oppressed;  stigma  capitate;  ovary  oa 
a  sheathed  stipe;  legume  flat,  2 — 4-seeded. 

Gr.  au,(pi,  around,  icaQTroi,  fruit ;  in  reference  to  the  ovary  sheathed  at  base. 
Only  the  upper  flowers  are  complete,  but  usually  barren;  those  upon  the  low- 
er prostrate  branches,  apetalous  and  fertile. — Slender,  twining  annuals. 

A.   MONOl'CA.      JN'""-  Glycine  monoica.     L. 

Leaves  ternate,  ovate,  acute,  smooth  ;  stcvi  hairy  ;  racemes  of  the  stem  with 
pendulous,  petaliferous,  barren  flowers  ;  radical  peduncles  with  apetalous,  fer- 
tile flowers.  A  very  slender  vine,  in  woods  and  thickets.  Stem  twining, 
rough  backwards.  Leaves  very  thin.  Racemes  axillary,  few-flowered. 
Flowers  pale-purple.     Jl.     Aug.     Per.  Pea  Fine. 

8.    LESPEDE'ZA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  complete,  bibracieoiate  at  base,  segments 
nearly  equal;  keel  ot'  the  corolla  obtuse;  loment  lenticular, 
unarmed,  one-seeded. 

Named  by  iVlichaux,  in  honor  of  Lespedez,  a  governor  of  Florida,  who  pro- 
tected tiiat  botanist  during  his  researches.  A  genus  taken  from  Hedysarum, 
from  wliich  it  diflTers  in  the  loment,  which  is  lens-shaped,  smooth,  with  one 
seed  only.     Perennial  herbs. 

1.   L.    CAPITA'ta.      Mx.  L.  frutescens.     Ell. 

Liaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  elliptical,  obtuse,  silky-pubescent ;  stipules  subulate  ; 

fascicles  of  flowers  ovate,  sub-capitate,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary ;  lo 


LECiUMlNOS-E.  116  MEDICAGO. 


merits  hairy,  shorter  than  the  villous  calyx.  A  slender,  hairy,  shrubby  plant, 
2 — 4  feet  high,  found  in  dry  woods.  Leaves  very  numerous,  on  sliort  petioles, 
each  consisting  of  3  mucronated  leaflets,  covered  with  silken  down  beneath, 
smooth  above.     Flowers  white  and  red.     Sept.  Buih  Clover. 

2.  L.    HIRTA. 

Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  roundish-elliptic  ;  racemes  capitate,  axillary,  oblong, 
longer  than  the  leaves  ;  corolla  and  lomeitt  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.  A 
plant,  2 — 4  feet  high,  found  in  dry  woods,  erect,  branching  and  very  hairy. 
Leaves  leas  numerous  than  the  last,  on  very  short  stalks,  consisting  of  3  oval 
leaflets,  hairy  beneath.  Peduncle  hairy,  much  longer  than  the  raceme.  Flow- 
ers reddish  white,  crowded.     Aug. — Sept.  Hairy  Lespedcza. 

3.  L.    VIOLA'CEA.      Pers. 

Leaflets  oval -elliptic,  obtuse;  racemes  umbellate,  longer  than  the  petioles; 
floiccrs  inpa'irs;  /omertL^rhomboidal,  reticulate,  smooth.  Dry  woods.  Stems 
long  and  slender,  nearly  erect,  smoothish.  Leaves  consisting  of  3  small, 
mucronated  leaflets,  nearly  smooth.  Flowers  violet-colored,  rather  numerous, 
pedicelled,  arranged  by  pairs  in  slender  racemes,  which  are  disposed  in  the 
form  of  an  umbel.     Pods  I -seeded.     Jl.     Aug.  Violet  Lespedeza. 

/3.  sessiUflora  ;  leaflets  ohlong-ovvA,  obtuse  ; /risfzc/cs  of  flowers  subsessile, 
axillary  and  terminal;  lument  naked,  acute;  calyx  minute.  In  dry  woods. 
Stem  slender,  erect,  branching,  2  feet  high.  Leaves  pubescent  beneath,  on 
long  stalks. consisting  of  3mucronated  leaflets  varying  much  in  size.  Bunches 
of  small,  violet-colored  flowers  numerous,  tiie  axillary  ones  nearly  sessile.  Aug. 

y.  reticulata;  leaflets  oblong-linear,  hairy  beneath  ;  fascicles  oHiowers  sub- 
sessile,  axillary  and  terminal ;  lament  ovate,  reticulate  with  prominent  lines, 
acute.  Dry  woods.  Stem  simple  or  branched,  nearly  smooth.  Leaflets 
very  narrow.     Flowers  violet-colored. 

2-  diver  sens ;  leaflets  oblong,  obtuse  ;  racemes  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  floW' 
«•*•  in  pairs ;  leguvies  ova.ie,  reticulate,  suiooth.  Dry  woods.  Plant  diffuse, 
branching,  erect,  smoothish,  1  or  2  feet  high.  Leaflets  appressed,  hairv  be- 
neath, narrow,  blunt  at  each  end.  Flowers  violet,  in  long,  slender,  axillary 
racemes.     Aug. 

4.  L.  procu'mbens. 

Leaflets  oval,  upper  surface  smooth  ;  racemes  short,  on  very  long,  setaceous 
peduncles;  /o/ni?«^s  roundish,  pubescent ;  .•-■ilcvns  procumbent.  Dry  woods  and 
sandy  fields.  Plant  pubescent  in  all  its  parts.  Stems  several  Iro.m  the  same 
root,  slender,  2 — 3  feet  long.  Leaves  consisting  of  3  oblong  or  roundish  leaf- 
lets, on  hairy  stalks.  Flowers  purple,  in  short,  raceme-like  heads,  axillary, 
the  lower  ones  apetalous,  and  on  short,  the  upper  on  very  long,  thread-like 
filaments.     Aug.  Procuriibent  Lespedeza. 

5.  L.  angustifo'lia. 

Leaves  ternate;  leaflets  oblong,  oval  and  lanceolate,  hoary- pubescent  be- 
neath ;  rarenies  capitate,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  cnrolla  longer  than  the  calyx. 
A  tall,  shiubby  species,  congener  of  L.  cupitata,  found  in  dry  woods.  Stem 
3 — 4  feet  high,  slender.     Flowers  white  or  i eddish.     Sept. 

JVarroic-leaved  Lespedeza. 

9.    MEDICA'GO. 
Keel  of  corolla  deflexed  from  the  vexilliim,  bj  the  falcate 
or  spiral,  compressed  legume. 

Name  derived  from  Medcs,  its  native  country.  Cal.  inferior,  straight,  cyl- 
indric,  in  5  nearly  equal  segments.     Vex.  ovate,  entire,  inflexed  at  the  edges, 


LEGU.MINOSJG. 


117  TRIFOLIUM. 


the  whole  reflexed.  Wings  oblong-ovate,  affixed  to  the  appendages  of  the 
keel,  cohering  by  their  edges  within  it.— Herbaceous,  with  palmately  trifoli- 
ate leaves. 

1.  M.  lupuh'na. 

Spikes  ovate ;  legumes  reniform,  1-seeded,  veiny,  rugose ;  stems  procumbent. 
Pretty  common  in  fields  and  road-sides.  Stems  angular,  leafy.  Leaves  ter- 
nate,  resemblino-  those  of  clover.  Leaflets  obovate,  serrulate,  mucronate. 
Spikes  small,  of'yellow  flowers.  Pods  somewhat  spiral,  a  form  which  char- 
acterizes the  genus.     May— Oct.     Ann.  J^one-sucfi. 

2.  M.    SATi'VA. 

Peduncles racemed;  Zeo'?/7nc5  smooth,  spirally  twisted;  stipules enlhe  ;  leaf- 
lets oblong,  toothed.  A  deep-rooting,  perennial  plant,  sending  up  numerous, 
tall  and  sFender  clover-like  shoots,  with  spikes  of  blue  or  violet  flowers.  Na- 
tive of  Europe,  where  it  is  highly  valued  as  a  forage  plant.  It  has  been  nat- 
uralized and  cultivated  to  some  extent  with  us,  but  has  hitherto  proved  of  less 
value  than  clover.     July.     Per.  Luceni  Medick. 

3.  M.  interte'xta. 

Peduncles  about  2-flowered;  legumes  cochleate,  oval,  with  downy,  seta- 
ceous, pubescent,  reflexed,  appressed  prickles ;  leaflets  ThomholAaX,  toothed. 
Native  of  S.  Europe.  Cultivated  as  a  garden  flower  for  the  curiosity  of  its 
pods.    About  a  foot  in  hight.    Flowers  yellow.    Jn.— Aug.  Ann.     Hedge-hog. 

4.  M.  scutella'ta. 

Peduncles  2-flowered  ;  legumes  unarmed,  cochleate,  orbicular,  convex  at  the 
base,  flat  above,  with  concentric,  spiral  folds.  Native  of  S.  Europe.  Culti- 
vated among  flowers  for  tiie  cuiiosily  of  its  pods,  which  much  resemble  snail 
shells.     July.     Ann.  Snail. 

Several  other  species  are  equally  curious  with  the  above,  and  are  sometimes 
found  in  our  gardens. 

10.    TRIE  O' LIU  M. 

Legume  covered  by  the  caljx,  falling  off  entire,  2 — 4-seed- 
ed;  flowers  subcapitatc. 

Gr.  r(i:(pv>.>.ov.  Fr.  trifle,  Eng.  trefoil.  As  the  name  indicates,  these  plants 
are  trifoliate.  Cal.  inferior,  5-toothed,  perennial.  Cor.  4-petaled,  allmore  or 
less  united  by  their  long  claws,  withering.  Vex.  reflexed.  Wings  all  oblong, 
shorter  than  the  vex.  Keel  1-petaled,  sliorter  tlian  the  wings.  Fil.  9  in  one 
set,  1  in  the  other.  Legumes  short,  membranous,  without  valves,  hardly 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Seeds  roundish. — Herbs.  Leaflets  with  straiglat  veins, 
scarcely  reticulated.     Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  spikes. 

1.  T.  prate'nse. 

Spikes  dense ;  stems  ascending ;  coroVas  unequal ;  loicer  tooth  of  the  calyx 
longer  than  the  four  others,  which  are  equal;  leaflets  ova\,  entire.  This  is 
the^'common  Red  Clover,  so  extensively  cultivated  in  grass  lands,  with  herds 
grass  {Phleum  pratense)  and  other  grasses,  and  often  alone.  Stems  several 
from  tiie  same  root,  hairy.  Leaves  ternate,  the  leaflets  ovate,  lighter  colored 
in  the  centre,  entire  and  nearly  smooth.  Stipules  ovate,  mucronate.  Flow- 
ers red,  in  short,  ovate  spikes  or  heads,  sweet-scented.  Corollas  monopeta- 
lous.    Flowers  all  summer.     Per.  -Rcii  Clover, 


LEGDMINOS^.  118  DESMODIUM. 

2.    T.    REPENS. 

Heads  umhelhle :  legumes  4-seeded;  stems  crcepinfr.  A  common  pnsture 
plant,  much  valued  by  farmers.  Steins  several  from  the  same  root,  sjjreading, 
extendinsj  (j — 12  inches,  rooting  at  the  joints,  smooth.  Leaves  ternate,  on 
long  stalks,  leaflets  roundish,  lighter  colored  in  tlie  centre.  Flowers  white, 
in  a  dense  liead  resembling  an  umbel,  the  stalk  much  longer  than  the  leaves, 
solitary,  axillary,  angular.  Pods  included  within  the  calyx.  The  White  Clo- 
ver grows  in  all  soils,  mountainous,  meadovv'  or  rocky,  and  soon  springs  up 
in  newly  cleared  lands.     May — Sept.     Per.  White  Ciover. 

8.    T.   PROCu'mbens.      L.  T.  procumbens  and  agrarium.     L. 

Spikes  ovo.],  imbricate;  vcxilium  furrowed,  reflexed,  persistent;  siem  pro- 
cumbent; leaflets  obovate.  An  annual  species,  v/ith  bright  yellow  heads  of 
llowers,  found  in  dry  pastures.  Stems  numerous,  spreading,  6 — 12  inches  in 
length.  In  richer  soil,  the  stems  are  procumbent  only  at  the  base,  afterwards 
erect  or  nearly  so,  slender,  smoothish,  reddish.  Leaflets  in  3s,  obovate  or 
roundisli,  the  middle  one  stalked.  Lower  common  leaf-stalks  an  inch  in  length, 
more  or  less.  Spikes  about liO-fiovvered.  oftener  hemispherical,  small  June. 
July.  ■  Yellow  Clover.     Hop  Trefoil. 

4.  T.  arve'nse. 

Heads  cylindrical,  very  hairy  ;  calyx  teeth  setaceous,  longer  than  the  corol- 
la; leaflels  narrow-obovate.  A  low  plant,  abundant  in  dry,  sandy  fields. 
Stems  much  branched,  round,  hair}',  G — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  hairy,  on 
short  petioles,  of  3  narrow  leaflets,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  Stipules 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  often  red.  Heads  of  while  or  pale  red  flowers,  spiked, 
half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  very  soft  and  downy,  the  slender, 
equal  calyx  teeth  being  densely  fringed  with  fine,  siUjy,  reddish  hairs,  and 
projecting  far  beyond  the  corolla.     Jl.     Aug.     Ann.  Hair's-foot  Trefoil. 

5.  T.  me'dium. 

Stem  branching,  flexuous,  suberect ;  leaflets  oblong,  subentire ;  stipvles 
acuminate  ;  heads  of  floaters  loose,  roundish  ;  calyx  hairy,  with  setaceous  teeth. 
Heads  large,  deep  purple.     Leaves  uniformly  green.     Introduced.     Per. 

6.  T.  refle'xum. 

Procumbent,  pubescent;  leaves  obovate;  stipules  cordate,  oblique;  heads 
many-tlowered;  flowers  podicelled,  at  length  reflexed;  /e4'-MOTeA- about  3-seed- 
ed.  Dry  rocky  hills  in  the  S.  States.  Stems  12 — 18  inches  m  length.  Leaves 
of  3  inversely  egg-shaped,  slightly  serrate,  soft,  downy  leaflets,  variegated 
with  white.  Flowers  large  and  handsome,  red,  in  terminal  and  axillary  heads, 
reflexed  when  in  fruit.     Jn.     Per.  Buffalo  Clover. 

11.     D  E  S  M  O'  D  I  U  M  . 

Calyx  S-cIeft,  bilabiate,  bii)raclcolate  at  base;  legume  lo- 
mentaceous,  compressed,  composed  of  several  1-seeded,  sep- 
arable joints. 

Gr.  diiTf/,oi,  a  bond;  in  reference  to  the  slightly  connected  joints  of  the 
loment.  Cal.  lower  lij)  3-parted  or  3-tootlied,  the  upper,  2.  Cor.  papil.  Vex. 
roundish.  Keel  obtuse.  Sla.  diadelphous,  9  iSl  1. — Herbaceous  or  sufjruti» 
cose.     Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate. 


LEGUMINOSjE.  119  DESMODIUM. 

1.   D.    CaNADE'NSE.      Dc.  Hedysarura  Canadense.     L. 

Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  nearly  smooth;  stipules  filiform;  bracts  ovate, 
long-acuminate;  flowers  racemcd;  joints  of  the  himcnt  obtusely  triangular, 
hispid.  Ratlier  common  in  woods.  A  handsome  plant,  about  3  t'eet  in  hight. 
Stern  upright,  striate.  Leaflets  3  inches  long,  broadest  at  base,  pointed,  near- 
ly smooth.  Flowers  purple,  at  the  top  of  the  plant,  in  axillary  and  terminal 
racemes.     Bracts  long.     Pods  about  5-joinled.     Jl.     Per.  Bush  Trifoil, 

2.  D.    ROTUNDIFo'lIUM.      Do.  Hedysarum  rotundifolium.     L. 

Stem  prostrate,  hairy;  leaflets  suborbicular,  hairy  on  both  sides;  bracts 
broadly  ovate,  acuminate;  racemes  few-flowered  ;  jo«n<s  of  the  lament  sub- 
rhomboidal.  A  hairy,  prostrate  plant,  2 — 3  feet  in  length,  found  in  rocky 
woods.  Leaves  of  3  roundish  leaflels,  p;ile  beneath,  1  or  2  inches  in  diame- 
ter, on  hairy  stalks.  Stipules  cordate,  reflexed,  hairy.  Flowers  purple,  ia 
axillary  and  terminal  racemes.     Pods  about  6-jointed.     Aug.     Per. 

Round-leaved  Desmodium. 

3.  D.    CANE'SCENS.      Dc.  Hedysarum  canescens.     L. 

Stem  erect,  branched,  striate,  scabrous;  leaflets  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  scab- 
rous on  the  upper  surface,  soft,  villous  beneatli ;  stipules  large,  oblicjue,  acu- 
Jninate;  panic  es  terminal,  very  long,  densely  canescent,  naked;  joints  of  the 
lament  triangular  ;  upper  lip  of  the  caUjx  nearly  entire.  An  upright,  branching 
plant,  with  very  long  panicles  of  flowers  greenish  externally,  purple  within. 
Stem  3  ft>et  high,  pubescent.  Pods  about  4-jointed.  Found  in  woods.  Aug. 
Perennial.  Green-flowered  Desmodium. 

4.  D.    PANICULA'tuM.      Dc.  Hedysarum  paniculatum.     L. 

Plant  erect,  smooth;  leaflets  thin,  oblong-lanceolate;  stipules  subulate; 
panicle  terminal,  with  long  and  slender  pedicels;  bracts  lanceolate;  joints  of 
the  lament  rhomboidal.  A  handsome  species,  near  3  feet  in  bight,  found  in 
woods.  Stem  slender,  striate.  Leaves  of  3,  smooth,  narrow  leaflets  broadest 
at  the  base,  tapermg  to  an  obtuse  point,  about  3  inches  in  length,  with  subu- 
late, deciduous  bracts.  Pods  4 — 5-jointed,  large.  Flowers  purple,  numerous. 
July.     Per.  Panicled  Desmodium. 

5.  D.    NUDIFLO'RUM.      Dc.  Hedysarum  nudiflorum.     L. 

Leaves  ternate,  roundish-ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  glaucous  beneath  ;  scape 
radical,  panicled,  smooth  ;  joints  of  the  lament  obtusely  triangular.  Common 
in  woods.  It  is  remarkably  distinguished  by  having  its  leaves  and  flowers 
on  separate  stalks,  often  distant  from  each  other.  Stem  8 — 10  inches  high, 
with  several  ternate,  long-stalked,  smooliiish,  terminal  leaves.  Scape  2 — 3 
feet  long,  slender,  smooth,  leafless,  panicled,  with  many  small,  purple  flowers. 
August.     Per.  JS'aked-flawcrcd  Desmodium. 

6.  D.    ACUMINA'tUM.      Dc.  Hedysarum  acuminatum.     M. 

Plant  erect,  simple,  pubescent,  leafy  at  top;  lea  ves  ternate,  ovaie,  long-acu- 
rainate,  the  odd  leaflet  round-rhomboidal ;  panicle  terminal,  on  a  very  long 
peduncle.  Common  in  woods.  Stem  8 — 12  inches  high,  ending  in  a  slender 
panicle  1  or  2  feet  lon<r.  Leaves  at  the  top  of  the  stem  and  below  the  panicle. 
Terminal  leaflet  roundish,  3  inches  in  diameter,  lateral  leaflets  smaller,  all  of 
them  covered  with  scattered,  appressed  hairs  and  conspicuously  pointed. 
Flowers  small,  flesh-colored.  Pod  of  about  3  triangular  joints.  July.  Aug. 
Perennial.  Pointed  Desmodium. 


LKGUMINOSjE. 


120  STYLOSANTHES. 


7.  D.    CUSPIDA'tUM.      T.&/- G.  Hedysarum  cuspidatum.    J\luh. 

Plant  erect  smooth;  /«//?rfs  oblong-oval  or  ovate,  acuminate;  stipules  lan- 
ceolatesubulate  ;  racemes  paniculate,  terminal,  large,  with  scattered  flowers; 
bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  striate,  smooth  ;  joints  of  the  lament  suboval.  A  lar- 
ger species  than  either  of  the  preceding,  found  in  woods.  Stem  branching, 
erect  4  orT)  feet  hio-h.  Leaflets  3  inches  long,  widest  at  base, smooth,  entire, 
pointed.  Stipules  of  the  leaves  ovate,  long-acuminate,  of  the  leaflets  awl- 
shaped.  Flowers  large,  purple,  with  conspicuous  bracts.  Pods  in  about  six 
joints,  long,  pendulous,  rough.     Aug.     Per.  Large  Desmodium. 

8.  D.  CILIA'RE,  Dc.  Hedysarum  ciliare. 
Plant  erect,  slender,  sub-pubescent;  /cares  crowded,  on  short,  hairy  peti- 
oles; leaflets  small,  ovate,  short-stalked,  pubescent  beneatli,  ciliate  on  the 
margin ;  stipules  filiform,  caducous ;  panicle  terminal,  the  lower  brandies 
much  lontrcr;  joints  of  the  loin cnt  2  or  3,  half-orbicular,  hispid,  reticulate. 
Woods.     Hight  2  feet.    Flowers  purple.    Aug.     Per.     Fringed  Desmodium. 

9.  D.    DiLLE'NII.      Dar.  Hedysarum  Marilandicun.     JV. 
Plant  erect,  branching,  hairy  ;  leaves  ternate,  oblong,  villose  beneath  ;  stip- 

trfes  subulate  ;'  racemes  panicled  ;  joints  of  the  lomcnt  3,  rhomboidal,  reticulate, 
a  little  hairy.  A  smaller  species  than  either  of  the  preceding.  Stem  18  inch- 
els  high,  with  a  large,  terminal,  naked  panicle.     Flowers  purple.     Jl.     Per. 

10.  D.   MarILA.'NDICUM.      Boott.  D.  obtusum.     Dc. 

Plant  erect  branching,  hairy ;  leaves  ternate,  ovate,  obtuse,  subcordate  at 
base;  stipules  suhuMef  panicle  terminal;  pints  oC  the  lument  roundish,  re- 
ticulate, hispid.  About  the  size  of  the  last,  found  in  woods.  Flowers  green- 
ish outside,  purple  within.     Aug.     Per.  Blunt-leaved  Desmodium. 

11.  D.    GLUTINO'SUM. 

P/awi  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  ternate,  long-stalked,  round-ovate,  acuminate; 
panicle  or  scape  from  the  base  of  the  stem  ;  peduncles  with  glutmous  hairs ; 
joints  of  the  loment  oblong-triangular,  nearly  smooth.  A  singular  species,  in- 
termediate between  D.nudiflorum  and  acununatum,  1  or  2  teet  high,  common 
in  woods,  N.  H.     Flowers  purple.     Jl.     Per.  Clammy  Desmodium. 

12.    STYLOSA'NTHES. 
Calyx  tubular,  very  long,  bearing  the  corolla;  ovary  a  little 
distance  below  the  corolla;  legume  1— 2-jointed,  hooked. 

Gr.  o-Ti/Xos,  a  style,  uv%i,  a  flower;  a  flower  with  a  long  style.  Cal.  in- 
ferior the  tube  very  lonsr,  witli  the  cor.  and  sta.  inserted  on  its  throat.  Ova, 
inclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx  below  the  corolla. 

S.  ela'tior. 

Stem  erect,  pubescent  on  one  side  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  smooth,  acute ;  bracts' 
lanceolate,  ciliate,  3— 4-flowered ;  loment  1-seeded.  Found  in  dry,  gravelly 
woods.  Stem  mostly  erect,  branched,  a  foot  in  hight,  remarkable  for  being 
densely  pubescent  on  that  side  only  which  is  opposite  the  insertion  of  each 
leaf,  while  the  other  side  is  smooth.  Leaves  ternate,  on  short  stalks,  leaflets 
an  inch  or  more  in  length.  Bracts  fringed  with  yellow  bristfes.  Flowers  yel- 
low.    Jl.     Aug.     Per.  Pencil  Flower. 


LEGUMINOSJE.  121  GLYCYRRHIZA. 


13.    TETRAGONOLO'BUS. 
Legumes  square,  with  4  wings;  alse  of  the  corolla  cohering 
by  their  upper  edge;  filaments  dilated  upwards- 
Gr.  riTT»^ii,  four,  ya'vta,  an  angle,  >^ofioi,  a  bean. 

T.   E'duLIS.      Lk.  Lotus  tetragonolobus.     L. 

Legumes  solitary ;  hrarts  ovate  ;  leaves  ternate,  the  intermediate  leaflets  sub- 
dentate.  A  hardy  climber,  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  deep  crimson,  velvety 
flowers,  and  its  curious  pods.  Native  of  Spain  and  Sicily,  where  its  fruit  was 
formerly  used  for  food  by  the  poor.  This  plant  is  celebrated  in  botanic  histo- 
ry. Linnasus  observed 'that  its  flowers  became  invisible  in  the  evening,  by 
being  enveloped  in  their  bracts,  and  reappeared  in  the  morning.  He  was  thus 
first  led  to  consider  the  subject  of  tlie  Sleep  of  plants,  and  to  write  upon  it. 
July.    Aug.     Ann.  Wuigtd  Pea. 

14.    TEPHRO'SIA. 

Teeth  of  the  calyx  5, subulate,  nearly  equal;  keel  obtuse, 
cohering  with  the  wing;  legume  linear,  much  compressed, 
coriaceous;  stamens  diadelphous. 

Gr.  Tf(f>go«,  ash-colored;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  foliage. — Herbs  and 
shrubs,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves. 

T.   ViRGINIa'NA.      Pcrs.  Galega  Virginiana.     L. 

Erect,  villous  ;  Icaficts  numerous,  oblong,  acuminate  ;  raceme  terminal,  sub- 
sessile  ;  legume  falcate,  villous.  About  a  foot  high,  with  very  beautiful  white 
and  purple  flowers,  found  in  dry  woods.  The  whole  plant  is  covered  with  a 
whitish  down.  Leaves  pinnate",  with  10—12  pairs  of  pale  green  leaflets,  .sur- 
mounted by  an  odd  one.  Calyx  red.  Banner  white,  keel  rose-colored,  wings 
red.     July.     i'er.  Cut-gut.     GuaVs  Rue. 

15.     GLYCYRRHI'ZA. 

Calyx  tubular,  regular,  5-parted;  vexillum  erect,  reflexed 
at  the  sides;  alffi  spreading;  carina  bitid;  legume  oblong, 
smooth,  3 — 4-seeded. 

Gr.  yXt/x.t/«,  sweet,  Qi^a.,  root;  from  the  well  known  properties  of  the 
liquorice  root. 

G.  officina'lis. 

Legumes  smooth;  stipules  none;  leaflets  ovate,  retuse,  clammy  beneath. 
Thetiquorice  plant  is  deep-rooting,  perennial,  herbaceous.  Native  of  S.  Eu- 
rope, its  stalk  rises  about  4  feet.  Flowers  light  blue,  in  axillary  spikes. 
Leaves  pinnate,  of  about  II  leaflets.  This  plant  is  cultivated  in  plantations 
for  the  sake  of  its  roots,  and  its  extract,  of  the  shops.  The  best  soil  for  its 
culture,  is  a  deep,  sandy  loam,  which  must  be  spaded  or  plowed  to  the  depth 
of  2  feet.  It  is  increased  by  cuttings  of  the  root,  which  should  be  planted  in 
the  autumn,  in  rows,  and  afterwards  hoed  and  weeded  as  necessary.  After 
the  third  summer's  growth,  the  roots  are  taken  up  and  preserved  in  sand  for 
sale  or  use.  Liquorice. 

L 


LEGUMXNOSiE.  122  ASTRAGALUS.- 

IG.     A'RACHIS. 
Calyx  2-lipped;  corolla  resupinate;  filaments  united;  le- 
gume gibbous,  torulose,  veiny,  coriaceous. 

An  ancient  Lat.  name  of  a  subterranean  plant. 

A.  hypog^'a. 

Leaves  in  4s,  cuneate,  rounded;  stipvh.s  undivided;  stem  nearly  smooth. 
Native  of  S.  America.  As  tlie  pods  increase  in  size,  they  force  themselves 
into  the  ground,  and  there  ripen  their  seeds.  Hence  the  specific  name,  which 
signifies  under  ground.  In  Carolina  the  seeds  are  used  as  chocolate.  Plant 
2  feet  high.     Flowers  yellow.     May.     Jn.     I'er.  Pea  JS'ut. 

17.     BAPTI'SIA. 

Petals  of  nearly  equal  length;  calyx  4 — 5-cleft  half  way;- 
legume  inflated,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  /iciTrrco,  to  dye;  a  use  to  which  some  species  are  applied.  Cal.  4 — 5- 
cleft,  sub-bilabiate,  persistent.  Sta.  deciduous.  Ova.  stiped.  Legumes  often 
few-seeded  by  abortion. — Perennial  herbs. 

B.  tincto'ria. 

Leaves  tern  ate,  stalked;  leaflets  roundish,  obovate  ;  stipules  seiaceons,  obso- 
lete. A  common  plant,  very  glabrous,  and  much  branched,  2  or  3  feet  high. 
Leaflets  on  short  petioles,  in" 3s,  tapering  to  a  point  at  the  base.  Stipules  very 
sliort.  Flowers  yellow,  in  loose,  terminal  racemes.  Legumes  short,  round- 
ish, long-stiped.  The  leaves  become  black  in  drying.  Woods  and  dry  soils. 
July.    Per.  If't^d  Indigo. 

18.     P  H  A  C  A  . 

Calyx  5-toothed;    keel  obtuse;    legume  turgid,    1-cclled; 

placenta  swelling. 

Gr.  (pcix.r)j  lentil,  derived  from  (petyo),  to  eat.  Two  upper  teeth  of  cal.  often 
divaricate. — Perennial  herbs.     Fls.  in  a.xiUary  racemes. 

P.  negle'cta.     t.^-  O. 

Erect,  branching,  nearly  smooth  ;  leaflets  elliptical,  11 — 17 ;  slipvles  minute  ; 
racemes  many-flowered,  rather  loose  ;  legume  sessile,  smooth,  roundish-ovate, 
much  inflated,  with  a  deep  groove  at  the  ventral  suture.  Western  N.  Y.,  by 
streams  and  lakes.  A  plant  about  2  feet  high,  resembling  the  Astragalus 
Canadensis,  but  more  slender  and  delicate.  Flowers  white.  Seeds  small  and 
numerous.     June.     July. 

19.    ASTRA'GALUS. 

Calyx  5-toothcd;  keel  of  corolla  obtuse;  legume  with  a 
longitudinal,  lialf-breadth  partition  attached  to  one  edge. 

A  Greek  name  of  uncertain  application.  Cal.  tubular,  lower  toothlets  grad- 
\ially  less.  Cor.  papil.  Vex.  larger  than  the  other  pet.,  cmarginate,  obtuse, 
straight.  Wings  length  of  keel.  Ova.  subcolumnar. — Herbaceous  or  iialf- 
shrubby,  more  or  less  canescent,  with  hairs  fi.xed  in  the  middle.  Leaflets  nu- 
merous, with  an  odd  one. 


l^EGUMINOS^. 


123  COLLUTEA. 


A.  Canade'nsis. 

Canescent,  erect,  diffuse ;  stipvJes  broad-fenceoiate,  acuminate ;  hnjlets 
about  10  pairs  with  an  odd  one,  elliptical,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  the  lowest 
ovate-obtuse ;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  vi'hen  in  fruit  shorter  ; 
spikes  oblong  ;  floictrs  spreading,  somewhat  reflexed  ;  legumes  ovate-oblong-, 
terete,  suberect,  smooth,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  abrupt  at  the  end  and  tipped 
with  a  permanent  style.  River  banks,  &c.  At  the  ferry,  Niagara  Falls.  Stem 
bushy,  about  ',\  feet  liigh,  very  leafy.  Flowers  greenish  yellow,  in  short,  dense 
spikes.     Pods  I  inch  in  length,  leathery.     Jl.     Aug.       Canadian  Milk  Vulc'i,. 

20.     INDIGO'FERA. 
Calyx  spreading;  carina  with  a  spreading,  subulate  spur  on 
each  side. 

Lat.  indigo,  fero,  that  is,  a  plant  bearing  indigo. 

I.  tincto'ria. 

LM?;es  pinnate,  oblong,  smooth,  with  9  leaflets;  racemes  shorter  than  the 
leaf;  le<rumes  round,  arcuate.  A  low  shrub,  native  of  E.  India.  From  ilns, 
and  /.  aro-enteii,  are  chiefly  obtained  the  useful  drug  Indigo.  For  this  purpose 
it  is  extensively  cultivated  in  the  W.  Indies  and  in  Hindostan.  At  any  sea- 
son of  the  year  it  is  planted  in  rows  in  a  free,  rich  soil.  Being  kept  clear  of 
weeds,  it  is  fit  for  cutting  in  2  or  3  months, — a  process  which  in  rainy  seasons 
may  be  repeated  every  six  weeks.  Being  cut,  the  herb  is  first  steeped  in  \va- 
ter  until  it  has  imparted  all  its  coloring  matter.  The  liquor  is  then  let  off  into 
a  series  of  vats,  in  which,  after  a  peculiar  process  called  beating,  witli  filtra- 
tioa  anij  evaporation,  it  ultimately  deposit?  tlse  colored  fecula  or  indio-o.  This 
is  then  cut  into  pieces  about  an  inch  square,  dried,  packed  in  casks  or  bags, 
and  is  ready  for  sale.  An  acre  of  ground  well  managed  will  yield  25  lbs.  a 
year.  Indigo. 

21.    A'PIOS. 
Calyx  campanulate,  obscurel}'  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  of  2 
very  short,  rounded  teeth,  the  2  lateral  teeth  nearly  obsolete, 
the  lower  one  acute  and  elongated  ;  keel  falcate,  pushing  back 
the  broad,  plicate  vexillum  at  top;  ovary  sheathed  at  base. 

Greek  name  for  the  wild  pear,  which  tlje  root  resembles  in  form. — Perenni- 
al herbs,  twining,  smooth.     Root  bearing  edible  tubers.     Lvs.  of  5 — 7  leaflets. 

A.    TUBERO'SA.      P.  Glycine  apios.     L. 

Leaves  pinnate,  of  7  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets ;  racemes  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  stem  twining.  Found  in  shady  woods  and  thickets,  twining  about 
other  plants.  Stem  round,  2 — 4  feet  in  length.  Leaves  rather  numerous, 
each  consisting  of  3  (rarely  2)  pairs  of  leaflets  and  an  odd,  terminal  one.  These 
are  ovate,  narrow,  more  or  less  pointed,  smooth,  on  short  pedicels.  Racemes 
axillary,  solitary,  1 — 3  inches  long,  crowded.  Flowers  dark  purple.  To  the 
root  are  appended  oval,  fleshy  tubers,  which  are  very  nutritious,  and  would 
perhaps  be  cultivated  had  we  not  the  potato.     Jl.     Aug.     Per.      Ground  j\iit. 

22.    COLLU'TRA. 
Calyx  5-toothed ;  vexillum  with  2  callosities,  unfurled,  larg- 
ef  than  the  blunt  carina;  stigma  lateral,  under  the  hooked 


LKGtJMINOSiE.  I'i4  CORONILLA. 

end  of  the  style,  which  is  longitudinally  bearded  behind ; 
legume  inflated,  scarious. 

C.    ARBORES'CENS. 

Leaflets  elliptical,  retuse  ;  huvner  gibbous,  short  behind.  A  shrubby  plant, 
several  feet  in  hight,  native  of  France.  The  leaves  are  pinnate.  Flowers 
yellow,  pods  inflated.  The  leaves  are  used  in  medicine  instead  of  senna. 
June — Aug.  Bladder  Senna. 

23.    ROBI'NIA. 

Calyx  short,  4-cleft,  the  upper  segn^ent  2-parted  ;  vexillum 
broad,  large;  legume  compressed,  elongated,  many-seeded. 

In  memory  of  John  Robin,  herbalist  to  Louis  XIV.  Cal.  small,  camp.,  the 
inferior  teeth  narrowest,  all  equal  in  length.  Cor.  papil.,  each  wing  with  a 
short,  blunt,  appendage. — Trees  and  shrubs,  with  stipular  spines.  Flowers 
showy,  in  pendant,  axillary  racemes. 

1.  R.  Pseudaca'cia. 

Leaves  pinnate,  with  a  terminal  leaflet;  stipules  prickly;  racemes  pendu- 
lous; teeth  of  the  calijx  unarmed;  legumes  smooth.  The  Locust  Tree  grows 
native  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  more  southern  and  western  States,  and  is 
abundantly  naturalized  in  New  England.  In  the  durability,  hardness  and 
lightness  of  its  timber,  and  the  beauty  of  its  foliage  and  flowers,  it  is  exceeded 
by  few  trees  of  the  American  forest.  West  of  the  Alleganies  it  sometimes 
attains  the  hight  of  80  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  3  or  4.  In  N.  England  it  sel- 
dom exceeds  half  the  above  dimensions.  The  pinnate  leaves  have  a  beautiful 
symmetry  of  form,  each  composed  of  8 — 12  pairs  of  leaflets,  with  one  at  the 
end.  These  are  oval,  thin,  nearly  sessile,  and  very  smooth.  Flowers  in  nu- 
merous, pendulous  clusters,  diffusing  an  agreeable  fragrance.  These  are  suc- 
ceeded by  a  narrow,  flat  pod,  with  5  or  0  small  brown  seeds.  When  young, 
the  tree  is  armed  with  thorns  which  disappear  in  its  maturity.     May. 

Locust  Tree. 

2.  R.    HI'SPIDA. 

Racemes  subaxillary,  suberect;  calyx  acuminate;  stem  mostly  unarmed; 
most  of  the  plant  hispid  ;  leaves  pinnate,  with  a  terminal  leaflet;  leaflets  ellip- 
tical, mucronate.  A  beaiitiful  shrub,  native  of  the  S.  States.  It  is  cultivated 
in  our  gardens  for  the  sake  of  its  numerous,  large,  red  flowers.  Hight  3 — 5 
feet.     May.  JRose  Jlcacui. 

fi.  rosea  has  its  branches  nearly  smooth. 

3.  R.  visco'sA. 

Racemes  with  1-flowered  pedicels ;  brayichcs  and  pods  viscid,  with  glands. 
This  beautiful  tree  is  from  tlie  South,  where  it  attains  tlie  hight  of  40  feet. 
The  flowers  numerous,  rose-colored,  in  erect,  a.xillary  clusters,  with  the 
thick,  dark  green  foliage,  render  this  tree  oae  of  the  most  brilliant  ornaments 
of  the  park  or  the  garden.     Apr.  Clammij  Locust. 

24.     CORONI'LLA. 

Calyx  2-lipped  ;  petals  with  claws;  loment  subterete, joint- 
ed ;  flowers  in  umbels;  seeds  mostly  cylindrical. 

Lat.  corona,  a  crown  ;  its  pretty  flowers  are  disposed  in  tufts  like  cotoaets. 


LEGCMINOS^,  125 


1.  C.  E''merus. 

Peduncles  about  3-flowered  ;  claws  of  the  corolla  about  3  times  as  long  as 
the  calyx  ;  sfcw  angular,  woody.  A  beautiful  shrub,  native  of  France.  Stem 
about  3  feet  high,  square,  with  opposite  brandies.  Leailets  about  7,  broad, 
obcordate.  Flowers  rose-colored,  collected  in  tufts  on  the  end  of  axillary 
stalks.  Scorpion  Henna. 

2.  C.  arge'ntea. 

Leaflets  11,  silky,  the  terminal  one  largest.  A  smaller  species  than  the 
above,  but  more  beautiful,  about  2  feet  high,  native  of  Crete.  In  May  and 
June  it  bears  a  profusion  of  yellow  flowers  which  have  a  sweet  scent.  In  a 
poor  dry  soil  its  appearance  is  silvery,  in  a  richer  soil  it  becomes  glaucous. 

Silvcnj-leavcd  Coronilla. 

2  5.     C  R  O  T  A  LA'  R I  A  . 
Vexillum  cordate,  large;  keel  acuminate  ;  filaments  all  uni- 
ted into  a  shealh  which  is  cleft  on  the   upper  side;  legume 
pedicellate,  turgid. 

Gr.  y-^oTciXov,  a  noisy  musical  instrument  of  the  Greeks;  from  the  rattling 
of  the  pods  when  shaken.  Cal.  with  3  deep  divisions,  2  U])per  ones  lanceo- 
late, pressing  on  the  vex,,  the  lower  one  lanceolate,  concave,  deeply  3-cleft, 
Cor.  papil.    Vex.  larger  than  the  ovate  wings.^ — Herbs  oi  shrubs. 

C.  sagitta'lis. 

P/a?i«  erect,  branching,  hairy  ;  Zcrtres  simple,  lanceolate  ;  stipules  opposite, 
acuminate,  decurrent;  racemes  3-flovvered,  opposite  to  the  leaves;  corolla 
shorter  than  the  calyx.  A  plant  about  a  foot  high,  with  a  hairy  aspect,  and 
inflated  pods,  common  in  woods  and  sandy  fields.  Stem  herbaceous,  rigid. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire,  nearly  sessile,  rounded  at  the  base.  The  plant  is  best 
distinguislied  by  its  opposite,  united,  decurrent  stipules,  so  situated  that  each 
pair  appears  inversely  sagittate;  hence  the  specific  name.  Leaves  of  the 
calyx  long,  hairy.  Corolla  small,  yellow.  Seeds  few,  rattling  in  the  turgid 
pod.     JI,  °  Ann.  Rattle-bux. 

2G.     ULEX. 
Caljx  of  2  leaves,  with  a  small  scale  at  the  base  on  each 
side;  legume  turgid,  scarcely  longer  than  the  cal_)X. 

A  word  of  uncertain  origin. 

U.    EuROPiE'US. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  villose;  hracts  ovate,  lax;  branchhts  erect.  A 
beautiful  evergreen  shrub,  native  in  various  parts  of  P^urope.  wliere  it  is  often 
found  extremely  common.  It  forms  a  coarse  fodder,  is  sometimes  used  for 
hedges.  Hight  about  6  feet.  Flowers  of  a  brilliant  yellow,  but  with  nume- 
rous thorns.     Flowering  all  summer.     Per.  Furze. 

27.     GENI'STA. 

Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  2-parted  and  the  lower  o-toothed  ; 
vexillum  oblong;  keel  oblong,  straight,  scarcely  including  sta- 
mens and  style;  stiijma  involute;  stamens  monadelphous, 
L* 


LEGUMINOSiE.  126  LUPINUS. 

Celtic  gen,  Fr.  genet,  a  small,  bushy  shrub.  Leaves  simple.  Flowers  yel- 
low.    Leg\ime  many-seeded. 

G.  tincto'ria. 

Leare5  lanceolate,  smooth  ;  IramchesrownA,  striate,  unarmed,  erect;,  legumes 
smooth.  A  naturalized  species,  found  occasionally  in  dry,  hilly  grounds. 
Stems  or  branches  numerous,  ascending  or  erect,  a  foot  high,  from  long, 
woody,  creeping  roots.  Leaves  sessile,  alternate.  Flowers  bright  yellow, 
axillary,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  solitary.  The  whole  plant  dyes  yellow,  and  with 
woad,  green.     Aug.     Fer.  Dyers  Broom.     Wood  Waxen. 

28.    CERCIS. 

Corolla  scarcely  papilionaceous;  wings  longer  than  the 
banner;  keel  2-petale(i  ;  caljx  5toothed;  pod  compressed, 
with  the  seed-bearing  suture  winged;  seeds  obovatc. 

Gr.  )t£gx.t5,  a  weaver's  shuttle;,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  pods.  Trees, 
with  simple  cordate  leaves-  and  rose-colored  flowers. 

C.  Canade'nsis. 

Leaves  cordate,  acuminate.  A  handsome  tree,  20  or  30  feet  high.  Tlie 
leaves  are  round,  heart-shaped,  pointed,  hairy  at  the  axils  of  the  nerves,  with 
minute  stipules.  The  flowers  are  abundant^and  having  an  agreeable  poignan- 
cy of  flavor,  are  picked  and  used  as  salad  in  Canada.  The  wood  is  finely 
veined  with  black  and  green,  and  receives  a  fine  polish.  The  young  twigs 
will  dye  wool  of  a  nankeen  color.  The  old  author  Gerard,  in  compliance  with 
liie  popular  notion  of  his  time,  says  "Tliis  is  the  tree  v;hereon  Judas  did  hang 
himself,  and  not  upon  the  elder-tree  as  it  is  said."     Blossoms  in  May. 

Judas  Tree, 

29.    LUPI'NUS, 

Stanr>en3  nnonadelphous ;  caljx  deeply  bilabiate,  upper  lip 
2-cleft  or  toothed;  anthers  alternately  rounded  and  oblong; 
legume  coriaceous,  swelling  at  the  seeds. 

Lat.  hivus,  a  wolf;  because  this  plant  overruns  the  soil,  and  devoais  as  it 
were  all  its  fertility. — Herba,  with  palmate,  5 — 15-foliate  leaves. 

1.  L.    PERENMS. 

i?oo<  creeping,  perennial;  haves  digitate;  ^ower*  alternate ;  ad  yxes  vj'iih- 
out  appendages,  upper  lip  emarginate,  lower  entire.  Grows  wild  abundantly 
in  sandy  woods  and  hills,  particularly  about  Lake  Champlain.  It  is  a  beauti- 
ful plant,  much  cultivated  in  gardens.  It  is  often  called  sun-dial,  from  the 
curious  circumstance  of  its  leaves  turning  to  face  the  sun  from  morning  till 
nio-ht.  Stem  erect,  soft,  smoothish,  a  foot  high.  Leaves  soft,  downy,  on  long 
stalks.  Leaflets  7 — 9,  arranged  in  a  stellate  manner,  lanceolate,  broadest 
above  the  middle.  Flower&blae,  varying  to  white, in  a  terminal  spike  or  ra- 
ceme.    May.    Jurse.    Per.  Co-mmou  Lupine. 

2.  L.   NoOTKATE'iNSlS. 

Cfl/yi  whorled,  without  appcntlagc  ;  lorcer  Up  entire;  stem  nnd  leaves  hany. 
A  tall,  handsome  plant  from  iNootka  Sound,  very  ornamental  for  the  garden. 
Stem  herbaceous,  erect,  hairy,  C  feet  high.     Leaves  digitate,  on  long  stalks^ 


LEGUMINOSJE. 


127  C5:SALPINA. 


hairy,  each  consisting  of  about  7,  narrow,  lanceolate  leaflets  arranged  in  a 
stellate  manner.  Flowers  large,  purple,  in  a  terminal  raceme.  June — Aug. 
Perennial.  J\'ootka  Sound  Ltipine. 

The  other  species  cultivated  in  gardens,  are  L.  alius,  an  annual  plant,  with 
white  flowers;  h.pilosus,  Rose  Lupine,  annual,  with  rose-colored  flowers; 
L.  lutens,  Yellow  Lupine,  annual,  with  yellow  flowers;  L.  hirsutus,  Garden 
Lupine,  annual,  with  blue  flowers  and  an  appendaged  calyx, 

30.     CA'SSIA. 

Calyx  3-leaved;  corolla  5-petaled ;  the  3  upper  anthers 
sterile,  3  lower  ones  beaked. 

From  the  Hebrew  name  Katzioth.  Cal.  lax,  concave,  colored,  deciduous. 
Pet.  roundish,  concave,  lower  ones  more  distant,  longer  and  more  spreading. 
Fil.  declined,  3  lower  ones  larger,  3  lower  anthers  very  large,  3  upper  small, 
barren.     Leaves  abruptly  pinnate. 

1.  C.  Marila'ndica. 

Smooth ;  leaflets  in  8  or  9  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  equal,  an 
obovate  gland  on  the  common  petiole  ;  floiccrs  in  axillary  racemes  and  termi- 
nal panicles.  This  beautiful  plant  is  frequently  met  with  in  alluvial  soil,  grow- 
ing in  close  masses,  4 — 6  feet  high.  The  stem  is  round,  striate,  with  scattered 
hairs.  Petiole  channelled  above,  and  distinguished  by  the  pedicelled  gland 
near  the  base.  Petals  bright  yellow,  3  above  and  3  below.  In  medicine  it  ia 
used  as  a  mild  cathartic,     Aug.    Per.  American  Senna. 

2.  C.  Cham.s:cri'sta. 

Leaves  in  many  pairs;  gland  of  the  petiole  stiped  ;  stipules  ensiform.  An 
elegant  plant,  a  foot  or  more  high.  Stem  round,  pubescent.  Leaves  pinnate, 
in  about  12  pairs.  Flowers  on  short  peduncles,  large,  yellowish,  two  upper 
petals  with  a  purple  spot.  Its  leaves  possess  considerable  irratibility,  as  do 
also  those  of  the  following  species.  Dry  grounds.  Has  been  cultivated  iii 
Vircrinia  for  the  purpose  of  recovering  worn  out  lands,    Aug,     Ann. 

Dwarf  Cassia. 

3.  C.   NI'CTITANS. 

Leaflets  12—30  ;  flower  pentandrous.  Stem  erect,  about  a  foot  high,  slen- 
der, pubescent,  a  little  branched.  Tlie  leaflets  are  in  many  pairs,  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, with  a  bristly  point,  crowded,  having  a  pedicelled  gland  below  the  lowest 
pair.  Flowers  pale  yellov/,  small,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles.  An  irritable 
plant,  closing  its  leaves  when  touched,  and  in  the  night.     Jl.     Ann. 

Virginian  Cassia, 

31,     C^SALPl'NA. 

Calyx  cup-shaped  at  the  base,  of  5  united,  subequal  sepals; 
corolla  of  5  unequal,  unguiculate  petals;  stamens  10,  all  fer- 
tile, ascending;  legume  1-celled  ;  seeds  several,  flat. 

Named  in  honor  of  Csesalpinus,  physician  to  Pope  Clement  VIII,  and  the 
earliest  writer  on  systematic  botany.-- -Trees  and  shrubs,  with  abruptly  bi- 
pinnate  leaves. 


LER0MINOS-E. 


128  GYMKOCLADUS. 


C.  pulche'rrima. 

Aculeate  ;  Iciifeis  obovate  ;  cahjx  smooth  ;  petals  fimbriate,  on  long  claws  ; 
JloiDcrs  on  long  pedicels.  An  ornamental  shrub  from  W.  India,  with  large, 
orange-colored,  variegated  flowers. 

32.  MIMO'SA. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Perfect  /Z.^Caljx  5-toothed  ;  co- 
rolla 0,  or  5-toothed;  stamens  4 — 15;  legume  separated  into 
one-seeded  joints;  sterile  f.  like  the  perfect,  but  without 
ovaries  or  fruit. 

Gr.  ftiftoi,  a  buffoon  ;  because  the  leaves  seem  as  if  sporting  with  the  hand 
tliat  touches  them. 

M.    SENSITi'VA. 

Stem  and  petiole  prickly ;  leaflets  in  pairs,  the  interior  ones  minute.  Native 
of  Brazil.     Slender,  about  18  inches  high,  with  small,  pink  flowers. 

33.  ACA'CIA. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  4-toothed;  corolla  tubular, 
campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft;  stamens  8 — 200;  legume  not  joint- 
ed, many-seeded. 

A  large  and  exceedingly  ornamental  genus,  abounding  in  important  pro- 
ducts, as  Catechu  and  Gum  Arabic,  and  is  of  very  easy  culture  in  the  green- 
house.    They  are  trees,  often  shrubs. 

A.  Juhbra'ssin  is  a  small,  ornamental  tree,  native  of  Persia.  Leaves  with 
8 — 12  pairs  of  pinnae.  Flowers  white,  with  a  multitude  of  long,  silky  stamens, 
on  account  of  which  the  Persians  have  called  it  Gul  ebruschim,  i.  e.  Rose  of  silk. 

34.     GYMNOCLA'DUS. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sterile  f. — Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft ;  cor- 
alla  5-petaled.  Fertile  f. — Calyx  and  corolla  as  above  ;  style  1; 
legumes  1-celled,  pulpy  inside;  seed  large,  roundish  and  hard. 

Gr.  yv^voi,  naked,  and  jtXa^o^,  a  shoot ;  on  account  of  the  naked  appear' 
ance  of  its  strange,  rigid  shoots  in  winter. 

G.  Canade'nsis. 

Leaves  bipinnate;  leaflets  ova.],  acuminate,  pubescent.  The  Coffee  tree  is 
found  in  Western  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  4'C.,  on  the  borders  of  lakes  and  rivers.  It 
grows  to  the  hight  of  .50  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  15  inches.  The  trunk  is 
straight  and  simple,  2.5  feet,  covered  with  a  very  rough,  scaly  bark,  and  sup- 
portinir  a  ratiier  small,  but  regular  head.  The  compound  leaves  are  2 — 3  feet 
lono-  and  I5--2()  inches  wide,  being  doubly  compounded  of  a  great  number 
of  dull  o-ri-en  leaflets.  Flowers  large  and  white,  succeeded  by  large,  curving 
pods  containing  several  hard,  gray  seeds.  The  wood  of  the  Coffee  tree  is 
reddish,  fine-grained  and  strong,  and  is  valuable  in  architecture,  and  in  cabi- 
net-work.   May— July. 


MYRTACEJE.  129  MYRTUS. 

/ 

35.    GLEDI'TSCHIA. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Ptrfccl  fi. — Calyx  4-cleft;  corolla 
4-petaled  ;  stamens  6 — 8;  legume  long,  compressed.  Slam- 
inatef. — Calyx  3-leaved  ;  petals  3;  stamens  6.  Pistillate 
f. — Calyx  5-leaved  ;  petals  5  ;  legume  as  above. 

Named  in  honor  of  John  G.  Gleditsch  of  Leipzig,  a  distinguished  botanical 
writer,  about  1750. 

G.  tri^a'nthus. 

Branches  armed  with  thick,  triple  spines ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  linear-oblong 
leaflets;  legumes  very  long,  compressed.  This  fine  tree  is  rarely  found  na- 
tive in  the  Atlantic  States,  but  belongs  peculiarly  to  the  Western.  It  is  ac 
casionally,  and  deserves  to  be  generally  cultivated  for  ornament  and  shade. 
In  favorable  circumstances  it  will  attain  the  hight  of  70  feet,  with  a  trunk 
undivided  half  its  length,  and  3  or  4  feet  in  diameter.  The  thorns  with  which 
the  branches  are  armed  in  a  most  formidable  manner,  are  2 — 3  inches  long, 
ligneous,  often  having  2  secondary  thorns  branching  from  tlie  sides.  The 
foliage  is  light  and  elegant.  Flowers  small,  white,  succeeded  by  flat,  crook- 
ed, hanging  pods  12 — 18  inches  in  length,  and  of  a  dull  red  color,  remaining 
on  the  treelong  after  the  leaves  are  fallen.  They  contain  flat,  brown,  hard 
seeds,  and  a  fleshy  substance  which  is  at  first  very  sweet,  but  becomes  sour. 
June.  Honey  Locust. 


ORDER    LI.    MYRTACE^.  The  Myrtle  Trihe. 

Cat. — Adherent  below  to  the  compound  ovaiy,  the  limb  4 — 5-cleft,  valvate. 

Cor. — Petals  as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  calyx. 

Sea. — Indefinite.    Anthers  introrse.     Style  and  stigma  simple. 

Fr. — With  many  seeds. 

A  fine  order  of  trees  and  shrubs,  distinguished  by  its  opposite,  exstipulate,  dotted,  entire 
leaves,  generally  with  a  vein  running  close  to  the  margin.  Native  of  warm  or  torrid  coun- 
tries, especially  of  S.  America  and  the  E.  Indies. 

Properties.  A  fragrant  or  pungent  volatile  oil,  residing  chiefly  in  the  pellucid  dotting  of 
the  leaves  pervades  the  order.  The  Caryophyllus  aromaiicus,  native  of  Arabia,  a  tree 
about  "20  feet  in  hight,  yields  the  clove  {dou  Fr.  a  nail)  which  is  the  dried  floiver.  Cajeput 
oil  is  distilled  from  the  leaves  of  the  Melaleuca  Cajcpiiu,  native  of  the  E.  Indies.  A  kind 
of  g-K?ra  kino  is  obtained  from  Eucalyptus  resinifera,  :il<n  a  native  of  India.  The  root  of  the 
Pomegranate  yields  an  extract  which  is  an  excellent  vermifuge. — All  the  genera  are  exotic 
with  us. — iVIany  of  them  are  higlily  ornamental  in  culture. 

Ge7icra. 
Fruit  2 — 3-celled.    Leaves  evergreen,  with  a  marginal  vein,         .        .        .        Myrtus.    1 
Fruit  many-celled.    Leaves  deciduous,  without  the  marginal  vein,  .        .    Punica.   2 

1.    MRYTUS. 
Calyx  superior;  petals  5;  berry  2 — 3-celled,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  jU/t'goi',  perfume. 

M.  commu'nis. 

Flowers  soYitary;  invohicra  2-\ea.ved;  leaves  ovate.  This  popular  shrub  is 
a  native  of  S.  Europe.  In  our  climate  it  is  reared  only  in  houses  and  conser- 
vatories. Among  the  ancients  it  was  a  great  favorite  for  its  elegance  of  form, 
and  its  fragrant,  evergreen  leaves.  It  was  sacred  to  Venus,  The  brows  of 
bloodless  victors  were  adorned  with  myrtle  wreaths,  and  at  Athens  it  was  an 


LYTHRACE5;.  ISO 


emblem  of  civic  authority.     The  flowers  are  white,  appearing  in  July  and 
Auoust.  Cvmmon  Mijrlle. 

2.    PU'NICA. 
Caljx  5-cleft,  superior ;  petals  5  ;  berry  many-celled,  many- 
seeded  ;  seeds  berried  ;  placenta  parietal. 

The  ■pomegranate  was  anciently  called  Malum  Punicum,  Cartbagenian  ap- 
ple, because^says  Pliny,  it  was  first  known  to  grow  there. 

P.  grana'tum. 

Leaves  lanceolate;  stem  arborescent.  This  is  a  thorny  bush  when  wild, 
from  S.  Europe,  where  it  is  sometimes  used  for  hedges  like  the  hawthorn. 
The  leaves  are  lanceolate,  entire,  smooth.  The  flowers  are  scarlet,  large,  and 
make  a  fine  appearance.  The  fruit  is  large,  highly  ornamental  and  of  a  fine 
flavor.  Much  care  is  requisite  for  its  cultivation.  It  requires  a  rich  loam,  a 
sunny  situation,  protected  by  glass.  In  this  way  double  flowers  of  great 
beauty  may  be  produced. 


ORDER  Lll.  MELASTOMACE^. 

Ca?.— Sepals  4—6,  tinited,  persistent,  the  tube  urceolate,  cohering  with  only  the  angle.?  of 
Cbr.— Petals  as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  calyx,  twisted  In  sEstivation.  [the  ovar>'- 

Sta.— Twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  sometimes  of  the  same  number,  the  filaments  inflexed  in 
4itt</i.— Before  flowering  contained  in  the  cavity  between  the  caL  and  the  sides  of  ova.  [sest. 
Fr, — Capsular  or  baccate. 

A  family  represented  in  the  Northern  States  by  a  single  species.  The  remainder  of  it  is 
chiefly  native  in  India  and  tropical  America,  where  more  than  000  species  are  found.  No 
plant  of  this  order  is  poisonous.    All  are  slightly  astringent. 

RHE'XIA. 

Calyx  4-cleft,  swelling  at  the  base;  petals  4;  anthers  S, 
style  declined;  capsule  4-celled,  invested  by  the  calyx ;  pla- 
centae prominent;  seeds  numerou?. 

Gr.  Q^i^i,  a  rupture;  the  plant  being  considered  good  for  healing  wounds. 
Herbs,  &c.     Leaves  opposite,  exstipulate. 

R.  Virgi'nica. 

Stem  with  4  winged  angles  ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate-serrate  ; 
corymbs  dichotomous.  Stem  square,  the  angles  winged,  a  foot  or  more  high, 
with  3-nerved,  closely  sessile  leaves,  covered  with  scattered  hairs.  Flowers 
large,  axillary  and  terminal.  Petals  bright  purple,  caducous,  obovate,  hispid 
beneath.  Anthers  long  and  prominent,  crooked,  of  a  golden  yellow  above  and 
a  purple  line  beneath.  Style  somewhat  longer  than  the  stamens,  declined. 
Grows  in  wet  grounds;  rare.    Ji.    Aug.    Per.     Meadow  Beauty.    Deer-grass. 


ORDER  LIIl.  LYTHRACEiE. 

Col. — Tnh\ilar,  the  limb  4 — 7-lobodj  sometimes  with  as  many  intermediate  teeth. 
(Xir. — Petals  in.scrled  into  tlie  calyx  between  the  lobes,  very  deciduous,  or  0. 
ii'/a.— Kqual  in  aunxber  to  the  petals  or  2 — 4  limes  as  many,  inserted  into  the  calyx. 


LYTHRACE^.  131  DECODON, 

Ora.— Superior,  enclosed  in  the  calyx  tube,  2 — 4-celled.  Styles  united  into  one. 
Fr. — Capsule  membranous,  enveloped  in  the  calyx,  usually  by  abortion  1-celled. 
&is. — Small,  numerous,  attached  to  a  central  placenta.     Albumen  0. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  square  branches,  usually  opposite  and  destitute  of  either  stip- 
ules or  glands.  Some  of  the  species  are  found  in  temperate  climes,  but  most  of  them-  are 
tropical.  Lytlirum  Salicaria,  native  of  Europe,- N.  Holland  and  U.  S.,  is  used  lor  tanning 
whore  it  abounds.    Ajl  the  species  are  astringent. 

Genera. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  intermediate  teeth  none, Ammannia.  1 

Calyx  cylindnc,  intermediate  teeth  minute,  .......  Lythrmn.  2 

Calyx  short,  intermediate  teetlv  long,  horn-like,  spreading        .        .        .  Decodoii.  3 

1.    AMMA'NNIA. 

Calyx  tubular,  4 — 5-toothed,  campanulate  ;  stamens  4 — 8j. 
capsule  2 — 4-celled,  many-seeded. 

Named  for  John  Ammann,  native  of  Siberia  and  professor  of  Botany  at  St. 
Petersburg.— Herbs  of  no  beauty.  Cal.  plaited.  Cor.  4-petaled,  inserted  in 
the  calyx  or  often  0.     Sta.  seldom  8. 

A.   HU'milis.      Mz.  a.  ramosior.    i.. 

Stevi  procumbent;  leaves  lanceolate,  narrow  at  the  base;  fiowers  solitary,- 
axillary,  sessile.  A  small  marsh  plant,  half  a  foot  in  hight.  Flowers  purplish.- 
Aug.     Sept.  Low  Ammannia. 

fi.  Leaves  broadest  at  base,  half-clasping.  Flowers  inclose  bunches  in  low-, 
er  axils,  solitary  above. 

2.    LYTHRUM. 
Calyx  cylindric,  striate,  8 — 12-toothed,  alternate  ones  mi- 
nute ;  petals  4 — 6,  equal ;  stamens  as  many,  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals;  style  1;  capsule  2'ceiled,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  XvSqov,  black-blood  ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  flower.  Petals  ob- 
long, with  short  claws.  Filaments  shorter  than  cor.  the  6  alternate  ones  short- 
er, or  wanting.  Caps,  pointed,  enclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Seeds 
many. — Herbs. 

1.  L,  hyssopifo'lium. 

Leaves  alternate,  linear-lanceolate ; /wcfrs  axillary,  solitary,  hexandrous-. 
A  slender,  weedy  plant,  found  in  low  grounds,  dried  beds  of  ponds,  &c.  Stems 
C — 10  inches  high,  erect,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  sessile,  obtuse, 
alternate.  Flowers  small,  axillary,  sessile,  pale-purple.  Calyx  segments 
Bmall,  12.     Stamens  G.     Autumn.     Ann.  Grass-poly. 

2.  L.  Salica'ria. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  cordate  at  base  ;  foicers  nearly  sessile,  in  a  long  spike  ; 
petals  purple.  Wet  meadows,  rare.  Flowers  large,  with  4—6  petals.  The 
plant  is  quite  ornamental  and  is  sometimes  cultivated.  It  is  remarkable  for 
being  the  only  species  of  this  order  yet  discovered  in  New  Holland.  June, 
•'"'y-  •  Loose-strife. 

3.    DE'CODON. 
Calyx  short,  10-toothed.  the  alternate  ones  cornufe,  spread' 


ONAGRACEjE.  132  EPILOBIDM. 

ing;   stamens  10,  alternate  ones  very  long;    style  filiform; 
capsule  globose,  included,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  ^fx.*,  ten,  «3ov4,  a  tooth  ;  from  the  horn-like  teeth  of  the  calyx. — Per- 
ennial herbs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves  and  axillary  purple  flowers. 

D.  verticilla'tum. 

Pubescent ;  leaves  opposite  and  in  whorls  of  3,^essile,  lanceolate ;  flowers 
axillary,  nearly  verticillate  ;  !>tainens\0 — 12.  Swanips.  Stem  woody  at  base, 
4  or  6-an<rIed,  2  feet  high,  often  prostrate  and  severalfeet  in  length,  with  whorls 
of  '2  or  3  lanceolate,  entire  leaves.  Flowers  in  axillary  corymbs,  apparently 
whorled,  constituting  a  long,  cylindric,  leafy,  terminal  and  showy  raceme. 
Calyx  segments  10 — 12.    Petals  5  or  6,  of  a  fine  purple.    Jl.     Aug.     Per. 

Swamp-  Willoto-kerb. 


ORDER  LVI.  ONAGRACE^. 

Oj;._Sepals  4,  (2—6)  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  lobes  valvate  in  oe-stivalion. 

Cor.—  (  Petals  4,  (2 — 6)  inserted  witli  the  4  or  8  (1—2—3—8)  stamens  into  the  throat  of  the 

Sta.—  \  calyx.     Pollen  triangular,  often  cohering  by  threads. 

Ooa.— Coherent  with  the  lube  of  the  calyx;  placenta  in  the  axis. 

Jr.— Baccate  or  capsular,  2 — 4-celled,  many-seeded.    Albumen  none. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  particularly  abundant  throughout  America,  more  rare  in  the  Old 
World.  They  possess  no  remarkable  properties.  Many  genera  are  ornamental,  and  one, 
the  well  known  Fuchsia,  is  so  to  a  high  degree. 

To  this  order  is  appended  the  suborder  Holoragr.b,  consisting  of  aquatic  herbs  of  a  low 
grade,  the  flowers  being  imperfect  or  reduced  to  solitary  parts  or  organs. 
Co/ispectus  of  the  Genera. 

Pet.  scarcely  (  Seeds  comose,  Epilobium.        1 

I  clawed ;          (  Seeds  naked,  Enotkeia.           2 

J                          (  Claws  unarmed,  Gaura.               3 

_                                                 (  Herbs.  (  Pet.  clawed;  |  Claws  with  2  teeth,  Clarkin.  5 

g                                     J  Sta.  8;  I  Beautiful  green-house  shrubs,          .        .  Fuch-sm.            6 

•                  ( Fls-  perf  I  Stamens  4 ;  styles  united  into  1,         ,        .        .  Lurtwii;ia.         4 

V-  (  by  4s;  I  Flowers  monoecious  ;  aquatic;  leaves  multifid,     .        .        .  Mi/riopht/Uum.  9 

°  3  by  3s;  flowers  apetalous;  aquatic;  leaves  pectinate,     .        .        .  Proserpinaca.     8 

■C  j  by  2s ;  flowers  complete  and  regular ;  leaves  entire,           .        .        .  Cirro'.a.              7 

l2  '  by  Is ;  flowers  apetalous  ;  aquatic ;  leaves  verticillate,          .        .  Jiipjmris.         10 

Tribe  1,  ONAGRE^. 
Flowers  perf  ect,  tlie  parts  arranged  in  4s  {rarely  '3s);  pollen  connected  by  threads. 

1.    EPILO'BIUM. 

Calyx  4-clert,  tubular;  corolla  4-petaled;  stamens  8  ;  cap- 
sule oblong,  inferior;  seeds  comose,  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs. 

Gr.  £Xk,  upon,  and  Xojioi,  a  pod ;  that  is,  a  flower  growing  upon  a  pod. 
Cal.  superior,  deeply  cletl  into  4  oblong,  colored,  deciduous  segments.  Cor. 
of  four  roundish  petals,  inserted  between  the  segments  of  the  call's.  Fil.  sub- 
ulate, alternate  ones  shorter.     Ova.  inferior,  very  long,  4-valved. — Per.  herbs. 

E.    ANGUSTIFo'LIUM.      L.  E.  spicatum.     Lam. 

Leaves  scattered,  liner-lanceolate,  entire,  veiny  ;  flowers  unequal.  The  tall, 
showy  racemes  of  rose-colored  flowers  in  Jul}'  and  Aug.,  readily  distinguish 
this  plant.  Grows  in  low,  siiady  grounds,  stem  oflen  six  feel  high,  round, 
branching  above.     Leaves  narrow,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath.     Flowers  bluish 


ONAGRACE^E.  J  33  (ENOTHERA. 


purple,  numerous,  in  long,  terminal,  erect  racemes.  Petals  unequal,  with 
claws.  Stamens  unequal  in  length,  declining.  Style  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens, on  a  long,  linear  ovary,  which  when  ripened,  discloses  numerous  seeds 
winged  with  long,  silky  down.  Rose-bay.     Willoio-herh. 

2.  E.  colora'tum. 

Stem  round,  puberulent;  /cares  lanceolate,  serrulate,  petioled,  opposite,  up- 
per ones  alternate,  smooth,  veiny.  Found  in  wet  grounds.  Stem  1 — 3  feet 
high,  becoming  very  much  branched.  Leaves  with  red  veins,  on  short,  decur- 
rent  petioles,  conspicuously  covered  with  whitish  dots.  Flowers  axillary, 
regular,  purple,  on  very  long  ovaries.    Jl.    Aug.    Per.     Colored- Willow-herb. 

3.  E.    PALU'STRE. 

Stem  round,  minutely  pubescent;  leaves  subsessile,  lanceolate,  subdenticu- 
late;  stigma  undivided.  In  marshes.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  very  branching, 
with  alternate,  slightly  toothed  leaves.  Petals  obcordate,  rose-color,  about 
.twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  on  an  ovary  longer  than  tJie  leaves.     Jl.     Per. 

Marsh-  Willow-herb. 

p.  albijlorum.  (E.  lineare.  M).  Store  slender,  at  first  simple,  branched  at 
top;  leaves  linear,  entire,  revolute  at  the  margin;  capsules  canescent. 

4.  E.  alpi'num. 

Stem  1 — 2-flowered,  simple,  roundish  ;  learcs  opposite,  elliptical,  entire. 
Mountains.  Stem  decumbent,  a  few  inches  long,  with  about  2  rose-colored 
flowers,  and  obtuse,  short-stalked  leaves.    Jn.    Jl.    Per.     Alpine  Willow-herb. 

5.  E.    MOLLE. 

Covered  with  a  soft,  thick  pubescence  like  velvet;  stem  ronnd,  straight, 
branchinor  above;  Ze«rcs  opposite,  crowded,  linear,  obtusish  ;  petals  emargm- 
ate,  double  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Stigma  large,  clavate.  Flowers  pale 
purple  or  rose-color.  Soft-  Willow-herb. 

2.    CENO'THERA. 

Calyx  4-cleft,  tubular,  segments  reflexed;  petals  4,  mostly 
obovale;  stamens  8,  sometimes  equal;  capsule  4-celled.  4- 
valved,  inferior;  seeds  naked. 

Gr.  oitoi,  wine,  and  Sigiy,  to  hunt;  because  the  root  when  eaten  is  said 
to  be  an  incentive  to  wine  drinking,  Cal.  superior,  with  a  long  tube.  Pet. 
inserted  into  the  top  of  the  tube.  Fil.  awl-sliaped,  incurved,  shorter  than  the 
petals.     Stig.  divided  into  4,  obtuse,  spreading  seg.     Seeds  many. — Herbs. 

1.  (E.  bie'nnis. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  flat ;  stem  rather  rough  and  villose  ;  stamens  short- 
er than  the  corolla.  A  tall  plant,  witli  fine  straw-colored  flowers,  common 
about  fences,  flowering  from  July  to  September.  Stem  rougli,  leafy,  fur- 
rowed, 3 — 5  feet  iilgh.  Leaves  pubescent,  slightly  toothed,  alternate,  sessile 
on  the  stem,  those  of  the  root  tapering  into  a  foot-stalk.  Flowers  numerous, 
thicklv  clustered  in  terminal  spikes.  Their  mode  of  expansion  is  curious. 
It  takes  place  at  evening.  When  the  flower  has  acquired  a  suflicient  expan- 
sive force,  the  calyx  suddenly  bursts  vv'ith  a  perceptible  sound,  and  instantly 
expands,  allowing  the  petals  to  unfold  rather  more  at  their  leisure.  They 
wither  during  the  following  day.  Evening  Primrose.     Scahish. 

M 


ONAGRACE.E,  134  LUDWIGIA* 

p.  muricata.  5'/cm  muricate,  purple  ;  s/flmens  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Leaves 
narrow-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end.     Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.     July. 

2.  CE.  pu'mila. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse  ;  capsules  slightly  stalked,  elliptical,  ovate, 
angular.  A  small,  half-erect  plant,  common  in  grass  lands,  continuing  to  blos- 
som through  the  summer.  Stem  G — lU  inches  high,  oblique  at  base,  round, 
slender,  with  sessile  leaves.  Flowers  yellow,  small,  in  a  leafy  spike,  opening 
in  succession,  one  or  two  at  a  time.     Per-  Dwarf  Eveuing  Primrose. 

3-  (E.  frUtico's.^. 

icr/yci' linear-lanceolate,  subdentate;  peirt/s  broad-obcordate  ;  capsule  stalk^ 
ed,  oblong-clavate,  angular;  raceme  naked  below.  An  annual  species,  with 
a  hard,  suffruticose,  purple  stem,  1 — 2  feet  high,  found  in  woods  and  sandy 
plains.     Leaves  punctate.     Flowers  yellow.     June.  Shrubby  CEnotherU. 

4.  CE.  linea'ris. 

Stem  slender,  often  decumbent  at  base,  much  branched  ;  leaves  narrow- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  somewhat  denticulate  ;  flowers  large,  in  terminal  corymbs; 
tube  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  ovaries  ;  petals  longer  than  stamens  ;  capsules 
canescent,  with  alternate,  slightly  winged  angles,  tapering  at  base.  Stem  1 — 
2  feet  high.     April — July. 

5.  CE.  chrys.\'ntha. 

Sfe?rt  ascending,  slender;  flowers  small,  crowded,  spicate  ;  tube  o(  the  caljx 
equal  in  length  to  the  ovary,  longer  than  the  segments  ;  petals  orange-yellow, 
obovate,  emarginate,  longer  than  the  stamens;  capsules  smooth,  clavate,  the 
alternate  angles  slightly  winged  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base, 
denticulate,  radical  ones  spathulate.    Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.    Jn.    Jl. 

3.    GAURA. 

Calyx  4-clcft,  tubular;  corolla  4-petaled,  ascending  towards 
the  upper  side  ;  stamens  8,  seldom  6,  deciinale,  the  alternate 
ones  a  little  shorter.  Nut  usually  1-celled,  1 — 4-seeded. 
Flowers  spicate. 

Gr.  ycivQoi,  superb;  on  account  of  the  noble  spikes  of  rose-colored  flowers. 
Cal.  of  a  cylindric  tube,  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary.  Cor.  of  4  equal 
petals,  with  narrow  claws  inserted  into  the  tube.  Ova.  oblong,  of  4  cells, 
one  only  proving  fruitful, 

G.  bie'nnis. 

imrcs lanceolate, remotely-toothed;  .*r/?(Ac  crowded  ;  /)r^//sdeclinate,  spread- 
ing; styles  declinate.  A  beautiful  biennial,  with  a  profusion  of  rose-colored 
flowers.  Stem  5  feet  high,  leafy,  much  branched.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile. 
Flowers  in  dense,  terminal  clusters,  very  numerious,  with  a  reddish  calyx  and 
petals  at  first  wliite,  becoming  red.  Grows  on  the  dry  banks  of  streams. 
August.  Biennial  Gaura. 

4.    LUDWl'GIA. 
Calyx  4-parted,  short,  tubular;  corolla  4-petaled;  stamens 
4,  opposite  the  calyx  lobes;  style  1,  short;  capsule  4  celled, 
many'seeded. 


ONAGRACE^. 


135 


Name  in  memory  of  C.  D.  Ludwig,  professor  of  Botany  at  Leipsic,  in  the 
middle  of  the  last  century.  Cal.  lobes  long,  lanceolate,  persistent.  Pet.  equal , 
obcordate,  often  minute  or  0.  Caps,  short,  perforated  at  top,  crowned  with 
the  calyx.— Perennial  herbs,  in  wet  grounds.     Leaves  entire. 

1.  L.  alternifo'lia. 

Erect,  branched,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  ;  haves  alternate,  sessile,  lanceo. 
late,  pale  beneath;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  l-flowercd,  2-bracted  above 
the  middle  ;  petals  scarcely  as  large  as  the  spreading,  acuminate  sepals  ;  cap. 
Side  large,  with  4  winged  angles,  crowned  with  the  colored  calyx.  Native  of 
shady  swamps.  Stem  1—3  feet  high,  round,  with  a  strong  bark,  and  several 
branches.  Leaves  entire,  with  intermarginal  veins,  hoary  beneath.  Ovary 
square,  with  membranous  angles.  Sepals  broad  and  large,  often  purplish  with- 
in.    Petals  large,  yellow  and  rather  showy.     Jl.     Aug.  Seed-box. 

2.  h.  sphceroca'rpa. 

Erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  attenuate  at  base;  floiC' 
ers  a.xilhiry,  subsolitary,  on  very  short  pedicels;  petals  minute  or  0,  as  well 
as  the  bracteoles  ;  sepals  long  as  the  small  capsule.  In  water,  partly  submerged, 
cr  in  very  wet  grounds.  Leaves  rough-edged,  sometimes  glandular  denticu- 
late. Stem  somewhat  angular,  2 — 3  tijet  high.  Flowers  greenish,  inconspic- 
uous.    July--Sept. 

3.  L.   PALU'sTRIS.      Ell.  Isnardia  palustris.     L. 

Prostrate,  creepino-,  smooth  and  slightly  succulent;  leaves  pelioled,  opposite, 
oval,  attenuate  at  base  ;  flowers  sessile,  axillary  ;  petals  0,  or  very  small.  An 
obscure  plant  of  no  beauty,  creeping  in  muddy  places  or  floating  in  v/ater. 
Stems  a  foot  long,  with  many  leaves  and  small,  greenish  flowers  ia  their  asils. 
Petals  when  present,  flesh-colored.     Jn. — Nov.  Jl'aLe?-  Purslane. 

5.  CLA'RKIA. 

Calyx  4-partecl,  deciduous;  petals  4,  unguiculate,  3-lobed 
or  entire,  the  claws  crowned  with  2  minute  teeth;  stamens 
S;  style  1,  tiHform;  stigma  4-lobed;  capsule  largest  at  base, 
4-celled,  4-valved,  many  seeded. 

Named  in  honor  of  General  Clark,  the  companion  of  Lewis  across  the 
Rock}'  Mountains. 

C.  pulche'lla. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate;  petals  large,  broad  above,  long-clawed,  with  three 
spreading  lobes  ;  alternate  stamens  abortive ;  capsule  pedicillate.  Corolla 
purplish,  sometimes  white.  Native  of  Oregon.  Cultivated  in  gardens,  very 
pretty  and  of  easy  culture. 

6.  FU'CHSIA. 

Calyx  tubular-infundibuliform,  colored,  decitluous;  petals 

4.  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  segments ;  nec- 
tary an  S-furrowed  gland ;  berry  oblong,  obtuse,  4-cornered. 

Named  in  honor  of  Leonard  Fuchs,  an  excellent  German  botanist  of  the 
loth  century.     Shrubby  plants,  of  great  beauty. 


ONAGRACEjE.  136  PROSERPINACA. 

F.  Magella'nica. 

Pedinidcs  axillary,  ] -flowered  ;  leaves  in  3s,  serrated.  Native  of  Chili.  A 
most  dL'licate  and  beautiful  green-house  shrub,  1 — (J  feet  high.  The  twigs 
and  nerves  of  the  leaves  are  tinged  with  red.  The  leaves  are  oblong-ovate, 
serrate,  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3.  Flowers  on  long  filiform  peduncles,  pendu- 
lous. The  calyx  is  of  4  scarlet  sepals  united  into  a  long  tube,  broad  at  the 
throat,  much  larger  than  the  included,  crimson  or  dark  purple  corolla.  Sta- 
mens also  red  or  scarlet,  much  exserted.  Berry  purple.  Propagated  by 
cuttings  or  slips,  requiring  careful  attention.  Ladies'  Ear-drop. 

Tribe  2,  CIRC^E.^. 
Flower  regular,  its  parts  arranged  in  2s, 

7.     CIRCuEA. 

Calyx  2-sepaled,  superior,  deciduous;  corolla  2-pefaIed, 
obcordate;  stamens  2,  opposite  the  sepals;  carpels  2,  united  ; 
style  1  ;  capsule  2-celled,  2-seeded. 

Name  from  Circe,  because  this  plant  v.'as  supposed  to  have  been  used  by 
that  enchantress. — Perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves.  Cal.  adherent  to 
the  sides  of  the  ovar}'  and  produced  bej'ond  it,  the  superior  portion  ^-parted, 
the  segments  oval,  deflected.  Pet.  alternate  with  sep.  and  stum.  Fil. filiform, 
long  as  calyx.     Capsules  obovate,  hairy. 

1.  C.  alpi'na. 

Smooth;  stevi  ascending,  weak;  leaves  broad,  heart-shaped,  membrana- 
ceous, dentate,  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  bracts  setaceous.  A  small,  delicate 
plant,  often  met  with  in  low,  wet  or  rocky  woodlands  in  mountainous  districts. 
Tlie  stem  is  prostrate,  decumbent  at  base,  less  than  a  foot  high.  Leaves  thin, 
shining,  pale  green,  distinctly  heart-shaped,  acutely  and  irregularly  toothed. 
The  flowers  are  white,  sometimes  rose-color,  in  terminal  and  axillary  racemes, 
appearing  in  July.  Mpint  Enchanter  s  Kightshade. 

2.  C.  Lutetia'na. 

Stcvi  erect;  leaves  ovvde,  remote]}' dentate,  opaque,  pubescent.  A  larger 
plant  than  the  preceding,  growing  in  damp,  shady  woods  and  groves.  Stem 
about  2  feet  high,  often  more,  erect,  jointed,  branched.  Leaves  opposite, 
dark  green,  often  slightly  cordate  at  base  and  acuminate  at  the  apex.  Flow- 
ers in  long,  terminal  and  lateral  racemes,  which  continue  to  rise  and  blossom 
through  June  and  July.  Corolla  tinged  with  red.  Capsules  inversely  heart- 
shaped,  rough-haired.  Enchanter  s  JVightskade. 

SuBOKDER  II,  HOLORAGEiE. 

Plants  small,  aquatic,  often  apctalous.     Seeds  solitary. 

8.     PROSERPINA'CA. 

Calyx  3-parted,  superior;  corolla  0;  stamens  3;  fruit  3- 
angled,  3-celled,  crowned  by  a  permanent  calyx. 

Lat.  Proserpina,  a  Roman  goddess  ;  from  some  fancied  resemblance  ;  per- 
haps because  the  plant  is  partly  concealed  under  the  water,  and  partly  above. 
The  seed  is  a  bony  nut,  3-sided  and  3-celled. 


ONAGRACKiE. 


1.    P.    PALU'STRIS. 


137  MyRlOPHYLLUM. 


Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  above  the  water,  those  below  pin^ 
natitid.  Native  in  ditches  and  wet  grounds.  Root  creeping  ;  stems  a  toot 
high,  roundish,  with  alternate,  narrow,  petioled  leaves,  their  serratures  very- 
acute.  If  growing  in  water,  the  immersed  leaves  are  pinnatifid  with  linear 
segments.  Flowers  axillary,  two  or  three  togetlier,  succeeded  by  a  very  hard, 
bony,  triangular  nut.     Jn.     Jl.  Spear-kuvcd  Meniiald-wted. 

2.  P.  pectina'cea. 

Leaves  all  pinnatifid  in  a  pectinate  manner.  Found  in  pools  and  ditches. 
Considered  by  Michaux  as  P.  palustris.  Plants  smaller  than  the  preceding 
species,  flowering  in  July  and  August.  Cut-leaved  Mervudd-weed. 

9.    MYRIOPHY'LLUM. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  frequently  perfect.  Sle.xileJI. — Ca- 
ljx4-cleft;  petals  4,  caducous,  frequently  inconspicuous  or  0; 
stamens  4,  6  or  8.  Fertile  Ji. — Calyx  4-tODthed;  petals  4  ; 
stigmas  4,  pubescent;  styles  0;  nuts  4,  subglobose,  1-seeded. 

Gr.  f^vQiOi.  a  myriad,  and  (^vXKov,  a  leaf;  from  the  infinite  number  of  the 
divisions  ol'the  leaves. 

1.  M.  spica'tum. 

Leaves  pinnate,  capillary  ;  sfike  terminal,  interrupted,  leafless,  bearing  the 
flowers  in  whorls.  A  handsome  aquatic,  in  deep  water.  Stem  slender,  branch- 
ing, long  and  smooth.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  finely  pectinate,  with  in- 
numerable segments,  always  submerged.  The  spikes  alone  arise  above  the 
water,  with  small  whorls  of  green,  sessile  flowers.     Jl.     Aug.     Per. 

Spiked  U'uler-MUfuil. 

2.  M.  verticilla'tum. 

Leaves  pinnate,  capillar}',  in  whorls  of  about  3,  upper  ones  pectinate-pin- 
natifid  ;  fluicers  in  a.xillary  whorls,  upper  ones  sterile,  octandrous.  In  stag- 
nant waters.  Stem  long,  rather  slender,  floating,  the  upper  extremity  in  air, 
with  small  green  flowers.     JL     Per.  Water  Milfoil. 

3.  M.  tene'llum. 

Erect,  leafless;  bracts  entire,  obtuse;  petals  linear,  conduplicate  and  revo- 
lute.  About  the  edges  of  ponds  and  rivers.  Stems  simple,  4-- 12  inches  high, 
bearing  only  b.i-acts  and  flowers.  Flowers  small,  white,  sessile,  alternate,  the 
upper  ones  sterile.     July.     Per. 

4.  M.  heteropiiy'llum. 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  5s,  lower  ones  pinnately  divided,  with  capillary  seg- 
ments, upper  ones  ovate-laijceolate,  serrate,  crowded.  Stem  thick,  branching. 
Petals  oblong.  Ovary  ii- ridged.  In  sluggish  waters.  June — Sept.  Leaves 
very  variable. 

5.  M.  ambi'guum. 

Stem  dichotomous,  floating;  lower  leaves  capillary,  middle  ones  pectinate, 

upper  ones  nearly  entire,  all  petioled  ;  flowers  mostly  perfect ;  carpels  smooth. 

/3.  limosum  (M.  procumbens.  Bw.);  5/eMS  procumbent  and  rooting;  leaves 

M* 


PASSIFLORACF-Ji.  138  MENTZELIA. 

all  linear,  rigid,  nearly  entire,  or  obsoletely  toothed.  A  branching,  erect  or 
decumbent  [ilant,  in  ponds  and  ditches,  with  alternate  leaves  and  nuracrou3 
purplish  flowers. 

10.    HIPPU'RIS. 
Calyx  obsolete,  entire;  corolla  0;  stamen  1;  stigma  sim- 
ple ;  seed  1,  inferior. 

Gr.  l-nroi,  horse,  ov^a,  tail.  Cal.  a  mere  rim  crowning  the  ovary.  Fi!. 
superior,  short.  Anth.  2-lobed,  compressed.  Style  longer  than  the  stamen, 
in  a  groove  of  the  anther.     Seed  naked. — Aquatic,  perennial  herbs. 

H.  vulga'ris. 

Root  creeping,  with  long,  verticillate  fibres;  stem  erect,  simple,  jointed; 
^o?<'ers  axillary,  sessile,  solitary,  often  polygamous;  leaves  linear,  acute,  smooth, 
entire,  in  whorls  of  8  or  more.  An  aquatic  plant,  from  1  to  2  feet  high.  Its 
flowers  are  in  their  structure  the  simplest  that  are  called  perfect,  consisting 
merely  of  1  stamen,  1  pistil  and  1  seed,  without  either  calyx  or  corolla.  Fools 
and  slow  waters.     May.     June.     Per.     Rare.  Mare's-tail. 


ORDER  LVII.  LOASACE.E. 

Ca>. — Sepals  nnite(l,5,  persi.^tent,  equal. 

Cor. — Petals  5  or  U),  cucullate,  inserted  into  the  recesses  of  the  calyx. 

Sta. — Indefinite,  numerous,  inserted  with  the  petals,  distinct  or  adhering  in  several  sets. 

Ora.— Adherent  to  the  calyx  more  or  less,  1-ceUed,  with  3—5  parietal  placentae.     Style  1. 

St.'*.— Many. 

Herbaceous  plants,  with  bristles  or  stinaring  hairs.  Leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers 
large.    Natives  of  America,  wust  of  the  Mississippi. 

MENTZE'LIA. 
Calyx  tubular,  5-parted;  petals  5 — 10,  flat,  spreading;  sta- 
mens indefinite,  30 — 200;  ovary  inferior;  styles  3,  filiform, 
connate,  and  often  spirally  twisted;  stigmas  simple,  minute; 
capsule  I -celled,  many-seeded. 

Beautiful  flowering  herbs,  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Christian  Mentzel,  phy- 
sician to  the  Elector  of  Brandenburg. 

M.   Li'NDLEYl.      T.  4^  G.  Bartonia  aurea.     Lind. 

Hispid  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  ;  lobes  often  dentate  ;  flowers  sol- 
itary or  nearly  so,  terminal ;  petals  broadly  obovate,  very  abruptly  acuminate ; 
filaments  filiform,  and,  with  the  seeds,  numerous.  Native  of  California.  Stems 
decumbent,  branching,  1 — '3  feet  in  length,  with  golden  yellow  flowers  2 — 3 
inches  in  diameter,  the  beauty  of  which  is  greatly  heightened  by  the  innu- 
merable thread-like,  yellow  stamens.     Ann.     Cultivated,      Golden  Bartonia. 


ORDER    LIX.    PASSlFLORACEiE.       Uc  Passion  Fhicer  Trihe. 

Cat — Sepals  4 — 5,  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  sides  and  throat  of  which  are  lined  with  a 

ring  of  fdamentous  processes,  which  appear  to  be  metamorphosed  petals. 
Cot. — l^elals  5,  arising  from  the  throat  of  the  calyx  outside  the  crovru. 


PASSIFLORACEa:.  139  BASSIFLORA. 


Sta. — 5,  monadelphous,  surrounding  the  stipe  of  the  ovary. 
Qi-a. — Superior,  on  a  long  stipe,  1-celled,    Styles  3. 
Fr. — Stalked,  within  the  calyx,  many-seeded. 

Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  usually  climbing.  Leaves  alternate^  stipulate.  Flowers 
large  and  showy,  in  axillary  racemes.  Natives  of  Tropical  America,  but  cultivated  in 
many  other  countries  as  ornamental  flowers.  The  fruit  of  the  GranadiUa  (Passitlora  mul- 
tiformis) is  eaten  in  the  W.  Indies,  and  highly  valued  as  a  dessert,  but  the  root  is  poisonous. 

PASSIFLO'RA. 
Calvx  deeply  5-parted,  colored;  the  throat  with  a  complex 
crown  of  filiform  rays;  petals  5  or  0;  fruit  a  pulpy  berry. 

Lat.  flos  passionis,  because  the  several  parts  of  the  flower  were  supposed 
to  represent  the  passion  of  Jesus  Christ.  The  five  stamens  were  compared 
to  his  five  wounds ;  the  three  styles,  to  the  three  nails  by  which  he  was  fixed 
to  the  cross;  the  column  which  elevates  the  ovary,  to  the  cross  itself,  and 
the  rays  of  the  crown  to  the  crown  of  thorns. 

1.  P.  Lu'tea. 

Leaves  cordate,  3-lobed,  obtuse,  smooth ;  petioles  without  glands ;  peduncles 
axillary,  in  pairs ;  petals  much  narrower  than  the  calyx.  Native  in  Penn.  and 
Vir.  to  Florida.  Stem  creeping,  a  few  feet  in  length.  The  leaves  are  said  to 
resemble  those  of  the  Hepatica  triloba,  both  in  shape  and  size,  being  smooth, 
glaucous  and  3-lobed.  Flowers  with  narrow  petals,  pale  yellow.  Crown  of 
spreading  rays  of  the  same  length  and  color  as  the  petals.     Sept.     Per. 

Yellow  Passion-floicer, 

2.  P.  c^ru'lia. 

Leaves  palmate,  5-parted,  entire ;  pei/o/es  glandular ;  involucre  3-leaved,  en- 
tire; threads  of  corona  shorter  than  the  corolla.  This  is  the  tallest,  most 
woody,  and  most  admired  species  of  this  large  and  noble  genus.  Native  of 
Brazil,  where  it  grows  to  the  size  of  a  man's  arm,  and  to  the  hight  ot  30  feet. 
It  is  tolerably  hardy  but  requires  protection  from  our  frosts.  It  is  cultivated 
either  from  cuttings,  seeds  or  layers.  The  leaves  are  exceedingly  elegant, 
smooth,  glaucous,  deeply  palmate  in  5  entire  segments.  Flowers  blue  out- 
side, purple  and  white  within,  and  continue  but  one  day.  Fruit  ovate,  yellow. 
"Among  all  the  beauties  which  shine  in  sunny  robes,"  says  Hervey  in  his 
<  Reflections  on  a  Flower  Garden'  "this,  I  think,  has  the  noblest  import  if 
not  the  finest  appearance.  Were  they  all  to  pass  in  review,  and  expect  the 
award  of  superiority  from  my  decision,  I  should  not  liesitate  a  moment.  While 
others  appoint  it  a  place  in  the  parterre,  I  would  transplant  the  Passion-flow- 
er, or  rather  its  sacred  signification  to  my  heart.  There  let  it  bloom  both  in 
Summer  and  Winter,  in  the  most  expressive  characters,  and  with  undecaying 
lustre."  Common  Passion-Jiuwer. 

3.  P.    INCARNA'TA. 

Xearts  3-lobed,  serrate,  lobes  oblong,  acute;  petioles  wiih  2  glands;  invo- 
luare  3-leaved  ;  threads  of  the  corona  longer  tlian  the  corolla.  This  species 
is  a  native  at  the  South,  and  next  to  the  above,  is  perhaps  the  most  popular 
in  cultivation.  The  flower  is  rose  color,  variegated  with  purple,  sweet-scent- 
ed.    Fruit  the  size  of  an  apple,  orange-colored.     Flesh-colored  Passion-flower, 

4.  P.  malifo'rmis. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  cordate,  3-nerved,  veiny,  entire  ;  petioles  with  2-glands ; 
involucre  3-leaved,  larger  than  the  flower.  This  is  the  siceet  culabush  of  the 
W.  Indies.    It  produces  large  flowers,  red,  white  and  blue,  but  of  short  dura- 


CPCUEBITACEjE.  140  ECHJNOCTSTIS. 

tion.     Fruit  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a  large  apple,  orange-colored  when  ripe, 
with  a  tliick  rind  and  sweetisli  pulp.     It  is  served  up  in  desserts. 

iSweel  Calabash.     Granadilla. 


ORDER   LX.    CUCURBITACE^.  The  Gourd  Tribe. 

Cal. — 5-toothed.  [marked  with  reticulated  veins. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  united  with  each  other  and  cohering  to  the  calyx,  very  cellular,  strongly 
Sta. — 5,  distinct,  more  generally  cohering  in  3  sets,     Anth.  very  long  and  wavy  or  twisted. 
Oi<a. — Interior,  l-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae  often  filling  the  cells. 
J^. — A  pepo  or  membranous.     Seeds  flat,  M'ith  no  albumen,  often  ariled. 

An  order  of  succulent  herbs,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternate,  palmately  veined,  rough 
leaves.  Flowers  never  blue,  monctcious  or  polygamous.  They  are  natives  of  tropical  re- 
gions, only  a  few  being  found  in  the  Temperate  Zones  of  Europe  and  America.  A  highly 
important  order  of  plants,  aflbrding  some  of  the  most  delicious  and  nutritive  of  fruits.  A 
bitter,  laxative  principle  pervades  the  group,  which  is  so  concentrated  in  a  lew  a.s  to  ren- 
der them  actively  medicinal.  The  oflicinal  colocynth  is  prepared  I'rom  the  pulp  of  Cucumis 
Colocynthis,  a  powerl'ul  drastic  poison. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Seeds  thin  at  edge,  Cucumis        4 

(  indehiscent ;  |  Seeds  thick  at  edge,  Cucurhita.     5 

f  a  fle.shy  pepo,  many-seeded,  (  dehiscing  elastically,       .        .        .  Mnmordica.  3 

j                                  I  4-seeded,          ........  Eehinocyitus.'i 

Fruit  (  membraiiaceous,  ( I-seeded,      , Sicyos.          1 

1.    SI'CYOS. 
Flowers    monoecious.        Sterile Jlowers — Calyx    5-toothed; 
corolla  5-parled  ;  filaments  3.     Fcrlileft. — Calyx  5-toothed; 
corolla  5-parted ;  styles  3-cleft ;  fruit  ovate,  hispid,  or  echi- 
nate;  seed  large,  compressed. 

Gr.  (T\,y.x,oi,  unpleasant,  for  such  is  certainly  the  taste  of  the  single  seeded 
cucumber. 

S.  Angula'ta. 

Leaves  cordate,  with  an  obtuse  sinus,  5-angled,  denticulate,  rough.  Native 
on  river  banl^s.  A  week,  climbing  vine,  witli  long,  spiral,  branching  tendrils. 
Stem  branching,  hairy.  Loaves  3  or  4  incites  broad,  alternate,  on  long  stalks. 
Flowers  axillary,  whitish,  marked  with  green  lines,  the  barren  ones  on  long, 
racemose  peduncles.  Fruit  half  an  inch  long,  ovate,  spinous,  8 — 10  together 
in  a  round  head,  and  each  with  one  large,  ovate  seed.     July.     Ann. 

Single  seed  cucumber. 

2.  ECHINOCY'STIS. 
Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  Jl. — Calyx  of  6  filiform-subulate 
segments,  shorteir  than  the  corolla;  petals  6,  united  at  base 
into  a  rotate-campanulate  corolla;  stamens  3,  diadelphous. 
Fertile  Jl. — Cal.  and  cor.  as  above ;  abortive  fil.  3,  distinct, 
minute;  style  very  short ;  stig.  2,  large  ;  fruit  roundish,  infla- 
ted, echinate.     Annual,  climbing. 

E.    LOBA'TA.       T.S/-G.      Moniordica  echinata.    Muh.     Sicyos  lobata.     Mx. 

Fruit  roundish,  setose-echinatc,  with  4  seeds;  leaves  cordate,  with  5  angu- 
lar lobes,  acuminate,  sub-entire;  cali/x  G-cleft.    A  running  vine,  rarely  found 


CUCURBITACE^.  141 


in  N.  England  and  the  Middle  States.  The  stem  is  smooth,  deeply  furrowed, 
with  long,  divided  tendrils,  placed  mostly  opposite  to  the  long  leaf-stalks. 
Flowers  white,  small,  the  barren  ones  very  numerous,  in  axillary  panicles. 
Fertile  ones  solitary,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  panicle.  Fruit  small.  Aug. 
Annual.  Bristly  Balsam-apple. 

3.    MOMO'RDICA. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Slerele  Jl. — Calyx  5 — 6-cleft;  corol- 
la 5— 6-parted;  filaments  3.  Ferlile  fl.—Ca\yx  and  corolla 
as  above;  style  3-cleft ;  berry  bursting elastically  ;  seeds  com- 
pressed. 

Lat.  mordeo,  momordi,  to  chew ;  from  the  appearance  of  the  seeds,  the  rough 
surface  of  which  appears  as  if  chewed. 

M.  Balsami'na. 

Fruit  roundish-ovate,  angular,  tuberculate ;  leaves  palmate,  spreading, 
smooth.  An  annual,  tender  plant  from  E.  India.  Fruit  orange-colored^  as 
large  as  a  goose  egg,  splitting  elastically  on  one  side  and  discharging  the  seeds. 
The  fruit  has  been  considered  a  good  vulnerary.  Common  Balsam-apple. 

4.    CU'CUMIS. 

Flowers  monoecious.    Slerilejl. — Calyx  5-toothed,  campan- 

ulate;  corolla  5-parted  ;  filaments  5,  in  3  sets.     Ferlilef,. — 

Calyx  5-toothed;  corolla  5-parted;   ovary  3fid;  fruit  {pepo) 

with  sharp-edged  seeds. 

Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  cvce,  a  hollow  thing ;  a  teim  more  appli- 
cable to  the  gourd  than  to  the  cucumber. 

1.  C.    SATI'VUS. 

Angles  of  the  leaves  straight;  fruit  ^n  oblong,  prickly,  pome-like  berry. 
The  cucumber  is  a  native  of  Asia,  whence  it  was  brought  to  England  in  1573. 

Cucuinber, 

2.  C.  Meld. 

Angles  of  the  leaves  rounded;  fruit  oblong,  torulose.  First  cultivated  in 
England  in  1570.  Muskmelon. 

3.  C.  Angui'nis. 

Leaves  \ohed ;  fruit  cylindric,  very  long,  smooth,  contorted  and  folded  upon 
itself.     From  the  East  Indies.  Serpent  Cucumber. 

4.  C.  Colocy'nthis. 

Leaves  many-cleft;  fruit  globose,  smooth.  From  Cape  Good  Hope.  The 
fruit  of  the  colycinth  is  about  the  size,  form  and  color  of  the  orange,  with  an 
intolerably  bitter  pulp.  The  extract  is  the  colycinth  of  the  shops,  an  acrid 
poison,  but  with  other  substances  is  a  useful  cathartic.  Colycinth, 

5.  C.  angu'ria. 

Leaves  palmate-sinuate;  fruit  globose,  echinate.    Native  of  Jamaica. 

Prickly  Cucumber, 


GROSSULACE^.  142 


5.     CUCU'RBITA. 
Flowers  monoecious.     Sterile  Jl. — Calyx  Stoothed  ;  corolla 
S-fid  ,    filaments  5,  in  3  sets.     Fertile  f. — Calyx  5-toothed  ; 
corolla  5-fid  ;  ovary  3-fid  ;  fruit  (pepo)  with  seeds  thickened 
at  the  margin. 

This  is  a  Latin  word  of  the  same  origin  as  cucumis,  and  signifies  a  vessel, 
in  allusion  to  the  well  known  use  of  the  gourd. 

1.  C.  lagena'ria. 

Leaves  cordate,  roundish-obtuse,  pubescent,  denticulate,  with  2  glands  be- 
neath  at  the  hast;  fruit  clavate,  somewhat  woody.  From  India.  Flowers 
white.  Calabash.      Bottle-gourd, 

2.  C.  Pepo. 

Leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  about  5-lobed,  denticulate  ;  fruit  roundish  or  oblong, 
smooth.  The  pumpkin  (more  properly  pompion)  is  from  the  Levant.  Pumpkin. 

3.  C.  Citru'llus. 

Leaves  5-lobed,  lobes  sinuate,  pinnatifid,  ohiMse;  fruit  elliptical,  smooth. 
From  S.  Europe.  Water-melon. 

4.  C.  ovi'fera. 

Leaves  cordate,  angular,  5-lobed,  denticulate,  downy  ;  fruit  obovate,  striped 
with  lines  lengthwise.     iSative  of  Astrecan.  Egg  Squash, 

5.  C.    VERRUCO'SA. 

Leaves  cordate,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  narrowed  at  base  ;  fruit  cXa.- 
vate,  verrucose.     Native  country  unknown.  Club  Squash. 

6.  C.  Melope'po. 

Leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  about  5-loben,  denticulate  ;  fruit  large,  torulose  tu- 
mid at  the  margin.    JNative  country  unknown.  Flat  Squash. 


ORDER    LXI.    GROSSULACEiE.  The  Gooseberry  Tribe. 

Coi.— Superior,  4 — 5-cleft,  regular,  colored,  marescent,  imbricate  in  estivation. 

Cor.— Petals  inserted  in  tlie  throat  of  the  calyx,  small,  distinct,  as  many  as  sepals. 

Sta. — As  many  as  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  very  short ;  anthers  inlrorse. 

Ooa. — One-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentas  ;  ovules  numerous  ;  styles  3. 

Fr. — A  1-oelled  berry  (the  cell  filled  with  pulp)  crowned  with  the  remains  ol'the  flower. 

Sds. — Anatropous,  the  embryo  minute,  radicle  next  the  micropyle. 

A  small  order  of  shrubs  either  spiny  or  unarmed,  with  alternate-lobed  leaves.  Flowers 
in  axilku-y  racemes.  The  gooseberries  and  currents  are  natives  of  the  N.  temperate  zone 
of  both  continents,  but  unknown  in  the  tropics  or  S.  hemisphere,  except  S.  America. 

Properlies. — 'J'he  berries  contain  a  swi^et,  mucilag-inous  pulp,  together  with  malic  or  citric 
Sicid.    They  are  always  wholesome  and  usually  esculent. 

RIBES. 
Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  Order. 

An  Arabic  n3.nje  of  uncertain  etymology,  applied  to  the  Rheum  ribeg. 


GROSSHLACEJE.  143 


*  Stcjiis  unarmed.     Currants. 

1.  R.  flo'ridum. 

Leaves  punctate  on  both  sides  with  resinous  dots;  racemes  pendant,  pubes- 
cent; calyx  cylindric;  bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels.  A  handsome  shiub, 
in  woods  and  hedges,  common.  Hight  3—4  feet.  Leaves  about  5-lobed, 
toothed,  the  dots  whitish.  Calyx  somewhat  bell-shaped.  Petals  greenish 
yellow,  rather  large.     Fruit  black,  insipid.     May.  Wild  Black  Currant. 

2.  R.    RUB  RUM. 

Racemes  glabrous,  nodding ;  flowers  flattish ;  petals  obcordate;  leaves  ob- 
tusely 5-lobed.  The  common  red  currant  is  said  to  grow  wild  in  Canada  and 
thence  to  Mackenzie  River.  Its  culture  and  uses  are  known  to  every  body. 
The  variety  album,  the  white  currant,  has  yellow  berries,  larger  and  less  tart 
tJian  the  rubrum.     Propagated  from  cuttings  of  last  year's  growth.     May. 

3.  R.    PROSTRA'TUM.      VHcr.  R-  rigens.     Mx. 

Leaves  smooth,  cordate,  lobed  and  doubly  serrate,  reticulate-rugose,  pube  - 
scent  beneath  ;  racemes  erect,  lax,  many-flowered  ;  berries  glandular  hispid 
A  small  shrub,  with  ill-flavored  berries,  on  mountains  and  rocky  hills.  Stem 
with  straight  branches.  Leaves  .5 — 7-lobed,  on  long  petioles.  Racemes  about 
8-flowered,  becoming  erect  in  fruit.  Berry  red,  rather  large.  Flowers  marked 
with  purple.     May.  Mountain  Currant. 

4.  R.    NIGRUM. 

Leaves  punctate  beneath  ;  racemes  lax  ;  flmcets  campanulate  ;  bracts  shorter 
than  pedicels  ;  berries  black.  Exotic.  The  culture  of  the  black  currant  is  sim- 
ilar to  the  red.  This  species  much  resembles  R.  floridum,  and  may  be  but  a 
cultivated  variety.     May.  Black  Currant. 

5.  R.  au'reum. 

Very  smooth  ;  leaves  3-lobed,  lobes  spreading,  with  a  few  teeth  ;  bracts  lin- 
ear, as  long  as  the  flower-stalks  ;  berries  smooih.  Native  of  Missouri.  Avery 
beautiful  iTpecies,  about  8  feet  high,  cultivated  in  gardens  as  an  ornamental 
shrub.  Petiole  ciliate  at  base,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Racemes  lax,  with 
numerous,  yellow,  very  fragrant  flowers.  Calyx  tubular  longer  than  the  pe- 
dicels, divisions  oblong,  obtuse.  Petals  linear,  half  as  long  as  the  divisions  of 
the  calyx.     April.     INfay.  Missouri  or  Golden  Currant. 

*  *  Stems  prickly.     Gooseberries. 

6.  R.  Cyno'sbati. 

Spines  sub-axillary,  about  in  pairs;  leaves  lobed,  cut  and  toothed,  downy; 
rttccjwcs  nodding,  few-flowered;  ca/j/z  erect,  campanulate;  berries  prickly .  A 
handsome  shru"b,  about  4  feet  high,  found  in  hedges  and  thickets.  Thorns 
from  1  to  3,  near  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  in  3—5  gash-toothed  lobes. 
Flowers  green.  Berry  covered  with  long  prickles,  and  of  a  dull  brown  col- 
or.    June. 

7.  R.    ROTUNDIFo'LIUM.      Mx.  R.  triflorum.     L. 

Spines  sub-axillary,  short ;  leaves  smooth,  3 — 5-lobcd,  incisely  dentate  ;  pe- 
duucles  1 — 3-flovvered ;  pedicels  elongated;  petals  spathulate,  unguiculate ; 
stamens exseried,  smooth,  much  longer  than  the  petals;  style  hairy,  exserted, 
deeply  2 — 3-cleft;  berries  smooth.  A  bushy  shrub,  3 — 4  feet  high,  with  fruit 
similar  to  the  common  gooseberry.  Grows  in  woods.  Petioles  and  the  un- 
der side  of  the  leaves  pubescent.     Petals  white.     Berry  red.     May. 

Wild  Gooseberry. 


CACTACE^.  144 


8.    R.    LACU'STRIS. 


Sub-axillary  spines  ;  stems  aculeate,  hispid  ;  leaves  lobed  beyond  the  middle; 
petioles  villous;  berries  racemose,  hispid.  A  handsome  shrub,  4  feet  high, 
found  in  woods.  The  younger  stems  are  rough  all  over  with  bristles ;  the 
older  ones  smooth,  with  a  fevsr  spines  near  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Flowers 
green,  6 — 10  in  each  raceme.     Fruit  covered  with  long  prickles.     May. 

Swamp  Goosebcrrij. 

9.  R.   HIRTE'LLUM.      Mx.  R.  triflorum.     B. 

Sub-axillary  spines  solitary  or  nearly  so,  short;  leaves  pubescent  beneath, 
roundish,  cordate  at  base,  3 — 5-lobed ;  ^y?cers  generally  solitary,  nodding; 
calyx  longer  than  the  petals;  stamens  longer  than  either;  style  hairy,  2-cletl; 
fruit  smootli.  In  rocky  woods.  Flowers  greenish.  Fruit  purple.  Leaves 
small,  generally  3-cleft  to  the  middle.     May. 

10.  R.  Grossu'laria. 

Petioles  hairy  ;  peduucles  1-flowered  ;  bracts  2 ;  fruit  hairy.  The  common 
garden  Gooseberry  is  native  of  England,  where  it  is  cultivated  to  such  a  de- 
gree of  perfection  that  a  single  berry  often  weighs  an  ounce.  The  variety 
Uva-crispa,  has  connate-tubular  bracts,  and  fruit  without  hairs.     Apr. 

English  Gooseberry. 


ORDER    LXII.    CACTACE^.  The  Cactus  Tribe. 

Cat —  f  Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  often  indefinite  and  confounded  with  each  otlier,  the 

Cor. —  (  sepals  from  the  surface  and  tne  petals  from  the  summit  of  ovary. 

Sta. — Indefinite.     Fit.  long  and  filiform.     Anlh.  ovate,  versatile. 

Ora.— Inferior,  fleshy,  1-oelled,  with  parietal  placentie. 

Sty. — Single,  filiform,  with  several  anthers  in  a  star-like  cluster. 

Fr. — Succulent,  I -celled,  many-seeded. 

Sds. — Without  albumen,  with  thick  foliaceous  cotyledons,  or  often,  with  scarcely  any. 

An  order  of  succulent  plants,  verj'  variable  in  form  and  aspect,  usually  of  a  shrubby  hab- 
it, with  spinose  buds,  and  leafless.  The  stems  are  either  globular  masses,  or  columnar 
with  angles,  or  flattened  into  a  leafy  form  with  articulations.  Flowers  solitary,  sessile, 
generally  large  and  showy,  but  of  brief  duration. 

All  the  genera  are  peculiarly  American,  no  one  having  ever  been  found  in  any  other 
quarter  of  the  globe.  They  are  chiefly  confined  wilhni  the  tropics,  only  two  or  three  spe- 
cies having  been  found  beyond  them.  The  Prickly  Pear  (Opuntia  vulgaris)  is  the  only 
species  found  native  as  far'north  as  New  York. 

OPU'NTIA. 

Sepals  and  petal?  numerous,  adnate  to  the  ovary;  stamens 
numerous;  style  with  numerous,  thick,  erect  stigmas;  berry 
tuberculate. 

Named  from  Opuntiani,  a  country  near  Phocis,  where  this  plant  appears  to 
have  been  naturalized.  Shrubby  plants,  with  articulated  branches,  the  joints 
usually  broad  and  flattened,  with  fascicles  of  prickles  regularly  arranged  upon 
the  surface. 

1.   0.   VULGA'RIS.      Dc.  Cactus  Opuntia.    L. 

Proliferous;  articulations  compressed,  ovate;  spines  fasciculate.  A  well 
known,  succulent  plant,  found  w'ild  in  rocky  mountains  and  sandy  fields,  N. 
y.  and  Conn.  It  is  often  cultivated,  as  well  for  the  singularity  of  its  form, 
as  the  elegance  of  its  llowcrs.  Like  the  other  species  of  Uie  genus,  it  appears 
like  a  series  of  thick,  fleshy  leaves,  growing  from  the  tip  or  sides  of  each  oth- 


CACTACE^. 


145 


er,  and  covered  with  clusters  of  prickles.  The  flowers  come  forth  from  the 
edge  of  the  joints  or  internodes,  are  large,  yellow,  followed  by  a  smooth,  crim- 
son, eatable  fruit.  Prickly  Pear. 

2.  0.    PHYLLAN'THUS.      Dc.  Cactus  phyllanthus.     L. 

Proliferous;  branches  ensiform,  compressed,  serrate,  with  a  central,  woody 
rib.  From  S.  America.  A  species  of  remarkable  form.  The  articulations 
of  the  stem  are  2  or  more  feet  long  and  about  2  inches  wide,  weak,  bordered 
with  large,  rounded  serratures,  and  traversed  lengthwise  by  a  thick,  cylindri- 
cal nerve.  Flowers  very  large,  pink-colored,  growing  from  the  indentures  of 
the  stem.  Spleenwort. 

3.  O.    PHYLLANTHOI'DES.      Dc.  Cactus  phyllanthoides.     L. 

Branches  ensiform,  compressed,  obovate,  with  spreading,  rounded  teeth  ; 
spines  few,  setaceous,  slender,  longer  than  the  vvooly  covering.  From  Jamai- 
ca. A  splendid  flowerer,  witii  leaf-like,  fleshy  joints,  each  G — 10  inches  long, 
and  1 — 2  wide.  Flowers  very  large,  from  the  summit  or  notches  of  the  joints. 
Sepals  and  petals  pink-colored,  lanceolate,  several  inches  in  length. 

4.  0.    TRUNCA'TUS.      Dc.  Cactus  truncatus.     L. 
Branching;  articulatiojis  short,  compressed  (leaf-like),  serrate,  truncate  at 

the  summit.  From  Brazil.  A  very  distinct  species,  growing  a  foot  high. 
Flowers  with  reflexed,  pink-colored  petals.  Truncate  Cactus. 

2.     CE'REUS. 
Sepals  and  petals  very  numerous,  imbricated  and  adnate  to 
the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  outer  shorter,  the  inner  petaloid; 
stamens  numerous;  style  filiform,  with  many  stigmas;  berry 
scaly  with  the  remains  of  the  sepals. 

Fleshy  shrubs,  with  long,  cylindrical,  furrowed  a.\es,  armed  with  fascicles 
of  spines.     Flowers  from  the  clusters  of  spines. 

1.  C.    GRANDIFLo'RUS.  Cactus  grandiflorus.     L. 
Stems  creeping,  rooting,  with  about  five  angles.     Native  of  the  W.  Indies. 

Stems  cylindric  or  prismatic,  branching,  the  angles  not  very  prominent. 
Spines  small,  clustered.  The  flowers,  which  endure  but  a  few  hours,  are  lat- 
eral, G  inches  to  a  foot  in  diameter,  very  fragrant.  Sepals  brown  without, 
yellow  within.  Petals  of  a  pure  white.  It  is  cultivated  in  the  hot  house,  and 
may  be  trained  against  the  wall.  Much  care  is  requisite,  but  no  flowering 
plant  better  repays  the  labor  of  its  culture.  Kight-hloondng  Ccreus. 

2.  C.    FLAGELIFO'RMIS.  Cactus  flageliformis.     L. 
Stem  creepinor,  with  about  10  angles,  hispid.     Native  of  S.  America.     Stem 

about  the  size  of  the  little  finger,  cylindric,  channelled,  3 — 3  feet  long.  Flow- 
ers lateral,  sessile,  of  a  lively  pink-color,  smaller  but  more  numerous  than 
those  of  the  preceding  species,  and  continuing  in  bloom  several  days. 

Snake  Ccreus  or  Cactus. 

3.  C.  TRIANGULA'rIS.  Cactus  triangularis.  L. 
Stem,  creeping,  triangular.  Native  of  W.  [nclies.  Stem  long,  and  in  its  na- 
tive country,  chmbing  trees,  and  supporting  itself  with  lateral  roots.  Flowers 
very  large,  white,  lateral  solitary.  Fruit  ovate,  both  sweet  and  acid,  pleasant 
and  cooling,  much  esteemed  in  the  W.  Indies.  Strauberry  Pear. 


MESEMBRYANTHEMACE^,,         146  MESEMBRYANTHEMDM. 

These  are  the  more  common  or  favorite  species,  but  many  others  are  occa- 
sionally reared  in  the  parlor  or  the  green-house, — so  many^that  it  would  trans- 
cend our  limits  to  notice  them  individually.  The  cultivation  of  the  Cacti, 
which  is  rapidly  becoming  a  popular  amusement,  is  nearly  the  same  for  all 
the  species.  The  cuttings  should  be  left  for  several  days,  or  even  weeks, 
exposed  to  the  air  until  they  are  shrivled.  ]f  then  potted,  they  root  immedi- 
ately. The  pots  should  be  small,  and  well  drained  with  fragments  of  earthern 
or  brick  at  the  bottom.  The  best  soil  is  sandy  loam,  or  loam  mixed  with  grav- 
el. They  require  but  little  water,  and  a  free,  open  air,  when  the  temperature 
will  allow  it. 


ORDER  LXIII.MESEMBRYANTHEMACE/E./«.;,Za7T«rriA.. 

CaL — Sepals  varyinj!:  from  4  to  8,  but  usually  5,  somewliat  connected  at  base. 

Cor. — Petals  indefinite,  colored,  m  many  rows. 

Sta. — Indefinite,  distinct,  arising'  from  the  calyx. 

Oca. — Inferior  or  nearly  superior,  many-celled.     Stigmas  numerous. 

Caps. — Many-celled,  openin{>-  in  a  stellate  manner  at  the  apex.  ' 

ads. — More  commonly  indefinite,  attached  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  cells. 

The  greater  part  of  the  plants  of  tliis  order  are  natives  of  the  hot,  sandy  plains  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  A  few  are  found  in  S.  Europe,  N.  Africa,  &c.,  and  only  one  genus,  Sesu- 
vium,  along  the  sea  shore  of  the  Middle  and  Southern  Slates. 

MESEMBRYA'NTHEMUM. 

Calyx  S-cleft;  petals  many,  linear;  capsule  fleshy,  turbin- 
ate, inferior,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  f/,i(rrifA,i3Qi,u.,  the  mid-day,  avSoi,  flower;  because  the  plants  open  their 
flowers  about  that  time.     Exotic.     Mostly  herbs,  thick  and  fleshy. 

1.  M.    CRYSTALLINUM. 

Leaves  large,  ovate,  acute,  wavy,  frosted,  3-nerved  beneath;  root  biennial, 
A  popular  house  plant,  from  Greece.  It  has  a  creeping  stem  a  foot  or  more 
in  length,  which,  together  with  the  leaves,  is  covered  over  with  numerous, 
frosty,  warty  protuberances,  giving  the  plant  a  very  singular  aspect.  Flow- 
ers white,  appearing  all  summer.  Ice-plant. 

2.  M.  cordifo'lium. 

Leaves  petiolate,  cordate-ovate  ;  stems  procumbent,  spreading ;  calyx  4-clefl, 
2-horned.  An  interesting  little  plant,  well  known  in  house  cultivation,  native 
of  Cape  Good  Hope.  The  whole  plant  fleshy  and  succulent  like  others  of 
its  kind.  Howers  pink-colored.  Calyx  thick,  green,  the  horns  opposite. 
Capsule  translucent,  marked  on  the  suimnit  with  cruciform  lines. 

Heart-leaved  Ice-plant, 

The  numerous  species  of  this  extensive  genus,  says  I^oudon,  are  sino-ular 
yet  beautiful,  and  some  even  splendid  plants.  Their  leaves  are  of  odd  shapes, 
and  the  habits  of  most  are  slovenly  and  insignificant,  though  some  are  grotesque. 
But  the  flowers  make  ample  amends  by  their  profusion,  brilliancy  of  color 
and  the  length  of  time  they  continue  in  bloom.  Few  are  annual,  fewer  bien- 
nial, many  perennial,  but  most  Ure  shrubby,  especially  at  base.  Leaves  most- 
ly opposite,  thick  or  succulent,  of  various  forms.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary, 
supra-axillary,  and  more  frequently  terminal,  The  hardy  sorts  will  grow  in 
the  open  air  if  protected  during-  winter. 


CRASSULACE^. 


147 


ORDER  LXV.  CRASSULACE^.  The,  CrassuU  Tdhe. 

C„;._Sepals  3—20,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  persistent. 

Cor.— Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  clistinet,  rarely  colierin.a:, 

Sta.—As  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  twice  as  many.  [lengthwise. 

Oc«.— As  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them.     Fil.  distinct.     Anth.  2-oelled,  bursting 

i.>._Follicles  as  many  as  the  ovaries,  each  opening  by  the  ventral  suture,  many-seeded. 

A  family  of  herbs  and  shrubs,  all  (except  Penthorum)  remarkable  for  their  succulent 
stems  and' leaves,  chiefly  natives  of  the  warmer  rejrions  of  the  globe,  particularly  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  About  20  are  found  in  North  America.  They  grow  in  the  thinnest  and 
dcyesx  soil,  on  naked  rocks,  sandy  deserts,  &c.  They  have  no  remarkable  properties  except 
a  slight  acridity.    Many  are  highly  ornamental. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera, 
i  Stamens  4, TWact.  1 

fin  4s ;  (  Stamens  8, IjiyophyUum.  o 
I  Carpels  distinct,       .        .         Srdmn.  2 

(  in  .5s  ;  stamens  10  ;  (  Carpels  united,            .        .     Penthorum.     4 
Floral  organs  arranged  ( in  12s, Senipervivum.3 

Tribe  1,  CRASSULE^.     Carpels  distinct,  follicular. 

1.    TlLhJE'A. 

Calyx  of  3 — 4  sepals  united  at  base;  petals  3 — 4,  equal; 
stamens  3 — 4  ;  capsules  3 — 4,  follicular,  opening  by  the  inner 
suture,  2  or  many-seeded. 

In  memory  of  Mich.  Ang.  Tilli,  an  Italian  botanist;  died  1740. — Very  mi- 
jfiute,  annual,  aquatic  herbs.     Leaves  opposite. 

T.    SIMPLEX.      JViitt.  T.  ascendens.     Eaton. 

Stem  ascending  or  erect,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints ;  leaves  connate  at  the 
base,  linear-subulate,  fleshy ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  sessile.  A  very  small 
plant,  on  the  muddy  banks  of  streams.  Stem  1 — 3  inches  high.  Flowers 
white  or  greenish ;  petals  oval,  flat,  acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  oval  minute 
calyx,  and  longer  than  the  stamens  and  fruit.  Pigmy-weed. 

2.    SEDUM. 

Calyx  of  4 — 5  sepals  united  at  base  ;  petals  4 — 5,  distinct ; 
stamens  8 — 10;  a  nectariferous  scale  at  the  base  of  each  of 
the  4 — 5  carpels. 

Lat.  sedcre,  to  sit ;  the  plants  growing  on  bare  rocks  look  as  if  sitting  there. 
— Mostly  herbaceous.     Inflorescence  cymose. 

1.    S.    TERNA'TUM. 

Leapcs  ternately  verticillate,  flat,obovate,  entire,  smooth,  the  upper  ones  scat- 
tered, sessile, lanceolate  ;  r?/»ree  in  about  3  divisions  ;  _/fotfe7-5secund.  A  small, 
creeping  plant,  with  a  3-forked  spike  of  white  flowers.  Stems  6  inches  long, 
branched  and  decumbent  at  the  base.  Flowers  with  8  stamens,  the  other  parts 
in  4s.     July.     Aug.     Per,  Stone-crop. 

2/S,  telephoi'des. 

Leaves  broadly-lanceolate,  alternate  at  base,  subdentate,  smooth;  cymes 
dense,  corymbose;  stamens  \0,  the  sepals,  petals  and  carpels  in  5s.  Found 
on  the  shores  of  Seneca  Lake,  &c.  Stem  a  toot  high,  with  numerous,  purple 
Sowers  in  a  terminal,  branching  cyme.    Jl.     Per. 


CRASSULACE.^.  148  PENTHORUM. 

3.  S.  Anaca'mpseros. 

Leaves  wedge-shaped,  alternate  at  base,  subsessile  ;  stems  decumbent ;  floic- 
ers  in  corymbose  cymes.  Native  of  France,  growing  there  in  the  crevices  of 
rocks  Root  fibrous.  Stems  reddish  and  decumbent  at  base,  erect  and  glau- 
cous above.  Leaves  fleshy,  of  a  bluish  green.  Flowers  purple,  in  leafy,  ter- 
jninal  tufts.     July.     Cultivated.     Per.  Evergreen  Stvne-crop. 

4.  S.  tele'phium. 

Lcnvrs  Cattish,  serrate,  scattered;  root  tuberous,  fleshy,  white ;  sf  cms  two 
feei  high, erect;  corymbose  cij7ne  leafy.  Native  of  Europe.  Cultivated.  Stems 
simple,  leafy,  round,  smooth,  purplish.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate,  fleshy,  tooth- 
serrate.  Flowers  purple  01  white,  in  dense,  terminal,  leafy  tufts.  Aug.  Per. 
This  plant  much  resembles  S.  lelephoidcs.         Covimon  Orpine.     Live-forever. 

3.    SEMPERVI'VUM. 

Caljx  of  12  united  sepals;  corolla  of  12  petals;  capsules 
12,  manj-seeded. 

Lat.  semper  vivere,  to  live  forever;  in  allusion  to  the  tenacity  of  life  which 
distinguishes  these  plants.  Succulent  herbs  or  shrubs,  all  exotic,  some  of 
which  are  ornamental. 

1.  S.  arbo'reum. 

Stem  arborescent,  smooth,  branched  ;  leaves  cuniform,  smoothish,  bordered 
with  soft,  spreading  ciliae.  A  carious  and  ornamental  plant,  from  the  Levant. 
Stem  very  thick  and  fleshy,  branching  into  a  tree-like  form,  8 — 10  feet  high. 
Flowers  yellow.     Evergreen.  Tree  House-leek. 

2.  S.  tecto'rum. 

ieares  ciliate ;  bulbs  spreading;  nectaries  cuniform,  crenulate.  Native  of 
Britain.  This  plant  is  remarkable  for  the  anthers  bearing  ovules  instead  of 
pollen.     Lindley.  Common  House-leek. 

3.  S.  tabul^fo'rme. 

Leaves  closely  packed  together  in  a  broad,  flat  disk.     Native  of  Teneriffe. 

Tabular  House-leek, 

Tribe  II,  DIAMORPHE^.     Carpels  united. 

A.    PENTHO'RUM. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at  base;  petals  5  or  0;  stamen>s 
10;  capsules  of  5  united  carpels,  5-angled,  5-celled  and  5- 
pointed. 

Gr.  Tcivn,  five ;  on  account  of  the  5-marked  angles  of  the  capsule. — An 
erect,  perennial  herb,  of  little  beauty. 

P.    SEDOI'DES.  # 

Stem,  branched,  angular  above  ;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  unequally  serrate,  lan- 
ceolate ;  cyme  of  panicled,  simple,  secund  spikes.  The  only  American  species 
of  the  genus.  A  hardy  perennial,  of  moist  situations.  Stem  a  foot  or  more 
in  hight,  its][|opposile  angles  fringed  with  minute  hairs  slightly  branched. 


SAXIFRAGACEJS.  149  SAXIFRAGA. 

Leaves  alternate,  acute,  smooth,  green  on  botli  sides.  Spikes  several,  termi- 
nal, recurved,  witli  one-sided  flowers,  forming  a  sort  of  corymbose  cyme. 
Flowers  greenish  yellow,  scentless,  appearing  in  July.     Virginian  iStonc-crop. 

5.    BRYOPHY'LLUM. 
Sepals  4;  petals  4,  connate  into  a  cylinder;  seeds  many. 

Gr.  PgiJid,  to  grow,  (pt/XXoi/,  a  leaf;  if  the  leaves  are  laid  upon  damp  earth 
tliey  put  forth  roots  from  their  notches,  whence  proceed  young  plants. 

B.  calyci'num. 

Leaves  oval,  crenate  ;  flowers  long,  pendulous,  cylindrical.  April — July. 
A  stout,  fleshy  plant,  from  E.  India.  In  growing,  it  requires  but  very  little 
water,  and  the  i)ot  should  be  kept  well  drained. 


ORDER    LXVI.    SAXlFRAGACEiE.  The  Sax;f rage  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepals  4  or  5,  cohering  more  or  less,  persistent. 

Cor. — Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

iSfa.— 5— 10.     Anthers  3-celled,  opening  longitudinally. 

Om.— Inferior,  usually  of  2  carpels,  cohering  at  base,  distinct  and  divergent  above. 

Fr. — Generally  capsular,  1 — 2-celled,  many-seeded. 

Herbs  and  .shrubs,  small,  but  of  elegant  structure,  native  of  temperate  and  frigid  climes 
in  both  continents.  As  a  tribe,  their  roots  are  astringent.  Several  species  are  among  our 
most  ornamental,  cultivated  plants. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

( not  much  exserted,      .        .  Saxifrnsa.  1 

f  stamen.s  10,  \  manifestly  exserted,       .        .  Viarella.  4 

f  entire ;  |  stamens  5, Heuchera.  2 

( petals  5, 1  peclinnlih  ]inin;iiilid, Mitrlla.  5 

Herbs  ;  I  Petals  none.     Aij\itiiir  ;  ilrjjirssed  ;  leaves  opposite,    .         .  Cri/iospkniifin.  2 

]  PetaLs  (not  sepLdn)  v;ilv;iti'  ill  aestivation,             ....  Hi/rlrnjigea.  G 

Siirubs;  (  Petals  convolute  in  ajslivation, PhUadelplms.  7 

Suborder  I,  SAXIFRAGEiE. 

Petals  imhricate  in  (estivation  ;  carpels  united,  the  summits  distinct,  forming  a 
beaked  capsule.     Herbs. 

1.    SAXIFRA'GA. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  more  or  less  united;  corolla  5-petaled, 
entire;  capsule  2-heaked,  2-celled,  opening  between  the 
diverging  beaks;  seeds  many. 

Lat.  saxum,  a  stone,  andfrangere,  to  break;  from  its  medicinal  properties. 
Cal.  about  half-inferior.  Pet.  spreading,  narrow  at  base,  attached  to  the  cal. 
Anth.  '2-lobed,  roundish,  with  a  longitudinal  dehiscence.  Ova.  ending  in  2 
short,  spreading  styles. — Perennial  herbs. 

1.  S.  Virginie'ksis. 

Leaves  mostly  radical,  cuniform-obovate,  somewhat  toothed,  pubescent, 
shorter  than  the  stalk;  stem,  paniculate  above.  An  interesting  little  plant, 
blossoming  in  early  spring,  and  growing  mostly  upon  dry,  rocky  soil.  Stem 
€rect,  pubescent,  about  half  a  foot  high,  bearing  at  top  a  panicle  of  numerous 
white  flowers.     Leaves  fleshy,  tapering  at  base  into  the  petioles. 

Early  Saxifrage. 

N* 


SAXIFRAGACEffi.      '  150 


2.  S.  Pennsylva'nica. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  hairy,  denticulate ;  stem  naked  ;  peduncles  alter- 
nate, witli  close  cymes,  forming  a  diffuse  panicle.  A  common  plant,  much 
laro-er  than  the  foregoing,  growing  in  wet  meadows.  Leaves  all  radical,  large 
and  fleshy,  pale  green,  5 — 8  inches  long,  tapering  into  the  petiole.  Scape 
2 — 3  feet  high,  gross,  hollow,  hairy  and  viscid,  erect,  with  greenish  yellow 
flowers  without  beauty.     May.  Pennsylvuuian  Saxifrage, 

2.    HE  U' CHER  A. 
Calyx  5clert,the  segments  obtuse;  corolla  inferior,  of  5  small 
petals  inserted  into  the  margin  of  the  calyx  ;  capsule  2  beaked, 
2-celIed,  many-seeded. 

Named  for  Ilcucher,  professor  of  medicine  at  Wirtemberg,  Germany,  and 
a  botanic  author. — Perennial  herbs,  with  radical  leaves. 

H.  America'na. 

Viscid- pubescent;  scape  and  leaves  roughish ;  leaves  whh  roundish  lobes, 
dentate;  teeth  dilated,  niucronate;  panicle  dicliotomous;  calyx  short,  obtuse; 
petals  as  long  as  the  calyx,  spathulate;  stamens  much  exserted.  Grows  in  rocky 
shades.  A  neat  plant,  with  radical  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  a  scape  2  feet 
long,  healing  a  long,  forked  panicle  of  purple  flowers.  Jn.  Jl.  Per. — The 
root  is  astringent,  hence  the  plant  is  called  Mum-root. 

3.     CIIRYSOSPLE'NIUM, 

Calyx  lobes  4 — 5,  colored  within;  petals  0 ;  stamens  8 — 
10;  capsule  2-beaked  or  lobed  at  the  summit,  2-valved,  one- 
celled,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  XQ'~"^oi,  gold,  and  a-rXriVj  the  spleen  ;  on  account  of  its  medicinal  qual- 
ities. Cal.  very  short,  of  4  oval  seg.,  the  opposite  ones  narrower.  Fil.  very 
short.  Ova.  half-inferior,  ending  in  2  awl-shaped  styles,  the  length  of  the 
stamens. — Small,  aquatic  herbs. 

C.    AmERICA'NUM.  C.   oppositifolium. 

Leaves  opposite,  roundish,  slightly  crenate,  tapering  to  the  petiole.  A  small 
plant,  in  springs  and  streams,  spreading  upon  the  muddy  surface.  Stem 
pquare,  3 — G  ini-hes  long,  divided  in  a  dichotomous  manner  at  top.  Leaves 
opposite,  half  an  inch  in  length,  smooth.  Calyx  4-cleft,  greenish  yellow  with 
purple  lines.  Corolla  0.  Stamens  8,  very  short,  with  orange-colored  anthers, 
which  are  the  only  conspicuous  part  of  the  flower.  Tlie  terminal  flower  is 
sometimes  decandrous.     Apr.     May.  Golden  Saxifrage. 

4.    TIARE'LLA. 

Calyx  5-parted.  the  lobes  obtuse ;  petals  5,  entire,  the  claws 
inserted  on  the  calyx  ;  stamens  10  ;  capsule  1-celled,  2-valvecJ, 
one  valve  larger. 

Lat.  tiara,  a  mitre  or  some  other  head-dress;  from  the  resemblance  of  the 
capsule.  Cal.  segments  valvate  in  estivation,  deep,  ovate,  acute.  Stamen.«( 
longer  than  cor.,  inserted  into  the  cal.  Ova.  cloven,  ending  in  2  very  short 
stvles. —  Perennial  herbs. 


SAXIFRIGACEJE.  151  HYDRANGEA. 


T.  cordifo'lia. 

Leorcs  cordate,  acutely  lobed,  toothed;  teelh  mucronate  ;  5Cfl;?c  racemose ; 
stolons  creepinsf.  A  commoa  plant  in  the  woods  of  N.  H.,  where  it  is  often 
associated  with  the  Mltclla  dipliylla,  which  plant  in  its  general  aspect,  it  much 
resembles.  The  scape  arises  from  creeping'  root-stalks  about  10  inches  high, 
often  bearing  a  leaf  Leaves  hairy,  on  long,  hairy  petioles.  Flowers  in  an 
elongated  raceme,  entirely  white,  with  minute  bracts.     May.     Jn. 

Heart-leaved  Tiarella. 

5.     MITE'LLA. 
Calyx  5-cleft;  petals  5,  pinnatifid,  inserted  on  the  calyx  j 
stamens  5  or  10;  capsule  l-celled,  with  2  equal  valves. 

Lat.  mitra,  a  mitre,  so  named  for  the  same  reason  as  the  last  genus,  which 
it  much  resembles  both  in  appearance  and  liabils.  Cal.  inferior,  campanulate, 
cleft  half  down.  Pet.  twice  as  long  as  the  cal.  each  in  many  capillary  seg, 
Fil.  shorter  than  cor.     Styles  very  short. — Perennial  herbs. 

1,  M.  diphy'lla. 

Leaves  cordate,  sublobate,  toothed;  stem  2-leaved.  Very  common  in  N. 
England,  and  frequenting  the  same  situations  as  the  foregoing.  The  stem 
arises  a  foot  or  more,  bearing  near  the  midst,  two  opposite,  ovate,  lobed  and 
toothed  leaves.  Radical  leaves  hairy,  on  long,  hairy  petioles.  Flowers  on 
short  pedicels,  arranged  in  a  long,  terminal,  thin  spike,  and  most  beautifully 
distinguished  by  the  pectinately  pinnatifid  while  petals.  Seeds  black,  shining. 
Woods.     May.     June.  Two-leaved  Mitella . 

2.  M.    NUDA.      L.  M.  prostrata.     Mx.     M.  cordifolia.     Lam. 

Leaves  orbiculate  reniform,  doubly  cienate,  with  scattered  hairs  above; 
scape  filiform,  few-flowered,  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf;  petals  pinnatifid  with 
filiform  segments.  A  very  delicate  species,  growing  in  damp,  rich,  shadj 
woodlands  at  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  and  in  Northern  N.  Eng.  Leaves  and  stems 
lijrht  green,  pellucid.  Scape  4 — 6  inches  high,  terminating  in  a  thin  raceme 
of  white  flowers,  with  finely  pinnatifid  petals.  They  are  erect  or  prostrate, 
and  send  out  creeping  stolons  from  the  base.  Leaves  |  inch  long  and  of  near- 
ly the  same  width.     June.  Dwarf  Mltelia. 

Suborder  II,  HYDRANGEA. 

Petals  valvate  in  astivation.     Capsules  2-ceUed.     Leaves  opposite  and  loithout 
stipules.     Shrubs. 

G.     HYDRA'NGEA. 

Calyx  4 — o-toothed,  hemispherical,  persistent;  petals  ovate, 
sessile;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals;  capsule  2-beaked, 
opening  by  a  foramen  between  the  beaks.  Marginal  flowers 
commonly  sterile,  with  a  flat,  4  or  5-cleft,  broad,  colored  calyx. 

Gr.  voeoQj  water,  ayyioi/,  a  vessel ;  because  the  cultivated  species  require 
60  copious  a  su])ply  of  water.  Petals,  stamens  and  pistils  in  the  barren  flow- 
ers, either  rudimentary  or  0. 


HAMAMELACE^.  152  PHILADELPHTJS. 

1.  H.    ARBORES'CENS. 

Leaves  ovate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  dentate,  smooth;  flow- 
ers in  fastigiate  cymes.  An  elegant  shrub,  common  in  the  Middle  States,  and 
cultivated  in  the  Northern,  attaining  the  hight  of  5 — tj  feet  on  its  native  sha- 
dy banks.  Flowers  small,  white,  becoming  rose-colored,  very  numerous, 
mostly  radiate.     July.     Aug.  Common  Hydrangea. 

2.  H.  quercifo'lia. 

Cymes  radiate  ;  leaves  oblong,  sinuate,  lobed,  dentate,  tomentose  beneath. 
A  beautiful  shrub,  with  very  large  and  numerous  sterile  flowers.  Native  of 
Florida,  cultivated  in  gardens.  Leaves  very  large.  Flowers  becoming  red- 
dish. Oak-leaved  Hydrangea. 

3.  H.  horte'nsis. 

Cymes  radiate;  Zca»es  elliptical,  narrowed  at  each  end,  dentate,  smootli. 
A  well  known  cultivated  plant,  probably  native  of  China,  where  it  has  long 
been  cultivated  in  gardens.  It  produces  a  great  profusion  of  very  elegant 
flowers,  which,  at  first  green,  pass  successively  through  straw-color,  sulphur- 
yellow,  yellow,  white,  blush-color  and  pink  ;  but,  although  mostly  complete, 
they  are  barren  like  those  of  the  snow-ball  (Viburnum  Opulus).  By  certain 
kinds  of  culture,  soil,  &c.  they  become  blue.  It  is  to  be  reared  in  large  pots 
and  supplied  with  an  abundance  of  water.  Peat  mixed  with  loam  is  said  to 
change  the  hue  of  the  flowers.  Changeable  Hydrangea. 

Suborder  III,  PHILADELPHEiE. 

Petals  convolute  in  cestivation.     Capsule  3 — A-celled,  loculicldal.     Shrubs. 

7.    PHILADE'LPHUS. 

Calyx  4 — 5-partecl,  half-superior,  persistent;  corolla  4 — 5- 
petaled  ;  style  4-cleft ;  stamens  20 — 40,  shorter  than  the  pe- 
tals; capsule  4-celied,  4-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence; 
seeds  many,  arilled. 

A  name  used  by  AthenfEus  for  a  tree  now  unknown. — Handsome  flowering 
shrubs.     Leaves  opposite,  exstipulate. 

1.  P.    GRANDIFLO'ruS.      p.  p.  inodorus.     Mx. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  3-nerved,  axils  of  the  veins  hairy  ; 
stigmas  4,  linear;  style  undivided.  A  very  showy  shrub,  6  feet  hish,  native 
at  the  South,  cultivated  in  shrubberies.  Branches  smooth,  long  and  slender. 
Flowers  large,  in  a  terminal  umbel  of  2  or  3,  white,  nearly  inodorous.  Calyx 
divisions  conspicuously  acuminate,  and  much  longer  than  the  tube.  June. 
The  upper  leaves  are  often  entire  and  quite  narrow.     Large-jlowered  Syringa. 

2.  P.  corona'rius. 

Leaves  ovate,  subdentate  ;  styles  distinct.  Natn'e  country  unknown.  It  is 
a  handsome  flowering  shrub,  often  cultivated  in  our  shrubberies.  The  flow- 
ers are  numerous,  white,  showy,  resembling  those  of  tlie  orange  both  in  form 
and  fragrance,  but  are  more  powerful  in  the  latter  respect.  It  grows  5 — 8 
feet  high,  with  opposite,  smooth,  ovate,  stalked  leaves,  and  opposite,  reddish 
twigs  Ijearing  leafy  clusters  of  flowers.  False  Syringa. 


UMBELLIFER^. 


153  HAMAMELIS. 


ORDER  LXVII.  HAMAMELACEiE.      The  witch-Hazd  Tribe. 

Cal. — Adherent  to  the  ovary,  4-cleft. 

Cor. — Petals  4,  linear. 

iSta.—8,  those  opposite  the  petals  barren  (or  many  and  all  fertile,  with  no  petals). 

Ova. — 2-celled,  ovules  solitar)'. 

Pr. — Capsule  coriaceous,  the  summit  free  from  the  calyx,  2-beaked,  STCellcd. 

A  small  order  of  shrubs,  native  of  N.  America  and  Japan.  The  leaves  are  alternate, 
dentate,  the  veins  running  direct  from  the  mid-rib  to  the  margin.  Stipules  deciduous. — 
No  remarkable  properties  have  been  discovered. 

The  only  Northern  genus  is  Hamaraelis. 

H  A  M  A  M  E'  L I  S  . 

Calyx  4-leaved  or  cleft,  with  an  involucel  of  2 — 3  bracts  at 
base;  petals  4,  very  long,  linear;  sterile  stamens  scale-like, 
opposite  the  petals,  alternating  with  the  4  fertile  ones;  cap- 
sule nut-like,  2-celled,  2-beaked. 

Gr.  a^a.,  ^"uXov,  that  is.  with  an  apple,  because  the  fruit  is  upon  the  tree  at 
tlie  same  time  with  the  flowers. — Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

H.  Virginia'na. 

Leaves  obovate,  acuminate,  undulate-dentate,  cordate  with  a  small  sinus  at 
base  :  fowcrs  sessile,  3 — 4  together,  with  a  yellowish  calyx  and  4  long,  yel- 
low, curled  or  twisted  petals,  appearing  in  October  and  the  following  months 
even  through  the  winter.  It  is  a  large  shrub,  consisting  of  several  rather 
crooked,  branching  trunks,  from  the  same  root,  as  large  as  the  arm,  and  10 — 
12  feet  high.  Flowers  in  little  close  heads.  Calyx  with  soft  down.  Capsule 
roundish,  oblong,  partly  invested  by  tlie  permanent  calyx,  containing  2  nuts. 
This  curious  shrub  is  not  unfrequent  in  our  forests,  and  amidst  the  reigning 
desolations  of  autumn  and  winter,  this  alone  puts  forth  its  yellow  blossoms. 
The  small  branches  were  formerly  used  for  "  divining  rods,  '  to  indicate  the 
presence  of  the  precious  metals  and  of  deep  springs  of  water,  and  there  are 
even  at  this  day,  persons  who  deem  a  denial  of  these  virtues  to  the  Witch-Ha- 
zel,  an  ofitjnce  little  short  of  heresy.  IVitch-Hazel. 


ORDER    LXVIII.    UMBELLIFER^.       The  Umbelliferous  Tribe. 

Cal. — Adherent  to  the  ovarj-,  entire  or  5-toothed. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  usually  inflected  jit  the  point,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Sta. — 5,  alternate  with  the  petals  and  inserted  witli  them  upon  the  disk. 

Ova. — Inferior,  2-celled,  surmounted  by  the  fleshy  disk  which  bears  the  stamens  and  petals. 

Sty. — 2,  distinct,  or  united  at  their  thickened  bases.     Stigma  simple. 

Fr. — Dry,  consisting  of  2  coherent  carpels,  separating  from  each  other  by  their  faces  {com- 

77iissure)  into  two  halves  [inerocarps). 
Carpophore, — the  slender,  simple  or  forked  axis  by  which  the  carpels  are  borne,  cohering  to 

it  by  the  laces  of  the  commissure. 
Ribs. — A  definiite  number  of  ridges  traversing  the  carpels,  the  larger  ones  {primary^  alter- 
nating with  the  smaller  (secondary). 
Vittir. — Liltle  linear  receptacles  of  colored  volatile  oil,  imbedded  in  the  substance  of  the 
pericarp,  just  liencath  the  intervals  of  the  ribs  and  the  commissure. 

Herliaceuui  plants,  with  little  that  is  attractive  in  their  appearance,  Stems  hollow,  fur- 
rowed. li4BPcs  usually  divided,  simple  or  compound,  with  sheathing  petioles.  Flowers 
arranged  in  umbels,  mostly  white,  often  yellow,  pink,  blue  or  greenish, — This  is  a  vast  and 
well  defined  natural  order,  natives  of  damp  places,  way-sides,  groves,  &c.  in  the  cool 
parts  of  tlie  world.     Very  few  are  tbund  in  tropical  countries  except  upon  the  mountains. 

Projjerties  aromatic,  stimulant  and  carminative,  depending  upon  a  volatile  oil  residing  in 
the  vittre  of  the  fruit,  in  the  roots,  &c.  The  herbage  is  frequently  pervaded  by  an  acrid, 
narcotic  principle,  rendering  it  very  poisonous.     Of  tliis  nature  is  tlie  Conium  maculatura 


nMBELLIFER^. 


154 


SANICDLA. 


Vumloclc),  Cicuta  virosa,  CEthusa  Cvnapium  {fool's parsley),  besides  many  otliers  which 
have,  at  least,  a  suspicious  character.  But  the  fruit  is  never  poisonous,  and  is  usually 
stimulant  and  aromatic,  as  caraway,  anise,  dill,  coriander,  &c.  Even  the  roots  and  herb- 
age of  other  species  are  wholesoirie  and  nutritive,  as  the  carrot,  parsnip,  sweet  cisely, 
celer>'  and  Areli angelica.  The  gum-resin,  assafatida,  exudes  from  incisions  in  the  Ferula 
of  Persia ;  the  gum  gaWanum  is  the  product  of  Galbanum  officinale,  an  Indian  species. 

The  genera  of  the  Umbelliferre  are  numerous,  and  not  easily  distingnislied.  The  char- 
acters by  which  DeCandolle  has  more  successfully  than  any  other  author  divided  this  or- 
der into  tribes  and  genera,  are  chiefly  founded  upon  the  number  and  development  of  the 
ribs,  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  vittm,  and  the  form  of  the  albumen,  particularly  at  the 
commissure.  These  parts  therefore,  minute  as  they  are,  will  require  the  special  attention 
of  tlie  student. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 
I.  ORTHOSPERMA.  Mbumen  (seeds)  flat  on  the  inner  face. 

<  Leaves  peltate  or  cordate,        Hydrocotyle.  1 
J  Fr.  not  prickly:  1  Leaves  linear,       .        .         .     Crantzia. 
'  Umbels  simple  ;  (  Fruit  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,    .        .        SanicuUx. 

'  Involu.many-lvd.,  Ckuta. 
t  Livol.Oor 
\  minute ; 


Umbels 


Flowers 

white  ;     [  compound;  [  comprsed. 


'  Fruit  evid- 
ently com- 
pressed 

Fruit 
;carcely 


'on  the  J  ; 

sides;  '  Involucre  ' 


15 
1 

Involucels  few-lvd.  Cryptotmnia.  4 

Involucels  wanting,  Cnrum.         1(5 

of  entire  bracts,        Siiim.  3 

of  cleft  bracts,  Disr.oplcura.  20 

Margin  of  fruit  I  Stem  slender,  ArcMmora.    V2 

on  the  I  singly-winged;  (  Stem  stout,     Heradeum.    14 

back;    (  Margin  of  fruit  doubly-winged,  Archangelica.'il 

Involucre  0  (  Involucel3-lvd.  JEthusa.         10 

f  not        {  or  1 — .3-lvd  ;  |  Involu.  5-7-lvd.  Coniosdinum.\9 


ibrstly,  (  Involucre  4 — 6-leaved, 
clothed  with  bristles. 


Flowers 
yellow ; 


I  Fruit  coittracted  on  the  sides,    . 
I  minute  ; . . .  j  Fruit  not  contracted  on  the  sides, 
I  very  large  ;  fruit  compressed  on  the  sides,     . 

I  Ribs  winged, 
f  on  the  sides.  |  Ribs  rouiided 
Involucels  0 ;    fruit  compressed ;  (  on  the  back ;  seeds  flat, 


f  Involucels 


Ligwiticum. 

Dmiais. 

Zizia. 

Thaspium. 

Biiplexirum. 

Aphim. 

Anethum. 

Pastinaca. 


II.  CAMPYLOSPERM.E.     Albumen  (seeds)  involute  at  the  edges,  forming  a  longi- 
tudinal furrow  on  the  inner  face. 
( linear-clavate.  with  bristly  ribs.    Flowers  white  ;  umbel  few-rayed,    Osmorhiza.  22 
Fruit  I  ovate,  compressed  at  the  sides,  with  smooth  ribs.    Flowers  white.      Conium.       23 

III.  cTELOsPERMiE.     Alhumcn  (seeds)  involute  at  the  base  and  apex. 

Erigenia.      24 
.     Coriandrum.'ia 


(of  a  single,  bipinnatifid  leaf;  root  tuberous,    . 
Involucre  (  of  a  single  subulate  leaf,  or  wanting ;  ribs  obsolete, 


Suborder  1,  ORTHOSPERMA. 

The  inner  surface  of  the  seeds  and  albumen  flat,  or  nearly  so. 

1.     SANI'CULA. 

Umbels  nearly  simple,  capitate  ;  flowers  of  the  centre  abor- 
tive ;  fruit  solid,  subglobose,  armed  with  hooked  prickles. 

Lat.  sanare,  to  cure  ;  wonderful  virtues  were  formerly  imputed  to  the  San- 
icle  as  a  vulnerary.  Fls.  polygamous,  the  outer  without  stamens,  fertile;  the 
inner  barren.  Cal.  of  the  fertile  fls.  larger  than  of  the  barren,  5-Ieaved,  acute. 
Pet.  of  barren  fls.  lanceolate,  channelled,  inflected;  of  the  fer.  deciduous  or  0. 
Fil.  hair-like,  twice  as  long  as  pet.  Ribs  of  the  carpels  0.  Vittaj  numerous. 
— Perennial  jierbs.     Flowers  white  or  yellow.  ^ 

S.  Maryl.\'ndica. 

Leaves  5-parted,  digitate ;  leaflets  or  segments  oblong,  cut-serrate  ;  staminate 
flou-crs  numerous,  stallied,  perfect  ones  sessile ;  teeth  of  the  c.alijx  entire.  Low 
woods  and  thickets.     Stem  erect,  1  foot  high,  smooth,  furrowed,  bearing  a  few 


UMBELLlFERiE,  155  CRTPTOTJENIA, 

quinate  leaves.  Near  the  top  it  divides  into  two  or  more  short  branches,  each 
of  which  divides  again  into  peduncles,  with  small,  capitate  umbels  of  minute, 
white  flowers.  At  the  points  of  these  divisions  are  situated  leaflets  apparent- 
ly ternate,  resembling  involucres.  Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  each 
end,  cut  into  irregular,  mucronate  serratures,  the  lateral  ones  often  confluent 
at  base.  Most  of  the  flowers  barren.  Tube  of  the  calyx  echinate.  Petals 
with  a  closely  inflexed  point,  apearing  emarginate.     Jn.  Sanicle. 

2.     DAUCUS. 

Involucre  pinnatifid;  the  central  flower  of  each  umbellet 
abortive;  fruit  oblong;  carpels  with  4  rows  of  flat  prickles, 
and  3  intermediate,  bri.stly  ribs. 

The  Greek  name  of  the  Carrot.  Cal.  5-toothed.  Pet.  emarginate  with  an 
inflected  point,  the  2  outer  ones  often  largest  and  deeply  2-cleft.  Each  car- 
pel with  5  primary  ribs,  of  which  3  are  on  the  back,  and  2  on  the  commissure, 
and  4  secondary  ones,  all  bristly. — Biennial  herbs. 

D.  Caro'ta. 

Stem  hispid;  petioles  nerved  beneath;  haves  tripinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the 
segments  linear,  acute  ;  umbels  dense,  concave.  The  word  kar  in  Celtic  sig- 
nifies red,  hence  carrot.  It  is  occasionally  found  wild  in  fields  and  by  road 
sides.  Root  fusiform.  Stem  2—3  feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  numerous, 
divided  in  a  thrice  pinnatifid  manner,  pale  green.  Umbels  large  and  very 
compact,  with  white  flowers,  blooming  all  summer.  Cultivation  has  produced 
several  varieties.  Carrot. 

3.    SlUM. 

Involucres  general  and  partial,  the  bracts  many  and  entire  ; 

fruit  nearly  oval ;  carpels  with  5  obtusish  ribs  and  several  vit- 

tas  in  the  intervals;  petals  obcordate  with  an  inflexed  point. 

Celtic  sun,  water;  that  is,  a  genus  of  aquatic  plants. — Perennial,  leaves 
pinnately  divided. 

1.  S.    LATIFO'UUM. 

Leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate ;  stem  sulcate- 
angular.  A  tall  plant,  in  swamps  and  ditches.  Stem  3  feet  high,  hollow, 
smooth,  with  7  deep  furrows  and  prominent  angles.  Leaflets  equally  serrate, 
in  about  4  pairs  with  an  odd  one,  those  submerged,  if  any,  pinnatifid.  Leaf- 
stalks ezribracing  the  stem  at  base.  Umbels  large,  with  numerous,  small, 
white  flowers.     July.     Aug.  Water  Parsnep. 

2.  S.  LINEA're.  T.  S^-  G.  S.  latifolium.  /3.  lineare.  B. 
Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  linear,  finely  serrate ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  calyx  teeth  minute  ;  fruit  obovate.  In  swamps.  Stem  three  feet 
high,  furrowed  and  angled  as  the  above  plant,  which  it  so  much  resembles  in 
its  general  aspect,  as  to  have  been  generally,  and  perhaps  correctly,  consid- 
ered only  a  variety. 

^  4.    CRYPTOTiE'NIA. 

Involucres  0;  involucels  few-leaved;  margin  of  the  calyx 
obsolete;  fruit  linear-oblong  or  elliptic-oblong;  carpels  with 
5  obtuse  ribs;  villas  very  narrow,  twice  as  many  as  the  ribs. 


CMBBLLIFER^.  156 


Gr.  TcgyTrrti),  to  conceal,  raivio.,  a  wreath  or  border;  in  allusion  to  the  obso- 
lete border  of  the  calyx. — Smooth,  perennial  herbs. 

C.   CaNADE'nsiS-      Dc.  Sison  Canadense.     L. 

Zcfflce^  ternate,  smooth  ;  /cr/;7e?s  rhomboid-ovate  ;  M77)6e/s  irregular.  In  moist 
woods.  Stem  smooth,  1 — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  alternate,  on  long  stalks  em- 
bracing the  stem  at  base.  Leaflets  m  3s,  doubly  serrate,  the  lower  ones  with 
one  or  more  deep  incision,  the  upper  becoming  nearly  sessile.  Umbels  axil- 
lary and  terminal,  the  partial  ones  with  unequal  rays,  small,  white  flowers, 
and  minute  involucra;  universal  involucre  wanting.  Fruit  elliptic-oblong, 
smooth.     July.  Uoneicort. 

5.    BUPLEU'RUM. 

Involucres  various;  fruit  laterally  compressed  ;  carpels  5- 
ribbed,  the  lateral  ones  marginal;  seed  teretely  convex,  flat- 
tish  on  the  face;  calyx  margin  obsolete;  petals  very  short, 
broadish,  entire,  inflexed. 

Gr.  fiovi,  an  ox,  and  TrXivQov,  a  rib  ;  the  application  obscure. — Herbaceous 
or  shrubby.     Flowers  all  pert'ect,  yellow. 

B.  rotundifo'lium. 

Involucres  0  ;  involiiccls  of  5  ovate,  mucronate  bracts  ;  /cnrfs  entire,  broadly 
ovate,  perfoliate.  In  fields  and  cultivated  grounds,  N.  Y.  Stem  a  foot  or 
more  liigh,  branching.  Leaves  smooth,  acute  above,  round  and  broad  at  base, 
one  at  the  base  of  each  branch.  Involucels  larger  than  the  umbellets,  of  few 
(4 — 8)  small,  yellow  flowers.     Annual.  Tkorovgh-icax. 

6.    ZI'ZIA. 

Umbels  perfect;  involucre  0;  involucels  few-leaved  ;  petals 
acuminate,  inflexed,  carinate;  fruit  solid,  gibbous;  carpels 
with  5  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  marginal;  seed  plano-convex. 

Gr.  (^K^ai/to!/,  the  name  of  some  obscure  plant. — Perennial  herbs  with  yel- 
low flowers. 

1.  Z.    AIi'REUM.      Dc.  Smyrnium  aureum.     L. 

Leaves  biternate  ;  Zeffl/?e^s oval-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  umbellets  with  short  rays. 
Hills  and  meadows.  Stems  1 — 2  feet  high,  branching  above,  rather  slender, 
erect,  hollow,  angular-furrowed,  smooth  as  well  as  every  other  part  of  the 
plant,  and  furnished  with  few  leaves.  The  lower  leaves  are  on  long  petioles, 
the  leaflets  with  coarse  serratures  and  sometmics  quinate.  The  umbels  are 
about  two  inches  broad,  of  10 — 15  rays,  the  umbellets  g  inch  broad,  dense. 
Flowers  numerous,  orange-yellow.  Fruit  oval,  brown,  with  prominent  ribs. 
Root  black,  tufted,  perennial.     June.  Golden  Alexanders. 

2.  Z.    INTEGE'rrima.      Dc.  Smyrnium  integerrima.    L. 

Segments  of  the  leaves  oblique,  oval,  entire,  very  smooth,  glaucous  beneath  ; 
loicer  Leaves  tripinnate,  upper  ones  bipinnate ;  uiiiheh  \v'\i\\  elongated  pedun- 
cles.    Stem  1,2 — Id  inches  high.     Umbels  terminal,  loose,  of  long,  slender 


OMBILLIFERJE.  157  LIGUSTICUM. 


rays.  Involucels  of  a  few  minute,  subulate  bracts.  Leaves  irregularly  de- 
<;ompound,  on  a  dilated  foot-stalk,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Calyx  teeth  obso- 
lete.    June.     Per.  Entire-leaved  AUxanders. 

7.    CICU'TA. 
Umbel  perfect;  involacre  few-leaved  orO  ;  involucels  manj- 
leaved;  fruit  subglobose;  carpels  with  5  flattish,  equal  libs. 
2  of  them  marginal;  seeds  terete. 

A  Latin  name  used  by  Virgil  (Ec.  2d  and  5th),  but  of  unknown  application. 
— Poisonous  herbs,  perennial,  aquatic.  Stems  hollow.  Flowers  white,  all 
perfect  and  uniform.  Cal.  of  5  broad,  acute  leaves.  Pet.  obcordate,  the  end 
inflected.     Fil.  loRg  as  corolla.     Carpophore  2-parftd. 

1.  C.  macula'ta. 

Stem  spotted  ;  le&ves  oblong,  mucronately  serrate.  A  common  plant,  3 — 
<5  feet  high,  in  wet  meadows.  Stem  smooth,  hollow,  striate,  jointed,  glaucous, 
branched  at  top.  Leaves  compound,  the  lower  ones  thrice  lernate,  the  upper 
ones  lernate-.  Petioles  dilated  at  base  into  long,  abrupt,  clasping  stipules. 
Leaflets  acuminate,  finely  serrate.  Umbels  without  the  universal  involucra, 
partial  umbels  with  short,  acute,  and  narrow-leaved  involucels.  Fruit  round- 
ish, flattened,  lO-furrowed,  crowned  with  the  permanent  calyx  and  styles,  and 
separating  transversely  into  2  seeds.  Flowers  white.  A  dangerous  poison, 
ibut  sGuaelimes  used  in  medicine.     JI.     Aug.     Per.  American  Hemlock. 

2.  C.  bulbi'fera. 

Leaves  decompound,  with  axillary  bulbs ;  leaflets  linear,  with  remote,  di- 
vergent teeth.  Known  by  its  slight,  attenuated  foliage.  Wet  meadows. 
Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  round,  hollow,  striate,  green,  with  axillary  branches. 
Leaves  various,  those  oi  the  stem  generally  biternate,  those  of  the  branches 
ternale.  Leaflets  long,  narrow,  linear  and  linear-lanceolate,  with  narrow, 
lecurved  teeth.  Bulblets  situated  upon  the  branches,  opposite,  and  within  the 
axils  of  the  bnicteate  leaf-stalks.  Umbels  terminal,  with  no  universal  invo- 
lucra. Partial  umbels  of  close,  small,  white  flowers,  and  a  slight  involucel. 
August.     Ann.  Bulbiferous  Cicula.     Karrow-leaved  Hemlock. 

8.    THA'SPIUM. 

Involucre  0;  involucels  o-leaved,  lateral;  fruit  elliptical; 
carpels  convex,  with  5  win^^ed  ribs,. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  yellow  or  purple  flowers. 

J;.    CORDA  TUM.   JV««.       Sinyrnium  cordatum.  Mx.     Zizia  cordalum.  Dc. 

Radical  leaves  simple ,  cordate,  crenate;  cauline  ones  ternate,  stalked  ;  seg- 
ments acute,  serrate;  umbels  terminal  Shady  hills.  Stem  erect,  slightly 
branched,  smooth,  2—3  feet  high.  Root  leaves  on  long  stalks,  roundish-lieart- 
shaped,  the  rest  ternale,  becoming  only  3-parted  above,  all  light  green.  Um- 
bels dense  with  yellow  flowers.  Fruit  black,  oval,  with  3  prominent,  round- 
ed, depressed  ridges  on  each  side.    May.    Jn.    Per.     Heart-leaved Mexunders . 

9.     LIGU'STICUM. 
Fruit  oblong;  carpels  with  5  acute,  equal  furrows;  petals 
equal,  involute,  entire;  umbels  perfect ;  involucre  none. 
0 


umbellifer;e. 


158  ARCHANGKLICA. 


From  Liguria  in  Italy,  said  to  be  its  native  place.  Fil.  perfect.  Cal.  small, 
pointed,  erect,  broad  at  base.  Pet.  elliptical,  flaltish,  undivided,  contracted  at 
each  end.     Seeds  with  3  dorsal  and  2  marginal,  equal  wings. 

1.  L.  Sco'ticum. 

Stem  leaves  biternate,  the  7ippcr  ones  tcrnate ;  hiteral  Unjleis  oblique,  the 
terminal  one  rhomboid;  bracts  of  the  involucres  numerous,  linear.  Sea  coast. 
Root  thick,  tapering,  perennial.  Stem  a  fool  high,  nearly  simple,  striate, 
smootii.  Leaves  petiolate.  Leaflets  dark  green,  broad,  smooth,  serrate,  en- 
tire at  the  base.     Flowers  white.     July.  Sea  Lovnge. 

2.  L.    LEVl'STICUM. 

Leaves  numerous,  lon"^ ;  leaflets  incised  above.  A  tall,  strong-scented  plant, 
native  of  Italy,  cultivated  for  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.  Plant  5  feet 
hioh,  with  leaves  of  various  and  numerous  divisions.  Flowers  white.  June. 
July.     Per,  Common  Lavage. 

10.     iETHU'SA. 

Fruit  clobose-ovate;  carpels  with  5  ribs,  the  ribs  acute  and 
turgid,  the  lateral  ones  marginal,  broader;  intervals  acute- 
angled  ;  involucre  none;  involucels  one-sided. 

Gr.  a.i6a/,  to  burn ;  on  account  of  its  poisonous  acridity.  Flowers  all  perfect. 
Pet.  obcordate,  with  an  inflexed  point.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete. — Annual,  pois- 
onous herbs. 

JE.  Cyna'pium. 

Leaves  all  uniform;  leaflets  pinnatifid.  The  specific  name  of  this  plant 
{fcvvoi,  uTiiov)  sitrnifies  dog's  parsley.  It  grows  in  waste  grounds,  and  much 
resembles  Parsley  in  appearance,  but  the  form  of  the  leaf,  with  its  narrow, 
cuneate  segments,  and  its  disagreeable  odor,  are  sufficient  to  distinguish  it. 
Stem  2  feet  high,  green,  striate.  Leaves  all  of  one  form,  dark  green,  flat.  In- 
volucre wanting.  Involucels  consisting  of  3  leaflets,  deflected,  long,  linear, 
and  situated  on  the  outside.     Jl.     Aug.  Foois  Parsley. 

11.     ARCHANGE'LICA. 
Umbels  perfect;  fruit  somewhat  compressed,  with  3,  cari- 
nate,  tiiicU  ribs  upon  each  carpel,  with  2  marginal  ones  dilated 
into  membranaceous  wMngs;  villas  very  numerous. 

So  named  by  way  of  eminence,  the  plant  being  one  of  the  largest,  and  pos- 
sessing the  most  agreeable  and  useful  properties  of  all  the  Umbeiliferae.  Fls. 
all  perfect.  Cal.  teeth  short.  Pet.  equal,  lanceolate,  entire,  acuminate,  with 
the  point  inflected,  shorter  than  the  stamens.  Commissure  with  2 — 4  vittoe. 
Carpophore  2-parted. — Perennial  herbs. 

1.    A.    ATROPURPU'REA.      Hoffm.  Angelica  triquinata.     Mx. 

■  Stem  dark  purple,  furrowed ;  petioles  3-parted,  the  divisions  quinate  ;  leaf- 
lets inciseiy  toothed,  odd  leaflet  of  the  terminal  divisions  rhomboidal,  sessile, 
the  others  decuisive.  A  large  umlielliferous  plant,  well  known  for  its  aro- 
matic qualities,  in  fields  and  meaddws.  Stem  5  feet  high,  an  inch  or  more 
in  thickness,  hollow,  smooth,  glaucous.  Leaves  oftener  biternate  than  quin- 
ate, smooth,  pale  and  veiny  beneath,  on  large,  inflated  petioles,  which  are 
channeled  on  the  upper  side  and  dilated  at  base  into  large,  inflated  stipules. 


XXMBELLIFERJE. 


159  PASTINACA. 


Leaflets  cut-serrate,  the  terminal  one  sometimes  3-lobed,  the  lateral  ones  of 
the  upper  division  decurrent.  Umbels  3,  terminal,  splierical,  G — 8  inches  in 
diameter,  without  the  involucre;  umbellets  on  angular  stalks  and  with  in- 
volucels,  of  subulate  bracts  longer  than  the  rays.  Flowers  greenish  white. 
J^JJ(>  Cuinman  Angtlicu. 

2.  A.    HIRSU'ta.       r.  i^/-  G.  Angelica  hirsuta.     Mh. 

Stem  striate,  the  summit  with  the  umbels  tomentose-hirsute;  leaves  bipin- 
nately  divided,  the  divisions  quinate.  segments  oblong,  acutish,  tlie  upper  pair 
connate  but  not  decurrent  at  base.  Dry  woods,  N.  Y.  Stem  simple,  straight, 
erect,  4  feet  high.  Umbels  on  long,  velvety  peduncles.  luvolucels  about  as 
long  as  tiie  rays.     July.     Aug. 

3.  A.    OFFICINA'LIS.      ILffm.  Angelica  Archangelica.     L. 

Stem  smooth,  round,  striate;  leaves  bipinnately  divided  into  lobate,  subcor- 
date,  acutely  serrate  segment,';,  the  terminal  one  3-lobed ;  sheaths  large  and 
saccate.  Said  to  be  native  in  Labrador,  &.c.  Cultivated  in  gardens  occasion- 
ally for  the  sake  of  the  stalks,  which  are  to  be  blanched  and  eaten  as  celery. 

Garden  Angelica. 

12.    ARCHE'MORA. 
Involucres  0  or  few-leaved;  involiicels  many  leaved  ;  fruit 
ova!,  compressed;  capsules  with  5  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  mar- 
ginal and  winged;  carpophore  2-parted;  seeds  Hat. —  Peren- 
nial herbs. 

A.    Ri'gidA.      Dc.  CEnanthe  rigida.    JV. 

Glabrous;  s<cm  terete  ;  im^cs  pinnately  divided,  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate 
or  ovate,  rather  ricid,  entire,  or  remotely  denticulate  or  dentate.  Swamps, 
N.  Y.  Stem  2 — 4leet  high.  Leaflets  from  3  to  11,  with  few  or  many  teeth, 
or  none,  varying  also  in  outline  in  the  same  plant.  Flowers  white,  in  thin 
umbels.     Sept. 

/3.  (E.  longifolia  P.)  LefljZefs  long,  linear,  mostly  entire ;  involucres  nearly 
wanting.     Slem  3—5  feet  high.  "  Water  Drup-wort. 

13.    PASTINA'CA. 

Fruit  much  compressed,  oval,  with  a  broad  margin;  carpel 
with  5  nearly  obsolete  ribs,  the  intervals  witli  single  vittiE; 
carpophore  2-partcd;  seeds  flat. 

A  Latin  name  formerly  applied  to  the  carrot,  from  pastvs,  food.  FIs.  perfect. 
Cal,  of  5  minute  teetli.  Pet,  broad-lanceolate,  entire,  involute,  as  long  as 
stamen. — Herbs,  perennial  or  biennial. 

P.    SATi'VA. 

Leaves  pinnate,  downy  beneath  ;  lerijlets  oblong,  incisely  toothed,  the  upper 
one  3-lobed.  The  parsnep  is  said  to  have  been  introduced,  but  it  grows  wild 
abundantly  in  fields,  by  fences,  &c.  The  root  is  fusiform,  large,  sweet-fla- 
vored, esculent,  as  every  one  knows,  in  its  cultivated  state,  but  in  its  wild 
state  becomes  hard,  acrid  and  poisonous,  and  much  dwindled  in  size.  Stem 
3  feet  high,  erect,  furrowed,  smooth,  branching.  Umbels  large,  terminal. 
Flowers  yellow,  small.     Fruit  large,  flat.     The  abundance  of  saccharine  mat- 


UMBELLIFERJE.  160 


ter  in  the  cultivated  root,  renders  it  a  wholesome  and  nutritious  food.     July 
Bienn.  Parsnep. 

14.     HERA'CLKUM. 

Fruit  compressed,  flat,  with  a  membranaceous  margin  and 
3,  dorsal,  obtuse  ribs  to  each  carpel;  flowers  radiant;  invo- 
lucre deciduous;  petals  notched. 

Warned  after  the  hero  Hercules,  it  beinor  a  rank,  robust  plant.  Cal.  of  five 
small,  acute  teeth.  Pet.  obcordate,  radiani  in  the  exterior  flowers.— Large^ 
perennial  herbs. 

H.  lana'tum. 

Leaves  ternate,  petiolate,  toraentose  beneath :  Jetiflets  petioled,  round-cordate, 
lobed;  fruit  orbicular.  A  large,  coarse-looking,  umbelliferous  plant,  growing 
about  moist,  cultivated  grounds.  Stem  about  4  feet  high,  thick,  furrowed, 
brandling,  and  covered  with  spreading  hairs.  Leaves  very  large,  on  chan- 
neled stalks.  Leaflets  woolly  underneath,  irregularly  cut-lobed  and  serrated. 
At  the  top  of  tiie  stem  and  branches  are  its  huge  umbels,  often  a  foot  broad, 
with  spreading  rays,  and  long-pointed,  lanceolate  involucels.  Involucre  of 
lanceolate,  deciduous  leaflets.  Petals  deeply  heart-shaped,  white.  June- 
Perennial.  Cow-parsnep. 

15.    ANE'THUM. 

Involucre  0  ;  petals  involute,  jellow  ;  carpels  compressed^ 
with  3  ribs;  intervals  one-ribbed. 

Gr.  avct)^  upwards,  ^iiva;^  to  spring;  from  the  rapidity  of  its  growth. 

1.  A.  grave'olens. 

Fruit  compressed.  The  native  country  of  the  dill  is  Spain.  Distinguished 
from  the  next  species  by  its  annual  root,  its  glaucous  leaves,  and  its  broader 
and  flatter  seeds.  These  have  a  warm,  burning  taste,  and  are  used  in  medi- 
cine as  a  carminative.     Stem  3  feet  high,  with  umbels  of  yellow  flowers.     Dili 

2.  A.    FANl'CULUM. 

Fruit  ovate.  Native  of  S.  Europe.  Root  strong,  fleshy,  perennial.  Stem 
about  4  feet  high,  with  numerous  leaves  much  divided,  less  glaucous  than  the 
Dill.  Umbels  of  about  a  dozen  spreading  rays.  Flowers  yellow.  Its  medi- 
cinal properties  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Dill,  though  less  active.        Fennel 

16.    CARUM. 

Fruit  elliptic,  obloni^.  with  equidistant  ribs;  intervals  con- 
vex; calyx  minute  or  obsolete;  petals  obcordate,  unequal; 
styles  dilated  at  base,  spreading;  receptacle  permanent ;  cen- 
tral flowers  barren. 

From  Curia,  where  it  is  native  according  to  Pliny. 

C.  Ca'rui. 

5/6771  branched  ;  sheaths  ventricose  ;  common  involvcre  0.  Native  of  Eu- 
rope, &.C.    This  plant  is  cultivated  chiefly  for  the  seeds  which  are  often  added 


UMBELLIFER^.  161  CONIOSELINUM. 


to  cakes,  sugar-plums,  &c.  for  their  fine  aromatic  flavor.     The  root  also,  has 
been  used  as  a  pot-herb,  and  is  said  to  be  superior  in  flavor  to  the  parsnep. 

Caraicuij. 

17.    HYDROCO'TYLE. 
Fruit  orbicular,  compressed,  3-ribbed,  commissure  narrow  ; 
umbel  simple;  involucre  4-ltaved. 

Gr.  v'^ioii,  water,  and  x.oTvX'n,  vessel ;  its  round,  concave  leaf  holds  a  drop 
of  water  in  the  centre.  Fl.  perfect.  Cal.  obsolete.  Pet.  equal,  ovate,  spread- 
ing, entire.     Style  shorter  than  sta. — Herbaceous  plants,  usually  aquatic. 

1.  H.  America'na. 

Root  tuberous;  leaves  reniform,  roundish  lobed,  crenale ;  umhels  sessile, 
few-flowered.  A  very  small,  delicate  plant,  found  close  to  the  moist  earth 
under  the  shade  of  other  vegetables.  Stem  prostrate,  creeping,  a  few  inches 
loner  filiform.  Leaves  very  smooth  and  thin,  light-colored,  roundish,  slightly 
7-lobed  crenate  and  cut  at  base  to  the  insertion  of  the  stalk.  Flowers  mi- 
nute, glomerate,  in  very  small,  sessile  umbels  or  heads.    Jl.    Per.     Feniiyicort. 

2.  H.  umbella'ta. 

Leaves  peltate,  crenate,  emarginate  at  base  ;  umhels  stalked,  many-flowered  ; 
floicers  stalked.  An  aquatic  species,  larger  than  the  foregoing,  in  ponds  and 
wet  grounds.  Stem  creeping,  often  submerged.  Leaves  peltate,  the  base 
notched  so  as  to  appear  somewhat  reniform,  floating  or  erect.  Flowers  20  or 
more  in  a  sinole  umbel,  greenish.     Jl.     Per.  Umhelhd  Pennywort. 

3.  H.    INTERRU'PTA.      Muh.  H.  Vulgaris.     Mx. 

Leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  crenate;  umhels  capitate,  about  five-flowered. 
Grows  in  marshes,  more  rare  in  N.  Eng.  than  tlie  preceding.  Root  and  stem 
creeping.  Leaves  referred  to  by  Linnasus  as  a  perfect  example  of  the  peltate 
form,  the  stem  being  inserted  near  the  middle.  From  the  centre  of  the  um- 
bel another  is  often  produced.     Jn.     Per.  Coinvwn  Fennyioort. 

18.    CRA'NTZIA. 
Calyx-tube  sub-globose,  the  margin  obsolete  ;  petals  obtuse  ; 
fruit  siibglobose,  the  commissure  excavated,  with  2  vittae;  car- 
pels unequal,  5  ribbed,  with  a  vittai  in  each  interval. 

Small,  creeping  herbs,  with  linear  or  filiform,  entire  leaves.  Umbels  simple, 
virith  a  few  white  or  reddish  flowers. 

C.    LINEA'TA.      mui.  Hydrocotyle  lineata.     Mx. 

Leaves  cuneate-linear,  sessile,  with  transverse  nerves,  and  obtuse  at  the 
end.  Grows  on  river  banks,  &c.  the  stems  a  few  inches  in  length,  creeping 
in  the  mud.     June.     July. 

19.    C  O  N 1'  O  S  E  L  I'  N  U  M  . 
Caljx-teeth   obsolete;    petals  obovate,    with  an   inflected 
point;  fruit  compressed  on  the  back  ;  carpels  with  5  winged 
ribs,  the  lateral  ones  marginal  and  much  tiie  broadest. 

Name  compounded  of  Conium  and  Selimim.  Smooth,  biennial  herbs. 
Leaves  on  very  large,  inflated  petioles.     Stems  hollow. 

0* 


UMBELLlFEfiJE.  162  OSMORHTZA, 

C.  CaNADE'NSE.      T.  ^  G.  Cnidum  Canadense.     Spr. 

Fruit  broadly  oval ;  vittm  solitary  in  the  dorsal  intervals,  5 — 3  in  the  lateral 
ones.  In  damp  w^oods,  growing  H — 5  feet  higii.  Leaves  compounded  in  a 
pinnate  manner,  dissected  into  pinnatifid  segments.  Umbels  compound.  In- 
volucre wanting,  or  of  a  few,  subulate  bracts.  Involucel-s  of  5 — 6  bracteotes.^ 
Flowers  white.     Rare.     Aug.     Sept. 

20.    DISCOPLEU'RA. 

Caljx-teeth  subulate,  persistent;  petals  ovate,  entire,  with 

a  minute  intlexed  point;  fruit  ovate,  often  didymous;  carpels 

5-ribbed,  the  3  dorsal,  filiform,  sub-acute,  prominent;  the  2 

lateral,  united  to  a  thick,  accessory  margin;  seeds  subterete. 

Gr.  5io-x.o«,  the  disk,  and  TrXEi/^a,  a  rib;  i.  e.  the  disk  and  ribs  (of  the  seedy 
united.  Intervals  with  single  vittce.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  3 — 5-parted  of 
nearly  entire. — Annual  herljs. 

D.  capilla'cea. 

Erect  or  procumbent;  umbels  3— 10-rayed;  leaflets  of  the  involucre  3—5, 
generally  3-clefl.  In  swamps  (Conn.),  growing  about  a  foot  high,  with  many 
branches,  and  leaves  numerous,  cut  and  cleft  in  a  ternate  manner  into  capil- 
lary segments.    Involucels  large.    Flowers  white,  succeeded  by  ovate  fruit. 

21.    A'PIUM. 
Fruit  roundish,  ovate,  with  6  acute,  dorsal  ribs,  intervals 
flat;  petals  roundish,  suboqual,  with  an  inflected  point ;  styles 
greatly  dilated  at  base.;  receptacle  thin,  round,  wavy;  flow- 
ers all  perfect. 

Celtic  cqwn,  water;  the  plant  grows  in  watery  situations.     European. 

1.  A.  petroseh'num. 

Cfiullne  leaves  linear;  involucra  minute.  This  well  known  seasoning-herb, 
is  said  to  be  a  native  of  Sardinia.  Cultivation  has  produced  several  varieties. 
The  roots  of  the  larger  varieties  are  used  to  communicate  an  agreeable  flavor 
to  soups.  The  leaves  are  much  esteemed  for  soups  and  as  a  garnish.  Stem 
about  3  feet  high,  with  umbels  of  yellowish  flowers.    Jn.     Bienn.       Parsley. 

2.  A.  grave'olens. 

Cauline  haves  wedge-shaped.  Native  of  Britain.  Highly  esteemed  as  a 
salad,  and  as  a  seasoning  in  soups.  It  is  a  remarkable  instance  of  the  effect 
of  cultivation,  being  in  its  wild  state,  rank,  coarse  and  unfit  to  eat;  and  when 
properly  cultivated,  sweet,  crisp,  juicy  and  of  a  most  agreeable  flavor.  Hight 
4  feet.     Flowers  white.     Jn.— Aug.     Bienn.  Cdenj 

Suborder  II,  CAMPYLOSPERM.E. 
The  inner  surface  of  the  seed  deeply  furrowed,  or  with  involute  margins. 

22.    OSMORHI'ZA. 
Involucre  few-leaved;    involucel  4— 7-leaved  ;  flowers  of 


PMBELLIFER^.  163 


the  centre  abortive;  fruit  stipitate,  clavate,  polished,  partly 
hispid;  carpels  acutely  costate. 

Gr.  o(T(A,^,  perfume,  ^i^a,  root ;  from  the  aromatic  root  of  this  plant,  which 
in  fragrance  as  well  as  flavor,  resembles  Anise.  Cal.  segment  obsolete.  Pet. 
oblong,  nearly  entire,  the  point  inflexcd.  Fr.  solid,  linear,  very  long,  taper- 
ing to  the  pedicel,  bristly  at  base. — Perennial  herbs. 

1.  O.    LONGl'STYLIS.      Dc.  Uraspermum  Claytonia.     Kutt, 

Styles  filiform,  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary  ;  fruit  clavate.  A  leafy  plant, 
very  common  in  woods,  1 — 3  feet  high,  with  inconspicuous  umbels  of  white 
flowers.  Root  branching,  fleshy,  of  an  agreeable,  spicy  flavor.  Stem  erect, 
branching  above,  nearly  smooth.  Root  leaves  on  long,  slender  stalks,  the  up- 
per stem  leaves  sessile,  both  are  decompound,  the  ultimate  divisions  often 
pinnate  ;  leaflets  irregularly  divided  by  clefts  and  sinuses  into  lobes  and  teeth, 
the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  slightly  pubescent.  Involucres  of  linear  bracts  longer 
than  the  rays.  Fruit  blackish,  an  inch  in  length,  much  more  acute  at  the  base 
than  at  the  summit,  crowned  with  the  persistent  styles.     May.     Jn. 

Sweet  Cisely. 

2.  0.    BREVI'STYLIS.      Dc.  U.  hirsutum.     B. 

Styles  conical,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  breadth  of  the  ovary  ;  fruit  somewhat 
tapering  at  the  summit.  Common  in  woods.  The  general  aspect  of  this  spe- 
cies is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding,  but  the  root  is  destitute  of  the 
anise-like  flavor  of  that  species,  being  disagreeable  to  the  taste.  The  plant  is 
more  hairy,  and  with  more  deeply  cleft  divisions  in  the  leaves.  Involucre 
deciduous.  Umbels  with  long,  diverging  rays,  of  which  but  few  prove  fertile. 
The  fruit  is  similar  to  the  last,  but  crowned  with  convergent,  not  with  spread- 
ing styles.    May,  Jn. 

23.    CONI'UM. 
Umbel  perfect,  with  general  and  partial  involucra,  the  par- 
tial half  wanting;  fruit  ovate,  solid;  carpels  with  5-acute, 
undulate-crenulate  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  nnarginal. 

Gr.  KoiviioVj  Hemlock,  from  x-cuvoi,  a  top  ;  because  it  made  those  dizzy  who 
drank  it.  Fls.  perfect.  Cal,  obsolete.  Pet.  obcordate,  with  an  acute,  inflect- 
ed point.  Fil.  scarcely  as  long  as  the  cor.  Ova.  ovate,  a  little  flattened,  ru- 
gose, furrowed  ;  fr.  crowned  with  the  wavy,  floral  receptacle  and  the  spread- 
ing styles. — Biennial,  poisonous  herbs. 

C.  macula'tum. 

Stem  spotted  ;  leaves  tripinnate  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  ;  fruit  smooth. 
Grows  in  waste  grounds,  way  sides,  &c.  A  well  known  poisonous  plant. 
Stem  much  branched,  about  4  feet  high,  very  smooth,  round,  hollow,  with 
purplish  spots.  The  lower  leaves  are  very  large,  several  times  pinnate,  bright 
green,  on  long,  sheathing  foot-stalks.  Umbels  terminal,  the  involucre  of  G — 
8  lanceolate  bracts,  the  involucels  with  the  inner  half  wanting.  Flowers 
small,  white.  Fruit  with  undulate  or  wrinkled  ribs.  The  plant  is  a  powerful 
narcotic,  exhaling  a  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised.  Used  in  medicine.  JI. 
Aug.  Poison  Hemlock. 

Suborder  III,  CCELOSPERM^. 
Seeds  inatrved  at  the  base  and  apex. 


ARALIACE5;. 


164 


24.    ERIGENI'A. 
Involucre  a  single,  bipinnatifid  bract;  involucel  of  3 — 6 
entire  bracts;    fruit  contracted  at  the  commissure;  carpels 
3-ribbed,   ovate-reniform.      Root    tuberous.      Leaf  solitary, 
radical. 

Gr.  vjPiyivna,,  daughter  of  the  early  spring;  in  reference  to  the  early 
flowering  of  these  plants,  which  occurs  in  March  and  April. 

E.    BULBO'SA.      JVm«.  Hydrocotyle  composita.     P. 

A  small  early-flowering  perennial  herb,  along  the  shady  banks  of  streams, 
western  N.  Y.  to  the  Mississippi.  Stem  an  inch  or  two  high,  with  2  leaves. 
The  lower  one  radical,  biternately  divided,  the  divisions  incisely  cleft  into 
narrow  segments ;  the  upper  one  a  bract,  similarly  divided,  supporting  the 
few-rayed  umbel  of  white  flowers. 

25.    CORIA'NDRUM. 
Fruit  a  single  or  double  globe,  smooth,  without  ribs;  calyx 
broad,  unequal;  petals  radiant;  floral  receptacle  none. 

Gr.  JcogtS,  a  bug;  on  account  of  the  smell  of  the  leaves. 

C.    SATI'VUM. 

Fnt/i:  globose ;  caZyz  and  s^y/es  permanent.  Native  in  Europe,  &c.  This 
well  known  plant  is  cultivated  chiotly  for  the  seeds,  which  are  used  as  a  spice, 
as  a  nucleus  for  sugar-plums,  &c.  Stem  2  feet  high.  Leaves  numerously  divi- 
ded stroncr-scented.  Umbels  with  only  the  partial  involucra.  Flowers  white. 
July.     Aimual.  ^  Coriander. 


ORDER  LXIX.  ARALIACE^. 

Cat. — Superior,  entire  or  toothed. 

Cor.— Petiils  .O— 10,  tleciiiuous,  rarely  0,  valvate  in  scstivation. 

fSta  — Eiiual  in  number  to  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them.     Anth.  introrse. 

Ora.— Crowned  with  a  disk,  2  or  many-celled.     Ovnle.s  solitarj-.     Styles  as  many  as  cells. 

jTr .—Baccate  or  drupaceous,  of  several  one-seeded  cells. 

A  small  order  nearly  allied  to  Umbellilera;,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  chiefly  by  the 
several-celled  ovary  and  fleshy  fruit.  Thev  are  natives  of  Northern  temperate  climes  ol 
both  Heraispheres.-^Several  species  are  well  known  in  medicine,  &c.  as  srinscnfr,  spike- 
nard, sarsaparilia,  &c.  The  laiter  is  sometimes  substituted  lor  the  sarsapanlla  of  the  shops. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Flowers  perfect.    .....        Malta.    1 

Leaves  compound,  j  Flowers  polygamous.  ....  Panaic.    I 

1.    A  R  A' LI  A. 
Flowers  umbelled,  involucre  very  small;  calyx  very  small, 
superior,   5toothed;    corolla  5-petaled ;  berry  crowned  with 
the  remains  of  the  calyx,   5-seeded. 

Name  of  unknown  origin.  Umbels  simple,  globose.  Fet  ovate,  oblong, 
spreading  or  reflexed.  Stig.  nearly  round,  varying  in  number  from  5  to  10. 
Seeds  hard,  oblong. 


ARALIACEJE. 


165 


1.  A.  nudicau'lis. 

Nearly  slemless  ;  Zeo/ solitary,  decompound  ;  scape  naked,  shorter  than  the 
leaf;  iimbds  few.  A  well  known  plant,  found  in  woods,  most  abundant  in 
rich'and  rocky  soils.  Its  structure  is  singular.  It  has  a  large,  fleshy  root, 
from  which  arise  a  leaf-stalk  and  a  scape,  but  no  proper  stem.  The  former  is 
long,  supporting  a  single,  large,  compound  leaf,  which  is  either  '3-ternate  or 
3-quinate.  Leaflets  oval  and  obovate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate.  The  scape 
is  about  a  foot  high,  bearing  3  umbels  of  greenish  flowers.  The  root  is  aro- 
matic, and  in  great  demand  since  the  invention  of  the  patent  syrup  which 
bears  its  name.     June.     July.  iVUd  Sarsaparilla. 

2.  A.    RACEMO'SA. 

6Yf  771  herbaceous,  smooth;  /fo?;e5  decompound  ;  pe^/imrZes  axillary,  branch- 
ino-,  umbelled.  In  rocky  woods.  Stem  3—4  feet  high,  dark  green  or  reddish, 
arfs'ing  from  a  thick,  aromatic  root.  The  leaf-stalks  divide  into  3  partitions, 
each  of  which  bears  3  or  5  large,  ovate,  serrate  leaflets.  Umbels  numerous, 
arranged  in  branching  racemes  from  the  a.xils  of  the  leaves  or  branches.  The 
root  is  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  highly  esteemed  as  an  ingredient  in  small 
beer   &c.     July.     Per.  Pettymorrel.      Sijikenard. 

3.  A.  hispi'da. 

Stem  shrubby  at  base,  hispid  ;  leaves  bipinnate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  cut-serrate  ; 
umbels  on  lono-  peduncles.  Common  in  slovenly  fields,  about  stumps  and 
stone-heaps.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  the  lower  part  woody  and  thickly  beset 
with  sharp,  stiff" bristles,  the  upper  partbranching,  herbaceous.  Leaflets  many, 
endino-  in  a  long  point,  ovate,  smooth.  Umbels  many,  simple,  globose,  axil- 
lary and  terminal,  followed  by  bunches  of  dark-colored,  nauseous  berries.  The 
plant  exhales  an  unpleasant  odor.     Jl.     Aug.         Wild  Elder.     Bristly  Jralia. 

2.    PANAX. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Perftcljl. — Calyx  5-toothed,superior ; 
corolla  5-pe(a]ed;  stamens  5  ;  styles  2—3  ;  berry  subcordate, 
2 — 3-seeded.  Slaminatejl. — Calyx  entire ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  5. 

Gr.  TTuv,  all,  ax.o«.  a  remedy  ;  that  is  a  ^wn'/cca,  a  universal  remedy.  In 
the  estimation  of  the  Chinese,  this  high-sounding  title  is  merited  by  the  gin- 
seng, P.  quinquefolium.  The  genus  also  includes  the  common  ground-nut. 
Perennial  herbs. 

1.  P.  trifo'lium. 

Root  tuberous  ;  leaves  3,  ternate  or  quinate  ;  lenjlets  wedge-lanceolate,  sub- 
sessile,  serrate  ;  styles  3  ;  berry  tricoccous.  This  little  plant  is  common  in  low 
woods  in  N.  Hampshire  and"Vermont,  whore  it  is  generally  known  by  the 
name  ground-nut.  The  root  is  a  round  tuber  nearly  half  an  inch  in  diameter, 
deep  in  the  ground,  connected  with  the  stem  by  a  short,  screw-like  ligament. 
The  stem  arises  3-- G  inches  above  the  surface,  smooth,  slender,  simple.  At 
the  summit  is  a  whorl  of  3-compound  leaves,  with  a  central  peduncle  termi- 
natiuff  in  a  little  umbel  of  pure  white  flowers.  Leaflets  generally  3,  nearly  or 
quite  smooth.  Barren  and  fertile  flowers  on  different  plants,  the  latter  with- 
out stamens,  succeeded  by  green  berries,  the  former  with  a  single,  abortive 
style.     May.  Dwarf  Ginseng.     Ground-A'ut. 

2.  P.  quinquefo'lia. 

Root  fusiform;  leaves  3,  quinate;  leaflets  oval,  acuminate,  petiolate,  serrate. 
The  ginseng  is  generally  found  in  rocky  or  mountainous  woods.     The  root  is 


CORNACEjE.  166  CORNCS. 

light-colored,  thick  and  fleshy.  The  stem  is  round,  smooth,  often  reddish, 
simple,  1 — 2  feet  high,  witii  a  terminal  whorl  of  3  compound  leaves,  and  a 
central  peduncle  bearing  a  simple  umbel.  Leaves  on  round  and  smooth  foot- 
stalks, consisting  of  5,  rarely  3  or  7  obovate  leaflets.  The  flowers  are  small, 
yellowish,  on  short  pedicels.  The  barren  ones  borne  on  separate  plants  have 
larger  ])elals  and  an  entire  cal^'X.  The  fertile  ones  are  succeeded  by  berries 
of  a  bright  scarlet  color.  The  root  is  in  little  estimation  as  a  drug  with  us, 
but  it  enters  into  the  composition  of  almost  every  medicine  used  by  the  Chi- 
nese and  Tartars.     June.     July.  Gaiseng. 


ORDER    LXX.    CORNACE^.  The  Comus  Tribe. 

Cal— Sepals  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  minute,  4  or  5-toollied  or  lobcd. 
Cor.— Petals  4  or  5,  distinct,  alternate  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx. 
Sta.—OClhe  same  number  as  petals  and  alternate  with  them. 
Ova.—l  or  2-celled.     Fruit  a  baccate  drupe,  crowned  with  the  calyx. 

A  small  family  of  trees  and  shrubs,  seldom  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  (alternate  in  one 
species)  without  stipules,  with  pinnate  veins.  Hairs  fixed  by  the  centre.  They  are  natives 
thronghuut  the  Temperate  Zone  of  both  continents.  The  order  is  distinsruished  for  its  bit- 
ter and  astringent  bark.  That  of  Cornus  florida  is  an  excellent  tonic,  similar  in  its  actiou 
to  the  Peruvian  bark. 

Cornus  is  the  only  North  American  genus. 

CORNUS. 

Calyx  4-toothecl ;  corolla  4-petiiled  ;  drupe  baccate,  with  a 
2-celled  nucleus  ;  involucre  4-leaved  or  0. 

Lat.  cornu,  a  horn.  The  w^ood  has  been  considered  as  hard  and  durable  as 
horn.  The  Romans  constructed  warlike  instruments  of  it;  hoiia  hello  cornus, 
Bays  Virgil.  Trees,  shrubs  and  perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  leaves 
which  are  entire  and  pinnately  veined.  Flowers  in  cymes.  Hairs  centrally 
fixed.     Floral  envelopes  valvate  in  cestivation. 

■^Flovvers  cymose ;  involucre  0.     Shrubs. 

1.  C.    STOLONI'fERA.      Mx.  C.  alba.     JFarig. 

Stems  often  stoloniferous ;  branches  smooth,  spreading ;  shoots  virgate  ;  leaves 
broad-ovate,  acute,  pubescent,  hoary  beneath  ;  cymes  naked,  flat ;  berries  white. 
A  small  tree,  8 — 10  feet  in  hight,  with  smooth,  slender,  spreading  branches, 
whicii  are  commonly  red,  especially  in  winter.  It  often  sends  out  from  its 
base  prostrate  and  rooting  stems,  with  erect  shoots.  Leaves  distinctly  nerved, 
minutely  pubescent  and  whitish  tomentose  beneath,  petiolate  and  pointed. 
Flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  white,  followed  by  bluish  white  drupes.  Accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Bigelow,  it  sometimes  blossoms  twice  a  year.     May.     Jn. 

White-berried  Cornel  or  Dogicood. 

2.  C.  alternifo'lla.. 

Leaves  alternate,  oval,  acute,  hoary  beneath ;  branches  alternate,  verrucose ; 
drupes  purple,  globose.  A  small  tree,  about  twice  the  hight  of  the  last,  in 
moist  woods.  The  branches  are  smooth,  even,  spreading  from  the  upper  part 
of  the  stem,  and  forming  a  depressed  summit.  Bark  greenish,  marked  with 
warty  streaks.  Leaves  irregularly  scattered  along  the  branches,  oval-lanceo- 
late, acute,  entire,  nerved,  whitish  undernealh,  on  rather  long  stalks.  Flow- 
ers pale  bulF-color,  in  a  loose  cyme.    Jn.    jiltcrnutc-leaved  Cornel  or  Dogwood. 


CORNACEiE. 


167 


3.  C.  circina'ta. 

Branches  verrucose ;  haves  orbicular  or  very  broadly  oval,  while  tornentose 
beneath;  (-(/thca- spreading,  depressed;  drupes  light  blue.  A  shrub  some  six 
feet  high.  Stem  greyish,  upright,  with  opposite,  cylindrical,  green,  spotted 
or  warty  branches.  Leaves  large,  about  as  broad  as  long,  opposite,  acuminate, 
covered  with  a  white,  thick  down  on  the  under  side.  Flowers  white.  Ber- 
ries hollowed  at  base,  soft,  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  style.     Jn. 

Ruund-leaved  Cornel  or  Dogwood. 

4.  C.  seria'cea. 

Branches  spreading  ;  hranchlets  woolly  ;  leaves  ovate,  rounded  at  base,  acu- 
minate, ferruginous,  pubescent  beneath  ;  cijvies  depressed,  woolly ;  drwpes 
bright  blue.  A  variety  has  leaves  tapering  at  base.  A  shrub  about  8  feet 
high,  witli  opposite,  dusky  purple  branches,  and  dark  red  shoots.  Leaves  en- 
tire, varying  from  ovate  and  oval  to  lanceolate,  pointed,  nearly  smooth  above, 
with  rather  prominent  veins.     Flowers  yellowish  white,  appearing  in  June. 

Red  Osier. 

5.  C.  panicula'ta. 

Branches  erect,  amooth  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  acute  at  base, 
scabrous  above,  hoary  beneath ;  ci/mes  paniculate;  drupes  white.  A  hand- 
some shrub,  10  feet  high,  common  in  low  woodlands  and  thickets.  It  has 
numerous  and  very  branching  stems,  covered  with  a  greyish  bark,  the  shoots 
chestnut-colored.  In  June  it  puts  forth  its  small  white  flowers  in  numerous, 
conical  cymes  or  panicles,  succeeded  by  small  drupes. 

Punicled  Cornel  or  Dogicood. 

** Flowers  umbellate;    involucre  4-leaved,  petaloid. 

6.  C.  flo'rida. 

Aboreous ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  entire ;  flowers  small,  in  a 
close,  cymose  umbel  or  head,  surrounded  by  a  very  large,  4-leaved,  obcordate 
involucre.  A  tree  from  20  to  30  feet  in  bight,  verv  ornamental  when  in  flow- 
er. Found  in  woods.  Fall  Mt.  Walpole,  N.  H.,  and  thinly  dispersed  from 
thence  to  Florida.  Tiie  wood  is  very  hard  and  compact,  covered  with  a  rough 
bark  which  is  extremely  bitter,  and  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic.  The  leaves, 
whicli  at  flowering  time  are  but  partially  expanded,  are  acutely  ovate,  nearly 
smooth,  veiny,  pale  underneath.  The  tree  flowers  are  inconspicuous,  green- 
ish-yellow, but  the  involucre  is  very  large  and  showy,  of  veiny,  white,  obo- 
vale  leaves,  ending  in  a  callous  point,  whicli  is  turned  up  or  down  so  abruptly 
as  to  give  an  emarginate  appearance  to  the  leaf.  Flowers  in  May,  in  great 
profusion.     Drupe  red.  Flowering  Dogicood. 

7.  C.  Canade'nsis. 

Herbaceous,  low  ;  upper  leaves  whorled,  veiny,  on  short  petioles ;  stem  sim- 
ple. A  small,  handsome  plant,  common  in  woods,  remarkable  for  its  large, 
white  involucre.  Subterranean  stems  creeping,  woody,  root-like.  The  flow- 
ering stems  erect,  4 — 8  inches  high,  bearing  2  small  stipules  in  the  middle, 
and  a  whorl  of  (5  leaves  at  the  top.  two  of  which  are  larger,  placed  a  little 
lower  and  opposite.  An  umbellate  cyme  of  flowers  arises  from  the  centre  of 
the  whorl,  and  with  its  large,  siiowy  involucre  of  4  white  leaves,  might  easily 
be  taken  for  a  single  flower.  They  are  succeeded  by  a  bunch  of  red  berries. 
The  barren  stems  support  a  whorl  of  4  equal  leaves.     May.     Jn. 

Low  Cornel  or  Dogwood. 


CAPRIF0LIACE5:,  168  LONICERA. 

SUBCLASS  TI.     MONOPETAL^. 

Floral  envelops  consisting  of  both   calyx  and   corolla,  the  latter 
composed  of  petals  more  or  less  united  (monopetalous). 


ORDER    LXXII.    CAPRIFOLIACE^.       The  Honeysuckle  mie. 

Col. — Adlierent  to  the  ovarj'  (superior),  the  limb  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft  or  toothed. 

Cor.— Tubular  or  rotate,  regular  or  irregular.  [and  inserted  on  the  tube. 

Sta. — As  many,  or  one  less  than  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  them 

Ofa.— 3- (rarely  4  or  5-)  celled.     Style  1.     Stig.l—4. 

Fr. — Baccate,  fleshy  or  dry,  crowned  wtth  the  persistent  calyx  lobes.     Seeds  pendulous. 

An  order  of  shrubs  (rarely  herbaceous),  often  twining,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stip- 
ules. They  are  chiefly  natives  of  the  Northern  temperate  regions,  and  occasionally  found 
in  the  Alpine  parts  of  the  tropical  zone. 

Properties.  The  fever-root  (Triosteum  perfoliatum)  is  a  mild  cathartic,  and  in  large  do- 
ses emetic  ;  tlie  dried  and  roasted  berries  are  sometimes  snbstituted  for  coflee.  The  leaves 
and  bark  of  the  elder  are  both  emetic  and  cathartic ;  the  flowers  are  sudorific,  and  the  ber- 
ries laxative.  The  beauty  and  fragrance  of  the  honeysuckles  in  cultivation  are  well  known 
lo  every  one. 

The  Order  consists  of  two  distinct  Tribes;  LouicereEc  and  Sambuceoe. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

I  few-seeded.    .        .        Lonieern.  1 

( Berry  ]—.3-ceUed,  I  many-seeded.  .         .     Diervilla.  2 

(  Shrubs.  I  Berry  4-celled,  -i-seeded.         .         .        .         Sytnplwricarpus.  4 

<                 (  Stamens  4.     Trailing,  evergreen.  .        .     Linnren.  5 

f  tubular.  (  Herbs.    |  Stamens  5,     Stem  erect,  simplei            .         Triosteum.  3 

}                                                         ( simple  leaves.          .  .        .     Vibiirnmn.  7 

Corolla  '  rotate,  regular.     Shrubs  with  ( pinnate  leaves.     .        .        .         Sambucus.  C 

Tribe  1,  LOiNICEREiE. 

Corolla  tubular,  the  limb  often  irregular.     Style  filiform. 

1.     LOiNl'CERA. 

Caljx  3-tootlied,  the  tube  subglobose;  corolla  infundibuii- 

form  or  campanulate,  limb  5-cleft,  often  labiate;  stamens  5; 

ovary  2 — 3-celled;  berry  few-seeded;  stigma  capitate. 

Named  after  Adam  Lonicer,  a  physician  of  Frankfort,  in  the  IGth  century. 
A  genus  of  climbing  or  erect  shrubs,  with  opposite,  entire  and  often  connate 
leaves. 

*  Stem  climbing.     Flowers  sessile,  verticillate.     Caprikolium. 

1.  L.    HIRSU'TA.      Eaton.  CaprifoHum  pubescens.     Goldie. 
Hairy;  corolla  ringent: filaments  bearded;  leaves  hairy  above,  soft  villose 

beneath,  veiny,  broad-oval,  abruptly  acuminate,  the  upper  pair  cornate-perfo- 
liate.  A  shrubby  climber  found  in  woods,  twining  about  trees  to  the  hight  of 
15  or  20  feet.  The  whole  plant  is  more  or  less  hairy.  Leaves  pale  green, 
not  shining,  the  edges  and  the  upper  side  ciliate  with  scattered  Itairs.  Tlie 
flowers  are  large,  numerous,  greenish-yellow,  in  whorled,  a.\illary  and  termi- 
nal clusters.     Limb  of  corolla  spreading.     Style  and  stamens  cxsert.     Jn. 

Hairy  Honeysuckle. 

2.  L.    PARVIFLO'RA.      Lam.  CaprifoHum  parviflorum.     P. 
Smooth;  corolla  ringent;  Jlowcrs  in  heads  of  several  approximate  whorls; 

leaves  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  oblong,  all  cornate,  the  upper  pair 


CAPRIF0LIACE3:. 


169  LONICERA. 


perfoliate.  A  small,  smooth,  shrubby  climber,  in  rocky  woods.  Stem  8 — 10 
feet  long.  Leaves  wavy  and  revolute  on  the  margin,  very  glaucous  on  the 
under  side.  Flowers  rather  small.  Corolla  yellow,  tinged  with  dull  red,  gib- 
bous at  the  base,  the  short  limb  in  curled  segments.  Stamens  and  style  e.x- 
serted.     Berries  orange  colored.     May.     Jn.  SmaU-fluwered  Honeysuckle. 

3.  L.    FLAVA.      Sims.  Caprifolium  Fraseri.     P. 

Smooth ;  flotoers  in  small  heads  of  close  whorls ;  corolla  smooth,  with  a 
slender  tube  not  gibbous  at  base,  the  linih  somewhat  ringent ;  filaments  smooth. 
This  is  a  beautiful  shrub,  scarcely  twining,  found  on  river  banks  and  Catskill 
Mts.  It  is  also  cultivated  in  shrubberies.  Leaves  ovate,  very  smooth  above, 
somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  the  upper  pair  cornate-perfoliate,  the  rest  distinct. 
Flowers  in  heads  of  about  10,  fragrant.  Corolla  an  inch  or  more  in  length, 
the  tube  much  longer  than  the  limb,  bright  yellow.  Upper  lip  much  broader 
than  the  lower,  in  4  segments.     Jn.     Jl.  Yellow  Honeysuckle. 

4.  L.    GRATA.      Ait.  Caprifolium  gratum.     P. 

Flowers  in  spikes  of  axillary  whorls ;  corolla,  ringent,  the  tube  long,  slender, 
not  gibbous  ;  leaves  evergreen,  obovate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  the  upper 
pairs  connate-perfoliate.  A  beautiful  climbing  species,  in  damp  woods,  ascend- 
ing 15 — 20  feet.  Flowers  large  and  very  fragrant,  5  or  (>  in  cacli  wliorl. 
Corolla  pale  yellow  within,  becoming  reddish  without.  Stamens  exserted. 
Berries  red.  "  The  leaves  are  very  obtuse,  ending  in  a  short,  abrupt  point. 
June.  Evergreen  Honeysuckle. 

5.  L.    SEMPERVi'reNS.      Ait.  Caprifolium  sempervirens.     Mx. 

Flowers  in  nearly  naked  spikes  of  distant  whorls;  corolla  trumpet-shaped, 
nearly  regular;  leaves  oblong,  evergreen,  the  upper  ones  perfoliate-connate. 
In  its  wild  state  this  species  is  found  in  moist  groves  and  borders  of  swamps, 
N.  Y.,  but  in  cultivation  is  a  frequent  inhabitant  of  our  gardens  and  shrubbe- 
ries. Fi-w  plants  are  more  admirable  for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers,  though 
they  are  deficient  in  fragrance.  Stem  woolly,  twining  with  the  sun.  Leaves 
ovate  or  elliptical,  of  a  dark,  perennial  green  above.  Corolla  trumpet-shaped, 
nearly  ~  inches  long,  dilated  at  the  mouth,  with  5  short,  nearly  regular  seg- 
ments, of  a  fine  scailel  without  and  yellow  within.     May — Aug. 

Trumpet  Honcysiickle. 

6.  L.    PeRICLY'mENUM.       Town.  Caprifohum  Pcriclimenum.     L. 

Flowers  in  ovate,  imbricate,  terminal  heads;  corolla  ringent;  leaves  all  dis- 
tinct, deciduous.  A  woody  climber,  native  of  Europe,  but  cultivated  and 
naturalized.  Leavesshort  stalked,  elliptic.  Flowers  yellow  and  red,  fragrant. 
Berries  red.     May — July.  Woodbine  Honeysuckle. 

fi.' quercifolia ;  oak-leaved;  /cai'cs  sinuate. 

7.  L.    Ita'lICUM.       Dc.  Caprifolium  Italicum.     L. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  whorl;  coro?/«  ringent ;  Zea?;es  deciduous,  the  upper 
pairs  perfoliate-connate.  Native  of  Europe.  Greatly  admired  in  cultivation 
for  its  beauty  and  fragrance.  Flowers  with  various  hues  of  red,  yellow  and 
white.     June — Aug.  Common  Italian  Honeysuckle. 

**  Stem  erect.     Flowers  pedunculate,  geminate.     Xvlosteum. 

8.  L.    CIU'aTA.      Jl/A.  Xylosteumciliatum.     P. 

jBcr;je5  distinct ;  /eayes  ovate,  sub-cordate,  ciliate  ;  corolla  saccate  at  base, 
with  short  and  subequal  lobes;   style  exserted.     A  branching,  erect  shrub, 
P 


CAPRIFOLIACE^.  ]70  TRIOSTEOM. 


found  in  woods,  3 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  thin,  oblong-ovate,  often  cordate  at 
the  base,  somewhat  ciliate  on  the  margin,  and  villose  beneate  when  young. 
Flowers  pale  straw-yellow,  in  pairs  at  the  top  ot  the  peduncle,  with  an  obtuse 
spur  turned  outwards  at  the  base.  Berries  ovoid,  red,  in  pairs,  but  not  con- 
nate, 3 — 5-seeded.     June.  Fly  Honeysuckle. 

9.  L.    OBLONGIFO'LIA.      Hook.  Xylosteum  oblongifolium.     Goldie. 

Berries  connate,  or  united  into  one,  globose,  purple  ;  leaves  oblong  oi  oval, 
velvety-pubescent  beneath  ;  coro//rt  deeply  bilabiate,  gibbous  at  base;  pedun- 
cles erect,  long,  filiform.  A  shrub  3—4  feet  high,  growing  in  swamps.  Leaves 
on  short  stalks.  Peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Corolla  hairy,  green- 
ish yellow  outside,  purplish  inside,  the  lower  lip  nearly  entire,  the  upper  one 
4-lobed,  erect.     Berries  marked  with  the  remains  of  the  two  calyxes.     Jn. 

10.  L.    CCF.RU'lEA.      L.  Xylosteum  villosum.  B.         X.  Solonis.  £a. 

Berries  connate  or  united  into  one,  deep  blue ;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  villose  on 
both  sides,  becoming  nearly  smooth  ;  peduncles  short,  refiexed  in  fruit;  hracts 
lomrer  than  tiie  ovaries.  A  small  shrub,  in  rocky  hills  and  woods.  Stem  2 
feet°high,  with  small  leaves  and  pairs  of  small,  yellow  flowers,  which  are  long- 
er than  their  peduncles.  Leaves  ovate,  oval,  obovate  and  oblong,  ending  ab- 
ruptly.    May.     June. 

2.  DIERVI'LLA. 

Calyx  tube  oblong,  limb  5-cleft ;  corolla  twice  as  long,  fun- 
nel-shaped ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  and  nearly  regular;  stamens  5; 
capsular  fruit  2-celled,  many-seeded. 

Dierville,  a  French  surgeon,  sent  this  shrub  from  Acadia,  where  he  was 
traveling,  to  Tournefort,  who  named  it  after  him.  Shrubs,  with  ovate  or  ob- 
long, serrate,  deciduous  leaves.  Flowers  bibracteate.  Capsule  apparently  4- 
celled,  from  the  projecting  placentaj. 

D.    TRI'fIDA.      Mamch.  D.  Tournefortii.  Mx.         D.  Canadensis.  Mh. 

Leaves  on  short  stalks,  ovate-acuminate;  capsule  attenuate  above;  racemes 
axillary  and  terminal,  I— 3-flowered.  A  shrub,  2  feet  high,  branching,  with 
greenish  yellow,  somewhat  irregular  flowers,  in  small  clusters.  Stamens  and 
style  much  exserted.     Stigma  capitate.     Jn.  Busk  Honeysuckle. 

3 .  T  R I O'  S  T  E  U  M . 

Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  5-parted,  segments  linear,  nearly  as 
long  a"s  the  corolla;  corolla  tubular,  gibbous  at  base,  limb  5- 

,,  lobed,  subequal  ;  stamens  5,  included  ;  stigma  capitate,  lobed  ; 

\  fruit  drupaceous,  crowned  with  the  calyx,  3-celled,  o-seeded  ; 
seeds  ribbed,  bony. 

Gr.  rpui,  three,  oa-nov,  a  bone  ;  on  account  of  its  3,  hard,  bony  seeds. 
Perennial  herbs  (rarely  suft'ruticose). 

T.  perfolia'tum. 

Leaves  oval  acuminate,  connate  ;  flowers  axillary,  veiticillate  or  clustered. 
A  coarse,  unattractive  plant,  growing  in  rooky  woods.     Stem  simple,  stout, 


CAPRIFOLIACE^.  171  SAMBUCTJS. 

erect,  round,  hollow,  3 — 4  feet  high,  covered  with  soft,  clammy  hairs.  Leaves 
six  inches  in  length  and  three  in  width,  entire,  abruptly  contracted  at  base, 
yet  always  connate,  nearly  smooth  above,  pubescent  beneatii.  Flowers  sessile, 
in  clusters  of  5  or  6.  Corolla  dull  purple,  viscid-pubescent,  the  limb  in  five 
rounded  lobes.  Fruit  a  rather  dry  drupe,  somewhat  3  sided,  crowned  with 
the  long,  leafy,  spreading  caly.ic  segments,  orange-colored  when  mature,  con- 
taining 3  bony  nuts  or  seeds.  June.  The  root  is  large  and  fleshy,  and  in 
much  repute  in  medicine,  having  many  of  the  properties  of  Ipecacuanha,  both 
as  emetic  and  cathartic.  Fevenoort. 

4.    SYMPHORICA'RPUS. 
Calyx  tube  c;lobose,   limb  4  —  5-tootlied  ;    corolla    funnel- 
shaped  or  bell-shaped,  the  limb  in  4 — 5  subequal  lobes;  sta- 
mens 4 — 5,  inserted  on  the  corolla;  stigma  capitate;  berry 
globose,  4-celled,  2-seeded  (2  opposite  cells  abortive). 

Gr.  o-vv,  together,  ^^Q^,  to  bear,  5tag7ro«,  fruit;  that  is,  a  plant  which  bears 
its  fruit  collected  in  compact  bunches.  Small  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves  and 
small  flowers. 

S.    RACEMO  SITS.      Mz,  Symphoria  racemosa.     Fers. 

F/o(oer5  in  terminal,  loose,  interrupted,  often  leafy  racemes;  corolla  cam- 
panulate,  densely  bearded  within;  style  and  stamens  included.  A  smooth, 
handsome  shrub.  *2 — 3  feet  high,  common  in  cultivation,  and  native  in  West- 
ern N.  Y.,  Canada,  &c.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  maigin  often  wavy,  near- 
ly or  quite  smooth,  paler  beneath,  on  short  petioles.  Corolla  rose-color,  the 
throat  filled  with  hairs.  Berries  large,  round  or  ovoid,  of  a  snowy  white 
and  very  ornamental  when  mature.     July.     Aug.  Siiow-berry. 

5.    LINN  ^' A. 
Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  5-parted,  deciduous;  bractcoles  at 
base,  2 ;  corolla  campanulate,  limb  subequal,  6-lobed  ;  stamens 
4,  2  longer  than  the  other  2  ;  berry  dry,  o-celled,  indehiscent, 
1-seeded  (2  ceils  abortive). 

Named  by  Gronovius,  in  honor  of  Carl  von  Linne,  the  most  profound  natu- 
ralist of  liis  own,  or,  perhaps,  of  any  other  times.  A  trailing,  evergreen  herb, 
widely  diff'used  throughout  the  Northern  Temperate  Zone. 

L.  borea'lis. 

The  only  species,  native  of  moist,  shady,  rocky  soils,  generally  in  evergreen 
woods.  It  has  long,  creeping,  filiform,  brownish  stems,  rooting  and  branch- 
ing their  whole  length,  and  covering  the  ground  in  large  patches.  Leaves 
small,  opposite,  petiolate,  roundish,  with  obtuse  lobes  or  teeth  and  scattered 
hairs.  Peduncles  filiform,  slightly  hairy,  about  3  inches  high  (tiie  only  erect 
part  of  the  plant),  the  lower  part  leafy,  the  upper  furnished  with  a  pair  of  mi- 
nute, linear,  opposite  bracts  and  terminating  with  2,  pedicellate,  nodding 
flowers.     The  corolla  is  rose-colored  and  very  fragrant.     Jn.         Twin-flower . 

Tribe  2,    SAMBUCE^. 
Corolla  regular,  rotate.     Stigmas  3 — 5,  nearly  sessile. 
6.     SAMBU'CUS. 
Calyx  5-parted;  corolla  5-cleft ;  stamens  5:  berry  pulpy, 
3-seeded. 


CAPRIFOLIACEiE.  172  VIBURNUM. 

Lat.  samhiica,  a  musical  instrument,  said  to  have  been  made  of  the  Elder, 
Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  w)lh  pinnate  or  bipinnate  leaves.  Floweis  in 
cymes.     Cal.  small.     Cor.  concave,  the  seg  obtuse.     Fil.  lono- as  cor.     Stj'le 

0.  Stig.  obtuse,  small,  sessile.     Berry  globular. 

1.  S.  Canade'nsis. 

.S'<c7rt  shrubby  ;  cymes  ^y-parted  ;  /cffl?'e5  nearly  bipinnate  ;  leaflets  oh]ong-ova\, 
acuminate,  smooth.  A  common,  well  known  shrub,  6 — 10  feet  high,  in  thick- 
ets and  waste  grounds.  Stem  filled  with  a  light  and  porous  pith,  especially 
when  young.  Leaflets  in  3  or  4  pairs  with  an  odd  one,  serrate,  the  lower  ones 
often  binate  or  trifoliate.  Petioles  smooth.  Flowers  numerous,  in  very  large, 
level-topped  cymes,  white,  with  a  heavy  odor.  Berries  dark  purple.  May — 
July.  Common  Elder. 

2.  S.    PUBENS. 

Stem  shrubby;  cymes  paniculate  or  pyramidal;  leaflets  oval-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  in  2  or  3  pairs  with  an  odd  one,  and,  with  the  petiole,  pubescent 
beneath.  A  common  shrub,  in  hilly  pastures  and  woods,  growing  about  6 
feet  high,  often  more  or  less.  Leaves  simply  and  unequally  pinnate.  Leaf- 
lets sharply  serrate,  very  pubescent  when  young.  Flowers  in  a  close,  ovoid 
thyrsus  or  panicle.    Corolla  white.    Berries  scarlet,  small.  Jn.    Panicled  Elder. 

/3.  leucocarpa,  berries  white.     Catskill  Mountains.     T.  <^  G. 

7.     VIBU'RNUM. 
Calyx  5-toothed;  corolla  5-lobed;  stamens  5;  drupe  1-seeded. 

Lat.  viere,  to  tie  ;  on  occount  of  the  pliability  of  the  twigs  of  some  of  the 
species.  A  genus  of  shrubs  or  small  trees,  several  of  them  ornamental. 
Leaves  petiolate.  Flowers  cymose.  Cal.  minute.  Cor.  somewhat  bell-shaped, 
the  segments  obtuse.     Fil.  long  as  corolla.     Style  0. 

*  Cymes  radiant,  the  marginal  flowers  much  larger  than  the  others  and  neutral. 

1.  V.  l.\ntanoi'des. 

Leaves  orbicular-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  unequally  serrate;  petioles 
and  veins  -covered  with  a  ferruginous  down  ;  cywes  sessile  ;  frvit  ovate.  A 
shrub,  very  ornamental  when  in  flower.  It  is  rather  common  in  the  rocky 
woods  of  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.,  which  it  adorns  in  early  spring  with  its  large 
cymes  of  brilliant  white  flowers.  Hight  about  5  feet.  Branches  long  and 
crooked,  often  trailing  and  rooting.  Leaves  very  large,  covered  with  a  rust)- 
pubescence  when  young,  at  length  becoming  green,  the  dust  and  down  re- 
maining only  upon  the  stalk  and  ribs.  The  radiant,  sterile  flowers  of  the 
cyme  are  near  an  inch  in  diameter,  from  a  greenish  color  becoming  white, 
flat,  with  5,  rounded  lobes.     Liner  flowers  much  smaller,  fertile.     May. 

Hohble-hush. 

2.  V.    O'PULUS.      L.  V.  O.xycoccus.     P. 
Smooth  ;  leaves 'i-\ohe A,  3-nerved,  rather  acute  at  base,  the  lobes  divaricate, 

acuminate,  toothed  ;  petioles  glandular  ;  cymes  pedunculate.  A  handsome 
shrub,  8 — 12  feel  high,  in  woods  and  borders  of  fields.  Stems  several  from 
the  same  root,  branched  above.  Leaves  with  large,  remote,  blunt  teeth,  the 
stalks  with  2  or  more  glands  at  base,  channelled  above.  Cymes  bordered 
with  a  circle  of  large,  white,  barren  flowers,  like  the  preceding  species.  Fruit 
resembles  the  common  cranberry  in  flavor,  and  is  sometimes  substituted  for 
it.  It  is  red,  very  acid,  ripens  late,  remaining  upon  the  bush  after  the  leaves 
have  fallen.     June.  Higti  Cranberry. 


Caprifoliace^. 


173  VIBURNUM. 


fi.  roseum;  floicers  all  neutral,  in  globose  cymes.  This  variety  is  the  pop- 
ular shrub  so  generally  admired  and  cultivated  as  a  companion  of  the  Lilac, 
Snowberry,  Fhiladelphus,  &.c.  Its  dense,  spherical  cymes  are  wholly  made 
up  of  barren  flowers.  Guelder  Rose.     SnoiciaU. 

*  *  Cymes  not  radiant.    Flowers  all  siniliar  and  fertile.  Leaves  lobed  or  incised. 

3.  V,  acerifo'lium. 

Leaves  subcordate,  acuminate,  3-ribbed,  3-lobed,  acutely  serrate  ;  -petioles 
without  glands;  cijitics  on  long  peduncles.  A  shrub,  4—6  feet  high,  with 
yellowish  areen  barlt,  growing  in  woods.  Leaves  broad,  rounded  and  some- 
times cordate  at  base,  dividedlnto  3  acuminate  lobes  with  sharp  serratures,  a 
form  not  very  unlike  that  of  the  Maple  leaf,  the  under  surface,  as  well  as  the 
younger  branches  a  little  downy.  Branches  straight,  slender,  very  flexible, 
ending  with  a  pair  of  leaves  and  a  long-stemmed,  cymose  umbel  of  white  flow- 
ers.    Fruit  oval,  compressed.     Stamens  much  exserted.     Jn. 

DocLmackie.    Muple-leaved  Viburnum. 

4.  V.    PAUCIFLO'RUiM.      P7jlaie. 

"  Leaves  roundish,  slightly  3-lobed  or  incised  at  the  summit,  mostly  5-ribbed 
from  the  base;  cymes  small  and  pedunculate,  terminating  the  very  short,  lat- 
eral hninches;  filaments  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  White  Mis.  N.  H. 
and  Mansfield  'Mt.  Vt."  T.  £,'  G.  A  small  shrub,  nearly  smooth  in  all  its 
parts.     Flowers  white. 

*  *  *  Cymes  not  radiant.     Flowers  all  fertile.     Leaves  undivided,  toothed. 

5.  V.  Le'ntago. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  and  finely  serrate;  petiole  margined,  un- 
dulate. A  common  tree-like  shrub,  in  rocky  woods,  llight  10 — 15  feet. 
Leaves  smooth,  about  3  inches  long  and  about  half  as  broad,  their  stalks  with 
a  curled  or  wavy,  dilated  border  on  each  side.  Flowers  wliile,  in  broad,  spread- 
ing cymes,  succeeded  by  well-flavored,  sweetish  berries  of  a  glaucous  black. 
June.  Swbet  Viburnum. 

6.  V.    NUDUM. 

Smooth;  leaves  oval-ob!ong,  revolute  at  the  edge,  subcronulate  ;  petioles 
naked;  cijmcs  pedunculate.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  10 — 15  feet  high,  in 
swamps.  Leaves  elliptical,  punctate,  coriaceous,  the  margin  more  or  less 
rolled,  nearly  entire,  sniootli  as  well  as  every  other  part,  and  when  full  grown, 
3  or  4  inches  long.  Cymes  large,  on  peduncles  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  with 
caducous  bracts.  Flowers  numerous,  while.  Berries  dark  blue,  covered  with 
a  glaucous  blonrn,  sweetish  wlien  ripe.     Jn.  Kaked  Viburnvm. 

fi.  cassinoidcs  (V.  pyrifolium.  Lam.);  haves  ovate,  somewhat  acute,  sub- 
serrate ;  cymes  sub-pedunculate.  Shrub  5 — 10  feet  liigh,  smooth.  Leaves 
with  small,  irregular  serratures,  generally  ovate,  but  often  oval  and  even 
rhomboidal,  generally  ending  in  an  obtuse  point,  but  often  acute,  acuminate 
and  even  emarL''iuale  on  the  same  twig.  Cymes  on  peduncles  an  inch  in 
length.     Fruit  oblong-ovate,  dark  glaucous  blue. 

7.  V.  prunifo'lium. 

Leaves  smooth,  roundish-obovate,  acutely  serrate,  with  uncinate  teeth;  pe- 
tioles margined  with  straight,  narrow  wings.  In  woods  and  thickets.  A  shrub 
or  small  tree,  10 — 20  feet  high,  the  branches  spreading,  some  of  them  often 
stinted  and  naked,  giving  the  plant  an  unthrifty  aspect.  Leaves  about  2  inch- 
es long  and  nearly  as  wide, on  short  petioles,  slightly  margined.  Cymes  rath- 
p* 


KUBIACEJE.  174  VIBURNUM. 


er  large,  terminal,  sessile.     Flowers  white,  succeeded  by  oval,  blackish  ber- 
ries which  are  sweet  and  eatable.     Jn.  Black-Haw.     Sloe. 

8.  V.   denta'tum. 

Nearly  smooth ;  /tares  roundish-ovate,  dentate-serrate,  subplicate,  on  long- 
stalks;  rymcs  pedunculate.  A  shrub,  8 — 12  feet  high,  not  uncommon  in  our 
damp  woods  and  thickets.  It  is  called  arrow-wood  from  the  long,  straight, 
slender  branches  or  young  shoots.  Leaves  roundish,  2  or  3  inches  in  diame- 
ter, the  upper  pair  oval,  the  ribs  beneath  prominent,  parallel  and  pubescent 
in  their  axils.  Flowers  white,  succeeded  by  small,  roundish,  dark  blue  ber- 
ries.    June.  Arrow-wood. 

9.  V.  puee'scens. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  subplicate,  villous  beneath  and 
somewhat  hairy  above,  on  short  stalks  ;  sdpulae  2,  subulate;  cymes  peduncu- 
late ; //•/«'<  oblong.  In  dry,  rocky  woods  and  thickets.  A  shrub,  .about  six 
feet  high.  Leaves  about  2  inches  long,  each  with  a  pair  of  short,  hairy,  sub- 
ulate trppendages  (stipular.^)  at  tlie  base  of  the  very  short  petiole.  Cymes 
small,  few-flowered.  Flowers  rather  larger  than  those  of  the  foregoing  species, 
white.     June.  Downy  Viburnum. 

10.  V.  TiNus. 

Leaves  ovate,  entire,  their  veins  with  hairy  tufts  beneath.  An  exceedingly 
beautiful  evergreen  shrub,  from  Europe.  Hight  4 — 5  feet.  Leaves  acute, 
veiny,  dark  shining  green  above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  white,  tinged  with 
red,  very  showy.     Degrees  of  pubescence  variable.  Laurestine. 


ORDER    LXXIII.    RUBIACE^.  ne  Madder  Tribe. 

Cril. — Tube  more  or  le.ss  adherent  (superior  or  half-.superior),  limb  4 — 5-clef'l. 

Cor. — Regular,  inserted  upon  the  calyx  tube,  and  of  the  same  number  ot' divisions. 

Sfn. — Inserted  upon  the  tube  ol' corolla,  equal  in  number  and  alternate  with  its  segments. 

Ora.— a-  (rarely  more)  celled.     Style  single  or  partly  divided. 

Fr. — Various.  '  Serrls  one.  few  or  many  in  each  cell. 

An  extensive  order  of  trees,  shrubs  and  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  sometimes  verticillate, 
entire  and  furnished  with  slipule.s.  It  i.s  generally  divided  into  two  Suborders,  viz.,  stel- 
LAT-E  and  ciNciioNE.E,  to  which  a  third,  loganie.e  (^^"hich  has  no  representatives  at  the 
North)  is  appended  by  Torrey  and  Gray. 

The  species  of  the  first  Suborder,  Steilat.-r-,  are  common  in  the  northern  parts  of  both  con- 
tinents ;  the  two  other  Suborders  chielly  prevail  in  warm  or  torrid  regions. 

Propprtie.s.  A  verj-  important  family,  furnishing  many  useful  products.  The  madder,  one 
of  the  most  important  of  dyes,  is  furnislied  by  the  root  of  Rubia  linctoria.  A  similar  color- 
ing matter  is  possessed  by  several  species  of  Galium.  Among  the  cixciiomeje  we  find 
Cinchona  and  Ccph.-vlis,  furni.shing  two  of  the  most  valuable  of  all  medicines.  Peruvinn 
bark,  a  powerl'ul  If  !ii  iluirr.  well  known  and  appreciated  everywhere,  is  the  product  of  sev- 
eral species  of  the  iiiiim:-.  \iz.  Cinchona  mieranthia,  C.  condainiuea,  C,  lanceolata,  C. 
magnit<)lia,&.c.all  iKiin  cs  olPeru.  Their  febrifugal  properties  depend  upon  the  presence  ol" 
two  alkalies,  Ciwlmtiia  and  Qinnia,  both  combined  ■with  Kinic  nciil.  Ipemrumtha.  the  prince 
of  all  emetics,  is  the  product  of  the  root  of  CephiElis  Ipecacuanha,  a  little  shrubby  plant  w/tb 
creeping  roots,  in  the  damp  forests  of  Brazil.  Several  other  species  of  Ciiiehoneieafl'ord 
substitutes  lor  the  true  ipecac. 

Cofff  is  tlie  liurd  albumen  of  the  seeds  of  Coffea  Arabica,  a  tree  of  moderate  size,  with 
a  light  brown  trunk  and  a  conical  shaped  head.  Leaves  shining,  light  green.  Flowers 
white,  fragrant.  'J'hc  berries  are  black  when  ripe.  Coffee  is  said  to  have  been  used  in 
Ethiopia  from  time  immemorial.  In  Paris  and  London  it  seems  not  to  have  been  in  gene- 
ral use  earlier  tliau  the  year  1700,  but  since  that  time,  enough  has  been  drank  in  Euroi)e 
and  America  to  float  the  Brilish  navy. 

Consfcclus  of  the  genera. 
j  Flowers  terminal,  the  ovaries  united.  .        MitrhHla.        2 

I  Leaves  opposite.  (  Flowers  solitary  or  clustered.  .        .        .     HaUotis.         S 

Herbs.   |  Leav('S  verticillate.     Styles  two. Giilimn.  1 

(  Flowers  densely  aggregate  in  a  globose  head Cep/inlant/mf.A 

Shrubs  (  Flowers  solitary,  very  large.    Exotic Portiandia.     5 


nvniACEM.  J  75 


Suborder  1,  STELLATiE. 

Calyx  tcholhj  adherent  (superior)  to  the  ovary  which  is  tioo-cellcd,  tico-seeded. 
Leaves  verticitlate.     Herbs. 

1.     GALIUM. 

Caljx  4- toothed,  very  small ;  corolla  rotate  4-cleft ;  stamens 

4,  short;  styles  2;  carpels  2,  united,  1-seeded,  indehiscei.t. 

Gr.  yaXa.,  milk ;  because  the  flowers  of  one  species  (G.  verum)  are  used  in 
coagulating  inilk.     A  very  neutral  genus  of  herbs  with  square  stems. 

*  Fruit  smooth. 

1.  G.    VERUM. 

Erect ;  leaves  8  in  a  whorl,  grooved,  entire,  rouafh  ;  flowers  in  dense  clusters. 
Grows  in  dry,  sunny  soils,  supposed  to  have  been  introduced  from  Europe. 
Root  long,  fibrous.  Stem  slender,  eiect,  J — 2  feet  high,  with  short,  opposite, 
leafy,  unequal  branches;  leaves  deflexed,  linear,  with  rolled  edges.  Flowers 
numerous,  small,  yellow,  in  small,  dense,  terminal  panicles.  The  roots  dye 
red.     The  flowers  are  used  in  England  to  curdle  milk.     Jn.     Per. 

Yellow  Bedstraw. 

2.  G.  aspre'llum. 

Diffuse;  stems  rough  backwards,  very  branching;  leaves  6  in  a  whorl,  lan- 
ceolate, slender  at  the  point;  pedicels  very  short.  Common  in  thickets  and 
low  grounds.  Stem  weak,  supported  by  other  plants  to  which  it  closely  ad- 
heres by  its  sharp,  minute,  retrorse  prickles.  Flowers  white,  very  small  and 
numerous,  followed  by  a  very  minute,  smooth  fruit,  which  is  often  somewhat 
hispid  when  young.     July.     Per.  hough  Cleavers  or  Clivers. 

3.  G.  tri'fidum. 

Stem  decumbent,  very  branching,  roughish  with  retrorse  prickles;  stem 
leavcs'in  5s,  branch  leaves  in  4s,  all  linear,  obtuse,  rough-edged  ;  corolla  mostly 
trifid.  Found  in  low  grounds.  It  is  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  species,  suffi- 
ciently distinguished  by  the  minute  corolla  being  often  but  3-cleft  and  with 
but  3  stamens.     Leaves  broad  linear.     Hight  6 — 15  inches.     Jl.     Per. 

Dyers'  Cleavers. 

/3.  tinctorii/vi  (G.  tinctorium.  L.);  s^rai  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  of  the  stem 
in  6s,  of  the  branches  in  4s;  peduncles  2 — 3-flowered;  lobes  of  the  corolla, 
and  the  stamens,  4.  A  somewhat  stouter  variety  than  the  above.  The  root 
is  said  to  dye  a  permanent  red. 

y.  liitifolium  (Torr.  G.  obtusum.  B.);  stem  diff"use ;  leaves  in  4s,  oblan- 
ceolate,  obtuse,  rough  on  the  edge  and  mid-rib.  Leaves  very  obtuse,  broadest 
above  the  middle.     Flowers  in  3s.     Corolla  segments  and  stamens,  4. 

*  *  Fruit  hispid. 

4.  G.  borea'le. 

Stem  erect,  square,  smooth ;  leaves  in  4s,  linear-lcinceolate,  acute,  rough  on 
the  margin  and  mid-rib  ;  panicle  terminal,  pyramidal.  Stems  a  foot  high,  with 
numerous,  branched  panicles  of  white  flowers  at  or  near  the  top.  Leaves  1  — 
2  inches  long,  lanceolate,  often  broadly  so.  Grows  in  shady  and  rocky  pla- 
ces.    July.     Perennial.  Kurthern  Galium. 

5.  G.  Apari'ne. 

Stem  weak;  leaves  6 — S  in  a  whorl,  lanceolate,  obovate,  keeled  rough.  A 
common  plant,  in  wet  thickets.     The  specific  name  is  from  c4.7rct\,(^(o,  to  lay  hold 


RUBIACE£. 


176  MITCHELLA, 


of,  because  the  whole  plant,  stem,  leaves  and  fruit,  being  beset  with  reflexed 
bristles,  adheres  to  every  thing  in  its  way.  Stem  leaning  on  other  plants. 
Flowers  numerous,  small,  white.  The  root  will  dye  red,  and  when  eaten  by 
birds  is  said  to  tinge  tlieir  bones  red.  Tlie  lierb  is  highly  valued  and  careful- 
ly stored  by  the  thoughtful  house-wife,  for  sundry  medicinal  purposes,  it  being 
thought  to  purify  the  blood  and  heal  cutaneous  eruptions.  Flowers  in  June. 
Annual.  Common  Cleavers, 

6.  G.  ciRC^:'zANS. 

Stem^  erect  or  ascending,  smooth;  haves  in  'Is,  oval,  acute,  smoothish,  cili- 
ate  on  the  margin  and  nerves ;  peduncles  few-flowered,  divaricate  ;  fruit  hispid 
with  hooked  b^ristles.  Grows  in  woods.  Stems  about  a  foot  in  hight,  with  a 
few  opposite  branches  near  the  top.  Leaves  1—2  inches  long.  Flowers  on 
very  short,  reflexed  pedicels,  scattered  along  the  (usually  2)  branches  of  the 
dichotomous  peduncle.  Fruit  covered  with  litile  hooks  as  in  Circasa.  The 
leaves  have  a  sweet  taste  like  Liquorice.     Jl.     Per. 

Cross-leaved  Galium.     Wild  Liquorice. 

p.  lanceohitum  (Torr.)  ;  very  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  3-nervcd, 
margin  subciliate  ;  fruit  subsessile,  nodding.  A  fine  variety  with  larger  leaves 
(2  or  more  inches  in  length).  Flowers  purple,  in  divaricate  panicles.  Plant 
a  foot  high. 

y.  moiUanum  (Oakes)  ;  dwarf;  leaves  obovate.    White  Mts.     T.  fy  G. 

7.  G.  triflo'rum. 

S«em  weak,  procumbent,  smoothish,  shining;  leaves  in  Gs  and  Gs,  lanceo- 
late, acuminate-cuspidate,  1-nerved,  scarcely  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  brunches 
3-flowered  at  the  extremity  ;  flowers  pedicellate,  white  ;  fruit  hispid  with 
hooked  hairs.  Grows  in  moist  thickets.  Well  distinguished  by  its  trichoto- 
mous  peduncles  which  are  both  axillary  and  terminal.  Leaves  tapering  to 
the  base,  often  obovate,  1—2  inches  long.  Flowers  greenish-white,  small. 
July      Per.  Three-flowered  Galium. 

8.  G.    PILO'SUM. 

Stem  nearly  simple,  ascending,  hirsute  ;  leaves  in  4s,  oval,  nerveless,  very 
hirsute  both  sides  and  punctate  with  pellucid  dots  ;  peduncles  several  times 
forked,  each  division  about  3-flowered;  flowers  pedicellate.  A  rare  species 
found  in  dry  woods  and  sterile  soils.  Stem  about  1  foot  high,  acutely  4-ang- 
led  with  few  short,  spreading  branches.  Leaves  an  inch  or  more  in  length, 
obtuse,  and  very  hairy  as  well  as  the  stem  and  fruit.  Flowers  purplish  white. 
June.  '  Per.  ^^'^"'U  tfu/twrn. 

SubordekS,  CINCHO.XEiE. 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary.     Leaves  opposite  {rarely  verticillate) ,  stipulate. 

2.    MITCHE'LLA  . 
Flowers  2  on  each  double  ovary  ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  corolla 
funnel-shaped,  hairy  within  ;  stanriens  4,  short,  inserted  on  the 
corolla;  stigmas  4;  berry  composed  of  the  2  united  ovaries. 

Name  in  honor  of  John  Mitchell,  an  English  botanist  who  traveled  in  Vir- 
ginia and  wrote  certain  papers  on  North  American  plants.  Evergreen  herbs, 
smooth  and  creeping,  with  opposite,  roundish  leaves. 


RUBIACEJC. 


177  HEDYOTIS. 


M.    REPENS. 

Stem  creeping- ;  leaves  roundish-ovate,  petiolate.  A  little  prostrate  plant 
found  in  woods^^throuixhout  the  U.  S.  Stem  furnished  with  flat,  coriaceous, 
dark  green  leaves,  and  producing  small,  bright  red  berries,  remarkably  dis- 
tinguished by  their  double  structure,  and  remaining  on  the  plant  through  the 
winter  until  the  following  spring.  The  corollas  are  white  or  tinged  witti  red, 
very  fragrant.  Fruit  well  flavored  but  dry  and  full  of  stony  seeds.  Jn. 
Per.  Partridge  Berry. 

3  .     II  E  D  Y  O'  T I  S  . 
Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  4-parted  ;  corolla  4-lobe(l ;  stamens 
4,  inserted  on  the  corolla;    stigma  2-lobed  ;  capsule  2-celled, 
rnanj-seeded. 

Gr.  ril'Ji,  sweet,  (ovi)  oroi,  the  ear;  said  to  cure  deafness.  A  genus  (T. 
<^  G.)  embracing  the  Hedyotis,  Houstonia  and  Oldenlandia  of  Linn.  Herbs, 
rarely  shrubs.     Leaves  opposite.     Stipules  connate  with  the  petiole. 

*  Corolla  rotate,  tube  very  short. 

1.  H.  glomera'ta. 

Stem  assnrgent,  branching  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pubescent,  narrowed 
at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole  or  sessile  ;  flowers  glomerate  in  the  axils  and 
terminal.  A  plant  varying  in  size  from  1—2  inches  to  as  many  feet,  found  in 
swamps,  <!fec.  N.  Y.  Leaves  half  an  inch  in  length,  apparently  connate  from 
the  stipules  adhering  to  each  side  ofthe  petiole.  Stipules  2-cleft,  into  narrow 
subulate  divisions.  "Calyx  in  4  deep,  leafy  divisions  which  are  much  longer 
than  the  white,  rotate  corolla.  Stamens  scarcely  exserted.  Style  very  short. 
Capsule  opening  crosswise.     Jn. — Sept.     Ann.  Creeping  Green-Uead. 

*  *  Corolla  tube  longer  than  the  calyx  segments.— Houstonia. 

2.  H.    CCERU'LIA.        Hook.  Houstonia  coerulia.     i. 

Corolla  hypocrateriform  ;  radical  leaves  ovate-spathulate,  petiolate  ;  stems 
erect,  numerous,  dichotomous  ;.  pcdnnrles  dVii'onn,  1 — 5i  flowered.  An  elegant 
little  plant,  found  in  moist  grounds,  fields  and  road-sides.  Its  blossoms  ap- 
pear early  and  are  usually  found  in  patches  of  considerable  extent,  covering 
the  surface  of  the  ground  with  a  cicrulian  hue.  The  cauline  leaves  are  small, 
opposite,  lance-ovate.  Stems  very  slender,  forked,  3--5  inches  high,  each 
branch  bearing  a  flower.  Corolla  pale  blue,  yellowish  at  the  centre.  May — 
June.     Per.  Dwarf-pink.     Innocence. 

3.  H.    CILIOLA'TA.       Torr.  Hous.  Canadensis.     Mh. 

Coro//a  infundibuliform  ;  Radical  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  narrow  at  the  base, 
ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  cauline  ones  ovate-spathulate,  sessile  ;  conjmbs  termi- 
nal, pedicellate;  peduncles  trichotomous  ;  divisions  of  the  ta/yj;  lance-linear. 
Banks  oflakes  and  rivers  ;  Ontario,  Niagara.  A  little  plant  about  the  size  of 
the  last.  Root  leaves  numerous,  stem  leaves  few.  Stems  smooth,  4-angled, 
branched  above  and  bearing  a  corymbose  cluster  of  numerous  pale  purple 
flowers.  Calyx  half-adherent,  its  lobes  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.     May — July.     Per.  Clustered  Dwarf-pink. 

4.  H.    LONGIFO'lIA.      Hook.  Hous.  longifolia.     Gaert. 

Corolla  infundibuliform ;  radical  leaves  oyal,  narrowed  at  each  end ;  stem 
Zeazjcs  linear,  l-nerved;  ^oicers  coryrnbed  or  panipulate.     Stem   erect,  5 — 10 


VALERJANACEa:.  178  PORTLANDIA. 

inches  liigh,  numerous,  G-angled,  with  smooth,  opposite  obtusish,  narrow 
leaves,  corolla  tubular,  the  limb  divided  into  4  acute  segments,  of  a  pale  pur- 
ple, with  deeper  colored  striae  in  the  throat.     Dry  hills,  &c.     Jn.     Per. 

Long-leaved  Dwarf-pink. 

4.     CEPHALA'NTHUS. 

Calyx  limb  4-toothed  ;  corolla  tubular,  slender,  4-clefl; ;  sta- 
mens 4;  st}le  much  exscrted. 

Gr.  x-iiXiccKri,  head,  uvSoi^  flower;  because  the  flowers  grow  in  dense 
heads.     Shrubs  with  opposite  leaves  and  short  stipules. 

C.  occidenta'lis. 

Leaves  opposite  and  in  threes,  oval,  acuminate.  A  handsome  shrub  fre- 
quenting tiie  margins  of  ponds,  rivers  and  brooks.  It  is  readily  distinguished 
by  its  spherical  heads  of  flowers,  which  are  near  the  size  of  a  musket  ball,  re- 
sembling the  globular  inflorescence  of  the  sycamore  (Platanus  accidentalis). 
Hight  about  six  feet.  Leaves  spreading,  entire,  pointed.  The  flowers  are 
tubular,  with  long  projecting  styles,  and  are  inserted  on  all  sides  of  the  round 
receptacle.     Flowers  in  July. 

5.     PORTLA'NDIA. 
Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  clavate,  infuiulibuliform,  the  bor- 
der 5-clert,  reflexed;  stamens  5;  capsule  S-cornered,  retuse, 
crowned,  2-celled,  2-valved  ;   valves  double,  2-cleft,  many- 
seeded. 

In  honor  of  the  Duchess  of  Portland,  a  patroness  of  botany.  Spendid 
exotics,  native  of  Jamaica. 

P.  grandiflo'ra. 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate.  A  splendid  flowering  shrub  of  easy  culture. 
Stem  slender,  several  feet  in  length,  smooth.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  of  a 
fine  dark,  shining  green,  very  smooth,  a  span  long.  Flowers  white  lOinches 
in  length,  trumpet-shaped,  the  border  expanding  '.i  inches.  The  tube  is  angu- 
lar, at  first  buff"-colored.  Calyx  leaves  ovate,  tinged  with  red.  Peduncles 
Bhort,  axillary,  solitary.     Flowers  highly  fragrant.     Jn. — Aug. 

Large-floioered  Portlandia. 


ORDER  LXXIV.  VALERIANACEZE. 

Cat- — Adherent,  the  limb  either  meml)ranous  or  resembling  pappus. 

Cot. — Tulmlar  or  funnel-form,  4 — S-lobed,  sometimes  spurred  at  base.  [lobes 

Sta. — Distinct,  inserted  into  the  corolla  lube,  alternate  with,  and  generally  fewer  than  its 

Ova. — Interior,  with  one  perfect  cell  and  two  abortive  ones. 

Sds. — Solitary,  pendulous,  in  a  dry,  indchiscent  pericarp. 

A  small  family  of  herbs,  widely  diffused  in  temperate  climates.  Leaves  opposite,  with 
no  stipules.  The  true  valerian  of  the  shops,  used  in  hy.steria,  epilepsy,  &c.,  is  a  product  of 
Valeriana  officinalis.  The  roots  of  several  other  species  possess  a  heavy  odor  and  are 
tonic,  antispasmodic,  febrifugal,  &c.  The  spikeruird  (.folni  12:  3,  &c.)  of  old,  valued  as 
a  perlume  and  a  stimulant,  is  from  the  root  of  Nardostachys  Jatamansi. 

Genera. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  at  length  a  plumose  pappus,  deciduous.           .        .        .         Valeriana.  1 
Limb  of  the  calyx  toothed  and  persistent;  or  obsolete Fedia,        'i 


DIPSACE^.  179  FKDIA. 

1.    VALERIA'NA. 

Calyx  at  first  very  small,  at  length  forming  a  plumose  pap- 
pus ;  corolla  funnel-forni,  regular,  5-cleft;  stamens  3;  fruit 
1-celled,  Iseeded. 

Lat.  valere,  to  be  well ;  on  account  of  its  salutary  medicinal  properties. 
Perennial  herbs,  with  the  flowers  in  close  cymes. 

1.  V.    SYLVA'tICA.      p.  uliginosa. 

Stern  erect,  striate,  simple  ;  radical  leaves  ovate  or  subspathulato,  undivided, 
cauline  ones  pinnately  divided,  segments  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  subser- 
rate;  the  terminal  one  often  dentate  ;  /oic.vof  the  stigma  minute,  2  or  3  ;  fruit 
ovate,  compressed,  smooth.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Swamps.  The  plant  is 
nearly  smooth,  leaves  ciliate  with  scattered  hairs.  Those  of  the  root  petioled, 
sometimes  auriculate  at  base,  those  of  the  stem  with  4 — 8  lateral  segments 
and  a  large  terminal  one.  Flowers  numerous,  rose-colored,  appearing  in 
July.  Ji'iid  Valerian. 

2.  V.  Phu. 

Radkal  leaves  entire,  cauline  ones  pinnate  ;  stem  smooth  and  slender.  Na- 
tive of  Germany.  Cultivated  for  its  medicinal  virtues,  it  being  administered 
for  hysteria,  habitual  costiveness,  &c.  Cats  are  singularly  delighted  with  the 
roots.  The  Arabic  name  of  this  plant  is  Phu.  Grows  about  3  feet  high. 
Flowers  white.     May — July.  Garden  Valerian. 

V.  affici.nalis,  great  valerian,  has  all  the  leaves  pinnate.  Virtues  similar  to 
the  last.     V.  tuherosa,  has  tuberous  roots  and  entire,  lanceolate  ladical  leaves. 

2.     FE'DIA. 
Calyx  limb  3 — 6-toothed  and  persistent,  or  obsolete;  cor- 
olla tubular,  5-lobed,  regular;  stamens  2  or  3;  fruit  2  or  3- 
celled,  l-seeded. 

An  arbitrary  name  apparently  without  meaning.  Annual  herbs  with  op- 
posite, sessile  leaves.     One  or  two  cells  of  the  fruit  abortive. 

F.    FaGOPY'ruM.       T.  4-  G.  Valerianella  radiata.     Beck. 

Stem  dichotomous,  nearly  smooth;  leaves  oblong-spathulate,  subentire; 
fruit  3sided,  obscurely  2 — 3-toothed  at  the  summit.  Western  N.  Y.,  &c. 
Stem  8 — 18  inches  in  hight.  Bracts  lanceolate,  acute.  Fruit  resembling 
that  of  bucii-wheat  (Polygonum  Fagopyrum)  in  form,  containing  one  large 
seed  and  two  empty  cells.     Flowers  white.     June. 

Corn  Salad.    Lamb  Lettuce. 


ORDER    LXXV.    DIPSACEJ^.  The  Teasel  Tribe. 

Cat. — Adherent,  often  pappus-like,  surrounded  by  a  scarious  involucel. 

Cor. — Tubular,  somewhat  irregular,  the  limb  4— 5-parted. 

Sta. — 1,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  often  unequal.    Anthers  disthict. 

Ova. — Inferior,  one-celled,  one-ovuled.     Style  one,  simple. 

Fr. — Dry,  indeliiscent,  with  a  single  suspended  seed. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  whorled  or  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  collected  upon  a  com- 
mon receptacle  and  surrounded  by  a  many-leaved  involucre.  The  order  is  nearly  allied 
to  the  Composilre.  The  species  are  all  natives  of  the  temperate  regions  of  the  Eastern  con- 
tinent, none  of  them  American.  Their  properties  are  unimportant.  One  of  the  species 
below  is  uselul  in  dressing  cloth. 


COMPOSITE.  180  DIPSACUS. 

1.     DI'PSACUS. 

Flowers  in  heads;  involucre  many -leaved ;  involucel  4- 
sided  ;  caljx  superior ;  corolla  tubular,  4-cleft ;  fruit  1-seed- 
ed,  crowned  with  the  calyx. 

Gr.  di-iyxKOi,  teasel,  from  oiiyaa),  to  thirst,  in  allusion  to  the  water  which 
collects  in  the  axils  of  the  concave  leaves.  This  water  once  had  a  reputation 
as  a  cosmetic.  Large,  biennial  herbs,  hairy  or  prickly.  Leaves  opposite, 
connate  (sometimes  distinct)  at  the  base.  Outer  lobe  of  cor.  largest.  Fil. 
longer  than  cor.    Sty.  equal  to  the  cor. 

1.  D.  sylve'stris. 

Leaves  connate,  sinuate  or  jagged;  /teatZ*^  cylindrical ;  iraris  of  the  involucre 
longer  than  the  head  of  flowers,  slender  and  pungent,  bent  inwards.  A  tall, 
naturalized,  European  plant,  growing  in  hedges  and  by  road-sides.  Stem 
about  4  feet  high,  angled  and  prickly,  with  the  opposite,  lance-shaped  leaves 
united  around  it.  Flowers  bluish,  in  a  large  oval  or  cylindrical  head  whose 
bracts  or  scales  are  not  hooked  as  in  the  next  species,  but  straight.     July. 

IVild  Teasd. 

2.  D.     FULLONUM. 

Leaves  connate,  entire  or  serrate  ;  head  cylindrical ;  bracts  hooked  ;  involu- 
cre spveadmg.  A  cultivated,  European  plant.  Root  fleshy,  tapering.  Stem 
erect,  furrowed,  prickly,  hollow,  about  5  feet  high.  Leaves  two  at  each  node, 
united  at  their  bases  around  the  stem  in  such  a  way  as  to  hold  a  quantity  of 
vifater.  Flowers  whitish,  in  large,  oval  or  ovoid  heads.  It  is  cultivated  for 
the  use  of  the  clothiers  {fullotuuii),  who  employ  the  heads  witli  their  hard, 
hooked  scales  to  raise  the  nap  upon  woollen  cloths.  For  this  purpose  they 
are  fixed  around  the  circumference  of  a  revolving  drum.     Flowers  in  July. 

Fuller's  Teasel. 

Senhiosa  is  another  genus  of  tiiis  order,  consisting  of  coarse,  hardy  plants  ' 
with  aggregated  flowers,  a  few  of  which,  as   .5'.  succisa,  witli  a  premorse  root 
and  equal  blue  flowers;    S.  otropurpurea,  with  deep,  dark  purple  flowers  in 
radiant  heads  ;  S.  stcUata,  with  sky  blue  flowers  in  radiant  heads^  are  rarely 
found  in  cultivation. 


ORDER    LXXVi.    COMPOSITJJ:.  The  Aster  Tribe. 

Flowers  collected  into  a  dense  head  (capitum),  upon  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  by 

an  involucre  of  many  bracts  (scales). 
CaX. — Closely  adherent  to  the  ovary,  tlie  limb  wanting,  or  membranaceous  and  divided  in- 
to pate,  bristles,  hairs,  &c.  called /)a;7/jKS. 
Por. — Superior,  consisting  of  5  united  petals,  either  ligulate  or  tubular. 
Sta. — 5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.    Anth.  cohering  into  a  cylender. 
Ova. — Inferior,  1-celled,  1-ovulcd.     Style  2-cleft,  the  inner  margins  of  the  branches  occu- 
pied by  the  stigmas. 
Fr. — An  acheniura,  dry,  indehiscent,  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  pappus. 

This  is  the  most  extensive  and  most  natural  of  all  the  orders  of  the  vegetable  kingdom, 
always  distinguished  at  sight  by  the  capitate  flowers  and  the  united  anthers.  It  compre- 
licnds  about  one  tenth  of  the  species  of  flowering  plants.  They  are  mostly  herbs,  (rarely 
shrubs  or  trees),  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  which  are  generally  simple.  The  gen- 
eral inflorescence  is  centrifugal,  tliat  is,  the  central  or  terminal  heads  are  first  developed, 
while  the  inflorescence  of  the  heads  is  centripetal,  the  outer  flowers  first  expanding.  In 
color  the  flowers  are  various  ;  sometimes  those  ot'  the  disk  and  ray  are  of  dilferent  colors, 
again  they  are  all  of  the  same,  but  in  the  former  case  the  disk  florets  are  almost  always 
yellow. 


COMPOSITE.  181 


COMPOSITE. 


enTDronXas*"   Aoronfinif 'h*^  throughout  all  countries  of  the  globe,  but  in  verj-  differ- 
^™V?.    c^  ;  -^'^^cordingto  Humbolt,they  constitute  about  one  seventh  of  the  Ph.Tnosr- 

NZrA^nTric: SmXo^^^^^^^ 

Ihev  art  a  [he  nr  nor  in^  n^.T  '  ''"''  ■  ""^  '''''f'  °^  ^  ^Pical  America.  In  'New  Ho  I  land 
of  Sicilv  le  areTne  a^f  T  ""  ?"«,  .!,'-^^«^"*>  according  to  Brown,  while  in  the  Island 
and  he  TubnlXr^ln  W  r.  ^'&"''fl°™  "?  «.=y'l  1°  be  most  abundant  in  cold  regions, 
loath  America.  I^  the  ^,nnhf  "'-^^'V"  f'^biatiflornB  are  almost  exclusively  confined  to 
j-outu  Amenca.  In  the  northern  parts  of  the  wor  d  the  Comnosils!  are  universnllv  he-,- 
Chlw^l'lf^v"'  towards  the  tropics  they  gradually  become  fZescent  Ind  e  ^.^  rees      l^ 

«ri^Ti        '  ^    ,       ,      ^,"™P"3ita3  furnish  comparatively  few  useful  nroducis      A  bitter 

ucLomt.^  tonic  anajelnfugal,  as  in  the  caniomi  e,  cots-foot,  thorouohwort  e-olderimd  ,?c 
Some  are  a„t^,f.mmUcs  from  the  prevalence  of  the  resinous  pincTpSl^laiWlvAilemi^i^ 
of  Arlemisia  "  O^her'  "^".T''  ""  '""'''"^''j  '''"<^^'  =^*  -'™W"od  and "aU"  ',h1'~  cs 
(Hebam    Hmb,m,^n   r'^ihP  vt^^Tt,?"^  acrid,  as  mayweed.     The  Jerusalem  artichoke 

Monop/,nlous  involucrum  :  where  the  scales  ar?  united  by  d  hi  ed-es 
PotypA2/Ho,«  involucrum  ;  where  the  scales  are  distinct  " 

SM?;pte  invohicrura ;  where  the  scales  are  equal  and  arranged  in  a  sin-Ie  row 
rowt/ve"ry  fhon  o^iT '  ^'^'""'  ^  ''"'"^  ^"^^  "'"  ^^'^  ^  -™unde7  afblsTby  an  outer 
grfS';t.in7r"''^"''  ^^''"^  descales  are  in  several  rows,  the  outer  ones  becoming 

cr^l::^dCf^i:^slS'ic^,^^^:l,^^inT'^'  "'"'^  ^^'^^"'=^'^'  '"<=•"-'•  ^^  *«  >"-'- 

Colunmar,Jlat,  conical  or  depressed^  according  to  its  fiirra  • 
gous  to  bracts  •  '^"■^^'  '''''"'  ""  ""'''"'*  ^""^  ^"''^'^"''el  "y  chaffy  scales  which  are  anala- 

AreohJe,  where  the  alveoli,  are  reduced  to  aiiiere  line  • 
lumbnllate,  where  the  alveoli  are  split  into  le«th  or  biistles  • 
mkecL  When  smoothish,  being  destitute  of  chaff,  alveoli,  bristles  &e 

The  FLOWERS  are  moreover  said  to  be  '  '"'°'"=-^-  "'- 

^the  dtfk,  where  they  stand  in  or  near  the  centre  of  the  head  ■ 
Ofl/i^-  my,  wnen  they  .stand  in  the  outer  circle  or  circumference  of  the  head- 

cfSaT-'''''""'"^''''^'  "    "  ■''"  '""'  "'  '"'"  ""  '""  ''""  '^"'^  ^P--l"pe.'  in  the  forra 
^:^^^^"^'Z^^:^^^^,, ^''^  «--  -  termed 

r^'^l^'^rl^S^^  ^::^^'^''^^^  -^  P"'^^  -  -— -,  While  those  of  the 

Kf/\'''i'''''"\\'"'  ^°Tl^  """^  ^"  '■'""'«'«'  ^«  ■»  *e  dandelion  ; 
.nS  lif^rT  '^  "'  """  '^^'  "'  ™^''^"'  °"'5'  "^^-^  'io^'a'->  tl^-^  ^est  being  tubular,  as 

Mnt"^'^  '^■''"f  ''"  'u^  *'°^''°'?  "'"'=  t"""'!^^'  as  in  the  thoroughwort : 
M«noPctot«,  where  the  saine  head  has  bollJ  staminate  and  pistillate  Powers  • 

na?'3S:^]:s*or;iS;^:'S;^'  ^'^-^  ^^^  -- °^  -  ^-"^"^°»^  °^-™- 

iy;^':S,^tmi'SsdbS:  h^^^Hilir  '^:  "^!'^'"<'-'''-'«  -I'h  staminate  heads  on- 
prolonged  at  the  sumrni  Into  a  men^^^ranoTts  apriiX4^''%"H*"!^^  appendkulate.  that  is, 
trate,  when  thev  are  nr<,lon<rp,i  "'Y'""^^™"*  appendage.  The  aciiexia  are  termed  nw- 
as  in  the  dandeHon     ^'"^"''^''^  ^^  "><=  «"™'""  ""o  a  slender  neck  supporting  the  pappus. 


COMPOSITJE. 


182 


TUBDLIFLORJE. 


Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

SbBORDER  r,  tubuliflorj:. 

Corolla  of  the  perfect  flowers  tubular,  regular,  5-toothcd  or  lohcd. 
Section  I.    Heads  discoid. 


f5 


X  ■ 


(  Pappus  capillar^'. 
(  irrcen.  |  Pappus  plumose. 
(  Snales  imbric.  |  cijlured.    Slcins  winged, 
r  Flowers  all  \  Scales  in  one  j  Pappus  capillary, 
perfecl.         (row.  ...         ''  v.,,nn„.  rlv^.Tv 


Fls.  not 
all  perfecl 


Verywnia.  1 

Liatris.  4 

Ammobium.    46 
Cucalia.  40 

Pappus  chaffy.  '    .        .        .         Stevia.  6 

(Rccep.  not  I  Hds\\ereTog3.mo\is.Gnaplialium.  42 
]  chaffy.  ...  I  Heads  dicEcious.      Antennaria.     43 
'  Scales  colored.  (  Recepiacles  chaffy.  .        .     F'dngo. 

Ray  (lowers  I  Scales  imbricate.  Plucliea. 
small  fert.     j  Scales  calyculate  Erechtites. 
Scales  (  Herbs  {  Ray  liowers  large,  sterile.  Centaurea 

green.  |  Shrubby ;  heads  dioecious.        .        .        Baccharis. 


Achenia  smooth.       Clrcium. 

{with  spinose      I  Scls. acute,  cuspid  \  Ach.  rugose, 4-angl  Oiiopoitlon 
leaves I  Scales  emarginate-mucronate.     .        .     Ci/naia. 
J  Hds.  homogaraous.  Lappa. 
with  spinose      (  Spines  uncinate...  1  Hds.  heXerocephalous.  Xanthium.  55 
heads  only I  Spines  straight;  involucre  l-flowered.    Echinnps. 
I  Scales  8 — .50.  EupaturiuTn. 

(  Pappus  capillary..  (  Scales  4 — 5.      .        Mikania. 

SFls.  all  perfect..  \  Pappus  of  5— 10  chaffy  scales.     .        .    Agemtum. 
i  Heads  monoecious.        .        .        Jva. 
Flowers  not  all  perfect.  \  Heads  heterocephalous.  .    Ambrosia. 

.\ch.  crowned  with  a  large  disk.  Tanacelum. 
.^ch.  crowned  with  a  small  disk.  Artimisia. 
(  in  2  series,  the  outer  one  leafy.  Bidens. 
reen,  |  in  1  scri.orslighlly calyculate. Sfjierio. 


Leaves 
opposite. 


Flowers 
yellow. 


Marginal 


Scales 
unarmed. 


dry. 


corois  small.  (  Scales  armed  with  spinose  appendages. 
Marginal  corollas  large,  sterile.  .... 


Ciiicus. 
Centaurea. 


Section  II.    Heads  radiate. 


f  Involucre  j  Pappus  s 

)  imbricalp.  (  Pap  dou 

}  Invol.  not  j  Outer  sc 

:  '  imbricate.  |  Outer  sc 


(  Hds.  very  large. /nj«/a. 
Pappus  simple  (  Heads  small.     Solidaso. 
double;  heads  roiddl  size. 
(  flat  of     )  Invol.  not  I  Outer  scales  very  short  or  0. 
Fueceptacl  \  convex  '  imbricate.  |  Outer  scales  equal  to  the  inner, 
not  chaffy ;  ( conical  or  globose  ;  outer  row  of  scales  longest.      . 
.y,   ,  I  Achenia  quadrangular.  . 

J  (  Receptacle  chaffy,  conical 1  Achenia  compressed.  .  -  -   „.- 

^  '  r  Invol. double,  I  retrorselyhisp. awns. J5u/cni. 

(  Raysster.  \  Achenia  with  j  erectly  hispid  awns.   Coreopsis 
•2  (  flat  or      Idiskperf  .  ( Invol.  imbric. inSormore  rows.  Helianlhus- 

%  \  convex.  (  Rays  fertile,  disk  sterile.     Achen.  wingless.  Polymnia 

^[Recepta-    j  (  Outer  scales  spreading  leafy 

o  \  cle  chaffy ;  '  conical ;  ravs  fertile,  j  Outer  scales  appressed. 
M  <  (  Involucre  of  tiisiinct  scales  in  a  rows. 

^  '  Recept.  not  chaffy.  .  j  Involucre  of  5  united  scales  in  1  n>w.       . 
Leaves  all  radical,  cordate,  appearing  alter  the  solitary  heads.     . 
I  Heads  corymbose,  somewhat  dioecious. 

Leaves  all  radical )  Heads  soli'tary,  heterogamous.    .        .        -     -    . 

(  Ach.  very  silky.    RaysaboutS.  Serwcarpus. 
Pap.simpl.  I  Ach.smoothish.     Rays6-100.     After. 
Pappus  double  ;  involucre  imbricate.  Oipiopfippiis. 

i  Involu.  depressed.    Lnica.nth(rnum. 
Receptacl.  '|  (  I^vs.  sinnate-lobed.  |  In vo. hemispherical  Chrysanthemum 

I  not  chaffy  ;  [naked.  .  (  Lvs.notlobed;  invol.  sub-simple  raysSO— 200.  JEWirfroTi 


Chrysopsis. 

Senecio. 

Calendula. 

Helenium. 

Rudbeclcia. 

Lepachys. 


Heliopsis. 

Sanvitatia. 

Arnira. 

Tagetcs. 

Tussilago. 

Nurdosmia. 

Bellis. 


alveo- 
late. .  . 


Rays  pistillate. 
I  Receptacle  chaffy. . .  (  Disk  fls.  yellow. . . .  )  Hays  neutral.   . 
(Lvs.  finely  divided.)  (  Disk  flowers  while;  rays  pisiillate.     .      . 
j  Receptacle  conical,  with  large  pate. 
(  simple..  I  Receptacle  flat,  (rays  rose-coloror  white.) 
iS  1^  Lvs.  opposite,  I  pinnate  ;  inner  involucre  of  S  united  scales. 


Anthemis. 

Miiruta. 

Achillea. 

Zinnia. 

Ciireopsis. 

JJahiia. 


COMPOSITJE.  18S  EUPATORIDM, 

Suborder  II,  LIGULIFLOR.^. 

Flowers  all  U.gulate   and  perfect,  arranged  in  a  radiant  head.    Juke  milky 
and  bitter. 

(  Scales  of  the  invol.  equal :  pappus  double.     Krigin.  58 

(  Flowers  yellow  (  Outer  scales  shortest,  pappus  capillary.        Toraxicvm.  63 
■  radical..  {  Flowers  white ;  pappus  plumose,  .        .        .        .        .     Leontodon.   61 

(  Pappus  single,  brist.  Hieracimn.    66 

(  Lvs.unarm'd.  (  Pap  doub..  outer  scaly.  Cynthia.    59 

(Fls.  yellow.  (  Lvs.  spinose-denl.;  pap.  very  white.  Sonchw:.        65 

fAchenia  <  Flowers  blue.     Pappus  .sicalL,  scaly.        .        .         Ciclidrium.    57 

I  not  rost.  (  Fls.  whitish  orcreain  col.  Pap.  copious,  capillary.  Nabalus.        64 

.{  (  with  a  fill-   I  Involucre  with  calyculate  scales.       Lartuca.         62 

I  Achenia  <  form  beak.  .  |  Involucre  without  calyculate  scales.  Tra^ojjogon.  60 

2  i,cauline.  [rostrate  (  with  a  short,  thick  beak  ;  involucre  imbricate.         Mulgedium.  67 

Suborder  I.  TUBULIFLOR^. 

Corolla  of  the  perfect  Jlowers  tuhular,  regular,  the  limb  o-clefc,  or  lobed. 

Tribe  I.  VERNONIACE^. 

Heads  discoid,  homcgarnuiis.     Brandies  ofiiie  style  subulate,  hispid  throughout. 

1 .    V  E  R  N  O'  N  1  A . 

Flowers  all  tubular;  involucre  seniicjlindric,  of  ovate,  im- 
bricated scales;  receptacle  naked;  pajipus  double,  the  exterior 
chaff}  ;  the  interior  capillary. 

Named  for  Mr  Wm.  Vernon,  fellow  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge, 
Eng.,  who  travelled  in  N.  America  in  search  of  plants,  i'erennial  herbs  or 
shrubs.     Lvs.  mostly  alternate. 

V.    NOVEBORACE'NSIS. 

ieaces  numerous,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  rough;  cyme  fastigiate ;  scales  of 
involucre  filiform  at  the  ends.  A  tall,  showy  plant  with  numerous  large, 
dark  purple  flowers,  found  in  meadows  and  other  moist  situations.  Stem 
branching  at  top,  reddish,  about  4  feet  high.  Leaves  crowded,  paler  beneath, 
radical  ones  often  lobed.  Cymes  terminal,  tlat-topped,  compound.  Scales  and 
corollas  deep  purple,  the  former  ending  in  long  threadlike  appendages.     Sept. 

Kew  York  Vernonia.     Iron-weed. 

p.  praalta ;  stnn  and  leaves  beneath  pubescent;  scales  of  the  involucre 
destitute  of  the  filiform  appendages.  Rather  taller  than  the  preceding,  habits 
similar. 

Tribe  II.  EUPATORIACE^E. 

Heads  discoid  or  radiate.     Branches  of  the  style  mucli  elongated,  obtuse,  tninutely  pubescent 
towards  the  summit  outside.    Anthers  not  cordate.     Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Section  I.     Heads  discoid,  Iiomogamous* 

2.    EUPATO'RiUM, 

Flowers  all  tubular;  involucre  imbricate,  oblong;  style 
much  exserted,  deeply  cleft;  receptacle  naked,  flat;  pappus 
simple,  scabrous. 

This  genus,  says  Pliny,  derived  its  name  from  Eupater,  king  of  Pontus, 
who  first  used  it  in  medicine.  Perennial  herbs  with  opposite  or  verticillate 
Jeiives.     Heads  corymbose.     Fls.  cyanic.     Ach.  5-angled.     Anth  incltided. 


COMPOSIT.E.  184  EUPATORIFM. 

*  Involucre  3 — 5-flowered. 

1.  E.    SESSILIFO'LIUM. 

Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  distinct,  amplexicaul,  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at 
the  base,  very  smooth,  serrate  ;  s^e/re  smooth.  Plants — 4  feet  high,  in  rocky 
woods.  Stem  slender,  erect,  branching  at  top  into  a  corymb  with  white 
flowers.  Leaves  large,  tapering  regularly  from  the  somewhat  truncate  base 
to  a  long  point,  with  small  serratures,  paler  beneath.  Flower  stalks  downy. 
Heads  5-flowered,  witii  twice  as  many  scales  in  tv/o  rows.     Sept. 

Sessile-leaved  Eupalorium. 

2.  E.    TEUCRIFOLIUM.       IVilld.  E.  pubescens.     Bw. 

Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  distinct,  ovate,  rough,  veiny,  the  lower  ones  doubly 
serrate,  the  upper  ones  snbserrate  or  entire  ;  stem  paniculate,  pubescent,  with 
fastigiate,  corymbose  branches  above.  Plant  hairy,  2 — 3  feet  high,  with  a 
somewhat  panicled  corymb  of  white  flowers.  The  upper  leaves  are  often  en- 
tire. Involucre  .5-flowered,  with  twice  as  many  scales  in  two  rows.  Scarcely 
distinct  from  E.  sessiliflorum.     Aug.  Hairy  Eujjatoiium. 

3.  E.    HYSSIPIFO'HUM. 

Leaves  opposite  (the  upper  ones  alternate),  often  verticillate,  linear-lanceo- 
late, triple-nerved,  punctate,  lower  ones  subserrate,  upper  ones  entire.  A 
more  delicate  species,  smooth  in  all  its  parts,  or  minutely  pubescent,  in  dry 
fields.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  branching,  witli  numerous  narrow  leaves, 
which  are  mostly  opposite,  and  a  spreading  corymb  at  the  summit.  Heads 
5-flovvered.  Outer  scales  shortest,  the  others  shorter  than  the  purplish  flow- 
ers.    Aug.     Sept.  J\~arruw-leaved.  Eupalorium, 

4.  E.  rotundifo'lium. 

Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  distinct,  roundish  ovate,  subcordate  at  base,  3-nerv- 
ed,  veiny,  coarsely  serrate  •,  ijiner  scales  of  the  involucre  acuminate,  as  loner 
as  the  flowers.  A  slender  species,  with  large  leaves,  found  in  dry  fields. 
Heads  fastigiate-corymbed,  each  with  5  purplish  flowers.     Aug.     Sept. 

Ilound-lcaved  Eupatorium. 

*  *  Involucre  more  than  5-flowered. 

5.  JCj.    PURPU'REUM.    L.     E.  purpureura,  verticillatum,maculalum,  &c.  of  authors 

Leaves  verticillate,  in  4s  or  5s,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  petio- 
Jate,  veiny,  minutel}'  punctate,  rugose  and  somewhat  rough;  stnn  fistulous 
This  is  a  tall  plant,  conspicuous  for  its  large,  pale  purple  corymbs,  about 
thickets  and  low  grounds.  Stem  5  or  G  feet  high,  hollow  in  various  degrees, 
whence  it  is  called  trumpet-weed.  It  terminates  above  in  a  large  fastigiate 
corymb.  Each  involucre  consists  of  about  8 — 15  leaves,  and  contains  about  8 
flowers,  with  very  long  styles.     Aug.     Sept.  Purple  Eupatorium. 

/3.  vertir.'llatum,  leaves  verticillate,  in  3s  or  4s,  acuminate  at  each  end,  un- 
equalh' serrate,  nearly  smooth;  stem  nearly  or  quite  solid,  smooth.  A  tall 
plant  with  the  general  asi)ect  of  the  preceding,  found  in  wet  woods.  Stem 
slender,  round,  4  feet  high,  with  a  large  terminal  corymb,  and  smaller  axillary 
ones.  Leaves  in  whnrls  of  about  4.  large,  tapering  from  the  middle  to  both 
ends.     Scales  whitish,  corollas  purple. 

y.  ovatum,  leaves  raiher  ovate  than  lanceolate,  and  the  stem  rather  taller. 
2.  7niiciilatum,  leaves  jtuhcsccnthenoaih;  stem    pubescent,  furrowed,  punc- 
tate with  oblong  purple  spots.     Tall  like  the  foregoing,  found  in  low  grounds. 


COMPOSITE.  185 


6.  E.  perfolia'tum. 

Leaves  connate-perfoliate,  pubescent.  A  common  well-known  plant  of  low 
grounds,  meadows,  tfcc,  always  distinguished  by  the  leaves  being  pierced  by 
the  stem.  Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  rough  and  hairy,  round.  Each  pair  of  leaves 
are  so  united  at  the  base  as  to  constitute  a  single  leaf  perforated  in  the  middle 
by  the  stem.  They  are  placed  at  riglit  angles  to  the  stem,  and,  both  combin- 
ed, are  often  near  a  foot  in  length.  From  the  stem,  where  they  are  broadest, 
they  taper  each  way  to  a  long  point,  are  rough,  rugose,  serrate.  Flowers  in 
terminal  corymbs.  Involucre  about  l!2-flowered.  The  whole  plant  is  bitter 
and  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic,     Aug.  Tliorovglnvurt.     Buncsct. 

7.  E.  aroma'ticum. 

Leaves  petiolale,  opposite,  subcordate,  ovate,  acute,  3-nerved,  obtusely 
serrate,  smooth  ;  sic?«  corymbose  at  the  summit;  involucre  simple.  In  low 
woods.  Wliole  plant  slightly  pubescent,  about  2  feet  high.  Petioles  short. 
Flowers  large,  white  and  aromatic,  in  small  corymbs.  Involucre  scalesabout 
equal,  10 — 15-tlowered.     Aug.     Sept.  Jiiomatic  Eupatorlum. 

8.  E.    PUBE'SCENS.      Muh.  E.  ovatum.     Bid. 

Stem  hirsute  ;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate,  acute,  obtusely  dentate,  rough, 
pubescent;  tori/mi  fastigiate ;  invulucre  about  8-floweied.  A  large  rough 
plant,  3 — 4  feet  high,  growing  in  dry  grounds.  Distinguished  by  its  opposite 
broadly-ovate  leaves,  and  its  strong  pubescence.  Involucre  of  about  ]2 
pubescent  scales,  the  outer  much  the  shortest.     Aug. 

9.  E.  ageritoi'des. 

Stem  smooth;  leaves  onlnng  petioles,  subcordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  den- 
tate, 3-nerved,  nearly  smooth  ;  corymbs  compound.  Piocky  hills  and  woods. 
Stem  round  2 — 3  feet  higii,  and,  with  the  whole  plant,  nearly  sniooth.  Leaves 
opposite,  broad  at  base,  the  lower  ones  ort  stalks  1  or  2  inches  in  lenoth. 
Heads  numerous,  in  small  clusters,  constituting  a  compound  corymb.  Invol- 
ucre scales  mostly  in  one  row,  containing  ]2  or  more  flowers  of  a  pure  white. 
Aug.     Sept.  JVcttle-leaced  Eupatorium. 

3.  MIKA'NIA. 

Flowers  all  tubular;  involucre 4 — G-leaved,  4 — G-flowered  ; 
receptacle  naked,  pappus  a.xillary,  sinri{)le,  scabrous. 

In  honor  of  Prof  Mikan  of  Prague.  Mostly  climbing  herbs  with  opposite 
leaves.     Achenia  angled.     Stamens  partly  e,\serled. 

M.    SCAKDENS. 

Stem  smooth;  leaves  cordate,  repand-toothed,  acuminate,  the  lobes 
divaricate,  unequal;  7?o?oers  corymbed.  A  climbing  plant  of  wet  thickets. 
Every  part  smooth.  Leaves  opposite  on  long  stalks,  very  long-pointed. — 
Blanches  o|)posite,  axillary,  each  with  a  small  corymb  of  whitish  or  pink- 
•olored  flowers.     Involucre  4— 6-leaved,  with  as  many  flowers.     Aug.     Sept. 

Climbing  Buncset. 

4.  LIA'TRIS. 

Flowers  all  tubular,  involucre  oblong,  inribricate  ;  recepta- 
cle naked;  pappus  plunnose,  copious;  achenia  obconic, 
10-striate  ;  stjlemuch  cxserted. 


COMPOSITJE. 


186 


Gr.  Xi,  a  syllable  prefixed  to  strengthen  the  signification,  and  uT^wi, 
invulnerable  ;  "one  of  the  species  is  said  to  cure  the  bite  of  the  ralttle-snake. 
Perennial  herbs  (or  shrubs).  Stem  simple.  Root  tuberous.  Lvs.  alternate, 
Fls.  cyanic. 

1.  L.  scAPao'sA. 

Stevi  hairy,  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pubescent  with  a  scabrous  margin  ; 
heads  in  long  racemes  or  spikes;  scales  obovate,  nearly  smooth  with  a 
membranous," colored  margin,  the  lower  ones  spreading.  This  handsome 
plant  grows  4—5  feet  high,  in  woods  and  sandy  hills.  Stem  rather  stout. 
Heads  an  inch  in  diameterr  Corollas  purple,  numerous,  alteinate  and  distant, 
in  a  long,  erect  dense  i-aceme.  It  is  regarded  as  efficacious  in  curing  the 
rattle-snake's  bite,  for  which  purpose  the  bruised  root  is  applied  to  the  wound, 
while  a  decoction  of  the  same  in  milk  is  taken  inwardly.  Aug.     Gay  Feather. 

2.  L.    SQUARRO'SA. 

Slem  simple,  hairy  ;  hiives  numerous,  long-linear,  nerved  ;  margins  a  little 
rouo-h;  raceme  leafy,  few-flowered;  scales  of  involucre  leafy  above,  rigid, 
lanceolate,  spreading.  In  dry,  sandy  soils.  Stem  2—3  feet  high,  thickly 
beset  with  Ion?,  linear  leaves.  An  extremely  beautiful  plant  with  u— 20  large 
heads  of  brilliant  purple  flowers.  It  varies  in  degrees  of  pubescence,  leafiness, 
flowerln.T.  &c.  This,  with  many  other  species  of  this  fine  N.  American 
o-enus,  well  deserves  a  place  in  the  flower  garden.  Like  the  former  species 
ft  is  considered  an  antidote  to  the  bile  of  a  rattle-snake.   Aug.     Blazing  Star. 

3.  L.  spicATA,  another  beautiful  species  with  purple  flowers  is  occasionally 
cultivated  in  gardens.     Native  of  the  Middle  States. 

5.    AGERA'TUM. 
Heads  many-flowered,  subglobose,  discoid  ;  involucre  im- 
bricated ;    style    exserted  ;    receptacle   naked;    pappus  of  5 
somewhat  awned  paJEe. 

Gr.  a-,  privative,  and  ynQcci,  old  age  ;  because  it  never  grows  old,  that  is, 
always  preserves  its  color.     Tropical  annual  herbs.     Lvs.  opposite. 

1.  A.  MexiCA'NUM.—  Hispid  ;  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  crenate,  rugose;. 
eorj/?n&  compound  ;  chaff  of  the  pappus  lanceolate,  awned.  A  Mexican  plant 
with  blue,  imperishable  flowers.  Mexican  Agtratxim. 

2.  A.  CONyzoi'DES. — Stem  hairy, branching;  ieares ovate, subserrate, 
on  lono-  stalks  ;  chaff'  of  the  pappus  awned,  denticulate.  Native  of  Georgia 
and  alfTropical  America.     An  ornamental  species  with  light  blue  flowers. 

Conyza-like  ^geratum. 

6.    STE'VIA. 
Flowers  all  tubular;    beads  cylindric;  scales   in  a  single 
row;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  chaffy. 

In  honor  of  Peter  James  Esteve,  a  Spanish  physician  and  botanist  of  the 
16th  century.     Mexican,  mostly  perennial  herbs.    Lvs.  alternate.    Fls.  cyanic. 

1.  S.  SERR  a'tA- — Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  at  the  end  ;  eorymhs 
fastio-iate;  -papmis  chaffy  and  awned.  Flowers  flesh-colored.  Plant  1—2 
feet  high.    Cultivated.     July— Sept.  Sweet-scented  Steyia 


COMPOSITJE.  187  NARDOSMIA. 

2.  S.  IIYSSOPIFO  LIA. — Leaves  oblong-ovate,  entire;  corj/mis  spread- 
ing ;  pappus  awned,  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Plant  1 — 2  feet  high.  Corollas 
pink-colored.     A  pretty  garden  flower.     Aug.     Sept.      Hyssop-Leaved  Stevia. 

S.  purpurea  has  lanceolate  leaves,  purple  flowers  in  a  level  topped  corymb. 

S.  pedata,  an  annual  species,  with  entire  digitate-pedate  leaves  and  white 
flowers. 

Section  II.    Heads  radiate. 

7.  TUSSl'LAGO. 

Heads  manj-flowered,  radiate;  flowers  of  the  margin 
pistillate,  those  of  the  disk  staminate;  involucre  simple; 
receptacle  naked;  pappus  capillary. 

Lat.  tussis,  a  cough,  and  ago,  to  manage;  the  flowers  have  been  much 
employed  for  curing  a  cough.  A  perennial  herb.  Lvs.  radical.  Fls.  yellow. 
Rays  very  narrow. 

1.  T.  Fa'rfara. 

Scape  single-flowered,  scaly;  leaves  cordate,  angular,  dentate,  downy 
beneath.  A  low  plant  with  large  radical  leaves,  in  wet  places,  brook-sides, 
and  is  a  certain  indication  of  a  clayey  soil.  The  flowers  appear  in  March  and 
April,  long  before  a  leaf  is  to  be  seen.  They  are  yellow,  with  many  rays,  on 
leafless,  simple,  biacted  stalks  about  5  inches  high.  The  leaves,  which  come 
forth  after  the  flowers  are  withered,  are  broadly  heart-shaped,  about  5  inciies 
broad  and  7  long,  dark  green  above,  covered  with  a  cottony  down  beneath 
and  on  downy  stalks.  "  The  cotton  of  the  leaves  wrapped  in  a  rag  dipped  in 
a  solution  of  saltpetre  and  dried  in  the  sun  makes  excellent  tinder."  The 
plant  is  sometimes  used  in  medicine  as  an  expectorant.  Colt's-foot. 

8.  NARDO'SMIA. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate,  somewhat  dicecious  ;  flowers 
of  the  margin  pistillate,  disk  perfect,  but  abortive  in  the  sterile 
plants,  involucre  simple;  receptacle  flat,  naked;  pappus 
capillary. 

Gr.  va-p^oi,  spikenard,  ocTfArj,  smell;  from  the  fragrance  of  the  flowers. — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  radical  leaves.  Fls.  cyanic.  The  ray  flowers  of  the 
sterile  plants  are  in  a  single  series,  of  the  fertile,  in  several,  but  very  narrow, 

2.  N.    PALMA'TA.      Hook.  Tussilago  palmata.     j?«<. 

Scape  with  a  fastigiate  thyrse  or  corymb ;  leaves  roundish  cordate,  .5 — 7- 
lobed,  tomentose  beneath,  the  lobes  coarsely  dentate.  In  swamps.  A  coarse, 
stemless  plant  with  large  deeply  and  palmately-lobed  leaves  and  a  stout  scape 
covered  with  leaf-scales  and  1 — 2  feet  high.  'J'he  heads  are  fragrant,  numer- 
ous, with  obscure  rays,  those  of  the  heads  of  the  barren  plants  almost 
inconspicuous.     May.  Palmalelij-leaved  Colt's-foot. 

Tribe  III.   ASTEROIDEtE. 

Keads  radiate,  rarely  discoid.     Branches  of  the  style  more  or  less  flattened  and  linear,  equally 
pxtbescent  above  outside.     Leaves  jnostly  alternate. 

Section  I.    Heads  radiate»    Kaj^s  cyanic. 


COMPOSITJE.  188 


9.    ASTER. 

Ray  flowers  pistillate,  in  1  row,  disk-flowers  perfect,  scales 
imbricated,  often  with  green  tips;  receptacle  flat,  alveolate; 
pappus  simple,  capillary,  scabrous ;  achenium  usually  com- 
pressed. 

Gr.  ao'TnQ,  a  star;  from  its  radiated  flowers.  A  large  genus  of  perennial 
(one  species  annual)  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  very  abundant  in  the  United 
States,  blossoming  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  Invol.  oblong,  imbricate,  the 
inner  scales  loose,  the  outer  spreading.  Disk  fls.  tubular,  regular,  yellow, 
changing  to  purple;  ray  fls.  generally  few  (6 — 100),  oblong,  ligulale, '3-tooth- 
ed,  finally  revolute,  blue,  purple  or  white,  never  yellow. 

§  Lower  leaves  cordate,  petiolate.     *  Heads  corymbose. 

1.  A.    CORYMBO'SUS.      £it.  Eurybia  corymbosa.     Cass. 

Stem  corymbose-fastigiate,  smooth;  branches  hairy,  leaves  ovate,  acutely 
serrate,  acuminate,  the  lower  ones  cordate,  petiolate  ;  petioles  naked  ;  involucre 
oblong,  imbricate  with  closely  appressed,  obtuse  scales.  Common  in  dry 
woods.  Stem  two  feet  high,  smooth,  often  reddish,  more  or  less  flexuous. 
Leaves  large,  mostly  smooth,  lower  ones  cordate-acuminate,  with  sharp 
serratures,  middle  ones  ovate,  upper  ones  becoming  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  a 
broad,  flat-topped  corymb,  large,  very  open,  with  about  G  long,  narrow,  white 
rays.     Aug.  Corymbcd  Aster. 

2.  A.    MACROPHy'LLUS.       Willd.  Eurybia  macropoylla.     Cass. 

SZe?ra  branched,  diffuse;  /eaces  ovate,  petiolate,  serrate,  rough,  upper  ones 
ovate-cordate,  sessile,  lower  ones  cordate,  petiolate;  petioles  somewhat  wing- 
ed ;  im^uli/crc  cylindric,  closely  imbricate  with  oblong,  acute  scales.  Distin- 
guished for  its  very  large  root  leaves  which  are  6 — 10  inches  long  and  3 — 5 
wide.  Grows  in  woods.  Stem  furrowed,  1 — 2  feet  iiigh.  Leaves  nearly 
gmooth.     Flowers  rather  large,  white  or  pale  blue.    Sept.     Large-leaved  Aster, 

§  Lower  leaves  cordate,   petiolate.     *  *  Heads  paniculate, 

3.  A.  cordifo'lius. 

Stem  paniculate,  smoothish  ;  loiper  leaves  cordate,  hairy  beneath,  sharply 
serrate,  acuminate,  petiolate  ;  petioles  winged  ;  involucre  closely  imbricate, 
the  scales  with  short,  green  tips.  Common  in  rocky  woods.  Stem  smooth 
below,  more  or  less  pubescent  above,  a  little  flexuous,  striate,  2  feet  high, 
with  a  handsome  panicle  of  racemes  at  top  of  numerous,  rather  small  flowers. 
Rays  10 — 15,  pale  blue  varying  to  white.  Lower  leaves  large,  cordate,  with 
a  deep  sinus  at  base,  the  serratures  very  acute,  the  summit  ending  in  a  long, 
acute  point,  slightly  rough  above,  hairy  and  paler  beneath.  Petioles  more  or 
less  winged,  hairy.  Above,  the  leaves  aie  gradually  reduced  to  small  or 
minute  bracts.     Sept.  Heart-leaved  Aster. 

4.  A.  sagittifo'lius. 

Stem  with  racemose  branches  above,  smooth  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  sessile,  serrate  in  the  middle,  radical  ones  ovate,  oblong,  cordate- 
Bagittate,  serrate,  petiolate  ;  involucre  scales  loose,  lanceolate.  Found  in  rocky 
woods.  Stem  2--4  feet  high,  dividing  into  many  ascending,  rigid  branches, 
with  numerous  and  crowded  heads,  t()rming  a  compound  panicle  of  racemes. 
Heads  small,  each  with  about  12  rays  which  are  while  or  with  various  shades 
of  blue.  Leaves  becoming  smaller  above,  lanceolate  and  even  linear.  Sept 
Oct.  Arrqw-leaved  Aster. 


COMPOSIT.B. 


189 


5.  A.   UNDULa'tus.      Alt.  A.  diversifolius.     Muh. 

Stem  paniculate,  hispid  ;  branches  secund,  leafy,  1-flowered  ;  Venues  oblong- 
cordate,  amplexicaul,  very  entire,  hairy,  somewhat  undulate  or  crenate-serrate, 
lower  ones  ovate,  cordate,  subserrate,  with  winged  petioles.  Native  of  dry 
woods.  Plant  rough,  about  2  feet  high,  with  slender  branches.  Lower  leaves 
on  long  winged  petioles,  cordate-acuminate,  upper  ones  becoming  narrow- 
ovate  and  clasping.  Flowers  pale  blue,  solitary,  forming  a  loose  panicle  of 
somewhat  one-sided  racemes.     Aug.     Sept.  Wavy  Jlster. 

§  §  Leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate,  the  lower  conspicuously  serrate. 
*  Heads   corymbose. 

6.  A.  Ra'dula, 

Stem  erect,  simple  below,  angular  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowed 
towards  the  base,  sessile,  serrate,  rugose  and  rough  ;  involucre  imbricate  vyith 
appressed  scales  spreading  with  green  tips.  Moist  groves  and  hedges.  Hight 
1 — 3  feet.  Distinguished  for  its  stiff,  narrow,  sharply-serrate  leaves  which 
abundantly  clothelhe  straight,  smooth  stem.  Branches  nearly  naked,  undi- 
vided, each  having  a  single  large  head,  rarely  more.  Rays  numerous,  short, 
white  or  purplish."  The  lower  leaves  are  sometimes  ovate-lanceolate.  Aug. 
September.  Rasp-leaved  Aster. 

7.  A.  specta'bilis. 

Stem  erect ,  leaves  somewhat  scabrous,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  entire, 
lower  ones  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  branches  corymbose  ;  heads  hemispherical, 
with  numerous,  squarrosespreading,  ciliate  scales.  A  low  Aster  of  pine  bar- 
rens, Ms.  Stem  straight,  1—2  feet  high,  branching  above  into  a  nearly  sim- 
ple corymb  of  10 — 15  heads,  which  are  large  and  showy,  with  many  long,  blue 
rays.     Sept.— Nov.  Hhowij  Aster. 

8.  A.   longifo'lius.      Lam.  A.  laevigatus.     P. 

Glabrous ;  stem  very  branching,  branches  many-flowered ;  leaves  subam- 
plexicaul,  linear-lanceolate,  lower  ones  serrate,  smooth  ;  involucre  scales  lax, 
lanceolate,  nearly  equalling  the  disk.  Fields  and  thickets.  Stem  3  feet  high. 
Leaves  pale  below,  shining  above,  smooth  both  sides,  the  lower  ones  4 — 6 
inches  long.     Heads  numerous,  showy,  with  25—30  light  blue  rays.     Nov. 

9.  A.  acumina'tus. 

Stem  simple,  flexuous,  angular, branching  into  a  corymbose  panicle  above ; 
leaves  broad-lanceolate,  narrowed  and  entire  at  the  base,  serrate  and  acumi- 
nate ;  involucre  scales  lax,  linear.  Grows  in  mountains  and  woods.  Stem  a 
foot  high,  rough,  downy.  Leaves  large,  unequally  and  remotely  seriate  above, 
and  en'ding  in  a  long,  acuminate  point.  Panicle  corymbose,  terminal,  few- 
flowered,  nearly  or  quite  naked.  The  leaves  are  mostly  situated  just  below 
the  corymb.     Heads  rather  large,  with  about  15  long,  white  rays.     Aug. 

Acuminate  Aster. 

10.  A.  Chine'NSIS. — Leaves  ovate,  coarsely  dentate,  petiolate,  cauline 
ones  sessile,  cuneate  at  base;  s/c/ra  hispid;  trawf/ies  with  single  flowers.  The 
common  China  Aster  is  said  to  be  originally  from  China.  Stem  about  18 
inches  high,  with  long  branches,  each  terminated  by  a  single  flower.  The 
flower  is  the  largest  of  any  of  the  Asters,  having  been  much  improved  by  cul- 
tivation. Disk  yellow.  Rays  dark-purple.  There  are  varieties  with  white, 
blue  and  red  flowers  of  various  shades,  also  of  double  and  semi-double.  An- 
other has  very  short  rays  of  various  colors.     July — Sept.  China  Aster. 


COMPOSITE.  190 


§  §  Leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate,  the  lower  conspicuously  serrate. 
*  *  Heads  paniculate. 

11.  A.  Tradesca'nti. 

Branches  virgate,  paniculate  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  remotely  serrate,  sessile, 
smooth;  invohicre  closely  imbricate;  slem  round,  slender,  smooth.  A  fine 
species,  witJi  numerous  leaves,  growing  in  fields.  Stem  rigid,  brownish, 
about  3  fi?et  high,  with  numerous  slender,  racemose  branches.  Lower  stem- 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  4  inches  long,  gradually  reduced  in  size  upwards. 
Heads  small,  nuuierous,  with  pale-purple  rays.     Aug. — Oct. 

TradcscanV s  Aster. 

12.  A.    MISER.       T.S^G.  (A.miser,  divergens, diffusus  and  pendulus.    Ait.) 

6'^em  racemose-paniculate,  hairy  or  pubescent;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  involucre  imbricated  with  acute  scales  ;  rays 
short.  A  very  variable  species  common  in  old  fields,  hedges,  &c.  Jn  hight 
it  varies  from  (3  to  30  inches,  and  in  luxuriance  proportionately  to  the  moisture 
or  fi^rtility  of  the  soil.  The  stem  is  very  branching  or  nearly  simple,  bearing 
a  large,  compound,  racemose  panicle  or  a  few  simple  racemes.  Leaves  vary- 
ing from  narrow-lanceolate  to  broad-oval,  1 — 5  inches  in  length.  Heads 
usually  numerous,  small,  with  small  white  or  purple  rays.  Starved  Aster. 

/3.  (Z//fwsMs  ;  ira?ic//cs  spreading,  diffuse  ;  Ze«»cs  elliptic-lanceolate,  more  or 
less  narrowly  so  ;  heads  often  sessile,  forming  short,  crowded  spikes,  or  long 
virgate  ones.     Stem  hairy,  as  well  as  the  raid-rib  of  the  leaves  beneath. 

13.  A.    SIMPLEX.       Wllld. 

Stem  racemose-paniculate  above,  smooth  ;  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  entire, 
smooth,  the  lower  ones  seriate  towards  the  end;  involucre  loose,  imbricate, 
the  scales  acute,  spreading  at  their  points.  Another  variable  species,  found 
in  low  grounds.  Stem  2 — 5  feet  high.  Leaves  2 — 4  inches  long,  sessile, 
rough-margined,  narrow-acute.     Flowers  on  long  stalks,  middle  size.     Sept. 

WiUoiD-leavcd  Aster. 

p.  {T.  ^  G.)  hronches  hirsute  or  pubescent;  heads  above  the  middle  size, 
with  blue  rays.     Stem  4 — 6  feet  high. 

y.  (T.  ^  G.),  branches  pubescent,  with  short,  crowded  spikes  of  small 
heads  ;  rays  pale  blue. 

14.  A.  tenuifo'lius. 

Stem  smooth,  erect,  paniculate-branching,  with  1-flowered  branchlets; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end.  long-acuniinale,  entire,  with 
roughish  margins,  the  lower  ones  often  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  involucrt  scales 
lax,°acute.  Grows  in  moist  fields.  Stem  2 — 4  inches  long,  tliose  of  the 
branches  and  branchlets  proportionately  smaller.  Heads  small  with  numerous 
(30— 30),  long,  pale-purple  rays.     Sept.  J\~arroic-leaved  Aster. 

15.  A.    PUNl'CEUS. 

Stern  hispid,  paniculate  ;  leaves  amplexicaul  and  more  or  less  auriculate  at 
base,  lanceolate,  serrate,  roughish  abova  ;  involucre  loose,  longer  than  the 
disk,  the  scales  linear-lanceolate,  long  and  revolute,  nearly  equal,  and  2-ro wed. 
A  large  handsome  Aster  common  in  swamps  and  ditches,  sometimes  in  dry 
soils.  Stem  4 — G  feet  high,  generally  red,  (at  least  on  the  south  side), 
furrowed,  hispid.  Lower  leaves  with  remote  serratures,  rough-edged  and 
rouoh  on  the  upper  surface,  ail  accuminate  and  narrowed  at  base.  Flowers 
le,r<re  and  showy.     Rays  50 — 80,  long  and  narrow,  pale  purple.     Aug — Oct. 

Rcd-stalkcd  Aster. 


COMPOSITE. 


191 


16.  A.  prenanthoi'des.     Muh. 

Stem  hairy  or  pubescent  above,  corymbose-paniculate  ;  leaves  oval-lanceo- 
late, serrate,  acuminate,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  long  winged  petiole  which  is 
auriculate  at  the  insertion  ;  involucre  imbricated  with  several  rows  of  linear, 
green-tipped,  spreading  scales.  Grows  in  low  woods,  N.  Y.  Stem  2 — 3  feet 
high  with  a  terminal  corymbose  panicle  of  large  heads  on  short  peduncles. 
Rays  showy,  pale  blue.  Leaves  remarkable  for  the  long,  winged  petiole, 
which  is  dilated  at  its  base  into  rounded,  auriculate  segments.  Branch-leaves 
Bmaller,  nearly  entire.     Sept. — Nov. 

§  §  §  Leaves  entire  (the  lowest  rarely  subserrate).    ^  Heads  corymbose. 

17.  A.  elo'des.     T.  8^  G. 

Glabrous  and  very  smooth  ;  branches  corymbose-paniculate;  ?caws  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire,  shining,  thick,  upper  anes  somewhat  clasping ;  involucre 
closely  imbricated  in  several  rows  of  linear,  green-pointed,  spreading  scales. 
In  Swamps.  Stem  1—2  feet  high,  with  very  smooth  foliage  and  large,  showy, 
blue  flowers.     Aug.     Sept.  Swamp  Aster. 

18.  A.  Nov.E  A'ngli^.     l. 

F/o2/'c?-5  terminal,  crowded,  somewhat  fastigiate  ;  ^(cjn.  hispid,  paniculate; 
ieaces  linear-lanceolate,  ample.xicaul,  auriculate  at  base  ;  scales  of  involucre 
equal,  la.Y,  linear-lanceolate,  rather  longer  than  the  disk.  A  large  and  beau- 
tiful Aster,  in  fields,  meadows,  and  shades.  In  Europe  it  is  deemed  worthy  of 
cultivation.  Stem  4— G  feet  high,  straight,  erect,  viscidly  hairy,  colored. 
Leaves  very  numerous,  narrow,  entire,  with  2  auricular  appendages  at  base. 
Flowers  large,  in  a  kind  of  loose  paniculate  corymb.  Ray-flowers  deep  pur- 
ple, numerolis   (75—100).     Sept.  -^'ew  England  Aster. 

19.  A.    NEMORA'LIS.      Ait.  A.  Iffidifolius.     P. 
Branches  corymbed  ;  7;crfu?ic/e5  1 -flowered,  nearly  naked,  filiform  ;  involucre 

loosely  imbricate,  half  as  long  as  the  disk,  with  very  acute  scales  ;  ray-fiowers 
about  20.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  nerveless,  revolute- 
margined,  roughish.  Plant  about  a  foot  high,  found  in  woods,  common.  It 
varies  in  the  number  of  heads,  there  being  sometimes  but  one.  The  leaves 
have  sometimes  a  few  slight  indentures.  Rays  large,  white  or  pale-purple. 
Sept.    Oct.  Wood  Aster. 

20.  A.  ptarmicoi'des.     t.  <^-  G. 

Stem  corymbose-fastigiate  above  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rough- 
margined,  entire,  lower  ones  dentate,  attenuated  into  a  short  petiole  ;  rays 
short.  A  very  distinct  Aster,  low  and  leafy,  found  in  rocky  soils,  by  streams, 
&c.,  rare.  Stems  clustered,  simple,  each  bearing  a  spreading  panicle  of  heads 
which  are  below  the  middle  size  and  furnished  with  snow-white  rays.  July 
Sept.  Sncezewort  Aster. 

21.  A.    FLEXUO'SUS.      Nult.  A.  sparsiflorus.     P. 

Stem  branching,  slender,  fle.xuous,  very  smooth  :  hateslong  and  succulent, 
the  lower  ones  sublanceolate-linear,  upper  ones  subulate  ;  branches  leafy, 
1-flowered  ;  innolncre  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  appressed  ;  rays  numerous, 
shorter  than  the  involucre.  Grows  in  salt  marshes.  The  whole  plant  very 
smooth,  a  foot  high,  with  large,  purple  flowers;  disk  yellow.     Aug.— Oct. 

Few-Jloicercd  Aster, 


coMPOSiT.f:.  192 


§  §  §  Leaves  entire  (the  lowest  rarely  subserrate),  t  cauline  ones  amplexicaul. 
*  *  Heads  paniculate. 

22.  A.  PHLOGIFO'LIUS.  Muh.  A.  amplexicaulis.  WiUd. 
Stem  simple,  paniculate  above,  pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate,  cordate,  clasp- 
ing the  stem,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  pubescent;  puKic/e  loose, 
few-flowered  ;  scales  imbricate,  lanceolate,  lax,  the  points  herbaceous.  A  fine 
species  with  large  violet-colored  flowers.  Grows  in  moist  grounds,  N.  Y. 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  slender,  branching  above  into  a  loose,  terminal  panicle. 
Heads  solitary,  on  the  ends  of  the  leafy  branchlets.  Rays  20 — 30.  Scales 
rather  numerous.  Leaves  large  (3 — 4  inclies  long)  on  the  stem,  becoming 
ismall  and  bracteate  on  the  branches.     Aug. — Nov.  Fla rnc-cul or cd  Aster. 

ji.  patens  (A.  patens,  j3t^)  ;  leaves  auriculale-cordate,  amplexicaul  at  base. 

23.  A.    L^VIS.      L.  A.  mutabilis.  L.     A.  amplexicaulis.  Muh. 
Very  smooth;  stem  angular;  branches  simple,  1-flowered;  leaves  subam- 

plexicaul,  remote,  oblong,  entire,  shining,  radical  ones  subserrate;  involucre 
closely  imbricate,  the  scales  broadly  linear,  rigid,  thickened  and  herbaceous 
at  the  apex.  A  very  smooth  and  beautiful  species,  2 — 3  feet  high,  growing  in 
low  grounds.  Stem  polished,  green,  often  somewhat  glaucous.  Leaves 
rather  fleshy,  broadest  at  base,  the  lower  ones  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole. 
Flowers  large  and  showy,  with  numerous  rays  of  a  fine  blue,  becoming 
purple.     Sept.— Nov.  Smooth  Aster. 

/3.  cijaneus  (T.  ^  G.  A.  cyaneus.  P);  stem  and  leaves  conspicuously 
glaucous.     This  variety  is  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  Asters. 

y.  lecigatus  {T.  S^  G.  A.  levigatus.   Willd);  leaves   long,  Imear-lanceolate. 

These  beautiful  varieties,  heretofore  exalted  by  most  writers  into  species, 
are  here  exhibited  in  accordance  with  the  views  of  Drs.  Torrey  and  Gray,  and 
undoubtedly  in  their  true  relationship. 

24.  A.   c.\'rneus. 

Sniooth;  leaves  uniform,  narrow-lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  the  lower  ones 
tapering  to  the  base,  upper,  stem  clasping;  stem  dividing  into  straight, 
racemose,  leafy,  branches  bearing  middle  sized  heads  with  pale-purple  rays. 
Sept.     Oct.  Flesh-colored  .is'ter. 

25.  A.    LAXUS. 

Stem  loosely  corjmbose-panicled  above  ;  /enrfs  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
rough-edged,  lower  ones  subserrate,  those  of  the  stem  subreflexed,  of  the 
branches  much  spreading;  involucre  imbricate,  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  re- 
flexed  at  the  apex.  Fields.  Stern  2 — 3  feet  high  with  small,  bluish  flowers. 
Sept.     Oct.  Loose-stalked  Aster. 

26.  A.    PR.EA'LTUS.      Pair.  A.  salicifolius.     Ait. 
Stem  corymboselypaniculate,    with  hairy  lines   above  ;  leeives  lanceolate, 

closely  sessile  or  subamplexicaul,  smooth  and  shining  above,  with  a  rough 
margin,  subserrate  or  entire,  acute,  the  lower  ones  narrowed  towards  the 
base  ;  involucre  loosely  imbricated  with  acute,  green-tipped  linear  scales. 
Common  in  moist  woods  and  by  streams,  varying  from  2  to  3  feet  in  hight. 
The  stem  is  slender,  often  flexuous,  greener  ol'ten  purple,  dividing  above  into 
flowering  branches,  arranged  in  a  sort  of  corymbose  panicle  of  large  and 
showy  blue  flowers.     Aug.    Oct. 

27.  A.  amethvsti'nus.     jVutt. 

Hirsute  ;  stein  racemose-paniculate  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  rougli, 
acute,  with  somewhat  auriciilale  appendages  at  the  clasping  base;  involucre 
of  equal  scales.     Heads  small,  with  azure  rays.     Aug. — Oct. 


COMPOSITiE.  193  SERIOCARPUS. 

§  §  §  Leaves  entire  (the  lowest  rarely  subserrate),    f  f  cauline  ones  mostly 
linear  and  sessile.     **  Heads  paniculate. 

28.  A.  ericoi'des. 

Nearly  or  quite  smooth;  branches  virgate,  spreading,  paniculate;  leaves 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  very  smooth,  those  of  the  branches  subulate  and 
approximate,  short,  of  the  stem  long,  of  the  root  oblong,  spathulate  ;  involucre 
somewhat  squarrose.  Grows  in  rocky  fields.  Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  with 
numerous  brittle  branches  and  branchlets  forming  a  thick  bush  and  terminated 
each  by  a  single  pale-purple  flower.  Leaves  rather  numerous,  the  cauline 
ones  3  inches  in  length.    Heads  small,  about  20-rayed.   Sept.    Heath-like  Aster. 

29.  A.  multiflo'rus. 

Hairy  or  pubescent;  s^eni  difFusely  branched  ;  leaves  linear,  entire,  sessile, 
pubescent,  margins  subciliate ;  involucre  imbricate,  squarrose,  linear  or 
spathulate,  with  oblong,  ciliate  scales.  A  very  branching,  diffuse  species  with 
very  numerous,  small  flowers  crowded  on  the  racemose  branches,  each  with 
about  12  white  rays.  Stem  variously  pubescent,! — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  1 — 2 
inches  long,  obtuse,  very  narrow.     Rocks  and  dry  fields.     Variable.     Sept. 

Many-jiowered  Aster. 

30.  A.    DUMO'SUS. 

Nearly  smooth ;  branches  racemose-panicled ;  leaves  numerous,  smooth, 
linear,  sessile,  entire  or  subserrate,  those  of  the  branches  very  short;  involucre 
cylindrical,  closely  imbricate.  About  2  feet  high,  in  dry  shades  and  borders 
of  woods.  Stem  much  branched,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  with  long, 
linear  leaves,  those  of  the  branches  smaller  and  becoming  very  minute. — 
Heads  middle  sized,  scattered,  solitary,  with  about  24  purplish  white  rays. 
Variable.     Sept.  Buslnj  Aster. 

/i.  foliosus ;  ?ea»es  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  acute;  branches 
few-flowered,  somewhat  racemed ;  involucre  with  linear,  acute,  appressed 
scales. 

31.  A.    LINIFO'LIUS.      L.  A.  subulatus.     Mx. 

Stem  paniculate,  much  branched  from  the  base ;  leaves  long,  linear,  very 
acute,  the  uppermost  subulate  ;  involucre  cyVindnc  wlih  subulate  scales;  radi- 
cal heads  minute.  An  annual  species,  found  in  salt  mar-hes.  Stem  12 — 18 
inches  high,  very  smooth,  thick,  reddish.  Leaves  smooth,  sessile.  The  plant 
is  very  branching,  with  numerous  short-rayed,  small,  purple  flowers.  Aug. 
— Nov.  Sea  Aster. 

10.    SERIOCA'RPUS. 

Heads  few-flowered;  raj  flowers  4 — G,  pistillate;  disk  fls. 
6 — 10,  perfect;  involucre  oblong,  imbricated;  scales  appres-    j 
sed,  with  green,  spreading  tips;  receptacle  alveolate  ;  acheni-    ' 
um  obconic,  very  silky  ;  pappus  simple. 

Gr.  <rriQiKOi,  silken,  Kct^Toi,  fruit;  on  account  of  the  densely  silken  ache- 
nia.     Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  close  corymbs.     Rays  white, 

1.    S.    SOLIDAGI'NEUS.      .Yees.  Aster  solidaginoides.     Mx. 

Smooth  ;  corijmb  fastigiate  ;  heads  aggregate,  sessile,  few-flowered,  5-rayed  ; 
scales  obtuse,  whitish,  with  green  tips;  icarci- linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, 


COMPOSITiE.  194  DIPLOPAPPUS. 

obsoletely  3-nerved,  roup-h  on  the  margin.  About2  feet  high,  with  pale  green 
foliage  and  a  terminal,  level-topped  corymb  of  small  white  flowers.  Grows 
in  woods.  Stem  slender,  smooth,  simple.  Leaves  smooth.  Involucre  im- 
bricate, oblong,  with  appressed  scales.     Rays  long,  white.     Jl.     Aug. 

2.  S.  CONVZOI'dES.   Mes.   Conyzaasteroides.  L.    Aster conyzcides.  JFjVW. 

Slein  somewhat  pubescent,  simple,  corymbose  at  top ;  leaves  oval-lanceolate, 
smooth  beneath,  slightly  3-nerved,  narrowed  at  base,  acute,  the  upper  ones 
sessile,  nearly  entire,  the  lower  narrowed  into  the  petiole,  serrate;  involucre 
cylindrical,  the  scales  oval,  obtuse,  appressed,  slightly  reflexed  at  summit; 
rays  5,  short.  Grows  in  woods  and  thickets.  Stems  somewhat  5-angled,  1 — 
2  teet  high.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  Ray  short,  but  longer  than  the 
disk,  white,     July.     August. 

11.    DIPLOPA'PPUS. 
Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  fls.  about  12,  pistillate  ;  diskfls. 
perfect;  involucre  imbricate;    receptacle  tlat,  subalveolate  ; 
pappus  double,  the  exterior  very  siiort,  interior  copious,  capil- 
lary ;  achenium  compressed. 

Gr.  }i7rXooi.  double,  TuTTroi,  pappus.  Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  and 
entire  leaves.'  Rays  cyanic;  disk  yellow.  Inner  pappus  about  as  long  as 
the  tube  of  the  corolla, 

1.  D.    LINARIFO'LIUS.      Hook.  Aster linarifolius.     L, 

Stem  straight,  roughish;  branches  1-flowered,  fastigiate  ;  scales  oi  involucre 
imbricate,  carinate,  as  long  as  the  disk  ;  leaves  linear,entire,l-nerved,mucro- 
nate,  carinate,  rough,  rigid,  those  of  the  branches  recurved. .  A  rough,  rigid, 
leafy  species,  growing  in  dry  pastures,  woods,  West  River  Mt.,  &c.  Stems 
subsimple,  purphsh,  about  a  foot  high,  decumbent  at  base.  Leaves  numerous, 
rigidly  upright  or  deflected,  obtuse,  with  a  small,  mucronate  point,  pale 
beneath,  shining  above.  Branchlets  near  the  top,  leafy,  each  with  one  rather 
laroe  and  showy,  violet-colored  flower.     Aug.     Sept. 

Linear -leaved  Dijilopappus. 

2.  D.    UMBELLA'TUS.      T.  S,-  G.  Aster  umbellatus.     .,iit. 

Stem  smooth,  straight,  simple  ;  corymb  fastigiate ;  leaves  long,  lanceolate, 
smooth,  attenuate-acuminate  at  each  end,  rough  on  the  margin ;  involucre 
scales  obtusely  lanceolate.  A  tall,  handsome  plant,  growing  in  low  grounds, 
river  banks  and  fields.  Stem  3—4  feet  high  (in  dry  fields  but  1—2),  purplish, 
channelled,  simple,  smooth,  branching  above  into  a  large,  level-topped,  com- 
pound corymb  of  showy  flowers.  Leaves  narrow,  entire,  4 — U  inches  in  length, 
those  of  the  branchlets  smaller.  Rays  about  12,  white.  Disk  yellow.  Aug. 
September.  Umbellate  Diplopappus. 

3.  D.    CORNIFo'LIUS.      Darlington.  Aster  cornifolius.     L. 

Stem  smooth  below,  scabrous  and  slightly  paniculate  above,  few-flowered; 
leaves  elliptical,  acuminate,  entire,  tapering  to  the  base,  with  scattered  hairs, 
rouifh-edged  ;  involucre  scales  imbricate,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Grows  in 
woods,  common.  The  whole  plant  nearly  smooth,  erect,  1—2  feet  high. 
Leaves  acute  at  the  base,  paler  beneath,  on  very  short  stalks.  Flowers  lew, 
laro-e  ;  outer  scales  very  short.     Rays  about  10,  white,     Jl.     Aug. 


COMPOSITJE,  195  ERIGERON. 


12.    ERI'GERON. 
Heads  many-flowered,  subhemispherical ;  ray-flowers  very 
numerous  (40 — 130),  narrow,  linear  and  pistillate-,  flowers  of 
the  disk  perfect;  receptacle  flat,  naked;  involucre  nearly  in 
1  row;  pappus  generally  simple. 

Gr.  ijg,  the  spring,  yi^s^v,  an  old  man ;  because  it  becomes  old  early  in  the 
season.  Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves.  Rays  cyanic.  Pappus  double  in  a 
few  species,  the  outer  one  very  short,  the  inner  one  longer  than  the  corolla. 
Achenia  compressed. 

1.  E.  BELLIDIFO'LIUM.  Willd.  E.  pulchellum.  Mx. 
Hairy  ;  radical  leaves  ovate,  subserrate  ;  stem  leaves  remote,  entire,  lanceo- 
late, amplexicaul ;  stem  3 — 5-flowerpd  ;  rays  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  hem- 
ispherical calyx.  An  inhabitant  of  dry  fields.  Stem  about  18  inches  high, 
erect,  simple.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  broader  and  rounded  at  the  end  with  a 
few  teeth,  long,  taperincr  at  the  base.  Stem  leaves  rather  acute,  rounded  and 
clasping  at  the  base.  Flowers  few,  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  on  short  stalks. 
Rays  numerous,  linear,  pale  purple.     May,  Jn.     Per.  Robhi's  Flahvtain. 

2.  E.  Philade'lphicum. 

Pubescent;  haves  subserrate,  oblong-cuneate,  those  of  the  stem  half-clasp- 
ing; rays  capillary,  the  length  of  the  disk;  stem  branched  above,  many-flow- 
ered. A  tall,  branching  species,  pretty  common  in  fields  and  pastures.  Stem 
3  feet  high,  slender.  Leaves  clasping,  the  lower  ones  sessile  and  remotely 
toothed.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  large,  branching  panicle.  Rays  very  nu- 
merous and  narrow,  pale  purple.     Jn.     Per.  Philadelpkia  Flcahane. 

/3.  (T.  (^.  G.);  stevi  stout;  cauline  leaves  larger,  mostly  coarsely  and  sharp- 
ly serrate,  corymbs  compound;  rays  pale  purple  or  nearly  white.  Common 
in  grass  lands. 

3.  E.    A'NNUUM.      Pers. 

Stem,  hispid  with  scattered  hairs,  branching ;  leaves  hirsute,  coarsely  serrate, 
the  lowest  ovate,  contracted  at  base  into  a  winged  petiole,  stem  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  the  highest  lanceolate;  ?Y7.(/s  very  numerous  and 
narrow.  Stem  thick,  2 — 4  feet  high,  striate,  terminating  in  a  large,  diffuse, 
corymbose  panicle  of  large  heads.  Rays  white  or  purplish,  100  or  move,  short. 
June — August.  Jiiinual  Fleaba/ie. 

4.  E.    STRlG'oSUiM. 

Hairy  and  strigose  ;  lenves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  entire  or  with 
a  few  large  teeth  in  the  middle,  lower  ones  3-nerved  and  petiolate  ;  panicle 
corymbose.  A  rough  weed  infesting  grassy  fields,  much  to  the  annoyance  of 
the  cultivators.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  slender,  furrowed  with  scattered 
bristles  and  bearing  a  large,  loose  corymb.  Leaves  also  witii  scattered  bristles, 
sessile.     Rays  very  narrow,  white.    Jn. — Oct.    Bienn.     Fleabane  While-iceed. 

(S.  (E.  integerifolium.  Bw.);  i-/em  simple,  smooth  ;  Zeace,<t  entire,  3-nerved; 
fiowrs  corymbed.  Plant  2  feet  high,  in  fields  and  hedges.  Leaves  pubescent, 
the  lower  ones  rarely  subdentate.     Rays  white,  100 — 150. 

5.  E.  Canaden'se. 

Involucre  lAAong;  ra?/s  numerous,  (40 — 50),  crowded,  minute  ;  pappvs  sim- 
ple ;  stem  hairy,  paniculate  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  lower  ones  subserrate.  A  very 
common  annual  plant  of  no  beauty,  growing  by  road  sides  and  in  fields.  Stem 
G — 48  inches  high,  branching,  hairy  and  furrowed.     Leaves  very  narrow,  witli 


composite:.  196  SOLIDAGO, 

rough  edges.  Flowers  white,  very  numerous,  small,  of  mean  appearance, 
irregularly  racemose  upon  the  branches,  and  constituting  a  large,  oblong  pan- 
icle.    The  plant  varies  greatly  in  size  according  to  the  soil.     Aug — Nov. 

Common  Fleubane. 

13.    BELLIS. 
Heads  many-flowered ;  rays  pistillate;  disk  perfect;  invo- 
lucre hen>ispherical,  of  equal  scales;  receptacle  subalveolate, 
conical ;  pappus  0. 

Lat.  hellus,  pretty ;  a  term  which  well  characterizes  the  Daisy. 

B.  PERE'NNIS. — Scajje  naked,  single-flowered;  Zearfs  obovate,  crenate. 
Native  of  England  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  naturalizpd  in  some  parts  of 
N.  England  in  cultivated  ground.  Scape  3  or  4  inches  high,  with  a  single 
white  riowcr  which  is  single,  double  or  quilled  in  the  different  varieties.  Blos- 
soms in  the  spring  and  summer  months.     Per.  Garden  Daisy^ 

14.    DA'HLIA. 
Involucre  double,  the  outer  series  many-leaved,  the  inner 
1-leaved,  8-parted;  receptacle  chaify;  pappus  0. 

Named  for  Andrew  Dahl,  a  Swedish  botanist,  pupil  of  Linnffius.  Splendid 
perennial.     Mexican  herbs.     Leaves  pinnate,  opposite. 

1.  D.  SUPE'RFLUA. — /Jac/u's ofthe/eflres  winged;  Zeo/efs ovate, acumi- 
nate, serrate,  sinning  and  smooth  beneath;  outer  involucre  reflexed.  This 
superb  and  fashionable  genus  is  a  native  of  sandy  meadows  in  Mexico. 

Barren-rayed  Dahlia^ 

2.  D.  FRUSTRA'NE  A. — Rachis  of  the  leaves  naked  ;  leaflets  ovate-acumi- 
nate, serrate,  roughish  beneath  ;  outer  involucre  spreading.  The  Dahlia  has 
coarse  and  rough  leaves  resembling  those  of  the  common  elder,  but  the  flow- 
ers are  large  and  beautiful,  sporting  into  numerous  varieties  of  single  and 
double-flowers,  of  every  possible  shade  of  scarlet,  crimson,  purple,  red  and 
yellow.  They  grow  in  any  soil  or  situation,  and  the  poorer  the  soil  the  small- 
er the  plant,  but  the  earlier  and  more  abundant  the  flowers.  If  raised  from 
seeds  the  plants  will  blossom  the  second  year,  or  the  first,  if  sown  in  February 
and  forced  by  artificial  heat.  They  are  more  generally  propagated  by  the  di- 
visions of  the  roots.  As  soon  as  the  frost  blackens  the  tops,  the  roots  require 
to  be  taken  up  and  kept  in  a  dry  place,  secure  from  frost  until  spring.  They 
are  the  better  secured  by  being  buried  in  dry  sand.  Fertile-rayed  Dahlia. 

Section  II.    Heads  ratliate.    Rays  yellow. 

15.     SOLID  A' GO. 
Flowers  of  the  ray  about  5,  remote,  of  the  disk  perfect; 
involucre  oblong,  imbricate,  with  appressed  scales;  recepta- 
cle punctate,  narrow;  pappus  simple,  capillary,  scabrous. 

Lat.  soUdari,  to  unite  ;  from  the  vulnerary  qualities  of  the  plants.  A  large 
genus  of  perennial  herbs  Stems  erect,  branching  near  the  top.  Lvs.  alternate. 
Heads  small,  with  from  1  to  1.5  small  ravs  (very  rarely  0).  Fls.  yellow  (one 
species  S.  bicolor,  has  whitish  rays).  The  species  are  exceedingly  abundant 
in  the  United  States,  and,  with  the  Aster,  are  every  where  seen  in  blos^m 
in  the  autumnal  months. 


COMPOSITJE. 


197 


§  Heads  corymbose.     *  Leaves  all  linear,  entire,  sessile. 

1.  S.  Lanceola'ta. 

Stem  angular,  hair}',  much  branched  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  3- 
nerved,  roug-h-margined,  slightly  hispid  on  the  nerves  beneath;  corymbs  ter- 
minal, fastigiate.  In  woods  and  meadows.  Distinguislied  from  most  other 
species  by  °its  flat-topped  corymb.  Steui  2—4  feet  iiigh,  with  numerous, 
very  long  and  narrow  leaves,  which  are  distinctly  3-nerved  and  acutely  point- 
ed. Flowers  in  terminal,  crowded  clusters.  Involucre  ovate.  The  whole 
plant  is  fragrant.     Sept.  Grass-leaved  Guldenrod. 

2.  S.  tenuifo'lia. 

Stem  angular,  smooth,  with  many  fastigiate  branches  ;  hares  linpar,  spread- 
ing, ob.scurely  3-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  the  a.xils  leaty ;  curijmb 
terminal,  consisting  of  clustered  heads;  raT/i;  about  10,  scarcely  as  long' as 
the  disk.  Grows  in  sandy  fields  near  the  seacoast.  A  very  slender  species, 
distinguished  from  S.  lanceolata  by  the  extreme  narrowness  ol  the  leaves  and 
the  thmner,  more  open  corymb,  which  is  often  reduced  to  a  few  heads.  The 
leaves  bear  tufts  of  smaller  ones  in  their  axils,  and  are  punctate  with  resinous 
dots.     August — October. 

§  Heads  corymbose.     *  *  Lower  leaves  serrate,  pctiolate. 

3.  S.  ui'gida. 

Sum  stout,  rough  and  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  rough  witli  minute  hairs, 
those  of  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  very  entire,  lower  ones  serrate  ;  flowering 
branches  paniculate,  with  close,  short  racemes  ;  ?-ays  elongated  ;  Involucre  scahs 
obtuse.  A  tall  species,  in  rocky  woods.  Stem  3 — 5  feet  higii,  round,  striate, 
with  rigid  leaves,  of  which  the  radical  ones  are  sometimes  near  a  foot  long. 
Flowers  in  a  sort  of  corymbose  panicle,  very  large,  with  large,  deep  yellow 
rays.     Aug.     Sept.  Hand-Leaf  Goldcnrud. 

4.  S.   Oiiioe'nsis.      Biddd. 

Stem  simple,  very  smooth  ;  loioer  leaves  on  long  petioles,  lanceolate-oblong, 
obtuse,  acute  at  base,  serrate  towards  the  sununit ;  apyer  lea.ves  lanceolate, 
subclasping,  acute  ;  heads  small,  in  a  fastigiate  corymb.  A  very  smooth  spe- 
cies, in  moist  places.    Western  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  &c.    Hight  2— 3  feet.    Sept.  Oct. 

§  §  Heads  in  g-lomeratc,  axillary  clusters. 

5.  S.    SQUARRO'.SA. 

iS'^cm  stout,  simple,  erect,  thickly  pubescent  above;  Icjjvcs  smooth,  lower 
ones  very  broad,  oval-spathulate,  serrate,  acute,  upper  ones  lanceolate-elliptic, 
highest,  entire  ;  racemes  glomerate,  rigid  and  pubescent;  involucre  squarrose, 
many-flowered  ;  raiis  10—12,  elongated.  A  handsome  species,  found  on  rocky 
hills.  Stem  3—5  feet  high.  Flowers  very  large,  forming  a  long  terminal  spike 
of  short,  dense,  axillary  fascicles  or  racemes.     Sept.  Ragged  Goldenrud. 

G.    S.    CiE'SIA. 

.SVcTK  erect,  round,  smooth  and  glaucous,  often  flexuous ;  leaves  smooth, 
lanceolate,  lower  ones  serrate;  racemes  axillary,  erect.  A  very  elegant 
species,  in  thickets  and  dry  woods.  Stem  ] — 3  feet  high,  of  a  bluish  purple 
color,  terete  and  slender,  somewhat  flexuous,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves 
2 — .5  inches  long,  ending  in  a  long  point,  sessile,  glaucous  beneath.  Racemes 
axillary,  numerous,  short  Flowers  of  a  deep,  rich  yellow.  Rays  5 — 7,  once 
and  a  half  the  length  of  the  involucre.     Aug.  Blue-stemmed  Goldenrod. 

/3.  hispida  has  a  hispid  stem  and  rough  leaves. 
R* 


COMPOSlTiE.  198  SOLIDAGO. 

y.  flexicaulis  (S.  flexicaulis.  P.) ;  stem  flexuous,  angular ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  racemes  axillary.  Leaves  hardly  2  inches  long,  and  half  an  inch 
wide.  Racemes  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  upper  ones  nearly  capi- 
tate.    Rays  pale-yellow. 

7.  S.    LATIFO'LIA.        S.  macrophylla.  5«?.     S.  flexicaulis,  /3.  latifolia.  P. 

Stem  somewhat  flexuous,  angular,  smooth  ;  leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate 
at  each  end,  deeply  serrate,  smootli ;  petioles  margined;  racemes  axillary.  A 
very  distinct  species,  although  considered  by  rursh  a  variety  of  the  last. 
Common  in  dry  woods  and  by  rocky  streams.  Stem  slender,  not  always 
perfectly  smooth,  2  feet  high.  Leaves  very  large,  3 — 5  inches  long  and  2—4 
broad,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  winged  stalk,  long  pointed,  with  remarka- 
bly long  and  acute  serratures.  Clusters  axillary,  very  short,  tlie  stem  ending 
with  a  longer  terminal  one.     Flowers  few.     Sept. 

8.  S.    BI'COLOR. 

Hairy;  stem  simple  ;  leaves  elliptical  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  lower  ones 
serrate,  short-stalked;  racemes  short,  dense,  leafy,  erect;  involucre  scales 
obtuse.  In  woods  and  dry  hills.  A  species  remarkably  distinguished  among 
the  solidagos  by  having  white  rays.  Stem  generally  simple,  2  feet  high,  a 
little  hairy.  Leaves  hairy  on  both  sides,  mostly  entire,  gradually  reduced  in 
size  upwards.  Flowers  in  numerous  close,  short,  axillary  clusters,  forming  a 
long  terminal,  interrupted  spike.  Rays  about  8,  very  short,  yellowish-white, 
obscure.     July.     Auf.  Two-colored  Goldenrod. 

§  §  §  Heads  in  erect,  terminal,  simple  or  compound  racemes,  not  secund. 

9.  S.    PUBE'rULA.      JVm«. 

Plant  puberulent ;  stem  simple,  terete  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  attenuated 
at  each  end,  radical  ones  subserrate  ;  racemes  spicate,  axillary,  erect  and  con- 
densed ;  peduncles  pubescent ;  mwo/wcrf  scoZp.?  linear-lanceolate,  acute  ;  rays 
about  10,  elongated.  Found  in  low  woods,  Maine,  Ms.  Stem  straight,  pur- 
plish, 2 — 3  feet  high,  terminating  in  a  long,  thy  rsoid  spike  of  dense,  appressed 
racemes.  Leaves  very  minutely  pubescent  both  sides,  the  lowest  on  dense, 
winged  stalks.     Heads  rather  large,  bright  yellow.     Aug.  Oct. 

10.  S.    STRICTA. 

Smooth  ;  stem  strict,  erect,  simple ;  cuuline  leaves  lanceolate,  very  entire, 
rough-edged;  radical  ones  serrate,  very  long;  racemes  paniculate,  erect; 
jiedunclcs  svaooth.  In  wet  woods.  Stem  (and  every  other  part)  very  smooth, 
about  2  feet  high,  ending  in  a  long,  close  panicle  composed  of  the  appressed, 
dense,  short  racemes.     Aug.  iViUow-leaf  Goldenrod. 

11.  S.    SPECIO'SA.      ^'utt. 

Stem  smooth,  simple;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  and  scabrous  on  the  margin, 
thick,  the  radical  and  lower  ones  subserrate,  very  broad;  racemes  erect, 
numerous,  forming  a  terminal,  thyrsoid  panicle;  jjedictls  shorter  than  the 
involucre,  pubescent ;  rc/?/.s' large,  few.  Woods.  A  very  tall,  showy  species, 
sometimes  G  feet  high.  Stem  stout,  often  purple,  furrowed.  Leaves  ample, 
some  of  them  (j  inches  long  and  half  as  wide.  Heads  exceedingly  numerous, 
with  conspicuous  rays  of  a  rich  yellow,  in  a  large,  showy,  pyramidal  panicle. 

12.  S.    THYRSOI'DEA.      Mcijer.  S.  virgaurea.     Bw 

Siein  simple,  flexuous,  very  smooth,  pubescent  above;  /sarfs  smooth,  ovatCy 
sharply  serrate,  acute,  the  lower  ones  on  long  petioles,  the  vpper  ones  sub- 


COMPOSITJE.  199  SOLIDAGO. 

sessile,  lanceolate ;  racemes  mostly  simple,  short ;  heads  large,  with  conspic- 
uous rays.  A  very  fine  goldenrod  abounding  in  woods  on  the  sides  of  the 
White  Mts.,  and  at  Franconia  Notch.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  long,  slender 
stalks  of  the  lower,  ovale  leaves,  and  for  the  large,  deep  yellow  flowers  which 
exceed  in  size  those  of  all  other  species.  Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  racemes 
axillary  and  terminal,  usually  in  a  thyrse-like  panicle.     Aug. 

13.  S.    VlRGAUREA. 

Slem  flexuous,  furrowed,  pubescent  at  top  ;  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate ; 
loicer  ones  oval,  attenuated  at  both  ends;  race^nes  erect,  ray  elongated,  flowers 
large.  This  is  the  only  species  common  to  the  two  continents.  One  of  its 
numerous  varieties  is  seen  scattered  here  and  there  on  the  lower  summits  of 
the  Wliite  Mts.,  scarcely  on  Mt.  Washington  peak.  The  flowers  are  very 
few,  often  one  only,  but  larger  than  those  of  most  other  species,  and  of  a 
rich,  golden  yellow.  Stem  often  purple,  2 — 3  inches  high,  simple,  with 
axillary  and  terminal  flowers.     Aug.  European  Goldenrod. 

§  §  §  §  Heads  in  secund  racemes.     *  Leaves  evidently  tripli-nerved. 

14.  S.  nemora'lis. 

Sltm  subtomentose ;  cauHne  leaves  oblanceolate,  sessile,  hispid,  nearly 
entire,  commonly  with  tufts,  of  smaller  ones  in  their  axils  :  radical  ones  sub- 
cuneiform,  serrate;  racemes  paniculate,  secund;  rays  5 — 7.  A  common, 
starved-Iooking  species  with  a  greyish,  dusty  aspect,  bearing  a  dense  panicle 
of  deep  yellow  flowers.  Hightl — 2  feet.  In  dry,  sterile  fields  and  byroad- 
sides.  Heads  small,  but  with  conspicuous  rays.  Panicle  composed  of  many 
short  racemes,  inclining  to  one  side,  or  often  of  a  smgle  terminal,  recurved 
one.     Often  the  stem  divides  into  brandies,  each  bearing  a  panicle.     Sept. 

15.  S.  Canade'nsis. 

S^em  downy  ;  Zeai'cs  lanceolate,  serrate,  3-nerved,  rough;  racemes  panicu- 
late, secund,  recurved;  rays  short.  In  old  fields,  hedges,  tScc,  common. 
From  18  inches  to  5  feet  high.  Stem  furrowed,  terminated  by  a  copious 
panicle  which  inclines  to  one  side.  Leaves  sessile,  3  inches  long,  sometimes 
nearly  entire,  and  perhaps  a  little  downy.  Heads  almost  innumerable,  very 
small,  with  very  obscure,  yellow  rays.     Aug. — Oct.  Canadian  Goldenrod. 

/3.  procera  (T.  i^-  G.  is.  procera.  }lit.)  ;  stem  villous;  leaves  rough,  villous 
beneath  ;  heads  larger  and  with  larger  rays.  In  low  grounds,  4 — 7  feet  high. 
Leaves  distinctly  3-nerved. 

16.  S.  seroti'na. 

Stem  erect,  round,  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  racemes 
paniculate,  secund  ;  peduncles  pubescent.  A  stout  species  found  in  meadows 
and  thickets.  Stem  4 — 7  feet  high,  very  smooth  and  often  glaucous.  Leaves 
long,  nairow,  pointed,  acute,  3-nerved,  smooth,  ciliate  when  young  Heads 
small,  with  short  rays,  in  an  ample  panicle.     Sept.  Smooth  Goldenrod*. 

17.  S.  giga'ntea. 

Stem  erect,  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  rough  on  the  margin,  ob- 
scurely 3-nerved  ;  racemes  paniculate,  secund  ;  peduncles  hairy  ;  rays  short. 
In  low,  open  grounds.  A  large  and  very  smooth  species.  Stem  purplish, 
4 — 7  feet  high.     Heads  rather  large.    Aug. — Oct.  Giant  Goldenrod. 

18.  S.  refle'xa. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  subserrate,  rough,  reflexed  ;  racemes  panicled, 
fubsecund.     Common  in  old  pastures.     Stem  2  feet  high,  furrowed,  scarcely 


COMPOSITE.  200  SOLIDAGO. 

pubescent.     Leaves  small,  rigid,  nearly  entire,  curved  backwards.    Flowers 
in  long  racemes  constituting  a  diffuse  panicle.        Hanging-Leaved  Goldearod. 

§  §  §  §  Heads  in  secund  racemes.     *  *  Leaves  veiny,  t  all  entire. 

19.  S.  sempervi'rens. 

Stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  succulent,  smooth,  entire, 
rough-edged,  closely  sessile;  racevies  paniculate ;  pe^/untZes  pubescent.  In 
swamps  and  on  river  banks.  Stem  ',\ — 5  feet  high,  purplish,  somewhat 
glaucous,  with  numerous  long  and  narrow  leaves.  Heads  large.  Rays  about 
b,  long  and  narrow.     Sept.  Evergreen  Goldenrod. 

20.  S.  odo'ra. 

Stem  pubescent,  slender ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  entire,  smooth, 
punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  rough-margined;  ractincs  paniculate,  secund. 
In  dry,  fertile  woodlands  and  sunny  hills.  The  only  species  of  Solidago 
whicli  has  properties  generally  considered  either  agreeable  or  useful.  The 
leaves  have  a  pleasant  aromatic  taste  and  smell,  and  yield  by  distillation  a 
fragrant  volatile  oil,  which  resides  in  the  pellucid  reservoirs  with  which  they 
are  tilled.  When  properly  dried  they  are  also  said  to  be  a  good  substitute  for 
tea.  Stem  2 — 3  teet  high,  slender,  furrowed  and  pubescent  above.  Panicle 
usually  one-sided.  Racemes  2 — o  inches  long,  spreading  horizontally,  each 
generally  with  a  leaf  at  base  and  a  single  row  of  flowers  on  the  upper  side. 
July — Sept.  Sweet-scented  Goldenrod. 

§  §  §  §  Heads  in  secund  racemes.     **  Leaves  veiny,  1 1  lower  ones  serrate. 

21.  S.    PA'TULA.      Muh. 

Stem  erect,  smooth,  striate ;  Icnvcs  elliptical,  serrate,  rough  on  the  upper, 
smooth  on  the  under  surl'ace,  lower  ones  oblong-spathulate ;  rwccnies  panicu- 
late, spreading,  secund ;  ;jerf?<«c/e.<;  pubescent.  In  moist  woods,  &c.  Stem 
2  feet  high,  virgate,  angular,  with  leafy  branches  at  top.  Stem  leaves  sessile, 
an  inch  long;  root  leaves  quite  large.  Racemes  short,  on  the  ends  of  the 
leafy  branches,  with  large  flowers.     Sept.  Spread  Goldenrod. 

22.  S.  negle'cta.     t.  4-  G. 

S/em  smooth;  /eares  rather  thick,  smooth,  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to 
narrow-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  feather-veined,  entire,  the  lower 
and  radical  ones  subserrate;  rarcjnes  secund,  dense,  somewhat  spreading,  on 
elongated,  slender,  suberec.t  branches,  which  are  somewhat  leafy  at  base  ; 
orhetiia  smooth.  Grows  in  swamps.  Stems  2 — 4  feet  high,  straight,  round, 
dividing  at  top  into  several  nearly  erect  branches  forming  an  elongated 
panicle.  The  leaves  are  sometimes  nearly  tripli-nerved,  often  very  scabrous 
on  the  margin.  Racemes  short.  Heads  middle-size,  12 — 25  (8 — 12,  Gray.) 
flowered.     Scales  obtuse.     Aug.     Sept. 

23.  S.  argu'ta. 

Stem  erect,  straight,  smooth;  leaves  smooth,  acutely  and  unequallj'  serrate 
with  diverging  teetli,  cauline  ones  elliptical,  sessile,  highest  ones  entire  and 
small,  radical  ones  oblong-ovate,  attenuate  at  base  into  winged  petioles; 
racemes  paniculate,  secund,  dense;  heads  small,  numerous;  rrt//5  about  10. 
In  meadows  and  woods.  A  smooth  plant  2 — 3  feet  high,  with  a  large,  dense, 
corymbose  panicle  of  very  numerous  small  heads.  Racemes  recurved,  a 
finger's  lengtli,  the  compound  pedicels  roughish,  bracted.     Aug.     Sept. 

Shurp-nutchcd  Goldenrod. 

p.  juncea;  leaves  lanceolate,  lower  ones  serrate,  upper  ones  entire;  sttvi 
brownish,  striate;  rays  tv.'ice  as  long  as  the  involucre;  jwnicle  less  dense. 


COMPOSITE. 


201  CHRYSOPSIS 


24.  S.    MuHLENBE'RGHII.      T.S^G.  S.  arguta.    Muh. 

Stem  furrowed,  glabrous ;  haves  smooth  both  sides,  strongly  and  sharply 
serrate,  the  radical  ones  ovate,  petiolate,  cauline  ones  elliptical-lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  each  end ;  racemes  secund,  short,  remote,  axillary,  spreading; 
pedicels  pubescent ;  heads  15—20  flowered ;  scales  linear,  obtuse.  In  damp 
woods  and  thickets.  Stem  2—3  feet  high,  generally  simple,  bearing  a  long, 
open  panicle.  Leaves  large,  notched  with  very  acute  or  acuminate  teeth, 
feather-veined.  Heads  middle  size,  with  6—8  rather  large  rays.  Aug. — 
Sept. 

25.  S.    ALTl'^SIMA. 

Stem  erect,  hairy  ;  Zea7)es  lanceolate,  lower  ones  deeply  serrate,  rough  and 
wrinkled.  A  very  variable  species,  the  tall,  rough  varieties  of  which  are 
common  about  the  borders  of  fields,  in  hedges,  &c.  Stem  rough  with  hairs, 
erect,  3 — 5  feet  high,  much  branched  at  top.  Leaves  variously  toothed  or 
serrate,  numerous  both  upon  the  stem  and  branches.  Branches  widely 
spreading,  each  terminating  in  a  recurved  panicle  with  the  flowers  turning 
upwards.  But  scarcely  two  of  the  plants  look  alike.  The  branches  are  very 
widely  spread,  or  but  little  diverging;  with  few  and  scattered  flowers,  or  with 
numerous  flowers;  ihe  leaves  are  equally  or  unequally  serrate,  hairy  or  wool- 
ly.   Aug. — Oct.  Tall  Goldenrod. 

26.  S.  ulmifo'lia. 

Stem  erect,  smooth,  striate ;  leaves  ovate,  deeply  serrate,  acuminate,  villous 
beneath,  radical  ones  obovate ;  racemes  paniculate,  secund  ;  peduncles  villous ; 
rays  about  4,  short.  In  low  grounds.  Stem  3  feet  high.  Radical  leaves 
hajry  on  both  sides,  stem  leavea  often  oblong-ovate  and  hairy  only  aear  the 
veins  beneath;    all  of  them  rather  large.    Aug.     Sept. 

Elm-leaved  Goldenrod^ 

16.    CHRYSO'PSIS. 
Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray-flowers   pistillate,  disk-flowers 
perfect;  involucre  imbricate;  receptacle    subalveolate,   flat; 
pappus  double,  the  exterior  short,  interior  copious,  capillary; 
achenium  hairy,  compressed. 

X,ev(roi,  gold,  o4^i«,  appearance  ;  on  account  of  the  showy  heads  of  yellow 
flowers.     Perennial,  hairy  herbs  with  alternate  and  entire  leaves. 

1.  C.    FALCA'TA.      Beck.  Inula  falcata.     P. 
Woolly  and  villous;  ?eflws  sessile,  linear,  very  acute,  subfalcate,  spreading; 

nerves  pilose  on  both  sides ;  heads  in  axillary  corymbs ;  involucre  pilose.  A 
low,  leafy  plant  with  axillary,  crowded  corymbs  of  small,  bright-yellow 
flowers.  Rays  3-toothed  at  the  end.  The  thick  stem  is  about  8  inches  in 
hight.     Grows  in  pine  barrens.     Sept.  Oct. 

2.  C.   Maria'NA.      JVm«.  Inula  Mariana.    X. 

Hairy  ;  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  serrate,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  acute,  the 
lower  ones  spathulate  and  generally  obtuse ;  corj/mi  simple  ;  involucre  Visc\6\y 
pubescent.  Common  in  the  Southern  States,  rare  in  N.  Y.  The  stem  and 
leaves  are  clothed  with  scattered,  long,  silky  hairs.  Plant  about  2  feet  high. 
Lower  leaves  taper  at  base  into  petioles.  The  corymb  of  flowers  is  terminal^ 
nearly  or  quite  simple.  Heads  large,  16 — 20  rayed,  yellow,  on  viscid 
glandular  peduncles.     Aug — Oct. 


composite:.  202  baccharis. 

17.    I'NULA. 
Heads  many-flowered;    involucre    imbricate;    ray-flowers 
numerous,  pistillate,  disk  flowers  perfect;  receptacle  naked; 
pappus  simple,  scabrous;  anthers  with  2  bristles  at  base. 

Coarse,  perennial,  European  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  yellow 
flowers. 

I.  Hele'nium. 

Le'ivcs  amplexieaul,  ovate,  rugose,  downy  beneath  ;  involucre  scales  ovate. 
A  large  herbaceous,  coarse  looking  plant,  common  by  road-sides,  naturalized. 
Stem  4— 6  feet  high,  furrowed,  branching  and  downy  above.  Radical  leaves 
very  large,  1—3  feet  in  length,  and  6—12  inches  wide,  serrate,  those  of  the 
stem  clasping.  Flowers  large,  solitary,  terminal,  of  a  bright  yellow.  Rays 
linear,  with  2  or  3  teeth  at  the  end.  The  medicinal  virtues  of  the  plant  have 
long  been  esteemed.  These  are  tonic  and  expectorant.  Flowers  in  July  and 
August.  Elecampane. 

Section  III.    Heads  discoid. 
18.    PLU'CHEA. 
Heads  many-flowered,  those  of  the  margin  pistillate,  of  the 
centre  perfect  but  sterile ;  involucre   imbricated;  receptacle 
flat,  naked  ;  style  undivided  ;  pappus  capillary,  simple. 

Strong-scented  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  corymbs  of  purple  flowers. 

P.    CAMPHORA'TA.       Dc.  Conyza  camphorata.  M((A.      C.  Marilandica.  ilfe. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,  acute,  serrate,  serratures 
mucronate ;  flowers  in  crowded  corymbs.  A  fleshy,  strong-scented  plant, 
native  of  salt  marshes.  Stem  a  foot  high,  thick,  downy,  with  alternate  leaves 
and  axillary  branches.    Flowers  light  purple.     Aug.     Per. 

19.    BACCHA'RIS. 
Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious;  involucre  imbricate, cylin- 
dric  or  ovate,  with  subcoriaceous,  ovate  scales;  sterile  flowers 
with  the    stamens   exserted ;   receptacle  naked ;  pappus  ca- 
pillar}'. 

The  ancient  Gr.  name,  from  Bacchus,  because  dedicated  to  him.  Shrubby 
plants  with  alternate  leaves  and  white  flowers. 

B.  halimifo'lia. 

Shrubby  ;  leaves  obovate,  incisely  dentate  above,  the  highest  ones  lanceo- 
late ;  'panicle  compound,  leafy  ;  fascicles  pedunculate.  This  is  almost  the 
only  arborescent  plant  of  this"  order  found  in  tlie  Northern  States.  It  is  6—12 
feet  high,  growing  on  sea  coast,  and  river  alluvion.  Every  part  is  covered 
with  white  du.st.  °Tlie  fertile  heads  growing  upon  separate  plants  are  in  large, 
loose,  terminal  panicles,  and  furnished  with  very  long,  slender  pappus. 
Corollas  white.     Sept.     The  beauty  of  this  shrub  entitles  it  to  cultivation. 

Groundsel  Tree. 

Tribe  IV.   SENECIONIDE.E. 

fTeads  radiate,  or  discoid.     Branches  of  the  style  linear,  hairy  or  hispid  at  the  apex  which  is  eitlur 
truncaled  or  produced  into  a  conical  or  elongated  appendage.    Leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

Section  I.    Heads  radiatc> 


composite:.  203  zinnia. 

20.     A'RNICA. 

Involucre  of  equal,  lanceolate  scales,  1  or  2  rowed ;  ray- 
flowers  pistillate,  disk  perfect;  receptacle  flat,  with  scattered 
hairs;  pappus  simple,  rigid  and  serrulate. 

Said  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  Lat.  ptarmica,  sneezing;  one  of  the  species 
is  a  violent  sternutatory.  Perennial  herbs.  Stems  simple.  Lvs.  opposite. 
Fls.  yellow. 

A.    MOLLIS.      Hook. 

Stem  pubescent,  erect ;  leaves  pubescent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  thin, 
veiny,  dentate,  ovate-lanceolate  and  oblong;  radical  ones  stalked  ;  cauline, 
sessile ;  heads  few ;  involucre  hairy  with  acuminate  scales ;  aclienia  hairy. 
An  alpine  plant  found  in  ravines  on  the  White  Mts.,  and  also,  according  to 
Drs.  Torrey  <^  Gray,  on  the  Mts.  in  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high, 
with  several  pairs  of  sessile  leaves,  and  1 — 5  yellow  heads  of  middle  size. 
Leaves  2 — 5  inches  in  length,  the  upper  ones  broad  at  the  base,  the  lower 
tapering  to  a  winged  petiole,  often  acute  but  not  acuminate. 

21.    POLY'MNIA. 
Involucre  double,  outer  of  4  or  5  large,  leafy  scales,  inner 
of  10  leaflets,  concave  ;  ray-flowers  pistillate,  few;  disk  sterile  ; 
receptacle  chaffy  ;  pappus  none. 

Polymnia  is  the  name  of  one  of  the  ancient  Muses ;  why  applied  to  this 
plant  is  not  obvious.     Perennial,  clammy  herbs.     Lvs.  opposite.    Fls.  yellow. 

1.  P.  Canade'nsis. 

Viscid-villous ;  leaves  denticulate,  petiolate,  acuminate,  lower  pinnatifid, 
upper  3-lobed  or  entire.  A  coarse,  broad-leaved,  hairy-viscid  plant,  3--5 
feet  high,  at  Niagara  Falls  and  elsewhere.  Stem  with  opposite  leaves  and 
spreading  branches.  Flowers  light-yellow,  the  rays  short,  surrounded  by  the 
concave  leaflets  of  the  double  calyx  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  a  sort  of  cup, 
hence  called  leaf-cup.  Leaves  feather-veined,  3 — 8  inches  long,  and  nearly 
as  wide,  lobes  deeply  divided  and  acuminate.  Heads  half  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter.    June.  Canadian  Folynmia. 

'2.  P.  uveda'lia. 

Leaves  opposite,  3-lobed,  acute,  decurrent  into  the  petiole,  lobes  sinuate- 
angled  ;  ra?/s  elongated.  In  highland  woods.  Stem  3 — 6  feet  high.  Lower 
leaves  very  large.  Flowers  large,  yellow,  the  rays  much  longer  than  the 
involucre.     July.  Yellow  Leaf-cup. 

2  2.    Z  I'  N  N  1  A  . 

Involucre  scales  oval,  margined,  imbricate;  rays  5,  persis- 
tent, entire,  pistillate;  disk  flowers  perfect ;  i-eceptacle  chatfy, 
conical;  pappus  of  the  disk  of  2  erect  awns. 

Named  for  John  Godfrey  Zinn,  a  German  botanist,  1557.  Annual  herbs, 
native  at  the  South,  «St,c.     Lvs.  opposite,  entire. 

1.  Z.  E  LEGANS. — Heads  pedunculate;  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  sessile- 
amplexicaul;  stem  ha.iiy,  c/io/^ serrated.     Native  of  Peru.     July,  Aug. 

Purplc-Jlowered  Zinnia, 


COMPOSITE.  204  LEPACHYS. 

2.  Z.  MULTIFLORA. — ffeatfs  pedunculate ;  Zearej  ovate-lanceolate,  on 
short  stalks.  Native  of  the  Southern  States.  Z.  coccinca,  with  brilliant 
scarlet  flowers,  and  Z.panciflora,  with  bright  yellow  flowers,  are  also  garden 
annuals  well  known  among  us.  All  the  species  are  raised  from  seeds  in  a 
light,  rich  soil. 

23.    RUDBE'CKIA. 

Ray-flowers  neutral,  disk  perfect;  involucre  with  a  double 
row  of  leafy  scales;  receptacle  conic,  chaffy  ;  pappus  0  or  a 
4-toothed  margin. 

Named  after  the  celebrated  Olaus  Rudbeck,  prof  of  botany  at  Upsal, 
Sweden.  Perennial  herbs  with  large  (usually  yellow)  flowers.  Lvs. 
alternate.  Scales  6  in  each  row.  Fls.  of  the  disk  numerous,  border  5-cleft, 
of  the  ray  about  12,  very  long,  lanceolate,  flat,  pendulous,  with  2  or  3  terminal 
teeth. 

1.  R.  lacinia'ta. 

Glabrous;  lower  leaves  pinnate,  segments  3-lobed ;  upper  ones  ovate; 
pappus  crenate.  In  the  edges  of  swamps  and  ditches.  A  tall,  sliowy  plant 
resembling  the  sunflower,  from  which,  however,  it  is  readily  distinguished  by 
its  conical  disk  and  its  drooping  rays.  Stem  round,  branching,  6 — 8  feet 
high.  LeJlVes  attenuate,  rough;  upper  ones  generally  ovate,  the  rest  various- 
ly divided,  toothed  or  cut,  petiolate.  Flowers  large,  terminal.  Rays  1 — 2 
inches  long,  oblanceolate,  bright  yelloW;     Aug.  Smooth  Rudbeckia. 

2.  R.    HIRTA. 

Very  hirsute  or  hispid;  stzm  simple  or  somewhat  branched;  pedundts 
naked;  leaves  ovate-spalhulate,  3-nerved,  petiolate,  denticulate,  the  upper 
ones  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate  ;  involucre  scales  numerous,  narrow,  imbricated 
in  3  rows ;  rays  spreading.  A  beautiful  flowering  plant,  in  dry  soils.  Western 
N.  Y.,  &c.  Stems  subsimple  or  branching  from  the  base,  covered  with 
prickly  prominences,  each  branch  leafless  towards  the  summit  and  bearing  a 
large  head  with  12—15  bright  yellow  rays.  These  are  an  inch  long,  and  sur- 
round a  broadly  conical  disk  of  dark  purple  or  dark  brown  chaff"  and  flowers. 
July — Sept.  Rough  Rudbeckia. 

Echinacea  purpurea  (Manch),  the  Rudbeckia  purpurea  of  Linn,  native 
of  Virginia  is  a  cultivated  plant  4  feet  high  with  singularly  beautiful  flowers. 
The  rays  are  about  15,  2  or  3  inches  in  length,  purple,  pendulous.  Disk 
conical,  brown. 

24.    LE'PACHYS. 

Involucre  in  one  series  of  linear  scales;  ray-flowers  few, 
neutral,  disk  perfect ;  receptacle  columnar,  chafiy  ;  pappus  0; 
fertile  achenia  compressed,  1 — 2-wingcd. 

Perennial  herbs.  Lvs.  alternate,  pinnately  divided.  Heads  of  flowers 
yellow,  with  long,  drooping  rays.     Chaff"  obtuse  and  bearded  at  the  summit. 

L.    PINNA'TA.       T.  ^  G.  Rudbeckia  pinnata.     .\fx. 

Scabrous;  leaves  a.\\  pinnate,  the  divisions  3 — 7,  some  of  the  lower  ones 
2-parted,  the  rest  undivided ;  rays  elongated.  In  dry  soil.  Western  N.  Y. 
Stem  2—4  feet  high,  furrowed  and  hispid.  Heads  very  large.  Rays  yellow, 
about  2  inches  in  length,  reflexed,  the  disk  ovate,  purple. 


composiTjE.  205  helianthus. 

2  5.     HELIA'NTHUS. 
Involucre  imbricate,  scales  often  leafy;  ray-flowers  neutral; 
disk  perfect;  receptacle  chatly,  flat;  pappus  chatFy,  2-leaved, 
caducous;  achenia  compressed  or  4-sided. 

Gr.  iiXios,  the  sun,  avBoi,  a  flower;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  flowers. 
The  broad,  round  disk  surrounded  with  golden  rays  render  the  Sunjlowcr  a 
fit  emblem  of  the  king  of  day.     Lower  leaves  opposite.     Fls.  yellow, 

*  Leaves  opposite. 

1.  H.    StRUMO'SUS.      L. 

Stein,  smooth  below,  scabrous  above;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  serrate, 
scabrous  above,  smooth  or  tomentose-canescant  beneath  ;  jloicers  kvj,,  termi- 
nal. Grows  in  swamps,  «&c.  Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  erect,  branching  above. 
Leaves  petiolate,  with  an  acute  point  and  close  serratures,  the  lower  suifaco 
varying  in  the  degree  of  pubescence.  Rays  bright  yellow,  an  inch  or  more  in 
length.     Scales  hairy,     July.     Per,  Downy  Sunflower. 

p.  mollis  (H,  mollis,  U'iLld)]  lower  surface  of  tlie  leaves  very  soil  with 
whitish  down. 

2.  H.    DIVARICATUS. 

Slem  smooth,  very  branching;  leaves  nearly  opposite,  sessile,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 3-nerved,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath  ;  /jawic/c  trichotomous,olender, 
few-flowered.  Not  uncommon  in  rocky  woods,  brooksides,  &c.  Stem  5  feet 
high,  glaucous.  Leaves  rather  abrupt  at  base,  tapering  to  a  long,  acute  point, 
with  obtuse  serratures.  Flowers  large,  although  small  for  the  genus,  few, 
yellow  and  very  sJiowy.  The  panicle  is  eitJier  2  or  3-iorked.  This  plant  is 
much  improved  by  cultivation.     Aug,     Sept.     Per.  Spreading  Suiijloutr. 

3.  H.    FRONDO'SUS. 

Stem  smooth  below ;  Iciivrs  opposite,  ovate,  acutely  serrate ;  peduncles 
scabrous;  m^o/wcre  squarrose,  undulate,  leafy,  ciliale  ;  rfiys  8.  In  woods. 
Stem  "3 — 5  feet  high,  with  numerous  3-nervea  leaves,  which  are  rough  on  the 
upper  surface,  paier  and  p.ear'y  smooth  beneath,  and  with  a  few  remote  and 
acute  teeth.     Flowers  terminal,  small,  yellow.    Aug.    Per.      Laifij  Sunjloiccr. 

4.  H.    TRACIIELIFO'LIUS. 

Leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  on  short  petioles,  serrate,  acuminate, 
3-nerved,  very  rou.gh  on  both  sides ;  involucre  scales  spreading  at  the  ends, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  ciliate,  pubescent ;  rays  numerous.  From  2  to  4 
feet  liigh,  in  liiily  woods.  Slem  branching  above  into  a  loose  panicle.  Flowers 
middle  size,  with  12  or  more  rays.     Aug.    Sept.    Per.  Dwarf  Sunjiowcr. 

o.  H,  decape'talus. 

Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  remotely  serrate,  3-nerved,  scabrous 
above,  smooth  or  nearly  so  beneath ;  involucre  scales  lanceolate-linear, 
subciliate,  spreading,  nearly  equal;  rays  10 — 12,  pale  yellow.  Stem  3 — 4 
feet  high,  purplish.  Involucre  varying  in  all  degiees  of  leafiness  between  the 
present  form  and  the  following.     Aug.  Ten-rayed  SuvjloicLr. 

*  *  Upper  cauline  loaves  alternate. 
6.    H.    GIGA'NTEUS.      L.  H.  altissinus. 

Leaves  alternate  (the  lowest  opposite),  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  scab- 
rous, obscurely  3-nerved,  tapering  at  base  into  short,  ciliate,  winged  petioles  ; 
Ecales  o!  the  involucre  laiiceolate-linear,  ciliate.    Stem  4 — 8  feet  high,  purplish, 

s 


composite:.  206  helenium. 

branching  above  into  a  corymbose  pnnicle  of  large,  yellow  flowers.  Leaves 
large,  opposite  or  alternate  in  various  degrees.  Rays  12 — 20.  Variable. 
July — Sept.     Per.  Tall  Sunjiuwer. 

7.  H.  a'nnuus. 

ieares  all  cordate,  3-nerved,  only  the  lowest  opposite ;  perfjtracZes  thick; 
fioioers  nodding.  This  well  known  annual  is  from  S.  America.  It  grows  in 
any  soil,  but  its  magnitude  is  increased  by  the  fertility  of  it  in  direct  propor- 
tion, until  it  reaches  the  higlit  of  10  and  even  20  feet.  The  common  hight 
may  be  stated  at  7  feet.  The  enormous  size  of  the  flowers  with  their  broad 
rays  of  brilliant  yellow  are  too  well  known  to  require  description.  An  edible 
oil  has  been  e.xpressed  from  the  seeds.  A  variety  occurs  with  double-flowers. 
July.  Common  Sunfloxoer. 

8.  H.  TUBERO'SUS. — Leaves  3-ncrved,  rough,  lower  ones  opposite, 
cordate-ovate;  upper,  ovate,  acuminate,  alternate;  petioles  ciliate  at  base. 
Native  of  Brazil.  The  plant  has  been  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  tuberous 
roots  which  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  potatoes.  It  is  naturalized  in  borders 
of  fields,  hedges,  <,tc.     Sept.     Per.  Jerusalem,  Artichoke. 

2G.     SANVITA'LIA. 
Involucre   closely    imbricated  ;  receptacle  chaflTy,  conical  ; 
achenia  of  the  ray  with  3  awns,  of  the  disk  winged. 

Name  given  by  Lamark  without  explanation.  Annual  Texian  or  Mexican 
herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  yellow-rayed  flowers. 

S.  PROCU'mBENS. — S^cm  procumbent ;  leaves  ovate,  entire.  Native  of 
Mexico.  Flowers  from  June  to  Sept.  Of  a  spreading  dwarf  habit.  A  foot 
in  lenirth.     Flowers  yellow.     Pretty  in  patches.  Trailing  Sanvitalia. 

27.     TAGE'TES. 
Heads  hetercgamous  ;  involucre  simple,  tubular,  of  5  united 
scales;  ray-flowers  5,   persistent;   receptacle  naked;  pappus 
of  5  erect  awns. 

Named  for  Tages,  a  Tuscan  divinity,  son  of  Genius  and  grandson  of 
Jupiter.     Annual  iierbs  of  Tropical  America. 

1.  T.  PA'tULA. — Leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  lanceolate,  ciliate-serrate ; 
^crfM7ic/es  1 -flowered,  thickened  u])wards  ;  i/iro/?/c?e  smooth  ;  5<cm,  spreading. 
Plant  about  2  feet  high.     Flowers  orange  and  yellow.  French  Marigold. 

2.  T.  ERE'cTA. — Leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  lanceolate,  ciliate-serrate; 
peduncles  1-flowered,  ventricose  ;  iHiio/?/c?-e  angular  ;  s<e7«  erect.  Nearly  all 
the  species  of  the  marigold  are  natives  of  S.  America  and  Mexico.  Well 
known  and  popular  garden  flowers,  vv'ith  several  varieties.     African  Marigold. 

28.    HELE'NIUM. 

Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  leafy,  narrow  scales,  the  inner 

chaffy;   rays  pistillate;    pappus  of  several    5-awned,   cliaffy' 

leaves;  receptacle  globose,  i.aked  in  the  disk  and  chaffy  in 

Ihc  ray  only;  ra}-flo\vers  half  3-cleft ;  seed  villose. 

Named  for  the  celebrated  Helen,  who  is  said  to  have  availed  herself  of  the 
cosmetic  properties  of  the  plant.     Lvs.  alternate,  decurrent.    Rays  yellow. 


COMPOSITJE.  207  ACHILLEA. 

H.  autumna'le. 

Lmves  lanceolate-serrate,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  deciirrent ;  foicers 
loosely  corymbose.  In  damp  places.  Stem  2  —  3  feet  high,  branching, 
strongly  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves.  Leaves  tapering  to  each  end  or 
elliptTc-hinceolate,  more  or  less  deeply  serrate.  Flowers  large,  numerous, 
terminal,  with  drooping  rays,  each  ending  in  3  obtuse  teeth,  and  longer  than 
the  large,  globose  disk?   The  plant  is  very  bitter.     Aug.     Per.      Sneeze-tcort. 

29.    A'NTHEMIS. 
Involucre  hemispherical,    with  nearly    equal   scales;  rays 
numerous,  pistillate;    receptacle  cliatfy,    convex    or    conic; 
achenia  crowned  wiihasiigiit  border. 

Gr.  ctvSni,  a  flower,  on  account  of  the  multitude  of  flowers  with  which  the 
plants  are  covered.     European  herbs  with  much  divided  leaves. 

1.  A.  arve'nsis. 

Receptacle  conic;  chaff  lanceolate;  seeds  crowned  widi  an  entire  marginal 
pappus;  leaves  bipinnate,  subdivided,  the  segments  linear-lanceolate,  acute. 
Grows  in  dry  cultivated  fields.  A  pilose,  inodorous  plant,  somewhat  natural- 
ized in  the  Northern  States.  Stems  diitusely  branching,  6 — 15  inches  liigh. 
Heads  large,  solitary  on  the  leafless,  downy  summits  of  the  branches.  Disk 
yellow,  rays  white.     July.     Bien.  Corn  Chainomile. 

2,  A.  NO'biLIS. — SroJes  of  the  receptach  membranous,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  disk  ;  /mucs bipinnate,  the  segments  linear-subulate,  a  little  downy. 
Native  of  Britain  and  other  parts  of  Europe.  Grows  wild  occasionally  in 
fields  and  is  cultivated  in  gardens.  The  strong  and  agreeable  scent  of  the 
chamomile  is  well  known,  also  its  tonic  and  anodyne  qualities,  which  chiefly 
reside  in  the  flowers.    July — Sept.     Per.  C'Jiamomile. 

3  0.    M  A  R  U'  T  A . 
Involucre   hemispherical,  imbricated;  rays    neutral;  disk 
perfect;  receptacle  conical,    chaiFy  (at  least  at  the  summit); 
pappus  0;  achenia  smooth. 

European  herbs,  naturalized.     Lvs.  alternate,  much  divided, 

M.    Co'tULA.      Dc.  Anthemis  Cotula.     L. 

Receptacle  conic;  cA//jf  bristly  ;  achenia  naked;  leaves  doubly  pinnatifid, 
smoothish.  The  Maywi'cd  is  naturalized  in  all  waste  places  in  hard,  dry  soils, 
especially  by  roadsides,  in  patches  of  great  extent,  presenting  almost  a  uniform 
whitish  suiface  when  in  bJossom.  Stem  branching,  diffuse,  a  foot  high,  with 
alternate  leaves  divided  and  subdivided  into  a  multitude  of  segments.  Flow- 
ers solitary,  on  terminal,  striated  stalks  The  plant  is  ill  scented.  Linnaeus 
says  it  is  grateful  to  toads,  drives  away  fleas,  and  is  annoying  to  flies.  June 
— Sept.     Ann.  May-weed. 

31.    ACHI'LLEA. 
Involucre  ovate,    imi)ricate,    unequal;  rays  5 — 10,    short, 
pistillate;  receptacle  flat,  chaffy  ;  achenia  without  a  pappus. 

Named  after  Achilles,  a  disciple  of  Chiron,  said  to  be  the  first  physician 
who  used  it  in  healing  wounds.  Perennial  herbs  with  much-divided,  alternate 
leaves. 


coMPOsiT.i;.  203  chrysanthemum. 

1.  A.    MILLEFO'LIUM. 

Leaves  bipinnatifid,  with  linear,  dentate,  mucronate  segments ;  involucre 
and  stem  iurrowed.  The  yarrow  abounds  in  fields,  pastures,  &c.  It  is  called 
altJQ  Millfoil,  from  its  leaves  being  cut  and  parted  into  so  numerous  divisions 
and  subdivisions.  Stem  a  foot  high,  branching  at  top  into  a  dense,  flat-topped 
corymb  of  white  or  rose-colored  flowers.  It  has  an  agreeable,  pungent  taste 
and  smell.     June — Sept.     Per.  Yarrow.     Millfoil. 

2.  A.  pta'rmica. 

Leaves  linear,  acuminate,  equally  and  sharply  serrate,  smooth.  Found  in 
moist  grounds  and  shady  places.  Plant  about  15  inches  high,  branching  at 
top  into  a  diffuse  corymb  of  white  flowers.  The  leaves  are  remarkably 
distinct  from  the  yarrow.  The  dried  powder  of  the  leaves  used  as  snuff 
provokes  sneezing.  A  variety  with  double  flowers  occurs  which  is  quite 
ornamental  in  pots.     Aug.     Per.  Uneeze-wort. 

32.     LEUC  A'NTIIEMUM. 
Involucre    broad,    depressed,  imbricated  ;    ravs   pistillate, 
numerous  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  acheiiia  striate  ;  papus  0. 

Gr.  Xivicos,  vAVile,  avSoi,  Bower;  the  flowers  are  large,  with  white  rays 
and  a  yellow  disk.     Lvs.  alternate. 

L.    VULGA'rE.      Lam.  Chrysanthemum  laucanthemum.     L. 

Leatcs  amplexicaul,  lanceolate,  serrate,  cut-pinnatifid  at  base;  stem  erect, 
branching.  The  common  white- weed  is  a  great  annoyance  to  farmers,  rapidly 
overspreading  pastures  and  neolected  fields.  Stems  2  feet  high,  simple  or 
with  one  or  two  long  branches,  furrowed.  Leaves  comparatively  few  and 
small,  obtuse,  the  lower  ones  petiolate,  with  deep  and  irregular  teeth ;  upper 
ones  small,  subulate,  those  of  the  middle  sessile,  clasping,  deeply  cut  at  base, 
with  remote  teeth  above.  Flowers  large,  terminal,  solitary.  Disk  yellow. 
Rays  numerous,  white.     July — Sept.     Per.  fVhite-tcced.     Oz-cije  Daisy. 

33.    PYRE'THRUM. 
Involucre  hemispherical,  imbricate;  scales  with  membran- 
ous margins;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  a  membranous  margin 
crowning  the  achenia. 

The  ancient  Greek  name  of  a  certain  plant  supposed  to  have  been  a  species 
of  Anthemis.  Its  root  had  an  acrid,  burning  taste  and  hence  the  name,  from 
TTV^,  fire.     Oriental  herbs,  chiefly  perennial,  with  alternate  leaves. 

P.  PaRTHE'NIUM. — Leaves  petiolate,  flat,  tripinnate,  the  segments 
ovate,  cut;  peduncles  branching,  corymbose  ;  sie?n  erect ;  mro/»f re  hemispher- 
ical, pubescent.  Several  varieties  of  the  Feverfew  are  cvltivated,  and  are  in 
great  favor  with  many  florists,  on  account  of  their  fine  pyramidal  form, 
surmounted  with  a  corymb  of  pure  while,  double  flowers,  which  retain  their 
beauty  for  several  weeiis.  Feverfew. 

34.    CHRYS  A'NTHEMUM. 

Involucre  imbricate,  hemispherical,  the  scales  with  mcm- 

l)ranous  margins;   rece[)tacle  naked;  pappus  0. 

Gr.  ^gvo-oj,  gold,  av^os,  a  flower;  many  species  bearinor  golden  colored 
flowers.  An  ornamental  genus  from  China  and  other  eastern  countries 
Leaves  alternate,  lobed, 


COMPOSIT.^.  ^09  CORCOPSIf. 


1.  C  CORONA'RIUM. — Leaves  bipinnntind,  broader  at  the  summit, 
acute;  s<e/«  branched.  Native  of  Sicily.  The  variety  with  double  flowers  is 
frequently  cultivated  as  a  hardy  annual.  Stem  about  3  feet  high,  striate, 
smooth,  erect,  with  alternate,  clasping  leaves.  Flowers  large,  terminal, 
solitary.     Aug.    Ann. 

2.  C.  TRI'COLOR. — Leaves  bipinnate,  fleshy,  smooth;  involucre  scales 
carinate.  Native  of  Barbary.  Flowers  large,  very  beautiful ;  disk  purple, 
rays  white  with  a  yellow  base.  A  variety  has  flowers  entirely  yellow. 
July — Oct.    Ann.  Three-colored  Clirysunlkciiium. 

3.  C.  Sie'NSE. — Leaves  coriaceous,  stalked,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  dentate, 
glaucous ;  rays  very  long.  A  native  of  China,  where  it  has  been  long 
cultivated  and  highly  esteemed  for  its  beauty.  A  great  number  of  varieties 
have  been  produced,  with  double,  semidouble  and  quilled  flowers  of  every 
possible  shade  of  color.  It  is  of  very  easy  culture  in  any  common  soil.  The 
plants  are  propagated  by  divisions,  by  suckers  and  by  cuttings.  Although 
they  grow  in  any  soil,  yet  it  is  better  to  give  them  a  rich  loam  and  water  them 
vpith  liquid  manure.  Ciunese  Ckrysanl.hemuin. 

3.5.     HELIO'PSIS. 

Involucre  imbricate,  with  ovate,  subcqua!  scales;  rays 
linear,  large,  pistillate,  disk  peiTecl  5  recep'.acle  ci;a(fy,  coni- 
cal, the    palae    lanceolate  ;    achenia    4-sided  ;    pappus  0. 

Gr.  i]>.ios,  the  sun,  o(p(rii,  an  appearance.  The  flowers  are  similar  to  those 
of  the  sunflower,  and  like  them  are  not  unaptly  likened  to  the  sun.  Peren- 
nial herbs  v^itli  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  and  opposite  leaves. 

II.    LiEVIS. 

Stein  smooth ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  serrate,  petiolate,  3-nevved,  smooth 
beneath.  A  large  symmetrical  plant,  3 — 5  feet  high,  in  hedges  and  thickets. 
Stem  angular,  striate.  Leaves  large,  distinctly  3-nerved.  Branches  axillary, 
each  thifkened  at  the  summit  and  terminating  with  a  large,  solitary,  yellow 
head.     Rays  lanceolate,  broad  at  base  and  obtuse  at  summit.    Jn.,  Jl.    Oz-eye. 

Section  II.     II«-a;Is  radia'c  and  di.icoifl  in  tile  same  gciius, 

36.     COREO'PSIS. 

Involucre  double,  each  6  —  10-leaved;  receptacle  chafTv  ; 
achenia  compressed,  emarginate,  each  commonly  with  a  2- 
toothed  pap[ius. 

Gr  x.oQii,  a  bug,  o-^ti,  resemblance  ;  the  seed  is  concave  on  one  side  and 
convex  on  the  other;  it  has  a  membranous  margin  and  2  little  horns  at  one 
end  which  give  it  much  the  appearance  of  some  insect.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite. 
Rays  rarely  wanting. 

1.  C.  trichospe'rma. 

Stem  smooth,  dichotomous;  leaves  opposite,  quinate-pinnale,  lanceolatp, 
serrate  ;  leaflets  of  the  outer  calyx  ciliate ;  rays  entire  ;  seeds  cuneate.  In 
wet  grounds.  A  smooth,  brandling  plant  with  large,  brioht  j-ellow  flowers. 
Stem  2  leet  high  with  branches  and  leaves  mostly  opposite.  Leaflets  5 — 7, 
narrow  and  tapering  to  a  long  point,  the  margin  more  or  less  deeply  cut  into  a 
g*- 


COMPOSITiE.  210  BIDKNS. 

few   remote  serratures.     The    seeds  (achenia)    are  half  an  inch    long    and 
crowned  with  2  stout,  hispid  awns.    July — Aug.    Bien.      Tick-seed  Sunfloicer. 

2.  C.   Ro'&EA.     mnt. 

S/e7«  branched  ;  /eares  opposite  ] -nerved,  linear,  entire;  fcdunclcs  short; 
outer  scales  very  short;  rays  obscurely  tridentate.  A  very  delicate  speck-sin 
wet  grounds,  Ms.,  rare.  Stem  about  afoot  iiigh,  clothed  with  numerous, 
very  narrow  leaves,  and  bearing  a  few  small  heads.  Rays  rose-color,  varying 
to  white.     Disk  light  yellow.     July — Aug.     Per.  Rose-red  Tick-seed. 

3.  C.  TINCTO'RIA. — Radical  leaves  sub-bipinnate,  leaflets  oval,  entire, 
smooth;  c«w//nc  ones  subpinnate,  leaflets  linear;  r«^/s  2-colored  ;  .s-cf(/5  naked. 
This  species,  with  ns.is  a  handsome  border  annual,  native  of  Missouri.  Stem 
] — 3  feet  high,  with  light,  smooth  foliage.  Flowers  with  yellow  rays  beauti- 
fully colored  with  purple  at  their  base.  Flowering  all  summer.  Another 
species,  C.  Drummimdti,  is  also  a  popular  border  flower,  blossoming  all 
summer.  Plant  a  foot  or  more  high,  with  yellow  flowers.  Of  this  there  is 
a  new  variety,  ntrosunguinca,  with  dark-orange  flowers.  All  these  species 
and  varieties  are  raised  from  seed  in  a  light  rich  soil. 

37.     BIDENS. 
Involucre  nearly   equal,  doul)le,  scaly  or  leafy  at  the  base; 
rays   iew^   neutral;    disk    perfect;    receptacle    chatTy,    flat; 
pappus   of  2--4  awns,  rough    backwards. 

Lat.  hidens,  two  toothed  ;  the  seeds  have  two  (or  more)  barbed  teeth. 
Leaves  opposite.  Involucre  scales  parallel,  concave  or  channelled  on  the 
back.     Rays  often  wanting.     Achenia  quadrangular, 

1.  B.  ce'rnua. 

Fhu'crs  subradiate.  cernuous  ;  outer  involucre  as  long  as  the  flower  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  subconnate,  dentate.  In  swamps  and  ditches.  Stem  1 — 2  feet 
hiirh,  purplisii,  branched,  round  at  base,  striate  above,  branches  opposite, 
leaves  opposite,  somt'what  connated  at  base.  Flowers  yellowish  green,  final!}' 
drooping,  generally  with  yellow  rays  about  8  in  number.    Aug  — Oct. 

It'ater  Burr-Marigold- 

2.  B.  chrysantiiemoi'des. 

Flowers  radiate  ;  rai/s  three  times  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  involucre  ; 
haves  oblong,  attenuate  at  each  end,  connate  at  base,  dentate.  A  low  plant 
with  large  yellow-rayed  flowers,  in  muddy  places.  Stem  (1 — 20  inches  high, 
round  and  smooth.  Leaves  smooth,  v.-ilh  lew  remote  teeth,  narrow,  opposite, 
with  narrow  connate  bases.  Flowers  commonly  erect,  rays  about  8,  large, 
spreading.     Scarcely  distinct  from  i^.  fc;7i!ia.     Sept.     Oct.     Ann. 

Radiate  Burr-Marigold 

3.  B.    FRONDO'SA. 

Flmccrs  discoid  ;  outer  involucre  G  times  as  long  as  the  flower,  its  leaflets 
ciliate  at  base  ;  lou-er  leaves  pinnate;  upper  ones  teinate,  lanceolate,  serrate. 
A  common  weed  in  moist,  cultivated  fields,  often  called  beggar-ticks,  from 
the  2-horned  achenia  wliich  adhere  to  every  one  who  passes  by  it.  Stem  2 
feet  hinh,  sending  out  many  spreading  branches.  Lower  leaves  in  Ms  or  os. 
Flowers  in  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  witliout  rays,  yellow,  surrounded 
by  a  large  and  leafy  involucre.     Aug.   Sept.     Ann.        Leafy  Burr-Marigold. 


COMPOSURE.  'ill 


4.  B.   CONNA'TA.      Muh.  B.  tripartita.     Bte. 

Flowers  discoid;  outer  involucre  longer  than  the  flower;  achenia  with  3 
awns;  leavis  ix\M.  In  swainps  and  ditches.  Stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  smooth 
and  4-furrowed,  with  opposite  branches.  Leaves  opposite,  smooth,  serrate, 
llie  lower  ones  often  divided  into  3  segments,  the  rest  generaHy  entire, 
lanceolate,  sharply  seirate  and  somewhat  connate.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary, 
without  rays,  consisting  only  of  the  tubular,  yellow  florets  surrounded  by  a 
leafy  involucre.     Aug.     Ann.  TTifid  Burr-Marigold. 

5.  B.  bipinna'ta. 

Smooth;  flowers  subradiate,  outer  involucre  the  length  of  the  inner;  leaves 
bipinnate,  leaflets  lanceolate,  pinnatifid.  Grows  in  waste  places,  1 — 4  feet 
hicrh.  Stem  branching,  smooth.  Leaves  nearly  smooth,  bipinnalely  dissected. 
Heads  with  3  or  4  obscure  rays.     July.     Ann.  Spanish  A'eedlcs. 

38.     SEN  E' CIO. 

Involucre  of  many  equal  Icaflels  or  invested  with  scales  at 
base,  the  scales  withered  at  the  points  ;  receptacle  not  chailj' ; 
pappus  simple. 

Lat.  scncx,  an  old  man.  The  word  is  synonymous  with  Erigeron.  An 
extensive  genus  of  herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  jnoslly  yellow. 
Corollas  longer  than  the  involucre.. 

*  Heads  discoid. 

1.  S.  vulga'ris. 

Sfem.  paniculate,  erect,  angular  ;  /rares  sinuate-pinnatifid,  dentate,  amplex- 
icaul.  A  common  weed  growing  about  houses,  in  waste  grounds,  rubbish, 
&c.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Stem  16  inches  high,  leafy,  branching 
generally  smooth.  Leaves  alternate,  thin,  blight  green,  the  radical  ones 
stalked.  Flowers  without  rays,  terminal,  scattered,  yellow,  appearing  all 
summer.     Ann.  Common  GroundseL 

*  *  Heads  radiate. 

2.  S.  au'reus. 

Radical  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  serrate,  petiolate  ;  cuuline  ones  pinnatifid, 
dentate,  te-rrninal,  segments  lanceolate  ;  ■prdnncles  subumbellate,  thick;  rays 
8 — 12.  A  handsome,  but  very  variable  plant,  with  bright  yellow  flowers,  in 
meadows,  woods,  &c.  Stern  smoothish,  erect,  1 — 2  feet  high,  simple,  termi- 
nating in  a  kind  of  umbellate  corymb.  Lower  stem  leaves  lyrale.  Flower 
stalks  thickened  upwards.  Scales  smooth,  acute,  purplish  at  the  apex.  Rays 
Bpreading.     May— Aug.     Per.  Golden  Scnecio. 

ji.  Ba'samitce  (S.  Balsamitffi  Mu!i)  :  radical  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
crenate-denlate,  petioled  ;  {/^^/.icr  07)f5  lyrate  and  pinnatifid,  sessile  ;  peduncles 
subumbellate.  Stem  about  a  fool  high,  nearly  naked,  densely  woolly  at  base, 
with  a  terminal  umbel  of  yellow  flowers.  Leaves  pubescent,  all  small  and 
distant.     Flower-stalks  villous  at  the  base.     Found  in  rocky  hills  and  pastures, 

y.  gracilis  (S.  gracilis  P.)  ;  radical  leaves  very  long  petioled,  orbicular, 
eubcordate,  crenate;  ca?z/(nc  <;kcs  few,  very  serrate,  linear  oblong,  dilated  at 
base,  cut-dentate;  peduncles  very  short,  hairy,  subumbellate;  involucre 
smooth  ;  rays  few,  very  short.  A  slender  state  of  the  species  a  foot  high,  with 
small  flowers.     Found  on  rocky  shores 

o.  ohovatus ;  radical  leaves  oho\a\.e,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate;  slcm  leaves 
pinnatifid,  dentate;  peduncles  elongated.     Found  in  meadov/s,  &c. 


COMPOSITE.  212 


3.  S.  e'LEGANS. — Leaves  pilose,  viscid,  pinnatifid,  equal,  spreading; 
comvion  petiole  narrowed  below.  Native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Lin- 
nseus  gave  to  tliis  annual  tlie  name  of  clcgans  on  account  of  the  beauty  of  its 
flowers,  their  rays  being  of  the  most  brilliant  purple  and  the  disk  yellow.  A 
variety  is  cultivated  in  gardens  and  tlie  green  house  with  double  flowers,  of 
colors  equally  brilliant.  Another  double  variety  has  white  flowers.  June — 
Aucr.  Purple  Jacohiea. 

Section  III.    Heads  discoid. 

39.    ERE'CHTITES. 
Flowers  all  tubular,  those  of  the  margin   pistillate,  of  the 
disk  perfect;  involucre  cylindrical,  simple,  slightly  calyculate; 
receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  of  numerous  fine,  capillary  bristles. 

Gr.  igi%&a),  to  trouble  ;  the  species  are  troublesome  weeds.  Marginal 
corollas  very  slender,  2 — 3-toothed.  Branches  of  the  style  tipped  with  a 
pubescent  cone.  Ach.  striate.  Annual  herbs,  with  simple,  alternate  leaves 
and  corymbs  of  whitish  flowers. 

E.    HIERACTFo'LIUS.       Kfl/.  Senicio  hieracifolius.,    L. 

Stem  paniculate,  virgate  ;  leaves  oblong,  amplexicaul,  acute,  unequally  and 
deeply  toothed  with  acute  indentures;  involucre  smooth;  uclienia  hairy.  A 
well  known,  rank  weed,  growing  in  fields,  particularly  and  abundantly  in 
such  as  have  been  newly  cleared  and  burnt  over,  and  hence  it  is  called  fire- 
weed.  Stem  thick  and  fleshy,  branching,  3  feet  high,  roughish.  Leaves  of 
a  liglit  green,  large,  irregulaily  cut  into  many  deep  and  acute  teeth.  Flowers 
terminal,  crowded,  destitute  of  rays,  white.  Involucre  large  and  tumid  at 
base.     Aug.     Sept.    Ann.  Fire-weed. 

40.     CACA'LIA, 
Flowers   all    perfect;    involucre    cylindric,    oblong,   often 
calyculate    with   small    scales   at    the   base;    receptacle  not 
chaify  ;  pappus  capillary,  scabrous. 

An  ancient  Greek  name  of  an  uncertain  plant.  Smooth,  perennial  herbs 
Lvs.  alternate.     Hds.  of  fls.  corymbose,  cyanic. 

1.  C.  suave'olens. 

Glabrous;  s<cto  striate-angular ;  Zcreucs  petiolate,  hastate-sagittate,  serrate, 
smooth.green  on  both  sides;  ;7()j/;erscorymbed,  erect;  aaWutve  many-flowered. 
Western  N.  Y.  Stems  4—5  feet  high,  striate,  leafy.  Radical  leaves  on  long 
stalks,  pointed ;  cauline  ones  on  winged  stalks.  Flowers  whitish,  in  a 
terminal,  compound  corymb.  Scales  and  peduncles,  smooth,^  with  setaceous 
■bracts  beneath  the  involucre,  and  beneath  the  divisions  of  the  peduncles. 
Autr.     Per.  Wild  Curuioay. 

2.  C.  atriplicifo'lia. 

Si^w  herbaceous ;  leaves  petiolate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  radical  ones 
cordate,  dentate,  cauline  ones  rhomboid,  sub-bidentate  on  each  side  ;  floircrs 
corymlK'd,  erect ;  involucre  .j-flovvered.  N.  Y.  Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  round, 
leafy,  subramose.  Leaves  alternate,  the  lower  ones  as  large  as  the  hand,  with 
larire,  unequal  teeth.  Headsof  flowers  small,  ovoid-cylindric,  whitish,  loosely 
corymbose  at  the  tops  of  the  branches.     Jl. — Sept.       Oruche-lcaved  Curuwaij. 

3.  C.  COCCI'NEA. — R'lilical  leaves  ovate,  spathulate;  cnnJine  ovcs  cni'ire, 
amplexicaul,  crenate.     A  pretty   e.\otic    garden  plant,  a  foot  or  more  high, 


COMPOSITiE.  213  GNAPHALIUM, 


with   bright  scarlet  flowers.     A  bed    or    patch  sown   thickly   makes  a  fine 
appearance.     June— Sept.     Per.  Scarlet-fioiccred  Cacalia. 

41.    ARTEMI'SIA. 
Involucre  ovate,  imbricate,   witli    dry,  connivent  scales; 
receptacle  naked   or  subvillous;  achenia  with  a  small  disk  ; 
pappus  0. 

Probably  from  .Artemis,  one  of  the  names  of  the  goddess  Diana.  Disk- 
flowers  numerous,  perfect,  tubular,  5-cleft,  those  of  the  ray  few,  often  without 
stamens,  and  with  an  awl-shaped  corolla,  or  none.  Bitter  herbs.  Leaves 
alternate.     Cor.  yellow. 

1.  A.  Canade'nsis. 

SfC77i  erect  or  decumbent;  leaves  pinnatifid  with  linear  segments  ;  j?o?ccr5 
subglobose,  sessile,  in  crowded  panicles  resembling  spikes.  Grows  on  the 
sandy  shores  of  the  great  lakes.  Stem  3—4  feet  high,  brownish,  somewhat 
woody,  paniculate,  mostly  erect.  Radical  leaves  subpinnate  ;  cauline  ones 
once  or  tv.ice  pinnatifid.  Scales  of  the  involucre  with  a  membranaceous 
margin.     Aug.     Per.  Sea  llorimcood. 

2.  A.  vulga'ris. 

Leaves  tomentose  beneath,  cauline  ones  pinnatifid,  segments  lanceolate, 
acute,  subdentate,  floral  ones  entire,  linear-lanceolate  ;  heads  erect,  ovoid, 
subsessile  ;  mvohicre  iomeniose.  On  the  banks  of  streams,  &c.  Stem  2—3 
feet  high  branching  into  a  panicle  of  spicate  racemes.  Leaves  very  variable. 
Flowers  purplish.  "  Sept. — Nov.  Common  Artemisia. 

3.  A.  Absi'nthium. 

Leaves  multifid,  clothed  with  short,  silky  down,  segments  lanceolate  ;  heads 
hemispherical,  drooping;  receptacle  hairy.  Naturalized  in  the  mountainous 
districts  of  New  England,  growing  among  rubbish,  rocks  and  by  roadsides. 
Stems  angular,  branched,  with  erect  racemes  of  nodding,  yellow  flowers.  The 
whole  plarit  is  proverbially  bitter,  and  of  powerful  medicinal  qualities  as  a 
tonic,  stomachic,  &c.  Comvion  Wormicood, 

4.  A.  AbRO'taNUM.  —  S^ew  erect ;  lower  Icnres  hipinnnte  ;  vpper  ones 
capillary,  pinnate  ;  mpo/i/f?-e  downy,  hemispherical.  A  well  known  sinubby 
plant  in  gardens,  about  3  feet  high.  Leaves  alternate  much  divided  into  very 
narrow,  linear  segments.  Flowers  numerous,  nodding,  yellow.  Native  of 
South  Europe.  Souther inoood. 

5.  A.  Po'nTICA.  —  Lenres  downy  beneath,  caulihe  ones  bipinnate, 
leaflets  linear;  heads  roundish,  stalked,  nodding.  Common  in  gardens, 
where  it  arises  3  or  4  feet,  with  simple  branches  and  racemes  of  yellow  flow- 
ers.    Head  with  24  flowers,  those  of  the  ray  about  6.     From  Austria. 

Roman  tVorinicood. 

42.     GNAPHA'LIUM. 

Heads  discoid,  heterogamous,  involucre  imbricate,  with 
scarious,  colored  scales;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  pappus  simple, 
scabrous,  capillary  ;  ray-flowers  subulate. 

Gr.  yi>a.(pa.\ov,  cotton  or  wool ;  from  the  soft  cottony  surface  of  the  plant 
Marginal  flowers  pistillate,  in  several  rows,  central  ones  perfect.  Leaves 
decurrcnt. 


COMFOSITiE.  214  ANTEKJJfARIA. 

1.  G.  polyce'phalum. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  smooth  above,  downy  beneath;  stem 
panicled,  downy  ;  cor^/mts  terminal.  This  species  is  very  common,  and  is 
distinguishable  by  its  strong,  agreeable  odor  and  its  brownish  color.  Grows 
in  fields,  t&c.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  whitish,  with  a  cottony  down,  much 
branched.  Leaves  sessile,  cottony  beneath.  Flowers  in  crowded  clusters  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre  with  whitish  scales  and  yellow  flowers. 
Aug.     Ann.  Fragrant  Life- everlasting. 

2.  G.    PURPU'REUM.      L.  G.  Amcricanum.     Jf'iUd. 
Stem  erect,  simple  or   branched    from  the   base,  tomentose ;  leaves  linear- 

spathulate  or  obovate-spathulate,  downy-canescent  beneath,  green  above  ; 
Jiinvers  sessile,  crowded,  terminal  and  axillary.  Grows  in  sandy  fields  and 
pastures.  Stem  8—12  inches  high,  sending  out  shoots  at  the  base.  Heads 
with  purplish  scales  and  yellow  corollas.    Jn.  Ann.     Purple  Life- everlasting. 

3.  G.    ULIGINO'SUM. 

Stem  much  branched,  branches  woolly,  spreading  ;  haves  linear  lanceolate  ; 
heads  in  terminal,  leafy,  crowded  branches;  achcnia  smooth.  A  small,  diffuse 
plant,  clothed  with  whitish  down,  common  in  pastures,  roadsides  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Stem  4 — 6  inches  high,  involucre  scales  oblong,  obtuse, 
yellowish.     Aug.     Ann.  Mart^h  Gnajihalium. 

/3.  pilulare  (G.  pilulare  JVakl.) ;  achenia  minutely  hispid,  scabrous. 

4.  G.    DECU'RRENS.      Ives. 

Stem  eiect,  stout,  much  branched,  viscidly  pubescent;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, very  acute  ;  decurre^it  naked  above,  white  and  woolly  beneath;  floicers 
in  dense,  roundish,  terminal  clusters.  A  stout  species,  covered  with  a  dense, 
hoary  pubescence.  It  grows  in  hilly  pastures,  4"C.  Stem  2  feet  high,  with 
scattered  leaves  and  spreading  branches.  Leaves  on  the  upper  side  green, 
scabrous  and  viscid.     Scales  whitish,  with  yellow  corollas.     Aug.     Per. 

Decurreiit-leaved  Life-everlasting. 

43.     ANTENNA' RIA. 
Heads  dioecious;  involucre    of  imbricate,  colored   scales; 
pistillate  corollas   filiform;  receptacle  subconvex,  alveolate; 
pappus  simple,  bristly. 

Name  in  allusion  to  the  awns  of  the  pappus  which  resemble  the  autennte  of 
some  insect.     Heads  covered  with  conescent  down.     Lvs.  alternate. 

1.  A.    MARGARITa'cEA.      Br.  Graphalium  margaritaccum.     L. 
Herbaceous  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  alternate  ;  ste7n  branched 

at  top;  corymbs  i:iist'igiaie;  flowers  pedicelled.  This  common  plant  derives 
its  singular  appellation  from  the  imperishable  nature  of  its  dry  pearl-white 
flowers.  Grows  in  fields  and  pastures,  1  or  2  feet  high,  all  parts  covered  with  a 
white,  cottony  down.  Stem  round,  erect,  with  numerous,  sessile,  scattered 
leaves,  branching  at  top  into  a  flat-topped,  crowded  corymb.  Involucre 
scales  white,  with  yellow  flowers.    The  plant  is  slightly  fragrant.    Aug.    Per. 

Cuvimoa  Life-everlasting. 

2.  A.  plantaginifo'lia. 

Slutons  procumbent;  5fe?ft  simple ;  radical  leaves  ovtite,  mucronate,  3- 
nervcd,  silky-canescent.  A  small,  early-flowering  species,  common  iu  dry 
woods  and  hilly  pastures.  The  whole  plant  is  tomentose-canescent.  Leaves 
of  the  radical  shoots  larger  than  the  rest;  those  of  the  stem  sessile.    Flowers 


COMPOSITE.  215  AMMOBIUM, 


in  a  small,  terminal  corymb,  woolly,  and  of  a  purplish  white.     The  flowers  of 
Bome  plants  are  all  barren,  of  others  all  fertile.     April — Sept.     Per. 

Mouse-car  Life- everlasting. 

44.    FI'LAGO. 

Heads    heterogamous;    involucre    of  few    villose    scales; 

marginal  flowers  pistillate ;  receptacle  columnar,  naked  at  the 

summit,  chaffy  at  base;  achenia  terete,  the  central  ones  with 

a  hairy  pappus. 

Downy-canescent  herbs,  apparently  named  from  the  Lat.^/a,  thread,  from 
its  cottony-like  fibres  or  hairs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire.  The  scales  of  the 
involucre  pass  insensibly  into  those  of  the  columnar  receptacle,  each  embrac- 
ing a  pistillate  flower  in  its  axil. 

F.    GeRMA'NICA.      L.  Gnaphalium.     Germanica.  P. 

Woolly  tomentose  ;  stem  dichotomous  or  proliferously  branched  above ; 
haves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  crowded,  erect;  heads  few-tiowered,  in  dense, 
capitate  clusters,  terminal  and  lateral ;  scales  cuspidate,  the  outer  ones  woolly. 
A  European  plant  introduced  into  our  roadsides,  old  fields,  t&c,  but  not  very 
common.  The  stem  is  6  to  10  inches  high,  often  branching  above  from  the 
midst  of  the  globose  cluster  of  heads.  Leaves  numerous,  less  than  an  inch  in 
length,  sessile,  woolly  on  both  sides.  Scales  straw-colored,  with  a  green  line 
outside.     July — Oct.     Ann.  Cudioeed. 

45.    TANACE'TUM. 
Involucre  hemispherical,  imbricate,  the  scales  all  minute; 
receptacle    convex,  naked ;    pappus    a   slight,    membranous 
border;  achenia  with  a  large  epigynous  disk. 

A  corruption  oi  Mhanasia,  which  is  from  the  Gr.  a,  privative,  and  ^avciroi^ 
death  ;  from  the  durability  of  the  flowers.  Lvs.  alternate,  moch  dissected. 
Fls.  yellow. 

T.  vulga're. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnate,  incisely  serrate.  The  common  tansey  is  native  of 
Europe,  naturalized  in  old  fields,  roadsides,  &c.  Stems  2 — 3  feet  high, 
terminating  in  handsome  corymbs  of  yellow  flowers.  A  variety  with  dense 
and  crisped  leaves  occurs,  called  double  tansey.  The  whole  plant  has  a  strong, 
aromatic  smell  and  very  bitter  taste.  The  seeds  are  anthelmintic.  Aug. 
Per.  Tanseij. 

46.    AMMO'BIUM. 
Heads  homogamous;  involucre  imbricate,  colored,  radiant; 
anthers  with  2   bristles  at  base;  receptacle  distinctly  chaffy  ; 
pappus  a  toothed  edge. 

Gr.  cr^^o«,  sand,  [iico,  to  live  ;  referring  to  the  place  of  its  nativity  in  New- 
Holland. 

A.  ala'tum. 

Leaves  oblong,  wavy,  decurrent.  Native  of  New-Holland.  A  pretty 
herbaceous,  half  hardy  plant  of  easy  culture  in  any  garden  soil.  The  stalks 
are  branched,  2  feet  high,  curiously  winged  by  the  "decurrent  leaves.  Heads 
Bolitary,  terminal,  with  dry,  white,  involucral  scales.  Per,    IVinged  Ammohiiivi. 


coMPosiTJi:.  ai6 


Tribe  V.    CYNARE^. 

Heaiis  ovoid,  discoid,  rarely  radiate,  homogamous  (rarely  dioecious)',  or  heterogamous  vnth  th« 
marginal  flowers  ina  single  series.     Style  in  the  perfect  flowers  often  tumid  near  the  summit. 

47.    CALE'NDULA. 
Heads  radiate;  involucre  of  many  equal  leaves,  in  about  2 
series  5  receptacle  naked  ;  achenia  of  the  disk  nnembranaceous; 
pappus  0. 

Lat.  Calenda,  the  first  day  of  the  month,  because  this  plant  blooms  every 
month  in  tiie  year.     An  oriental  genus  of  annual  herbs. 

C.  OFFICINA  LIS. — Jlchr.nia  carinate,  muricate,  incurved.  A  common 
and  handsome  garden  plant,  from  S.  Europe.  It  has  double,  lemon-colored 
and  other  varieties.  The  flower  is  commonly  orange-colored.  "  It  yields  a 
distilled  water,  a  kind  of  vinegar,  and  a  conserve.  The  stem  and  leaves  are 
good  in  soups  and  broths."     June — Sept.     Ann.  Pvt-Marigold. 

48.    CENTAU'REA. 

Heads  discoid;  involucre  imbricate;  ray-flowers  larger 
than  the  rest,  sterile,  often  wanting;  receptacle  bristly;  pap- 
pus hairy ;  achenia  compressed. 

It  is  said  that  with  this  plant  the  Centaur  Chiron  cured  the  wound  made  in 
his  foot  by  Hercules.     A  genus  of  Eastern  plants  with  alternate  leaves. 

C.    NIGRA. 

Involucre  scales  ovate,  with  an  erect,  capillary  fringe  ;  lower  leaves  angular- 
lyrate  ;  upper  ones  ovate.  Introduced  from  Europe.  A  troublesome  weed  in 
meadows  and  pastures.  Stem  branching,  2  feet  high.  Flowers  large,  purple, 
terminal,  solitary.     July,  Aug.     Per.  Knapweed. 

C.  cy'amus. 

Involucre  scales  serrate  ;  leaves  linear,  entire,  the  lowest  ones  dentate. 
Native  of  Europe.  A  hardy  annual,  justly  popular  for  its  beautiful  flowers, 
which  are  very  variable  in  color.  It  is  sparingly  naturalized  in  old  fields. 
July — Sept.  Bluc-holUe.     Bachelor's  Button. 

C.  MOSCIIA'tA.  —  Involucre  roundish,  smooth,  scales  ovate;  leaves 
lyrate  dentate.  A  handsome  border  annual  from  Persia.  Flowers  purple. 
A  variety  has  white  flowers.     July — Oct.  Sweet  Sultan. 

S.  SUAVE'olENS. — Involucre  round,  smooth  •,  lotoer  Scares  broad,  sub- 
spathulate,  dentate  ;  upper  ones  lyrate  at  base  ;  /Zo*oc/-5 yellow,  sweet-scented. 
From  Levant.  Yellow  Sweet  Sultan. 

49.     CNICUS. 

Heads  discoid  ;  involucre  vcntricose,  imbricate  with  doubly 
spinous  scales;  ray-llowers  sterile;  receptacle  very  hairy; 
pappus  in  three  series,  the  outer  10- toothed,  the  2  inner  each 
10-bristled. 

Gr.  fi'n^cOj  to  prickle ;  well  applied  to  this  herb. 


COMPOSITJE.  217 


C.  BENEDl  CTA. — Involucre  doubly  spinous,  woolly,  bractate ;  Zea»es 
somewhat  decurrent,  dentate,  spiny.  Native  of  Spain.  Its  peculiar  names 
are  in  consequence  of  its  early  reputation  for  curing  fever,  plague  and  cancers. 
it  is  at  present  in  no  estimation  whatever.     Naturalized  intields.    June.    Ann 

Blessed  Thistle. 

C  SOLSTITIA'LIS. — Involucre  palniate-spinous,  terminal,  solitary; 
spuje  straight  •,  leaves  lanceolate,  decurrent,  without  prickles,  radical  ones 
lyrate.    From  Europe.     Said  to  be  naturalized.  St.  Baniaby's  TIdstle. 

50.     ONOPO'RDON. 
Heads  discoid,  homogamoiis  ;  involucre  vcntricose,  imbri- 
cate with  spreading,  spinous  scales ;   receptacle  deeply  alveo- 
late; pappus  copious,  capillary,  scabrous ;  achenia  4-angled. 

Gr.  o'joij  and  ttiq^o);  the  application  of  which  to  the  present  noble  genus  is 
not  obvious.     Lanre  branching  herbs  with  decurrent  leaves. 

0.  aca'nthium. 

Involucre  scales  spreading,  subulate  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  decurrent,  sinuate, 
spinous,  woolly  on  both  sides.  This  fine  looking  thistle  occurs  naturalized  in 
waste  grounds,  and  is  about  3  feet  in  hight.  The  whole  plant  has  a  while, 
cottony  appearance.  Stem  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves  which  are 
unusually  large.  Involucre  round,  cottony,  spinous.  Flowers  purple.  July, 
Aug.     Bien.  Cotton  Thistle. 

51.     C  Y  N  A'  R  A  . 

Heads  discoid,  homogamous ;  involucre  dilated,  imbricate, 

scales    fleshy,    emarginale,   pointed;     receptacle    setaceous; 

pappus  plumose;  achenia  not  beaked. 

Gr.  x-voJv,  a  dng  ;  the  stiif,  hard  spines  of  the  involucre  resemble  the  teeth 
of  a  dog.     Natives  of  the  Old  World. 

1.  C.  Sco'lymus. 

icatYS  subspinose,  pinnate  and  undivided  ;  involucre  scales  ovate.  Native 
of  S.  Europe,  naturalized  in  gardens  and  cultivated  grounds.  A  well-known 
garden  esculent.  The  parts  used  are  the  receptacle,  (he  lower  part  of  the 
involucre  and  the  upper  portion  of  the  stalk.  It  is  cultivated  from  suckers 
placed  in  rows,  3  feet  apart.     Aug.     Sept.     Per.  Garden  Artichoke. 

2.  C.  CARDU'NCULUS. — Lc«ye5  spiny,  all  pinnalifid  ;  involucre  scales 
ovate.  Native  of  Candia.  Flowers  purple.  This  plant  is  blanched  by  having 
earth  heaped  up  around  it,  and  then  the  petioles  become  tender,  crisp  and 
eatable,  like  celery.     Aug.     Sept.     Per.  Cardoon. 

5  2.     C  I'  R  S  I  U  M  . 
Heads    discoid,    homogamous;  involucre    subglobose.    cf 
many  rows  of  spinose-pointed,  imbricated  scales;    receptacle 
bristly;  style   scarcely   divided;    pappus  copious,    ()lumose ; 
achenia  compressed,  smooth. 

Gr.  jttgo-to)',  is  a  name  given  by  Pliny  to  a  certain  kind  of  thistle.  Herbs 
with  alternate  leaves  generally  armed  with  spinose  Dtickles,     Floweis  cyanjc. 

T 


COMPOSITE..  218 


1.  C.    ARVE'NSE.      Scop.  Cnicus  arvensis.  P. 
Leaves  sessile,  pinnalifid,  spinous;  stem  panicled;  involucr erounA  or  ovate, 

with  minute  spines,  scales  close  pressed,  ovate-lanceolate.  A  very  cominou 
thistle  in  fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places.  It  is  one  of  the  severest  pests  of 
the  fanner,  requiring  his  constant  vigilance  to  extirpate  it  from  his  fields. 
In  Enorland  it  is  called  cursed  thistle.  Root  creeping,  very  long  and  e.xceed- 
ingly  tenacious  of  life.  Stem  3  feet  high,  with  a  branching  panicle  at  top. 
Leaves  alternate,  thickly  beset  with  thorns.  Flowers  rather  small,  purple, 
the  involucre  nearly  thornless,  and  is  the  only  part  of  the  plant  that  can  be 
safely  handled.     July.     Per.  Canada  Thistle. 

2.  C.    Dl'SCOLOR.      Spreng.  Cnicus  discolor.  Muh. 
Leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,   rough-haired,    downy  beneath,  the  segments  2- 

lobed.  divaricate,  spinosc;  involurre  globose,  the  scales  ovate,  appressed,  with 
spreadmg  spines  at  the  tips.  A  slender  thistle,  3 — 5  feet  high,  much  branch- 
ed, and  Icjify  at  the  summit.  Found  in  thickets.  Heads  terminating  the 
branches,  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  reddish  purple  corollas.  July,  Aug. 
Bien.  Tall.  Thistle. 

3.  C.    MU'tiCUM.      Mx.  Cnicus  glutinosus.  Bw. 
Leaves  pinnatifid  with  divaricate  segments  ;  involucre  ovate,  with  unarmed, 

villous-arachnoid,  glutinous  scales.  A  fine-looking  thistle  found  in  damp 
soils.  Stem  branching,  3—7  leet  high.  Leaves  armed  with  spines  at  each 
angle.  Heads  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  deep  purple  corollas,  the  scales 
webbed  and  glutinous  on  the  back.     Aug.    Sept.     Bien.       Glutiiwus  Thistle. 

4.  C.    HORRi'dULUM.      Mx.  Cnicus  horridulus.  Etc. 
Leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  acutely  cut,  spinose  ;  heads  invested    with  an 

external  involucre  of  about  20  very  spinose  bracts;  .wa/e^  unarmed.  Found 
in  meadows,  &-C.  The  stem  is  1 — 3  feet  high,  invested  with  wool.  Leaves 
somewhat  clasping,  woolly  and  hairv,  armed  with  stiff  spines.  Heads  large, 
with  yellowish-white  corollas  surrounded  by  a  whorl  of  lanceolate  or  linear 
leaflets  tipped  with  stiffthorns,  the  scales  webbed.    Aug.     Bien. 

Yellow  Thistle. 

5.  C.   PU'mILUM.      Spreng.  Cnicus  odoratus.  JW;/A. 
Hairy;  /cares  green  on  both   sides,  clasping,  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid, 

the  seo-ments  irregularly  lobed,ciliate,  spinose  ;  involucre  round  ovate,  spinose, 
naked"  A  common,  low,  turgid  thistle  in  roadsides,  pastures,  «Si:c.  Stem 
1— -2  feet  high,  stout,  striate,  with  1—3  very  large  heads  of  fragrant,  purple 
flowers.     Aug.     Bien.  Pasture  Thistle. 

6.  C.    LANCEOLA'TUM.     Scap.     Carduu."*  lanceolatus.  L.     Cnicus  Uuiceolatum.  P. 
Leaves  decurrent,  pinnatifid,  hispid,  the  segments  divaricate  and  spinose  ; 

involucre  ovale,  villous  ;  scales  lanceolate,  spreading.  Common  in  borders  of 
fields,  roadsides,  &c.,  always  distinguished  by  the  decurient  leaves.     Stem 

3 4  feet  high,  winged  by  "the  decurrent  leaves  which  are  white  and   woolly 

beneath,  arnied  with  formidable  spines  at  all  points.  Flowers  numerous, 
large,  purple.  Involucre  scales  webbed,  each  ending  in  a  spine.  Ju|y— 
Sept.     Bien.  Common  Thistle. 

5  3.     LAPPA. 
Heads  discoid,  homogamotis:  involucre  globose,  the  scales 
imbricated  and  hooked  at  the  extremity  ;  receptacle  bri:jtly  ; 
pa[ipu3  bristly,  scabrous,  caducous. 


COMPOSITE.  219  XANTHinM. 

Lat.  lappa,  a  burr,  from  Gr.  Xa-,3fn',  to  lay  hold  of  ;  a  term  well  character- 
izing' the  burdock.  Coarse  European  herbs.  Root  biennial.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, large. 

L.    MAJOR.      Gaert.  Arctium  Lappa.  L. 

Leaves  cordate,  unarmed,  petioled.  Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds,  fields.  &c.  Every  one  must  necessarily  be  acquainted  with  the 
burdock.  Each  plant  is  a  large,  conical,  ill-scented  and  coarse  looking  mass 
of  vegetation,  surmounted  by  a  branching,  irregular  panicle  of  ovate  beads 
with  tubular  corollas  of  an  e,\ceedino-ly  delicate  pink  color.  The  leaves  are 
very  large  with  wavy  edges.  This  plant  is  an  instance  of  design  in  the 
disseminating  of  seeds,  such  as  cannot  be  mistaken.  The  scales  of  the 
involucre  all  end  in  a  minute,  firm  hook,  which  seizes  hold  of  every  thing 
that  passes  by.  Thus  men  and  animals  are  made  the  unwilling  agents  of 
scatterinrr  vvidely  the  seeds  of  this  unsightly  plant.     July.    Aug.       Burdock. 

54.     IVA. 
Heads   discoid;   involucre    3-Ieaved  ;  marginal    flowers  5, 
fertile,  the  others  sterile  ;  receptacle,  hairy  ;  achenia  obconic, 
obtuse  ;  pappus  0. 

A  name  of  barbarous  origin.     Herbs  or  shrubs.     Lower  leaves  opposite. 

I.  frute'scens. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  punctate,  deeply  serrate,  rough  ;  stem  shrubby.  In  the 
borders  of  salt  marshes.  Stem  thick,  3 — 8  feet  high,  with  numerous  oppo- 
site branches.  Leaves  numerous,  3-nerved,  upper  ones  entire.  P^lowers 
green,  small,  drooping,  in  close,  leafy  clusters.  Aug.    Per.     High-water  Shrub. 

55.     XA'NTHIUM. 
Heads    heterocephalous.      Slerile. — Involucre    innbricate; 
anthers  approxinnate,   but  distinct  ;  receptacle    chaffy.     Fer- 
tile.—  Involucre  2-leaved,  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  1  or  2 
beaked,  2-flowered;  stamens  0. 

Gr.^civdoi,  yellow;  a  color  which  Dioscorides  asserted  to  be  communicated 
to  the  liair  by  an  infusion  of  these  plants.  Coarse,  annual  weeds,  with  alter- 
nate leaves. 

1.  X.  Strum a'rium. 

Stem  unarmed,  branching;  leaves  cordate,  lobed,  3-nerved,  unequally 
serrate,  rough;  fruit  elliptical,  armed  with  uncinate,  stiff  thorns,  and  ending 
with  2,  spreadmg,  straight  horns.  A  coarse,  rough  plant,  in  old  fields,  &c. 
Stem  branched,  bristly,  spotted,  2 — 3  feet  hiu-h.  Leaves  large,  on  long  stalks, 
rigid.  Sterile  flowers  few  together,  terminal,  globular,  green.  Fertile  in 
sessile,  axillary  tufts.  Fruit  a  hard,  2-celled  burr,  near  an  inch  long,  covered 
with  stiff,  hooked  prickles,  which,  like  those  of  the  common  burdock,  serve 
to  disperse  the  seeds.     Aug.     Ann.  Clot-weed. 

2.  X.    ECHINA'tUM.      Murray.  X.  macrocarpon.    Dc. 
Stem,  rough  and  strigose,  spotted  ;  leaves  scabrous,  obscurely  lobed,  obtuse, 

broad  and  subcordate  at  base,  repand-toothed  ;  fruit  ov&\,  densely  armed  with 
rigid,  uncinate  bristles;  horns  incurved.  A  very  coarse  plant  in  marshes 
near  the  seacoast.  Stem  thick  1 — 2  feet  high.  Fruit  very  large,  hairy. 
Aug. — Oct.  , 


COMPOSITJE.  220  CICHORIUM. 

3.    X.    SPINO'SUM. 

5'fe7«  branching ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  3-lobed,  armed  with 
ternate  spines  at  the  base  of  the  stalks.  Waste  grounds,  Ms.  Heads  few, 
axillary,  sessile.     Sept. — Nov.  Prickly  Clot-iceed. 

56.  AMBRO'SIA. 

Ilead-s  heterocephalous.  Sterile. — Involucre  of  several 
united  scales,  hemispherical,  many-flowered  ;  anthers  approx- 
imate, but  distinct;  receptacle  naked.  Fertile. — Involucre 
1-leaved,  entire  or  5  toothed,  ] -flowered  corolla  0;  styles 
2 ;  stamens  0. 

Af/,fi^o(ria,,  signifies  in  Greek,  the  food  of  the  gods  ;  a  term  strangely  m\a- 
applied  in  these  herbaceous  weeds.     Lvs.  generally  opposite. 

1.  A.  tri'fida. 

Hairv,  rouo-h;  leaves  three  lobed,  serrate,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolate, 
acuminate ; /rwif  with  ti  lines  below  tiie  summit.  A  very  tall,  herbaceous 
plant,  not  very  common,  found  in  hedges  and  low  grounds  in  the  valley  of 
Connecticut  river.  Stem  .5 — 10  feet  high,  erect,  branching,  furrowed. 
Leaves  opposite,  in  3  large,  deep  lobes  with  long  points  and  close  serratures. 
Flowers  mean  and  obscure,  in  long,  leafless  spikes,  axillary  and  terminal. 
Aug.     Ann.  Trifid-leaved  Jlinbrosia. 

2.  A.    ARTEMISLEFO'LIA.      L.  A.  elatior.    P. 
Leaves  twice-pinnatifid,  nearly  smooth  ;  petioles  ciliate  ;  racemes  terminal, 

panicled ;  stem  virgate.  A  common  and  troublesome  weed  of  the  gardens, 
«5i.c.  far  more  worthy  of  its  English  than  its  Latin  name.  Stem  2 — 3  feet 
high,  branching,  pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  with  segments  acute  and 
pa'rallel.  Barren  flowers,  small,  green,  in  terminal  racemes,  the  fertile  ones 
sessile  about  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Aug.  Sept.  Ann.  Hog-iceed. 
fi.  intcgrifolJa,  (T.  &^  G.  A.  integrifolia,  Muh).  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  bristly  on  both  sides,  ciliate  at  base,  often  some  of  them  3-lobed  ; 
racemes  terminal,  single  or  ternate. 

SrBOKDER  IL   LIGULIFLOR.E. 

Floicers  all  perfect,  ligulate,  in  a  radiatiform  head. 
Tribe  VL   CICHORACEiE. 

Branches  of  the  style  uniformly  pubescent.    Plants  with  a  milky  juice.     Leaves  alternate. 

57.  CICHO'RIUM. 

Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  o  leafy  scales,  the  inner  of 
about  S  linear  ones;  receptacle  chaffy  ;  pappus  scaly  ;  achenia 
not  rostrate,  obscurely  5-sided. 

The  ancient  Egyptian  name  was  chikourych,  whence  Or.  >tt%a<gi),  and 
Eng.  Succory.     Oriental  herbs  with  bright  blue  flowers,  about  20  in  a  head. 

C.  Intybus. 

F/o!ccr.s  in  pairs,  axillary,  sessile;  lower  leaves  runcinate.  A  European 
plant  2—3  feet  high,  with  "large,  showy,  sky  blue  flowers,  naturahzed  in  grass 
fii^lds,  by  roadsides,  and  becoming  quite  common  in  many  localities.  Stem 
round,  with  few  long  branches,  rough.     The    upper  leaves  become  cordate. 


COMPOSIT.E.  221  TRAGOPOGON. 

acuminate,  sessile,  inconspicuous,  only  the  radical  ones  runcinate.  The 
flowers  are  1 — 2  inches  in  diameter,  and  placed  rather  remote  on  the  long, 
nakedish  branches.  Corollas  flat,  5-toothed.  The  root  is  used  in  France  as 
a  substitute  for  coffee.     July — Sept.     Ver.  Succory. 

5  8.      K  R  I'  G 1 A . 
Involucre  many-leaved,  nearly    simple,  equal;  receptacle 
naked  ;  pappus  double,  or  consisting  of  5  broad,  membranous 
scales  surrounding  5 — 8  bristles  several  times  as  long  as  the 
5-angled  achenia. 

Named  after  Dr.  Krieg,  a  German  botanist,  who  accompanied  Mr  Vernon 
(see  Vernonia)  to  America  in  search  of  plants.  Small  acaulescent  herbs. 
Heads  solitary  with  :20 — 30  yellow  flowers. 

K.    Virgi'NICA.      JVilld.  Hyoseris  Virginica.    L. 

Scape  1-flowered  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  lyrate,  smooth;  involucre  smooth. 
This  little  plant  is  found  on  sandy  hills  and  by  roadsides,  flowering  from  May 
to  July.  Scapes  1 — several,  smooth,  slender,  1 — 8  inches  high.  "After  flow- 
ering it  becomes  longer  than  the  leaves.  The  primary  leav'es  are  roundish, 
entire;  the  rest  irregularly  lyrate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  10— 15,  Unear- 
lanceolate,  arranged  m  a  somewhat  simple  series.  CoroUui.  yellow.  Achenia 
turbinate,  scabrous,  reddish  brown.     Ann.  Dicarf  Dandelion. 

5  9.     C  Y'  N  T  H I  A  . 
Involucre  nearly  simple,  of  equal,  narrow  scales ;  receptacle 
flat,  alveolate;  pappus  double,  the  outer  minute,  scaly  ;  inner 
copious,  capillar}!  ;  achenia  short. 

Cynthia  in  heathen  niythology  was  one  of  the  names  of  Diana.  Its  appli- 
cation to  these  plants  is  not  very  obvious.  Leaves  alternate  or  radical. 
Heads  with  12—15  yellow  flowers. 

C.  Virgi'nic.\. 

Stem  mostly  simple,  scape-like  ;  radical  leaves  sublyrate  or  pinnatifid,  on 
short,  winged  petioles  ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  entire.  In 
sandy  soils.  Western  N.  Y.  The  plant  is  smooth  and  glaucous.  Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  often  dichotomously  divided,  with  1—2  claspino-  leaves  at  the  forks. 
Radical  leaves  3 — 5  inches  long,  sometimes  nearly  entire.  Heads  terminal 
on  the  bracteate  and  subiimbellate  peduncles,  with  deep  yellow  flowers. 
Scales  united  at  base  in  a  somewhat  double  series.     May — July. 

Virginian  Cynthia. 

60.    TRAGO'POGON. 

Involucre  simple,  of  many  leaves;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus 
plumose,  achenia  longitudinally  striate,  contracted  into  a 
long,  filiform  beak. 

Gr.  TQayoi,  a  goat,  TraiycDv,  beard  ;  in  allusion  to  the  long,  silky,  tawny 
beard  of  the  fruit.  Biennial  European  herbs,  with  long,  linear,  grass-like 
leaves. 

1.  PORRIFO  LIUS. — Involucre  much  longer  than  the  corolla;  leaves 
long,  linear,  undivided,  straight;  j:;ciZ«McZe    thickened   upwards.     Stem  3 — 4 

T* 


compositjE.  222 


feet  high.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary,  large,  bluish  purple  This  exotic  i» 
cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  root,  which  is  long,  tapering  and  nutritious. 
When  properly  prepared  it  has  a  mild,  sweetish  taste,  which  has  been  com- 
pared to  that  of  the  oyster.     Bienn.  Salsify.     Vegetable  Oyster. 

Gl.    LEO'NTODON. 
Involucre  imbricate,  the  outer  scales  very  short ;  receptacle 
naked  ;  pappus  plumose,  persistent  on  the  somewhat  rostrate 
achenia. 

Gr.  Xicov,  a  lion,  and  ohovi,  a  tooth  ;  in  reference  to  the  deep,  tooth-like 
divisions  of  the  leaves.  Acaulescent  herbs,  with  white  flowers,  many  in  a 
head. 

L.    AUTLIMNA'LIS.       L.  Apargia  autumnalis.      Willd. 

Scape  branching;  peduncles  scaly;  /rares  lanceolate,  dcntatepinnatifid, 
smoothish.  A  European  plant,  naturalized  and  common  in  the  eastern  parts 
of  N.  England,  growing  in  grass-lands  and  by  roadsides.  The  flower  resem- 
bles those  of  the  dandelion  (Taxaxacum).  Root  large,  abrupt.  Scape  round, 
striate,  hollow,  decumbent  at  base,  G— 18  inches  high,  with  a  fev/  branches 
and  scattered  scales.  Leaves  all  radical  spreading,  G  inches  long,  with  deep, 
round  sinuses,  and  covered  with  remote  hairs.  Flowers  an  inch  in  diameter, 
yellow,  appearing  from  July  to  Nov.  Jlutumnal  Hawkweed. 

62.     LACTU'CA. 
Involucre    imbricate,  cylindric,  the  scales  in  2  or  3  rows, 
the  outer  shortest;  receptacle  naked;  pappus  simple,crown- 
ine:  tlie  lonjr  beak  of  the  achenia. 

Lat.  Inc,  milk  ;  from  the  milky  juice,  in  which  all  the  species  abound. 
Heads  few-flowered.     Pappus  copious,  soft  and  white. 

1.    L.    ELONGA'TA. 

Leaves  smooth  and  pale  beneath,  lower  ones  amplexicaul,  runcinate,  upper 
lanceolate,  entire,  sessile;  keuds  racemose-paniculate.  A  common,  rank 
plant,  irrowing  in  hedges,  thickets,  &c.,  where  the  soil  is  rich  and  damp. 
Stem  hollow,  stout,  3— G  feet  high,  often  purple,  bearing  a  leafless,  elongated, 
sometimes  corymbose-spreading  panicle  of  numerous  heads  of  flowers.  Leaves 
very  variable,  the  lower  G — 12  inches  long,  commonly  deeply  runcinate, often 
narrow-lanceolate,  with  a  few  narrow-lanceolate  divisions.  Corollas  yellow. 
Achenia  oblong,  compressed,  about  the  length  of  the  beak.     July,  Aug. 

H'ild  Lettuce.      Trumpet  MUlnceed. 

B  integrifnlia  (L.  integrifolia.  Bic.)  ;  leaves  nearly  all  undivided,  lanceolate, 
sessile,  the  lowest  often  sagittate  at  base. 

y.  sanguinurca  (L.  sanguinarea.  Bw)  ;  leaves  runcinate,  amplexicaul. 
mostly  pubescent,  glaucous  beneath  ;  j?o?fc»-5  purple.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high, 
often  "purple    (but  this  character  is  not  peculiar  to  this  variety). 

2-  L.  SATIVA. — ,S7c7n  corymbose  ;  /(?«7;fs  suborbicular,  the  cauline  ones 
cordate.  The  varieties  of  this  exotic  are  every  where  well  known  and 
cultivated  for  salad.  It  is  annual,  with  very  smooth,  yellowish  green  foliage, 
which  in  one  vnriety  (capUata)  is  so  abundant  as  to  form  heads  like  the 
cabbage.  Heads  numerous,  small,  with  yellowish  corollas.  The  milky  juice 
contains  opium,  and  if  this  salad  be  eaten  too  freely,  unpleasant  narcotic 
.effects  are  the  consequence.  Garden  Lettuce. 


COMPOSIT52.  223 


G3.     TARA'XACUM. 

Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  small  scales  much  shorter 
than  the  inner,  apprcssed  row;  receptacle  naked;  achenia 
produced  into  a  long  beak  crowned  with  the  copious,  white, 
capillary  pappus. 

Gr.  ra.Qay.nx.oi,  cathartic  ;  on  account  of  its  once  celebrated  medicinal 
properties.     Acaulescent  herbs,  with  runcinate  leaves. 

T.    DeNS-LEONIS.      Desf.  Leontodon  Taraxacum.  L. 

Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  reflexed  ;  leaves  runcinate,  smooth,  dentate. 
Every  one  is  acquainted  with  the  dandelion,  wliicli  is  found  growing  in  all 
open  situations,  and  blossoming  at  all  seasons  except  winter.  The  leaves  are 
all  radical,  and  examples  of  that  peculiar  form  termed  runcinate,  that  is, 
re-uncinale,  the  teetli  or  claws  inclining  backwards  towards  the  base  of  the 
leaf  ratlier  than  the  summit.  Scape  hollow,  round,  bearing  a  single  yellow 
flower.  After  the  flower  is  closed  and  decayed,  the  scape  rises  higher  and 
bears  a  head  of  perfected  seeds  and  seed-down,  the  airy,  globular  form  of 
which  is  very  conspicuous  among  the  tall  grass.  The  leaves  in  spring 
furnish  an  excellent  pot-herb.     April — Nov.     Ter.  Dandelion. 

G4.     NA'BALUS. 

Involucre  cylindric,  of  man}'  linear  scales  in  one  row, 
calyculate  with  a  few  short,  appressed  scales  at  base;  recep- 
tacle naked;  pappus  copious,  capillary,  brownish,  2-rowed, 
persistent;  achenia  not  beaked,  smooth,  striate. 

Erect  herbs  with  a  thick,  tuberous  and  bitter  root.  Heads  5— 15.flowered, 
not  yellow,  though  often  straw-colored  or  cream-colored. 

*  Heads  pendulous.     Leaves  very  variable  in  the  same  species. 

1.  N.    ALBUS.      Hook.  Harpalyce.  Do7i.      Prenanlhes.  L. 
Stem  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous,  corymbose-paniculate  above  ;  radical 

leaves  angular-hastate,  oi'ten  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  ;  stem  leaves  roundish- 
ovate,  dentate,  petioled,  the  lobes  or  leaves  obtuse  ;  heads  pendulous  ;  inrolv- 
cre  of  8  scales,  9 — 13-flowered.  A  conspicuous  and  not  inelegant  plant,  in 
moist  woods  and  shades.  Stem  stout,  2 — 4  feet  high,  purplish,  often  deeply 
80  in  spots.  The  leaves  are  very  variable,  the  lowest  3 — 5-lobed  or  only 
hastate,  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  and  between  these  the  intermediate  forms, 
hastate  and  ovate,  all  irregularly  toothed.  Scales  purplish.  Corollas  whitish. 
Pappus  brown.  Some  of  the  varieties  have  the  reputation  of  curing  the 
rattle-snakes' bite.     Aug.    Per.  Lion's  foot.     White  Lettuce. 

/3  scrpentaria  (Prenanthes  serpentaria.  P  )  ;  radical  /ea?;cs  palmate-sinnate, 
those  of  the  stem  on  long  petioles,  with  the  middle  segment  3-parted  ;  upper 
leaves  lanceolate. 

2.  N.    ALTI'SSIMUS.      Hook.  Harpalyce.  Don.      Prenanthes.  L. 
Stem  smooth,  slender,  straight,  paniculate  above  ;  leaves  more  or  less  deeply 

3 — .5  cleft,  all  petiolate,  angular,  denticulate  and  rough-edged,  the  lobes 
;.cuminate;  /tead^  pendulous  ;  involucre  of  ?>  scales  and  about  5-flowered.  A 
tail  species  with  cylindric,  yellowish,  nodding  flowers,  found  in  woods.  Stem 
li — 5  feet  high,  bearing  a  narrow  and  elongated  panicle.  Heads  in  short, 
tiiUary  and  terminal  racemes.     Aug.     Per.  Tall  JYabalus. 


coMPOsiT-E.  224 


/3.  ovalus  (Riddcll)  ;  caulinc  leaves  nearly  all  ovate,  on  slender  petioles. 

y.  cordalus  (Prenanthes  cordata.   WiUd)  ;  leaves  cordate,  on  slender  petioles. 

5.  (ZeZ^oirfea  (Prenanthes  deltoidea.  Ell.);  Ze«rc5  deltoid,  acuminate,  acutely 
denticulate. 

i.  dissectus  {T.  &/•  G.)  ;  Jeaues  mostly  3-parted  or  divided,  segments  entire 
or  deeply  cleft  into  2  or  3  narrow  lobes. 

3.  N.   Fra'SERI.  Prenanthes  rubicunda.  P. 
Stem  smooth,   corymbosely-paniculate  above ;  leaves   subscabrous,  mostly 

deltoid,  often  pinnately  lobed,  on  winged  petioles,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate, 
subsessile  ;  involucre  of  about  8  scales,  8 — 12-flowered;  jL<a/;/)MS  straw-colored. 
In  dry,  hard,  soils,  rare.  Stem  2 — 4  feet  high  with  paniculate  branches. 
The  leaves  are  as  variable  as  in  our  other  species,  sometimes  all  being 
lanceolate,  with  only  irregular  indentures  instead  of  lobes.  Heads  drooping, 
with  purplish  scales  and  cream-colored  corollas.  It  is  most  effectually  dis- 
tinguished from  N.  albus  by  the  more  lively  color  of  the  pappus.     Aug.    I'er. 

4.  N.   NANUS.  Prenanthes  alba.     /3.  nana.  Bw. 

Stem  simple,  low,  smooth  ;  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  the  lowest  variously 
lobed  or  parted,  the  others  successively  deltoid-hastate,  ovate  and  lanceolate  ; 
heads  in  small  axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  forming  a  slender,  racemose 
panicle;  i/iyo/wcre  greenish  purple,  of  about  8  scales  and  1(J — 12  flowers; 
pappzis  dingy  wliite.  Tliis  form  of  Nabalus  is  common  on  tlie  White  Mts., 
where  we  find  it  with  the  same  sportive  character  of  foliage  as  appears  in 
other  species.  Stem  5 — 10  inches  high.  Heads  with  whitish  flowers.  Aug. 
Sept. 

65.     SONCHUS. 

Involucre  imbricate,  dilated  at  base;  receptacle  naked; 
pappus  of  simple,  copious,  wliite-silky  hairs  ;  achenia  not 
rostrate. 

Said  to  be  from  the  Gr.  <ro^(poi,  hollow  or  soft;  in  allusion  to  the  soft, 
feeble  stem  of  the  plant.  Involucre  scales  numerous,  linear,  unequal.  Heads 
many-flowered,  yellow.     Lvs.  often  spinulose. 

1.  S.  olera'ceous. 

Leaves  sagittate  amplexicaul,  runcinate,  snbspinulose,  dentate  ;  peduncles 
downy  ;  invidiicre  at  length  smooth.  A  sordid  looking  plant,  native  of  Europe, 
naturalized  in  waste  grounds,  among  rubbish,  &c.  The  whole  plant  has  a 
glaucous  hue.  Stem  angular,  hollow,  fragile,  2 — 3  feet  in  liiglil.  Leaves 
apparently  clasping,  with  large  retreating  lobes  at  base,  wavy  and  serrated  in 
a  runcinate  manner,  tiie  teeth  ending  in  weak  spines.  Involucres  dilated  at 
base,  with  yellow  corollas.     Sept.    Ann.  Common  Sow-Thistle. 

2.  S.    ASPER.       Vtll.  S.  spinulosus.    Bw. 

Stem,  glandular-hispid  above  ;  leaves  cordate-ample.xicaul,  oblong-lanceolate, 
undulate,  spinulose,  dentate  ;  ■peduncles  subumbcllate.  Hanover,  N.  H. 
Found  in  similar  situations  with  the  former,  but  less  common.  Stem  ] — 2 
feet  high,  smooth  except  at  tlie  summits  of  the  brandies,  where  it  is  covered 
with  stiff  hairs,  each  supporting  a  little  gland  at  top.  Leaves  with  numerous 
short,  spiny  teeth,  wavy  or  slightly  runcinate,  tin?  upper  ones  clasping  so  as 
to  appear  perfoliate.     Scales  with  few,  scattered  hairs.     Aug.     Sept. 

Roush  Sow-Thislls. 


COMPOSITE.  225  HIEEACinM. 

3.  S.  arve'nsis. 

Involucre  and  -peduncles  hispid,  subumbelled  ;  leaves  runcinate,  denticulate, 
cordate  at  the  base  ;  70oi  creeping.  Cultivated  grounds.  Stem  about  2  feet 
high,  angular.     Flowers  large,  deep  yellow.     Aug.    Per.       Com  Sow- Thistle. 

66.     HIERA'CIUM. 
Involucre  more  or   less  imbricated,  ovate ;  receptacle  sub- 
favose;   pappus  simple,    hairy,   copious,    persistent;  achenia 
not  beaked. 

Gr.  i^Qci-^,  a  haiok  ;  from  the  exploded  notion  that  the  hawk  and  othorbirds 
of  prey  made  use  of  the  juice  of  this  plant  to  strengthen  their  vision.  Involu- 
cre many-flowered,  with  very  unequal  scales. 

1.  H.    VENO'SUM. 

Scape  naked,  smooth,  paniculate  ;  leaves  obovate,  somewhat  acute,  entire,  a 
little  hairy  above,  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  veins 
colored  ;  involucre  glabrous.  Found  in  woods,  &c.  Leaves  all  radical, 
spreading  on  the  ground,  remarkably  distinguished  with  dark  red  spots  and 
veins.  Scape  or  stem  ] — 2  feet  high,  nearly  or  quite  naked,  of  a  dark  brown 
color,  bearing  a  diffuse,  terminal,  corymbose  panicle  of  rather  small  heads  on 
slender  pedicels  and  with  bright  yellow  flowers.  Achenia  linear.  July, 
Aug.     Per.  Veiny-leaved  Haiokweed. 

2.  H.  Grono'vii. 

Stem  leafy,  hirsute,  paniculate  ;  involucre  and  pedicels  glandular-pilose  ; 
radical  leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  entire,  strigose,  the  midrib  beneath 
very  villous  ;  upper  ones  oblong,  closely  sessile.  A  hairy  plant,  found  on  dry 
hills.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  furnished  with  a  few  leaves  below,  naked 
above  and  bearing  a  narrow,  elongated  panicle.  Lower  leaves  tapering  into 
a  long  stalk.  Flowers  yellow,  on  glandular,  slender  pedicels.  Achenia 
tapering  upwards  to  a  slender  point,  but  scarcely  rostrate.     Aug.    Sept.    Per. 

Gronoviiis'  Hawkweed. 

3.  H.    CaNADE'nSE.      Mx.  H.  Kalmii.    Spr. 
Stem  erect,  subvillose,   leafy,  many-flowered  ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or 

oblong-ovate,  acute,  divaricately  and  acutely  dentate,  the  upper  ones  some- 
what amplexicaul,  with  an  obtuse  base ;  panicles  axillary  and  terminal, 
corymbose,  downy.  Rocky  woods.  Stem  I — 2  feet  high,  more  or  less 
pubescent.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  yellow,  on  thick,  downy  pedicels. 
Aug.    Per.  Canadian  Hawkweed. 

4.  H.  panicula'tum. 

Smoothish  ;  stem  erect,  leafy,  whitish  tomentose  below  ;  pedicels  capillary  ; 
heads  ]0 — 18-flowered;  leaves  lanceolate,  dentate,  naked,  membranaceous. 
About  a  foot  in  bight,  found  in  damp  woods.  Stem  slender.  Leaves  thin. 
Heads  quite  small,  numerous  on  long,  slender  pedicels,  formmg  a  very 
branching  panicle.     Aug.     Per.  Panicled  Haickweed. 

5.  H.    SCABRUM.      Mx.  H.  Marianum     Willd. 
Stem,  erect,  villous  ;  leaves  elliptic-obovate,  with  stiff"  bristles,  and  villous  on 

the  midrib,  the  lower  ones  slightly  dentate  ;  pedicels  and  cabjx  downy  ;  heads 
25 — 40-flowered.  A  rough  species,  found  on  sandy  hills.  Stem  about  2  feet 
high,  very  rough,  round,  striate,  bearing  at  top  a  small  dense  panicle  of  yellow 
flowers.  Leaves  sessile,  with  a  broad,  rounded  point.  Pedicels  and  calyx 
glandular-hispid.     Aug.     Per. 


I.OBELIACE^.  226 


6.  H.  AURANTI'aCUM.  — Siewi  leafy,  hispid ;^o?rer5  densely  corymbose  ; 
leaves  oblong,  somewhat  acute,  pilose,  hispid.  Native  of  Scotland.  Flowers 
numerous,  large,  orange-colored.  One  of  the  few  species  worthy  of  cultiva- 
tion.    Per. 

G7.    MULGEDIUM. 
Involucre  double,  the  outer  series   short,   imbricated  ;  re- 
ceptacle naked;  pappus  copious,  soft,  capillary,  crowning  the 
short-bealied  achenia. 

Lat.  mulgeo,  to  milk  ;  in  allusion  to  the  lactescent  qualities  of  the  plants. 

1.  M.   ACUMINa'tuM.      Dc.  Sonchns  acuminatus.   Willd. 
Radical  leaves  subruncinate ;    cauli.ne  ones   ovate,    acuminate,    petiolate, 

dentate;  Acof/s  loosely  paniculate,  on  some wliat  scaly  peduncles.  In  hedges 
and  thickets.  A  smooth  plant, ;{ — G  feet  high,  with  the  stem  often  purpUsh. 
Leaves  3 — 6  inches  long,  the  lower  ones  oilen  deltoid-hastate  or  truncate  at 
the  base,  sinuate-denticulate,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  winged  petiole.  Heads 
small.  Peduncles  with  a  few  scale-like  bracteoles.  Scales  dark  purple,  with 
blue  corollas.  Pappus  white,  on  the  short-beaked  (ovate-acuminate)  achenia. 
Aug.     Sept.  Jlcuviinate-leaved  Mulgedium. 

2.  M.  LEUC0PII.S)'U1VI.  Dc.    Sonchus  floridanus.  j4?>.  Agathyrsus  leucophacus.  Don: 
Leaves  numerous,   lyrate-runcinate,  coarsely  dentate  ;  heads  paniculate   on 

squamose-bracteate  peduncles.  Moist  thickets.  A  tall,  leafy  plant,  nearly 
smooth.  Stem  4 — 10  feet  high.  Leaves  5 — 12  inches  long,  irregularly 
divided  in  a  runcinate  or  pinnatifid  manner,  the  segments  repand-toothed,  the 
radical  ones  on  long  stalks,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  often  undivided.  Heads 
small,  with  pale  blue  or  yellowish  corollas,  a  dirty  white  pappus,  and  arranged 
in  a  long,  slender  panicle.     Aug.     Sept.  Shining  Mulgedium. 


ORDER  LXXVII.    LOBELIACE^.  The  LoMia  Tribe. 

Cat. — Superior,  the  limb  5-lobed  oreiilire. 

Cor. — Limb  irregular,  5-lobed,  tlie  tube  inserted  into  the  calyx. 

Sta. — 5,  inserted  with  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 

Anth. — Coherent  into  a  tube.     Pollen  oval. 

Ova. — Adherent  to  the  calyx  tulie.     Style  simple.     Stig.  surrounded  with  a  fringe. 

Fr. — A  capsule,  2  or3-(rarely  l-)celled,  many-seeded. 

Herbs,  sometimes  shrubs,  with  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves.  They  are  most  abundant 
in  countries  near  the  tropics,  as  AV.  Indies,  Brazil  and  the  Sandwich  Islands,  but  lliey  are 
found  also  throughout  the  temperate  zones. 

Properties.  All  the  species  are  poisonous,  being  pervaded  by  an  acrid,  narcotic  juice. 
The  common /nrfia/i  tobacco  (Lobelia  inflata)  is  an  exceedingly  active  medicine,  emetic, 
sudorific  and  expectorant.  It  should  be  used,  however,  with  great  caution,  since  "less 
than  a  teaspoonfulof  the  seeds  or  the  powdered  leaves  would  destroy  life  in  a  few  hours." 
Di.  Gray.     The  other  species  produce  similar  elfects,  but  in  a  less  degree. 

This  order  contains  comparatively  few  genera  and  is  represented  in  the  Northern  States 
by  the  following  genus  only. 

LOBELIA. 
Corolla  tubular,  irregular,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base  on  the 
upper  side;  stamens  with  the  anthers  united   above   into  a 
curved  tube ;  stigma  2-lobed  ;  capsule  opening  at  the  summit ; 
seeds  minute. 


LOBELIACE^.  227 


Named  in  honor  of  Matthias  de  Lobel,  physician  and  botanist  to  James  I. 
Died  at  London,  1616.  Herbaceous  plants.  Flowers  solitary  axillary,  or  in 
terminal,  bracted  racemes.  The  corolla  limb  is  apparently  2-lipped,  the  lower 
lip  of  3,  spreading,  lanceolate  segments,  the  upper  of  2  smaller  segments. 

1.  L.  cardina'lis. 

Stein  erect ;  Zea^je*  broad-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  racemes  terminal,  secund.  A 
tall  plant  of  superior  beauty,  native  of  our  meadows  and  streams.  It  has  been 
introduced  abroad,  and  is  highly  prized  by  the  florists  of  Europe.  The  stem  is 
commonly  2  feet  high ;  but  by  the  railroad  side  west  of  Utica,  numerous 
plants  of  this  species  occur  3  and  4  feet.  The  leaves  (as  well  as  the  whole 
plant)  are  smooth,  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  becoming  minute  amontr  the 
flowers.  At  the  top  of  the  stem  there  are  about  a  dozen  large,  scarlet  flowers, 
on  axillary  peduncles.  In  favorable  circumstances  their  number  increases  to 
near  a  hundred,  forming  a  superb  racemose  spike,  equalling  in  length  and 
excelling  in  beauty  the  proudest  plume  that  the  warrior  ever  wore.  July, 
Aug.     ?er.  Cardinal  flower. 

2.  L.    INFLA'TA. 

Stem  hairy,  branched,  erect;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  serrate, pilose  ; 
capsule  inflated.  Root  fibrous.  Stem  erect,  very  rough,  angular,  simple, 
becoming  branched  in  proportion  to  the  luxuriance  of  its  growth,  10 — 15 
inches  high.  Leaves  elliptical,  sessile,  hairy  and  veiny.  Flowers  in  leafy 
spikes,  axillary,  peduncled.  Corolla  small,  pale  blue,  leaving  an  oval,  turgid 
capsule  in  the  calyx.  Grows  every  where  in  pastures  and  roadsides.  This 
plant  has  been  rendered  famous  by  the  Thompsonian  doctors,  in  whose 
practice  it  constitutes  the  "  grand  catholicon"  for  the  cure  of  '•  all  diseases." 
Its  specific  action,  as  above  stated,  is  that  cf  a  violent  emetic.  In  small  doses 
it  is  powerfully  expectorant.  To  its  salivating  property  is  probably  owing 
the  drivelling  of  horses  in  autumn.     July— Sept.     Ann.  Indian  Tobacco. 

3.  L.  Dortma'nna. 

Leaves  linear  entire,  fleshy,  2-celled  ;  scape  simple,  naked,  racemose.  A 
curious  aquatic,  growing  in  ponds,  the  flowers  only  rising  above  the  water. 
Stem  erect,  hollow,  nearly  leafless,  long,  bearing  above  the  surface  a  raceme 
of  3  or  4  remote,  pedicellate  flowers.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  spreading, 
obtuse,  submerged,  having  2  longitudinal  grooves.  Flowers  droopino-,  pale 
blue.     July.     Per.  JVater  Lobelia. 

4.  L.  siphili'tica. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  unequally  serrate  ;  calyx  hairy,  shorter  than  the  tube 
of  the  corolla,  the  sinuses  reflexed.  A  fine,  showy  plant,  but  inferior  in 
beauty  to  L.  cardinalis,  growing  in  wet  meadows.  Stem  erect,  2 — 4  feet 
high,  simple,  angular,  with  short  hairs.  Leaves  lanceolate,  broader  at  base, 
acute  at  each  end,  somewhat  erosely  dentate,  pilose.  Flowers  large,  on  short 
peduncles,  each  solitary  in  the  axil  of  an  ovate-lanceolate  bract.  Corolla 
bright  blue  or  purplish.  Capsule  half  superior.  Jl.  Per.    Blue  Cardinal  flower. 

5.  L.  pube'rula. 

Pubescent;  stem  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  elliptical,  obtuse, 
sessile,  repand-denticulate  ;  r«ccH(e  spicate,  .secund  ;  calyx  ciliate,  the  seg- 
ments longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Native  of  mountains,  &c.  Stem 
12—30  inches  high,  scarcely  furrowed.  Leaves  covered  with  a  short,  downy 
or  silky  pubescence,  1 — 2  inches  in  length  and  half  as  wide,  the  lower  ones 
broadest  towards  the  end.     Flo  v/ers  large,  on  very  short  pedicels,  each  solitary 


CAMPANHLACEJE.  228  CAMPANDLA. 

in  the  axil  of  an  ovate-lanceolate  bract,  forming  a  somewhat  one-sided  raceme, 
leafy  below.     Calyx  hairy  at  base.     Corollaof  a  bright,  purplish  blue.    Jl.  Per. 

6.  L.    ClAYTO'NIA.      Mx.  L.  palida.  Muh. 
Leaves  oblonir,  sessile,  pubescent,  nearly  entire,  the  radical  ones  spathulate  ; 

stem  erect,  simple,  pubescent;  raceme  spicate.  Pastures  and  roadsides. 
Plant  slender  I5 — 2  feet  high,  pubescent  or  nearly  smooth.  Stem  somewhat 
grooved,  few-leaved,  ending  in  a  long,  wand-like  raceme.  Flowers  numerous, 
on  short  pedicels,  crowded,  each  axillary  to  a  linear-lanceolate  bract.  Corolla 
pale  blue.  Calyx  segments  subulate,  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Auo'. 
Per.  Clayton's  Lobelia. 

7.  L.  Ka'lmia. 

Smooth;  stem  simple,  slender,  erect;  radical  leaves  spathulate,  stnn  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  remotely  denticulate  ;  raceme  lax,  few-flowered, 
leafy  ;  floioers  pedicelled.  A  small  and  delicate  species,  inhabiting  the  rocky 
banks  of  streams.  Stem  6 — 12  inches  high,  commonly  simple.  Leaves 
mostly  linear,  sessile,  an  inch  long  and  1 — 2  lines  wide,  upper  ones  entire, 
lower  wilii  minute  teeth.  Flowers  remote,  alternate,  on  axillary  pedicels 
which  are  but  little  shorter  than  the  leaf-like  bracts.  Corolla  pale  blue,  the  3 
lower  segments  obovate.     Aug.  Kalm's  Lobelia. 

L.  SPLENDENS  and  FULGENS,  natives  of  Mexico,  both  with  scarlet  flowers, 
are  two  other  brilliant  ornaments  of  this  genus.  They  are  occasionally 
cultivated,  as  well  as  L.  cardinalis.  They  require  copious  supplies  of  water, 
in  sanded  bog-earth. 


ORDER  LXXVIII.    CAMPANULACE.E.     The Bdl-floicer  Tribe. 

Col. — Superior,  generally  5-cleft,  persistent. 

Cor. — Regular,  campanulate,  generally  5-cleft,  withering,  valvale  in  snstivalion.       [lobes. 

,S"(a.— Inserted  with  the  corolla  upon  the  calyx,  equal  in  number  to,  and  alternate  with,  its 

Anth. — Distinct,  2-cel!ed.     Pollen  spherical. 

Ot^a.— Adherent  to  the  calyx,  2  or  more-celled.     Style  covered  with  collecting  hairs. 

Pr. — Capsule  crowned  with  the  remains  ol  the  calyx,  loculicidal.     Seeds  many. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  exslipnlate.  Flowers  mostly  blue,  showy. 
It  is  a  small  order,  chiefly  abounding  in  the  northern  temperate  zone  and  in  South  Al'riea. 
Of  its  300  species,  according  to  Alphonse  DeCandolle,  only  19  inhabit  the  torrid  zone. 
The  campanulticea;  are  interesting  cliiefly  for  their  beauty,  being  destitute  of  any  inip>!r- 
lant  known  properties.     They  are  represented  among  us  by  a  single  genus. 

C  A  M  P  A'  iN  U  L  A  . 
Calyx  mostly  S-cleft ;  corolla  campanulate,  S-lobed,  closed 
at  base  by  5  stameniforous  valves;  stigma 3 — 5-clcft;  capsule 
3 — 5-celled,  opening  by  lateral  pores. 

A  Latin  diminutive,  from  c«77i;>«n«,  a  bell ;  a  term  singularly  applicable  to 
the  elegant  form  of  the  flowers.  The  divisions  of  the  siigi7ia,  as  well  as  the 
cells  of  the  capsule  are  very  generally  3.     Seeds  numerous  and  small. 

1.  C.  rotundifo'lia. 

Strm  weak,  slender ;  radical  leaves  reniform-cordate ;  cauline  ones  linear, 
entire;  flowers  few,  nodding.  An  exceedingly  delicate  plant,  with  blue, 
bell-shaped  flowers.  On  damp  rocks  and  rocky  streams.  Stem  a  foot  or 
more  high,  smooth.  The  root  leaves  decay  on  the  opening  of  the  floweis,  so 
that  only  those  of  the  stem  are  then  visible.     These  are  rather  aumerous, 


CAMPANULACEiE.  229  CAMPANULA, 

smooth,  linear,  2  inches  lon^and  scarcely  a  line  in  width.  Flowers  terminal, 
in  a  loose  panicle,  drooping.     Root  creeping,  perennial.     June,  July. 

Covinwn  Bell-Jiowcr.     Hair  Bell . 

2.  C.    AMPLEXICAU'LIS.      Mx.  C.  perfoliata.  L. 
Stem  simple,  rarely  branched,  erect;  leaves  cordate,  crenate,  amplexicaul ; 

fimcers  sessile,  aggregate,  axillary.  Plant  somewhat  hairy,  a  foot  high,  found 
in  fields  and  roadsides.  The  strict,  upright  stem,  is  furnished  with  distant, 
short,  alternate,  heart-reniform,  veiny,  stem  clasping  leaves,  containing  1 — 4 
crowded  flowers  in  the  concavity  of  their  upper  surface.  Flowers  axillary 
and  terminal,  the  upper  clusters  larger.  Corolla  blue  or  purple,  with  spread- 
ing segments,  calyx  segments  acute,  lanceolate.     June,  July.     Ann. 

Slcm-dasping  Bell-Jiowcr. 

3.  C.   APARINOI'deS.      p.  C.  erinoides.  Mx. 

Stem  flaccid,  slender,  branching  above,  triangular,  the  angles  inversely 
aculeate;  /e«Be5  linear-lanceolate  ;jZ(;icers  terminal.  A  slender  annual,  found 
in  wet  meadows.  Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  its  3  angles  rough  backwards, 
by  means  of  which  it  supports  itself  upright  among  the  grass.  Leaves  smooth 
on  the  upper  surface,  denticulate,  the  margin  and  nerves  rough  backwards. 
Flowers  small,  white,  on  thread-like,  flexuous  peduncles  at  the  top  of  the 
stem.     June— Aug.  Prickly  Bell-flowLr. 

4.  C.  america'na. 

Stem  erect;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  uncinately  serrate,  the 
lower  ones  often  cordate  ;  pelidles  cihate ;  floiccrs  axillary,  sessile ;  style 
exsert.  A  tall,  erect,  ornamental  species  in  fields,  hills,  &c.,  in  Western 
IV.  Y.  and  Penn.  Also  cultivated  in  gardens.  Stem  2— 3  feet  high,  nearly 
smooth.  Leaves  ending  in  a  long  point,  smooth,  with  fine  teeth.  Flowers 
blue,  flat,  on  short  stalks  or  sessile,  numerous,  solitary  or  several  in  each  upper 
axil,  forming  a  terminal,  leafy  raceme.     Corolla  spreading.     Aug.    Per. 

Jlvicricaii  Bell-flaiccr. 

5.  C.  ME'dIUM. — Sfcm  simple,  erect,  hispid  ;  /farrs lanceolate,  obtusely 
serrate,  sessile,  3-nerved  at  base  ;  flvwers  erect.  An  ornamental  border  flower, 
from  Germany,  and  of  the  easiest  culture.  Root  biennial.  Stem  several  feet 
in  hight,  undivided,  rough  with  bristly  hairs.  Flowers  very  large,  the  base 
broad,  limb  reflexed,  of  a  deep  blue.  Several  varieties  occur  with  double  or 
single  flowers,  of  blue,  red,  purple  and  white  corollas.     June — Sept. 

Canterbury  Bell, 

6.  C.  SPE'cULUM. — 5;cmdiffuse,  very  branching;  Genres oblong-crenate  ; 
jloicers  solitary  ;  scales  at  the  base  of  the  corolla  sometimes  wanting.     A  pretty 

border  flower  named  from  the  form  of  the  blue  corolla,  which  resembles  a  little, 
round,  concave  mirror  (speculum).    Aug.    Ann.  Venus' Looking-glass. 

Several  other  foreign  species  of  this  genus  are  beautiful  objects  in  cultiva- 
tion, as  C.  lanugiaosa,  with  ovate,  crenate,  rugose  and  somewhat  woolly 
leaves,  tapering  into  the  petiole  ;  flowers  blue,  an  inch  long.  C.  Ulifulia,  with 
lanceolate  leaves  and  pale  blue  flowers.  C.  glomeruta,  with  crowded,  sessile 
violet-colored  flowers.  C.  jicrsicifolia,  peach-leaved,  with  broad,  blue  flow- 
ers; «S:c. 

u 


ERICACEJE. 


230 


ANDROMEDA. 


ORDER  LXXIX.  ERICACEiE. 


The  Heath  Tribe. 


Cat. — Inferior  or  superior,  5  (seldom  4 — 6-)leaved  or  cleft,  rarely  entire. 

Cor. — Regular  or  somewhat  irregular,  4 — 5  (rarely  G-)  cleft,  the  petals  rarely  almost  distinct. 

Sta. — Generally  distinct  and  inserted  with  the  corolla. 

Anth. — As  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  2-celled,  generally  opening 

by  pores,  ot'ten  appendaged. 
Ova. — Free  or  rarely  coherent  with  the  calyx,  2-^several-eelled. 
fStylt'S  and  stigmas  united  into  one. 
Fr. — Capsular  or  baccate,  with  (usually)  indefinite  and  minute  seeds. 

A  moderately  large  family,  consisting  of  shrubs  with  a  few  herbs.  It  is  diffused 
throughout  all  countries,  but  comparatively  rare  in  the  torrid  zon*.  The  true  EricacejE 
(Heatlis)  are  chiefly  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  there  being  none  in  Asia,  NeW- 
HoUand  or  America.     The  Tribe  vaccinefG  arjj  chiefly  natilves  of  N.  America. 

Properties.  The  Ericaceae  are,  in  general,  astringent  and  diuretic.  Some  of  them  yield 
a  stimulating  and  aromatic  resinous  matter.  The  Bearberry,  (Arctostaphylos  uvo-ursi)  is 
a  well  known  remedy  in  nephritic  complaints.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  astringent, 
denulcent  and  diuretic.  Snnilar  properties  are  also  possessed  by  the  Pipsissewa  (Pyrola 
umbellata).  The  species  of  Rhododendron  and  Kalmia  are  pervaded  by  a  narcotic  princi- 
ple, rendering  them  (particularly  their  leaves)  often  actively  poisonous.  The  lioney 
collected  from  their  flowers  by  bees  appears  to  have  been  so  to  some  of  the  soldiers  iri  the 
retreat  of  the  immortal  ten  thousand  (Xenophon's  Anabasis.)  The  berries  of  the  Vaccinece 
(AVhortleberries,  Blaeberries  and  Cranberries,)  and  of  Gauetheria  procumbens  (spicy 
Wiiitergreeii)  are  esculent  and  wholesome. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

i  Flowers  regular. 

!  Leaves  (  smooth.  )  Flowers  irregular, 
cauline,  (  rusty  downy  beneath. 
Leaves  radical,  evergreen, 
distinct.    (  Capsule  3-celled.    Leaves  deciduous,  smooth.     . 

(  Calyx  glandular. 

If  Fruit  a  capsule.,  j  Calyx  smooth.    .     •^ 
Corolla       j  Drupe   the   matured  ovary,  5-seeded. 
ovoid.  .  .  .  (  Berry  the  matured,  fleshy  calyx. 
(  holding  the  anthers  in  10  pits. 
Corolla  salver-form,  |  anthers  free.   Calyx  calyculate. 
Corolla  somewhat  lunnel-sliaped  or  campanulate. 
m  \        '  I  Corolla  ovoid-campanulate. 

J  I  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary )  Cor.  rotate,  with  reflexed  seg. 

I  Petals  distinct.     . 
Plants  destitute  of  leaves  or  verdure.  |  Petals  united. 

Suborder  1.   ERICINE^. 

Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.     Testa  conformed  to  the  nucleus  of  the  seed.     Mostly  shrubs .     Leaves 
often  evergreen. 

1.    ANDRO'MEDA. 

Calyx  minute,  5-partecl,  persistent ;  corolla  ovoid-cjlindrlc  ; 
the  limb  S-cleft,  reflexed;  stamens  8 — 10;  capsule  5-celled, 
5-valved.  the  dissipiments   produced   from  the   middle  of  the 

valves. 

Named  for  the  virgin  Andromeda,  of  ancient  fable,  who,  like  these  shrubs, 
was  confined  in  a  marsh  and  surrounded  by  the  monsters  of  the  waters. 
Leaves  mostly  alternate.  Cal.  colored,  of  5  deep,  acute  segments.  Cor. 
smooth.  Fil.  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Anth.  2-horned  at  the  summit  and 
opening  by  2  terminal  pores.     Caps,  roundish,  5-cornered,  many-seeded. 

*  Leaves  evergreen. 

1.  A.  hypnoi'des. 

Stems  filiform,  spreading;  leaves  subulate,  smooth,  crowded;  peduncles 
solitary,  terminal  ;  co?-oZ/ft  globose,  campanulate.  One  of  the  smallest  and 
most  delicate  of  shrubs,  a  tree  in  miniature,  resiMTibling  some  of  the  mosses, 
found    on  the  alpine  summits  of  the    White  Mis.      Stems    woody,   much 


Chimaphila. 

13 

Rhodora. 

3 

Led>tm. 

9 

Pyrola. 

12 

CUthra. 

6 

Menziesia. 

2 

Andromeda. 

1 

Arctostaphylos. 

■J 

Gaiiltheria. 

4 

Kntmia. 

7 

Epi^ita. 

5 

Rhododendron 

8 

Vacciniinn. 

10 

Oxycoceus. 

11 

Monotropa. 

14 

Pterospora. 

16 

EKICACEJE.  231  MENZIKSIA. 

branched  at  base,  2 — 3  inches  high.  Leaves  minute,  evergreen,  spirally- 
arranged,  and  so  closely  as  to  conoeal  the  stems.  Flowers  small,  but  large  in 
proportion,  nodding  ;  peduncles  colored,  smooth,  round,  an  inch  long  in  truit. 
Calyx  purple.  Corolla  light  red,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  lobes  erecL 
Stamens  included.     June.  J\}ussi/  Jlndromcda. 

2.  A.  polyfo'lia. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  revokite  on  the  margins,  glaucous 
beneath  ;  jioioers  subglobose,  in  a  dense,  termiraa!]  corymh.     A  beautiful  ever- 

freen  shrub,  1—2  feet  high,  growing  by  the  side  oi"  ponds,  and  in  swamps» 
,eaves  very  smooth,  2 — 3  inches  long  and  less  than  half  an  inch  wide,  on 
very  short  petioles,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  bluish  white  beneath. 
Flowers  in  pendulous  clusters.  Calyx  white,  tipped  with  red.  Corolla  rose- 
eolared.     June.  JVild  Rosemary.     Marsh  Andromeda. 

3.  A.    CALYCULATA. 

Leaves  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  obsolelely  serrulate,  subrevolute,  ferruginous 
bcHeath  ;  racemes  terminfJ,  leafy,  subsecund.  An  evergreen  shrub,  2- — 4  feet 
high,  flowering  early,  in  wet  situations.  The  leaves  are  coriaceous,  shining., 
dotted,  about  an  inch  long  and  half  as  wide,  those  of  the  racemes  not  half  as 
large.  Flowers  numerous,  20 — 30  iB  each  raceme,  white,  each  from  the  axle 
of  a  small  leaf.  Calyx  double,  tke  outer  of  2  bracts,  the  Inner  of  5  acute 
sepals.     April.    May.  Dtcarf  Jlndromcda^ 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous. 

4.  A.    RACEMO'SA. 

Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous,  serrulate  ;  racemes  terminal,  secund 
elongated,  son'ietimes  branched;  calyx  acute;  corolla  cylindric;  anthers  4- 
awned  at  the  summit.  A  shrub  4 — 6  feet  high,  growing  in  wet  woods.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  naked  racemes,  2—4  inches  in  length,  consisting  of  about 
a  dwien^flowers,  which  are  arranged  in  a  single  row,  with  much  regularity. 
Leaves  -1 -^2  inches  in  length,  one  third  as  wide,  minutely  notched.  Pedicels 
short,  with  two  ovate-acuminate  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  colored  calyx. 
Corolla  white,  4  or  5  times  as  long  as  the  caly?.  Anthers  2-cleft,  about  lialf 
as  long  as  the  corolla.     June.    July.  Chistered  Andromeda. 

5.  A.    LIGUSTRi'nA.      jtfj/A.  Lyonia  paniculata.    Kutt. 
Pubescent;  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrulate  ;  ^oioe?-* 

somewhat  paniculate,  in  terminal,  leafless  racemes;  anthers  avvnless.  A 
deciduous  shrub,  4 — S  feet  high, in  swamps,  ttc.  Leaves  abruptly  acuminate, 
paler  beneath,  2 — 3  inches  long  and  nearly  half  as  wide,  on  short  petioles. 
Flowers  small,  nearly  globose,  white,  in  dense  panicles, succeeded  by  globular 
capsules.     Jane.  Panidcd  Andromeda. 

2.    MENZIE'SIA. 
Calyx  deeply   5-cleft;  corolla  ovoid   4 — 5-cleft ;  stamens 
8— 1,0,  inserted  into  the  receptacle;  capsule  4 — S'-celled,  the 
dess-jpiments  made    by  the  inflexed  margins   of  the  valves  j 
seeds  many. 

Named  in  honor  of  Archibald  Menzies,  botanist  and  physician,  who  accom- 
panied Vancouver  in  his  voyage  round  the  world.  Little  heath-like,  shrubby 
plants,  with  evergreen  leaves.  Cal.  inferior.  Cor.  inflated,  limb  in  4  or  5 
segments.  Fil.  shorter  than  corolla.  Style  angular,  erect.  Stig.  obtuse, 
notched. 


ERICACE^:.  232  GAULTHERIA. 

M.    CCERU'lEA.  Erica  Coerulea. 

Stems  prostrate  at  base  ;  Icarcs  linear,  obtuse,  with  minute  cartilaginous 
teeth;  peduncles  terminal,  aggregate,  one-flowered;  flowers  campanulate, 
decandrous  ;  c«///z  acute.  A  small  shrub,  a  few  inches  high,  found  on  the 
summit  of  the  White  Mis.  It  resembles  a  Heath  in  its  flowers  and  some  of 
tlie  fir  tribe  in  its  leaves  and  stems.  Stem  decumbent  at  base,  with  crowded, 
scattered  leaves  above,  which  are  5 — 7  lines  in  length.  Flowers  drooping, 
purple,  at  the  top  of  the  highest  branch,  on  colored  peduncles.  Calyx  in  5 
segments,  purplish.  Corolla  of  5  segments,  emarginate,  rather  longer  than 
the  stamens.     July.  Mountain  liealh. 

3.    ARCTOSTA'PHYLOS. 

Calyx  5-partetl,  persistent ;  corolla  ovoid,  diaphanous  at  the 
base,  limb  with  5  small,  recurved  segments ;  drupe  with  a 
5-celled  pulamen,  the  cells  1 -seeded. 

Gr.  arx-Toi,  a  bear,  (TTci(pv\oi,  a  cluster  of  grapes,  that  is,  bear-berry.  Trail- 
ino- shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate.  Cal.  small.  Seg.  obtuse.  Fil.  swelling  at  the 
base,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Anth.  with  two  distinct  cells,  each  with 
a  terminal  pore.  Conncelile  with  two  terminal  awns.  Ova.  superior,  upon 
a  10-dotled  receptacle.     Style  as  long  as  corolla. 

A.   UvA  UrSI.      Mans.  Arbutus  Uva  Ursi.  L. 

Stem  procumbent ;  leuxcs  entire,  obovate,  smooth,  alternate,  on  short  petioles, 
evergreen,  coriaceous,  sliining  aljove,  paler  beneath  ;  flowers  in  short,  termi- 
nal, drooping  clusters  ;  drupe  globular,  about  as  large  as  a  currant,  deep  red, 
nearly  insipid  ;  the  nucleus  consists  of  5  bony  seeds  firmly  united  together.  A 
shrub  growing  on  mountains,  in  the  N.  States  and  British  America.  Stem 
prostrate  e.xcept  the  younger  branches,  which  arise  3 — 8  inches.  The  leaves 
are  about  dn  inch  in  length,  2 — 3  lines  wide,  often  spathulate  inform; 
medicinally  they  are  astringent,  and  much  valued  in  nephritic  complaints. 
May.    June.  Bear-berry. 

4.     GAULTHE'RIA. 
Calyx  S-cleft  with    2   bracts    at  the  base;  corolla  ovoid- 
tubular,  limb  with  5  small,  revohite  lobes;  filaments  10,  hir- 
sute; capsule  5-cclled,  invested  by  the  calyx  which  becomes 
a  berry. 

Named  for  one  Gaulthier,  a  French  physician  at  Quebec.  Suflfruticose, 
evergreen.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  solitary.  Limb  of  corolla  small,  5-cleft. 
Seg.°rellexed.     Fil.  hairy.     Nect.  10-toothed.     Berry  scarlet. 

1.  G.  procu'mbens. 

S^cm  with  the  procumbent  branches  erector  ascending;  /ca»e5  obovate, 
mucronate,  denticulate,  crowded  at  the  top  of  the  stein  ;  flowers  few,  droop- 
ing, terminal.  A  little  shrubby  plant,  well  known  for  its  spicy  leaves  and  its 
well-flavored  scarlet  berries.  The  branches  ascend  3  inches  from  the  pros- 
trate stein,  or  rhizoma,  which  is  usually  concealed.  Leaves  evergreen,  thick, 
shining,  acute  at  each  end,  with  remote  and  very  obscure  teeth.  Calyx 
white,  subtended  by  2  minute  bracts  at  base.  Corolla  white,  contracted  at 
tlie  mouth.  Filaments  white, bent  towards  the  corolla.  Fruit  well-flavored, 
consistiniT  of  the  capsule  surrounded  by  the  enlarged  calyx,  which  becomes  of 
a  brio-ht  scarlet  color.     Woods  and  pastures.    June — Sept.  Chcckerhernj. 


ERICACEiE. 


233  CLETHRA. 


2.    G.    HISFI'DULA.      Miih.  Vaccinium  hispidulum.    Mx. 

Stem  oreepinjr,  hispid ;  leaves  roundish-oval,  acute  \JioiDers  solitary,  axillary, 
subsessUe^  ftctandrous ;  coro//a  short,  cainpanulate.  A  delicate  evergreen, 
prostrate  shrub,  found  in  old  woods  in  many  parts  of  N.  England.  The  slem3 
are  woody,  filiform,  creeping  extensively,  with  numerous  brandies,  and 
clothed  with  short,  appressed,  reddish  hairs.  Leaves  numerous,  alternate, 
A_i  inch  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  abruptly  acute,  dark  evergreen  above, 
paler  beneath.  Corolla  white,  and,  like  the  calyx,  with  4  acute  segments. 
The  leaves  have  the  same  agreeable  spicy  flavor  as  those  of  G.  procumhens. 
Fiowers  in  May.  Creeping  WlnLergrecn. 

5 ,  E  P I  G  iE'  A . 

Calyx  large,  5-parted,  with  3  bracts  at  base;  corolla 
hjpocratcriform,  tube  villous  within,  limb  5-partecl,  spread- 
ing; stamens  10;  anthers  dehiscent  by  2  longitudinal  open- 
ings; capsule  5'Celled,  5-valved. 

Gr.  iTfi,  upon,  and  yr\,  the  earth  ;  from  its  prostrate  habit.  Suffruticose, 
trailing.  Lvs.  alternate,  evergreen.  Fls.  fascicuhite.  Fil.  hairy,  inserted 
into  the  base  of  the  tube.  Style  straight,  Stig.  5-lobed.  Caps,  with  dissepi- 
ments forn^ed  by  the  introflexed  margin  of  the  valves. 

E.    REPENS. 

Leaves  cordate-ovate,  entire  ;  corolla  tuhe  cylindrical.  This  little  shrubby 
plant  grows  flat  upon  the  ground,  10 — 15  inches  in  length,  covered  with  a 
hairy  pubescence  in  all  its  parts.  Leaves  alternate,  2— 2^  inche.s  in  length, 
1^  inches  in  width,  roundish  at  the  end  and  abruptly  tipped  with  a  very  short 
point.  Flowers  yery  fragrant,  white  or  tinged  with  various  shades  of  red,  in 
small  clusters  oii  short  stalks.  Calyx  green,  supported  by  3  large  bracts  at 
base.  Tube  of  the  corolla  hairy  within,  longer  thari  the  caly.x,  the  border  in 
5,  rounded,  spreading  segments.     Grows  in  woods,     Apr,    May.     Per. 

Trailing  Arbutus.     May  Flower, 

6.  CLETIIRA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent;  petals  6  ;  stamens  10,  exscrted  ; 
gtyle  persistent;  stigma  3-cleft ;  capsule  3-celled,  S-valved, 
enclosed  by  the  calyx. 

A  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  the  alder,  which  these  shrubs  somewhat 
resemble.  Lvs.  alternate,  deciduous.  Fls.  racemose.  Cal,  colored,  erect. 
Pet.  roundish  or  oblong,  l\\ice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Fil.  length  of  corolla. 
Antli.  cleft  at  top. 

C.  alnifo'lia. 

Leaves  cuneilorm-obovate,  acute,  acuminately  serrate,  green  on  both  sides, 
smooth  or  slightly  pubesceAt  beneath  ;  powers  in  terminal,  elongated,  simple 
or  branched  racemes  ;  bracts  subulate.  A  deciduous  shrub,  4 — 8  feet  high, 
growing  in  swamps.  Leaves  2—^3  inches  long,  one  half  as  broad  above, 
with  a  long,  wedge-shaped  base,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole.  Racemes  3—5 
inches  long.  Peduncles  and  calyx  hoary-pubescent,  the  former  3  lines  in 
length,  and'in  the  axil  of  a  brsct  about  as  long.  Corolla  white,  spreading, 
about  equaling  the  stamen,a  and  s,tyles.     Jl.    Aug.  Swcit-pcvp.ii  Bush. 

u* 


ERICACE^.  234  RHODODENDRON. 


7.    KA'LMIA. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  with  10  prominences  beneath  and 
10  corresponding  cavities  within,  including  the  10  anthers  j 
border  5-lobed  ;  capsule  5-celled,  many-seeded. 

Named  by  Linnaus  in  honor  of  Peter  Kalm,  prof,  at  Abo.  Finland.  A 
genus  of  beautiful  shrubs,  native  of  the  U.  States.  Lvs.  entire,  evergreen, 
coriaceous.  Fls.  in  racemose  corymbs,  white  and  red.  Cor.  between  wlieel- 
forni  and  salver-form.  Stam.  curving  outwards,  the  anthers  confined  in  the 
19  cavities  until,  at  length,  being  liberated,  they  spring  forcibly  against  the 
stigma. 

1.  K.  latifo'lia. 

Leaves  alternate  and  ternate,  oval-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  smooth 
and  green  on  both  sides;  corymbs  terminal,  viscidly  pubescent.  One  of  our 
most  beautiful  shrubs,  sometimes  attaining  the  hight  of  a  small  tree.  It  is 
found  in  all  the  Atlantic  Slates  from  Maine  to  Georgia.  The  woodi.?  usually 
very  crooked,  fine-grained  and  compact.  The  leaves  are  2 — 3  inches  long, 
smooth  and  sliining,  acute  at  each  end  and  entire.  In  May  and  June  it  puts 
forth  from  the  summits  of  the  branches,  its  splendid  corymbs  of  flowers,  which 
are  white,  or  variously  tinged  with  red,  and  so  abundant  as  sometimes  almost 
to  cover  the  whole  busli.  The  corolla  has  a  short  tube  with  a  spreading  limb 
3-4  inch  in  diameter  and  a  5-lobed  margin.  Grows  in  woods,  often  on  rocky 
soils.     Leaves  narcotic,  and  poisonous  to  some  animals.       Mountain  Laurd. 

2.  K.  angustifo'lia. 

Leaves  ternate  and  opposite,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  each  end,  smooth  ; 
coripnlis  lateral ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate.  A  beautiful  little  shiub,  smaller 
than  the  foregoing,  2 — 4  feet  in  higlit.  The  leaves  are  acurately  and  narrowly 
elliptic,  with  rounded  ends,  entire,  smooth,  1 — 2  inches  long  and  a  third  as 
wide,  on  short  petioles.  The  flowers  are  of  a  deep  purple,  growing  in  small, 
axillary  fascicles  and  apparently  whorled  among  the  leaves,  in  structure  re- 
sembling those  of  the  last  species,  but  about  half  as  large.  Bracts  minute, 
about  3  at  the  base  of  each  pedicel.  This  is  also  said  to  be  poisonous  to  cattle. 
Low,  wet  grounds.     June.  Sheep-poison.     jXarrow-lcaved  LaiireL 

3.  K.    GLAUCA. 

Branches  ancipitous;  leaves  opposite,  subsessile,  lanceolate,  polished, 
glaucous  beneath,  revolute  at  the  margin;  ro?-?/;/?//.?  terminal,  the  peduncles 
and  bracts  smooth.  A  delicate  shrub,  "2  feet  high,  found  in  swamps,  «&c. 
Stem  slender,  the  branches  rendered  distinctly  2-cdged  by  an  elevated  ridge 
extending  from  the  base  ot  each  opposite  leaf  to  the  next  node  below.  Leaves 
smooth  and  shining,  white  underneath,  about  an  inch  in  length.  Flowers 
8 — 10  in  each  corymb.  Corolla  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  pale  purple. 
Calyx  red,  as  is  also  the  very  slender  peduncle.  At  the  foot  of  each  peduncle 
is  a  pair  of  concave,  obtuse  bracts.  June.      Glaucous  luilmia.    Swamp  Laurel. 

/3.  rosmarinifolia  ;  leaves  linear,  more  revolute,  green  beneath. 

8.    RIIODODE'NDRON. 
Calvx  Scleft ;  corolla  somewhat  funnel-form  or  campanu- 
late,  limb   variously  5-c!eft  or  lobed  (raiely   equal);    stamens 
5—10,  declined,  (rarely  erect);  anther.s  opening  by  2  terminal 
pores ;  capsule  5-ce!!ed,  5-valvcd,  opening  at  the  summit. 


ERICACEJE, 


235  RHODODENDRON. 


Gr.  go^ov,  a  rose,  2ivlgov.  a  tree;  the  species  are  all  ornamental,  and  some 
even  splendid  flowering  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  deciduous  or  ever- 
green. Flowers  mostly  in  terminal,  corymbose  clusters.  Corollas  variously 
shaded  from  white  through  red  to  blue.  Caps,  with  dissepiments  introflexed 
from  the  margin  of  the  valves. 

*  Corolla  very  irregular,  deeply  3-paned,  upper  segment  broadest.     Stamens  10,  unequal. 

Rhodora. 

1.  R.  CaNADE'NSIS.  Torr.  Rhodora  Canadense.  L. 
Leaves  alternate,  oval,  entire,  subrevolute  on  the  margins,  glaucous- 
pubescent  beneath ;  corolla  deeply  divided  into  3  segments,  of  which  the 
upper  one  is  much  the  broadest,  2  or  3  lobed  at  the  end,  in  testivation  enfold- 
ing the  2  lower  entire  petals.  A  handsome  flowering  shrub,  remarkable  for 
the  appearing  of  the  flowers  in  May,  before  the  leaves  are  expanded.  Sterna 
about  2  feet  high,  dividing  at  their  tops  into  many  erect,  slender,  flowering 
branches.  Each  branch,  while  yet  naked  of  foliage,  bears  a  terminal, 
corymbose  cluster  of  half  a  dozen  purple  flowers.  Corolla  about  an  inch  long. 
Stamens  curved  downwards,  about  equal  to  the  corolla,  rather  shorter  than 
the  style.  This  plant  corresponds  with  the  Linnaean  Rhododendron  in  all 
respects  save  the  very  irregular  corolla  ;  and  even  in  this  it  is  not  essentially 
different. 

*  *  Corolla  somewhat  funnel-form,  tube  long,  cylindric,  more  or  less  viscid,  limb  unequal, 

spreading.     Stamens  5  or  G.     Azalea. 

2.  R.    NUDIFLO'ra.       Torr.  Azalea  nudiflora.    L, 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolale  and  oblanccolale ;  j7o?ccv5  rather  naked,  slightly 

viscid  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  lobes;  stamens  much  exserled.  A 
beautiful  and  fragrant  flowering  siirub,  4— (3  feet  high,  rather  frequent  in  the 
forests  and  thickets  of  the  Northern  Slates  as  well  as  the  Southern.  Stems 
crooked,  much  branched  above,  the  young  branches  hairy.  Leaves  elliptical, 
2  inches  or  more  in  length,  1  in  width,  margins  ciliate,  upper  surface  with 
minute,  scattered  hairs,  lower  paler  and  pubescent,  with  the  midrib  hispid. 
Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves  are  fully  grown  in  rather  naked  umbels. 
Peduncles  G— 8  lines  long.  Calyx  minule,  with  rounded,  ciliale  segments. 
Tube  of  corolla  C— 8  lines  in  length,  hairy,  and,  with  the  spreading,  unequal 
limb  variously  shaded  from  pale  pink  to  purple.  Stamens  purple,  declinate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Style  nearly  3  limes  as  long.  It  varies  in  the 
number  of  stamens,  color  of  corolla,  «SfC.     Apr.    May.  Sicavip  Pink. 

3.  R.    VISCO'SA.       Torr.  Azalea  viscosa.    L. 
Leaves  obovate  and   oblong-lanceolate ;  fioxcers  accompanied  with  leaves, 

very  viscid  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  lobes ;  stamens  a  little 
exserted.  Less  frequent  than  the  last,  in  rorky  woods,  &c.  Shrub  4 — 6  feet 
high,  much  branched  above,  the  branches  hispid.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long 
and  about  half  as  wide,  smoothish,  hispid,  ciliate  on  the  petiole,  midrib  and 
margin.  Flowers  fragrant, in  terminal  umbels,  on  hairy  pedicels,  not  appearing 
untiTthe  leaves  are  fully  grown.  Calyx  minute  and  ciliate.  Corolla  white, 
tube  an  inch  in  length,  clothed  with  glandular  hairs,  and  very  clninmy,  limb 
unequal.     Stamens  and  style  declined,  the  latter  longest.     May,  June. 

Clammy  tiwainp  Pink. 

4.  R.    NI'tIDUM.      Torr.  Azalea  nitidum.    L. 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  coriaceous,  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above,  margins 

revolute  ;  _/Zo)oe/-5  accompanied  with  leaves,  viscid;  Zh/>c  much  longer  than 
the  segments  ;  s<«  mens  exserted.  In  mountain  swamps,  Ms.  and  N.  Y.  Shrub 
3 — G  feet  high,  with  nearly  smooth  branches.  Leaves  dark  green  above,  1 — 2 
inches  in  length  and  one  third  as  wide,  roundish  and  submucronate  above, 
tapering  at  the  base  into  very  short  petioles,  midrib  hispid  beneath.     Flowers 


ERICACEJE.  236  J^EDUM. 

■large,  pale  pink,  fragrant.  Tube  an  inch  or  more  long,  glandular-hairy. 
Pedicels  half  an  inch  long.  Calyx  segments  obsolete.  Style  2  inches  in 
length.    June,  July.  Shining  Swajnp  Pink. 

*  **  Corolla  somewhat  funnel-form,  tube  short,  smooth,  limb  in  5  rounded,  unequal, 
spreading  lobes.     Stamens  10,  declinate,  unequal.    Rhododendron. 

5.  R.  ma'ximum. 

Leaves  obovate-oblong,  smooth,  coriaceous,  discolored  beneath,  subrevolute 
on  the  margin ;  umbel  terminal;  corolla  somewhat  campanulate,  unequal; 
petals  roundish.  A  splendid  flowering  shrub,  not  uncommon  in  N.  England, 
out  most  abundant  in  the  Middle  States,  It  is  found  in  Medfield,  Ms.,  Gil- 
manton,  Grantham,  Fitzwilliam,  N.  H.,  &c.  It  attains  the  hight  of  20  feet. 
The  young  leaves  are  downy,  becoming  very  smooth  when  full  grown  and 
4 — 6  inches  long,  oblong-oval,  rather  broader  above,  entire,  thick  and  leathery, 
permanent,  remaining  on  the  stem  2  or  3  years.  In  July  it  puts  forth  its 
•noble  clusters  of  flowers  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  in  the  midst  of  the  ever- 
green leaves.  At  first  each  cluster  appears  in  the  form  of  a  large  compound 
bud  enveloped  in  numerous  bracts.  These  bracts  are  near  an  inch  long, 
abruptly  acuminate.  When  expanded  the  corolla  is  pink  or  rose-colored, 
sometimes  dotted  with  yellow,  segments  large,  roundec^  The  wood  is  hard 
and  fine  grained,  but  crooked.    July,  Aug.  lUld  Rose  Buy.     Spoon-vwod. 

Several  varieties  occur  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States.  The  dried  and 
powdered  leaves  form  a  snufF  which  is  much  valued  for  catarrh. 

•  *  *  *  Corolla  campanulate,  limb  erect  or  spreading,  equal.    St-amens  5,  equal,  erect. 

Azalea. 

6.  R.    LaPPo'NICUM.       Wukl.  Azalea  Lapponicum.  i. 
Dwarf;  Zea»es  elliptical,   roughened  with  excavated  punctures  ;  ^ojcer*  in 

terminal,  leafy  clusters,  campanulate,  limb  spreading,  5-lobed  ;  stamens  5, 
exserted.  An  erect  shrub  8 — 10  mcheshigh,  native  of  the  White  Mts.,  &g. 
Brandies  numerous,  with  a  rough  bark.  Leaves  about  5  lines  in  length, 
one  half  as  wide,  acute  with  an  obtuse  angle,  revolute,  ferruginous  beneath, 
all  fasciculated  at  the  summits  of  the  branclies.  Flowers  large.  Peduncle 
bracted  at  base.  Calyx  pubescent.  Corolla  deep  purple,  regular,  lobes 
roundish,  as  bioad  as  the  leaves.     Style  very  long,  ascending.     June,  July. 

7.  R.   PROCU'MBENS.  Azalea  procumbens.  L. 
Stems  procumbent,  diffusely  branching ;  leaves  opposite,  oval-oblong,  smooth, 

xevolute  on  the  margin  ;  flowers  campanulate,  regular ;  stamerLS  included. 
An  exceedingly  delicate  shrub,  native  on  the  alpine  summits  of  the  White 
Mts.  ofN.  H.  Stems  3 — (i  inches  long,  smooth,  very  branching  and  leafy 
above.  Leaves  evergreen,  thick,  obtuse,  not  more  than  3  lines  in  length 
and  less  than  1  line  wide,  strongly  revolute.  Flowers  glabrous,  small  in  ter- 
minal clusters  enveloped  in  leaves.  Pedicels  very  short,  purple.  Calyx 
purple,  the  segments  ovate-lanceolate.  Corolla  reddish  white,  5-cleft,  the 
divisions  ovate,  erect-spreading,  as  long  again  as  the  calyx.  Stamens  5. 
Anthers  opening  by  an  oblong  pore  or  cleft.  Jn.,Jl,     Trailing  Rhododendron. 

9 .     LEDUM. 
Caljx  minute,  4-toothecl ;    corolla    S-petalcd,   spreading; 
stamens   5 — 10,  exserted;    anthers    opening  by    2  terminal 
pores  ;  capsule  5-cclled,  5-valved,  opening  at  the  base. 

The  Lat.  name  of  the  same  or  a  similar  plant.  Shrubs  with  alternate  leaves. 
Fls.  in  terminal  clusters.  Caps,  pedicellate.  Sds.  numerous,  linear,  com- 
pressed, scabrous,  with  a  membranaceous  wing  at  each  end. 


ERICACE^. 


237  VACCINIUM. 


L.    LATIFO'LIUM. 

Leaves  oblong,  revolute  at  the  margin,  ferruginous-tomentose  beneath; 
stiirrirns  mostly  but  5,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Grows  on  the  White  Mts. 
covering  a  large  area;  also  on  other  high  mountains,  and  in  swamps.  A 
shrub  2—3  feet  high,  readily  known  by  its  leaves,  which  are  smooth  above, 
clothed  beneath  with  a  dense  ferruginous  down,  and  strongly  revolute  or 
replicate  at  the  margin.  The  petioles  and  the  younger  twigs  are  also  covered 
with  down.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  nearly  a  third  as  wine.  Corymbs 
terminal,  of  about  a  dozen  flowers.  Petals  5,  white.  Pedicels  nearly  as  long 
as  the  leaves.  Stamens  5—10,  as  long  as  the  petals.  Style  somewhat  declin- 
ed.    July.  Labrador  Tea. 

fi.  palustrc;  leaves  narrower,  almost  linear;  stamens  mostly  10.  I  have 
specimens  of  this  variety  which  I  cannot  characterize  as  a  distinct  species. 

Suborder  2.  VACCINES. 

Ovary  adherent  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  becoming  a  berry  or  di-upelike  fruit.     Shrubs  with  scat- 
tered hares. 

10.    VACCI'NIUM. 

Calyx  superior,  4 — 5-toothecl ;  corolla  monopetalous,  ovoid- 
campanulate,  with  4 — 5  revolute  segments;  stamens  8 — 10, 
perigjnous;  berry  globose,  4 — 5-cellecl,  many-seeded. 

A  Lat.  term  of  uncertain  origin  and  application.  A  fine  genus  of  under- 
shrubs,  with  alternate,  coriaceous,  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  racemose  or 
solitary,  nodding,  flesh-colored.     Berries  mostly  eatable. 

*  Leave.s  deciduous,    t  Corolla  urceolate.    t  Inflorescence  racemose  orl'asciculate. 

1.  V.    RESINO'SUM. 

Leaves  oblong-oval,  mostly  obtuse,  petiolate,  entire,  sprinkled  with  resinous 
points  and  spots  beneath  ;  racemes  bracteate,  short,  secund;  corollas  tubular, 
ovoid,  .5-angled.  This  common  shrub  of  our  woods  and  pastures  is  about  2 
feet  high,  very  branching.  Lvs.  1 — 2  inches  long,  one  third  as  wide,  rarely 
acute,  shining  beneath  with  resinous  patches  and  spots.  Petioles  a  line  in 
length.  Flowers  in  lateral,  dense,  corymbose  clusters,  small,  drooping. 
Pedicels  as  long  as  the  corollas.  Corollas  contracted  at  the  mouth,  greenish 
or  yellowish  purple,  longer  than  the  stamens  but  shorter  than  the  style. 
Berries  black,  globose,  sweet  and  eatable,  ripe  in  August.     May. 

Black  Wliortleberry. 

2.  V.   CORYMBO'SUM.      L.  V.  fuscatum.  .4i^     V.  dismorphum.  J^/x. 

Flowiering  branches  nearly  leafless  ;  leaves  oblong-oval,  acute  at  each  end, 
mucronate,  subentire,  pubescent  when  young ;  racemes  short,  sessile  ;  corolla 
ovoid-cylindrical.  A  tall  shrub,  4 — 8  feet  high,  growing  in  shady  swamps 
and  by  mud  ponds.  Branches  few,  the  young  ones  green  or  purplish.  Leaves 
Bmoolh  on  both  sides  except  a  slight  pubescence  on  the  veins  beneath,  tipped 
with  a  glandular  point,  formed  by  the  prolonged  midrib.  Flowers  numerous, 
in  short,  nodding  corymbose  clusters,  appearing  in  advance  of  the  leaves. 
Pedicels  shorter  than  the  corollas,  with  colored  scales  or  bracts  at  base. 
Corolla  large  for  the  genus,  purplish-white,  slightly  contracted  at  the  mouth. 
Stamens  included.  Style  often  exserted.  Berries  large,  black,  often  with  a 
tinge  of  purple,  subacid.     June.  Hig/i  Whortlebe.rry. 


ER1CACE5:.  238  VACCINIUM. 


3.  V.    PeNNSYLVA'NICUM.      Lam.  V.  tenellum.    A. 

Leaves  subsessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate,  often  serrulate ;  rticevies 
fasciculate,  bracteate,  subterminal,  sessile  ;  corolla  ovoid  ;  branches  angular, 

freen.  The  common  blue-berry  is  abundant  in  dry,  hilly  pastures,  and  on 
io-h  mountains,  covering  extensive  patehes.  Stems  seldom  more  than  a 
foot  high,  very  branching  and  leafy.  Leaves  shming,  thin,  smooth,  an  inch 
or  more  in  length  and  half  as  vi^ide.  Flowers  numerous,  in  terminal  and 
lateral  racemes,  often  naked.  Pedicels  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Corolla 
reddish  white,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  longer  than  the  stamens  but  equaling 
or  shorter  than  the  style.  Berries  large,  blue  and  somewhat  glaucous,  sweet 
and  nutricious.     May,  June.  Low  Bive-berry. 

*  Leaves  deciduous.     1  Corolla  urceolate.    X  X  Inflorescence  solitary. 

4.  V.    ULIGINO'SUM.       L.  V.  uliginosum,  /3.  alpinum.    Bid. 

Procumbent;  leaves  obovate,  very  obtuse,  entire,  smooth,  glaucous  and 
veiny  beneath;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  axillary;  corolla  ovoid-globose, 
4-eleft;  stamens  4  ;  anthers  a.wned  at  the  base.  A  low,  alpine  shrub.  White 
Mts.  Stems  with  numerous,  rigid  branches.  Leaves  3  lines  long,  2  lines 
wide  near  the  apex,  scarcely  petiolate,  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the  branches 
and  of  a  bluish  green.  Flowers  half  as  long  as  the  leaves,  subsessile,  some- 
times 2  together.  Berries  oblong,  deep  blue,  crowned  with  the  style.  June, 
July.     (April,  May.     Deck.)  Mountain  Blue-berry, 

*  Leaves  deciduous,    t  t  Corolla  campanulate. 

5.  V.    STAMI'NEUM.      L.  v.  stamineum  &■  album.    P. 

Young  branches  pubescent ;  Ipmvcs  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  glaucous  beneath ; 
perficcis  solitary,  axillary,  nodding;  corolla  campanulate-spreading,  segments 
acute,  oblong  ;  a^iZAcrs  exseiled,  2-awned  near  the  base.  Dry  woods.  Shrub 
2 — 3  feet  high,  very  branching.  Leave.s  1—2  inches  long,  one  fourth  to  ene 
halt  as  wide,broadest  in  tlie  upper  half,  mostly  rounded  at  base  and  on  very  short 
petioles ;  those  on  the  slender  flowering-branches  very  much  smaller.  Flow- 
ers on  long,  slender  pedicels,  arranged  in  loose,  leafy  racemes.  Corolla  white, 
spreading,  stamens  conspicuously  exserted,  but  shorter  than  the  style.  Ber- 
ries large,  greenish  white,  bitter.     May,  June.  Deer-berry. 

6.  V.    FRONDO'SUM.      L-  V.  glaucum.   Mz. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  .obtuse,  entire,  glaucous  beneath,  covered  with 
minute,  resinous  dots;  ractmes  loose,  bracteate;  perf/cc/^  filiform,  bracteate 
near  the  middle  ;  corolla  ovoid-campanulate,  including  the  stamens.  Grows 
in  open  woods.  A  shrub  3—5  feet  high,  with  round,  smooth  and  slender 
branches.  Leaves  twice  as  long  as  wide,  tapering  to  each  end  but  broadest 
in  the  upper  half,  the  margin  slightly  revolute.  Racemes  lateral,  few-flow- 
ered. Pedicels  5—10  lines  in  length.  Flowers  emal],  nearly  globose,  reddish 
white,  succeeded  by  large,  globose,  blue  and  sweet  berries,  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom  wlien  mature.     May,  June.  High  Blue-berry. 

*  *  Leaves  evergreen. 

7.  V.  VlTlS-lDiE'A. 

Stem  creeping ;  leaves  obovate,  denticulate,  revolute,  dotted  underneath, 
sessile;  rorcmcs  terminal,  nodding.  A  low,  creeping,  evergreen  shrub,  with 
erect,  angular  branches.  Leaves  coriaceous  and  shining,  dark  green  above, 
pale  bent'ath,  1-2  inch  in  length,  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  tapering -to  the 
base.  Flowers  small,  nearly  sessile.  Corolla  pale  red,  oblong-campan-ulate, 
4-cleft,  including  the  8  stamens.  Berries  deep  red,  very  acid  and  astringent. 
Grows  near  the  notch  of  the  White  Mts.     June,  July.  Cow-berry. 


KRICACE^. 


239 


11.    OXYCO'CCUS. 

Calyx  superior,  4-cIeft  J  eorolTa  4-parted,  wilh  sub-linear, 
revolute  segments ;  stamens  8,  convergent;  anthers  tubular 
2-parted  ;  berry  globose,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  ol'Ji,  acid,  and  Mx.x.oi,  fruit.  Slender  prostrate  shrubs,  with  alternate, 
coriaceous,  exstipulate  leaves  and  eatable  berries.  Cal.  very  small,  perma- 
nent.    Cor.  almost  wholly  rolled  back  to  the  base. 

1.  0.  macroca'rpus. 

Stem  creeping,  filiform  ;  leaves  oblong,  scarcely  revolute,  obtuse,  glaucous 
beneath;  /^erfjcc^s  axillary,  elongated,  J -flowered  ;  segments  of  the  corolla 
linear-lanceolate.  A  prostrate,  shrubby  plant,  in  sphagnous  swamps  and 
meadows.  Stems  8 — 15  inches  in  length,  browii;-  with'  ascending  branches. 
Leaves  numerous,  3 — 4  lines  long,  1 — 2  lines  wide,  rounded  at  each  end,  on 
very  short  petioles,  smooth  both  sides,  subentire.  Flowers  flesh-colored, 
pedicels  5—15  lines  long,  solitary,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  the  4 
segments  generally  abruptly  reflexed.  Berry  large,  bright  scarlet,  ripe  in 
Oct.     flowers  in  June.  Large-fruited  Cranberry. 

2.  0.  vulga'ris. 

Stem  filiform,  prostrate ;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  revolutg  on'  the  margin ; 
pedicels  terminal,  1-flowered  ;  segments  of  the  corolla  ovate.  A  prostrate 
shrub,  found  in  alpine  bogs,  very  distinct  from  the  last  species.  Stems  creep- 
ing extensively,  smooth,  purple,  with  erect  branches.  Leav-es^  somewhat 
remote,  2 — 3  lines  long  and  half  as  wide,  smooth  and  shining  above,  paler 
beneath.  Flowers  several  togetlier  on  the  summits  of  the  branches:  Pedicels 
red,  an  inch  in  length,  with  2  nearly  opposite  bracts  in  the  middle.  Corollas 
light-pink,  the  4  segments  abruptly  reflexed.  Stamens  purple.  Fruit  smaller 
than  in  the  former  species,  crimson,  ripe  in  Oct.     Flowers  in  June. 

Suborder  3.  PYROLEiE. 

Ovary/reffrom  the  calyx.     Petals  nearly  distinct.     Fruit  a  capsule.     Mostly  herbaceous. 

12.    PY'ROLA. 

Calyx  small,  of  5  deep  segments  ;  petals  5,  equal ;:  stamens 
10;  anthers  large,  pendulous,  fixed  by  the  apex;  capsule 
5-celled,  opening  at  the  angles,  many-seeded. 

Pyrola  is  the  Latin  diminutive  of  Pijrus,  the  Pear-tree,  which  this  genua 
often  resembles  in  respect  to  tiie  leaves.  Low,  scarcely  suff'ruticose,  ever- 
green herbs.  Lvs.  radical  ornearly  so,  entire.  Scape  mostly  racemose.  Pet. 
roundish,  spreadmg.  Fil.  shorter  than  cor.  Anth.  2-horned,  opening  by 
2  pores  atthe'sumniit.  Style  longer  than  stem,  straight  or  declinate.  Seeds 
numerous,  arillate. 

*  Stamens  ascending.     Style  declinate,  longer  than  the  petals. 
1.    P.    ROTUNDIFO'LIA. 

Leaves  orbicular-ovate,  entire  or  crenulate,  shorter  than  the  dilated  petiole; 
scape  3-angled  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute  ;  stigma  clavate, 
obscurely  o-toothed.  Common  in  woods.  Leaves  all  radical,  round  or  inclin- 
ing to  ovate,  nearly  2  inches  in  diameter,  smooth  and  shining,  with  conspicu- 
ous, reticulate  veins.  Petioles  margined,  as  long  as,  and  sometimes  much 
longer  than,  the  leaf  Scape  6 — 12  inches  high,  bracteate  at  base  and  in  the 
middle.     Flowers  drooping,  large,   fragrant,  in  an  oblong,  terminal  raceme. 


ERICACEAE. 


'240 


Pedicels  as  long  as  the  bracts  at  base.     Petals  white,  variously  tinged   with 
red,  longer  than  the  stamens.    June.  Round-leaved  Pijrola.    Shin-leaf. 

2.  P.  asarifo'lia. 

Leaves  reniform-orbicular,  coriaceous,  entire  or  crenulate,  shorter  tlian  the 
dilated  petiole ;  scape  angular,  furrowed ;  raceme  lax,  many-flowered ;  seg- 
ments of  tlie  calyx  ovate,  acute,  appressed ;  stigma  clavale,  with  the  disk 
elono-ated  and  5-lobed.  In  old  woods.  Leaves  all  radical,  ]2 — 18  lines 
in  diameter,  coriaceous,  smooth  and  shining,  conspicuously  cordate  at  base, 
lono-er  than,  but  not  twice  as  long  as,  the  margined  petioles.  Scape  5 — 10 
inches  high,  purplish,  bracteate  at  base  and  near  the  middle,  racemose  one 
half  its  leno-th.  Flowers  nodding,  remote,  large,  deeply  tinged  with  purple  in 
all  their  parts.  Pedicels  half  an  inch  long,  equaling  the  bracts  at  base.  Style 
of  about  the  same  length  and  curvature  as  pedicel,  but  thicker,  tipped  with  5 
elongated  teeth.  June.  Very  distinct  from  P.  rotundifolia,  or  any  other 
species.  Jlsarum-leaved  Pyrola. 

3.  P.    CHLORA'NTHA.      Sicartz.  P.  rotundifolia.  JlfuA.,  <^-c. 

Leaves  orbicular,  crenulate,  half  as  long  as  the  narrow  petiole ;  raceme  few- 
flowered;  segments  of  the  calyx  very  short,  obtuse ;  petals  ohXong;  •pores  of 
the  anthers  inhxAs.! ;  stigmas  ciavate,  with  the  disk  elongated,  and  olobed. 
In  woods,  common.  Leaves  smaller  than  in  either  of  the  preceding  species, 
often  perfectly  orbicular,  but  more  frequently  inclining  to  ovate,  one  half  to  one 
inch  in  diameter,  smooth,  shining  coriaceous.  Petioles  1 — 2  inches  long. 
Scapes  erect,  angular,  6 — 12  inches  high,  bearing  a  long,  open  raceme. 
Flowers  nodding,  large,  remote,  pedicels  half  an  inch  long,  each  in  the  axil  of 
a  very  short  bract.  Petals  greenish  white.  Anther  tubes  conspicuous.  June, 
July.  Green-flowered  Pyrola. 

4.  P.    ELLl'PTICA. 

Leaves  elliptical,  membranaceous,  obscurely  dentate,  longer  than  the 
petioles-,  scape  mosWy  naked;  calyx  small,  with  ovate,  obtuse  segments; 
pores  of  the  anthers  short,  tubular.  In  woods.  Leaves  1 — 2  mches  long, 
more  than  half  as  wide,  mostly  acute  and  subentire,  thin,  smooth  and  light 
green.  Scape  5 — 9  inches  high,  slender,  seldom  bracteate,  bearing  short 
racemes.  Flowers  nodding,  very  fragrant.  Pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts, 
but  only  half  as  long  as  the  declinate,  recurved  style.     Petals  white.     July. 

Pear-leaved  Pyrola. 

*  *  Siameus  erect.     Style  straight. 

5.  P.  secu'nda. 

Si?//e  straight ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  longer  than  the  petiole; 
raceme  secund.  In  dry  woods.  Stem  2 — 3  inches  high,  bearing  one  or  two 
fascicles  of  leaves  near  the  summit.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute  at  each  end, 
with  appressed,  pointed,  serratures.  Petioles  an  inch  long.  Peduncles  scape- 
like, .5 — 7  inches  high,  bearing  a  I-sided  cluster  of  10 — 1-5  greenish  white 
flowers.     Petals  oblong,  shorter  than  the  style.     Jn.  Jl.         One-sided  Pyrola. 

6.  P.    UNIFLORA. 

Leaves  suborbicular,  petiolate,  smooth,  serrate ;  scape  l-flowered ;  stijle 
Btraight.  Woods,  in  Keene,  N.  H.,  according  to  Dr.  Bigelow,  but  I  have 
sought  it  there  in  vain.  Scape  but  2—:?  inclu's  higii,  erect,  bearing  a  single, 
large,  white,  fragrant  flower.  Anthers  with  the  pores  elongated-tubular. 
Style  short,  stigma  peltate.    June.    Per.  One-flowered  Pyrola. 


ERICACEa:.  241  MONOTROPA. 

13.  CHIMA'PHILA. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  10,  erect ;  anthers  fixed 
by  the  middle;  style  very  short  and  thick;  capsule  5-celled, 
opening  from  the  summit. 

Gr.  X,fiji*«,  winter,  and  ^iXfiw,  to  love  ;  equivalent  to  the  English  name, 
Wintergrecn.  Small,  suffruticose  plants,  resembling  Pyrola  in  habit.  Stems 
branching.  Lvs.  cauline,  serrate,  evergreen,  opposite  or  somewhat  verticil- 
late.  Fls.  terminal.  Fil.  bearing  a  roundish,  hairy  disk  in  the  middle.  Anth. 
2-beaked,  and  opening  by  2  pores  at  base. 

1.  C.    UMBELL.\'TA.      p.  Pyrola  umbellata.    L. 
Leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  serrate,  in  4s — 6s ;  flowers  corymbose  ;    Iracts 

linear-subulate ;  style  immersed  in  the  ovary.  In  diy  woods,  flowering  in 
July.  A  common  and  beautiful  evergreen.  Leaves  in  2  or  more  irregular 
whorls,  2 — 3  inches  long  and  one  fourth  as  wide,  remotely  and  distinctly  ser- 
rate, on  short  petioles,  coriaceous,  shining',  of  a  uniform  dark  green  color.  Pe- 
duncle terminal,  erect,  3 — 4  inches  long,  bearing  4 — 7  light  purple  flowers  on 
nodding  pedicels  8  lines  long.  Both  tliis  and  the  following  species  are 
tonic  and  diuretic.     Bw.     July.     Per.  Prince's  Pine. 

2.  C.  MACULA'TA.  p.  Pyrola  maculata.  L. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  the  base,  remotely  serrate,  discol- 
ored, opposite  or  in  3s  ;  peduncles  corymbose,  2 — 3-flowered  ;  filaments  woolly. 
Habits  much  like  the  last,  but  it  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  variegated 
leaves.  Stem  3 — 4  inches  high.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long  and  one  third  as 
wide,  marked  with  a  whitish  line  along  the  midrib  and  nerves.  Flowers  pur- 
plish white,  on  nodding  pedicels.     June,  July.                   Spotted  H'inttrgreen. 

Suborder  4.   MONOTllOPEiE. 

Ovary  fret  fiorn  the  calyx.     Leafless  lierbf,  destitute  ofvenlnre. 

14.  MONO'TROPA. 

Calyx  4 — 5-sepaled,  gibbous  at  base;  corolla  4 — 5-petaled 
or  0  ;  stamens  8 — 10  ;  stigma  peltate  ;  capsule  5-celled,  many- 
seeded. 

Gr.  fJkovoi,  one,  and,  TgfTr^y,  to  turn ;  because  the  flowers  of  some  species 
are  all  turned  one  way.  Leafless  herbs,  without  verdure,  of  a  pale,  uniform 
hue.  Scape  scaly,  racemose  or  I -flowered.  Pcriantli  inferior,  regular, 
oblong,  deciduous.     Style  thick,  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  stamens. 

1.  M.  uniflo'ra. 

Scape  erect,  straight,  1 -flowered  ;  flowers  decandrous,  erect  or  cernuous.  A 
fimall,  succulent  plant,  about  6  inches  high,  yellowish  white  in  all  its  parts 
Stem  furnished  with  sessile,  lanceolate,  semi-transparent  leaves,  or  bracts,  and 
bearing  a  large,  terminal,  solitary  flower.  Common  in  woods,  near  the  base 
of  trees,  on  wliose  roots  it  is  said  to  be  parasitic.  Jii.     Indianpipe.    Bird's-Jiest. 

2.  M.    LANUGINo'sA.      Mx.  Hypopithys  lanuginosa.  JVu«. 
;?crt»)e  erect,  pubescent  above,  bearing  a  raceme  of  woolly  flowers  ;  bracts 

woolly.  "^I'he  whole  plant  is  of  a  tawny  wliite,  similar  to  the  last.  The  root 
is  a  tangled  mass  of  fibres.  Scape  G — 10  inches  high,  with  many  concave 
scales,  covered  with  down.  Flowers  7 — 12,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  yellowish, 
drooping  at  first,  becoming  erect.     Pedicels  1  — 2  lines  long,  bracts  and  floweiB 

V 


A^UIFOLIACE^E.  242  If^E?. 

3  times  as  long.     Only   the   terminal   flower   is    generally    decandrous  ;  the 
lateral  ones  have  8  stamens  and  4  petals.     Woods.     Aug.  Pine  Sap. 

15.    PTERO'SPORA. 

Calyx  5-parted  :  corolla  roundish-ovoid,  the  limb  5-(oothed[ 
and  reflexed  ;  stamei.s  10  ;  anthers  peltate,  2-cclled,  2-awned  ; 
capsule  5-celled,  5-valved  5  seeds  very  numerous,  minute, 
winged  at  the  apex. 

Gr.  •frtiQoi,  a  wing,  crTrogo.,  a  seed  ;  alluding  to  the  v.'inged  seeds.  A 
perennial  Meafless  herjj.  FIs.  racemed.  Cor.  monopetalous.  Caps,  subglo- 
l)ose,  valves  with  dissepiments  from  the  middle.     Recep.  5-lobed. 

P.    Andro'.MEDA.      Kutt.  Monotropa  procera.  Eaton. 

Tall,  erect,  leafless,  found  in  various  localities  in  N.  Y.  in  clayey  soil, 
rare.  Scape  12 — 30  inches  high,  dark  purple,  clothed  with  short,  viscid  vvool. 
Raceme  6 — 12  inches  long,  with  50  or  more  nodding  flowers.  Pedicels 
irregularly  scattered,  G — 8  lines  long,  axillary  to  long,  linear  bracts.  Corolla 
shorter  than  the  pedicels,  somewhat  campanulate,  oj)en  at  the  throat,  white, 
tipped  with  red  at  the  summit. .  July.     (Ann.  A'lM.     I'ex.torr.) 

Albany  Beech-drops. 


ORDER  LXXX.  AQUIF0L1ACE.E.  The  miiy  Trii,e. 

Cai. — Sepals  4 — 6.  imbricate  in  restivation. 

Co7. — Regular,  4— 6-clefl  or  parted,  liypogynous,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

•Sta. — Insertetl  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  segments.     Anth.  adnata. 

Ova. — Free  from  the  calyx^  2 — G-celled,  with  a  solitary  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell. 

Fr. — Drupaceous,  with  2-^  stones  or  nucules.     Albumen  large,  fleshy. 

A  small  order  of  trees  and  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  commonly  coriaceous. 
Flowers  small,  axillary.  The  species  are  natives  of  America  and  S.  Africa,  one  only, 
Ilex  (the  Holly),  being  found  in  Europe. 

Properties.     The  bark  and  leaves  of  Prinos  verticillatus  (black  alder)  are  eminently 

astringent  and  tonic,  as  well  as  those  of  the  holly.     The  berries  are  emetic  and  purgative. 

Tlie  leaves  of  Prinos  glaber,  and  Ilex  Paraguensis  are  used  for  tea. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Petals  united,  mostly  hexamerous.         .        .        .        Prinos.  0 

(  unarmed.  |  Petals  distinct,  mostly  penlamerous.        .        .        •     Nemnpanthes.  2 

Leaves  \  spinose,  evergreen,  coriaceous Hex.  1 

1.    ILEX. 
Calyx  4 — 6-tootlied,    persistent;  corolla  suhrotate,   4 — b- 
parted;  stamens   4 — 5;  stigmas  4 — 5,  subsessile,  united    or 
distinct;  berry  4 — 5seeded. 

The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Holm  Oak,  the  derivation  uncertain. 
A  genus  of  handsome  shrubs  and  trees.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  evergreen 
and  spinose-tootiied.     Flowers  often  dioecious  by  abortion. 

I.  opa'ca. 

icrti'gA- evergreen,  oval,  acute  at  end,  with  strong,  spinous  teetn,  coriaceous, 
smooth  and  sliining;  fascicles  oi' Jloicrrs  lax,  peduncles  compound;  c/ilijx 
teeth  acute;  fruit  ovate  ;  _//«?/v7-.<  sninll,  greenish  white.  A  tree  of  middle 
size,  quite  generally  diffused  tlirougliout  liie  U.  S.  but  no  wliere  very  abun- 
dant.    It  is  chiefly  interesting  for  its  foliage,  which  is  of  an  exceedingly  rich, 


AftUAFOLlACEiE. 


:143 


shilling,  perennial  green.  The  flowers  appear  in  June,  in  scattered  clusters 
at  the  base  of  the  older  branches,  and  the  fertile  ones  are  succeeded  by  red 
berries  which  remain  until  late  in  autumn.  The  wood  is  fine  grained  and 
compact,  useful  in  turnery,  <fcc.  Jlmericun  Holly. 

2.    JNEMOPA'NTHES, 
Calyx  minute;  petals  5,   distinct,   linear  oblong;  stamens 
5;  ovary  hemispherical;  stigmas  3 — 4,  sessile;   fruit  a  3 — 4' 
celled,  subglobose  beri-y. 

Gr.  vffioj,  a  grove,  TrctvToi  (genitive  of  7ra«)  all;  that  is,  a  native  of  all 
groves,  common ;  a  character  not  strictly  applicable  to  this  rather  rare  shrub 
in  the  Northern  States.  Leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  entire.  Flowers  mostlj 
dioecious-polygamous  by  abortion. 

N.    CaNADE'NSIS.      liaf.  Ilex  Canadensis    Mx. 

Leaves  deciduous,  oval,  very  entire,  smooth,  mucronate-pointed  peduncles 
nearly  solitary,  very  long  ;  fruit  somewhat  4-sided.  A  shrub,  4 — 6  feet  high, 
with  smooth  branches,  growing  in  damp  or  rocky  woods.  Leaves  oval  or 
ovate-oblong,  about  2  inches  long,  on  p«^tioles  one  third  as  long.  The  flowers, 
growing  on  long,  slender,  axillary  peduncles  which  are  seldom  divided,  are 
small,  greenish  white.  Segments  of  the  Cfrolla  acute,  long  as  the  stamens. 
Ovary  of  the  barren  flowers  pointed,  of  the  fertile  with  a  4-lobed  stigma. 
Berries  dry,  red.     May,  June. 

3.    PRINOS. 
Heads  often  dioecious  or  polygamous;  calyx  mostly  6-cleft; 
CM^Ita  6-parted,  rotate;  stamens  4—6,  berry  6-seeded. 

Prinos  was  the  Gr.  name  of  the  evergreen  Oak.  Cor.  rotate,  limb  divided 
into  4 — 6  oval  seg.  Sta.  shorter  than  cor.  Berry  roundish,  much  larger 
than  the  cal.     Seeds  bony ,  convex  on  one  side,  angular  on  the  other.     Shrubs, 

1.  P.  verticilla'tus. 

LrMves  deciduous,  oval,  serrate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  fioicers 
axillary,  the  fertile  ones  aggregate,  the  barren  subumbellate.  This  shrub  is 
found  in  moist  woods  or  swamps,  usually  growing  about  8  feet  high.  Leaves 
narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole,  uncinately  serrate,  with  prominent, 
pubescent  veins  beneath.  Flowers  white,  dioecious,  small,  in  imperfect 
umbels  or  heads,  sometimes  monoecious.  Berries  scarlet,  in  little  bunches 
(apparently  verticiUate),  roundish,  6-celled  and  6-seeded,  permanent.     July. 

Winter  Berry.     Black  Alder, 

2.  P.    GLABER. 

Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  cuneate-lanceolate,  glabrous,  shining,  serrate 
at  the  end.  A  shrub  3 — 4  feet  hicrh,  found  in  swamps,  with  alternate,  v,ery 
smooth,  leathery,  shining  leaves,  and  axillary  white-petaled  flowers,  appearing 
in  June  and  July.  Pedicels  subsolitary,  mostly  S-flowered.  Berries  round- 
ish, black  and  shining.  I'tii  Berry. 

3.  P.  ambi'guus. 

Xcrt»es  deciduous,  oval,  entire,  acuminate  at  both  ends  ;  parts  of  the  floicer 
in  4s,  the  sterile  ones  crowded  ;  the  fertile,  solitary,  A  shrub  or  small  tree, 
K— 15  feet  high,  in  wet  grounds.  Bark  whitish,  smooth.  Leaves  elliptical- 
oval,  mucronate-pointed,  petiolate,  subpubesccnt  beneath,  1 — 2  inches  long 
and  half  as  wide.  Flowers  polygamous,  4— 5-cleft,  the  fertile  ones  on  long 
peduncles.     June.  Long-leaved  Winter  Berry, 


BEGOMACE£. 


244 


ORDER  LXXX!.    EBENACE^.  The  Ebony  Tribe, 

Fiji Polygamous  or  dicecious  (rarely  perfect). 

OiZ.— Inferior,  3— 6-cleft,  divisions  nearly  equal,  persistent.^ 
Cor.— Regular,  3— G-cleft,  often  pubescent,  imbncate  in  a;stivation. 
Sta.— Twice  or  four  times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
Ora.— With  3  or  more  cells.     Style  with  as  many  divisions. 
Fr. — A  fleshy,  oval  or  globose  berry. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  without  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules,  mostly 
entire  and  coriaceous.  The  species  are  mostly  natives  of  the  Indies  and  the  tropics,  one 
only  being  found  as  far  north  as  New  York.  ,  ,     ,      ,        ^  ,  j     ,^u 

Properties.  Diospyrus  is  remarkable  for  the  hardness  and  dark  color  of  the  wood,  hbony 
is  the  wood  of  D.  Ebenus.  Ebenasler,  and  other  species,  natives  of  Africa.  The  fruit  ol 
the  species  below  is  eatable  when  fully  ripe,  although  extremely  bitter  and  astringent 
before  maturity.  The  bark  is  eminently  febrifugal  and  astringent.  Stora:r  and  benzoin^ 
gum-resins  of  the  shops,  composed  of  resin  and  ftcM^oic  acirf,  are  the  products  ot  two  species 
of  Styrax. 

DIOSPY'ROS. 

Perfect  f. — Caljx  4-clert  ;  corolla  urceolate,  4-cleft  ; 
stamens  8  often  16;  style  4-cleft;  berry  8— 12-see(led. 
Sterile  ft.— Calyx  and  corolla  4'clert ;  stamens  8 — 16;  ovary 
abortive;  style  0. 

Gr.  Aio4  TTvgos,  the  frwit  of  Jove.  The  fruit  hardly  deserves  so  elevated  a 
title,  although  excellent, 

D.  Virginia'na. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  entire,  smooth,  reticulate-veined  ;  petioles 
pubescent;  buds  smoolh.  In  woods  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  as 
well  as  of  the  South.  With  us  it  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  but  grows  to  large 
dimensions  at  the  South.  Leaves  3—5  inches  in  length,  entire,  glaucous 
beneath.  Flowers  obscure,  pale,  greenish  yellow,  the  fertile  ones  succeeded 
by  a  round,  orange-red  fruit  as  large  as  the  garden  plum,  and  containing  G— 8 
stony  seeds.  'i'h1?y  are  rendered  sweet  and  palatable  by  the  frost,  although 
very  austere  when  green.  The  bark  is  tonic  and  astringent.  June.  Persimmon. 


ORDER  LXXXIII.    BEGONIACE^E.*  ne  Begonia  Tribe. 

F/^.-Monmcious  or  dioecious.  [As.  3-5,  imbricated,  1-2  smaller  than  the  others. 

CteL-Sepals   superior,  colored ;  in  the  sterile  fls.  4,  2  interior  and  smaller;  in  the  fertile 
Sta  —Indefinite,  distinct  or  combined.     Anth.  collecled  into  a  head,  2-ce!led. 
Ot'a.— Adherent,  winged,  3-celled.     Stlgniax  3,  2-lobed,  somewhai  spiral. 
JFr.— Capsular,  winged,  3-celled,  many-seeded.     Seeds  uuaulc.    AWumen*}. 

BEGO'NI  A. 

Character  essentially  the  same  as  the  order. 

Named  in  honor  of  Michael  Begon,  a  French  botanist  of  the  17th  century. 

B.  Dl'SCOLOR. — Leaves  angular,  reddish  beneath  ;  stejn  nodose  ;  wings 
of  the  capsule  unequal.  A  popular  and  curious  greenhouse  plant,  native  in 
China.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  fleshy,  smooth,  tumid  and  colored  at  the 
nodes.     Leaves  large,  slightly  angular,  mucronate,  serrate  cordate-ovate,  veiy 


*  This  order  having  been,  by  mistake,  omiued  in  its  usual  (and  proper?)  place, 
immediately  following  Cucurbilarea-,  is  necessarily  inserted  here  in  the  present  edition, 
although  but  slightly,  if  at  all,  related  to  the  contiguous  families. 


PKIMULACF.J,. 


245 


unequal  at  base,  petiolate,  with  weak,  scattered  prickles  and  straight,  red 
veins,  the  under  surface  deeply  reddened.  The  flowers  with  tlieir  peduncles 
are  of  an  extremely  delicate  pink-color  in  all  their  parts  except  the  yellow 
stamens  or  pistils.  Fertile  flowers  larger  than  the  sterile,  and  on  peduncles 
twice  as  long.  Wings  of  the  ovary  3,  triangular,  one  of  them  larger  than  the 
other  two.  Sepals  3( — 5.'),  roundish,  ]( — 2.-')  uiuch  smaller.  Stigmas 
curiously  knotted  and  twisted.  After  the  flowers,  the  plants  produce  numer- 
ous axillary  and  terminal  bulblets,  from  \yhich  new  plants  may  be  reared,  or 
from  seeds  or  cutlincrs. 


ORDER  LXXXiy.    PRIMULACE^E.  The  Primrose  Tribe. 

Cat. — 5  (rarely  4)-clefl,  inferior,  regular,  persistent. 

Cor. — 5  (rarely  4)-clett,  regular. 

Sta. — Ijiserted  on  tJie  lube  oflhe  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobfis  and  opposite  to  them. 

Ova. — 1-celled,  wit'i  a  free,  central  placenta,     tityle  and  Slipna  simple. 

Fr. — Capsule  many-seeded,  the  fleshy  placenta  attached  only  to  the  base  of  the  cell. 

A  small,  but  interesting  family  of  herbs,  with  opposite  (sometimes  wjiorled  or  alternate) 
leaves,  often  all  raiUcal,  and  the  flowers  on  a  scape.  The  species  are  common  iu  the 
northern  temperate  regions,  growing  in  swamps,  groves,  by  rivulets  and  olten  among  the 
snow  of  cloud-capped  mountains.  Many  are  beautiful,  and  highly  prized  iu  culture. 
Properties  unimportaiU. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Aerial Primula.  1 

fhypocraterilbrm.  (  Aquatic.     ....  Hottor,ia.  '2 

\  1  yellow.         .....  Lysbnaciiio.  .T 

f.5-cleft,  (  rotate,  I  scarlet Anagallis.  4 

I  7  ((i — 8)-parted,  stamens  7  (li — 6) Trietilaiis.  5 

(0.  Corolla   ( 0,  calyx  canipanalate,  colored.     .....  Giavx.  (> 

Scales  (  5  (sterile  filaments),  alternate  with  the  5  stamens.        ,.         .         .  Samolus.  7 

1  .    P  R  1'  M  U  L  A  . 

Corolla  salver-form,  with  an  open  orifice;  capsule  opening 
with  a  10-cleft  dehiscence  5  stamens  5,  not  e.xserted  ;  stigma 
globose. 

Lat.  primus,  first,  because  its  blossoms  appear  earliest  in  spring.  Herbs 
(mostly  Europeati),  with  radical  Ivs.  Fls.  in  involucrate  umbels.  Cal. 
tubular,  5-toothed.     Cor.  5-lobed,  lobes  emarginate,  tube  cylindric. 

1.  P.  VULGA'RIS. — Lfflvesobovate,  oblong,  rugose,  villous  beneath,  tooth- 
ed ;  umbel  radical  ;  jioicer  stalks  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  corolla  flat.  Native 
of  Europe.  An  interesting  garden  plant,  esteemed  for  its  early  flowering,  and 
for  its  being  prolific  in  variation.  In  its  wild  state  its  flowers  are  yellow  and 
single,  but  by  cultivation  they  become  double,  and  in  the  numerous  varieties, 
red,  pink,  white,  orange,  purple,  &c.,  and  the  umbels,  in  numerous  instances, 
are  on  a  scape.  The  roots  and  leaves  smell  of  anise  seed,  and  wiien  dried 
and  powdered  are  used  as  a  snuff,  and  also  as  an  emetic.  The  number  of 
varieties  is  vast,  and  is  readily  increased  by  cultivation  from  seed.  April. 
May.     Per.  Common  Primrose. 

2.  P.  ELA'tioR. — Leaves  toothed,  rugose,  hairy  on  each  side ;  wmW 
many-flowered,  with  the  outer  flowers  nodding  ;  corolla  flat.  Native  of 
Britain.  Flowers  yellow,  scentless,  in  a  simple  umbel  elevated  upon  a  scape 
a  foQt  high.     Apr.     May-     Per.  Oilip  Prirnrasf. 

V* 


PRIMULACEiE.  246  LYSIMACHIA. 

3.  P.  VERIS. —  Leaves  toothed,  rugose,  hairy  beneath  ;  wmicZs  many-flow- 
ered, flowers  all  nodding  ;  cfl/j/z  angular ;  corolla  concave.  Native  of  Britan. 
Flowers  yellow.  The  plant  smells  strongly  of  anise.  Leaves  are  used  as  a 
potherb,  and  are  recommended  for  feeding  silkworms.  Its  varieties  may  be 
increased  by  raising  from  the  seed.     June.     Per.  Cowslip  Primrose. 

4.  P.  AURl'CULA. — Leaves  obovate,  entire  or  serrate,  fleshy;  sca-pe 
many-flowered,  central,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  involucre  of  short  leaves ;  cahjx 
powdery.  Native  of  the  Alps.  A  well  known  favorite  of  the  florist.  The 
cultivated  varieties  are  innumerable,  and  many  of  them  of  exquisite  beauty 
and  fragrance.     May.     Per.  Auriculate  Primrose. 

2.    HOTTO'NIA. 
Corolla  salverform,  5-lobed  with  the  5  stamens  inserted  on 
its  tube  ;  si  ij^ma  globose  ;  capsule  globose-acuminate. 

In  honor  of  Peter  Hotton,  professor  in  the  University  of  Leyden,  died 
1701).  Flesiiy,  aquatic  herbs,  with  radical  leaves.  Cal.  deeply  5cleft, 
divisions  linear.  Cor.  seg.  5,  equal,  oblong,  notched;  tube  cylindric,  open. 
Fil.  short.     Style  short.     Caps.  5-valved.     Seeds  many. 

H.    INFL.\'T.4..       Ell.  H.  palustris.  P. 

Scape  articulate,  the  internodcs  and  lower  parts  inflated  ;  flowers  verticil- 
late,  pedunculate.  A  curious  aquatic  plant,  in  swamps  and  stagnant  waters. 
Ms.,  R.  I.  and  Ct.  Stem  immersed,  round,  thick,  spongy  with  a  whorl  of 
long  and  beautifully  pectinate  leaves  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  water. 
Peduncles  or  scapes  several  (6 — 10)  together,  arising  in  a  sort  of  umbel  from 
the  top  of  the  stem,  8 — 10  inches  long,  inflated  between  the  joints,  forming  the 
most  remarkable  feature  of  the  plant.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  numerous 
verticils,  generally  4  in  each.     Pedicels  half  an  inch  long.     June.    Per. 

Water  Feather. 

3.     LYSIMA'CHIA. 

Corolla  rotate,  deeply  S-cleft;  stamens  5;  stigma  obtuse; 
capsule  globose,  pointed,  10-valved. 

Gr.  Kvaoi  fiax.'l.the  translation  of  wiiicii  is  the  English  name.  Loosestrife. 
from  the  absurd  nation  of  the  ancients  that  it  quieted  oxen  impatient  of  the 
yoke,  or  according  to  Liunajus,  and  also  Pliny,  from  [.lysimachus,  king  of 
Sicily.  Herbs  with  opposite  orverticillate  leaves.  Flowers  solitary,  racemose 
or  corymbed.  Cal.  deeply  cleft  into  5  acute  segments,  Fil.  dilated  and 
partially  united  at  base.  Anth.  notched  at  bothends.  Style  long  as  stamens. 
Seeds  few  or  many. 

1.  L.    THYRSIFLO'RA.      L.  L.  capitata.  p. 
Racemes   lateral,  stalked ;    s/c7«  simple,  smoilh;    leaves   sessile,  opposite, 

lanceolate,  acute,  punctate,  somewhat  hoary  beneath;  fnirers  small,  yellow, 
the  number  of  the  parts  variable.  Grows  in  swamps  about  2  feet  high,  with 
an  erect,  simple  stem,  bearing  many  pairs  of  narrow  lanceolate  leaves.  Clus- 
ters somewhat  capitate  on  long,  axillary  peduncles.  Stamens  6 — 7,  much 
exserted,  united  into  a  tube  at  base.     Jn.     Per.  Tufted  Loosestrife. 

2.  L.    STRICTA.       WilUl.  L.  racemosa.  Mx. 
Raceme  terminal,  long  and  lax;  petals  lanceolate,  spreading  ;  /r^^sfs lanceo- 
late, sessile,  opposite   or  in  os.     A  very  distinct  sjjecies,  found  in  low.  wet 
grounds.     Stem  upright,  smooth  as  likewise  is  i^vtery  other  part  of  the  plant. 


PRIMULACEJE.  247  ANAGALLIS. 

1 — 2  feet  high,  bearing  at  top  a  regular,  cylindric  or  conical  raceme,  6—8 
inches  long.  Peduncles  an  inch  in  length,  quite  spreading,  each  with  a 
subulate  bract  at  base.  Stamens  2  long  and  3  short,  united  at  base.  Flowers 
yellow,  spotted  with  purple.  Capsules  5-.seeded.  After  flowering  it  throws 
out  bulblets  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  which'  will  produce  new  plants  the 
following  spring.    July.     Per.  Upright  Loosestrife. 

3.  L.   cilia'ta. 

Flowers  nodding;  peduncles  chiefly  in  pairs;  /ertres  cordate-ovate,  opposite; 
petioles  ciliate.  A  handsome  species,  larger  than  the  foregoing,  found  in 
gravelly  soils,  and  near  rivulets.  Root  creeping.  Stem  somewhat  4- sided, 
2 — 3  feet  high,  simple  or  with  a  few  opposite  branches.  Leaves  large,  pointed, 
somewhat  cordate  at  base,  on  petioles  fringed  wnth  cilese,  the  upper  ones  ap- 
parently quaternate.  Flowers  large,  yellow,  axillary.  Stamens  inserted  into 
a  ring,  nearly  equal,  with  5  alternate  and  intermediate  rudimentary  filaments 
or  teeth.     July.     Per.  Heart-leaved  Loosestrife. 

4.  L.  hy'brida. 

Flowers  nodding ;  peduncles  axillary ;  corolla  crenulate  ;  leaves  opposite, 
lanceolate,  petiolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  petioles  ciliate  ;  stem  smooth,  1 — 2 
feet  high,  somewhat  branched.  Grows  in  swamps.  Its  stem  and  flowers 
resemble  those  of  L.  ciliata,  from  which  species  it  is  chiefly  distinguished  by 
its  narrower,  lanceolate,  never  cordate  leaves,  and  its  more  numerous  and 
leafy  branches,  each  of  which  bears  a  whorl  of  4  leaves  and  4  flowers  at  the 
end.     Stamens  with  intermediate  processes.     Jl.     Per.       Hybrid  Loosestrife. 

5.  L.    QUADRIFO'LIA. 

Peduncles  1-flowered,  a-xillary,  in  43  ;  haves  verticillate,  in  4s  and  Ss,  sub- 
sessile,  oval,  acuminate,  punctate  ;  segments  of  the  corolla  oval,  entire,  often 
obtuse.  Grows  in  low  grounds,  on  river  banks,  &c.  Stem  16  inches  high, 
somewhat  hairy,  simple,  with  many  whorls  of  4—5  leaves,  each  bearing  a 
flower-stalk  in  its  axil.  Corolla  yellow  with  purple  lines.  Stamens  unequal, 
united  at  base  into  a  short  tube.  Anth.  purple.  Jn.  Per.  Four-leaved  Loosestrife. 

4.    ANAGA'LLIS. 

Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-cleft;  stamens  5,  hirsute;  capsule 
globose,  circumscissile. 

Gr.  a,vct.yi\a,ci),  to  laugh  ;  from  its  reputed  medicinal  eflicacy  in  expelling 
hypochondria.  Herbs  with  square  stems  and  opposite  leaves.  Fls.  solitary, 
axillary.  Cal.  deeply  cleft  in  5  acute,  spreading  seg.  perm.  Fil.  shorter  than 
cor.  erect,  slender.     Anth.  cordate.     Slig.  capitate.    Sds.  numerous. 

A.  arve'nsis. 

Stem  procumbent;  1  eaves  oxvLie,  sessile,  dotted  beneath ;  segments  of  coroZ/a 
crenate-glandular.  Stem  square,  G  inches  high,  branching,  with  sessile  leaves 
and  small  but  beautiful  scarlet-colored  flowers  in  their  axils.  Capsules 
globular  1-celled,  splitting  across  into  2  valves.  Corolla  scarlet,  throat  pur- 
ple. A  beautiful  trailing  plant  in  sandy  fields,  &c.  It  has  been  called  "  the 
poor  man's  weather-glass";  for  its  flowers  either  do  not  open,  or  close  up 
again  in  wet  weather,  being  affected  by  the  moisture  of  the  atmosphere.  In 
fair  weather  its  flowers  open  at  about  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  and  close  <igain  at  2 
P.  M. ;  whence  it  also  serves  as  one  of  Flora's  timepieces.  Flowers  in  the 
summer  months.     Per.  Scarlet  Pimpernel. 


PRIMUI^ACE^.  248 


5.    TRIENTA'LIS. 
Corolla  rotate,  7-parted,  equal ;  stamens?;  fruit  capsular, 
dry,  many-seeded. 

Lat.  tricns,  the  third  part  of  a  thing;  a  name  singularly  inappropriate. 
Low,  perennial  herbs.  Stem  simple.  Fls.  terminal,  the  parts  varying  from 
5s  to  8s.  Cal.free,  5 — 8-parted.  Cor.  deeply  divided,  seg.  elliptical,  spread- 
ino-.     Fil.  shorter  tihan  cor.  spreading,  equalling  the  style.     Caps.  5 — 8-valved. 

T.    AmERICA'NA.      Ph.  T.  Europaj'a.  Mx. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  serrulate,  acuminate;  petals  acuminate.  This  little 
plant  is  not  uncommon  in  our  woods,  and  is  our  only  good  native  example  of 
the  Linniean  class,  Heptandria.  it  has  a  smooth,  round,  slender  stem  3 — 6 
inches  hjo-h,  with  an  irregular  whorl  of  5 — 8  lanceolate,  smooth  and  shining 
leaves  at  the  top.  In  the  midst  of  these  are  1 — 4  white,  star-like  flowers, 
borne  on  simple,  filiform  pedicels.  The  leaves  are  mostly  acuminate  at  each 
end,  3  inches  long  and  1  wide.  Segments  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the 
acute  calyx  leaves.     Seeds  attached  to  a  central,  spongy  placenta.     May,  Jn. 

Ckickxoeed  Winter  green. 

6.     GLAUX. 

Calyx  campanulate.  5lobed,  colored;  corolla  0;  stamens  5; 
capsule  roundish,  surrounded  by  the  calyx,  5-valved,  5-seeded. 

Gr.  yXuvnoi,  bluish  or  glaucous;  the  plant  is  a  maritime  herb  with  opposite, 
glaucous  ^a-yes.     Receptacle  convex,  favulose-punctate.. 

G.  mari'tima. 

A  small,  smooth,  fleshy  plant,  found  occasionally  in  the  salt  marshes  on 
our  seacoast.  Root  perennial.  Stem  more  or  less  procumbent  at  base,  4 — G 
inches  high,  smooth,  branching,  and  very  leafy.  Leaves  J  inch  in  length, 
roundisli-ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  smooth,  fleshy  anil 
darkly  glaucous.  Flowers  small,  sessile,  axillary,  solitary.  Calyx  white, 
tinged  wUh  red.     July.  Bluck  Sulticurt. 

7  .     S  A  M  O'  L  U  S  . 
Calyx  partly  adherent  to  the  ovary;  stamens  5,  alternating 
with  5  sterile  filaments,  (scales);   corolla  h}  pocrateriform,  5- 
cleft;  capsule  dehiscent  at  top  by  5  valves,  many-seeded. 

Celtic,  san,  salutary,  and  mos,  a  pig.  Pliny  says  the  plant  was  considered 
among  the  Gauls  a  specific  in  all  maladies  of  swine.  Herbs  with  alternate 
leaves.  Fls.  racemose.  Cal.  of  a  hemispherical,  half  superior  tube  and  a 
deeply  5-cleft  margin. 

S.  Valera'ndi. 

Leurcs  obovate,  obtuse  ;  racemes  many-flowered;  ■pedicels  hractcolate.  An 
erect,  smooth  plant  in  wet,  gravely  places.  Stem  a  foot  high,  round,  with 
alternate,  entire,  broadly  lanc<'olnte  leaves  an  inch  in  length,  and  tapering  to 
short  petioles.  Racemes  terminal,  long.  Flowers  small,  white,  their  pedicels 
having  a  small  bractea  near  the  middle.  Corolla  twice  the  lengtli  of  the 
calyx,  the  tube  broad,  the  limb  bearing  the  barren  filaments  between  its  deep- 
cleft,  obtuse  lobes,  and  the  true  st-imens  opposite  the  latter  and  alternate  with 
the  former.     July — Sept,    Per.  li'ater  Pimycrntl. 


PLANTAGINACEJE.  249  PLANTAGO. 


ORDER  LXXXV.    PLANTAGlNACEiE.      The  Plantain  Tribe. 

Cal. — 4-c!efi,  persistent. 

Cor. — Membranaceous,  the  limb  4-parted,  persistent. 

Sta.—4,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  segments.    Anth.  versatile. 

Ova. — 2-celled,  sessile.     Style  single. 

jFV. — Pyxis  membranaceous,  cells  1 — 2  or  several-seeded. 

A  small  order,  but  the  species  are  scattered  throughout  all  countries  of  the  globe.  They 
are  small  and  usually  stemless  herbs,  with  flowers  in  spikes.    Properties  unimportant. 

PLANT  A' GO. 
Calyx  4  (rarely  3)-parted;  corolla  marescent,  with  a  4-cleft, 
reflected  border;  stamens   mostly   exserted   and  very  longj 
capsule  ovoid,  2cclled  circumscissile. 

The  ancient  Latin  name,  according  to  Pliny.  Acaulescent  herbs.  Lvs.  all 
radical.     Fls.  spicate. 

1.  P.    MAJOR. 

icares  ovate,  smoothish,  somewhat  toothed,  with  rather  long  footstalks ; 
scape  round  ;  floioers  imbricated;  seerfs  numerous.  This  species  is  a  native 
of  Japan,  Europe  and  America,  is  very  common,  always  at  the  door  and  by 
the  wayside.  The  leaves  are  reputed  a  good  external  application  for  wounds, 
«fcc.  The  seeds  are  eaten  by  sparrows  and  other  small  birds.  The  root  con- 
sists of  long  fibres.  Leaves  broad,  flat,  with  about  7  ribs,  each  containing  a 
strong  fibre,  which  may  be  pulled  out.  Scape  about  a  foot  high  with  a  very 
long  (5 — 10  inches),  cylindric  spike.  Flowers  white,  inconspicuous, appear- 
ing in  succession  all  summer.    Per.  Large  Plantain, 

2.  P.  lanceola'ta.     l. 

Leaves  lanceolate, .tapering  at  each  end;  spikes  ovate,  naked  ;  seape  angular. 
Common  in  pastures  and  grass-lands.  Easily  known  by  its  longer  leaves 
tapering  at  the  base  into  a  broad  stalk,  and  with  from  3  to  5  strong  ribs;  by 
its  shorter  spike  (1 — 2  inches  long),  with  dark  colored  calyxes  and  whitish, 
projecting  stamens,  and  its  slender,  upright  stalk  (8 — 15  inches  long)  with 
prominent  angles.  Flowering  from  May  to  October.  It  is  freely  eaten  by 
cattle.     Per.  Ribwort  Plantain. 

3.  P.   MARI'tiMA.      L.  p.  pauciflora.   P. 
Leaves  linear,  channelled,  nearly  entire,  woolly  at  base;  spike  cylindrical, 

close  ;  scape  round.  Grows  in  salt  marshes,  It  has  a  large,  perennial  root 
Bending  up  a  scape  varying  in  hight  from  3  inches  to  a  foot,  and  numerous, 
very  fleshy,  dark-green,  linear  leaves  deeply  grooved  on  the  inside,  and  6 — 10 
inches  long.  Spike,  slender,  of  numerous,  sub-imbricate,  whitish  flowers. 
Aug.  Sea  Plantain. 

4.  P.  me'dia. 

Leaves  ovate,  pubescent ;  spike  short,  cylindric  ;  scape  round  ;  secrfs  solitary 
in  each  cell  of  the  pyxis.  Grows  in  pastures  and  roadsides,  N.  Y.,  flowering 
all  summer.  It  has  broad,  flat  leaves  2  inches  long,  covered  with  a  hoary 
down,  and  with  short  footstalks.  Spikes  shorter  than  those  of  P.  major, 
being  1 — 3  inches  long  and  about  half  a  foot  high.  Flowers  white  with  pink 
filaments  and  yellow  anthers.     Per.  Hoary  Plantain. 

5.  P.  corda'ta. 

Zcflr«s  cordate-ovate,  broad,  smooth,  somewhat  toothed;  spikes  \ery  \ong, 
flowers  somewhat  imbricate,  lower  ones  scattered,  with  ovate,  obtuse  bractea. 


PLnMBAGINACEiE.  250  STATICE 

Well  marked  by  its  broadly  heart-shaped  leaves  and  its  elongated  spikea 
which  are  6 — 8  inches  long,  and  on  scapes  twice  as  high.  Leaves  G  inches 
long,  more  or  less  cordate  at  base.  Corolla  white,  with  obovate  segments. 
Pjxis  a  third  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  2  seeds  in  each  cell.     Jn.,  Jl,     Per. 

Heart-leaved  Plantain. 

6.  P.  Virgi'nica. 

Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  hoary-pubescent,  subdenticulate  ;  scape  angular  ; 
sp(7ie  cylindric,  pubescent,  with  flowers  somewhat  remote.  A  biennial 
species,  on  sandy  or  stony  hills  in  tly^  southern  parts  of  N.  England  and  N.  Y. 
much  smaller  than  the  preceding.  The  whole  plant  is  covered  with  a  soft 
grey  pubescence.  Scape  4 — 8  inches  high,  very  hairy.  Leaves  2 — 3  inches 
long,  narjowed  at  base  into  the  petiole,  obtuse  at  the  end.  Corolla  yellowish, 
with  very  acute  segments  including  the  stamens.     Jl.       ViroiniajiPlantam. 


ORDER  LXXXVI.    PLUMBAGINACE^.    The  Leadzvon  Tribe. 

Oil. — Tubular,  5-tooihed,  plaited,  persistent. 

'Cor. — Regular,  hypocrateriform,  ol'  5  petals  united  at  base  or  sometimes  almost  distinct. 

Sta. — 5,  iiypogynous  and  opposite  the  petals  or  inserted  on  their  claws. 

Ova. — 1-celled,  free  t'rom  the  calyx.     Styles  5  (seldom  3  or  4). 

Fr. — An  utricle,  or  dehiscent  by  valves.     Seed  inverted. 

The  species  of  this  small  order  are  various  in  appearance,  generally  perennial  herbs, 
sometimes  shrubby.  Leaves  undivided,  alternate  or  sometimes  all  radical  and  the  flowers 
on  a  scape.     Tliey  are  mostly  seaside  or  salt  marsh  plants,  found  in  all  latitudes. 

Properties.  The  root  ofStatice  Limonium  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  powerful  of  all 
astringents.  The  species  of  Plumbago  are  acrid  and  escharolic,  so  much  so,  that  the  roots 
of  P.  EuropaDus  are  said  by  Lindley  to  be  employed  in  Europe  by  beggars,  to  raise  blisters 
on  tlie  face,  in  order  to  excite  compassion. 

STA'TICE. 
Caljx  infiindibuliform,  the  limb  entire,  plaited,  scarious; 
petals  5  ;  stamens  5,    inserted  on    the  claws    of  the  petals; 
styles  5  ;  fruit  indehiscent,  invested  with  the  persistent  calyx. 

Gr.  ora'nc^a),  to  stop;  for,  when  used  medicinally,  this  plant  stops  diarrhoea, 
says  Pliny.  Herbs,  rarely  shrubby.  Lvs.  siniple,  entire,  alternate  or  radical.. 
Fls.  in  spikes  or  heads.  Cor.  of  5  petals  contracted  and  united  at  base,  dilated 
upwards,  longer  than  the  stam.  Ova.  globose,  minute.  Utricle  1-celled, 
1-valved,  with  5  points  and  a  solitary  seed. 

1.  S.    Limo'NIUM.      L.  S.  Carcliniana.    Walt. 
Scape   terete,  paniculate;    haves  all    radical,    ovate-lanceolate,   undulate, 

smooth,  obtuse,  mucronate  below  the  tip.  Salt  marshes.  Scape  about  a  foot 
high,  with  several  lanceolate,  clasping  bracts,  and  supporting  at  top  a  broad, 
branching  panicle  composed  of  close,  secund  spikes  of  sessile,  blue  flowers. 
Petals  obovate,  unguiculate,  bearing  the  stamens  on.  their  claws.  Leaves 
narrow,  lanceolate,  broader  in  the  upper  half,  smooth,  veinless,  on  long 
petioles.  The  root  is  large,  ligneous,  strono-ly  astringent,  much  valued  in 
medicine.     Aug. — Oct.     Per.  Marsh  Rosemary. 

2.  S.  Arme'ru. 

Scape  simple,  terete,  capitate  ;  haves  linear,  flat.  Native  near  the  coast. 
Middle  and  Southern  States.  A  neat,  elegant  plant,  cultivated.  Leaves  all 
radical,  lon^r,  linear,  obtuse.  Scape  a  foot  high,  bearing  a  teritnnal  head  of 
handsome,  rose-coloied  flowers,  in  the  summer  months.  Flowers  subtended 
bv  bracts.     The  capitum  hasalso  a  3-leayed  involiicre.     Per.  Thrift. 


LENTIBULACEJC.  251  UTRICtJLARIA. 

ORDER  LXXXVll.  LENTIBULACE^.      tkc Biaddnv^on  rnu. 

Cal. — Inferior,  of  2  oro  sepals  united  or  distinct  at  base. 

Cor. — Irregular,  bilabiate,  personate,  spurred. 

Sta. — 2,  included  within  the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its  upper  lip.     Anth.  1-cellcd. 

Ova. — 1-celled,  with  a  free,  central  placenta.     Stxjle  1.     Stigma  cleft. 

Fr. — Capsule  many-seeded.     Sferls  minute  ;  embryo  none. 

An  order  consisting  of  but  two  genera.  The  species  are  natives  of  swamps,  pools  and 
rivulets,  diffused  throughout  nearly  all  countries.  They  are  herbaceous,  with  the  showy 
flowers  on  scapes,  and  the  leaves  all  radical,  often  submersed,  undivided  or  dissected  into 
thread-like  segments  resembling  roots,  bearing  vesicles  of  air.     Properties  unimportant. 

Genera. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  capsule  5-celled Pinguicula. 

Calyx  2-parted,  subequal.     Capsule  1-celled.        .......         Utricuiaria- 

1.    PINGUI'CULA. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cIeft ;  corolla  ringent,  spurred  at  base  beneath  ; 
stamens  2,  very  short;  stigma  bilabiate;  capsule  5-celled; 
seeds  many. 

Lat.  -pinguis,  fat ;  from  the  greasy  appearance  of  the  leaves.  Aquatic  herbs. 
Cor.  labiate  ;  upperUp  erect,  of  3  segineiits,  the  2  lower  reflexed.  Nectary, 
a  spur  from  the  base  of  the  corolla  behind.  Fil.  curved  upwards,  short. 
Anth.  close  to  the  stigma.  Stig.  cleft,  upper  lip  flat,  reflexed,  covering  the 
anthers. 

P.   vulga'ris. 

Spur  cylindrical,  acute  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-Iobed,  lower  one  3-lobed  ; 
leaves  radical ;  flowers  solitary,  nouding.  A  perennial  plant,  growing  upon 
V7et  rocks  and  thin,  damp  soil,  N.  Y.  Scape  6 — 8  inches  high,  with  solitary, 
nodding  flowers.  Leaves  all  springing  from  the  root,  fleshy,  spatliulate  or 
ova-le,  with  a  tapering  base,  flet^hy  and  unctious  to  the  touch.  Corolla  with 
a  ptirple  tube,  lined  with  soft  hairs.     Flowering  early,  in  April  and  May. 

BatleriDort. 

2.    UTRICULA'RI  A. 

Calyx    2*parted,    subequal;    corolla    irregularly   bilabiate, 

personate,   spurred;  stamens  2;    stigma    bilabiate;    capsule 

globular,  ] -celled. 

Lat.  utricnln,  a  little  bottle  ;  from  the  air  vessels  with  which  the  roots  of  this 
genus  are  appendaged.  Aquatic  herbs.  Cor.  with  a  heart-shaped  palate  ) 
upper  lip  erect,  obtuse,  bearing  the  stamens  ;  lower  lip  spurred  behind.  Fil. 
incurved.     Anth.  adhering  together.     Sds.  numerous. 

1.  U.    CEnATOPHY'LLA.      Mz.  U.  inflata.    TValt. 
Floating;    radkal  leaves  whorled,   inflated.     Root    very  long,  branching, 

suspended  in  the  water  by  a  single,  irregular  whorl  of  5  or  G  floating,  inflated 
leaves  which  are  oblong,  cleft,  and  pinnatifid  at  the  end.  Flowers  4 — 5 
together  upon  a  scape  8  inches  in  length,  pedunculated  with  sheathing  bracts. 
Spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  appressed  to  the  lower  lip,  striate,  emargi- 
nate.  Corolla  yellow,  the  upper  lip  broad-ovate,  entire,  lower  3  lobed.  Ponds. 
A  ug.  Whorled  Bladderwort.     Mill/oil. 

2.  U.   stria'ta. 

Floating;  scajic  2 — 6-fliwered,  with  a  few  scales ;  _^07cer5  large,  yellow, 
upper  lip  broad,  divided  into  3  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  striate  with  red;  lower 


LENTIBULACE^.  252  UTRICULARIA. 

lip  crenate,  sides  reflexed,  having  dark  spots  upon  the  palate  ;  spur  slender, 
obtuse,  with  a  notch  at  the  end,  pressed  against  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla 
and  nearly  as  long.  Native  of  swamps.  Root  submerged,  slightly  attached 
to  the  mud.  Leaves  (radicles  .'_>  few,  capillary,  appendaged  with  few  air 
vessels.     Scape  a  foot  high,  generally  with  2  flowers.     June.     Ann. 

3.  U.    GIBBA. 

Floating ;  scape  2 — 7-flowered  ;  spur  shorter  than  the  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla,  obtuse,  gibbous  in  the  middle.  In  ponds.  Roots  dichotomous,  the 
radicles  with  few  air  vessels.  Scapes  2 — 3  inches  high,  bearing  generally  but 
2,  small,  yellow  flowers.     Spur  obtuse,  tumid  in  the  middle.     July.     Per. 

4.  U.    VULGA'RIS.      L.  U.  macvorhiza.    Le  Conte. 
Floating;  spur   conical;  stem  submerged;  leaves  multifid,  bristly;  spur 

incurved  ;  scape  few-flowered.  A  curious  inhabitant  of  ditches  and  standing 
waters,  slightly  rooting  in  the  mud  below  and  blossoming  above  the  surface. 
The  root  is  much  branched,  floating  by  means  of  the  vessels  attached  to  it  at 
intervals.  These  vessels  are  oval,  furnished  with  an  aperture  which  is  closed 
by  a  valve  and  bearded  at  the  margin,  and  are  usually  inflated  with  air.  The 
leaves  (radicles.')  are  minute,  with  capillary  divisions.  Scape  erect,  rising 
out  of  the  water,  and  bearing  a  cluster  of  5 — 9  handsome,  yellow  flowers. 
Corolla  personate,  lower  lip  larger,  with  a  projecting  palate  striped  with 
brown  ;  spur  of  the  nectary  curved  upwards,  striated.     June,  July.     Per. 

Common  Bladderwort. 
6.  U.  purpu'rea. 

Floating  ;  scapes  1 — 2  flowered,  axillary  ;  spur  entire  ;  flowers  purple,  yel- 
low within  ;  ca/?/z  obtuse,  gibbous.  In  ponds  on  mountains.  Stems  (root.') 
2 — 3  feet  long.  Scapes  2 — 3  inches  commonly  1-flowered.  Upper  lip  trun- 
cate ;  lower  lip  inflated,  3-lobed.  Spur  short,  obtuse,  flattened,  bending 
upwards  against  the  middle  segment  of  the  lower  lip.  The  leaves,  which 
Bome  consider  bracts,  are  capillary.     Aug.  Purple-flowered  Bladderwort. 

6.  U.  cornu'ta. 

Scape  rooting,  rigidly  erect,  scaly,  with  about  2  sessile  flowers ;  spur 
subulate,  acute,  longer  than  the  corolla.  Native  of  damp,  boggy  soils,  but 
never  floating,  growing  abundant  in  its  localities.  Scape  8 — 12  inches  high, 
leafless,  but  furnished  with  a  few  small,  distant,  pale,  ovate  scales,  and  bear- 
ing at  the  top  2 — 3  large,  yellow  flowers  issuing  from  between  bracts.  The 
calyx  consists  of  2,  ovate,  colored  leaves.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  much 
larger  than  the  upper,  broad,  deflexed,  emarginate  ;  spur  rigid,  acute,  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx.    Jl.,  Aug.    Per.  Homed  Bladderwort. 

7.  S.  seta'cea. 

Scape  filiform,  rooting,  2— 3-flowered  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  ovate, 
revolute,  entire  ;  the  lower,  deeply  3-lobed  ;  spur  subulate,  as  long  as  the 
lower  lip,  entire.  Swamps.  Very  slender,  leafless.  Scape  4 — 6  inches  high, 
furnished  with  scales.  Flowers  yellow,  small,  the  upper  lip  much  smaller 
than  the  lower.     June.     Per. 

8.  U.    PERSONa'TA.      Le  Conte. 

Scape  rooting,  many-flowered  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  emarginate,  reclined  ; 
lower  small,  entire  ;  palate  very  large  ;  s/vwr  linear-subulate,  subacute.  Bogs, 
Scape  12 — 18  inches  liigh,  4 — 10-flowered,  furnished  with  scales.  Flowers 
yellow,  rather  large,  spur  more  slender  and  acute  than  in  U.  cornuto.     Beck. 

Snap-dragon  Bladderwort. 


OROBANCHACEiE. 


253  EPXPHEGUS. 


ORDER  LXXXVIII.    OROBANCHACE/E.     The  Brocn-rape  Trite. 

Oil. — 4 — 5-loothed,  inferior,  persistent. 

Cor.— Irreffular,  persistent,  imbricote  in  aestivation. 

JSta. — ^J,  diilynainous.     Anth.  2-cellecl. 

Oca.— 1-celled,  free  from  the  calvx,  with  2  parietal  placenta.     Stijle  1.     Stig.  2-lobed. 

j.>._Capsule  enclosed  within  the  witliered  corolla,  1-celled,  2-valved,  each  valve  bearing 

one  simple  or  2-lobed  placenta  in  the  middle. 
S(ls. — Very  numerous  and  minute. 

A  small  order  of  herbs,  destitute  of  leaves  or  other  green  foliag-e,  growing  parasitically  on 
tlie  roots  of  oilier  plants.  Stem  sfurnished  with  scales,  and  bearing  solitary  or  spicate  flow- 
ers. The  species  are  mostly  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  zone.  Properties  astrmgeiit 
and  bitter. 

Genera. 

Flowers  perfect.     Stem  simple  or  divided.  Orobancke  1 

Flowers  monccciously  polygamous.     Stems  branching Epiphegus.  2 

1.    OROBA'NCHE. 

Calyx  2 — 5  cleft,  tlic  segments  often  unequal  ;  corolla  rin- 
gent,  limb  4 — 5-lobed;  ovary  sealed  in  a  fleshy  disk  ;  capsule 
ovoid,  acule,  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  oQo/ioi,  a  vetch  or  some  other  lejruminous  plant,  and  ayy,civ,  to  strangle  ; 
because  tliese  parasites  were  supposed  to  destroy  whatever  they  grew  upon. 
Herbaceous,  parasitic.'  destitute  of  green  herbage,  leafless,  the  stem  clothed 
with  scales.  Ficwers  spicate  or  solitary.  Cor.  lube  curved,  inflated,  limb 
spreading  ;  upper  lip  concave,  notched,  lower  reflexed,  3-cleft.  Fil.  concealed 
under  the  upper  lip.     Anth.  ajjproximate,  awned. 

1.    0.    UNIFLO'RA.      L.  O.  biflora.   .Kutt. 

Scnprs  in  pairs,  naked,  each  l-flowered.  A  small,  leafless  plant,  with  the 
o-eneral  aspect  of  a  Monotropa,  found  in  woods  and  thickets.  Root  short, 
thick,  smooth,  scaly,  surmounted  by  a  stem  not  exceeding  halfaa  inch  in 
lenii-tl).  This  divides  at  its  top,  generally  into  2,  scape-like,  erect,  round, 
simple,  naked  peduncles,  4 — 5  inches  high,  downy,  purplish  white,  with  a 
iioddinii- flower  at  the  top,  of  tlie  same  hue.  A  dozen  or  more  such  flower 
stalks  are  often  found  clustered  together.     June,  July.     Per. 

Oac-Jlowcred  Broumnipe. 

2    0.  American'a. 

filcm  simple,  covered  with  oval-lanceolate,  imbricated  scales  ;  spike  smooth, 
terminal;  coro/Za  recurved  ;  staincns  exi^exi.  Woods.  Stem  very  thick,  4 — G 
inches  hiirli,  very  sinootii,  brownish  yellow,  leafless,  closely  imbricated  with 
pale,  polished,  oval  scales.  The  spikes  are  dense.  Bracts  pale  and  smootli 
like  the  scales  oi  the  stem.  Corolla  tubular,  bent  downwards,  tiie  upper  lip 
vaulted,  yellow.  Calyx  irregularly  divided  into  jagged  segments,  with  2 
bracts  at  base.     July.     Per.  Jmcrican  Brouiarupc. 

2.    EPIPHE'GUS. 

Monccciously  polygamous ;  calyx  abbreviated,  5-toothcd. 
Slcrilejl. — Corolla  ringent,  compressed,  4-c!eft,  lower  lip  flat. 
Fertile  fls. — Corolla  minute.  4-toothed,  deciduous  ;  capsule 
truncate,  oblique,  1-celled,  2-valved,  opening  only  on  one  side. 

Gr.  £7ri,  upon,  and  (ff.yj?,  the  beech  ;  beinjr  supposed  parasitical  on  the  roots 
of  that  tree.  Herbs,  destitute  of  green  herb:ige,  leafless,  with  virgate,  simple 
branches  which  are  floriferous  in  their  whole  length. 

w 


BIGNONIACEJS.  254 


E.    AmERICANUS.      J^utt.  Orobanche  Virg.  L. 

Stem  branched  leafless;  Jioioers  rcmoie ,  alternate;  corolla  4-toothed,  decid- 
uous. This  is  said  to  be  a  parasitic  plant  growing  from  the  roots  of  beech 
treea.  It  is  indeed  often  found  in  beech  woods,  but  [  lra:ve  seen  it  in  situations 
too  remote  from  any  tree  of  that  kind  to  consist  with  the  notion,  that  it  grows 
exclusively  in  such  localities.  Root  a  scaly  ball  covered  with  stiff,  short  and 
brittle  radicles.  Stem  a  foot  high,  with  slender  and  irregular  branches  given 
off  the  whole  length  of  it.  Instead  of  leaves  it  has  only  a  few  small,  ovate 
scales,  one  at  the  base  of  each  branch.  Flnwers  alternately  scattered  on  each 
branch,  the  upper  ones  barren,  with  recurved  corollas,  brownish  white,  with 
darker  stripes  above.  Fertile  ones  smaller,  deciduous.  The  whole  plant  is  of 
a  dull  red  color,     Aug.  Sept.  Beeclt-drops. 


ORDER  LXXXIX.    BIGN0NIACEJ5:.  m  jyumpet.Jlo^verTV<i>e. 

Cal. — .5-partetlor  bilabiate,  sonietimes  spathaceons. 

Cor. — Tube  broad,  uiili  un  irretrular,  .5-lobetl  or  bilabiate  limb. 

Sta. — 5,  1  or  3  sterile,  ut'teii  iliilynamous.     Anthers  2-eelled. 

Ova. — S-celled,  seated  in  a  fle.sliy  disk.     Style  \.     Stigma  of  2  plates. 

Fr. — Capsule  coriaceous,  1 — "-J-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

Sds. — Generally  winged,  dtstitute  of  albuineil. 

Trees,  sometimes  slirubby  or  climbing  plains.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  large,  showy. 
Most  of  the  species  are  North  American.  Others  are  diffused  in  all  countries,  particularly 
within  the  tropics.  Several  of  the  Brazilian  species  of  Bignonia  alford  a  valuable  limber. 
But  this  order  is  best  known  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers. 

Genera. 
Calyx  5-toothed.     Stamens  4  fertile.     Climbing  shrubs.     ....        Bignonia.  1 
Calyx  2-parted.     Stamens  2  fertile,  with  2  or 3  abortiifei     Trees.    .        .        .     Catalpa.     2 

1.  BlGNO'NlA. 

Calyx  5-tcothed,  cyathiform  ;  corolla  campanulate,  5-Iobe(l, 
ventricose  beneath  ;  stamens  didynamous;  pod  2-celled  ;  seeds 
with  nnenabranous  wings. 

Named  by  Tournfort  in  honor  of  Abbe  Bignon,  a  distinguished  patron  of 
science,  librarian  to  Louis  XIV.  A  large  and  noble  genus  of  trees  and 
shrubs,  chiefly  tropical.  Leaves  opposite,  pinnate,  terHate  ot  conjugate. 
Fls.  panicled,  large  and  beautiful. 

B.  ra'dicans. 

Z,fif/»cs  pinnate,  leaflets  ovate,  dentate,  acuminate;  M/?/mi  terminal ;  tube 
of  the  corolla  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  stem  creeping,  rooting.  The 
trumpet-flower  is  a  climbing  shrub  of  great  beauty,  indigenous  in  the  middle 
latitudes  of  the  tJ.  S.  In  its  native  woods  it  supports  itself  on  trees  by  roots 
issuiniT  from  the  joints,  to  the  hight  of  3(1  or  40  feet.  It  is  cultivated  both  in 
this  country  and  in  Europe.  It  is  hardy  and  is  generally  trained  against  the 
walls  of  buildings.  The  flowers  are  produced  at  the  ends  of  the  new  shoots, 
in  large  and  numerous  clusters.  Corollas  with  long  swelling  tubes,  orange- 
colored.  One  vaiiety  has  yellow-scarlet  flowers ;  another  bright  scarlet. 
June— Aug.  Trumpet-Jiower. 

2.  CATA'LPA. 

Calyx  2-parted  ;  corolla  campanidate,  4 — S-cleft,  the  tube 
inflated;  stamens  2  fertile,  2  or  3  sterile;  stigma  2-lipped  ; 
capsule  2-celled,  long,  cylindric. 


PECALIACEX.  'i55  SESAMDM, 


This  plant  is  called  Calalpa  by  the  Indians.  American  trees.  Flowers 
paniculate.     Dissepiment  of  the  pod-shaped  fruit  opposite  the  valves. 

C.    CORDIFO'lIA.      Ell.  Bignonia  Catalpa.  L. 

Leaves  cordate,  smooth,  entire  ;  floicers  in  panicles.  A  fine,  wide-spreading 
tree,  native  in  the  Southern  Stales,  but  cultivated  in  man)'  places  at  the 
North,  for  ornament  and  shade.  In  favorable  circumstances,  it  attains  the 
hight  of  50  feet,  with  adiameter  of  nearly  2  feet.  It  exhibits  a  wide-spreading 
top,  with  comparatively  few  branches,  its  leaves  are  beautifully  heart  shap- 
ed, and  smooth,  resembling  those  of  the  lilac,  but  much  larger.  In  color  the 
bark  is  a  light,  shining  gray.  In  May  it  puts  fortli  blossoms  in  great  profu- 
sion. Their  form  is  campanulate,  color  white,  with  yellow  and  violet  spots. 
Capsule  cylindric,  pendent,  a  foci  in  length  ;  seetj  wingejd.  Catalpa, 


ORDER  XC.    PEDALIACEiE.  The  oilseed  Tribe. 

Col. — 5-clpft,  nearly  equal. 

Cor. — Hypoijynous,  irregular,  tube  ventricose,  limb  3 — 5-lohed,  mostly  bilabiate. 

.Sta. — 4  (with  the  rudiment  of  a  5th),  didynamous. 

Qoa. — 1 — 'i-celled,  of  2  carpels.     Style  1.     Srigj^a  divided. 

Fr. — Drupaceous  or  capsular,  often  2 — 4-horned.  sometimes  with  4 — 8  spurious  cells  form.- 

ed  by  ilie  divergent  lobes  of  the  placenta  cohering  with  the  walls  of  the  pericarp. 
Sds. — Few,  large,  wingless. 

An  unimportant  order  of  herbs  with  opposite,  angled  leaves.  Flowers  axillary.  Naliv,es 
of  tropical  America,  &.c.     Some  of  them  have  been  introduced  into  the  United  States. 

Ge7ie7a. 

Corolla  5-lobed.     Leaves  suborbicular Martynia.    1 

Corolla  S-ilobed.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.  Sesamum.  2 

1.    MARTY'NIA. 
Calyx  6-cleft:;  corolla  ringent,;  capsule  ligneoys,  corticate, 
4-cellcd,  2-valved,  each  valve  terminating  in  a  long  hooUed 
beak. 

Named  in  honor  of  Martyn,  a  distinguished  English  botanist.  Handsome 
annual  herbs,  natives  of  the  Middle  an4  Southern  States.  Lvs.  palmate- 
veiped.     Fls.     disproportionately  large. 

M.  PROBO'SCIDA. — Stem  viscidly  pubescent,  branched,  branches  mostly 
decumbent ;  leaves  alternate,  cordate,  suborbicular,  entire,  villous  ;  jloiccrs  on 
long,  a.xillary  peduncles.  Native  on  rive-r  banks  in  i^eiinsylvauia,  sometimes 
cultivated  for  ornament  in  our  gardens.  Stem  ]— 2  feet  long.  Leaves  paler 
beneath.  Corolla  pale,  dull  yellow,  very  large,  the  limb  nearly  as  broad  as 
the  leaves,  spotted  with  brownish  purple.  Stamens  bright  yellow,  exserted. 
Aug.    Sept.  Beaked  Martynia. 

Other  ornamental  species  are  M.  diandra,  flowers  pink,  spotted  with 
pjirple  ;  and  M.  lutca,  flowers  deep  yellow. 

2.     SE'SAMUM. 
Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla   campanulate,    S-cleft,   the  lower 
lobe   the    longest;  stiji^ma  lanceolate;  capsule   2-celled,  thq 
cells  divided  by  the  inflexed  edges  of  the  valves. 

Named  from  the  Arabic,  seinsem.     Oriental,  anntjal  herb§. 


SCR0PHULARIACE5:. 


256 


VERBASCUM. 


S.  I'NDICUM. — Leaves  lanceolate-ovate,  lower  ones  3-Iobed,  upper  ones 
undivided,  serrate.  Native  of  E.  India.  Stem  erect,  about  18  inches  high. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire.  Flowers  axillary,  subsessile.  Corolla  pale  pnrple. 
The  seeds  yield  an  excellent  oil  which  will  keep  several  years  without  injury. 
It  is  used  in  cookery  for  all  the  purposes  of  sweet  oil.  Five  pounds  of  the 
seeds  yield  about  one  pound  of  oil.     The  leaves  are  emollient.  Oihj-sccd. 


ORDER  XCIl.    SCROPIIULARIACEiE.        The  Flgwort  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sopals  4  or  5,  unequal,  more  or  less  uniled  at  base,  inferior,  persistent. 

Cor. — Bilabiate,  personate  or  otherwise  iircg^ular,  the  lolies  imbricate  in  ffislivation. 

Sia, — i^  diiJyuanious,  rarely  with  the  rudiment  of  the  5th :  sometimes  2  only,  the  3  others 

either  rudimentary  or  wholly  wanting. 
Oca. — Free,  2-celled,  many  seeded.     Sti/le  simple.     Slig7na  2-lobed. 
Fr. — Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  with  central  placentte. 
6y5.— -Indefinite,  albuminous.     Embryo  straiglil. 

A  large  order  of  herbaceous,  rarely  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite,  vertieillate  or  alternate 
leaves.  They  are  found  in  every  part  of  the  world,  from  the  equator  to  the  regions  of  per- 
petual frost.     They  constitute  about  l-3(>  of  the  Phrenogamia  of  N.  America.     Lindley. 

Propertie.t.  Generally  acrid,  biUer  and  deleterious  plants.  The  most  remarkable  olli- 
cinal  species  of  the  tribe  is  the  foxglove  {Digitalis),  which  exercises  a  ■wonderful  control 
over  the  action  of  the  heart,  in  regulating  its  pulsations.  It  is  also  employed  in  eases  of 
dropsy,  hemorrhage,  &c.  Takeii  in  excess  it  speedily  causes  death.  The  Veronica 
Virgiiiica,  (Culvers  Physic)  and  Linaria  vulgaris  (toad-flax)  are  purgative  and  emetic. 
Nuiuerous  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament.     Nearly  all  of  them  turn  black  in  drying. 

Conspectus  of  the  genera. 

*  Flowers  diandrons. 

I  erect. 
(  upper  lip  emarginate,  |  reflexed. 
(  bilabiate,  |  upper  lip  5-lobed  and  many-clelt. 
<  tubular,  (  campanulale.     Stamens  and  style  much  exsert. 
Corolla    (  subrotate,  limb  4-lobed,  lower  lobe  smallest. 

*  *  Flowers   pentandrous. 
Corolla  subrotate,  nearly  regular.     Stamens  .'5,  all  fertile. 

*  '*  ■*  Flowers  didj'namous. 

(  Seeds  many, 
equal  at  base . . , .  (  Seeds  2 — 3.    . 
spurred  at  base  beneath, 
gibbous  at  base  beneath.    . 

I  Leaves  alternate, 
tube  ventricose  . .  (  Leaves  opposite. 

f  Sterile         I  subequal,  ^  tube  slender 

'  filament  0.  [  Corolla  equal.     Scape  1-flowered. 

(  shorter,  smooth  at  the  end. 
Sterile         (  free,  .  .  .  .\  longer,  bearded   at  the  end. 
iilameut  1,  \  adherent  to  the  subglobosc  corolla. 

(  serrate.  . 
(  Leaves  opposite,  (  subcnlirc. 

f  Corolla  yellow '(  Leaves  alternate.     Bracts  colored. 

4.     (  Corolla  dark  purple. 

(  Bracts  green 

2,  or  it  is  obliquely  truncated.  (  Bracts  scarlet 


'  Corolla , , 
bilabiate. 


Corolla 


(5 


.     Gratiola. 

]() 

Lindemia. 

11 

.     Schizanthus. 

5 

Leptandra. 

IG 

Veronica. 

li) 

.     Verbascum. 

1 

Mimuhis. 

» 

.     CoUinsia. 

la 

Litmrin. 

;i 

.    Antinhinmn. 

4 

Di'j;itali^. 

,<^ 

Gerardia. 

17 

Burlinern. 

14 

.     Linwsella. 

12 

Clielone. 

ft 

.     Pentstemon. 

7 

Srroplmlaria 

2 

.     Rkinanthts. 

1H 

Melamptjrum 

.2:J 

.     Bart  sin. 

20 

Schwalbea. 

21 

.    Pedintlaris. 

2* 

Euchroma. 

19 

1  .    V  E  R  B  A'  S  C  U  M  . 

Corolla  rotate,  5-lohcd,  unequal ;  stamens  5,  declinate,  all 
perfect;  capsule  ovoitl-globose,  2-valve(J. 

Lat.  liarha,  a  beard  ;  a  name  significant  of  the  beard  with  which  the  plant 
is  covered.  Herbs  (often  suffruticose).  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  in  dense  spikes 
or  paniculate  racemes.     Cal.  of  5  deep,  acute  seg.    Cor.  of  a  short  lube  and 


SCROPHULARIACE^.  257 


a  limb  deeply  divided  into  5  rounded  spg.  Fil.  unequal,  some  of  them  woolly, 
shorter  than  cor.  Anth.  reniform.  Style  longer  tiian  stam.  Caps.  2-celled. 
Sd3  numerous,  small. 

1.  V.    THAPSUS. 

Leaves  decurrent,  densely  tomeijtose  on  both  sides;  raceme  spiked,  dense  ; 
three  of  the  stamens  downy,  two  of  them  smooth,  Tlie  till,  dense,  club- 
shaped  spikes  of  the  common  mullein  are  very  conspicuous  in  every  slovenly 
field  and  by  all  roadsides.  Stem  erect  3 — 5  feet  high,  woolly,  its  angles 
winged  by  tiie  decurrent  base  of  the  leaves,  generally  simple,  occasionally 
with  one  or  two  branches  above.  Leaves  very  rough  with  dense  wool  on  both 
sides.  Flowers  rotate,  of  a  golden  yellow,  nearly  sessile.  Notwithstanding 
its  frequency,  the  mullein  is  generally  suppos,ed  to  ^ave  been  introduced. 
June— Aug.  Common  Mullein. 

2.  V.  Blatta'ria. 

Leaves  clasping,  oblong,  smooth,  serrate;  peduncles  1-flowered,  solitary. 
Grows  in  waste  grounds,  roadsides,  not  common.  Stem  3  feet  hitrh,  branch- 
ing above,  bearing  a  terminal,  leafy  raceme  2— 4  inches  long.  Lower  leaves 
objong,  obovate  ;  upper  ones  cordate-ovate,  all  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate. 
Flowers  on  pedicels  near  an  inch  in  length.  Corolla  yellow  or  white,  marked 
with  brown  at  the  back.  Stamens  unequal,  purplish,  the  filaments  all  hairy. 
June,  July.     Ann.  *  Motli  Mullein. 

2.     SCROPHULA'RIA. 
Cal_yx  in  5  acute  segments;  corolla  subglobose,  limb   con.- 
tracted,  subrbilabiate,  Jjp  with  an  internal,  intermediate  scale 
(sterile   filament);     capsule   2-celled;  valves    with  2   inflated 
niargins. 

So  named  from  the  resemblance  of  the  roots  to  scrofulous  tumors.  Hence 
also  it  was  used  to  cure  that  disease.  Mostly  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves. 
Cor.  ovoid,  limb  very  small. 

1.  S.  Marila'ndica. 

Lraves  cordate,  acute,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base  ;  petioles  ciliate  below  ; 
stem  obtusely  angled.  Inhabits  woods.  Abundant  on  Iris  island,  Niagara  Falls 
and  elsewhere.  Stem  square,  with  obtuse  angles,  smooth,  4 — G  feet  high, 
with  paniculate,  oj)posite  branches  above.  Leaves  3 — .')  inches  long,  smooth 
thin,  obtuse  at  baae  and  decurrent  on  the  petiole,  with  a  long,  pointed  sum- 
mit, and  double  serratures.  Flowers  on  a  thin,  erect,  terminal  panicle, 
roundish,  resemblmg  capsules.  Corolla  greenish  purple,  contracted  at  the 
throat.  Limb  somewhat  2rlipped,  having  a  green  scale  (sterile  |ilamenl) 
within,  adnate  to  the  upperside  of  the  tube.     Jl. — Oct.  Per.  Fio-worL 

2.  S.  lanceola'ta. 

ieoDcs  lanceolate,  unequally  and  incisely  serrate,  acuminate,  acute  at  base  • 
petioles  naked  ;  fascicles  of  the  jynnlcle  corymbed.  In  wet  meadows  and  woods 
rare.     Stem  3 — 5  feet  high.     Flowers  greenish  yellow.     Aug.    Sept.     Per. 

Jintericun  Figwort. 

3.    LINA'RIA. 

Calyx  5-parted;  corolla    personate,  upper  lip  bifid,  reflex- 

ed  ;  lower  lip  S-cleft;  throat  closed  bj  the  prominent  palate; 

tube  inflated,  with  a  spur  behind  ;  capsule  2-cclled,    bursting 

at  the  summit. 

W* 


SCROPHULARlACEiE.  258  SCHIZANTHUS. 

Lat.  linum,  flax  ;  from  the  lon<T,  narrow  leaves  of  some  of  the  species, 
which  much  resemble  those  of  flux.  Herbs.  Lvs.  mostly  alternate.  Fls. 
solitary,  axillaiy,  often  forming  terminal,  leafy  racemes. 

1.  L.  vulga'ris. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  crowded  ;  spikes  terminal ;  jloieers  dense,  imbri- 
cate ;  calyx,  smooth,  shorter  than  tjie  spur.  A  very  showy  plant  common  by 
roadsides,  »&c.  Stems  erect,  smoothish,  1 — 2  feet  high,  very  lea fv  and  with 
numerous,  short,  leafy  branches.  Flowers  large  and  numerous,  crowded  in  a 
long,  terminal  spike.  Corolla  of  a  curious  and  grotesque  form,  furnished 
with  a  long  tail  or  spur,  the  mouth  closed  by  a  prominent  palate  from  the 
under  lip.  By  lateral  jjressure  it  opens,  closing  with  a  spring  when  tlie 
pressure  is  removed.  Color  a  brilliant  j'ellow  except  the  palate  which  is  of 
a  rich  orange.     Jul}',  Aug.     Per.  Tuad  Flax.     Snap- Dragon. 

2.  L.  Canade'nsis. 

Leaves  scattered,  erect,  linear,  obtuse;  flowers  racemed ;  stem  simple; 
scions  procumbent.  A  smaller,  annual  species  in  roadsides,  &c.  Stem  very 
slender,  nearly  simple,  curving  upwards  from  the  decumbent  base,  about  a 
foot  hicrh,  smooth, furnished  with  small,  remote  leaves.  A  few  leafy,  prostrate 
or  ascending  slioots  are  given  oft"  from  the  base  of  the  stem.  Flowers  small, 
blue,  in  a  loose  raceme  at  the  end  of  the  stems.  Throat  closed  by  the  light 
blue  palate.     Spur  filiform,  as  long  as  the  corolla.     June — Sept. 

Canadian  Snap-dragon. 

3.  A.  Elati'ne. 

Procumbent,  hairy  ;  leaves  alternate,  hastate,  entire  ;  peduncles  solitary, 
very  long.  Fields.  A  small,  slender  species.  Stem  creeping,  ] — 2  feet  in 
lenirth.  Corolla  yellow,  the  upper  lip  bright  purple  beneath,  on  long  stalks. 
Calyx  hairy,  as  well  as  the  whole  plant.     Ju. — Sept.     Creeping  Snap-dragon. 

4.  A.  TRIORNITIIO'PHORUM. — Xfi«rc5  whorled,  lanceolate,  3-nerved  ; 
stem  decumbent;  raremes  terminal,  few  flowered;  corolla  very  large,  pedun- 
culate. A  curious  plant  of  the  flower  garden,  from  Portugal.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  form  of  its  flowers  which  resemble  three  little  birds  seated  in  the  spur. 

Three-bird  Snap-dragon. 

4.  ANTIRRHFNUM. 

Calyx  5-sepalcd  ;  corolla  gibbo\is  (not  s[iurrec!)at  base,  tlie 
upper  lip  bifui,  reflexed  ;  lower  trilid,  closed  bv  the  prominent 
palate  ;  capsule  valveless,  dehiscent  by  3  pores. 

Gr.avTt,  like,  ei",  a  nose  ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  flowers  to  the  snout 
of  some  animal.     European  herbs  with  opposite  leaves. 

A.  MAJUS. — Leaves  lanceolate,  opposite  ;  ,/?o!/)e7-5 racemed;  sppois  glan- 
dular-hairy, lanceolate,  acute.  An  elegant  and  popular  garden  flower,  native 
of  England.  Grows  1  or  '2  feet  high.  Flowers  large,  pink-colored,  the  lower 
lip  white  and  the  mouth  yellow,  with  a  gibbous  prominence  at  base  beneath. 
There  are  varieties  with  scarlet,  scarlet  and  white,  and  double  flowers. 

Great  Snap-dragon . 

5.  SCHIZA'NTHUS. 

Corolla  irregular,  the  upper  lip  5-cleft,  lower  much  smaller, 
3-parted;  filaments  4,  2  of  them  sterile;  capsule  2-celled. 


SCROPHULARIACEJE.  259  PKNTSTEMON. 

Gr.  o'xii^*',  to  cut,  uv^oi,  a  flower;  in  allusion  to  Xhe  numerous  divisions  of 
the  showy  corolla.  Herbaceous.  Lvs.  alternate,  pinnatifid.  Peduncles 
supra-axillary. 

S.  PINNATUS. — The  only  species.  It  is  one  of  the  most  delicate  and 
beautiful  of  our  cultivated  flowers,  native  of  Chili.  Stem  a  foot  or  more  high, 
branched.  Leaves  on  short  stalks,  pinnate  or  rather  deeply  pinnatifid. 
Clusters  of  flowers  opposite  the  leaves.  Calyx  and  stalks  viscidly  pubescent. 
Corolla  with  numerous  divisions,  purple  and  yellow,  with  a  dark  spot  in  the 
midst.  Pinnated  Schizanthus. 

6.    CHELONE. 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  with   three  bracts  at  base;  corolla 
inflated,  bilabiate,  the  fifth   filament  abortive,  smooth  above, 
shorter  than  the  rest;  anthers  woolly. 

Gr.  yi'K(ovrt^  a  tortoise  ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flower  to  the  head 
of  that'animal.  Herbs  with  opposite  leaves.  Cor.  tubular,  border  small, 
closed,  upper  lip  emarginate,  lower  lip  slightly  trifid.  Caps.  2-celled, 
2-valved.     Seeds  with  a  membranous  margin. 

C.    GLABRA. 

Smooth ;  leaves  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  floicers 
densely  spiked.  A  plant  of  brooks  and  wet  places,  with  flowers  shaped  much 
like  the  head  of  a  snake,  the  mouth  open  and  tongue  extended.  Stem  mostly 
simple,  2  feet  high,  erect.  Leaves  opposite,  of  a  dark  and  shining  green 
above,  with  irregular  serratures,  and  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  large,  in 
a  short,  terminal,  dense  spike.  CoioUa  white. often  tinged  with  red,  inflated, 
contracted  at  the  mouth,  with  short,  gaping  lips.  Filaments  hairy.  Style 
long,  exsert,  bending  downwards.     Aug.    Sept.    Per.  Snake-head. 

7.     PENTSTE'MON. 

Calyx  deeply  S-cleft ;  corolla  ventricose,  bilabiate ;  the 
fifth  filament  sterile,  bearded,  longer  than  the  rest;  anthers 

smooth. 

Gr.  TTivri,  five,  and  a-Tn^ov,  stamen  ;  this  genus,  like  Chelone,  from  which 
it  was  taken,  has  5  stamens,  4  perfectand  1  abortive.  Herbs  (rarely  sufiruti- 
cose)  with  opposite  leaves  and  the  flowers  in  panicles.  Caps.  2-celled,  2-valv- 
ed, ovoid.     Seeds  numerous,  angular. 

1.  P.    PUBE'sceNS.      WiUd.  Chelone  Pentsemon.  L. 

5/'cwi  hairy  ;  leaves  serrulate,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  ; /o?cer5  paniclod  ; 
sterile  filament  bearded  from  the  end  to  the  middle.  River  banks ;  hill  sides. 
About  Fort  Niagara,  &c  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  round,  smooth  below, 
pubescent  above,  with  a  diffuse,  oppositely  branching  panicle  at  top.  Leaves 
smooth,  lanceolate,  entire  or  denticulate,  the  lower  ones  narrowed  at  base  into 
a  footstalk.  Flowers  purple  with  a  light  colored  throat.  Calyx  equalling  the 
shorttube.  Corolla  an  inch  in  length.  Barren  filament  broader  above,  the 
two  edges  densely  bearded.  Style  about  as  long  as  stamens,  persistent. 
June.     Per.  .'  Beard-tongue. 

a.    Leaves  broad  and  smooth. 

/3.  Leaves  narrow,  hairy  and  obscurely  denticulate. 


SCROPHCLABIACEai.  260 


2.   p.   L^viqa'ta.      L.  Chclone  laevigata.    Walt. 

Smooth  ;  letifies  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  toothed,  lower  ones  stalked, entire; 
flowers  panicled  ;  steri:e  filament  bearded  only  near  the  summit,  blem 
smooth,  2  feet  high,  with  a  branching  panicle  at  top.  Flowers  light  purple. 
July.     Per. 

8.     DIGIT  A' LIS. 

Caljx  S-parted  ;  corolla  campanulate,  ventricose,  in  5  sub- 
equal  lobes;  capsule  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valvcd,  with  a  double 
dissepiment. 

Lat.  digitahulum,  a  thimble  ;  from  the  form  of  the  flowers.  Herbaceous. 
Stems  (simple.     Lvs.  alternate  or  radical.     Fls.  racemose,  showy. 

D.  PURPU'REA.-'— L(;arcs  oblong,  rugose,  crenate  ;  calyx  segments  nvaiOr 
oblong  ;  corolla  obtuse,  upper  lip  entire ;  peduncle  as  long  as  the  calyx  Native 
ot  Europe.  A  well  known,  showy  border  flower  of  easy  culture.  It  is  a 
biennial  plant  2 — J'  feet  high,  with  large,  rough,  downy  leaves.  Flowers 
numerous,  in  a  long,  simple  spike,  large,  crimson,  often  white,  with  beautiful 
.eye-like  spots  within.  The  whole  plant  is  a  violent  and  dangerous  poison 
when  taken  in  considerable  quantities,  producing  delirium,  convulsions  and 
death.  But  in  the  hand  of  the  judicious  physician  it  becomes  a  valuable 
medicine,  acting  as  a  sedative  and  diuretic.     July.  Purple  Foxglove. 

Several  other  species  of  the  Digitalis  are  often  found  in  collections,  among 
which  are  the  iiLter7ncdia,  wilh  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  more  distinctly 
notched  ;  the  orhroleuca,  with  large,  yellow  flowers  ;  the  Tluipsl,  with  mullein- 
like leaves,  all  radical  and  flat  on  the  ground  ;  Lericophwa,  with  very  large, 
dense,  leafy  racemes  of  dusky  white  flowers,  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla 
unguicuiate,  lunate. 

9  .     M  P  M  U  L  U  S  . 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-toolhed  ;  corolla  rinq;ent,  the  upper  lip 
reflected  at  the  sides;  palate  of  the  lower  lip  prominent;  cap- 
sule 2-celled,  manj-seeded  ;  stigma  thick,  bitid. 

Gr.  ftiftiw,  an  ape  ;  the  flowers  in  front  have  been  likened  to  the  face  of  a 
grinning  monkey.  Herbs.  Stem  quadrangular.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fis.  axilla- 
ry, solitary. 

1.  M.    RINGENS. 

Leaves  sessile,  smooth,  lanceolate,  acuminate ; /^ef/Mwc/es  axillary,  longer 
than  the  flowers.  A  common  inhabitant  of  ditches  and  mud  soils,  with  large, 
.blue,  ringent  flowers.  Stem  erect,  square,  smooth,  about  2  feet  iiigh.  Leaves 
sessile,  opposite,  serrate,  acute,  lanceolate  Peduncles  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves,  square,  curved  upwards,  axillary  and  opposite.  Calyx  tubular, 
5-angled  and  5-toothed.     Corolla  pale  blue,  yellow  within.     July,  Aug.    Per. 

Monkey- Flower. 

2.  M,  ala'tus. 

Leaves  petiolatc,  smooth,  ovate,  acuminate;  peduncles  axillary,  shorter  than 
the  flowers ;  sUm  winged  at  the  4  corners.  This,  like  the  last  species, 
inhabits  ditches  and  other  wet  places,  and  grows  to  nearly  the  same  hight. 
The  square  stem,  erect,  smootii  and  winged  at  the  4  angles,  affords  an  ade- 
quate distinction.  Leaves  stalked,  ovate.  Flowers  ringent,  on  short  stalks, 
light  purple.     Calyx  tec,th  rounded,  mucronate.     Aug.     Pei. 

Il'inged  Monkey-flower, 


SCROPHULARIACEiE.  261  LINDERNIA. 

10.    GRATIO'LA. 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  mostly  with  2  bracts  at  base  ;  corolla 
subbilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate,  lower  31obed  ;  stamens  2 
fertile,  mostly  with  3  sterile  filaments;  capsule  2-celled. 

Lat.  o-m^ia,  favor  ;  alluding  to  its  medicinal  virtues.     Herbs  with  opposite   ^ 
leaves.     Peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered. 

1.  G.    AUREA. 

Smooth  ;  haves  oblong-lanceolate,  subentiie,  half-clasping  ;  sterile  f  laments 

2,  minute.  A  small,  perennial  herb,  G — 8  inches  high,  frequenting  the  borders 
of  muddy  ponds  and  other  moist  places.  Stem  declining  and  rooting  at  the 
base,  quadrangular,  simple  or  branching.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  a  little 
clasping,  smooth,  punctate,  acute  or  nearly  so,  often  with  a  few  teeth  near 
the  end.  Flowers  yellow,  axillary,  alternate,  on  slender  stalks,  as  long  as  the 
leaves.  Filaments  4,  adhering  to  the  corolla,  2  of  them  minute,  without 
anthers.     Aug.     Per.  Hedge  Hyssop. 

2.  G.  Virgi'nica. 

Stem  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  subacute  ;  sterile  filaments  none.  In  wet 
places.  Stem  4 — 8  inches  high,  more  or  less  pubescent,  round,  declining  and 
l)ranching  at  base.  Leaves  one  to  two  inches  long,  and  one  third  as  wide, 
smooth,  lanceolate,  sessile,  dentate  or  nearly  entire  near  the  ends,  subconnate 
or  amplexicaul.  Corolla  white  or  pale-yellow,  pubescent  within,  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  and  on  long,  pubescent  stalks.  Calyx  with  5  equal  seg- 
ments, and  2  bracts  which  are  linear-lanceoUte  and  rather  longer  than  the 
sepals.     July.    Per.  Creeping  Hijssop. 

11.     LINDE'RNIA. 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  naked   at   base  ;  corolla  bilabiate, 
ringent,  upper  lip  short,  reflexed,  lower  lip  3-cleft,   unequal, 
carinate  ;  stamens  4,  the  2  longer  ones  forked  and  sterile  ;  an- 
thers cohering  ;  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved. 

Name  in  honor  of  Von  Lindern,  a  physician  and  botanist  of  Strasburg. 
Herbs  with  opposite  leaves.  Peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered.  Dis- 
sepiment of  the  capsule  parallel  with  the  valves. 

1.  L.    DILATA'TA.      Muh.  L.  pyxidaria.   P. 
Leaves  dilated   at  base,   scarcely   toothed,   clasping;   peduncles  alternate, 

lono-er  than  the  leaves  ;  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  A  small  aquatic 
herb,  flowering  in  August,  in  ponds  and  wet  meadows.  Stem  smooth,  6 
inches  high,  square,  brittle  and  occasionally  branched.  Leaves  small,  slightly 
and  remotely  toothed.  Flowers  pale  blue,  upper  ones  sometimes  opposite. 
July.     Aug.     Ann.  Lindern  Pimpernel. 

2.  L.  attenua'ta. 

Leaves  obovale-lanceolate,  tapering  at  base ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves.  A  plant  about  the  size  of  the  last,  and  found  in  similar  situations. 
Stem  erect  or  procumbent,  smooth,  thickened,  quadrangular,  with  opposite, 
spathulate  leaves.  Flowers  blue,  on  stalks  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the 
leaves.     Aug.     Ann.  False  Hedge  Hyssop. 

3.  L.    MONTl'COLA. 

Stem  slender,  dichotomous;  radical  leaves  spathulate,  cauline  ones  few, 
linear,  small  and  remote  ;  peduncles   very  long,  at  length  deflected.     White 


SCBOPH.ULARIACE^.  262  BUCHKERA, 

Mts.  N.  H.  Stem  smooth,  square,  erect,  4—6  inches  high.  Radical  leaves 
obscurely  toothed,  punctate.  Flowers  pale  blue,  on  peduncles  an  inch  or  mors 
in  length.     June.     Per. 

12.  LIMOSE'LLA. 

■Calyx  5-cleft;  corolla  shortly  campanulate,  5-clcft,  equal; 
stamens  approximating  in  pairs  5  capsule  partly  2-celled, 
2-valved,  many-seeded. 

Lat.  limus,  mud  ;  the  plant  grows  by  the  edge  of  puddles  and  muddy 
places.     Small,  aquatic  iierbs.     Lvs.  radical.     Scape  1  flowered. 

L.    SUBULA'TA.       Tves. 

Leaves  linear,  very  narrow,  scarcely  dilated  at  the  apex  ;  scape  1 -flowered, 
as  long  as  the  leaves.  A  minute  plant,  an  inch  in  higlit,  growing  on  the 
muddy  banks  of  rivers.  Leaves  and  flower-stalks  radical.  Flowers  very 
small,  blue  and  white.     Aug.     Per.  Mudwort, 

13.  COLLI  N'SIA. 

Calyx  S-cleft;  corolla  bilabiate,  orifice  closed,  upper  lip 
bifid,  lower  trifid,with  the  middle  segment  carinately  saccate 
and  closed  (bver  the  decllnate  style  and  stamens;  capsule 
globose. 

Named  by  Mr  Nuttall  in  honor  of  Z.  Collins,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia.  An- 
nual herbs  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves.  Inflorescence  axillary.  Caps, 
partly  1-celied  and  imperfectly  4-valved.     Seeds  2—3,  umbilicate. 

C,    VERNA.      ^'■utl. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  sessile,  obtuse,  the  lower  ones  attenuated  at  base  into 
a  long  petiole  ;  peduncles  long,  axillary,  1 -flowered.  Grows  on  the  banks  of 
streams,  particularly  of  the  JVlohawk,  &c.,  in  the  vicinity  of  Utica,  according 
to  X>r.  Gray.  Stem  a  fool  high,  minutely  pubescent.  Leaves  obtuse,  pubes- 
cent, opposite  or  verticillate.  Flowers  opposite  or  verticillate.  Corolla 
variegated  with  blue,  red  and  white.     July.  Tall  Pink. 

14.  BUCHNE'RA. 

Calyx  5-toothed  ;  corolla  tube  slender,  limb  flat,  in  5  cor- 
date, subequal  lobes;  capsule  2valved. 

In  honor  of  J.  G,  Buchner,  a  German  botanist,  1743.  Herbs  with  the  leaves 
and  flowers  opposite,  the  latter  in  a  terminal  spike.  Cor.  nearly  regular. 
Stam.  very  short,  included.  Style  as  long  as  the  tube.  Caps,  ovoid-oblong, 
obtuse,  2-celled,  dehiscent  at  the  summit.     Seeds  minute,  striate. 

B.  America'na. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate,  scabrous,  3-nerved,  sessWe ;  flowers 
remotely  spiked.  In  low  grounds.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  simple  or  slightly 
branched,  slender  and  terete,  ending  in  a  long,  loose  and  somewhat  virgate 
spike  of  purple  flowers.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  very  rough,  appressed  to 
the  stem.  Flowers  axillary  and  sessile.  Stamens  inserted  2  in  the  throat  of 
the  corolla  and  2  in  the  middle  of  the  tube.  Calyx  half  ^s  long  as  tube  of 
oprolliji.     Aug.     Per.  Blue-hearts. 


8CR0PHULARIACEJE.  263  VERONl'tfA. 

15.    VERO'NICA. 

Calyx  4-partecl;  corolla  subrotate,  deeply  4-clert,  lower 
segment  narrow ;  stamens  2,  sterile  filanjents  0  ;  capsule 
obcordate,  2celled,  few-seeded. 

Etymology  doubtful ;  perhaps  named  for  St.  Veronica.  Mostly  herbs  with 
opposite  leaves.  Style  thread-shaped,  declining,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 
Caps,  compressed  at  the  summit. 

*  Racemes  terminal. 

1.  V.    SERPYLLIFO'LtA. 

Raceme  somewhat  spiked,  tefminal;  haves  oval,  slightly  crenate,  smooth  ; 
capsule  broad-obcordate,  as  long  as  the  style  A  small  plant,  often  concealed 
among  the  grass  in  meadows,  and  unconsciously  trodden  under  foot.  The 
stem  is  decumbent  and  rooting  at  the  base,  3 — 6  inches  in  length,  branching,- 
very  smooth.  Leaves  opposite,  with  short  petioles,  smootli,  obtuse,  3-nerved 
and  somewhat  fleshy.  Flowers  in  long,  terminal  and  subterminal  racemes, 
with  oval  bracts.  Corolla  beautifully  variegated  with  blue  and  white,  and 
striped  with  violet  lines.  Root  of  long,  white  fibres,  perennial.  Flowers  in 
May  and  June^  in;  pastures  and  roadsides.  Smooth  Speedwell. 

*  *  Racemes  a.xillary. 

2.  V*  officina'lis. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  elliptical,  serrate,  rough,  pubescent,  cm  short 
petioles-,  siem  procumbent,  branched,  spreading.  The  whole  plant  is  rough 
with  short  hairs,  trailing,  about  a  foot  in  length,  with  ascending  branches. 
The  leaves  vary  from  ovate  to  obovate,  but  are  generally  elliptical,  eire  to  one 
and  a  half  inches  in  length.  The  flowers  are  pale-blue,  forming  rather  long, 
axillary,  erect,  pedunculate  spikes.  Found  in  dry  woods  and  open  fields. 
May— Jl.     Per.  Officinal  Speedwell. 

3.  V.  scutella'ta. 

Racemes  lateral,  alternate ;  pedicels  divaricate  ;  leaves  linear,  slightly  in- 
dented. A  slender,  weak,  perennial  herb,  with  long,  narrow  leaves  (2 — 3 
inches  long  and  2  lines  vv'ide).  Stem  rarely  a  foot  high.  The  racemes  are 
axillary,  with  pale,  flesh-colored  flowers,  pencilled  with  purple  lines.  Pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  extremely  slender,  the  latter  bent  quite  back  as  the  capsule 
ripens,-     June — Aug.  Marsh  Speedw'elL 

4.  V.  anaga'llis. 

Racemes  lateral  opposite  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  stem  erect.  A  smooth, 
succulent  plant  of  aquatic  habits,  frequenting  the  borders  of  brooks  and  pools. 
Stem  obtusely  4-angled,  1 — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  smooth,  sessile  on  short 
petioles,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long.  Flowers  purplish,  in 
long,  loose,  axillary  racemes.  Pedicels  not  reflexed,  3 — 5  lines  long. 
Peduncles   thickened.     June,  July.     Per.  Water  Speedwell. 

5.  V.  Beccabu'nga. 

Racemes  lateral,  opposite;  leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  somewhat  serrate, 
glabrous.  Stem  procumbent,  rooting  at  tlie  base,  generally  floating,  round, 
smooth  and  sliining,  like  every  other  part  of  tlie  herb,  and  extending  1 — 2 
feet.  Leaves  of  a  bright  green,  1 — 2  inches  long.  Flowers  of  a  rich  sky- 
blue,  in  long,  slender,  pedunculate  clusters.  Flowers  in  June  and  Julv. 
Brooks  and  clear  waters,     Per.  Broohlime  Speedwell. 


SCROPHULARIACEJE.  264  GERARDIA. 

*  *  *  Flowers  axillary,  solitary. 

6.  V.  agre'stis. 

Stem  procumbent,  diffusely  branching ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  petiolate, 
deeply  serrate,  floral  ones  lanceolate  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves.  A 
small,  pilose  plant,  2 — 8  inches  long,  with  a  round, 'leafy,  hairy  stem,  branch- 
ing mostly  at  the  base.  The  leaves  are  roundish  ovate,  shorter  than  their 
petioles, the  upper  alternate.  Flowers  small,  light  blue,  veined,  their  stalks 
recurved  in  fruit.  Segments  of  the  calyx  fringed,  ovate  equal.  Seeds  con- 
cave beneath.  Flowering  from  May  to  September,  in  cultivated  fields,  less 
common  than  the  next  species.     Ann.  JVcckicced. 

7.  V.  arve'nsis. 

Stem  erect  or  assurgent ;  flowers  nearly  sessile ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  incisely 
crenate,  the  lower  ones  petioled,  upper  ones  alternate,  lanceolate,  crenate, 
sessile.  A  small,  pubescent,  pale-green  plant,  2 — (j  inches  high.  Stem  nearly 
erect,  branching  from  the  base,  the  leaves  assurgent.  Floweia  on  short 
peduncles,  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  pale  blue,  beautifully  penciled  with 
purple  lines.     Frequent  in  dry  fields.    May.    June.    Ann.       Corn  Speedicell. 

8.  V.  peuegri'na. 

Stem  ereci ;  flowers  soWiTiry ,  sessWe  ;  leaves  oblong,  serrate,  rather  obtuse, 
Common  in  moist,  clayey  soils.  The  whole  plant  is  smooth.  Stem  often 
branched  at  the  base,  4 — 8  inches  high.  Radical  leaves  ovate,  on  short 
stalks  ;  those  of  the  stem  narrow,  sessile.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pale  blue. 
Capsule  compressed.     Introduced.    May — Jl.    Ann.         Purselain  Speedicdl. 

16.    LEPTA'NDRA. 
Calyx  5-partcd,  segments  acuminate 5  corolla  tubular,  4- 
lobed,   the  lower    lobe  smaller  ;  stamens  2,    much  exserted  ; 
capsule  ovate,  2-celled,  valves  opening  at  top. 

Gr.  XiTfTOi,  slender,  ctvdQio.,  stamens;  alluding  to  the  filaments  and  the 
style  which  are  at  length  much  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

L.    VIRGI'NICA.      J\rutt.  Veronica  Virginica.  L. 

Leaves  verticillate  ;  stem  erect,  smooth;  spikes  aggregated,  terminal.  A 
conspicuous  plant  arising  2 — 5  feet.  Stem  simple,  strai^'ht,  smooth,  with 
whorls  of  lanceolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate  leaves  which  are  subpetiolate 
and  orlaucous  beneath,  and  4 — (>  in  a  whorl.  Flowers  numerous,  nearly 
sessile,  in  long,  terminal  and  verticillate-siibteruiinal  spikes.  Corolla  white, 
tubular,  pubescent  inside.  Stamens  and  style  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla. 
July.     Per.  Culver's  Physic, 

■    17.     GERA'RDIA. 
Calyx  cleft  half-way   down   into  5  lobes  or  teeth;  corolla 
sul)cainpanul;ite,    unequally    5-lobed,    lobes   mostly  rounded  ; 
anthers  villose;  capsule  2-celled,  dehiscent  at  top. 

In  honor  of  John  Gerarde,  an  English  botanist  of  the  16lh  century.  Her- 
baceous, rarely  sufFruticose.     Lvs.  generally  opposite.     Fls.  axillary. 

*  Flowers  yellow. 
1.    G.    QUERCIFO'LIA.      p.  G.  glauca.    Eddy, 

Smooth;  stem  panicled ;  leaves  petiolafc,  pinnatifid,  tlie  upper  ones 
lanceolate,  all  paler  beneath  :  flviccrs   pedicelltd,  axillary,  opposite.     A  very 


SCROPHOLARIACEi,  265  GERARDIA. 

ornamental  and  showy  plant  of  the  woods,  well  worthy  a  place  in  the  flower 

farden.  It  has  a  tall,  stnooth,  glaucous,  branching  stem  3 — 5  feet  high, 
leaves  sinuate-pinnatifid  ;  the  upper  ones  only  cut-dentate,  all  acute  at  each 
end,  stalked,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  large  and  of  a  brilliant  yellow,  opposite 
and  axillary,  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  forming  a  loose  spike.  Corolla 
trumpet-shaped.  The  flowers  resemble  in  form  those  of  the  foxglove,  while 
the  leaves  may  be  likened  to  those  of  the  oak.  The  whole  plant  turns  black 
in  drying,  making  but  a  shabby  appearance  in  the  herbarium.     Aug.     Per. 

Oak-leaved  Gerard'ui. 

2.  G.  fla'va. 

Pubescent ;  stem  nearly  simple ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  entire  or  cut- 
dentate ;  _^oJocrs  subsessile.  Scarcely  less  elegant  than  the  last,  which  it 
nmch  resembles.  Native  of  woods.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  erect,  pubescent. 
Lower  leaves  variously  pinnatifid,  or  cut  and  toothed;  upper  ones  very 
entire  or  toothed,  obtuse  ;  all  opposite  and  sessile.  Flowers  largo,  yellow, 
oppiisite,  axillary,  trumpet-shaped.  This  also  with  the  next  species,  turns 
black  m  drying.     Aug.     Sept.    Per.  Yellow  Gerardia. 

3.  G.  pedicula'ria. 

S^cjn  panicled,  pubescent ;  Zc<xce5  oblong,  pinnatifid,  the  segments  serrate  ; 
calyx  segments  leafy,  cut-dentate.  One  of  the  most  elegant  species,  found  in 
woods  and  mountains.  St(Mn  tall  and  bushy,  2 — 3  feet  high,  covered  with  a 
scattered,  woolly  pubescence.  Leaves  numerous,  pinnatifid  with  serrate 
lobes,  opposite,  on  short,  hairy  stalks.  Flowers  large.  Corolla  trumpet- 
shaped,  ye  low,  with  roundish,  spreading,  leaflike  segments.  The  leaves 
liave  the  general  appearance  of  those  of  the  lousewort,  or  some  of  the  ferns. 
Aug.     Per.  Lousewort  Gtrardia. 

*  *  Flowers  purple. 

4.  G.  purpu'rea. 

Stem  angular,  much  branched  ;  leaves  linear,  narrow,  acute  ;  flowers  sub- 
sessile,  scattered  ;  calyx  segments  subulate.  Found  in  wet  pastures  and 
swamps.  Stem  slender,  branching,  erect,  smooth,  obtuse-angled,  1 — 2  feet 
high.  Leaves  entire,  roughish,  8 — 15  lines  long  and  about  2  lines  wide. 
Flowers  large,  axillary,  often  opposite,  purple,  on  very  short  stalks.  Aug. 
Ann.  Purple  Gerardia. 

5.  G.  mari'tima. 

■S'fcm  angular  ;  leaves  linear,  fleshy,  short,  rather  obtuse  ;  j?02oer.s  stalked; 
calyx  truncate  ;  upper  segments  of  the  corolla,  fringed.  Native  of  salt  marshes. 
This  species  resembles  the  foregoing,  of  which  Pursh  describes  it  as  a  varie- 
ty. It  is  a  smaller  plant  G — 12  inches  in  hight,  and  with  smaller  flowers. 
The  leaves  are  shorter  and  thicker.  The  calyx  segments  are  cut  square  oft', 
not  acute  as  in  the  preceding.  Corolla  purple.  Flower  stalks  axillary  and 
terminal.     July — Sept.     Ann.  Salt  Marsh  Gerardia. 

6.  G.    TENUIFO'LIA. 

Branching;  leaves  linear;  peduncles  axillary,  longer  than  the  flowers; 
cahjx  ice</t  short,  acute.  A  slender  and  delicate  species,  usually  very  branch- 
ing, but  I  have  specimens,  gathered  in  various  localities,  Ms.  andN.  H.,  which 
are  quite  simple.  Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  very  narrow  (scarcely  a  line 
in  width),  entire,  rough,  obtuse.  Flowers  opposite,  axillary,  on  slender  stalks 
an  inch  or  more  in  length.  Corolla  purple,  spotted  within,  the  border  much 
spreading,  smooth  and  nearly  equal.  Calyx  teeth  short  and  acute.  Grows  by 
roadsides  and  in  sandy  soils,  G — 12  inches  high.     Aug.     Sept.     Ann. 

Slender-leaved  Gerardia. 

X 


SCROPHUUARIACEiG.  266 


18.    RHINA'NTHUS. 
Calyx    4-toothed,  vet)(iicose ;    corolla   ringent,  upper   lip 
comijiessed  ;  capsule  2-valveci,  compiessed,  obtuse. 

Gr.  Qiv,  a  nose,  and  avSos,  a  flower ;  because  the  upper  lip  of  the  ringent 
corolla  IS  so  compressed  as  to  resemble  the  snout  of  some  animal,  herbace- 
ous. Lvs  mostly  opposite,  (^or.  tube  nearly  cylindric,  as  long  as  the  cal., 
upper  lip  narrower,  helmet-shaped  ;  lower  hp  broader,  deeply  divided  into 
3  obtuse  segments. 

R.  Crista-galli. 

Upper  lip  of  the  co>'o//a  vaulted ;  ca'yx  smooth;  haves  lanceolate,  serrate. 
Meadows  and  pastures.  Stem  a  foot  high,  smooth,  branching.  Leaves 
opposite,  nearly  sessile,  cordate-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  rouoh.  Flowers 
axillary,  crowded  into  a  leafy  spike.  Calj'.x  inflated,  contracted  at  the  mouth, 
with  4  nearly  equal  teeth,  and  much  shorter  than  the  yellow,  ringent  corolla, 
but  becoming  very  large  after  flowering.     July.     Ann.  Ydlow-ratllc. 

19.    EUCHRO'MA. 

Calyx  ventricose,  2 — 4-clert ;  corolla  upper  lip  very  long 
and  linear,  embracing  Ibe  st}  le  and  slamcus;  antliers  linear, 
witli  unequal  lobes,  cohering  in  tlie  form  ofan  oblong  disk. 

Gr.  iv,  good,  and  y^Qcofiu.,  color;  on  account  of  the  fine  scarlet  bracts. 
Herbaceous.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  a.^illary,  solitary.  Caps,  ovate,  compress- 
ed, 2-celled.     Seeds  numerous,  invested  in  a  diaphanous,  inflated  aril. 

E.    COCCi'nEA.      jYuU.  Bastsia  coccinea.    L. 

Leaves  sessile,  pinnalifid,  with  linear  and  divaricate  segments  ;  bracts  nhoat 
3-cleft  and  colored  at  the  summit,  longer  than  the  corolla  ;  calyx  2-cleft, 
nearly  equal  with  the  corolla,  segments  retiise  and  emarginate.  Wet  mead- 
ows. A  very  beautiful  plant,  remarkable  for  its  large,  bright  scarlet  bracts. 
Stem  anirular,  simple,  8 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  with 
about  2,  long,  linear  segments  on  each  side.  Bracts  crowded  near  the  summit 
of  the  stem,  m  3  segment.^,  the  middle  one  larger  than  the  linear  lateral  ones. 
Flowers  one  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Calyx  and  corolla  tubular,  dull  yellow, 
the  former  tinged  with  scarlet  towards  the  tip.    May.  Jn.    Per.     Famted-cvp. 

20.    BA'RTSIA. 
Calyx  4-lobed,  emarginate,  mostly  colored  ;  corolla  smaller 
than  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip  longer;  capsule  2-celled  ;  seeds 
angular. 

Named  by  Linnasus,  in  honor  of  his  friend  John  Batsch,  M.  D.  Herbs 
with  aliernate  leaves.  Cor.  ringent,  upper  lip  concave,  entire,  lower  in  3, 
equal,  reflexed  lobes.     Anth.  approximate  under  the  upper  lip. 

B.  pa'llida. 

Leaves  alternate,  linear,  undivided,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  the  floral 
ones  subovale,  subdentate  at  the  end,  all  3-nerved  ;  c«/j/2  with  acute  teeth. 
This  hardy  plant  inhabits  the  alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.  in  N.  H.,  par- 
ticularly the  hia'hts  of  Mt.  Clinton,  where  it  may  be  found  in  blossom  in  Aug. 
It  is  also  a  native  of  Siberia  and  Hudson's  Bay.  Stem  about  a  foot  high, 
furrowed,  simple.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  smoothish,  the  lower  ones  linear, 
becoming  broader  towards  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  where  they  are  lanceolate 


SCROPHULARIACK^.  267  PEDICULARIS. 


and  all  usually  with  but  3  neives.  Tuft  of  flowers  at  top  of  the  stem.  Bracts 
broader  and  shorter  than  the  leaves,  5— 7-nerved,  with  about  3  teeth  at  the 
eml,  of  a  pale  straw-color,  tipped  with  purple.  Flowers  straw-colored,  nearly 
concealed  by  the  bracts.     Per.  -P^'c  Bartsia. 

21.     SCHWA'LBEA. 
Calyx   tubular,    inflated,  ohliqutly   4  cleft,  upper  division 
small,  lower  division  large,  emarginate  or  2-tootliC(l ;  corolla 
riiiijent,  upper  lip  entire,  arched,  lower  3-lobed  ;  seeds  many, 
chatry. 

Named  in  honor  of  Schwalbe,  a  German  botanist.  Herbs  with  alternate 
leaves.  Fls.  in  a  terminal  laceme.  Caps,  ovate,  compressed,  2-celled,  2- 
valved,  with  a  double  partition.     Seeds  linear  and  winged. 

S.  America'na. 

Simple,  pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  alternate,  in  a  terminal 
raceme.  In  sandy  fields  and  barrens.  Stem  2  feet  hijih,  downy,  square  and 
simple.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  lanceolate,  with  a  ciliated  niarjrin.  Bracts 
ovale,  acuminate.  Flower  stalks  simple,  alternate.  Corolla  dull  purple  or 
brownish  yellow.     June.     Per.  Cloif-seed. 

22.     PEDICUL  A'RIS. 
Calyx  vcntricose,  2 — 5  cleft,  the  segments  leafy,  or  some- 
times obliquely  truncate  ;  corolla  vaulted,  upper  lip  compress- 
ed, emarginate  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed  ;  capsule  2  celled, 
oblique,  mucronate  ;  seeds  angular. 

Lat.  pediculus,  a  louse  ;  probably  from  its  efficacy  in  destroying  that  insect. 
Herbs.  Lvs.  opoosite  or  alternate,  often  pinnalifid.  Cal.  seg.  unequal, 
jagged.  Cor.  lower  lip  dilated,  flat,  in  3,  deep  seg.  of  which  the  middle  one 
is  narrowest.     Caps,  depressed,  dissepiment  contrary. 

1.  P.  Canadensis. 

Stem  simple  ;  spike  somewhat  leafy  ;  galea  of  the  corolla  with  2  setaceous 
teeth;  ca/yx  truncated  downwards  ;  cf//j5«/e  acuminate.  Grows  in  pastures 
and  low  grounds.  Stem  erect,  a  foot  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  pinnalifid 
with  crenate  or  dentate  lobes,  dark  green.  Spike  short,  terminal,  hairy,  with 
a  few  small  leaves  at  the  base.  The  flowers  are  nearly  sessile.  Calyx 
truncated  in  an  oblique  direction  downwards.  Corolla  yellowish  and  purple  ; 
the  upper  lip  is  long,  erect,  forming  a  galea  or  helmet  cut  square  off'  at  the 
end,  with  a  brisile-like  tooth  at  each  corner.  Capsule  prolonged  into  a  lanceo- 
late i)oiut  A  inch  long.     May— July.     Per.  Cnnudian  Loiiscwort. 

(i.  gludliita  (P.  gladiata  Mx.);  capsule  prolongated  into  an  ensiform  point 
which  is  5 — 1  inch  in  length.     Plant  rather  taller. 

2.  P.   PA'lLIDA.      p.  P.  lanceolate.   Mx. 
Stem  branching,  smooth  ;  hares  subopposite,  lanceolate,  crenate  and  dentate  ; 

upper  lip  of  the  curoUa  truncate,  with  roundish-ovate,  .^oliaceous.  dentate 
segments;  calyx  2-cleft.  A  smaller  species  than  the  foregoing,  found  in 
alluvial  woods,  itc.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  in  hight,  smooth,  with  pubescent  lines, 
nearly  opposite  leaves  and  a  few  axillary  branches.  Leaves  about  an  inch 
wide  and  3  or  4  times  as  long.  Spikes  terminal,  1 — 2  inches  in  length,  with 
ovate-lanceolate  bracts.  Calyx  and  corolla  smooth,  the  latter  greenish  yellow, 
an  inch  m  length,  with  the  galea  somewhat  emarginate  at  the  end.  Capsule 
short,  broadly  ovoid.     Sept,    Per.  Pale  LousticorU 


VKRBENACEiE.  268  VERBENA. 

23.    MELAMTY'RUM. 

Calyx  4-clert;    upper   lip  of  the  corolla  compressed,  the 

margin  folded  back;  lower  lip  grooved,  trifid  ;  capsvile2-celled, 

oblique,   opening   laterally,  cells  2-seeded  ;  seeds  cylandric- 

oblong,  smooth. 

Gr.  jK.£Xa«,  black,  and  TfVQoi,  wheat;  the  grain  resembles  the  wheat  in 
foim,  but  gives  a  singularly  black  color  to  the  bread  in  which  it  is  mixed. 
Herbs  with  opposite  leaves.  Fls  in  a  terminal,  leafy  raceme.  Cor.  ringent, 
tube  recurved.     Caps,  with  the  dissepiment  contrary.     Seeds  cartilaginous. 

M.  America'num. 

Leaves  linear  and  lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  toothed  at  base  ;  floiccrs  axilla- 
ry, distinct.  Inliabits  woods.  Stem  with  opposite  branches,  8 — 10  inches 
liioh,  round,  erect.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  lanceolate,  the  floral  ones  broader 
with  setaceous  teeth  at  base  and  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point.  Flowers  in  the^ 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  yellowish,  slender,  the  coiolla  twice  the  length  ot 
the  calyx.     Capsules  acute,  declined,  4-seeded.     Jl.    Ann.  Cow  Wheat . 


ORDER  XClll.    VERBENACEyE.  ThtVewainTriU. 

Cal. — Tubular,  4 — 5-toothecl,  inferior,  persistent. 

Cor.— Tubular,  the  limb  bilabiate  or  irregularly  4— 5-cleft,  deciduous. 

Sta. — 4,  didynamous,  seldom  equal,  occasionally  only  2. 

Ova. — 2 — 4-celled  ;  ovules  erect  or  pendulous,  solitary'  or  twin.     Scyle  1. 

i7';.._Drupaceous,  baccate  or  dry,  dividing  into  2  or  4  1-seeded  portions. 

Sd^. — With  little  or  no  albumen. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  the  former  chiefly  natives  ot" temperate  regions  and  the  latter  ol 
the  tropics,  where  they  are  in  some  instances  very  large.  The  teak-wood  (Tectona 
grandis),  native  of  India,  justly  styled  the  "  Oak  of  the  East,"  is  a  timber  tree  of  immense 
size  and  great  durability,  often  uitainiug  the  hight  of  100  feet.  The  wood  contains  silex. 
The  medicinal  properties  of  the  tribe  are  little  known  or  unimportant. 

Genera- 

Corolla  funnel-form,  limb  5-cleft,  subequal Vtrherm..  1 

Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  smaller,  emarginate. Pkryma.  2 

1 .    V  E  R  B  E'  N  A  . 

Calyx  5-toothed,  with  one  of  the  teeth  often  truncate ; 
corolla  funnel  form,  limb  Scleft,  nearly  equal;  stamens  4 
(rarely  but  2);  seeds  2—4,  enclosed  in  a  thin  evanescent 
pericarp. 

The  name  in  Celtic  is  fcrfaen,  to  remove  stone  ;  hence  Eng.  vervain  and 
Lat.  verbena.  Herbs  witii  opposite  leaves.  Fls.  mostly  spicate.  Cor.  tube 
twice  as  long  as  the  cal.     Fil.  very  short,  incurved  within  the  tube. 

1.  V.  hasta'ta. 

Erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  incisely  serrate,  petiolate,  the  lower 
oneslobedor  hastate;  sjyikes  erect,  filiform,  panicled  ;  Jfojwrs  tetrandrous. 
An  erect,  tall  and  elegant  plant  frequent  by  road  sides  and  in  low  grounds. 
Stem  3—4  feet  high,  with  pauiculate,  opposite  branches  above.  Leaves  rough 
in  appearance,  and  to  tlie  toucli,  opposite,  long  pointed,  finely  serrate,  the 
lower  ones  often  somewhat  hastate  Flowers  small,  blue,  arranged  in  long, 
close,  imbricated  spikes,  wiiich  are  sotnewhat  fascicled  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem,  erect  and  parallel  to  each  other.   Seeds  4.  Jl.— Sept.  Per.    Blue  Vervain. 


LABIATJE.  269  PHRYMA. 

2.  V.  urticifo'lia. 

Erect,  subpubescent ;  leaves  ova.ie  and  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  acute, 
petiohite ;  spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  loose,  filil'orin  ;  flowers  tetrandrous. 
About  roadsides  and  rubbish.  A  weed  of  uninvilincr  aj)pearance.  2 — 3  feet 
high,  with  leaves  resembling  those  of  the  nettle.  Jt  luis  long,  slender,  weak, 
green,  divergent  spikes  remotely  tilled  with  small,  white,  distinct  flower.3. 
Seeds  4.     July,  Aug.     Per.  JVcUle-leavcd  Vervain. 

3.  V.  ANGUSTIFo'lIA.  M.  V.  rugosa.  W. 
Erect,  mostly  simple  ;  Icaiies  lanceolate-linear,  tapering  to  the  base,  re- 
motely serrate,  with  furrowed  veins  ;  spikes  filiform,  solitary,  axillary  and 
terminal.  A  small,  hairy  species,  found  on  rocky  hills  and  in  other  dry  soils, 
N.  Y.  Stem  not  more  than  a  foot  high,  with  narrow,  rough  leaves  and  slender 
Hpikes  of  deep  blue  flowers.     July.     Fer.                                     Pigmy  Vervain. 

4.  V.  Auble'tia. — S;f?7j  weak,  assiirgent ;  swiA-es  solitary,  imbricate, 
long-pediinculate;  divisions  of  the  curulla  eniarginate  ;  leaves  oval,  deeply 
serrate  and  divided,  petiolate.  Native  at  the  South.  A  slender  and  delicate 
plant  of  the  green-house,  producino-  numerous,  successive  clusters  of  rose- 
colored  01  scarlet  flowers.  Stem  square,  viscidly  pubescent,  1 — "2  feet  high, 
with  opposite  branches  and  leaves.  Leaves  deeply  cut  and  toothed,  rhombic- 
oval,  on  short  stalivs.  Flowers  larger  than  others  of  the  genus,  in  corymbose 
spikes.  Brads  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx,  narrow,  penuunent,  downy  as 
well  as  the  calyx.     May.    Per  Ruse  Verbena. 

2.    PHRY'MA. 

Calyx  cjlindric,  bilabiate,  upper  iip  longer,  S-cleft,  lower 
lip  2-loo(hed  ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginale,  much 
smaller  than  the  3-lobed  lower  one;  seed  solitary. 

Meaning  of  the  name  unknown.  Herbs  with  opposite  leaves.  F!s.  oppo- 
site, spicate.  Fruit  deflexed.  Cal.  gibbous  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  striate. 
Cor.  ringent ;  tube  long  as  cal.,  middle  seg.  of  the  lower  lip  most  prominent 

P.  leptosta'chva. 

Li'.avps  stalked,  ovate,  serrate;  spikes  long  and  slender;  cahjx  in  fruit 
reflexi'd.  Found  in  rocky  woods.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  large, 
(3 — G  inches  long),  thin  and  coarsely  toothed,  on  short  stalks.  Flovvfers 
small,  opposite,  light  purple,  in  very  long  and  slender  spikes,  of  which  one  is 
terminal,  the  rest  opposite  and  axillary,  each  often  with  a  pairot  bracts  below. 
.'Vfter  flowering  the  calyx  closes  upon  the  fruit  and  becomes  reflexed  back- 
wards close  to  the  stem.  Hence  the  common  name  lonsccd.  The  specific 
name  refers  to  the  slender  spikes.  Seeds  solitary,  rather  large,  invested  with 
a  thin,  membranous  capsule  and  enclosed  in  the  matured  calyx.  July. 
August.     Per.  Lopseed. 


ORDER  XCAV.    LABIATI^.  Ue  Laliafe  or  Mint  Tribe. 

Ca^— Tulnilar,  regularly  5-tootlicd  or  cleft,  or  bilabiate,  persistent. 

Cor.— Bilabiate  (rarely  regular,  5-toothed),  the   upper  lip  bifid  or  entire,  overlapninir  in 

restivatiou  tlif  lower  3-cleft  one. 
Sta. — 4.  diilynainous,  or  Sdmetimes  only  9,  the   upper  pair  being  aborUve  or  warning, 

sitii.ilea  ,m  the  corolla  lube.     Antli.  musily  S-celled. 
Ora.— Free,  deeply  4-lot>ed,  the  single  style  arising  from  the  base  of  the  lobes. 
Fr. — 1 — 4  hard  nuts  or  achenia. 
'^t/i.— Erect,  with  little  or  no  albumen.    Embryo  erect.     Cotyledons  flat. 

X* 


LABIATE. 


270 


A  large  and  important  order  of  herbs  (rarely  shrubby),  with  square  stems  and  opposite, 
exstipulate  leaves,  abounding  in  receptacles  of  aromatic  oil.  Flowers  in  axillarj'  or 
terminal  verticillasters,  almost  always  of  the  cyanic  series,  white,  blue,  red,  &c.  Tlie 
species  are  chiefly  natives  of  temperate  regions,  being  most  abundant  between  latitudes 
4U^  and  50°  of  tlie  northern  hemisphere. 

Propfrlifs.  This  well  known  family  is  universally  per\-aded  by  an  aromatic,  -volatile  oil 
and  a  bitter  principle  ;  the  former  rendering  them  eminently  tonic,  cordial  and  stomachic  : 
the  latter,  where  it  prevails,  febrifugal.  The  pennyroyal,  lavetuler,  sage,  hoarhound,  thyme, 
spearmint,  peppermint,  horseinint,  rosemary,  Ifc,  Ifc.  plants  whose  qualilies  are  too  well 
known  to  require  particular  mention  here,  are  all  members  of  this  usel'ul  family.  Kot  one 
species  is  poisonous  or  even  suspicious. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

*  Flowers  diandroiis. 

I  Bracts  whitish.  Blephilia.  7 

J  Cor.  blue.  I  Bract.s  green.  Hedeoma.  IS 

(  Connectile  erect,  short.  I  Corolla  yellow.  CoUinsonia.  10 

C bilabiate.  (  Conneetile  transverse,  long;  anthers  dimidiate.    .  Salvia.  8 

1                                                                                     1  Herbs.        .  Cunila.  17 

Corolla       (  Upper  lip  emarginate.  |  Slirubs.          .  Ro.vnarimu.  9 

I  bihibiate.  .  \  Upper  lip  linear,  embracing  the  fil.     .  Monarda.  6 

Calyx  [subequal.  (  Corolla  subregular,  4-lobed Lycopus.  5 

*  *  Flowers  didynamous. 

2                                                     ( Lips  of  ca-  (  Filaments  simple.          .     Melissa.  i20 

^                               (Stamens     5  lyx toothed.  |  Filaments  forked.       .        Prmulla.  2-2 

r::  f  Tube  of  corol- ]  ascending  (  Lips  of  the  calyx  entire.       .        .         .     Scutellaria.  21 

"^  J  la  exserted.  .  (  Stamens  very  long,  arching  the  5-cleft  limb  of  cor.   Trichostema.  33 

-g  ]                                                          "■         1  Stamens  scarcely  exsert.   Thymits.  13 

O  I.  Tube  of  the  cor.  scarcely  longer  than  cal.  I  Stamens  exserted.         .     Majorana.  12 

(  Cal.  15-  I  equal.    Hyssoptis.  15 

S                                                                 f  Flowers  J  nerved,  i  oblique.  I.o;7/ia;iM!<j.  25 

a                                               f  Bracts     ]  sjiicate.    (  Calyx  lO-nerved.  Satureja.  14 
S                       C  Corolla         I  green. ..(  Fls.  capitate,  involucrate.     Pycnantkemum.  W 

_      of  Stamens  J  bilabiate.  . .  '  Bracts  colored Origanum.  11 

erect  or    1  Corolla  limb  of  4  subequal  lobes,  one  of  them  emarg.  .fl/p/jMa.  3 

divergent  \  Corolla  limb  of  5  equal  lobes.          ....     Isanthus.  4 

f  Anth.not  (  Calyx  .5-nerved.   Lamium.  27 

(  Leaves   <  cruciate   (  Calyx  15-nerved.  Nepeta.  23 

I  crenate.  (  Anthers  forming  2  crosses.     Glechoma.  24 

C  included      \                                      I  Plants  glabrous.  Physostegia.  26 

Stamens  J  beneath  the  I  Lvs  sharply  serrate  (  Plants  hairy.    .     Ballota.  32 

ascend-     ]  upper  lip. .   (  Lvs.  entire,  lance-linear  and  elliptic.    Micromeria.  1!) 

ing  and     [  exserted  through  the  fissure  of  the  upper  lip  of  cor.    Teunimn.  34 

I  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed.        .     Lavendtda.  2 

Stamens  declinate.  .  .  .  (  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  4-cleft.       .         Orimiim.  1 

Leaves  un-  i  Lowerlipof  the  cor.  with  2  lateral  teeth.  Grtfeo;;^/,?.  29 

the  teeth          ]  divided.  .  .   |  Low.  lip  of  cor.  with  lateral  lobes  reflexed.  67afAyi.  30 

spinescent. .  .  '  Leaves  mostly  3-lobed I^onuriis.  2^ 

Calyx  10-toothed,  the  alternate  teeth  shorter Marrubium.  31 

Tribe  1.    OCIMOIDE.E.'* 

Corolla  subbilabiate,  the  4  vpper  lobes  nearly  equal,  the  lower  one  declinate,  flat  or  concave,  carinate 
or  saccate.     Stamens  4,  declined. 


E 


1.    O'CIMUM. 


Upper  lip  of  calyx  orbicular,  lower  4-fid  ;  corolla  re&.upi- 
nate,  one  lip  4-cl('ft,  the  other  undivided  ;  exterior  filaments 
with  a  process  at  their  base. 

Gr.  o^ci)^  to  smell ;  on  account  of  the  powerful  scent  of  the  plants. 


*  In  distributing  our  genera  of  this  order  into  Trihes,  as  well  as  in  their  nomenclature, 
1  have  mostly  conformed  to  llie  views  of  Mr  Bentliam,  as  expressed  in  his  elaborate  and 
excellent  work  on  the  I/al)iat;e.  This  arrangement  will  greatly' aid  the  student  in  his 
lesearchesj  wherever  he  may  lind  the  Ibregoing  conspectus  insuihcicnt. 


LAEIAT7E.  ;i71  MENTHA. 

O.  BASI  LICUM. — Leaves  smooth,  ovate-oblong,  subdentate,  petiolale  j 
calyx  ciliate.  An  exotic  from  Persia,  cultivated.  Plant  about  a  foot  high, 
with  peculiarly  smooth  and  soft  leaves  variously  colored,  exhaling  a  delight- 
ful odor.  Stern  retrorsely  pubescent  above,  branched.  Flowers  white,  in 
simple,  terminal  racemes.     JL,  Aug.     Ann.      Royal  Ocimuin.  or  Siccct  Basil. 

2.    LAVA'NDULA. 

Calyx  ovoid-cjlindrie.  with  5  short  teeth,  the  upper  one 
often  largest;  corolla  upper  lip2-Iobed,  lower  3-lobed ;  tube 
exserted  ;  stamens  included. 

Lat.  lavarc,  to  wash.  The  use  of  the  distilled  water  of  this  plant  is  well 
known.     Cor.  lobes  nearly  equal.     Fil.  smooth,   not  toothed.     Disk  concave 

with  4  fleshy  scales  on  the  margin. 

L.  SPIC.X. — Leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sessile, 
revolute  at  the  edge,  the  upper  ones  linear-lanceolate,  the  highest  shorter  than 
the  calyx  ;  spike  interrupted;  bracts  subulate.  Plant  12 — 18  inches  high, 
sufFruticose,  branching  from  the  base.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
branches,  clothed  with  a  whitish  down.  Calyx  villose.  Corolla  much 
exserted  and  of  a  lilac  color.  The  plant  is  well  known  as  an  aromatic  of  a 
delightful  fragrance.  It  is  stimulant  and  tonic,  and  the  oil  extracted  by 
distillation  enters  into  many  compositions  in  medicine.  Cultivated  in  gar- 
dens.    July.     Per.  Lavender. 

Tribe  2.  MENTHOIDEA. 

Corolla  somewhat  campantdate  or  funnel-form ;  tube  scarcely  exserted,  limb  subequalli/  4 — 5-lobecl. 
atamens  4,  somethnes  2,  distant,  straight,  diverging. 

3 .     MENTHA. 

Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-cleft,  the  broadest  segment  emar- 

ginate  ;  stamens  4,  straight,  distant. 

The  old  Greek  name,  from  Mintha,  the  fabulous  daughter  of  Cocytus,once 
transformed  into  the  jilant  which  bears  her  name.  Cal.  tubular,  regular, 
5-toollied.  Cor.  straight,  funnel-shaped,  a  little  longer  than  cal.,  upper  lobe 
broadest,  notched.  Fil.  naked.  Anth.  2-lobed,  with  2  parallel  cells.  Stig. 
divided  into  2  acute,  spreading  seg.     Ach.  4. 

1.  M.    CaNADE'NSIS.       Bcnth.  M.  borealis.  J»/x. 
Ascending,  pubescent;  /fa?!cs  petiolate,  lanceolate,  serrate,   acute  at  each 

end  ;  Jloiccrs  in  axillary  cymes;  stamens  generaWy  exserted.  An  herbaceous, 
grayish  plant,  1 — 2  feet  high,  growing  in  muddy  situations.  The  stem  is 
square  and  usually  branched,  the  angles  beset  with  reversed  hairs.  Leaves 
serrate,  on  opposite,  downy  footstalks,  and  punctate  with  resinous  dots  at 
each  end.  Flowers  apparently  in  whorls,  pale  purple,  usually  distinuuished 
by  the  projecting  stamens  which  are  sometimes  twice  as  long  as  the  corollas. 
Calyx  liairy.  Aiomatic  like  the  other  species.  Jn.,  Jl.  Per.  Uorsemint. 
/3.  (M.  Canadensis.  L.)    stamens  equalling  the  corolla. 

2.  M.    VIRIDIS. 

Leaves  subsessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  incisely  serrate  ;  bracts  setaceous, 
and.  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx,  somewhat  hairy  ;  spikes  slender,  interrupted, 
attenuate  above.  A  well  known  plant,  highly  esteemed  for  its  agreeable 
aromatic  properties.  It  grows  in  wet  soils,  rapidly  spreading  by  its  creeping 
roots,  with  erect,  branching,  4-angled  stalks,  1 — 2  feet  high.     The  spikes  are 


LABIATJE.  272  LYCOPUS. 

somewhat  panicled,  long,  composed  of  distinct,  axillary  cymes,  apparently 
whorled,  a  little  remote  from  each  other.  Peduncles  smooth,  round,  shining. 
Corollas  pale  purple.     Styles  much  exserted.     Aug.     Per.  Spcuivdnt. 

3.    M.    PIPERl'TA. 

Leslies  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  petiolate  ;  &rflc/5  lanceolate  ;  calyx 
quite  smootli  at  base,  punctate.  This  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  has 
become  naturalized  in  this  country,  growing  in  wet  places,  and  cultivated  in 
gardens.  It  has  a  more  penetrating  taste  and  stronger  smell  than  the  other 
species,  pungent  to  the  tongue  followed  by  a  sensation  of  coldness.  The 
essence  of  peppermint  is  a  well  known  medicine,  acting  as  a  cordial,  used  in 
flatulency,  nausea,  &c  It  has  a  purplish  stem  2 — 3  feet  higli,  with  scatter- 
ed, deflexed  hairs.  Leaves  sharply  serrate,  dark  green.  Corolla  purplish. 
Aug.     Per.  Pepjjermint. 

4.     ISA'NTHUS. 
Calyx  subcampannlate ;  corolla  5  parted,  tube  straight  and 
narrow,    segments  of  the  border  ovale  and  equal;  stamens 
subequal;  stigma  linear,  recurved. 

Gr.  la-oi,  equal,  av^oi.  flower;  from  the  regularity  of  the  flowers,  a  character 
very  rare  among  the  Labiata;. 

i.    CGSRU'LEUS.      Mx. 

Viscid,  iiairy  ;  /eofe^  oval-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  3-nerved  ;  ■pedun- 
cles 1 — 2-flowered.  A  brandling,  leafy  herb,  in  dry  fields,  with  the  aspect  of 
the  pennyroyal.  Stem  rounded,  slender,  12 — 18  inches  high,  with  branches 
and  leaves  opposite.  Leaves  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  and  a  fourth  as  wide, 
distinctly  tripli-nerved.  Flowers  numerous,  blue,  with  included  stamens. 
Calyx  leaves  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  tube.     July.     Per.        Blue  Genlain. 

5  .     L  Y  C  O'  P  U  S  . 
Corolla   subregnlar,    4-(  left,   upper  segment  broader   and 
emarginate;  stamens  2,  distant,  simple;  acl)enia4. 

Gr.  Xt/jtoi,  a  wolf,  7rov«,  foot  Why  so  named  we  cannot  tell.  Cal.  tubular, 
4 — 5-cIeft.  Cor.  tube  as  long  as  the  cal.  Stam.  diverging.  Style  straight, 
as  long  as  the  stam.     Ach.  obliquely  truncate  at  apex. 

1.  L.    SINU.\'tUS.      Ell.  L.  Americanus.  J>/tt/«.      L.  Europceus.  .'-/.t. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate,  lower  ones  incised  ;  teeth  of  the 

calyx  acuminate-spinescent ;  stem  square,  1 — 2  feet  high;  f  overs  small, 
white,  many  in  a  whorl.  A  perennial  plant,  widely  diffused  throughout  the 
U.  Stales,  growing  in  damp  grounds.  In  habits  and  general  appearance  it 
resembles  the  Menthre,  but  is  sufficiently  distinguished  by  the  number  of 
stamens,  form  of  the  flattened  triquetrous  aclienia,  and  its  being  inodorous. 
Stem  sharply  4-anglpd,  the  sides  concave,  1 — 2  feet  higli.  Lower  leaves 
deeply  and  pinnatifidly  toothed.  Verticils  dense.  Calyx  teeth  longer  than 
the  achenia.     It  dyes  a  permanent  black.     Aug.     Per.         Water  Hvurhound. 

2.  L.  Virgi'nicus. 

Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  tapering  and  entire  at  the  base  ;  calyx  teeth 
spineless,  usually  4,  shorter  than  the  aclienia.  A  plant  as  widely  diffused  as 
the  preeeditig,  growing  in  wet  soils.  Stem  smooth,  obtusely  4-ancrled  with 
the  sides  concave,  12 — 18  inciies  iiigh,  nsuall}-  simple,  bearing  sinull  vi'horls 
of  minute,  ])urplish  flowers.  J^eaves  with  coarse,  toolli  like  serraiures,  sessile. 
The  whole  plant  often  changes  to  purple.  It  is  reputed  a  remedy  for  blood- 
spitting.     July,  Aug.    Per.  Virginia  Water  Hoarlinund.     Bugle-weed. 


273  BLEPHILIA. 


Tribe  3.  MONARDE.E. 

CnroUa  bilabiate  :  tube  exserted.     Stamens  2  fertile,  ascending,  the  upper  pair  abortive  ;  anthers 

linear,  with  the  two  celts  contiguous,  or  halved  with  the  2  cells  widely  separated  on  opposite  ends 

of  a  long,  transverse  connectile. 

6.  MONA'RDA. 

Corolla  ringent,  tubular,  upper  lip  linear,  involving  the 
filament;  stamens  2,  mostly  exserted  from  the  upper  lip. 

Name  in  honor  of  Monardes,  a  Spanish  botanist  of  the  IGth  century.  Cal. 
elongated,  cylindric,  striate,  sub-equally  5-tootiied.  Upper  lip  of  cor.  lance- 
linear,  lower  lip  reflexed,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  narrower ;  tube  slender, 
mostly  exserted.     Anth.  2-celled,  cells  divaricate  at  base,  connate  at  apex. 

1.  M.  di'dyma, 

&'em  acutely  4-angled  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  somewhat  rough 
and  villous,  on  short  petioles,  midribs  and  veins  hairy  beneath ;  flowers  in 
terminal,  often  proliferous  heads;  bracts  colored.  A  handsome,  fragrant 
plant,  2 — 3  feet  high,  with  crimson  or  scarlet  flowers.  Stem  mostly  branch- 
ing. Leaves  2 — 5  inches  lonff,  very  broad  at  base,  often  cordate,  serrate,  with 
scattered  hairs  above  and  prominent,  haiiy  veins  beneath.  Flowers  in  heads 
which  are  often  proliferous,  with  large,  ovate  lanceolate  bracts  tinged  with 
the  same  color  as  the  corollas.  Calyx  colored.  Corollas  large  and  showy. 
Styles  4,  2  of  which  are  minute  and  abortive  ;  hence  the  specific  name.  A 
beautiful  plant  in  cultivation.     Swamps.    July.  Aug.    Per.      Mountain  Mint. 

2.  M.    FISTULO'SA.       L. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  petiolate,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent ;  heads  of  flotccrs  terminal,  few,  but  many-flowered  ;  irac^s sessile  ,  calyx 
slightly  curved  with  the  throat  hirsute.  A  handsome,  variable  plant,  growing 
in  hedges,  thickets,  rocky  banks,  «fec.,  most  common  in  N.  York.  The  stem 
is  2 — 3  feet  high,  quadrangular  with  the  sides  somewhat  concave,  hollow  in 
various  degress,  nearly  smooth  or  pubescent  above,  simple  or  with  a  few 
opposite  branches.  Leaves  obtuse  at  base,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly 
acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  nearly  smooth,  2 — 4  inches  long  and  on  petioles 
one  fifth  their  length.  Flowers  in  involucrate,  terminal  heads,  20 — 50  in  a 
head.  Outer  bracts  leafy,  often  partially  colored.  Calyx  slender,  one  half 
inch  in  length.  Corolla  much  exserted,  varying  from  greenish  white  and 
pale  purple  to  blue,  the  upper  lip  long  and  linear,  enfolding  the  2  stamens, 
which,  with  the  style  are  somewhat  exserted  at  its  end.     July,  Aug.     Per. 

a.  Stem  simple,  hollow;  heads  simple  or  proliferous ;  corolla  pale  yellow. 

/3  (M.  allophylla.  Mx.) ;  stem  branched,  hollow,  or  solid  with  pith  ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate;  heads  simple  ;  bracts  paitially  colored  ;  corolla  pale  blue. 

y.  (M.  clinopodia.  L  ) ;  stem  solid  ;  leaves  tapering  at  base,  remotely  ser- 
rate ;  heads  simple  ;  calyx  short ;  corolla  pale  purple. 

7.  BLEPHI'LIA. 

Calyx  13-nervecl,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-toothecl,  lower  lip 
shorter,  2-tootlied,  the  teeth  setaceous  5  corolla  bilabiate,  upper 
lip  short,  erect,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  ;  lower  lip  of  3  unequal, 
spreading  lobes,  the  lateral  ones  orbicular ;  stamens  2,  fertile, 
ascending,  exserted. 

Gr.  fi>.i(^»Qii,  the  eye-lash;  probably  referiing  to  the  ciliate  bracts. 


LABIATJE.  274  ROSMARINTS. 

B.    IIIRSU'TA.      Raf.  Monarda  hirsuta.  P.      M.  ciliata.  JIfx. 

Whole  plant  hirsute  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  petiolate; 
flowers  in  axillary  verticillasters  ;  bracts  colored,  sliorter  than  the  flowers, 
oblong,  acuminate.  In  damp  woods,  rare.  Stem  1 — '2  feet  high,  diti'usely 
branching,  roughly  pubescent.  Petiole  one  fourth  to  one  half  inch  long, 
leaves  1}  or  4  times  as  long,  somewhat  rounded  at  base.  Flowers  small,  form- 
ing several  dense  whorls  near  the  ends  of  each  branch.  Corolla  scarcely  half 
an  inch  long,  pale  purple  with  spots  of  a  deeper  hue.  Style  longer  than 
stamens,  or  corolla.     June,  July.    Per.  Hairy  Blepldlia. 

8.     SA'LVIA. 
Corolla  ringent ;  stamens  2;  connectilc  transversely  artic- 
ulated to  the   tilament,  supporting  at   each  end  a  cell  of  the 
dimidiale  anliier  ;  achenia  4. 

Lat.  salvia,  from  salveo,  to  be  well ;  probably  for  its  salutary  qualities.  A 
large  genus  of  which  but  few  species  are  native.  Cal.  tubular,  striate,  2- 
lipped,  the  upper  lip:2 — 3-toothed,  lower  lip  divided  Upper  lip  of  cor.  straight 
or  falcate,  lower  3-cleft,  middle  segment  largest,  emarginate.  The  transverse 
conneclile  constitutes  the  essential  character. 

1.  S.  lyra'ta. 

Radical  leaves  lyrate,  erosely  dentate  ;  upper  lip  of  the  coroVa  very  short, 
straight.  Stem  erect,  quadrangular,  nearly  leafless,  J — 2  feet  high,  branching 
above  and  covered  with  hairs  pointing  downwards.  Radical  leaves  oblong, 
lyrate  or  sinuate-piniiatifid,  petiolate.  Cauline  leaves  but  1 — 2  pairs,  just 
below  the  raceme.  Flowers  in  whorls  of  about  6,  distant,  constituting  a  long, 
interrupted  raceme.  Corolla  blue,  the  tube  much  exserted.  Ps^ative  of  shady 
woods.     May,  June.     Per.  Wi  d  Suge. 

2.  S.  OFFICINA'lIS. — Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  crenulate,  rugose  ; 
■whorls  few-flowered  ;  calyx  mucronate  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  as  long  as  the 
lower  and  somewhat  vaulted.  A  well  known  garden  shrub,  with  a  shrubby 
stem,  rugose  leaves  of  a  dull  green  color  and  an  aromatic  fragrance.  F'lowers 
in  whorls  forming  a  spike.  Corolla  ringent,  blue,  with  a  lengthened  tube 
and  viscid  calyx,  somewhat  brown.  Native  in  the  south  of  Europe.  Very 
useful  in  domestic  economy  and  medicine.     July.     Per.  Ccminon  Sage. 

3.  S.  ScLARV. — Leaves  oblong,  heart-shaped,  rugose,  villous,  serrate  ; 
bracts  colored,  concave,  longer  than  the  calyx.  A  strong-scented  exotic,  1 — 3 
feet  hitrh,  with  viscid  leaves  as  large  as  the  hand.  The  flowers  and  bracts  are 
variegated  with  pale  purple  and  yellowish  white,  in  whorled  spikes.  Calyx 
with  spinous  teeth.     Native  in  Italy.     Bien.  Clarry. 

9.    ROSMARI'NUS. 
Corolla  bilabiate,   upper   lip  2  parted;  filaments  2,  fertile, 
elongated,  ascending,  having  a  tooth  on  the  side. 

An  ancient  Latin  name,  compounded  of  ros,  dew,  and  marinvs,  of  the  sea. 
Cor  lower  lip  reflexed,  in  3  divisions,  of  which  the  middle  is  larger.  Fil. 
inclining  towards  the  upper  lip,  which  they  exceed  in  length. 

R.  OFFICINA'LIS. — Leaves  sessile,  linear, margins  revolute.  Anerect, 
evergreen  shrub,  4  feet  hisrli)  much  branched.  Leaves  opposite,  obtuse, 
linear-oblono-,  entire,  smooth,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  downy  and 
sometimes  whitish  beneath.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  of  a  bright  blue 
color,  havintr.  like  the  leaves,  a  strong  aromatic  fragrance  like  camphor.  It 
yields  by  distillation  a  large  proportion  of  fragrant  oil.  Rosemary, 


LABfAT^.  275 


PVCNANTHEMUM. 


Tribe  4.  SATUREINEiE. 

Calyx  5-toothed  and  equal,  or  bilabiate  ivith  the  upper  lip  trijid  and  the  lower  bifid.     Corolla 

sxibbilabiate^  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  evtire  or  bifid,  lower  spreading,  trifid,  lobes  subequai ;  tube  about 

as  long  as  the  calyx.     Utamens  2 — 4,  distant,  straight,  diverging. 

10.    PYCNA'iNTHEMUM. 

Heads  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  many  bracts;  calyx 
tubular,  striate;  upper  li[)  of  tl»e  corolla  mostly  eniire ;  sta- 
mens distant,  2  as  long  as  the  upper  lip,  2  shorter. 

Gr.  irvKvoi.  dense,  and  av^oi,  a  flower  ;  the  flowers  of  this  genus  are  in 
close  heads.  Lower  lip  of  cor.  trifid,  the  middle  lobe  longest.  Anth.  with 
parallel  cells. 

•Stamens  e.xserted. 

1.  P.    INCA'NUM.      Mz.  Clinopodiumincanum.     Willd. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  with  short  petioles  and  hoary 
tomentum  ;  heads  of  flowers  compound,  terminal  and  lateral,  pedunculate ; 
brads  subulate.  Grows  in  rocky  woods  and  hills.  Stem  Sfeet  high,  obtusely 
4-angled.  erect,  and,  like  the  rest  of  the  plant,  covered  with  soft,  whitish 
down.  Leaves  whitish  beneath.  Flowers  pale  red  with  purple  spots,  on 
white,  tomentose  peduncles,  in  dense  heads,  and  with  numerous  bracts,  of 
which  the  inner  ones  are  setaceous,  bearded  at  the  end  ;  the  outer  ones  are 
lanceolate.     Plant  aromatic.     July,  Aug.     Per.  Wild  Basil. 

2.  P.    ARISTA'TUM.      Mz. 

Leaves  lance-ovate,  subserrate,  with  very  short  stalks,  whitish  ;  verticils 
and  terininid  /tend  sessile  ;  bracts  aw ned.  Native  of  dry  woods.  Stem  ] — 3 
feet  high,  downy,  erect.  Leaves  an  incli  long,  punctate,  nearly  sessile,  the 
upper  ones  a  little  canescent  with  down.  Flowers  white,  small,  in  numerous, 
compound,  dense,  hoary,  terminal,  sessile  whorls  and  heads.  Aromatic — 
tastes  like  pennyroyal.     July,  Aug.     Per  IVild  Basil. 

3.  P.    LINIFo'liUM.      p.  Brachystemum  Virginicum.    Mx. 
Stem  straight,  smooth  ;  6;-ffnc/iC5  trichotomous,  fastigiate  ;  leaves  linear,  very 

entire,  ri-nerved,  smooth  ;  lieads  terminal,  dense,  in  a  fasciculate  corymb.  An 
erect  plant  with  fastigiate  branches,  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  growing  in  ex- 
siccated swamps,  &c.  Like  both  the  above  species  it  tastes  and  smells 
strongly  like  pennyroyal.  Stem  often  purplish,  slightly  4-angled,  corymbose 
at  the  summit.  iLeaves  very  narrow,  entire,  sniootli  and  punctate,  with 
fascicles  of  smaller  ones  in  the  axils.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  numerous, 
small,  roundish  heads,  mostly  terminal,  and  with  imbricated  bracts.  Aug. 
f-  sr.  Virginian  Thyme. 

*  *  Stamens  included. 

4.  P.  VERTICILLA'TUM.  Mx.  p.  lanceolatum.  P. 
Stem  straight,  corymbosely  branched,  pubescent  on  the  angles  ;  leaves  sub- 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate,  feather-veined,  entire;  verticils 
sessile,  fasciculale-corymbed  ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamens 
exserted.  This  species  much  resembles  the  preceding,  but  is  distinct  in 
several  important  characters.  Grows  in  dry  woods  and  hills.  Stem  2  or  more 
feet  high,  square,  with  obtuse  angles,  somewhat  scabrous.  Branches  corymb- 
ed,  dowiiy  above.  Leaves  varyino;  in  width  from  one  si.\th  to  one  half  of 
their  length.  Flowers  collected  in  dense,  canescent  heads.  Corolla  purplish 
white  with  darker  spots.     Aug.     Per.                            H'horled  Pycnant/iemum. 


LABIATJE.  276  THYMUS. 

5.  P.  mu'ticum. 

Stem  pubescent,  paniculate-branching  above  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sub- 
dentate,  sessile,  nearly  smooth ;  heads  terminal;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  awnless;  stamens  inchided.  Found  in  woods  and  dry  hills.  Stem 
2  feet  high,  square,  with  larger  opposite  leaves  and  white  flowers.  Leaves 
large,  the  width  a  third  of  the  length,  entire  or  denticulate.  Heads  mostly 
lenninai,  and  with  the  bracts  and  upper  leaves,  whitish  pubescent.  Corolla 
tinged  with  purple,  with  spots  of  a  deeper  hue.     Aug.     Per.       Jlwnless  Pyc. 

11.  O  R I  G  A'  N  U  M . 

Flowers  collected  into  dense  clusters,  imbricated  with 
bracts;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  flat,  emarginate,  lower 
lip  with  3  nearly  equal  segments. 

Gr.  oQoi  a  mountain,  and  ya-voi,  joy.  These  pretty,  fragrant  plants  may 
well  be  said  to  be  the  joy  of  the  places  where  they  grow.  Invol.  of  many 
imbricated,  ovate,  colored  leaves,  one  under  each  flower,  longer  than  the 
ovoid-tubular,  subregular  calyx.  Cor.  ringent,  tube  equal  to  the  calyx.  Fil. 
long  as  cor. 

0.  vulga're. 

Leaves  ovale,  entire,  hirsvite,  petiolate ;  s/)?7.c5  roundish,  panicled.  fascicu- 
late, smooth,  erect;  hructs  ovnie,  longer  than  the  calyx,  colored.  Grows  in 
fields  and  tliickets.  Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  purple,  leafy,  branching  above. 
Leaves  a  very  little  serrate,  opposite,  hairy,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots, 
paler  beneath.  Petioles  hairy  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Bracts  tinged 
with  purple.  Flowers  purplish  while.  The  plant  has  a  highly  aromatic 
taste.     July,  Aug.     Per.  If'ild  Marjoram. 

12.  MAJORA'NA. 

Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  flat,  contracted  and  involute  at  base; 
lower  lip  very  small  ;  corolla  tube  scarcely  exserted,  upper 
lip  emaiginate,  lower  spreading, subequally  3-lobed  ;  stamens 
exserted,  distant. 

Name  derived  from  the  Arabic.  European  herbs.  Flowers  in  dense 
spikelets,  imbricated  with  bracts.  Cal.  and  cor.  sornewiiat  2-lipped.  Anth. 
2celled. 

M.  HORTE'NSIS.--Jltonc/t.  (Origanum  Majorana.  P.)  Leaves  o\a\  ox 
obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  petiolate,  hoary-pubescent;  s/«7.es  roundish,  compact, 
pedunculate,  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches;  bracts  roundish.  Native 
of  Portugal,  cultivated  in  gardens  It  has  a  pleasant  aromatic  flavor,  and  is 
employed  in  various  ways  as  a  seasoning.  Plant  soft-downy,  a  foot  high. 
Flowers  pink-colored.     July,  Aug.     Per.  8icect  Marjoram. 

13.    THYMUS. 

Flowers  capitate  or  verticillate ;  calyx  subcampanulate, 
bilabiate,  10-ribbed,  the  throat  closed  with  hairs  ;  upper  lip 
of  the  corolla  flat,  emarginate,  shorter  than  the  lower. 

Gr.  9'ff*o<,  courage  ;  on  account  of  the  smell  which  revives  the  spirits  of 
animals.  Cal.  upper  lip  trifid,  lower  bifid.  Cor.  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed, 
the  middle  lobe  broadest. 


^77  COLLINSONIA. 


1.  T.  VULGA'riS — Stfms  procumbent  at  base,  erect;  leaves  revolnte 
at  the  sides,  oblong-ovate  and  lanceolate  ;  verticils  in  terminal,  leafy  spikes. 
Native  of  S.  Europe  and  cultivated  for  culinary  purposes.  Stems  sutiruti- 
cose,  numerous,  branched,  G — 10  inches  high.  It  is  higlily  aromatic,  as  well 
as  the  other  species,  and  is  peculiarly  attractive  to  bees.  Blossoms  in  sum- 
mer. Garden  Thyme. 

2.  T.  Serpy'llus. 

Steins  decumbent ;  leaves  flat,  elliptical,  obtuse,  ciliate  at  base  ;  floicers 
capitate.  An  aromatic  plant,  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  milder  and  rather 
more  pleasantly  flavored.  Stems  suff"ruticose,  wiry,  slender  and  wavy,  with 
leafy,  downy  and  ascending  branches,  each  terminating  in  a  small,  dense, 
oblong  head  of  purple  flowers,  much  frequented  by  bees.  Leaves  entire, 
petiolate,  punctate,  smoolhish,  ciliate.  Corolla  purple, spotted.  June.  Cul- 
tivated and  naturalized.  ICild  Thyme.     Mother  of  Tlujvie. 

14.  SATURE'JA. 

Calyx  tubular,  10-nerved  ;  segments  of  the  bilabiate  corolla 
nearly  equal;  stamens  diverging,  scarcely  exserted. 

Arabic  sritur,  the  general  name  for  labiate  plants.  Upper  lip  of  cor.  erect, 
flat,;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  lobes  nearly  equal. 

S.  HORTE'NSIS. — Stem  branching;  /ca?;c5  linear-oblong,  entire,  acute 
at  the  end  ;  peduncles  axillary,  cymcse.  Native  of  Italy.  Cultivated  as  a 
culinary  arojnatic.  Stem  branching  and  bushy,  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  woody 
at  base,  frequently  changing  to  purple.  Leaves  numerous,  small  and  nar- 
row, with  axillary  cymes  of  pink-colored  flowers.  Calyx  about  as  long  as 
tlie  corolla.     July,  Aug.     Per.  Summer  Sa cor y. 

15.  HYSSO'PUS. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  flat,  emarginate,  lower  lip 
3-parted,  the  middle  segment  largetit,  tube  about  as  long  as 
the  calyx  ;  stamens  exserted,  diverging. 

Hebrew  ezob ;  Arabic  azzof;  Eng.  hyssop.  It  is  uncertain  to  what  plant 
the  ancient  name  was  applied.  C;il.  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  5-toolhed  ; 
throat  naked.  Cor.  bilabiate,  lower  lip  in  3  segments  of  which  tiie  middle 
one  is  lono-estand  crenate,  obcordate.     Anth.  2-celIed  ;  cells  linear,  divaricate. 

H.  OFFICINA'LIS.  —  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  sessile; 
calyx  tcrth  erect ;  flowers  in  racemose,  secund  verticils,  middle  division  of  the 
corolla  '2-lobed.  entire.  The  common  hyssop  is  a  native  of  S  Europe,  often 
met  with  in  our  o-ardens,  bemg  cultivated  for  its  reputed  medicinal  properties. 
It  i.f  a  handsome  plant,  growing  in  tufts,  2  feet  high,  with  delicate  foliage  and 
bright  blue  flowers.     July.     Per.  Hyssop. 

1  G .    C  O  L  L  I N  S  O'  N  I  A  . 

Corolla  exserted,  campanulaleringent,  upper  Up  in  4  sub- 
equal  lobes,  lower  lip  longer,  declined,  fimbriate;  stamens  2, 
(rarely  3)  much  exserled,  divergent. 

Name  in  honor  of  John  Collinson,  an  English  botanist.  Gal.  ovoid,  bilabi- 
ate, about  10  nerved  ;  upper  lip  truncate,  3-toolhed,  lower  lip  bifid.  Anth, 
ii- celled,  cells  divaricate. 

Y 


LADIAT^.  278  MICROMERIA. 

C.  Canade'ks[s. 

Z,ctt?)r;5  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  petiolate,  glabrous  ;  teeth  of  the 
calyx  subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  racemes  paniculate,  terminal.  A  tall 
herb  witli  large,  yellow  leaves.  Stein  4-sided,  3 — 4-feet  high,  smooth  or  a 
little  pube-sucnt.  Leaves  thin,  C — b  inches  long  and  3 — 4  wide.  Flowers  in 
a  large,  compound  raceme  ;  with  opposite  branches  and  pedicels.  Corolla 
greenisli  yellow,  the  lower  lip  elongated  and  fringed.  Style  and  stamens 
very  long.     Flowering  in  summer.     Woods  and  fields.    Per.        Horse  Balm. 

17.     CUNI'LA. 
Calyx  10  nerved,  equally  S-tooihecJ,  throat  densely  villose, 
upper  lip  of  corolla  flat,  einarginate  ;  stamens  2,  erect,  exsert- 
ed,  distant. 

Gr.  jwi/tXi),  the  ancient  Roman  name  for  pennyroyal.  Cal.  tubular,  cylin- 
drical. Cor.  bilabiate,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  often  the 
largest  and  emarginate.  Anth.  2-celIed  ;  cells  parallel  or  at  length  divergent 
at  base . 

C.    Maria'na. 

Leaves  ovate,  serrate,  subsessile  ;  cymes  pedunculate,  corymbose,  axillary 
and  terminal.  Grows  on  rocks  and  in  dry  woods,  M.  Y.  Stem  4-angled, 
mostly  purple,  branching,  smoothish,  1 — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  small,  nearly 
smooth,  roundish  or  subcordate  at  base,  tapering  to  a  point  and  punctate  with 
pellucid  dots.  Flowers  with  subulate  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  3-forked 
pedicels.  Caly.x  punctate.  Corolla  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  pubes- 
cent, pale  red.  Stamens  and  style  much  e.xserted,  of  the  same  hue  as  the 
corolla.  The  herb  is  delightfully  fragrant,  and  used  in  febrifugal  infusions. 
July — Sept.     Per.  Dittany. 

TiuBE  5.  MELISSINEiE. 

Gilyx  bilabiate  ;  corolla  bilabiate :  upper  lip  straight,  lower  lip  sprear/ing,  deft  into  SJlat  lobes,  of 
ivkick  the  middle  one  is  often  broadest.     Stamens  4,  sometimes  2,  ascending. 

18.     HEDEO'MA. 

Calyx  gibbous  beneath  at  base.  13-nervcd,  throat  hairy; 
upper  lip  of  coiolla  erect,  flat,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed  ; 
stamens  2,  feilile,  ascending. 

Gr.  lo^fia,  sweet  or  agreeable,  oa-fx^-i),  smell;  on  account  of  the  fragrance. 
Cal.  ovoid,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-tootlied,  lower  lip  bifid,  about  as  large  as  the 
corolla.     Anth.  2-celled  ;  cells  diverging. 

H.  pulegioi'des. 

Leaves  oblong,  few-toothed ;  flowers  axillary,  whorled.  A  small,  strong- 
scented  herb,  held  in  high  repute  in  the  domestic  materia  vicdica.  Stem 
erect,  branching,  half  a  foot  high.  Leaves  opposite  with  1—2  teeth  each 
side,  on  very  short  petioles,  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  roughish  beneath. 
Calyx  ciliate,  2  lower  divisions  spined.  Abundant  in  dry  pastures,  and 
flowers  ill  summer.     Ann.  Pennyroyal. 

10.    MICROME'RIA. 
Calyx    13  (rarely  15)-nerved,  5-toothed,  nearly  equal;  co- 
rolla sub-bilabiate,  tube  exserlod,  upper  lip  bitidly  emarginate, 
lower  subcqualty  3-lobed  ;  stamens  ascending,  the  upper  j'air 
shorter. 


LABIAT-E.  279  SCUTELLARIA. 

Gr.  f/>ix,Qoi,  small  or  obscure,  f*£go«,  division;  on  account  of  the  sliglitly 
2-lipped  caljix  and  corolla. 

JM.    GLABE'lLA.      Bf.nth.  CnnWii.  Mx.      Hedeoma  glabra.  J\««^ 

Glabrous;  stem  branching  above,  and  mostly  surculose  at  base;  leaves 
entire,  those  of  the  suckers  elliplic-ovate,  of  the  stem  linear-oblong,  obtuse  ; 
verticilliisters  about  6-flo\vercd.  A  delicate  little  herb  nearly  or  quite  smooth, 
growing  on  lime-stone  rocks  near  the  base  of  Niagara  Falls.  It  has  the 
general  aspect  and  fragrance  of  pennyroyal.  Stem  erect  (prostrate  at  base), 
4-angled,  slender,  6 — 10  inches  high.  Suckers  at  the  base  often  numerous 
and  several  inches  in  length,  with  leaves  about  ',i  lines  long,  and  2  lines  wide, 
brownish  purple  beneath.  Stem  leaves  an  inch  or  less  long,  very  narrow, 
the  lowest  sometimes  with  a  few  teeth.  Flowers  somewhat  regular,  on 
pedicels  ^  inch  long,  with  linear  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla  pale  purple. 
Stamens  4,  the  upper  pair  much  the  shortest,  all  antheriferous.    Jl.,  Aug.  Per. 

20.     MEl.  rSSA. 
Calyx  13  nerved,,  flaltish   above,  ihe   upper  lip  3-toothed, 
lower  bifid;   upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  flaltish,  lower  lip 
spreading.    3-lobfd,   the  middle   lobe  mostly  broadest.     Sta- 
mens ascending. 

This  is  the  Gr.  name  of  the  bee,  from  ft-fX,  hone}';  which  is  sought  in  these 
flowers  by  bees  wiih  avidity.  Cal  and  cor.  bilabiate.  Stam.  mostly  approxi- 
mate in  pairs  at  apex.  Anth.  2- celled,  cells  distinct,  parallel,  finally  diverging. 
Connectile  often  thickened. 

1.  M.  OFFICINA'LIS. — Pubescent ;  s^cm  erect,  branching;  ^o?cer5  in 
dimidiate  verticils,  subsessile  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  coarsely  crenate-serrate, 
rugose;  bracts  few,  ovate  lanceolate,  petiolate.  A  well  known  garden  plant, 
native  of  S.  Europe.  Stem  about  a  foot  high.  Flowers  white  or  yellowish. 
The  plant  is  a  stomachic  and  diuretic,  generally  administered  in  the  form  of 
tea.  For  medicinal  use  it  should  be  cut  before  flowering  which  occurs  in 
June  and  after.  Balm. 

2.    M.    ClINOPO'diUM.      Benth.  Clinopodium  valgare.  L. 

Villose ;  leaves  ovate,  subserrate;  verticils  many-flowered,  hairy;  bracts 
numerous,  subulate.  Low  woods,  i\:c.  A  common  plant,  1 — 2  feet  high. 
Stem  square,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  and,  as  well  as  the  whole  plant, 
clothed  with  a  whitish  wool.  Leaves  petiolate,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point, 
pale,  with  whitish  down  beneath.  Flowers  purplish,  in  very  hairy,  mostly 
terminal  whorls  or  heads.  Peduncles  cymosely  bianched,  short.  Involucre 
of  narrow  and  bristle-like  bracts,  about  equalling  the  hairy,  subulate  C3l)'x 
teeth.     July.     Per.  Itild  Basil. 

Tribe  fi.  SCUTELLARINE^. 

Calyx  bilnbiale,  upper  lip  truncate.     Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted,  tube  ascenUing,  exserted. 

Stamens  4,  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 

21.    SCUTELLA'RIA. 

Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate,   lips  entire,  the    upper  one 

appendaged  on  the  back  and  closed  after  flowering;  corolla 

bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted,  tube  much  exserted. 

Lat.  scutella,  a  small  vessel,  from  the  figure  of  the  calyx,  which  may  be 
likened  to  a  cup  with  a  handle.  But  it  Btill  more  resembles  a  helmet  with  the 
vizor  raised.     Cor.  ringent;  upper  lip  concave,  in  3  scg.,  the  middle  one  clef\j 


LABIAT.E.  280  NEPETA. 

lower  lip  broader,  in  3  shallow  lobes.     Tube  ascending  from  the  base.     Stam. 
ascending.     Anth.  approximate  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip,  2-celled. 

1.  S.  lateriflo'ba. 

Stem  branching,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leavrs  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serratP, 
petiolate ;  racrmis  lateral,  axillary,  leafy.  Meadows  and  ditches.  Stem 
square,] — 2  feet  high,  very  branching.  Leaves  opposite,  rounded  at  base, 
acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  on  petioles  an  inch  in  length.  Racemes 
op|)osite,  axillary,  somewhat  one-sided,  on  long  stalks,  and  consisting  of 
numerous  small,  blue  flowers  intermixed  with  small  leaves.  The  English 
name  is  due  to  the  singular  form  of  the  calyx,  which  after  flowering,  closes 
upon  the  seeds  like  a  cap  or  vizor.     July,  Aug.     Per.        Virginian  iicull-cap. 

2.  S.  integrifo'lia, 

■S7e7rt  erect,  nearly  simple,  and,  with  the  whole  plant,  densely  pubescent; 
leovis  ovate-lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  subacute, 
entire,  subsessile  ;  racemes  loose,  leafy  ;  jioicers  large.  Grows  on  dry  hills. 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  with  large  blue  flowers  in  terminal  racemes,.  Tiie  leaves 
vary  in  breadth  and  margin,  the  lowest  being  sometimes  ovate  and  crenate. 
July.     Per.  Entirc-lcavcd  Scull-cap. 

3.  S.  galericula'ta. 

Stem,  erect,  simple  or  branched  ;  Z^flce*  lanceolate-cordate,  remotely  crenate- 
serrate  ;  y/ojccrs  axillary,  solitary  Meadows  and  ditches.  Tlie  whole  plant 
glabrous.  Stem  square,  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  truncate-cordate  at 
base  and  acutish  at  apex,  scarcely  petiolate,  li  inch  in  length,  ^  inch  wide. 
Flowers  much  larger  than  the  preceding,  rarely  more  than  1  from  the  sam£ 
axle,  with  a  vizor-like  calyx  like  that  of  the  last.  Corolla  an  inch  in  length, 
blue.     July.  Common  Scull-cap. 

22.    PRUNE'LLA  . 

Calyx  about  10-nerved,  upper  li|)  dilated,  truncale,  with  3 

short    (eelli,  lower   lip  wiiii    2    lanceolale   teelli;    tilamenls 

forked,  one  point  ofthe  foik  bearing  llie  anther. 

A  name  of  German  origin.  Cal.  campanulate,  bilabiate.  Cor.  rinjrent  ; 
tube  short,  cylindric,  the  upper  lip  concave,  entire,  inflated,  lower  lip  reflect- 
ed, 3-lobed.  Anth.  approximate  in  pairs  beneath  the  upper  lip,  2-celled; 
cells  divaricate. 

P.  vulga'ris. 

Siem  ascending,  simple  ;  /coires  oblong-ovate,  toothed,  petiolate  ;  upper  lip 
of  corolla  truncate,  with  3  awns.  A  very  common  plant  sometimes  called 
blue-curls,  found  in  meadov/s  and  low  grotmds.  The  stem  is  nearly  a  foot 
high,  obtusely  4-angled,  hairy,  simple  or  slightly  branched.  Leaves  few. 
opposite,  slightly  toothed,  the  stalks  gradually  becoming  shorter  from  the 
lower  to  the  upper  pair  which  are  sessile.  Flowers  blue,  in  a  large  ovate 
spike  of  dense  verticils.  Bracts  imbricated,  reniform,  2  beneath  each  verticil. 
Flowering  all  summer.     Per.  Self-heal. 

Tribe  7.  NEPETEiE. 

Calyx  oMigue,  -upper  teeth  longer.     Corolla  bilabiate.,  vjrper  lip  vaulted,  lower  spreading,  throat 

tnosty  inflated.     Staynens  ascending  or  diverging,  the  ujrper  pair  longer. 

2  3.     NE'PETA. 
Calyx  arid,  striate;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla   emarginate. 
lower  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  crenate,  margin  of 
the  orilice  reflected  ;  stamens  approximate, 


281  LOPHANTHUS. 


Said  to  be  named  from  JVepet,  a  town  in  Tuscany.  Cal.  tube  ovoid,  straight, 
about  15-nerved.  Tube  of  cor.  cylindric,  long,  incurved,  dilated  at  the  throat 
which  has  on  each  side  a  small,  refle,\ed  lobe,  upi>er  lip  erect,  slightly  cleft; 
lower  lip  large,  rounded,  concave,  with  many  notches.  Fil.  close  together, 
covered  by  the  upper  lip.     Ach.  4,  in  the  bottom  of  the  cal. 

N.  cat.v'ria. 

Erect,  tall,  hoary-tomentose  ;  leavs  petiolate,  cordate,  coarsely  crenate- 
serrate ;  ^'<?ce7-s  spiked,  the  whorls  sliglitly  pedunculated.  This  common 
plant  is  naturalized  every  where  about  old  buildings  and  fences.  Cats  are 
very  fond  of  it  and  will  often  devour  it  with  the  greatest  avidity.  Hence  the 
specific  name.  Stem  square,  pubescent,  branching,  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves 
very  evenly  bordered  by  tooth-like  or  crenate  serratures,  and  as  well  as  the 
whole  plant,  covered  with  a  soft,  hoary  down,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  many, 
white  or  purplish,  the  lower  lip  dotted  with  crimson.     July.     Per.         Catnev. 

24.     GL  ECHO' MA. 
Caljx   5-cIeft,  subequal  ;   upper  lip  of   the    corolla    bifid; 
antheis  approaching  each  othur  in  pairs,  each  pair  forming  a 
cross. 

Gr.  yXtiX^",  a  sort  of  thj^me.  Cal.  cylindric,  tubular,  about  1.5-nerved. 
Cor.  ringent ;  tube  compressed,  slender ;  upper  lip  cleft  half  way  down,  cov- 
ering the  stam.     Anth.  2-celled, cells  divaricate. 

G.    HEDERA'CEA.      L.  Nepeta  Glechoma.  Benih. 

Leaves  reniform,  crenate  ;  corolla  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  caly.ic.  A 
creeping  plant  naturalized  about  hedges,  walls,  &c.  Stems  prostrate,  radicat- 
ing at  base,  square,  varying  in  length  from  a  few  inches  to  1 — 2  feet.  Leaves 
petiolate,  opposite,  roundish,  cordate-reniform,  hniry  and  glaucous.  Flowers 
a.xillary,  about  3  together.  Corolla  bluish  purple  with  a  variegated  throat. 
The  2  anthers  of  each  pair  of  stamens  meet  with  their  2  divaricate  cells 
forming  the  appearance  of  a  cross.  The  plant  is  aromatic,  and  was  formerly 
used  in  ale,  also  in  medicine.   May.  Per.      Gill-over-thc-groand.   Ground  Ivy. 

25.    LOPHA'iNTHUS. 
Calyx  15-nerved,  oblique,  5-cleft,  upper  segments  longer; 
corolla    bilabiate,     U|)per  lip    bitidly    emaiginale,   lower    lip 
3-lobed,  the  middle   lobe  broader   and   cienale;  stamens  di- 
verging. 

Or.  Xoipoi,  a  crest,  avS^oi,  a  flower.  Flowers  in  dense,  terminal  spikes. 
Calyx  tubular.     Anth.  2-celled,  cells  parallel. 

1.  L.    NEPETOI'DES.      Benih.  Hyssopns  nepeloides.    L. 
Stem   smooth,  quadrangular,  with  the  angles   acute  and  .*lightiy   winged  ; 

leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceulate,  acutely  serrate;  petioles  smoolhish.  A  tall, 
branching,  pale  green  herb,  common  about  fences  and  dry  hedges.  Stem 
3 — 6  feet  high,  the  sides  somewhat  concave  and  the  antrles  prominent. 
Leaves  acuminate,  about  4  inches  in  length  and  2  in  widih.  Flowers  in 
crowded  axillary  verticils  forming  a  terminal  spike  which  is  nearly  continuous 
above.     Corolla  pale  yellow.     Stamens  exserted.     July.     Aug.    Per. 

2.  L.  SCHROPHULARIFO'LIUS.     Bentk.     Hyssopus  schrophularifolius.  L. 
Stem  pubescent,  quadrangular,  with  the  angles  obtuse  ;  leaves  cordate-ovate, 

crenate-serrate  ;  petioles  ciliale-pubescent.     Tall,  stout,  and  branching,  with 

Y* 


«!82  LEONURUS. 


the  general  aspect  of  the  former  species  and  found  in  similar  situations.  The 
herbage  is  often  changed  to  dark  purple.  Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  purple. 
Leaves  about  5  inches  in  length,  and  3  inches  wide,  coarsely  serrate,  acumi- 
nate. Flowers  in  crowded,  axillary  verticils,  forming  a  long,  dense,  terminal 
spike.     Corolla  pale  purple.     Stamens  and  style  exserted.     July,  Aug.     Per. 

Tribe  8.  STACHYDE^. 

Calyx  oblique  or  rarely  mb-bilabiale.  ^—lO-toothed.     Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  gakate  or  flat, 
lower  lip  unequally  3-lobed.     Stamens  ascending,  upper  pair  shorter. 

2  6.     PHYSOSTE'GIA. 
Calyx    campanulate,    subeqiially     5-toothed;  corolla   lube 
much  exserted,  throat  inflated,  upper  lip   concave,  middle 
division  of  lower  lip  largest,    roundish,  emarginale;  stamens 
4.  unconnected,  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip. 

Gr.  (pfo-o-,  a  bladder,  and  o-rriyn,  a  covering;  from  the  inflated  corollas. 
Cal.  lube  inflated,  short.  Cor.  ringent,  tube  length  of  cal.  throat  very  large, 
exserted,  oblong,  inflated,  the  lateral  seg.  of  lower  lip  erect  as  if  belonging  to 
the  throat.     Fil.  concealed  by  the  upper  lip. 

P.   ViRGINIA'NA.  Dracocephalum  Virginianum. 

Spilccs  dense,  square  ;  eabix  teeth  nearly  equal.     A  beautiful  plant  native  in 

Penn.  and  southward,  but  often  adorning  our  gardens  where  it  spreads  rapidly. 

It  ia  2 3  feet   high,    very  smooth,  dark  green.     Stem  square,  thick,    rigid. 

Leaves  opposite,  closely  sessile,  4— 5  inches  long,  |  of  an  inch  wide  with 
remote  and  shallow  teeth,  of  a  shining  dark  green.  Flowers  in  4-rowed 
spikes,  numerous,  dense.  Bracts  subulate.  Corolla  pale  purple,  about  an 
inch  long,  spotted  inside.     Aug.    Sept.     Per.  Lions-heart 

27.     LA'MIUM. 
Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  vaulted,  galeate,  nearly    entire, 
lower    lip   broad,   emarginate,  lateral  lobes   truncate,    often 
toothed  on  each  side  near  the  margin  of  the  dilated  throat. 

Lat.  lamia,  the  name  of  a  sea-monster,  to  which  we  may,  if  we  please, 
liken  the  grotesque  flowers.  Cal.  tube  dilated  at  mouth,  with  .5  mucronate 
teeth.  Cor.  ringent.  with  a  short  cylindnc,  crooked  tube  ;  middle  lobe  of  the 
lower  lip  somewhat  stiped  or  contracted  at  base.     Fil.  covered  by  the  upper  lip. 

L.  amplexicau'le. 

Leaves  roundish,  incisely  crenate,  floral  ones  broadly  cordate,  obtuse,  sessile, 
amplexicaul,  lower  ones  petiolate.  A  small,  slender  herb,  found  in  cultivated 
grounds.  Stems  ascending,  several  from  the  same  root,  (i — 10  inches  high, 
with  opposite,  short,  broad,  hairy  leaves  deeply  crenate  or  cut;  lower  ones  on 
stalks  an  inch  or  more  in  length.  Flowers  in  dense  verticels,  closely  sessile 
in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Calyx  liairy.  Corolla  purple,  downy,  the 
tube  much  exserted,  the  lower  lip  spotted  with  while.  Naturalized.  Flowers 
from  May  to  November.     Ann.  Hcnbil. 

2  8.     L  E  G  N  U'  R  U  S  . 
Calyx  teeth  subspinescent ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire, 
hairv.    concave,    erect,  lower  lip    3-lobed,  the   middle  lobe 
obcordate;  anthers  sprinUcd  with  sjiinin^  dots. 


LABIATJE,  283  STACHYS. 

Gr.  Kitoy,  a  lion,  and  ovga,  tail ;  from  the  appearance  of  the  spikes  of  flow- 
ers. Cal.  funnel-shaped,  5 — 10-nerved,  5-toothed.  Cor.  ringent,  hairy.  Fil. 
ascending,  longer  than  the  orifice,  covered  by  the  upper  lip,  the  lower  pair 
longest.     Ach.  triquetrous,  truncate  at  the  summit, 

L,  Cardi'aca. 

Loicer  stem  leaves  palrnate-lobed,  uppermost  lanceolate,  often  trifid,  all  of 
them  toothed,  cuneiform  at  base  ;  corolla  longer  tiian  the  calyx,  the  tube  with 
a  hairy  ring  within.  Native  of  Tartary,  whe^nce  it  was  first  introduced  into 
Kurope  and  thence  to  America,  ever  following  the  footsteps  of  civilized  man. 
It  is  common  about  rubbish,  stone  walls  and  waste  places.  Stem  about  3  feet 
high,  downy,  square,  large,  purplish,  bearing  its  opposite,  stalked,  rough 
leaves  arranged  in  4  verticel  rows.  Flowers  in  many  whorls.  Calyx  rigid 
and  bristly.  Corolla  purplish,  hairy  without,  variegated  within.  Motherwort 
has  a  strong  and  pungent  smell,  and  has  considerable  reputation  as  an  ingre- 
dient in  herb-drinks  for  colds,  coughs,  &.C.    July.     Per.  Muthcrwort. 

29.     GALEO'PSIS. 
Calyx  5-cIeft,  spinescent  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  vaulted, 
subcrenate,  lower  lip  with  3  unequal  lobes,  having,2  teeth  on 
its  upper  side. 

Gr.  yo-Xi),  a  weasel,  and  ovj'is,  appearance.  Its  grotesque  flowers  may  be 
likened  to  that  animal.  Cal.  tubular,  with  5  spreading,  mucronate  teeth. 
Cor.  ringent,  tube  slender  at  base,  dilated  at  the  throat,  which  has  two  promi- 
nences. Middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  largest,  cleft  and  crenate.  Fil.  ascending, 
covered  by  the  upper  lip. 

1.  G.  te'trahit. 

Slcm  hispid,  the  internodes  thickened  upwards;  /enrcs ovate, hispid, serrate; 
corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip  nearly  straight,  concave.  A 
common  weed,  naturalized  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  ) — 2  feet  high. 
Stem  obtusely  4-angled,  remarkably  swelled  below  the  joint,  and  covered 
with  prickly,  deflexed  bristles  Leaves  hairy  on  both  sides,  ovate,  acute, 
serrate.  Flowers  in  dense  verticels.  Calyx  with  5  acute,  bristly  teeth. 
Corolla  variegated  with  white  and  purple,  upper  lip  concave,  purple;  longer 
than  the  3-lobed  lower  one.     June,  July.     Ann.  Htinp  j\eUle. 

2.  G.  Lada'num. 

S/em  hairv,  internodes  equal;  leaves  lanceolate,  subserrate,  hairy  ;  uji-per 
lip  of  the  c'oroVa  slightly  crenate.  A  smaller  specie.s,  naturalized,  growing 
among  rubbish,  in  gravelly  soils,  &c.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  not  swollen 
below  the  joints,  with  opposite  branches.  Flowers  in  dense,  remote  whorls. 
Corollas  usually  rose-colored,  often  white  or  variegated,  spotted  with  crimson. 
Aug.     Sept.     Ann.  Red  Hemp  jYettle . 

30.     STACHYS. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla   vaulted,    lower    lip  3-lobed,   the 

middle  lobe  larj^est ;  stamens  ascending,  lower  ones    longer; 

antheis  approximated  in  pairs. 

Gr.  a-ruyyji,  a  spike  ;  this  being  the  inflorescence  of  all  the  species.  Cal. 
tube  antrulnr,  cleft  half  way  down  into  5  subulate,  awned  teeth,  rather 
unequal.  Cor.  ringent,  thetube  short,  throat  oblong,  lower  lip  larger  Uian 
upper,  the  middle  segment  very  large,  entire  or  emarginate,  folded  backwards. 
Stam.  bent  outward  after  flowering.     Ach.  obtuse,  not  truncate. 


LABIAT.E.  'i84  BALLOTA. 

1.  S.  a'spera. 

Stem  erect,  the  angles  retrorsely  hispid  or  rough  ;  leaves  subpetiolate,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  verticels  of  the  spilce  about  (J- 
flowered  ;  caiyx smoothish,  with  spreading  teeth,  at  length  spinescent.  Fields 
and  roadsides.  About  a  foot  high  and  rather  slender.  Stem  erect,  square, 
generally  hispid  backward  on  the  angles,  sometimes  nearly  smooth.  Leaves 
smooth,  membranaceous,  generally  rounded  at  base  and  acute  at  apex.  Spike 
terminal,  leafy,  composed  of  verticels,  each  with  4 — 8  pale  purple  flowers. 
Variable  in  pubescence.    July.     Per.  Hedge  JVtttle.     Wound-wort. 

2.  S.    SYLVA'tICA.      mitt.  S.  hispida.    P. 
Stem  very  hispid  on  the  angles ;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate-lanceolate, 

sometimes  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  hirsute ;  verticels 
2 — G-flowered;  floral  leaves  very  small,  lanceolate-linear,  hispid-ciliate  ;  calyx 
hirsute,  with  ciliate,  spinescent  teeth.  A  very  rougli  and  hairy  herb,  in  low 
woods  and  on  shady  banks.  Stem  erect,  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  3 — 4 
inches  long  and  ^  as  wide,  with  rounded  or  uncinate  serratures,  the  upper 
surface  with  short,  bristly  hairs.  Petioles  0 — ^  inch  long,  and  with  the  veins 
beneath,  hispid.  Spike  long,  slender,  terminal,  very  rough  and  hairy.  Co- 
rolla exserted,  purple,  spotted.     July,  Aug.     Per. 

3.  S.    HYSSOPIFO'LIA.      Mx.  S.  palustris.     IVak. 
Stem   scarcely  pubescent,  slender,  erect;  leaves  sessile,   linear-lanceolate, 

slightly  dentate  ;  verticels  about  4-flowered  ;  calyx  subspinescent.  A  slender 
species  6 — \'2  inches  high,  in  meadows,  N.  Y.  and  Ms.,  rare.  Leaves  very 
narrow,  often  linear,  with  minute  teeth  or  finely  serrulate.  Flowers  sessile. 
Corolla  a  little  hairy,  purple.     July.     Per. 

31.    MARRU'BIUM. 

Calyx  5 — 10-nerved,  5 — 10-tootlied  ;  upper  lip  of  the  co- 
rolla entire  or  birtd,  straight,  linear,  the  tube  included. 

Name  said  to  be  from  Marrubium  a  town  in  Italy.  Cor.  bilabiate  ;  lower 
lip  broader,  cleft  half  way  down  into  3  seg.  of  which  the  middle  one  is  broadest 
and  emarginate,  the  others  acute.  Fil.  sliorter  than  cor.  concealed  under  the 
upper  lip.     Anth.  2-celled  ;  cells  divaricate. 

M.  vulga'rf.. 

Stems  ascending,  hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  roundish-ovate,  crenate-dentate, 
downy-canescent  beneath;  rcz/j/a:  of  10  setaceous,  uncinate  teeth.  Introduced 
into  fields  and  roadsides.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  branching  at  base,  or  several 
from  the  same  root,  covered  with  a  white,  downy  pubescence.  Leaves  petio- 
lale,  1 — 2  inches  in  diameter,  vvhitisli  and  rough-veined  above,  very  woolly 
beneath,  rounded  and  toothed.  Flowers  white,  in  sessile,  axillary,  dense, 
hairy  verticels.  Calyx  woolly,  the  teeth  spreading  and  alternately  shorter. 
The  hoarhound  is  an  aromatic  and  bitter  herb,  well  known  as  an  ingredient  in 
couirh  candy.  It  is  a  tonic  and  diuretic,  and  much  used  in  pulmonary 
affections.     Per.  Hoar/iound. 

32.     BALLO'TA. 

Calyx  hyiiocrateriform,  5toothf;d.  10-striafe;  upper  lip  of 
the  corolla  concave,  crenate  ;  seeds  ovate,  3-corneied. 

Gr  /3aXX4».  to  reject;  on  account  of  its  offensive  odor.  Invol.  of  linear 
leaflets  under  the  whnrls.  Cor.  ringent ;  tube  cyl.  long  as  cal.;  lower  lip 
3-fid,  obtuse,  the  middle  seg.  largest,  emarginate. 


285  TEOCRIUM. 


t 


B.    NIGRA. 

Leaves  ovate,  subcordate,  undivided,  serrate ;  calyx  somewhat  truncate, 
throat  dilated,  teeth  spreading,  acuminate.  Said  to  have  been  introduced, 
but  is  frequently  met  with  about  hedges,  &c.,  in  Ms.  and  Conn.  Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high,  pubescent  as  well  as  the  opposite,  broad  leaves.  Flowers  purple  or 
white,  in  a.Killary  verticels.  This  plant  has  the  general  appearance  of  hoar- 
hound  (Marrabium)  but  not  its  fragrance.    July.    Per.     Scinking  Hoarhound. 

Tribe  9.  AJUGOIDEiE. 

Corolla  ujrper  lip  very  short,  or  split  to  the  base,  or  rarely  erect  and  vaulted,  lower  lip  longer. 
Stamens  ascending,  much  exserted.     Achenia  reticulately  rugose. 

33.    TRICHOSTE'MA. 
Calyx  resupinate;  corolla  tube    slender,  limb  S-cleft,  the 
lobes  oblong,  declined  ;  stamens  much   exserted,  lower  ones 
longer. 

Gr.  ^gi|,  TQiX'^i,  hair,  and  o-rtj^a,  a  stamen  ;  because  of  its  long  hair-like 
stamens.     Cal.  swelling,  oblique ;  upper  lip    (lower  by  the   twisting  of  the 
eduncle)  of  2,  short  acute  teeth;  lower  (at  length  the  upper)  twice  as  long, 
3-toothed.     Cor.  tube  very  short;  lower  hp  in  3  seg.,  middle  one  very  small. 
Anth.  2-celled,  cells  divaricate. 

T.  dicho'toma. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse,  entire,  pubescent ; 
floioers  resupinate  ;  stamens  very  loner,  e.xserted.  Found  on  dry  or  rocky 
hills  and  in  sandy  soils.  An  interesting  plant,  a  foot  high.  Stem  obtusely 
4-angled.  hairy,  bushy.  Branches  opposite,  divided,  the  upper  pair  generally 
forming  a  dichotomous  division  of  the  stem.  Leaves  petiolate,  of  a  rhombic, 
ovate-lanceolate  form.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  becoming  inverted  by 
the  twisting  of  the  petlob.  Corolla  purple.  Stamens  slender,  of  a  delieate 
purplish  hue,  gracefully  bending  from  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  to  the  uppep, 
forming  a  beautiful  arch.     Aucr.     Ann.  Blue-curls. 

34.    TEU'CRIUM. 
Corolla  with  the  4    upi)er  loi)es   nearly  equal,  the  lowest 
largest,  roundish;  stamens  exserted  from  the  cleft  in  the  up- 
per side  of  the  lube. 

Teucer,  the  founder  of  Troy,  is  said  by  Pliny  to  have  first  employed  this 
plant  medicinally.  Cal.  subcampanulate  and  subregular,  in  5  acute  segments. 
Cor.  ringent,  lower  lip  elongated. 

T.  Canade'nse. 

P/an^  erect,  hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  petiolate; 
bracts  linear-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  spitce  long,  of  many  crowded 
verticels  of  flowers;  upper  teeth  of  calyz  broader.  Grows  by  roadsides,  &c. 
about  2  feet  high.  Stem  simple  or  branched,  square,  with  concave  sides. 
Leaves  3  times  as  long  as  wide,  somewhat  rounded  at  base,  green  above, 
hoary  with  down  beneath.  Bracts  longer  than  the  calyx.  Flowers  disposed 
in  axillary  verticels,  each  of  4 — G.  Calyx  with  5  broad,  nearly  equal  segments, 
the  2  lower  ones  narrower.  Corolla  purplish,  apparently  without  the  upper 
lip,  instead  of  which  is  a  fissure  through  which  the  stamens  are  exserted. 
July.     Per.  Wild  Germander. 

ji.  Virginicum ;  upper  leaves  ovate-oblong,  nearly  sessile ;  bracts  about  as 
long  as  the  calyx.     Habits  similar  to  the  last. 


BORAGINACGJG.  386  CTNOULOSSUM. 

ORDER  XC V.    BOR AG  I NACE^.  Tht  Borage  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepals  5,  regular,  more  or  less  united  ai  base,  persistent.  [estivation. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  regular  (very  rarely  irregular),  united  at  base,  hypogyuous,  imbricate  ia 
Sta. — 5,  inserted  into  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 
Ova. — Deeply  4-lobed,  the  style  arising  from  the  base  oflhe  lobes. 
Fr. — Nuts  or  achenia  4,  distinct,  1-seeded.     Seeds  without  albumen. 
Embryo  with  a  superior  radicle.     Cotyledons  plano-convex. 

Herbs  or  sometimes  shrubby  plants,  with  round  stems  and  alternate,  rough  leaves. 
Stipules  0.  Flowers  of  the  cyanic  series,  rarely  yellow,  us  dally  in  one-sided  racemes 
which  are  at  first  revolute,  evolving  as  the  corollas  expand.  The  species  are  very  abun- 
dant ill  the  south  of  Europe  and  the  middle  of  Asia,  but  become  rare  as  we  approach  ihe 
arctic  circle.     All  our  native  species  are  herbaceous. 

Properties.     Mucilaginous  and  emollient  plants,  never  poisonous. 


Conspectus  of  the  genera. 


g                                                                                        (  imperforate.        Symphitum.  12 

"T                                                          (  Acli.  glabrous.  |  perf'ate  at  base.  Anc/iusa.  10 

%                              ( tube  straight.  |  Ach.  cloth'd  with  hook'd  bristles  Cyjwglossum.  2 

•^  ("orifice  closed,  (  lube  incurved.     Plant  very  hirsute-bristly.     .     Lycopsis.  9 

1  Flowers  small.  Lithnspemmm.  7 

I  Stamens          (  Style  short   ..   |  Flowers  large.   Pvtmunaria.  S 

I  included.  .  .  .  |  Style  much  exsened.        .        .     Onnsiywdiutn.  5 

[orifice  open.  .(  Stamens  exserted.     Corolla  irregular.        .        ErMum.  4 

(  orifice   i  Ach.  smooth  &  shining.  Myn^otis.  11 

il                                                              <  closed.  (  Achenia  bristly.          .     ErJiinospermum.  3 

13                                      (  not  yellow,  .  (orifice  open  or  naked.   .        .        Hcliotrophmi.  13 

g     salver-form,  ....( yellow,  limb  in  5,  rounded  segments.       .         .     Batsckia.  6 

U  [rotate,  with  acute  segments.    Stamens  converging.    .        .        .        Borago.  1 

1.    BORA'GO. 
Cal}X  5-paited  ;  corolla  rotate,  with  acute  segments ;  orifice 
crowneJ  ;  filaments  converging;  achenia  rounded,   impertor- 
ate  at  base,  inserted  lengthwise  into  an  excavated  receptacle. 

Said  to  be  corrupted  from  cor,  heart,  and  ago,  to  affect;  on  account  of  its 
corrfia/ qualities.     None  of  the  species  native. 

1.  B.  OFFICINA'LIS. — ieaves  ovate,  alternate,  the  lower  ones  pptiolate; 
calyx  spreading;  peduncles  terminal,  many-flowered.  Native  of  England, 
and  with  us  a  common  inhabitant  of  the  gurden.  The  whole  plant  is  rough 
with  short,  bristly  hairs,  erect,  :}  feet  high,  with  terminal  clusters  of  hand- 
some, sky-blue  flowers  during  summer,  it  was  formerly  in  high  repute  as  a 
cordial.     The  young  leaves  form  a  good  salad  and  pot-herb.     Ann. 

Common  Borage. 

2.  B,  ORIENTA'LTS. — Lcarei  cordate,  petiolate  ;  peduncles  many-flow- 
ered ;  stamens  exserted,  villous.  An  oinamental  garden  plant,  native  of 
Turkey.  Stem  and  leaves  hairy.  Flowers  blue,  appearing  in  the  spring 
months.     Ann.  Oriental  Borage. 

2.    CYNOGLO'SSUM. 
Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  short,   infiindibuliform,    vaulted; 
orifice  closed  by  5  converging,  convex  scales;    achenia    de- 
pressed, fixed  laterally  to  the  style. 

Gr.  fc'jcav,  a  dog,  and  y\ocro-a,  tongue  ;  from  the  form  of  the  long,  soft  leaves. 
Fls.  blue  and  red.  Cor.  a  little  longer  than  cal.  Fil,  short.  Style  rather 
long,  subulate,  central.     Stig.  small,  emarginate. 

1.  C.  officina'le. 

Silky-pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  radical  ones  alternate  at  the  base, 
petiolate,  cauline  ones   sessile;    stamens  shorter   than   corolla.     An   erect, 


BORAGINACEiE.  287 


downy  plant,  of  a  dull  green  color,  18 — 20  inches  high  and  emitting  a  dis- 
agreeable smell,  which  several  distinguished  botanists  have  compared  to  the 
smell  of  young  mice  !  Grows  in  waste  grounds  and  roadsides.  Stem  erect, 
hairy,  1 — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  hoary  with  soft  down  on  both  sides,  entire, 
upper  ones  clasping,  with  broad  bases,  lower  ones  G — 10  inches  long  and  1 — 2 
inches  wide,  tapering  into  a  long,  attenuated  base  (winged  petiole  ?)  pointed 
at  apex.  Clusters  terminal,  panicled,  recurved  at  the  end.  Flowers  with  a 
downy  calyx  and  a  dull  red  corolla.  Calyx  leaflike  in  fruit.  Seeds  lough, 
with  hooked  prickles      July.     Per.     Introduced.  Hound' s-tongue. 

2.  C.  amplexicau'le. 

Hirsute-pilose  ;  leaves  oblong-oval,  acute,  upper  ones  clasping,  cordate  at 
base;  corymb  terminal,  leafless,  on  a  long  peduncle.  Inhabiting  woods  and 
thickets.  A  very  hairy  plant,  2  feet  high,  simple,  bearing  at  the  top  of  its 
leafless  summit,  a  small,  panicled  corymb  of  pale  purple  flowers.  Radical 
leaves  5 — G  inches  long  and  half  as  wide.  Calyx  and  pedicels  very  hairy. 
June.     Per.  Clasping  Hound' s-tongue. 

3.    ECHINOSPE'RMUM. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  liypocrateriform,  orifice  closed  with 
concave  scales  ;  seeds  echinale,  compressed  or  angular,  fixed 
to  a  central  column. 

1.  E.   ViRGI'NICUM.      Lehm.         Rochelia  Virg.  Torr.     Myosotis  Vir.  i. 
Stem  much  branched  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  above  } 

racemes  divaricate,  dichotomous  ;  frtiit  densely  covered  with  hooked  prickles. 
An  erect,  hairy  weed,  in  rocky  grounds  and  rubbish.  Stem  furrowed,  2 — 3 
feet  higii,  with  many  slender.  reiiKjte,  wide-spread  branches,  each  terminating 
in  a  centrifujjal,  racemose  inflorescence.  Leaves  entire,  remote,  large  (3 — 4 
inches  long),  tapering  to  each  end,  the  lower  ones  petioled.  flowers  very 
small,  white,  the  pedicels  nodding  in  fruit.     Ji.  Ann.      Virginian  Muuse-ear. 

2.  E.    LappULA.      Lehm.  Rochelia  Lapp.  Torr.      Myosotis  Lap.  L. 

Stem  branched  above;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  hairy;  corolla 
longer  than  the  calyx,  tlie  border  erect-spreading  ;  nchenia  each  with  2  rows 
of  hooked  prickles  on  the  margin.  An  erect  herb,  in  dry  soils,  roadsides,  &.c. 
Stem  having  a  dry,  grayish  aspect  from  its  dense  hairs,  about  a  foot  high, 
undivided  except  at  the  top  where  it  branches  into  a  kind  of  panicle.  Leaves 
an  inch  long,  and  1 — 2  lines  wide,  sessile.  Flowers  very  small,  blue.  July. 
Ann.  Burr-seed. 

4.     E'CHIUxM. 

Calyx  5-parted,  segments  subulate,  erect;  corolla  campan- 
ulate,  obliquely  and  unequally  lobed,  with  a  short  tube  and 
naked  orifice;  stigma  cleft;  achenia  tuberculate,  inipeiToratc. 

Gr.  £X'*ii  viper;  from  the  spotted  stem  of  some  species.  Shrubs  and 
annual  herbs  Fls  cyanic,  irregular.  Fil.  unequal,  long  as  cor.  subulate. 
Anth.extrorse.     Style  long,  cleft  at  the  summit. 

E.  vulga're. 

Stem  roucrh  with  bristles  and  tubercles;  catiUnc leaves  lanceolate,  and  rough 
with  bristles ;  spikes  lateral,  hairy,  deflected.  A  rough  plant,  with  large, 
handsome,  violet-colored  flowers,  found  in  fields  and  waste  grounds.  Stem 
18 — !iO  inches  high,  round,  with  entire,  dull  green  leaves,   which   are  2 — 6 


BORAGINACEJS.  2S8  LITHOSPEBMUM. 


inches  long  and  a  fifth  as  wide,  lower  ones  petiolate,  upper  ones  amplexicaul, 
ill  numerous,  crowded,  axillary,  recurved  spikes,  appearing  in  June  and  July. 

yipf.r  s  Bugloss. 

5.  ONOSMO'DIUM, 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  with  linear  segments;  corolla  sub- 
campaiuilate,  having  a  ventricose,  half  5-cleft  limb,  with  the 
segments  converging  and  the  orifice  open;  anthers  sessile, 
sagittate,  included  ;  style  much  exserted  ;  achcnia  imperfor- 
ate, shining. 

From  oraosmrt,  another  genus  of  this  order  and  £i5os.  appearance;  because 
it  resembles  that  genus  in  habit.  Perennial  herbs.  Style  twice  as  long  as 
the  corolla. 

0.  Hi'SPIDUM.      Muh.  Lithospermum  Virginianum.    L. 
Plant  hispid,    branched;    leaves  obovate- lanceolate,   pappiUose-punctate ; 

segments  of  the  coroZ/a  lanceolate.  A  very  rough  plant,  found  in  dry,  hilly 
grounds,  N.  Y.  Stem  about  1^  feet  high.  Leaves  about  3-nerved,  large, 
twice  as  long  as  wide,  often  oval  and  even  ovate-lanceolate.  Flowers  green- 
ish white,  in  leafy  racemes  which  are  recurved  at  first  but  finally  erect. 
Aug.     Per.  False  Gromwell. 

6.    BA'TSCHIA- 
Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  with  a  hairy  ring 
at  the  base  of  the  tube   inside,  an  open  orifice  and  rounded 
segments;  stigma  emarginate  ;  achenia  hard,  shining. 

Named  in  honor  of  Prof  Batsch,  a  German  botanist.  Fls.  rather  large, 
yellow.     Tube  of  cor.  much  longer  than  cal.     Limb  nearly  flat. 

B.    CANE'SCENS.       Gmel.  Lithospermum  canescens.  Lehm. 

Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  silky-canescent  above,  villous  beneath ;  flowers 
axillary  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  thrice  as  long  as  the  very  short  caly.x.  A  small, 
handsome  plant,  but  raie.  Found  on  dry  hills,  N.  Y.  Stem  8 — 12  inches 
high,  erect,  simple,  rarely  a  little  branched  above,  hoary-villose.  Leaves 
sessile,  '2 — 3  lines  wide  and  4  times  as  long,  1-neived.  Flowers  crowded 
near  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Calj'x  segments  lanceolate,  acute.  Corolla 
bright  orange-yellow,  inrluding  the  subsessile  stamens  and  short  style.  June, 
July.     The  root  is  used  to  dye  red  by  the  Indians,  who  call  it  Puccoon. 

7.    LITHOSPE'RMUM. 

Calyx  S-parted,  persistent,  corolla  small,  funnel-form  ;  limb 
5-lobed,  oritice  open;  stamens  included;  stigma  obtuse,  bitid  ; 
achenia  bony,  rugose  or  smooth,  imperforate  at  ba>e. 

Gr.  Xt^os,  a  stone,  and  a-TriQfio-,  seed  ;  the  seeds  being  hard  and  shining  like 
little  pebbles.     Small,  weed-lilie  plants.     Style  shorter  than  the  tube. 

1.  L.  officina'le. 

Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acute,  veiny;  calyx  nearly  equal  to  the  tube  ot 
the  corolla ;  achenia  smooth.  A  rough,  weed-like  plant,  introduced  from 
Europe.  Grows  in  dry,  gravelly  soils,  common.  Stem  much  branched, 
arising  1 — 2  feet,  from  a  white,  fusiform  root.     Leaves  grayish  green, .ruugti 


boraginacej:.  289  ltcopsis. 

•OH  the  upper  side,  hairy  beneath,  rather  acute,  entire.  Flowers  small,  white, 
axillary,  solitary,  pedicellate,  in  recurved,  leafy  spikes.  Seeds  ovale,  white 
or  grayish,  polished,  stony,    June.  Gromic-dl. 

2,  L.  arve'n&e. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  hairy,  cahjz  nearly  equal  to  the  corolla, 
with  spreading  segments;  ackenia  rugose.  A  rough,  pilose,  annual  weed, 
introduced  into  our  cornfields  and  waste  grounds.  Tlie  stem  is  branchino-, 
erect,  12 — 15  inches  high,  from  a  fusiform  root  with  reddish  bark.  Leaves 
bright  green,  rough,  sessile,  1 — 2  inches  in  length,  with  only  the  central 
nerve  ;  the  lower  ones  obtuse  and  narrowed  to  the  base  ;  upper  ones  subacute. 
Flowers  small,  white,  subsessile,  solitary,  in  the  axils  of  tiie  upper  leaves. 
May,  June.  Corn.  Gromwdl. 

8.    PULMONA'RIA. 

Calyx  prismatic.  5-angled,  5-toothed  ;  corolla  infundibuli- 
form,  with  a  cvlindric  lube,  orifice  open,  limb  of  5  obtuse 
lobes;  achenia  imperforate. 

Probably  named  from  its  having  been  used  as  a  medicine  in  lung  com- 
plaints ;  hence  also  the  English  name,  lung  wort.  Handsome  perennial  herbs. 
Fis.  blue.  Cal.  permanent.  Tube  of  cor.  about  the  length  of  the  cal.  Fil. 
very  short,  within  the  throat. 

1.    P.    VlRGINICA. 

Plant  erect,  smooth ;  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  limb 
longer  than  the  tube;  radical  leaves  obovate-elliptical,  obtuse;  caullne  unes 
long-lanceolate.  A  smooth,  erect,  and  elegant  plant,  about  20  inches  high, 
native  in  N.  Y.,  sometimes  cultivated.  The  leaves  of  the  stem  are  sessile, 
narrower  than  those  of  the  root,  whose  width  is  |  of  their  lencrth.  Flowers  in 
terminal  clusters.  Corolla  blue,  funnel-form,  sitting  upon  a^short.  5-toothed 
calyx.     Stamens  and  style  included.    May.    Per.      °      Virginian  Lung-wort. 

2  P.  OFFICIN.\'liS.  — P/rtni  rough;  calyx  the  length  of  the  lube  of 
the  corolla  ;  radical  leaces  ovate,  cordate,  scabrous  ;  cauUne  ones  ovale,  sessile. 
Native  of  England,  but  naturalized  and  cultivated  in  our  gardens.  Flowers 
blue,  in  terminal  clusters.  Stem  a  foot  high.  This  as  well  as  other  foreign 
species  of  this  genus,  is  a  rough-leaved  plant,  while  the  several  American 
species  are  uniformly  smooth.     May.     Per.  Common  Lung-wort. 

9.    LYCO'PSIS. 
Calyx  5-cIeft;  corolla  funnel-fortn,  tube  incurved,  orifice 
closed  with   ovate,  converging   scales;  achenia  perforated  at 
base,  ovoid,  angular. 

Gr.  Kwioi.  a  wolf,  and  oi|/,  the  eye  ;  such  being  the  appearance,  which  the 
small  blue  flowers  of  this  plant  presents  to  an  active  iraaffination.  Annual 
herbs.     Tube  of  cor.  twice  bent.     Fil.  very  small.     Stig.  emarginate. 

L.  arve'.nsis. 

Plant  hispid  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  repand-denticulate;  racemes  leafy;  flowers 
sessile;  calyx  shorter  than  the  lube  of  the  corolla.  A  very  hispid,  almost 
bristly  plant,  found  in  fields  and  roadsides,  probably  introduced.  Stem  erect, 
branching,  roundish,  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  5' or  6  times  as  long  as  wide, 
the  margin  irregularly  and  slightly  toothed.  Flowers  small.  Calyx  erect. 
Corolla  sky-blue  with  while  scales  "witliin.    Jn.,Jl.  U'iid  Butrloss. 

z 


BORAGKNACE^-.  290  STMPHTTBM. 

10.  ANCHU'SA. 

Calyx  5-partcd ;  corolla  infundibuliform,  vaulted,  orifice 
closed  with  5  prominent  scales;  achenia  perforate  at  the  base 
and  their  surfaces  generally  rugose  ;  stamens  included  ;  stig- 
ma emarginate. 

Gr.  ayy^ova-a,,  paint.  Tlie  root  of  one  species,  A.  tinctoriro,  was  once  used 
for  staining  the  features.  Handsome  herbs.  None  of  the  species  are  indi- 
genous. 

A.  OFFICINA'liS. — Leaves  lanceolate,  strigose;  spikes  one-sided,  im- 
bricated; cahjx  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  A  rough  garden  plant, 
native  of  Britain.  Tlie  English  name,  Bugloss,  comes  from  the  Greek, 
signifying  ox-lungue,  on  account  of  the  long,  rough  leaves.  Stem  2  feet  high, 
rough  with  bristly  hairs.  Bracts  ovate.  Flowers  purple,  with  a  melliferous 
corolla  very  attractive  to  bees.  The  leaves  are  juicy,  and  the  root  mucilagin- 
ous, used  in  medicine  to  promote  the  eruption  of  the  small  pox.  Blossoms  all 
summer.     Per.  Bugloss. 

11.  MYOSO'TIS. 

Caljx  5-cleft;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  the  5  lobes  slightly 
emarginate,  orifice  closed  with  short,  concave  scales  ;  achenia 
ovate,  smooth,  with  a  small  cavity  at  base. 

Gr.  f*f o«,  a  rat,  and  (ovi)  oto«,  an  ear,  from  the  form  of  the  leaves.  Limb 
flat.     Tube  short.     Stam.  included.     Style  central,  as  long  as  the  tube. 

1.  M.    PALU'STRIS.      Roth.  M.  scorpoides.   Willd. 
Stem  subramose  ;    leaves  lanceolate-oblong,   obtuse,  with  short,  scattered 

hairs;  racemes  without  bracts;  pedicels  divaricate  in  fruit,  twice  as  long  as 
the  short,  spreading,  smooth  segments  of  the  calyx.  Grows  about  ditches 
and  marshes,  often  called  loater-mousc-ear  from  the  leaves,  which  are  rough- 
ish  with  appressed  hairs.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  witli  scattered  hairs, 
ascending  trom  long,  creeping  roots.  Leaves  scattered,  sessile,  1 — J  inches 
long,  ^  as  wide.  Racemes  terminal  or  often  one  of  them  su])ra-axillary,  one- 
sided.    Flowers  small,  blue,  on  pedicels  half  an  inch  long    May — Aug.  Per. 

Marsh  Scorpion-grass. 

2.  M.    ARVE'NSIS.      Sihth.  Lycopsis  Virginica.    L.? 
Stem  branching  ;  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  hairy  ;  racemes  long ;  pedicels  in 

fruit  suberect,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  calyx  segments  oval,  acuminate, 
hairy,  closed,  about  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Found  m  sandy  woods.  Whole 
plant  of  a  grayish  hue  from  its  dense  pubescence.  Stem  4 — 10  inches  high, 
at  length  much  branched.  Leaves  ^ — 1  inch  in  length,  sessile,  acutish,  the 
lower  ones  oblauceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole.  Racemes  revo- 
lute  at  the  end,  not  secund,  short  at  first,  but  arising  at  length  (J,  8,  or  even 
12  inches.     Flowers  very  small,  white.    June.    Ann.  Forget-me-not. 

12.    S  Y'  M  P  H  Y  T  U  M  . 
Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  tubular-campanulate,  orifice  closed 
with   5,    subulate  scales,    converging    into   a  cone;  achenia 
gibbous,  imperforate. 

Gr.  <TVfji,<pv(rii,  a  joining  or  healing ;  from  its  reputation  for  healing  wounds. 
Coarse,  Oriental  herbs 


HYDROPHYI.LACEiE.  291  HYDKOPH  YLLUM. 

S.  OFFICINA'LE. — Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  decurrent.  A  large,  coarse- 
looking  but  showy  exotic,  nearly  naturalized  in  our  gardens  and  shrubberies. 
Whole' plant  rough  with  dense  "hairs.  Stem  3— 4  feet  high,  winged  by  the 
decurrent  leaves,  bearing  terminal,  revolute  racemes.  Corollas  wliite,  pink 
and  red,  appearing  all  summer.  Root  perennial.  It  abounds  with  mucilage 
and  has  long  been  regarded  as  an  efficient  vulnerary.  Comfrey. 

13.    HELIOTRO'PIUM. 
Calyx  5-parted ;    corolla   hypocrateriform,    orifice    naked, 
limb   5-clert,    with    the   sinuses    plaited;    stamens  included; 
stigma  peltate;  achenia  cohering  without  .a   common  recep- 
tacle, 

Gr.  vXioi,  the  sun,  TQfTirM,  to  turn^  ancient  botanists  affirm  that  the  flowers 
of  these  plants  always  turn  towards  the  sun.  Annual  ornamental  herbs,  none 
native  at  the  North. 

1.  H.  EuROPiE'UM. — Herbaceous  ;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  rugose  and 
tomentose;  spikes  in  pairs.  A  delicate  annual,  native  of  Europe  and  at  the 
South,  cultivated  among  stove-plants.  Stem  8—12  inches  high.  Flowers 
white,  mostly  in  2,  terminal,  long,  scorpoid  racemes.      European  Heliotrope. 

2.  H.  PeRUVIA'NUM.  —  shrubby.  Leai^es  ovate-lanceolate  ;  JJoMcrs  in 
numerous,  aggregated  spikes.  Native  of  Peru.  A  small,  elegant  green-house 
shrub,  1 — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  rough,  serrulate,  twice  as  long  as  wide,  on 
short  petioles.  Flowers  small  but  numerous,  very  fragrant,  white  or  tinged 
with  purple,  Peruvian  Heliotrope. 


ORDER  XCVI.    HYDROPHYLLACEi^.  XUe  Water-lea/ Tribe. 

Cal. — S-clcff,  the  sinuses  usually  with  reflexed  appendages,  persistent. 
Cor. — 5-lobed,  reg-ular,  with  10  melliferous  scales  near  the  base. 
Sta.—5,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  the  lobes. 
Anth.—'i-ccWed,  versatile.  [or  on  stalks  from  the  base  of  the  cavity. 

Oua.— Free,  simple,  1-celled..     Sv^'^-sins'le.  terminal,  bifid.     Stigmas  2.    Placenta  2,  parietal 
Fr. — Capsule  invested  with  llie  ]KTm;nicnt  calyx. 

Sds.— Few,  crnstaceous.     Einbryu  cdiiical,  in  abundant,  cartilaginous  albumen. 
American  herbs,  with  alternate  (rarely  opposite),  lobed  leaves.     Of  no  known  use. 

HYDRO?  H'YLLUM. 

Sepals  slightly  united  at  base;  corolla  campanulate,  with  5 
longitudinal,  margined,  nectariferous  grooves  inside;  stamens 
exserted ;  capsule  globose,  2-cellcd,  2-valved,  4-seeded,  3  of 
them  mostly  abortive. 

Gr.  v^fvg,  water,  and  (^vWov,  a  leaf  Pretty  marsh  herbs,  which  in  the 
spring  have  a  quantity  of  water  in  each  leaf.  Lvs.  divided,  alternate.  Fls. 
corymbose,  supra-axillary  or  terminal. 

1.  H.  Virgi'nicum. 

P/aw^  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  pinnatifid  and  pinnate,  the  segments  oval- 
lanceolate,  incisely  serrate  ;  fascicles  conglomerate ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the 
petioles.  An  inhabitant  of  wet  or  moist  woods,  N.  H.  and  Vt.  Stem  a  foot 
high,  bearing  large,  roundish  tufts  of  flowers  peculiarly  distinguished  by  their 


POLEMONIACE^.  292 


exserted  stamens  and  style  which  are  twice  the  length  of  the  bell-shaped 
corollas.  Leaves  few,  on  long,  clasping  petioles,  with  about  5  distinct  leaflets, 
the  upper  3  more  or  less  confluent  at  base,  all  irregularly  toothed.  Corollas 
Tarying  from  white  to  sky  blue.     Ju.    Per.  Virginiun  Water-leaf. 

2.  H.  Canade'nse. 

Plant  somewhat  hairy  ;  leaves  subpalmately  lobed,  angular,  cordate  ;  flowers 
in  crowded  fascicles  ;  ■peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Similar  in  aspect 
to  the  last.  Found  in  alpine  woods.  Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  with  large^ 
roughisii  leaves,  divided  into  5 — 7  lobes  Fascicles  of  flowers  dense,  axillary 
and  terminal.  Corollas  white,  or  variously  tinged  with  parple.  Stamens  and 
style  much  exserted,  as  in  the  last.     Jn.,  Ji.    Per.  Canadian  Water-leaf . 


ORDER  XCVni.    POLEMONl  ACE^.         n.  Gtu,  Vateren^  TnU. 

Cat.— 5  united  sepals,  inferior,  persistent,  sometimes  irregular. 

Cor. — 5  united  petals,  regular,  the  lobes  imbrieale  or  twisted  in  aestivation. 

Sm.— 5,  inserted  into  the  midst  of  the  corolla  tube  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 

O-fz.— 3-celled,  free.     StijUs  united  into  1.     Stigma  trifid. 

Ciz/i.'.— 3-celled,  3-valved,  loewlicidal,  valves  also  separating  from  the  3-comered  axis. 

Sds. — Few  or  many.    Albvmen  horny.     Embryo  tbliaceous. 

Chiefly  North  American  herbs.  Leaves  opposite  or  Eilternate,  siraple  or  divided.  Th*^ 
are  valued  only  in  cnltivatioii  as  ornamental  plants. 

Genera. 
Corolla  salver-form.     Capsule  3-seeded.    Leave.s  opposite,  simple.  .        .    Pklox.  t 

Corolla  bell-shaped.    Capsule  many-seeded.    Leaves  alternate,  pinnate.        Polemonium.^ 

1 .    PHLOX. 

Calyx  prismatic,  deeply  S-cieft;  corolla  hypocrateriform, 
the  tube  more  or  less  curved  ;  stamens  very  unequal,  inserted 
in  the  tube  of  the  corolla  above  the  middle;  capsule  3-celled^ 
cells  1-seeded. 

Gr.  <pXo|,  a  flame  ;  from  the  color  and  profusion  of  the  flowers.  A  highly 
ornamental  and  much  cultivated,  North  American  genus.  Lvs.  mostly 
opposite,  sessile,  simple.  Fls.  in  terminal  panicles.  Cal.  segment  erect  oir 
converging.  Cor.  limb  flat,  in  5,  cuneiiorm  lobes.  Caps,  roundish-ovoid, 
Sds.  oblong,  concave. 

L    P.    DIVARICATA. 

Low,  diff"use,  pubescent;  hates  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  upper  ones 
alternate;  7)tf««c?e  loose,  corymbose ;  ;y«/tr//f/«  diverging;  calyx  tceih  linear, 
subulate;  segments  of  corolla  coTdate.  Grows  in  moist  soils,  N.  Y.  Stems 
numerous,  decumbent,  1 — 2  feet  long.  Flowers  of  a  peculiar  light  but  bril- 
liant grayish-blue  ;  the  buds  violet.    May.    Per.       Early-flotoering  Lijchnidta. 

2.  P.  panicula'ta. 

&<em  smooth,  erect;  Zfores  lanceolate,  tapering,  rough-edged,  flat ;  corymbs 
panicled  ;  cffl/?/a;  awned  ;  scirmtnts  of  the  corolla  rounded.  This  well-known 
favorite  of  our  gardens  is  found  native  in  many  parts  of  the  U.  S.  though 
perhaps  not  in  N.  England.  It  flourishes  in  rich,  moist  soil,  or  in  leaf-mould 
and  peat.  Stem  2—3  feet  high,  ending  in  a  large  panicle  of  innumerable, 
pink-colored,  scentless  flowers,  continuing  in  blossom  from  July  to  Sept.    Per. 

Panklcd  Lychnidsa. 

p.  alba  has  white,  fragrant  blossoms. 


DIAPENSIACEiE.  293  POLEMONIUM. 

3.  r.  PYRAMID  a'liS. — .SCcm  erect,  rough  ;  Z«fl7)e5  cordate-ovate,  acute,, 
smooth;  Jloicers  in  a  dense,  fastijriate-pyramidal  panicle ;  t< elk  of  tite  calyx 
erect.  Native  of  the  Middle  and  SoutJiern  States.  Stem  spotted,  3  feet  high, 
bearing  at  top  a  dense  pyramid  of  rich  purple,  honey-scented  flowers,  render- 
ing this  species  one  of  the  most  ornamental  of  the  flower  o-arden.  It  continues 
in  flower  all  summer.     Per.  Pyramidul  Lychnidea. 

4.  p.  MACULa'TA. — Slcm  rough,  erect,  spotted  ;  leaves  oblong-laneeo- 
late,  rough-edged,  glabrous;  panicle  oblong,  crowded;  teeth  of  the  calyx 
recurved.  The  cultivation  of  this  and  the  following  species  is  similar  to  the 
foregoing.  Stem  2  feet  high,  covered  with  purple  spots.  Flowers  red. 
July.    Aug.     Per.  Sjwlted  Lychnidea. 

5.  P.  SUBULA'TA. — CtBspitose,  hoary-pubescent;  leaves  linear,  pun- 
gent, ciliate  ;  pedicels  few,  terminal.  A  dwarf  species  on  mountains  in  Penn. 
in  dense,  turfy  masses,  spangled  over  in  May  with  rose-colored  flowers. 
Corymbs  few-flowered.  Pedicels  3-cleft.  Segments  of  the  corolla  wedge- 
form,  emarginate.    Sepals  subulate.    Cultivated  in  borders.  Per.    Muss  Pmk. 

2.    P  O  L  E  xM  O'  N  I  U  M  . 

Calyx  campaniilate,  S-cleft;  corolla  rotafecnmpaniilate, 
limb  5-loI)ed,  erect,  tube  short,  closed  at  Hie  base  hy  5 
stameniferous  valves;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  cells  many- 
seeded. 

Gr.  7ro>.£ji4o«,  war.  Pliny  relates  that  two  kings  fourrht  for  the  merit  of  the 
discovery  of  tlie  virtues  of  the  plant  to  which  he  gave  tliis  appellation.  Herbs 
with  alternate,  pinnately-divided  leaves,  l-'ls.  terminal.  Fil.  dilated  at  base 
and  issuing  from  the  ends  of  the  valves. 

1.    P.    REPTANS. 

Stem  smooth,  branching,  erect;  leaves  pinnately  7— 11-foliate,  leaflets,  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute  ;  fioiocrs  terminal,  nodding.  A  handsome  plant  of  woods  and 
damp  grounds  in  N.  Y.,  &c.,  and  sometimes  cultivated.  Stem  ]2— 18  inches 
high,  weak,  fleshy.  Leaflets  mostly  7,  subopposite,  smooth,  entire,  sessile,  an 
inch  long  and  half  as  wide.  Flowers  numerous,  rather  large,  on  short  petioles. 
Segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate-acute,  persistent,  much  shorter  than  the  tube 
of  the  corolla.  Corolla  blue,  lobes  short,  rounded  at  the  ends.  Anthers 
introrse.     'R.ooi  creeping.    Per.  Aincrlcua  Greek-Valerian. 

2.  P.  CCERU'LEUM. — Stem  smooth,  simple,  erect;  leaves  pinnately 
11  —  !7-foliate;  floirers  erect;  calyx  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  A 
handsome,  cultivated  plant,  native  in  England.  Stems  clustered,  several 
from  the  same  root,  about  2  feet  high,  hollow,  stout,  each  dividino-  at  top  into 
a  corymbose  panicle.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  on  long,  grooved  petioles; 
leaflets  all  ses.sile,  ovate-lanceolate,  subopposite,  oblique"  odd  one  lanceolate'. 
Flowers  terminal,  suberect.  Corolla  blue,  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter.' 
June,  July.     Per.  European  Greek-  J 'alcrian. 

/3.  alba  ;  foioers  white. 


ORDER  XCIX.  DIAPEx\SlACE.^. 

GiZ.— Sopals  5,  much  imbricated,  surrounded  at  base  with  imbricated  scales 

Cor.— Petals  .'5,  united,  regular,  imbricated  in  sestivalion. 

Sta.—5,  equal,  the  filaments  petaloid  and  inserted  ou  the  corolla  tube 

z* 


CONVOLVULACEJE.  294  CONVOLVULUS. 

Aiith. — 2-celled,  transversely  valved. 

Ova. — .3-cclled,  free.     ,S?7//fi  united  into  1.     S/i'groa  3-lobed. 

Fr. — Capsule  3-valved,  loculicidal.     Seeds  many,  small,  albuminous. 

Prostrate,  suffrulico.se  plants,  with  crowded,  evergreen  leaves  and  terminal,  solitary 
flowers.     Natives  of  the  north  of  Europe  and  the  northern  parts  of  N.  America. 

D I  A  P  E'  N  S  I A  . 
Caljx   5parted,  caljculate  with  3  bracts  at  base;  corolla 
hypocrateriform,  limb  S-cleft,  flat;  stamens  5,   from  the  sum- 
mit of  the  tube  ;  stigmas  3  ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many- 
seeded. 

A  Greek  name  formerly  applied  to  the  Sanicle  as  a  vulnerary.  Low, 
evergreen  undershrubs. 

D.  Lappo'nica. 

Caespitose  ;  leaves  dense,  spathulate,  fleshy,  evergreen,  obtuse  and  entire  ; 
flowers  pedunculated.  A  little,  leafy  plant,  2 — 3  inches  high,  growing  on  the 
summits  of  the  White  Mis.  in  N.  Hampshire,  forming  dense  tufts  among  the 
rocks.  Leaves  crowded,  pale  beneath,  fleshy,  5 — 8  lines  long,  1  line  wide, 
with  a  revolute  margin,  claspinor  base,  and  broadly  obtuse  point.  Flowers  on 
short,  terminal,  solitary  peduncles  which  are  an  inch  long  in  fruit.  Calyx  of 
5,  obtuse  leaves,  longer  than  the  leafy  bracts  at  its  base.  Corolla  white,  with 
5,  flat  segments.     JiHy.     Per.  jXorthern  Diapensia. 

Another  species,  D.  cuncifolia,  very  abundant  in  the  pine  barrens  of  Newr 
Jersey,  is  said  by  Dr.  Peck,  to  be  also  an  inhabitant  of  the  White  Mts.,  but 
I  have  not  observed  it  there,  after  diligent  search. 


ORDER  C.    CONVOLVULACE.E.  The  Morning-glory  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepals  5,  much  imbricated,  usually  united  at  base,  persistent. 

Cnr. — RcETular,  limbS-lobed  or  entire,  plaited  and  twisted  in  a;stivation. 

Sta. — 5.  iiiserted  into  tlie  base  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 

Ova. — 2 — 4-celled,  free.     Sti/les  united  into  1. 

Pr. — Capsule '2— 4-eelled,  valves  with  scptifragal  dehiscence. 

Sds. — Few,  large,  with  thin  mucilaginous  albumen.     Cotyledons  foliaceous. 

An  important  order  of  twining  or  trailing  herbs  orshrubs.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
showy.    Juice  usually  milky.     They  are  vcr>'  abundant  in  tropical  climates,  rare  in  cold. 

Propnties.  The  roots  abound  in  an  acrid,  milky  juice  which  is  strongly  purgative. 
Ja/a;?of  the  .shops  is  the  product  of  the  rootof  C.Ialapa  of  Mexico;  Scammony  of  C.  Scam- 
monia,  native  of  I<evant.  The  drastic  qualities  ot'  both  depend  upon  the  presence  of  a 
peculiar  resin.  The  sweet  potato,  a  valuable  article  of  Ibod  is  the  product  of  C.  Batatas, 
native  at  the  South. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 
I  naked  or  nearly  so Com^ohi/hts.  1 

1  leafy.    Calyx  )  enclosed  in  2,  large,  leafy  bracts.        .        .         .         Calyslei^a.     2 
ieafless,  parasitic,  orange-colored. Cu^cuta.         'i 

].  CONVO'LVULUS. 
Calyx  5-parted,  naked  or  with  2  small  bracts  near  the  base  ; 
corolla  campaiiulate  or  funnel-form,  5-plaited  ;  stamens  short- 
er than  the  limb;  ovary  2 — 3-celled,  cells  2-ovuled  ;  style 
simple;  stigma  simple  or  2-lobed  ;  capsule  valvate,  2 — 4- 
celled. 

I,at.  convoJvere,  to  entwine  ;  from  the  habit.  A  large  genus  of  twining  or 
prostrate  herbs  (rarely  shrubby). 


CONVOLVULACE^.  295  CALTSTEGIA, 

1.  C.  arve'nsis. 

Leaves  sagittate-hastate,  the  lobes  being  acute  ;  peduncles  mostly  1 -flowered; 
bracts  minute,  remote  from  the  flower.  A  twining  plant,  growing  in  fields 
and  pastures.  Stems  several  feet  long,  climbing  or  prostrate,  a  little  hairy. 
Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  the  lower  ones  obtuse.  Flowers  small,  white,  often 
with  a  tinge  of  red.  The  small,  acute  bracts  are  near  the  middle  of  the 
peduncle.     June.     Per.  Small  Bindweed. 

2.  C.  pandura'tus. 

Stem  twining;  leaves  broad-cordate  or  panduriform  ;  peduncles  long,  1 — 4- 
flowered  ;  ca/i/x  smooth  ;  coro/Za  tubular  campanulate.  In  sandy  fields,  N.  Y. 
Stems  several  from  the  same  root,  4 — 8  feet  long,  slender,  smooth.  Leaves 
2 — 3  inches  long  and  of  about  the  same  width,  acute  or  obtuse,  with  rounded 
lobes  at  the  base,  sometimes  lobed  and  hollowed  on  the  sides  and  becoming 
fiddle-shaped.  Petioles  2 — 3  inches  long.  Peduncles  axillary,  longer  than 
the  petioles,  generally  branching  at  the  top,  and  bearing  several  large  flowers. 
Corolla  2  inches  long,  purple  and  while.    Jl.,  Aug.    Per.  JVild  Potatoe. 

3.  C.  PURPU'REA.  L.  (Ipomffia  purpurea.  P.) — Leaves  cordate,  en- 
tire ; /rMji  nodding;  peduncles  2 — 5-flowered ;  pedicels  thick;  calyx  hispid. 
Stems  climbing  many  feet.  Leaves  roundish,  heart-shaped.  Flowers  large, 
beautiful,  generally  of  a  dark  purple,  sometimes  blue,  flesh  colored,  striped, 
&c.  A  well  known  and  favorite  climber  and  free  flower,  of  the  easiest  cul- 
ture.    Native  at  the  South  and  West.     Jn.    Ann.       Common  Morning-glory, 

4.  C.  TRl'COLOR. — Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate,  smooth  ;  siem  declinate  ; 
flowers  solitary.  A  favorite  border  annual,  the  C.  minor  of  florists,  in  distinc- 
tion from  C.  purpureus,  which  they  call  C.  major.  Stem  weak,  ] — 3  (eet 
long.  Flowers  yellowish  at  the  bottom,  white  in  the  middle,  and  of  a  fine 
sky  blue  on  the  upper  part  of  the  border.     July.  Tricolored  Bindweed. 

5.  C.  Nil.  —  Leaves  cordate,  3-lobed ;  flowers  half  5-cleft  ;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  petioles,  1 — 3-flowered.  A  very  beautiful  twining  plant, 
found  wild  in  Penn.,  but  best  known  as  a  garden  annual.  Stem  and  leaves 
somewhat  hairy.  Caly.x  very  hairy,  the  segments  long  acuminate.  Flowers 
large,  the  tube  wliite  and  the  border  of  a  clear  blue  color  (whence  its  specific 
name,  Anil  or  Nil,  indigo).  It  is  of  the  easiest  culture,  and  raised  from  the 
seed.     Blossoms  from  July  to  September.  Morning-glory. 

6.  C.  QUAMO'CLIT. — Le«re5  pinnate  with  filiform  pinnjB  ;  peduncles 
a  little  longer  than  the  leaf,  1-flowered.  An  exceedingly  beautiful,  tender 
annua],  native  at  the  South,  cultivated.  Tiie  specific  name  is  from  the  Greek 
x-vcif^oij  a  bean.  andx-XtTos,  dwarf;  resembling  tiie  climbing  bean,  but  less  tail. 
The  flowers  vary  in  hue  from  dark  red  to  rose-color.  Aug.    Jasmine  Bindweed. 

7.  C.  BaTA'TUS. — Leaves  cordate,  hastate,  angular-lobed,  5-nerved, 
smoothish  ;  peduncles  long  ;  flinccrs  fascicled;  sr^a/*- lanceolate,  acuminate. 
The  sweet  potato  is  native  of  both  Indies  and  cultivated  in  all  tropical 
climates.  Not  only  the  tubers,  but  tlie  leaves  and  tender  shoots  are  boiled  and 
eaten.  The  tubers  are  sweet  and  considered  nutritive.  This  is  \.\\e  potato  o^ 
the  old  English  botanists,  of  Shakspeare,  and  their  cotemporaries,  the 
Solanum  tuberosum  then  being  unknown.  The  stem  is  round,  hispid,  pros- 
trate, creeping,  sending  out  scattered,  oblong  tubers  which  are  purplish 
without.     Flowers  large,  purple  or  white.  Sweet  Potato. 

2.    CALYSTE'GIA. 
Calyx  5-parte(],    included    in  2   large    foliaccous   bracts; 
corolla  campanulate,   5-plicate;    stamens   subequal,  shorter 


CONVOLVDLACE^.  296 


than  the  limb;  ovary  half-bilocular,  4-ovuled  ;  stjle  simple; 
stigmas  2,  obtuse;  capsule  l-celled,  4-seeded. 

Gr.  icuXv^,  calyx,  cTfyi),  a  covering ;  alluding  to  the  conspicuous  bracts 
which  envelop  the  calyx.  Herbs,  twining  or  prostrate,  with  a  milky  juice. 
Peduncles  l-flowered,  solitary. 

1.  C.  SPITIIAM^'US.  L.  Convolvulus  SpithamsBus.  L.  C.  stans.  Jt/r. 
Stem  erect  or  assurgent;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  subcordate,  hoary-pubes- 
cent; peduncles  l-flowered,  generally  longer  than  the  leaves.  An  erect, 
downy  species,  (a.  span)  8 — 10  inches  high,  found  in  fields  and  hilly  pastures. 
Stem  branching,  leafy,  bearing  one,  often  two  or  more,  large,  white  flowers, 
on  peduncles  2 — 4  inches  long,  issuing  from  near  the  root.  Leaves  2 — 3 
inches  long,  iialf  as  wide,  oval,  with  an  abrupt,  cordate  base,  and  on  petioles 
^  as  long.     Bracts  concealing  the  calyx.     Jn.    Per.  Erect  Biiidicetd. 

2.  C.    Se'piUM.      Br.  Convolvulus  Scpium.  L. 
Stem  twining;  leaves  sagittate,  the   lobes  being   truncate    and    the  apex 

generally  acute  ;  pf(/(nif/es  quadrangular,  l-flowered;  bracts  cordate,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx.  A  vigorous  climber,  in  hedges  and  low  grounds. 
Stems  5 — 8  feet  in  length.  Leaves  cordate-sagittate,  2 — 4  inches  long  and 
half  as  wide.  Flowers  numerous,  large,  white,  with  a  reddish  tinge,  appear- 
ing in  long  succession.  The  bracts  are  so  close  to  the  corolla  as  to  appear 
like  the  calyx  which  they  entirely  conceal.  It  is  cultivated  as  a  shade  for 
windows,  arbors,  &c.     Jn.,  Jl.     Per.        Hedge  Calystegia.     Rutland  Beavty. 

3.     CUSCU'TA. 
Calyx  5    (rarely    4)-clert;     corolla    globose-campanulnte, 
4 — 5-c:left,    marescent ;     stamens    4—5.    inserted    upon     the 
corolla  at  the  clefts;  stigmas  2;  capsule 2-celled,  circumscis- 
sile  at  the  base;  cells  2-seeded. 

Etymology  unknown.  Parasitic,  leafless  lierbs,  without  verdure,  twining 
from  right  to  left.  Fls.  in  lateral  clusters.  Cor.  with  5,  adnate  scales  below 
the  base  of  the  stamens. 

1.  C.  Americain'a. 

Flowers  pedunculate,  in  umbellate  clusters,  pentamerous  ;  styles  erect; 
stigmas  capitate.  An  extremely  delicate  vine,  found  in  damp  places,  by 
rivulets,  &c.  The  stem  is  smooth,  slender,  3 — 5  feet  long,  springing  from 
the  soil  at  first,  but  after  having  twined  itself  about  the  low  plants  in  its  way, 
and  becoming  fixed  upon  them  by  its  lateral  radicles,  it  withers  away  at  base, 
and  is  henceforth  disconnected  with  the  soil.  It  is  of  a  light-orange  color, 
wholly  destitute  of  green,  furnished  with  a  few  minute  scales,  branching, 
always  turninir  from  right  to  left,  or  hanging  in  festoons.  Flowers  nearly 
globose,  about  a  line  long  and  on  peduncles  of  about  the  same  length.  Calyx 
segments  round-obtuse.  Corolla  twice  as  long,  yellowish  while.  August. 
Ann.  American  Dodder. 

2.  C.    EUROPiE'A. 

Flowers  so.ss\\e,  in  dense,  capitate  clusters,  the  parts  in  4s  and  5s;  styles 
divergent;  stigmas  acute.  Introduced  from  Europe  into  the  cultivated 
grounds,  N.  Y.,  growing  chiefly  on  flax.  Stems  filiform,  smooth,  twining, 
reddish-orange  colored,  destitute  of  green  like  the  foregoing,  2 — 4  feet  long. 
Flowers  in  small  bunches,  pale  yellow  or  rose  colored.     Rare.    July.     Ann. 

Eurojiemi  Dodder. 


SOLANACE.?;.  297 


Solarium. 

1 

Physaiis. 

4 

Capsicum. 

2 

Atiopa. 

« 

Nicandra. 

& 

Datura. 

7 

Nicotiana. 

8 

Lyr.ium. 

•J 

Petunia. 

9 

Hyosdamus. 

Itf 

ORDER  CI.    SOLANACE^.  The  Potato  Tribe, 

Cal. — Sepals  4 — 5,  more  or  less  united,  mostly  persistent. 

Cor. — Regular,  limb  4 — 5-cleft,  plaited  in  festivation,  deciduous. 

Sta. — 4 — 5  (sometimes  1  abortive),  inserted  on  the  corolla  alternate  with  its  segments. 

An!/i. — Bursting  longitudinally,  rarely  by  terminal  pores. 

Oua.— Free  (superior),  2-celled,  (4-celled  in  Datura)  witli  tlie  placenta  in  the  axis. 

Styles  and  stigmas  united  into  1. 

fV. — A  capsule  or  berry.     Seeds  numerous.    Embryo  curved,  lying  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  with  a  colorless  juice.  Leaves  alternate.  Inflorescence 
often  supra-axillary.  Pedicels  without  bracts.  They  are  diffused  throughout  the  world, 
except  the  frigid  zones,  but  are  most  abundant  in  the  torrid. 

Pioperties.  These  are  hijrhly  important.  A  large  portion  of  the  genera  are  pervaded  by 
a  narcotic  principle,  rendering  the  herbage  and  fruit  dangerously  poisonous,  yet  furnishing 
some  of  the  most  active  medicines;  as  the  henbane  (Hyosciamus),  belladonna  (Atropa), 
stramonium  (Datura),  ioinrro  (Nicotiana),  &c.  At  the  same  time  several  species  of  solanum 
afford  wholesome  and  nutritious  food,  not  because  they  are  free  from  the  narcotic  principle, 
but  because  it  is  expelled  in  the  process  of  cooking  or  ripening  in  the  sun.  Such  are  the 
tubers  of  the  invaluable  potato,  the  fruit  of  the  tomato  and  egi^plant.  The  genus  Capsicum 
is  entirely  free  from  narcotine,  and  produces  the  well-known  stimulant  fruit,  Cayemit 
pepper. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

f  Fruit  (  sitting  on  the  calyx. 
■  rotate  with  a  <  baccate,  )  enclosed  in  the  calyx 
very  short  tube.  (  Fruit  capsular,  dry. 

(  Sepals  lanceolate. 
campanulate. . .  (  Sepals  leafy,  sagittate.  . 

i  Capsule  spinose. 
(  Herbs. .   |  Capsule  smooth. 
(  regular,  .  [  funnel-form. . . .  |  Trailing  shrubs.    . 
\  J  salver-form,  lower  segments  larger. 

Corolla  ( irregular,  |  funnel-form,  upper  segments  larger. 

1.    SOL  A' NUM. 
Calyx  of  5   (rarely   more)  sepals,   slightly  united  at  base, 
persistent;  corolla  rotate,  or  campanulate;   anthers  slightly- 
cohering,  opening  by  2    pores  at    the  top ;    berry   2-cellecl, 
many-seeded. 

Etymology  uncertain.  Herbs,  sometimes  shrubby  and  climbino-.  Lvs,. 
simple  or  pinnate.  Peduncles  1 — many-flowered,  supra-nxillary  or  terminal. 
Cor.  of  a  very  short  tube  and  a  5-lobed,  plaited  limb.  Beny  roundish  with 
a  terminal  scar,  2 — 6-celled.  ' 

1.  S.  Dulcama'ra. 

Stem  shrubby,  flexuous,  thornless;  ?e«»cs  ovate-cordate,  upper  ones  hastate  ; 
clnsters  cymose.  A  well-known,  shrubby  climber,  with  blue  flowers  and  red 
berries.  Stem  branching,  several  feet  in  lensth,  climbing  about  hedges  and 
thickets  in  low  grounds.  Lower  leaves  between  heart  and  egg-shaped, 
entire;  the  upper  ones  becoming  auriculate  or  hastate.  Floweis'drooping, 
on  blanching  peduncles  from  the  side  of  the  stem.  Corolla  of  5  reflexed 
segments,  purple,  with  2  green  spots  at  the  base  of  each  segment.  Berries 
bright  red,  The  root  being  chewed  gives  at  first,  a  sensation  of  bitterness, 
then  of  sweetness.  The  berries  are  poisonous.  The  leaves  and  twitrs  have 
been  used  medicinally  with  good  effect.  Jl.    Bittersweet.     Woody  JYigFushade. 

2.  S.    NIGRUM. 

S/em  herbaceous,  thornless;  leaves  ovate,  toothed  and  waved;  vinhels 
lateral,  drooping.  A  weed-like  plant,  without  beauty  and  of  suspicious  aspect, 
about  rubbish,  in  old  fields,  &c.  Stem  erect,  branching,  angular,  a  foot  high. 
Leaves  almost  always  with  the  lamina  perforated  and  the  margin  erose  as  if 


SOLANACE^.  r298  CAPSICUM. 

gnawed  by  insects.  Peduncles  branching  into  a  sort  of  umbel,  from  the  side 
of  the  stem,  generally  remote  from  the  leaves.  Flowers  white,  anthers 
yellow.  Berries  globose,  black.  It  is  reputed  poisonous,  but  used  medicinal- 
ly.    Flowers  in  summer.     Ann.  Black  JViglUshade. 

3.  S.  TUBERO'SUM. — iJoo<  tuberous;  s^em  herbaceous  ;  segments  of  the 
leaves  unequal,  the  alternate  ones  minute;  flowers  subcorynibed  ;  corolla 
5-angled.  This  most  valuable  plant  is  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  S.  America, 
■where  it  still  grows  wild.  Although  it  now  constitutes  so  large  a  portion  of 
the  food  of  civilized  man,  it  was  scarcely  known  until  the  17th  century,  and 
was  not  extensively  cultivated  before  the  middle  of  the  18th.  The  varieties 
of  the  potato  are  very  numerous,  differing  in  their  time  of  ripening,  quality, 
color,  form,  size,  &c.  New  varieties  are  readily  procured  by  sowing  the  seeds, 
which,  with  care,  will  produce  good  tubers  the  third  year.       Common  Potato. 

4.  S.  Lycospe'RSICUM. — Hairy  ;  stem  herbaceous,  weak  ;  /fffres  un- 
equally pinnatifid,  segments  cut,  glaucous  beneath  ;  fruit  torulose,  furrowed, 
smooth.  This  plant  resembles  the  potato  in  its  general  aspect.  It  grows  2 
feet  high,  with  jagged  leaves,  greenish  yellow  flowers,  and  an  unpleasant 
odor.  The  fruit  is  large  and  abundant,  with  acute  furrows,  at  first  green, 
becoming  when  ripe  of  a  beautiful  red.  This  plant  has  recently  come  into 
high  repute,  and  its  cultivation  is  rapidly  extending.  The  fruit  is  prepared  in 
various  ways,  for  sauces,  stews,  &c.,  having  an  agreeable  acid  taste.  Pre- 
served in  vinegar  with  spices  it  makes  a  good  pickle,  and  prepared  in  a  certain 
way  with  sugar  it  forms  "  au  excellent  substitute  for  figs."    Ann.       Tomato. 

p.  fruit  without  furrows,  not  torulose,  golden  yellow  and  much  smaller. 

5.  S.  MeLONGE'NA.  — Stem  prickly  ;  leaves  ovate,  subsinuate,  downy, 
prickly;  flowers  many-parted.  An  annual,  herbaceous,  branching  plant, 
about  2  feet  high.  The  fruit,  with  which  it  is  heavily  laden,  consists  of  egg- 
fihaped  berries,  from  the  size  of  an  egg  to  that  of  an  ordinary  water  melon, 
smooth,  and  of  a  glossy  purple.  It  is  prepared  for  food  in  various  ways,  and 
considered  wholesome  and  delicious  eating.  Like  the  tomato  it  is  cultivated 
from  the  seed  sown  early  in  warm,  dry  and  mellow  soil.  Egg-plant. 

6.  S.  Pseudo-Capsicum. — stem  shrubby  ;  Zearcs  oblong-lanceolate, 
subrepand;  'peduncles  1-flowered.  opposite  the  leaves.  A  small  ornamental 
shrub,  native  of  Madeira,  cultivated.  Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  branching  into  a 
symmetrical  summit.  Leaves  dark  evergreen,  smooth  and  shining,  about  2 
inches  long.  Flowers  white,  with  orange  anthers,  drooping,  succeeded  by  a 
few  scarlet,  globose  berries  of  the  size  of  small  cherries.        Jerusalem  Cherry. 

2.     C  A' PS  I  CUM. 
Caljx    5-cleft,    erect,    persistent;   corolla   rotate,  5-cleft; 
anthers  connivent ;  fruit  capsular,  dry,  inflated. 

Gr.  jco-TTTa),  to  bite  ;  on  account  of  the  taste  of  the  fruit.  Herbs  (rarely 
shrubby).  Fls.  mostly  axillary  and  solitary.  Cor.  of  a  very  short  tube  and  a 
plaited  limb.     Caps.  2— 3-celled,     Seeds  flat,  very  acrid. 

1.  C.  a'NNUUM. — Stem  herhaceoua ;  fruit  oblong,  on  smooth  stalks, 
erect  or  pendulous.  An  herbaceous,  blanching  annual,  from  India,  cultivated 
for  its  fruit,  whose  properties  and  uses  are  well  known.     July.     JRed  Pepper. 

2.  C.  BACCA'TUM. — Stem  shrubby  ;  fruit  globose,  erect,  in  pairs,  on 
smooth  stalks.     July— Sept.  Bird  Pepper. 

3.  C.  FRUTE'sceNS. — Stem  erect,  shrubby;  fruit  oblong,  obtuse; 
peduncles  smooth.  This  with  the  last  species  chiefly  furnishes  the  Cayenne 
pepper  oi' the  shops.     July— Sept.  Shrubby  Pepper. 


SOLANACEJE.  299  NICANDRA. 

3.    LY'CIUM. 

Calyx  2 — 5-cleft,  short ;  corolla  tubular,  limb  mostly  5-lob- 
ed,  spreading,  orifice  closed  by  the  beard  of  the  filaments ; 
stamens  4 — 5,  exserted;  berry  2-celled  ;  seeds  several,  reni- 
form. 

Named  from  Lycia,  the  native  country  of  the  original  species.  Shrubs, 
the  branches  ending  with  a  spinose  point,  and  often  having  axillary  spines. 
Fls.  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs. 

L.  Ba  RBARUM. — iSicm  angular  ;  branches  long,  pendulous,  somewhat 
spiny;  hares  often  fasciculate,  lanceolate;  c«/i/x  mostly  3-cleft.  Native  of 
Barbary,  cultivated  and  nearly  naturalized.  It  is  a  shrub,  with  long,  slender, 
trailing  or  hanging  branches  which  overspread  walls,  &c.,  with  a  thick, 
tangled  mass.  Leaves  smooth,  3  times  as  long  as  wide,  often  broadest  above, 
acute  or  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  petiole.  Flowers  greenish  purple.  Berries 
orange-red.     June — Sept.  Matrimony- Vine. 

4.  PHYSA'LFS. 

Calyx  S-cleft,  persistent,  at  length  ventricose  ;  corolla  cam- 
panulate-rotate,  tube  very  short,  limb  obscurely  5-lobed; 
stamens  5,  connivent;  berry  globose,  enclosed  within  the 
inflated,  o-angled,  colored  calyx. 

Gr.  (pva-ii,  a  bladder;  the  inflated  calyx  enclosing  the  fruit.  Herbs  (rarely 
shrubby),  with  axillary  or  supra-axillary  flowers. 

1.  P.   VI  sees  A.    Aik.    P.  viscosa,obscura,  pubescens,  Penns5'Jvani'ca,  &c.,  of  authors. 

Pubescent;  stem  decumbent,  herbaceous  ;  hranches  somewhzt  dichotomous 
and  angular;  leaves  solitary  or  in  pairs,  ovate,  more  or  less  cordate,  repand- 
toothed  or  entire;  floicers  solitary,  axillary,  pendulous.  Dry  fields,  road- 
sides, &c.  Stem  more  or  less  decumbent,  about  a  foot  high,  often  viscid  as 
well  as  the  whole  plant.  Leaves  very  variable  in  the  same  plant,  1 — 4  inches 
high  of  ^,  I,  or  even  of  equal  breadth,  acute,  acuminate,  or  often  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  often  abrupt  at  base,  sometimes  nearly  or  quite  entire  on  the  margin, 
twice  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  when  in  pairs  one  of  them  is  much  suialler. 
Corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  greenish  yellow,  with  5  brownish  spots  at 
base  inside.  Fruit  yellow  or  orange-colored,  not  unpleasant  to  the  taste, 
enclosed  in  the  enlarged,  inflated,  angular  calyx.     July. 

Yelloio  Henbane.     Grovnil  Cherry. 

/3.  Pcnnsylvanica;  haves  in  pairs,  ovate,  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  petiole, 
rather  acuminate,  entire,  often  unequal  at  base,  nearly  smooth. 

2.  P.  AlKEKE'NGI.  —  &Yc7H  somewhat  branching  below  ;  /eores  in  pairs, 
entire,  acute ;  c«/(/x  of  the  fruit  red  or  reddish.  Native  of  S.  Europe,  cul- 
tivated for  ornament.  Plant  about  a  foot  high.  Flowers  white.  Berries 
acid  and  somewhat  bitter.  H'inter  Cherry. 

5.  NICA'NDRA. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  5-angled,  the  angles  compressed,  sepals 
sagittate;  corolla  campanulate;  stamens  5,  incurved;  berry 
3 — 5-celled,  enveloped  in  the  persistent  calyx. 

Named  by  Adanson  in  honor  of  Nicander,  a  Greek  physician. 


SOLAXACEiE. 


300  NICOTIANA. 


N.    PIIYSALOI'dES.      Adan.  Atropa  physaloides.  L. 

Stem  herbaceous  ;  Scares  glabrous,  sinuate,  angular  ;  flowers  solitary,  axilla- 
ry, on  short  peduncles;  calyx  closed,  with  the  angles  very  acute.  Native  of 
Peru,  cultivated  in  gardens,  from  whence  it  has  in  a  few  instances  strayed 
into  the  neighboring  fields.  It  is  a  large,  coarse  herb,  2—5  feet  high,  very 
branching.  Leaves  large,  oblong,  riecurrent.  Corolla  slightly  lobed,  pale 
blue,  whfte  and  with  5  blue  spots  in  the  centre.  Jl.— Sept.        Apide  of  Feru. 

6.  A'TROPA. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft;  corolla  campanulate  ;  stamens  5, 
distant;  berry  globose,  Scelled,  silting  on  the  calyx. 

Gr.  ATQOTTOi,  Eng.  Atropa,  the  name  of  one  of  the  three  Fates  in  Grecian 
mythology  whose  office  was  to  cut  the  thread  of  human  life;  this  office,  the 
poisonous  fruit  of  this  plant  is  also  well  adapted  to  perform. 

A.  BeLLADO'NNA. — Stem  herbaceous;  leaves  ovate,  entire;  berries 
black.  This  foreigner  is  far  less  repulsive  in  its  appearance  than  most  others 
of  its  order.  The  lurid,  pale  purple  of  the  flower,  indeed,  looks  suspicious, 
but  not  its  smell ;  nor  is  there  any  warning  of  its  deadly  nature  given  by  the 
aspect,  taste  ot  smell  of  the  berries  which  are  larger  than  cherries,  round, 
crreen,  at  length  of  a  fine  glossy  black,  lull  of  a  purple  juice.  Stem  5  feet 
Sigh,  branching  below,  and  with  the  large  leaves,  inclines  more  or  less  to  a 
purplish  hue. ''Every  part  of  the  plant,  especially  the  berries,  is  poisonous. 
July.     Per.  Deadly  .Nightshade. 

7.  DATU'RA. 

Calyx  large,  tubular,  ventricose,  5-angled,  deciduous,  with 
a  persistent,  orbicular,  peltate  base;  corolla  infundibuliform, 
tube  cylindric,  long,  limb  5-angled  and  plaited  ;  stamens  5  ; 
stigma'obtuse,  bilamellate;  capsule  2-celled,  4-valved;  cells 
2— 3-parted. 

An  alteration  of  the  Arabic  name  tuturah.  Annual  herbs,  with  bluish 
white  or  purple,  solitary,  axillary  flowers. 

D.  Stramo'nium. 

S<em  dichotomous ;  /eaues  ovate,  smooth,  angular-dentate;  capsule  spiny, 
erect.  A  well-known  poisonous  plant,  growing  among  rubbish  in  waste 
places.  Stem  about  3  feet  high,  smooth,  hollow.  Leaves  large,  situated  at 
the  base  of  the  dichotomous  branches,  their  sides  unequal,  with  large  irregu- 
lar teeth  and  sinuses.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary  ;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  with 
a  long  tube  and  a  plaited,  5-toothed  border,  the  color  white  with  a  slight  tinge 
of  purple.  Fruit  egg-shaped,  the  size  of  a  small  apple,  covered  with  spines. 
Aug.  Ann.  Every  part  is  poisonous,  but,  when  used  with  certain  restric- 
tions, is  a  useful  medicine  for  asthma,  «S:c. 

/3.  Tatula ;  stem  and  fioicers  purple. 

8 .    N  I  C  O  T  I  A'  N  A  . 
Calyx  urceolate,  6-cIeft;  corolla  infundibuliform,  regular, 
limbi-lobed;  stamens  5;  stigma  emarginate  ;  capsule  2-cell- 
ed, 2 — 4-valved. 

So  named  from  John  Nicot,  of  Nismes,  Languedoc,  ambassador  of  the  king 
of  France  to  Portugal,  who  seems  to  have  introduced  it  into  Europe.    Annual, 


SOLANACE^. 


801  HYOSCYAMOS- 


coarse,  narcotic  herbs,    with  simple   leaves   and  terminal  flowers.     Corollas 
white,  tinged  with  green  or  purple. 

1.   N.    RU'STICA. 

Viscid-pubescent;  Zeaues  petioled,  ovale,  entire  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  cyhn-^ 
dric,  lontrer  than  the  calyx,  segments  round,  obtuse.  For  the  purposes  ot 
tobacco  this  plant  is  considered  inferior  to  the  Virginian.  Stem  1:2— lb  inches 
hio-h.  Flowers  greenish  yellow,  in  a  terminal  panicle  or  raceme.  In  western 
N^'y.,  said  to  have  been  introduced  by  the  Indians.     Aug.    Ann. 

Common  Tobacco. 

2.  N.  Taba'CUM. — Viseid-pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  de- 
current,  throat  of  the  corolla  inflated;  lobes  acute.  Stem  4— (J  feet  high. 
Leaves  1—2  feet  long.  Flowers  rose-color,  not  inelegant.  This  and  the 
foregoing  species  are  the  only  plants  cultivated  as  tobacco.  They  appear  to 
have  bee'n  natives  of  Central  America  Tobacco  was  first  carried  to  England 
in  158G,  from  the  Island  of  Tobago,  or  the  Province  of  Tabasco  in  Mexico 
(whence  its  name).  Sir  Waller  Raleigh  has  the  distinguished  honor  of  first 
introducing  the  practice  of  smoking  from  Virginia  into  England,  more  than 
200  years  ago,  and  in  his  house  at  Islington  is  still  to  be  seen  a  shield  bearing 
his  arms,  with  a  tobacco  plant  at  the  top  !  Loudon.  It  is  now  extensively 
cultivated  in  Virginia,  Maryland  and  Ohio,  whence  it  is  exported  in  vast 
quantities.  The  use  of  this  nauseous  weed  has  become  almost  universal,  and 
furnishes  a  striking  illustration  of  the  force  of  habit.  Its  first  use,  whether 
smoked  or  chewed"  produces  a  deadly  sickness  ;  and  ills  only  by  repealed  and 
painful  trials  that  it  can  be  tolerated.  At  length,  however,  it  becomes  so 
necessary  to  the  comfort  of  its  viclim,  that,  at  all  times  and  places,  its  precious 
smoke  or  extract  must  be  flowing  continually  from  his  mouth.  Taken  into 
the  stomach,  it  is  a  powerful  narcotic  poison.     Jl.    Ann.     Virginian  Tobacco. 

9.     PETU'NIA. 
Calyx  tube   short,  the    linib   o-cleft,    foliaccous  ;    corolla 
hypocraterii'orm,  the  tube  cyiindric,  limb  in    5,  unequal,  flat, 
plicate  lobes;  stamens  5,  unequal,   included,  arising  from  the 
middle  of  the  corolla  tube;  capsule  2-valved. 

The  Brazilian  name  is  petun.  Latinized,  petunia.  Herbs  wilh  simple  leaves 
and  axillary,  solitary,  showy  flowers. 

P.  VI OL  a'CE  A.  —  .Stem  weak,  viscid-pilose  ;  leaves  acute,  on  short  petioles  ; 
corolla  ventricose,  cleft  into  rounded,  acute  lobes.  A  pretty,  trailing  or 
climbing  plant,  becoming  quite  popular  in  cultivation,  native  of  Brazil.  "Whole 
plant  clothed  with  clammy  hairs.  Stems  simple,  several  from  the  same  root, 
2 — 3  feel  long.  Leaves  1—2  ruches  long,  nearly  as  broad,  taperrng  at  base 
into  a  winged'peliole,  fleshy, nearly  smooth  beneath.  Sepalsobtuse.  Pedun- 
cles as  long  as  the  It-aves,  a'ld  scarcely  longer  than  the  corolla  tube.  Limb 
of  the  corolla  bright  purple,  an  inch  or  more  broad,  upper  segment  smallest. 
Capsule  furnished  with  a  tooth  each  side  of  the  sutures. 

fi.  a'ba;  corollas  white.  Between  this  and  the  above  are  many  intermedi- 
ate shades. 

10.     HYOSCY'AMUS. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft;  corolla  infundibuliform,  irregular; 
one  of  the  5,  obtuse  lobes  larger;  stamens  5,  declinale  ;  stig- 
ma capitate;  capsule  ovoid,  2-celled,  opening  wilh  a  lid  near 
the  summit. 

AA 


RENTIANACEiE.  302 


Gr.  vi,  voi,  a  pig,  and  x.vufMi,  a  bean  ;  because  the  fruit,  resembling  a  bean  ? 
while  poisonous  to  other  animals,  may  be  eaten  by  pigs?  with  safety.  Coarse, 
weed-like  herbs,  native  in  Eastern  countries.     Lvs.  simple,  large. 

H.    NIGER. 

Stem  branching,  erect,  very  leafy  ;  haves  sinuate,  clasping;  flowers  sessile. 
A  tall,  well  known,  foetid  weed,  growing  about  the  rubbish  of  old  houses, 
roadsides,  &c.  The  whole  plant  is  hairy,  viscid,  and  of  a  sea-green  hue, 
emitting  a  foetid  odor.  Stem  2  feet  high,  round.  Leaves  large,  oblong,  cut 
into  acute,  sinuate  lobes.  Flowers  in  terjiiinal,  one-sided  spikes;  the  corolla 
straw-color,  finely  reticulated  with  dark  purple  veins.  The  whole  plant  is 
reputed  poisonous,  but  has  long  been  regarded  as  an  excellent  medicine  in 
nervous  diseases,  coughs,  convulsions,  ttc.     Jl.    Bien.        Common  Henbane. 


ORDER  CI  I.    GENTIANACE^.  The  Gentian  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepals  4—5 — 10,  uniled  at  base,  persistent.  [in  aestivation. 

Cor. — Usually  regular,  limb  divided  into  as  many  lobes  as  there  are  sepals,  mostly  twisted 
Sta. — Issuing  I'roni  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  alternate  with  them. 
Ova. — 1-celled,  souieliines  rendered  apparently  2-celled  by  the  introflexed  placentje. 
Sty. — Uniled  into  ],  or  wanting.     Stigma  1 — 2. 
Fr. — Capsule  many  seeded.     Seeds  small.     Embryo  s\Ta.ig}it,  with  fleshy  albumen. 

A  large  and  interesting  order  of  herbaceous  (seldom  shrubby)  plants,  found  in  every 
region  of  the  globe.  Juice  colorless.  Leaves  almost  always  opposite,  entire  and  smooth. 
Flowers  conspicuous. 

Properties.  An  intensely  bitter  principle,  called  gentianine,  pervades  the  whole  order 
without  exception,  residing  in  every  part,  rendering  them  tonic  and  febrifugal.  The 
gentian  of  the  shops  is  most  commonly  the  product  of  Gentiana  lutea,  but  almost  any 
of  our  species  may  be  substituted  for  it.  (Dr.  Gray.)  In  the  other  genera  of  the  order,  the 
buck-bean  (Menyanthes  tritbliala),  Villarsia  nymphoides,  Sabbatia  angularis,  Frasera 
Walleri,  &c.,'  are  valued  in  medicine  for  the  same  properties.  Many  are  cultivated  for 
ornament. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

I  Cor.  ventricose.      .  Gentiana.  1 

f  Cor.  funnel  or  I  Lvs.  simple.  |  Cor.  funnel-form.  Erythrtea.  6 

J  bell-form.  .  .  .  |  Leaves  trifoliate Menyanthes.  8 

i                                                      I  Aerial.    Stig.  spiral.  Sabbatia.  3 

15— 12-merous.  [  Corolla  rotate (  Floating  aquatics.  Litnnantkemuin.  7 

i  Petals  (  Leaves  minute,  opposite.  Centaurelta.  5 

(  Cor.  without  j  entire.  I  liCaves large,  (whorled).  Frasera.  4 

I  horns (  Petals  fringed Crossopetalum.  1 

fe  [telramerous.  .(  Corolla  with  4  horns  at  base Ualenia.  2 

1.    GENTIA'NA. 
Caljx  4 — 5-cleft;  corolla  campanulate,    tubular    at    base, 
border  4 — 5-cleft;  stamens  4 — 5,  included  ;  capsule  2-valved, 
1-celled,  many-seeded. 

From  Gcntius,  king  of  Illyria,  who  is  said  by  Pliny  to  have  first  discovered 
the  tonic  virtues  of  this  genus  of  plants.  Herbaceous.  Cor.  with  spreading, 
erect  or  converging  lobes,  almost  always  blue. 

«  Corolla  5— 10-cleft. 

1.   G.    SAPONA'ria.      L.?  S.  Andrewsii.  Grisebach. 

Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  acute  ;  floxccrs  in  whorled  heads,  sessile  ; 
corollas  ventricose,  clavate-campanulate,  closed  at  top,  10-clefl,  the  inner 
segments  plicate  and  fringed,  equaling  the  exterior.  A  handsome  plant, 
conspicuous  in  meadows  and  by  brook-sides.  Stem  12 — 18  inches  high, 
simple,  erect,  smooth,  with  opposite,  smooth  leaves,  scabrous  on  the  margin, 


GENTIANACE-H.  303 


resembling  those  of  the  common  soapwort.  Flowers  large,  bright-blue,  erect, 
an  inch  and  a  half  long,  subsessile,  in  b\inches  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  and 
often  solitary  in  the  upper  axils.  The  inflated  corollas  are  so  nearly  closed  at 
the  top  as  to  be  easily  mistaken  for  buds  ;  and  the  young  botanist  waits  in 
vain  to  see  them  expand.  Calyx  of  5  ovate  segments,  shorter  than  the  tube. 
Sept.    Oct.    Per.  Soapwort  Gentian. 

2.  G.  Piseumona'nthe. 

Stem  terete;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse;  iermmiA  flotcers  fascicled, 
lateral  ones  solitary  ;  coroUa  campanulate,  with  acute  segments,  the  inner 
folds  1-toothed,  short.  Meadows,  swamps,  borders  of  mountain  lakes,  &c 
Resembles  the  former  species,  but  more  slender.  Stem  simple,  eiect,  10 — 15 
inches  high,  very  smooth,  purple.  Leaves  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  2 — 3  lines 
■wide.  Flowers  large,  2 — 3  together  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  with  a  few 
solitary  ones  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Corolla  blue.  Segments  of  the 
calyx  linear,  subacute.     Aug.    Sept.     Per.  Marsh  Gentian. 

3.  G.    QUINQUEFLO'rA.       Frml. 

Stem  4-angled  branching  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  3-nerved  ;  flmcers 
terminal  and  axillary,  about  in  5s,  pedicellate;  co?o//«  tubular-cauipanulale, 
in  5,  lanceolate,  setaceously  acuminate  segments  ;  cahjx  very  shoit.  Woods 
and  pastures.  Stem  a  foot  high,  smooth,  generally  blanched.  Leaves  3 — 5- 
nerved,  half-clasping,  acute,  smooth.  Flowers  small,  on  pedicels  half  an  inch 
in  length.  Corolla  pale  blue,  4  times  as  long  as  the  subulate  sepals.  Sept. 
Oct.     Bien.  Fice-fioicered  Gentian. 

*  *  Corolla  4-cleft,  segments  fimbriate.     Crossopetalum. 

4.  G.    CRINI'TA.      Frml. 

Stem  terete,  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  ;  flowers  tetramerous  ;  segments 
of  the  corolla  cut-ciliate.  The  Fringed  Gentian  is  among  our  most  beautiful 
and  interesting  native  plants  ;  not  uncommon  in  cool,  low  grounds.  The 
stem  is  about  1  foot  high,  round  and  smooth.  The  branches  are  long,  and, 
with  a  slight  curve  at  base,  become  perfectly  erect  and  straight,  each  bearing 
2  leaves  at  the  middle,  and  a  single,  large,  erect  flower  at  the  top.  Leaves 
broadest  at  base,  tapering  to  the  apex,  1 — 2  inches  long  and  a  fifth  as  wide. 
Calyx  square,  segments  acuminate,  equaling  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Corolla 
of  a  bright  bluish  purple,  the  segments  obovate,  finely  fringed  at  the  margin, 
and  expanded  in  the  sunshine.     Aug.     Per.  Fringed  Gentian. 

2.    HALE'NIA. 
Flowers   tetramerous;    corolla   short  campanulate,   petals 
spurred  at  base,  with  glands  at  the   base  of  the  spur  within  ; 
stigmas  2,  terminating  Die  acuminate  ovary  ;  capsule  1-celled  ; 
seeds  Indetinlte,  fixed  to  the  sutures  of  the  valves. 

Removed  from  Svvertia  on  account  of  the  corniculate  corollas. 

H.    DEFLE'xa.      Borlih.  Swertia  corniculate.  Mz.     S.  deflexa.  Smith. 

Stem  erect,  leafy  ;  leaves  3 — 5-nerved,  radical  ones  oblong-spathulate,  taper- 
ing into  a  petiole,  cauline  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sessile ;  spvrs 
cylindric,  obtuse,  deflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Swamps,  rare.  Stem 
about  18  inches  high,  obtusely  4-angled,  smooth,  with  few  branches  above. 
Leaves  opposite  1^ — 2  inches  long,  a  third  as  wide,  smooth.  Flowers  green- 
ish yellow,  in  terminal  fascicles.  Sepals  linear-lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the 
petals.  Corolla  persistent,  with  4,  spreading  horns  orspurs  descending  between 
the  sepals.     Seeds  numerous,  obtuse, yellow.    Aug.    Bien.  FelworU 


GENTIANACE.?:.  S04  FRASERA, 

3.    SABBA'TIA. 

Calyx  5 — 12-parted;  corolla  rotate,  limb  5 — ISparted; 
stamens  5( — 12);  anthers  erect,  at  length  recurved,  2-cellcd, 
cells  distinct;  stigma  2-parted,  with  spiral  divisions;  capsule 
1-celled,  the  valves  a  little  introflexed. 

Named  by  Adanson  in  honor  of  Sabbali,  an  Italian  botanist  of  1772,  who 
publislied  nianj  fine  botanical  works.  Herbs,  mostly  annual.  Fls.  in  the 
American  species  mostly  rose-colored. 

1.  S.    STELLA'rIS.       p.  S.  gracilis.    Ell. 
Stem    erect,  terete;  i7-«nc//e5  dichotonious,  elongated,   1-flowered;    leaves 

lanceolate,  acute  ;  segments  of  the  ctilijx  subulate,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  ; 
segments  of  the  corolla  obovate.  Frequent  in  salt  marshes.  Stems  some- 
what angular,  12 — 18  inches  high,  with  many  forked  divisions,  forming 
a  sort  of  loose  corymb.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  1 — 2  inclies  long, 
sessile.  Flowers  rose-color,  with  a  yellow  star  in  the  centre  bordered  with  a 
purple  ring.     Aug.     Bien.  Star-like  Subbatia. 

2.  S.  chloroi'des. 

Stem  slender,  weak  angular  ;  leaves  ]anceo]s.te,  erect;  branches  few,  1-flow- 
ered ;  floiccrs  7 — 1'2-parled  ;  sepuls  linear,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  An 
elegant  plant,  with  large,  showy  flnw^ers,  in  wet  grounds.  The  stem  is  2 — 3 
feet  high,  somewhat  angular,  with  few,  opposite,  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
an  inch  long,  opposite,  entire,  smooth,  closely  sessile,  acute,  nerveless. 
Flowers  solitary,  terminal.  Corolla  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  bright  purple, 
with  a  yellow  base,  segments  spathulate,  rounded  at  end,  varying  in  number 
with  the  other  parts  of  the  flower.     June.     Bien. 

3.  S.    CALYCO'S.\. 

Slem  erect,  leafy,  few-flowered  ;  leaves  oblong,  3-nerved,  obtuse  ;  Jloioers 
solitary,  7 — 9  parted;  cali/x  leafy,  longer  than  the  corolla  ;  pc/a/5  oblanceolate. 
Fields  and  meadows.  Stem  a  foot  high,  subangular,  with  a  few,  axillary, 
spreading  branches.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  sessile,  mostly  obtuse,  oval, 
thin.  Flowers  large,  terminal,  often  solitary,  variable  in  the  number  of  its 
parts,  but  mostly  in  7s.  Corolla  pink-colored.  Sepals  acute.  This  species 
is  quite  variable.     Aug.     Bien. 

4.  S.  angula'ris. 

Slem  erect,  square,  the  angles  somewhat  winged  ;  leaves  ovate,  aniplexicaul ; 
peduncles  elongated,  coryiiibed  ;  sepaJs  lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the 
corolla.  Wet  meadows.  Stem  straight,  10  — 18  inches  high,  with  opposite 
branches.  Leaves  closely  embracing  the  stem,  obscurely  5-nervcd.  Fls.  pen- 
tamerous,  petals  obovate,  obtuse.    Aug.    Ann.  and  Bien.   American  Centaury. 

4.  FRASE'RA. 
Flowers  mostly  tctramerous  ;  petals  united  at  base,  oval, 
spreading,  deciduous,  each  with  1 — 2  bearded,  orbicular 
glands  in  the  middle;  style  1;  stigmas  2,  distinct;  capsule 
compressed,  l-celled  ;  seeds  few,  imbricate,  large,  elliptic, 
margined. 

In  honor  of  John  Fraser,  an  American  cultivator  of  exotics. 
F.    WaLTE'ri.      Mx.  F.  Caroliniensis.   Walt.      F.  verticillala.  Jl/wA. 

Stem  erect,  terete,  glabrous  ;  leaves  opposite  and  verticillate,  oblong-lanceo- 
late ;  raceme  elongated,  dense  ;  calyx  longer  than  the  corolla ;  glands  solitary. 


GENTIANACEJE.  305  LIMN  ANTHEMUM. 


Swamps,  N.  York,  rare.  Stem  3—5  feet  high,  obtusely  4-angled,  the  sides 
grooved,  branching.  Leaves  smooth,  6—12  inches  long  and  nearly  i  as  wide, 
peduncles  1-flowered,  axillary.  Sepals  linear-lanceolate,  acute.  Petals 
acuminate,  greenish  yellow,  sprinkled  with  purple  spots,  the  gland  in  the 
centre  oval  and  covered  with  cilice.  Anthers  large,  yellow.  Style  shorter 
than  the  stamens,  persistent,  crowning  the  flattened  capsule.  Seeds  6 — B. 
Torr.     Highly  valued  as  a  tonic.     July.     Bien.  American  Coluvibo 

5.    CENTAURE'LLA. 

Flowers  tetramerous;  sepals  appressed  ;  corolla  subcam- 
panulate  ;  petals  slightly  united,  nearly  erect;  stigma  thick, 
glandulous,  somewhat  bitid  ;  capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  invest- 
ed by  the  permanent  calyx  and  corolla;  seeds  many. 

Name  a  Lat.  diminutive  of  Centaurea. 

C.    PANICULA'TA.      Mx.  Bartonia  paniculata.  JlWt. 

Stem  smooth,  branching  above,  branches  subdivided ;  leavs  subulate, 
minute;  panicle  erect,  many-flowered;  calyx  equaling  tJie  corolla;  style 
much  shorter  than  the  ovary.  A  slender  and  nearly  naked  plant, 5 — 8  inches 
high,  of  a  yellowish  green  color.  Native  in  wet  grounds.  Stem  square, 
often  twisted,  with  very  minute,  bract-like  leaves,  which  are  mostly  opposite. 
Peduncles  opposite  or  terminal,  simple  or  branched.  Pedicels  bracteate  at 
base,  ^  inch  in  length.  Calyx  segments  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than 
the  oval  segments  of  the  corolla.  Corolla  white,  small,  bearing  the  stamens 
at  its  clefts.     Aug.     Ann.  Screw-stein. 

6.    ERYTHR.S:'A. 

Flowers  pentamerous;  corolla  funnel-form,  with  a  short, 
spreading  limb  ;  anthers  after  tiowering,  spiral;  style  1,  erect, 
bearing  2,  roundish  stigmas;  capsule  linear,  l-celled. 

Gr.  iQv^Qoi,  red;  from  the  color  of  the  flowers. 

E.    CENTAU'RIUM.      Pcrs.  E.  pulchellum.  Hoo/c .«* 

Stem  erect,  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  ;  floioers  subsessile,  fascicu- 
late-panicukito  ;  calyx  half  the  length  of  the  corolla  tube.  Dry  grounds, 
Northern  States.  Stem  8—12  inches  high.  Flowers  bright  purple,  in 
fascicles  near  the  top  of  the  stem.  July.  Aug.  Ann.  Beck.  1  am  unac- 
quainted with  this  plant,  but,  from  Dr.  Beck's  account  of  it,  should  suppose 
it  quite  loo  near  Gentiana. 

7  .     L  I  M  N  A'  N  T  H  E  M  U  M  . 
Calyx  5-paited;  corolla  subcampanulate,  with  a  short  lube 
and   spreading,    5-lobed    limb,   deciduous,    segments  obtuse; 
stamens  5,  alternating  with  5  glands  ;  capsule  1-cellcd,  without 
valves;  placenta;  fleshy,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  XiiUvi),  a  lake,  ai;&o«,  a  flower;  from  its  aquatic  habits.  Herbs,  sub- 
mersed generally  in  stagnant  water.  Leaves  floating.  Corolla  induplicate 
in  ffistivation. 

L.  LAC  UNO's  A.     Gmel.    Villarsialac.  P.     V.  aquatica.  K.  4"  5?.     V.  trachysporma,  il&. 

Floating;  leaves  reniform,  subpeltate, scabrous  above,  spongy  and  lacunose 

beneath  ;  fiowers  umbellate,  from  the  summit  of  the  stem  (petiole  ?) ;  corolla. 


APOCYNACE^.  306  APOCYNUM, 

smooth;  glands  from  the  base  of  the  petals,  stipitate;  cnlyx  shorter  than  the 
capsule  ;  serds  niuricate.  A  curious  aquatic,  in  ponds  and  lakes.  The  stems 
are  1 ,  2  or  3  feet  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water,  bearing  at  the  top 
three  kinds  of  organs;  the  summit  is  prolonged  into  a  petiole  bearing  a  leaf 
about  an  inch  in  diameter,  resembling  that  of  Nymphsea;  on  the  uppei  side  is 
an  umbel  of  small  white  flowers,  blossoming  successively  at  the  surface  of  the 
water,  and  beneath,  a  cluster  of  short,  simple,  tuberous  radicles,  each  of  which 
is  capable  of  producing  a  new  plant.     July.  Luke-Jiower. 

8.    MENYA'NTIIES. 
Calyx  5-partecI  ;  corolla  funnel-form,  limb  spreading,  5-lob- 
ed,  villous  within;  stamens  5  ;  style  I  ;  stigma  bitid;  capsule 
1-celled. 

Gr.  |K.r)!'»),  a  month,  and  avSoj,  a  flower  ;  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  property 
as  an  emenagogue. 

M.  trifolia'ta. 

Leaves  trifoliate.  Grows  in  swamps,  margins  of  ponds,  &c.  This  fine 
plant  arises  from  large,  black  roots  descending  deep  into  the  boggy  earth. 
Stem  8 — 12  inches  high,  round.  Leaves  on  long,  round  footstalks  stipuledat 
base.  Leaflets  obovate.  Peduncle  long,  naked,  terminal,  bearing  a  pyramidal 
raceme  of  flesh-colored  flowers.  Pedicels  thick,  bracteate  at  base.  Sepals 
obtuse,  about  a  third  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Petals  acute,  about  as  long  as  the 
stamens.  Bitter  herbs,  actively  medicinal.  Sometimes  substituted  for  hops. 
May.     Per.  Buck-bean. 


ORDER  cm.    APOCYNACE  J:.  The  Dogs-bane  Tribe. 

Gal. — Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  persistent. 

Cfw.— 5-lol)ec1,  regular,  twisted  in  restivation,  decirltious. 

Sta. — 5,  ari^i^2;  from  tlie  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  segments. 

PiV.— Distinct.     Anlhers2-cfi\\tCi,  opening  lengthwise,  sometimes  slightly  connected. 

Pollen  granular,  globose  or  5-lobert,  immediately  applied  to  the  stigma. 

Ova. — -2,  distinct  or  rarely  united.     Styles  AisnncX  ox  united.     Sti^io.s  united  into  1  which 

iiV._Follicles  2,  rarely  one  of  them  abortive.  [is  common  to  boih  styles. 

^/,5. — Numerous,  pendulous,  with  or  without  a  coma,  albuminous.     Embryo  Ibliaceous. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herbs,  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules. 
They  are  chiefly  natives  of  the  torrid  zone. 

Properties.  These  plants  possess  active  and  often  suspicious  qualities  residing  in  the 
white  juice  with  which  the  order  is  pervaded,  and  in  the  seeds  which  are  often  deadly 
poisons.  The  alkaloid,  strychnine  or  stridinia,  one  of  the  most  violent  of  poisons,  is  the 
active  principle  of  the  seeds  of  the  Strychnos  Nux-vomica  of  India.  It  is  sometimes 
administered  as  a  medicine,  but  with  doubtful  success.  S.  Tieutc  of  .lava  is  one  kind  of 
Vpas.  Cerbera  Tinighiii,  a  tree  of  Madagascar,  is  powcrl'ully  poisonous,  a  single  seed 
being  sufTicieiit  to  destroy  twenty  persons".  The  Apocynem  are  emetic,  and  becoming 
highly  valued  in  hyilrocephalus,  &c.  The  juice  contains  caoutchouc  in  small  quantities, 
but  in  Sumatra  this  is  obtained  largely  from  the  juice  of  Urceokielaslica. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

S  herbaceous.     Corolla  campanulate Apocynum.    1 
shruiiby,  trailing,  evergreen Vinca.  2 

arborescent,  evergreen,  erect Neiium.        3 

1.    APO'CYNUM. 
Calyx  very  small ;  corolla  campanulate,   lobes    short;  sta- 
mens included;   filaments  short,  arising  from    the  base  of  the 
corolla,  and  alternate  with  5  glandular  teeth  ;  anthers  sagittate, 


APOCYNACEJE,  807 


connivent,  cohering  to  the  stigma  by  the  middle;  ovaries  2; 
stigmas  connate;  follicles  long,  sublinear,  distinct. 

Gr.  uTrn,  away,  x-vaiv,  dog  ;  Pliny  says  this  plant  is  fatal  to  dogs.  Herbs  or 
shrubs  (the  northern  species  herbs).  Fls.  in  cymes  or  panicles,  terminal  and 
axillary.  Cor.  white  or  flesh-color,  divided  into  5  short,  spreading  or  revo- 
lute  lobes. 

1.  A.  andros^mifo'lium. 

Smooth;  leaves  ovate;  cymes  lateral  and  terminal;  livih  of  the  corolla 
spreading,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx.  A  smooth,  elegant  plant,  3  feet 
high,  in  hedges  and  borders  of  fields.  Stem  reddened  by  the  sun,  erect, 
branching  above.  Leaves  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  opposite,  rounded 
at  base  and  acute  at  apex,  2 — 3  inches  long  and  i|  as  wide,  on  petioles  i  inch 
long.  Cymes  paniculate,  at  the  top  of  the  branches  and  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves.  Pedicels  ^  inch  long.  Calyx  much  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
Corolla  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  bell-shaped,  while,  striped  with  red,  with  5, 
acute,  spreading  segments.     Medicinal.    June,  July.    Per.  Dug's-hane. 

2.  A.    CANNABl'iNUM. 

Smooth  ;  leui-es  lanceolate,  acute,  paler  beneath  ;  segments  of  the  corolla 
erect,  the  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  calj'X.  A  species  with  narrower  leaves 
and  smaller  flowers,  found  in  low  shades  and  hedges.  Stem  2  feet  high, 
generally  dividing  above  into  long,  slender  branches.  Leaves  2 — 3  inches 
long,  J-  as  wide,  opposite,  on  petioles  2  lines  long,  and,  when  young,  downy 
beneath.  Cymes  terminal,  with  linear  bracts.  Flowers  about  half  as  long  as 
those  of  the  last  species.  Sepals  lanceolate,  acute.  Corolla  while,  with  straight, 
obtuse  segments.  The  fibres  of  the  bark  are  strong  and  pliable,  said  to  be 
used  by  the  Indians  in  various  vv'ays  as  hemp.    Jl.,  Aug.    Per.     Indian  Hemp. 

3.  A.  pube'scens. 

Lcapcs  ovate-lanceolate,  hoary-pubescent  beneath  ;  cymes  pubescent,  with 
minute  bracts  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  erect  segments. 
In  thickets  and  hedges.  This  species  is  most  readily  distinguished  by  its 
tomenlose  pubescence  and  its  smaller,  greenish  flowers  Stem  erect,  with  a 
k\v,  suberect  branches.  Leaves  opposite,  2 — 3  inches  long,  2  fifths  as  wide, 
rather  acute  at  base,  tapering  above  into  a  mucronale  point,  and  on  stalks 
2  lines  long.  Cymes  terminal  and  axillary,  few-flowered.  July.  Per. 
Distinct .''  Pubescent  Indian  Hemp. 

4.  A.  hypericifo'lium. 

Smooth  ;  leaves  oblong,  on  very  short  petioles,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base, 
mucronale  ;  cymes  terminal,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx  nearly  as  long  as 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Gravelly  banks  of  streams.  Stem  erect,  2  feet  liigh, 
with  opposite  branches.  Leaves  2 — 4  inches  long,  ^  as  wide,  lower  ones  often 
sessile  and  cordate,  smooth  both  sides  but  paler  beneath.  Flowers  very 
small,  in  dense  cymes  at  the  ends  of  the  stems  and  branches.  Sepals  lance- 
linear,  about  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  greenish  white,  erect  corolla.  Aug. 
Per.  St.  John  s-wort-leaved  Dug'sbane, 

2.     VINCA. 
Corolla  hypocraleriform,  contorted,  border  S-cleft,  wilh  the 
lobes   ol)liqiie,  orifice  5-angled  ;  2  glands  at  the  base  of  tlie 
ovary;  capsule  follicular,  erect,  fusiform;  seed  oblong. 

Lat.  vincvlum,  a  band  ;  from  the  long  twining  branches  ;  hence  probably 
Anglo-Saxon^'eMCJKCejaadEng  periwinlda.  Trailing  shrubs.   Lvs.  evergreen. 


ASCLEPrADACE^.  308  ASCLEPIAS. 

1.  V.  MINOR. — .SY««s  procumbent ;  Zeavc5  elliptic-lanceolate,  smooth  at 
the  margins;  _^o?oers  pedunculate;  se/;«Zs  lanceolate.  Native  in  Europe.  A 
handsome  evergreen,  flowering  in  May.  Stems  several  feet  in  length,  round, 
smooth  and  leafy.  Leaves  opposite,  smooth  and  shining,  about  an  inch  long. 
Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  alternate,  violet,  inodorous.  Lesser  Periwinkle. 

2.  V.  MAJOR. — Siems  nearly  erect;  leaves  ovate,  cillate ;  flowers  ^e- 
dunculate  ;  sepals  setaceous,  elongated.  Native  in  Europe.  Shrub,  with 
numerous,  slender,  straggling  branches,  very  leafy,  forming  light  masses  of 
evergreen  foliage  flourishing  best  beneath  the  shade  of  other  plants.     Leaves 

1 2  inches  in  length,  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base.     Flowers  blue, 

appearing  in  May  and  June.  Greater  Periwinkle. 

3.  NE'RIUM. 
Calyx  with  5  teeth  at  the  base  outside  of  the  corolla  ; 
corolla  hypocraterifoim,  segments  contorted,  orifice  with  a 
corona  consisting  of  5,  lasciniate  leaflets ;  filaments  inserted 
into  the  middle  of  the  tube  ;  anthers  sagittate,  adhering  to  the 
stigma  by  the  middle. 

The  ancient  Greek  name.     Oriental  shrubs.     Lvs.  evergreen. 

N.  OlEa'NDER. — Leaves  linear-lanceolate;  sepals  squarrose ;  corona 
flat,  its  segments  3-toothed.  Native  in  S.  Europe  and  the  Levant.  Stem 
branched.  Leaves  3  together,  on  short  stalks,  smooth,  very  entire,  coriaceous, 
with  prominent,  transveise  veins  beneath.  Flowers  terminal,  corymbose, 
large  and  beautiful,  rose-colored.  One  variety  has  white  flowers,  another 
variegated,  and  a  third,  double.  This  splendid  shrub  is  common  in  Palestine, 
growing  by  rivulets,  »tc.  It  is  commonly  supposed  by  travellersto  be  the  plant 
to  which  the  Psalmist  alludes,  Ps.  1  :  3,  and  37  :  35.    Rose  Bay-tree.   Oleander. 


ORDER  CIV.  ASCLEPlADACEiE. 

Cai.— Sepals  .5,  slightlv  united,  persistent. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  iinited'at  base,  regular,  deciduous,  twisted-imbiicate  in  nestivation. 
Sta. — 5,  inserted  inio  the  base  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  segments. 
IT'i/.— Connate.    Anth.  2-celled,  cells  sometimes  nearly  divided  by  partial  septa. 
Po/._When  the  anther  bursts  coliering  in  masses  which  are  as  many  as  the  cells,  or  conflu- 
ent into  pairs  and  adhering  to  the  5  processes  of  the  stigma  either  by  '2s,  by  4.s  or  singly. 
Oi-a.— 2,  styles  2,  approximate,  often  very  short.     Stigmas  united  into  1,  which  is  cemmon 

to  both  styles,  and  with  5  glandular  angles. 
Fr. — Follicles  2,  one  of  them  sometimes  atjortive. 

Stis. — Numerous,  pendulous,  almost  always  comose  at  the  hilum.    Albumen  thin. 
Embryo  straight.     Cotyledons  foliaceous.     Radicle  superior. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  almost  constantly  opposite,  entire,  exstipu- 
late.  They  are  chiefly  natives  of  tropical  regions,  and  especially  abundant  in  S.  Africa, 
S.  India  and  New  Holland,  but  are  not  uncommon  in  temperate  regions. 

Properties.  Similar  to  those  of  the  Apocynacerc,  but  far  less  active.  The  juice  is  acrid 
and  stimulating,  and  generally  to  be,  at  least,  suspected.  A  few  of  the  species  are  medi- 
cinal, but  none  of  much  consequence. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Segments  of  corona  with  5  horns.        .  Asrlepias.    1 

(erect.     Corolla  reflexed.  (  Segments  of  corona  without  horns.  .    Acfrate.').     2 

climbing.     Corolla  rotate,  petals  flat,  spreading Pcriploca.  3 

1.     ASCLE'PIAS. 
Calyx  small ;  petals  united  at  base,  reflexed  ;  corona  (nec- 
tary) 5-lobed,  with  5,  averted  horns  at  the  base  of  the  lobes  j 


ASCLEPIADACEiE.  309  ASCLEPIAS. 


antheridium  (connate  mass  of  anthers)  5-angled,  truncate, 
opening  by  5  longitudinal  fissures  ;  pollinia  (masses  of  pollen) 
5  distinct  pairs:  follicles  2,  ventricose;  seeds  comose. 

Gr.  name  of  Esculapius,  the  god  of  medicine  and  physicians.  Herbs  and 
Bhrubs  (the  northern  species  herbs).  Flowers  in  pedunculate,  axillary  and 
terminal  umbels.  Cal.  of  5,  lanceolate,  nearly  distinct  sepals,  much  shorter 
than  the  cor.  Pet.  oblong-lanceolate.  Corona  adnate  to  the  filaments  at  their 
base,  its  leaflets  erect,  concave,  fleshy,  each  mostly  with  an  incurved,  subu- 
late tooth.  Antheridium  pyramidal,  depressed,  consisting  ot  the  5  anthers 
consolidated  around  the  pistil,  separable  at  the  winged  angles.  Anlh.  2-celled, 
cells  opening  at  the  top,  earh  containing  a  waxy  mass  of  pollen  suspended  by 
a  slender  stipe,  those  of  the  adjacent  cells  of  distinct  anthers  apparently 
geminate.  Ova.  2,  enclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  corona,  1  of  them  mostly 
abortive.     Folhcles  muricate  or  smooth.     Seeds  imbricate,  compressed. 

*  Leaves  opposite. 

1.  A.  Syri'aca. 

Stem  simple;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  petiolate, gradually  acute, tomentose 
beneath  ;  umbels  nodding  ;  segmtnts  of  the  corona  bidentate  ;  follicles  muri- 
cate. A  coarse,  very  lactescent  plant,  common  by  roadsides,  and  in  sandy- 
fields.  Stem  3—4  feet  high,  seldom  branched.  Leaves  .5—8  inches  long, 
2—3  wide,  tapering  at  both  ends.  Umbels  several,  axillary,  subterminal, 
dense,  globose,  each  of  20  or  more  sweet-scented  flowers.  Calyx  segments 
lanceolate.  Corolla  pale-purple,  refle.^ed,  leaving  the  corona,  which  is  of 
nearly  the  same  hue,  quite  conspicuous.  But  few  of  the  flowers  prove  fertile, 
producing  oblong,  pointed,  rough  pods  or  follicles,  which  contain  a  mass  of 
long  silky  fibres  with  seeds  attached.    Jl.    Per.     Syrian  or  Common  Sillnceed. 

2.  A.  phytolaccoi'des. 

67fiOT  erect,  simple ;  Zeai^es  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  pale  beneath,  smooth, 
petiolate  ;  vmbels  lateral,  on  long  peduncles,  nodding  ;  segments  of  the  cororia 
truncate ;  bidentate,  horns  exserted.  A  tall  and  elegant  species,  found  in 
low,  shady  grounds.  Stem  4—5  feet  high,  smooth  and  slender.  Leaves 
acuminate  at  each  end,  (3 — 9  inches  long  and  nearly  half  as  wide.  Ihnbels 
near  the  top  on  lateral  peduncles  4 — G  inches  long,  and  consisting  each  of  about 
10  large  flowers,  on  pedicels  about  2  inches  in  length.  Petals  green.  Corona 
flesli-colored,  each  segment  truncate,  with  its  inner  margin  2-toothed,  and 
with  a  long,  slender,  incurved  horn.     Jn.    Per.  Poke-leaved  Sdkweed. 

3.  A.  obtusifo'lia. 

Slrm  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  amplexicaul,  oblong,  obtuse,  undulate,  very 
smooth,  glaucous  beneath  ;  uwbel  terminal,  on  a  long  peduncle,  smooth  ; 
horns  of  the  corona  exsert.  Stem  2—3  feet  hijjh,  bearing  a  single  (rarely  2) 
terminal  umbel  of  30— 40  large,  reddish  green  flowers.  Leaves  much  waved 
on  the  margin,  4 — 5  inches  long,  and  half  as  wide,  with  a  broad,  rounded, 
mucronate  apex.  Corolla  light  purple.  Corona  nearly  white,  its  segments 
large,  slightly  2-toothed.    In  shady  grounds.    Jl.    Per.     Blunt-leaved  Siikwted. 

4.  A.  purpura'scens. 

S/fm  simple;  leaves  ovate,  villous  beneath;  umbels  erect;  horns  of  the 
corowrt  resupinate.  In  hedges  and  thickets,  Charlestown,  N.  H.,  tSrc.  Stern 
3  feet  or  more  high,  simple  or  slightly  branched  at  top.  Leaves  paler  and 
downy  beneath,  the  midrib  purple,  smooth  above.  Flowers  in  terminal,  erect 
umbels.  Calyx  small,  green  Corolla  dark  purple,  with  reflexed  segments. 
Corona  purple,  twice  as  long  as  the  antheridium,  its  horns  abruptly  bent  in- 
wards to  a  horizontal  position  and  lying  close  upon  it.  Jl.  Per.   Pur  [lie  Sdkweed. 


ASCLEPIADACE^.  310  ASCLEPIAS. 

5.  A.  incarna'ta. 

Stem  erect,  branching  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  on  short  petioles,  slightly 
tomentose  ;  umbels  numerous,  erect,  mostly  terminal,  often  in  opposite  pairs  ; 
segmeiits  of  the,  corona  entire,  horns  exsert.  A  handsome  species  found  in 
wet  places.  Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  with  two  hairy  lines.  Leaves  4 — 7  inches 
long,  ^ — H  inch  wide,  rather  abrupt  at  base,  tapering  to  a  very  acute  point, 
on  petioles  ^  inch  long.  Umbels  close,  2 — 6  together  at  the  top  of  the  stem  or 
branches,  each  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  on  a  peduncle  2  inches  long,  and 
consisting  of  10 — 20  small  flowers.  Corolla  deep  purple,  corona  paler. 
Horns  subulate,  curving  inwards  over  the  summit  of  the  antheridium. 
July.     Per.  Rose-culored  Silkweed. 

j3.  puJchra;  stem  and  leaves  densely  tomentose,  the  latter  elliptical-lanceo- 
late, 3 — 4  times  as  long  as  wide,  sessile  or  on  very  short,  hairy  stalks.  Stem 
4 — 5  feet  high.     A  remarkable  variety. 

6.  A.  amce'na. 

Stem  simple,  downy  in  2  rows ;  leaves  subsessile,  oblong-oval,  pubescent 
beneath;  umbels  terminal,  erect;  segments  of  the  corona  erect,  horns  exsert. 
An  elegant  plant  in  low  grounds.  Stem  1 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  opposite, 
large,  obtuse,  rather  thick,  with  purple  nerves.  Umbels  arise  from  the  top  of 
the  stem  and  often  from  the  upper  axils.  Flowers  bright  purple,  on  long, 
straight  pedicels.     Corona  long,  erect,  rigid.     Jl.     Per.   Oval-leaved  Silkweed. 

7.  A.   quadrifo'lia. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  smooth  ;  leaves  smooth,  thin,  petiolate,  ovate,  acuminate, 
mostly  in  4s  ;  umbels  few,  lax,  on  long,  terminal  or  a.\illary  peduncles  ;  corona 
long,  segments  2-toothed,  horns  short.  An  elegant  species  in  dry  woods. 
Stem  about  2  feet  high,  slender,  often  with  1 — 2  hairy  lines.  Leaves  opposite, 
the  middle  or  upper  pairs  near  together  so  as  to  appear  in  4s,  2 — 3  inches  long 
and  half  as  wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  on  petioles  2 — 4  inches  long.  Flow- 
ers small,  while,  on  filiform  stalks  with  a  pubescent  line.  Corona  twice  as 
long  as  antheridium.     July.     Per.  Four-leaved  Silkweed. 

(i.  dehilis ;  stem  v/eak,  erect,  simple;  leaves  large,  thin,  oval-lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  the  4  upper  ones  sometimes  whorled ;  ximbel  terminal. 
Grows  in  shades. 

*  *  Leaves  verticillate. 

8.  A.  veticilla'ta. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  marked  with  pubescent  lines;  leaves  generally  verticil- 
late,  very  narrowly  linear,  revolute;  segments  of  the  corona  short,  2-toothed, 
horn  falcate,  exsert.  A  slender  and  delicate  species,  2  feet  high,  in  swamps 
(dry  soil,  authors).  Leaves  in  whorls  of  4 — 6,  3 — 5  inches  long  and  a  line 
in  width.  Flowers  small,  greenish  white,  in  small,  lateral  umbels.  Peduncles 
half  as  long  as  the  leaves.     July.    Per.  Whorled  Silkweed. 

*  *  *  Leaves  alternate. 

9.  A.    TUBERO'SA. 

Stem  ascending,  hairy,  with  spreading  branches  at  top ;  leaves  alternate, 
oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  ;  umbels  numerous,  forming  large,  terminal  corymbs. 
Found  in  sandy  fields.  Root  large,  fleshy,  sending  up  numerous  steins. 
These  are  about  2  feet  high,  leafy,  erect  or  ascending,  hairy  and  colored. 
Leaves  hairy,  scattered,  only  the  upper  ones  quite  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  obtuse  at  base,  2 — 4  inches  long,  ^ — 1  inch  wide.  The  corymb 
consists  of  numerous  bright  orange-colored  flowers.  Petals  5,  oblong,  reflexed, 
concealing  the  small  calyx.  Pods  or  follicles  lanceolate,  pointed,  and,  like 
the  other  species,  containing  long,  silky  down  uniting  the  flat,  ovate  seeds  to  the 
receptacle.    Aug.  Per.  Medicinal.     Tuhtrous-rooted  Asclepias,  Bulterfly-weed. 


JASMINACE5:.  311  PEBIPLOCA, 

2.    ACERA'TES. 
Calyx  small;  corolla  reflexed  ;  corona  of  5  distinct  leaflets, 
without  horns,  leaflets  concave,  appressed  to  the  angles  of  the 
antheridium  ;  pollinia  5  pairs,  pendulous;  follicles  smooth. 

Gr.  (*,  privative,  x£gaT£s,  horns  ;  alluding  to  the  absence  of  the  horns  which 
are  found  in  the  corona  of  analogous  genera.  Herbs.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls. 
in  umbels.  Cor.  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  abruptly  reflexed  from  the 
base  of  the  seg.  of  corona.  Seg.  of  corona  truncate  at  apex,  erect,  the  margin 
writh  2  short  teeth  opposite  the  antheridium  and  alternate  with  5  small  proces- 
ses at  base. 

1.  A.  LANCEOLA'TA.    Ell.     A.  viridiflora.    /3.  lanceolata.  Gn'.tf.     Asclepias  Ian.  i. 
Stem  decumbent,  hirsute  ;  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  acute,  sessile,  hirsute  ; 

umbels  lateral,  solitary,  sessile,  nodding,  dense,  subglobose.  Dry,  sandy 
plains.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  long,  branching  at  base.  Leaves  4 — 8  inches  long 
^ — f  inch  wide,  tapering  to  a  long  acumination,  scarcely  petiolate.  Flowers 
green,  in  one  or  more  axillary  umbels.     July.     Per. 

2.  A.   VIRIDIFLO'ra.      EU.  Asclepias  viridiflora. 
Stem    simple,  erect,    hirsute ;    leaves   oblong,   obtuse,  on    short   petioles, 

tomentose-pubescent  on  both  sides  ;  uvibels  lateral,  solitary,  dense,  globose, 
on  short  peduncles,  nodding;  ^€</ice/s  tomentose.  Dry  fields.  Stem  2  feet 
high,  covered  with  dense,  close  luiirs.  Leaves  thick,  2 — 3  inches  long,  1 — 2^ 
inches  wide,  varying  from  ovate  to  obovate,  mucronate,  often  retiise. 
Flowers  small,  green,  inelegant,  in  2  or  3  small,  subglobose  umbels.  Follicles 
downy.     July.     Per.  Green-fiowered  SUIaoeed. 

3.  PERIPLO'CA. 
Calyx  minute  ;  corolla  rolate,  flat,  5-parted,  orifice  sur- 
rounded by  a  5-cleft,  urceolate  corona  terminating  in  5 
filiform  awns  ;  filaments  distinct,  anthers  cohering,  bearded 
on  the  back;  pollinia  solitary,  4-lobed ;  follicles  2,  smooth, 
divaricate  ;  seeds  comose. 

Gr.  TTigi,  around,  TrXiyx-i) ;  a  binding  or  twining;  from  the  habit  of  the 
plant.  I'wining  shrubs  or  herbs.  Fls.  in  umbels  or  cymes.  Pollinia  dilated 
at  the  apex  and  united  to  the  corpuscles  of  the  stigma,  each  composed  of  4 
confluent  grains. 

P.    GR.ECA, 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate ;  corymbs  axillary ;  corolla  villous  within.  A 
climbing  shrub,  10 — 15  feet  long,  sparingly  naturalized  in  Western,  N.  Y., 
also  cultivated  in  gardens.  Leaves  opposite,  3 — 4  inches  long,  i  as  wide,  and 
on  petioles  ^  inch  long.  Flowers  in  long,  branching,  axillary  peduncles. 
Sepals  minute,  lanceolate,  acute.  Petals  very  hairy  within,  linear,  obtuse, 
dark  purple.    Follicles  about  2  inches  long.    Aug. 


ORDER  CV.   JASMINACE^.  The  Jessamine  Tribe. 

Cal. — Divided  or  tootlied,  persistent. 

Cor. — Regular,  hypocrateriform,  limb  in  5 — 8  divisions,  iwisted-imbricate  in  reslivalion. 

fStn. — 2,  arising  from  the  corolla  and  included  within  its  tube. 

Oi-a. — Free,  2-celled,  each  cell  with  1  erect  ovule.     Style  1.     Stigina  2-lobed. 

Fr. — Either  a  double  berry,  or  a  capsule  separable  into  2.    Seeds  2. 


OIjEACEJE. 


812 


A  small  order  of  ornamental  shrubs,  chiefly  abounding  in  tropical  India.  Leaves  simple 
or  compouiul,  opposite  or  alternate.  The  essential  oil  which  pervades  the  order,  residing 
chiefly  in  the  flowers,  is  exquisitely  fragrant.  On  this  account,  as  well  as  for  their  beauty, 
many  of  these  plants  are  cultivated. 

J  A  S  M  I'  N  U  M . 

Calyx  tubular,  5 — lO-clefl;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  tube 

long,   limb   flat,  5 — 10-cieft;   berry  double ;  seeds  2,  solitary, 

ariled. 

Gr.  icc(ru,ri,  perfume;  from  the  fragrance  of  the  flowers.  Shrubs,  erect  or 
Iwinino-.     Lvs.  evergreen.     Fls.  terminal. 

1.  J.  FRU'TICANS.  —  Erect;  branches  a.ng\i]a.r  ;  /eflucs  alternate,  trifoliate 
and  simple,  evergreen  ;  leajlels  obovate,  obtuse,  terminal  ones  subcuneate  ; 
sepals  subulate.  "Slein  3  feet  iiigh.     Flowers  yellow.  Ydlow  Jessamine. 

2.  J.  OFFICINA'LE.  —  Climbing;  Scares  pinnate,  opposite,  deciduous; 
leaflets  acuminate.  Stems  15  feet  in  length.  ^  Flowers  white.  Both  species 
are  favorite  exotics  of  the  flower  garden.  The  deliciously  fragrant  essential 
oil  of  jiismine  of  the  shops  is  chiefly  extracted  from  J.  officinale.  The  flow- 
ers of  J. /nitirarts  are  scentless.    Propagated  by  layers.  iy/tite  Jessamine. 


ORDER  CVl.  OLEACEtE. 

pis, Perfect  (sometimes  dicEcious).     Sepals  united  at  base,  persistent. 

(jg^ Petals  4   united  beluw,   sometimes  distinct  but  connected  in  pairs  by  the  filaments, 

valvate  in  aestivation  ;  rarely  0. 
£ia.— 2,  alternate  with  the  petals.     >ln(/t.  2-celled,  bursting  longitudinally. 

Q^ci. Free  ^-celled.     Ovuks  in  pairs,  pendulous.     Style  1  or  0.     Sligma  entire  or  bifid. 

jfr.— Drupaceous,  baccate  orsainaraj,  usually  1-seeded  by  abortion. 

g^j. Albumen  dense,  fleshy,  abundant,  twice  as  long  as  the  straight  embryo. 

Trees  and  shrubs.     Leaves  opposite,  simple,  sometimes  pinnate.     Natives  of  temperate 
climates.    The  ash  is  very  abundant  in  N.  America.     The  Philerias  and  the  Synngas  are 

Properties.     Otoe  oi7  is  expressed  from  the  pericarp  of  the  o^ife  (Olea  Europcea).     The 

bark  of  this  tree,  and  also  of  the  ash,  is  bitter,  astringent  and  febrifugal.     Manna,  a  sweet, 

gentle  pur^'utive,  is  the  concrete  discharge  of  several  species  of  the  Fraxinus,  particularly 

of  the  European  F.  Ornus.     The  species  of  the  ash  are  well  known  ibrtheir  usetul  timber. 

Conspectus  of  the  genera. 

1  long.     Anthers  included.     Shrubs.  Syringa.       1 

(colored.     Tube  of  the  corolla  }  short.    Anthers  exserted.    Shrubs.  Li  gustrum.  2 

Flowers  \  green,  polygamous.     Trees.    Leaves  pinnate.  .        .        •        Fraxinus.    3 

1.    SYRl'NGA. 
Calyx   small,  teeth    erect;  corolla   hypocrateriform,   tube 
several    times    longer  than   the  calyx,  limb  cleft  into  deep, 
obtuse,   spreading  segments;  stamens  short,  included  within 
the  tube.     Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved. 

Gr.  o-vQivl,  a  shepherd's  pipe ;  from  the  use  once  made  of  its  branches. 
Beautiful,  Oriental,  flowering  shrubs,  with  simple,  entire  leaves. 

1.  S.  VULGA'RIS. — Leases  cordate,  very  entire  ;  htjlnrescence  a.  thyrse. 
Flowers  of  that  peculiar  pale  purple  which  is  called  lilac,  numerous,  dense. 
April.     May.  Cammon  Lilac. 

2.  P.  Pe'RSICA. — icfJi'cs ovate-lanceolate, acute  and  acuminate, entire, 
rarely  pinnatifid  ;  floicers  in  a  thyrsaid  panicle,  larger  than  the  fonuer,  while. 


313  FRAXINUS. 


Few  of  us  are  unacquainted  with  these  species  of  tlie  lilac.  Their  dark  green 
and  glossy  leaves,  their  fine  clusters  of  wiiite  and  purple  flowers,  their  strong 
and  peculiar  fruLTanee,  and  the  early  appearance  of  the  blossoms,  justly 
entitle  them  to  the  conspicuous  place  they  usually  occupy  in  our  shrub- 
beries. Persian  Lilac, 

2.    LIGU' STRUM. 

Calyx  minulelj  toothed;  corolla  lube  short,  limb  with 
spreading,  ovate  lobes;  berry  2-celled,  2 — 4-seeded. 

Lat.  Ugo,  to  bind ;  from  the  use  made  of  its  shoots.  Shrubs  with  simple 
leaves.  Fls  in  terminal  panicles,  tetramerous.  Stamens  2.  Style  very 
short.     Seeds  convex  on  one  side,  angular  on  the  other. 

L.  vulga're. 

icarcs  lanceolate  and  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  on  short  petioles;  panicle 
dense,  terminal.  A  smooth  shrub,  5 — G  feet  high.  Branches  wand-like  with 
opposite,  entire,  smooth,  dark  green  leaves  which  are  1 — 2  inches  long,  h  as 
wide,  varying  from  obovate  to  elliptical,  with  a  rounded,  obtuse  or  acute  point. 
Flowers  sniuli,  numerous,  white.  Anthers  large,  exsetted.  Berries  black, 
in  conical  bunches,  bitter.  Common  in  woods  and  thickets,  N.  York.  Said 
to  have  been  introduced  from  England  where  it  is  used  for  hedges.  May, 
June.  Piivet.     Friiii. 

3.     FRAXI'NUS. 

Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous.  Slamhiale.  jls.  (often 
perfect). — Calyx  0  or  3 — 4-|jaried;  corolla  0  or  4-pelaled  ; 
stamens  2.  PisUllale Jls. — Calyx  and  corolla  as  the  perfect; 
samara  2  celled,  by  abortion  1-seeded. 

Gr.  (pga|i5.  a  separation  ;  in  allusion  to  tlie  easy  separation  of  its  annual 
layers  into  laminae.  Trees.  Lvs.  unequally  pinnate.  Fls.  paniculate,  the 
staininate  ones  densely  so.  HI.  short.  Antii.  large,  with  4-i'urrows.  Stig. 
cleft.     Fruit  compressed  and  leafy  at  the  end,  lanceolate,  solitary,  pendulous. 

1.  F.    ACUMINA'TA.       Lam.  F.Americana.     iVilld. 
Leaflets  petiolate,  oblong,  shining,  entire   or   slightly  toothed,  acuminate, 

glaucous  beneath  ;  flowers  calyculate.  The  white  ash  is  one  of  the  most  de- 
sirable tenants  of  our  forests  It  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  nortliern  parts  of 
the  U.  States  and  Canada.  Few  trees  exceed  it  in  tlie  beauty  and  magnitude 
of  its  proportions.  Tlie  trunk  arises  often  more  than  40  feet  williouta  branch 
and  then  e.vpands  into  a  regular  summit  of  an  equal  additional  hight.  The 
leaves  are  a  foot  or  more  in  length,  op|)osite,  pinnate,  consisting  of  about  7 
leaflets.  Flowers  in  loose  panicles,  the  fertile  ones  with  a  calyx  and  the 
barren  ones  without.  The  wood  is  lichl,  firm,  elastic  and  durable,  furnishing 
a  most  excellent  timber  for  carriage  fraisies,  agricultural  impleirients,  pins, 
handspikes,  bars,  &c.     May.  Witite  Ask. 

2.  F.   sambucifo'lia.     Muh. 

Leaflets  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  rugose  and  shining,  round-oblique 
at  the  base;  axils  of  tke  veins  villous  beneath  ;  yZowe/A- naked.  This  specie3 
is  common  in  the  northern  U.  S.  and  the  British  Provinces,  where  it  is  almost 
universally  known  as  black  ash.  it  prcfi^rs  moist  woods  and  even  swamps 
which  it  sometimes  ahnost  exclusively  occupies,  it  grows  to  tiie  hight  of 
€0—70  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  2.  The  bark  is  of  a  darker  hue  than  that  of 
EB 


ARISTOLOCHIACEjEi  814 


the  white  ash  and  less  deeply  furrowed.  The  buds  are  of  a  deep  blue,  not 
yellow  as  in  the  former.  The  leaves  are  a  foot  or  more  in  length,  of  about  7 
sessile  leaflets,  which  are  smooth  above  and  red-downy  on  the  veins  beneath. 
The  wood  ispurplisli.  very  tough  and  elastic,  but  less  durable  than  the  white 
ash.  The  young  saplings  are  in  great  requisition  for  hoops,  and  the  mature 
trunks  for  baskets.     May.  Black  Ash. 

3.  F.    TOxMENTO'SA.       Muh. 

Leaflets  petiolate,  elliptical-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  covered  with  a  dense 
tomentum  beneath,  as  well  as  the  -petioles  and  brunchlels ;  floioers  calyculate. 
The  red  ash  is  abundant  in  Penn.  and  the  southern  parts  of  N.  England,  re- 
sembling the  last  species  so  as  often  to  be  confounded  with  it.  It  arises  60 
feet,  with  a  straight  trunk  covered  with  bark  of  a  deep  brown  color.  Leaves 
of  about  7  leaflets,  which  become  reddish  underneath.  The  wood  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  white  ash,  and  is  valuable  for  about  the  same  diversified  uses. 
May.  Red  Ash. 

4.  F.  juglandifo'lia. 

Leaflets  petiolate,  ovale,  opaque,  serrate,  glaucous  beneath,  axils  of  the 
Veins  pubescent ;  branrhes  smooth  ;  flowers  calyculate.  A  small  tree,  15 — ^5 
feet  high,  in  wet  woods.  Leaves  10 — 15  inches  long,  consisting  of  7 — 15 
Jong,  rather  narrow  leaflets.     May.  Swamp  Ash. 


SUBCLASS  III.    APETAL.E. 

Corolla  none;  the  floral  envelopes  consisting  of  a  single  series  of 
organs  (calyx)  only,  or  sometimes  wholly  wanting. 


ORDER   CVI[.    ARISTOLOCHIACE.E.  ne  Snake-root  Tri>>e. 

Cal. — Tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  segments  3,  valvate  in  a;slivation. 
*Va. — 6 — 12,  epigynoHS  or  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  short  and  thick  .styles. 
Ofa. — 3 — (i-celled.     Stigmas  radiate,  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary. 
Fr. — Capsule  or  berry,;j— tj-colled.  many-seeded. 
Embryo  uiinMe,  in  the  base  of  fleshy  allaimen. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  the  latter  often  climbing.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  petiolate,  oAcn 
with  stipules.  They  are  most  abuudaiil  in  the  tropical  countries  of  S.  America,  and  thinly 
diffused  throughout  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Properties.  Tonics  and  stimulants.  Both  the  following  species  are  successfully  employ- 
ed in  medicine. 

1.    ASA'RUM. 

Calyx  campanulatc;  stamens  12,  placed  upon  (he  ovary; 
anthers  adnata  to  tiie  ntiiddle  of  the  filaments;  style  very- 
short;  stigma  6-rajed  ;  capsule  6-celled,  crowned   with  the 

calyx. 

Etymology  obscure,  said  to  be  from  the  Greek  a.,  privative,  and  o-hqo),  to 
bind  ;  because  not  used  in  garlands.  Herbs,  with  creeping  rhizomas  and 
1 — '2  leaves  on  each  branch.     Fls.  solitary. 


CHENOPODIACEiE.  815  A  RISTOLOCHIA. 

A.  Canade'nse. 

Lea»es  2,  broad-reniform ;  ca/j/i  woolly,  deeply  3-cleft,  the  seorments  re- 
flected. A  small,  acaulescent  plant,  growing  in  rich,  shady  soil.  The  leaves 
are  radical,  large,  2 — 4  inches  long  and  3 — 5  wide,  with  a  deep  sinurs  at  base, 
on  long,  hairy  stalks,  and  having  a  soft  velvet-like  surface.  The  flower 
grows  from  between  the  bases  of  the  leaf-stalks,  solitary,  on  a  nodding 
peduncle,  and  is  close  to  the  ground,  sometimes  even  buried  just  beneath  the 
surface.  Calyx  purplish,  of  3,  broad,  long-pointed  divisions  abruptly  spread- 
ing. The  12  filaments  bear  the  anthers  on  their  sides  just  below  the  extremity. 
The  root  or  rhizoma  is  aromatic,  and  has  been  considered  uselul  in  whooping- 
cough.     May — July.     Per,  ^sarnbacca.     Ji'ild  Ginger. 

2.    ARISTOLO'CHIA. 
Calyx  ligulate,  wilh  an  inflated  base  and  an  unequal  border; 
anthers  6,  sub?essile  upon  the  style;  stigma  G-cleft;    capsule 
6-ceiled,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  aQio-roi,  excellent,  >lo;^^£o5,  pertaining  to  parturition  ;  in  reference  to 
the  supposed  medicinal  properties  of  some  of  the  species.  Stem  erect  or 
twining. 

A.  Serpenta'ria. 

Leaves  cordate,  oblong,  acuminate  ;  stem  flexuous  ;  peduncles  radical.  Root 
fibrous.  Stems  several,  mostly  simple,  6 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  entire, 
3-nerved,  stalked.  Flower-stalks  radical,  bracteate,  with  flowers  of  a  dull 
purple  color.  Native  of  the  Middle  and  Southern  States.  Cultivated  oa 
account  of  its  value  in  medicine.  The  dried  root  is  kept  in  shops  and  has  an 
aromatic  odor  like  Valerian,  a  warm,  bitter,  pungent  taste,  some  like  camphor, 
and  is  stimulating,  diaphoretic  and  tonic.     Jn.    Per.       Virginian  Snulce-ioot. 


ORDER  CVIII.    CHENOPODIACEiE.  The  Goose-foot  Tribe. 

Cal. — Deeply  divided,  often  tubular  at  base,  imbricate  in  estivation. 

Sta. — From  the  base  of  tbe  calyx,  as  many  as  its  lobes  or  fewer,  and  opposite  to  them. 

Ova. — 1,  with  1  ovule  attached  to  its  base  witliin.     Styles2 — 4,  rarely  1. 

». — A  utricle.     Embryo  usually  curved  around  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs.  Leaves  alternate  (rarely  opposite),  without  stipules.  Flowers 
inconspicuous.  The  species  are  often  maritime  plants,  and  more  generally  weeds, 
abounding  in  the  northern  temperate  zone. 

Properties.  Some  are  useful  for  food,  as  the  beet,  mangel-wurtzel,  orache,  stpinach,  4"^. 
Others  contain  an  essential  oil,  which  renders  them  tonic,  antispasmodic  and  anthelmintic  : 
as  Chenopodium  botrys,  C.  ambrosioides,  C.  anthelminticum  ;  the  latter  yields  the  oflicinal 
wor7n-seed  oil.  Salsoli,  Salicornia  and  other  sea-side  species  yield  soda  from  their  aslies 
in  great  abundance. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

I  Fruit  partly  in-  f  Seed  lenticular.  Chenopodium.  7 

<  vested  in  calyx.  |  Seed  reniform.  Beta.                8 

f  Stamens  5...  (  Fr.  wholly  invested  in  cal.  Lvs.  subulate.  Salsola.  2 

\                           1  Styles  1.     Leafless  plants.          .  Salicornia.        1 

rail  perfect,   f  Stamens  1—2  |  Styles  2.     Leafy  plants.         .        .  Bhtiim.            6 

J  dicEcious.     (  Stigmas  sessile.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.       .  Acnida.             4 

j  Stamens  5.  (  Stig.  on  capillary  styles.     Lvs.  hastate-lanceolate.  Spiiiacia.         3 

Flowers  I  polygamous.    Stamens  5 Airipk-x.          5 


CHENOPODIACEj;.  SI  6  SPINACIA. 

1.    SALICO'RNIA. 

Caljx"  turbinate,  fleshy,  c-losed.  entire  ;  stamens  1 — 2  ;  siyle 
1,  bifid;  utricle  invested  in  tiie  calyx,  l-seedcd. 

Lat.  sal  salt,  cornu.  horn  ;  in  allusion  both  to  its  locality  and  appearance. 
Salt  marsh  herbs,  rarely  shrubby,  destitute  of  leaves. 

1.  S.  herba'cea. 

Stem  erect,  lierbaceous,  spreading  ;  joints  compressed  ;  internodes  dilated 
upwards,  truncated;  hrnnclies  numerous,  opposite,  liolit  green,  jointed,  suc- 
culent, sinootii,  terininalirig  in  a  spike  ;  gj/ihcs  lateral  and  terminal,  tnperin^ 
upwards  ;  jioirers  small,  sessile,  about  tiiree  on  each  side  of  the  bnse  ofevery 
joint.  A  leaHess  plant  with  succulent  and  jointed  branches,  about  a  foot  high, 
growing  abundantly  on  sea  shores  and  salt  marshes  ;  also  at  Salina,  N.  York. 
This  and  other  species  are  said  to  make  a  good  pickle  for  the  table.  When 
burned,  its  ashes  yield  soda.     Aug.     Ann.  Sail-wort. 

2.  S.    MUCRONA'TA.       Bw. 

Low,  herbaceous  ;  j'oj/i/squadrangulnr  at  bottom,  compressed  and  truncate 
at  top  ;  spikes  ohlong,  with  mucronate  scales.  A  plant  of  thicker  structure 
than  the  preceding,  but  less  than  half  its  hight ;  has  fewer  branches  and  shorter 
spikes,  with  acute,  mucronate  scales.  In  salt  marshes  at  Charlestown,  Ms., 
Ciic.     Aug.    Ann. 

3.  S.  ambi'gua. 

Perennial,  procumbent,  branching ;  j,9i77;s  small,  crescent-shaped;  spikes 
opposite  and  alternate  ;  c/ihjx  truncate;  «/i///e/i- puridi-sh  yellow  ;  stigmas  2. 
A  small  species,  found  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Bedford,  Ms.     Dewey. 

2.  SALS  O' LA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  enibiacin^  the  fruit  with  its 
base,  and  crowning  it  \viti»  its  enlarged  limb;  styles  2  ;  seed 
horizontal;  embrjo  spiral. 

Lat.  salsus,  salt.     Salt-marsh  iierbs  with  linear  or  subulate  leaves. 

S.  Kal!. 

Herbaceous,  decumbent;  Icivrs  subulate,  channelled,  spinose.  smooth.' 
calyx  martiined,  a.xillary.  A  rigid,  prickly  and  very  branching  plant,  of  the 
sea-coast  ~  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  diffuse.  Leaves  about  an  inch  lonof,  sessile, 
endin'r  with  a  spine.  Flowers  green,  succulent,  sessile,  bracieate.  Seed 
cochleate,  enclosed  in  the  caly.x.     Aug.    Used  in  tlie  preparation  of  Soda. 

a.  Carolininna.  (jV(/;<.  S.  Caroliniana.  JTa/i )  ;  /tare^  dilated  ;  calyx  with  a 
broader  margin  ;  stein  smooth. 

3.  SPINA'CIA. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Slerilefl. — Cal\  x  5-parled  ;  s'arpens  5. 
Fertile  f. — Calyx2 — 4-clert ;  st)  ies  4,  capillary  ;  utricle  con- 
tained wiihin  the  indurated  and  sometimes  muiicated  calyx. 

Lat.  spina,  a  prickle;  on  account  of  the  spiny  processes  of  the  fruit. 

S.  OLERA'CEA.  —  Leaves  hastate-lanceolate,  peliolate  ;  fruit  sessile, 
prickly  or  unarmed.  Native  country  unknown,  but  it  lias  long  been  a  common 
plant  in  gardens,  and  in  some  esteem  as  an  esculent.     Stem  1 — 2  ftct  high. 


CHENOPOOrACEjE. 


317  ATRIPLEX. 


with  leaves  between  hastate  and  sagittate,  2—3  inches  long,  and  nearly  half 
as  wide,  tapering  at  base  into  a  long-  petiole.  Flowers  greenish,  the  sterile 
ones  in  a  terminal-panicle,  the  fertile  ones  in  dense,  sessile,  axillary  racemes. 
June.    July.     Ann.  Spinage. 

4.    ACNI'DA. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sknle  ji.—C^\yx  5-parted  ;  slameiis  5. 
Ferlile  /.-- -Caljx  3-paited  ;  stigmas  3  —  5,  sessile;  utricle 
l-seeded. 

Gt.  a,  privative,  and  JtviSri,  the  nettle;  that  is  to  say,  a  nettle-like  plant 
which  does  not  sting.     Herbaceous  weeds,  mostly  aquatic. 

A.  Cannabi'na. 

ieoBW  ovate-lanceolate  ;  capsules  smooih,  acute-angled.  In  salt  marshes 
and  inland  swamps.  Stem  furrowed,  smooth,  2 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  alter- 
nate. petiolate,2 — 5  inches  long,  tapering  to  a  long  point.  Panicles  a.xillary 
and  terminal,  with  numerous  small,  green  flowers.  Aug.  Ann.     Wild  Hemp. 

5.    A' TRIPLEX. 
Flowers    monoeciotisly    polygamous,     Perftct  jl. —  Calyx  5- 
paited  ;  siamens  5  5  style  bipartite  ;  utricle  depressed,  invested 
in  the  calyx.     Pistilfule  f. — Calyx  2-leaved  ;  stamens  0;  style 
and  fruit  as  above. 

Lat.  uter,  dark.     Perhaps  on  account  of  its  dark  color. 

1.  A.  iiorte'nsis. 

Stem  erect,  herbaceous  ;  leaves  triangular,  toothed,  of  a  unifoirn  color  both 
sides;  cahjx  of  the  fruit  ovate,  reticulate,  entire.  Sparingly  naturalized  in 
cultivated  grounds.  Stem  3  feet  or  more  high,  with  thick  leaves  of  variable 
shape,  and  2— 3  inches  long.  Flowers  green,  in  terminal,  interrupted  racemes 
or  spikes.    It  is  sometimes  cultivated  as  a  pot-herb.    Jl.  Ann.     Garden  Orachc. 

2.  A.  pa'tula. 

Stem  spreading,  herbaceous  ;  leaves  triangular-hastate,  acuminate  ;  calyx  of 
the  fruit  submuricate  on  the  disk.  Avery  branching  plant,  1—2  feet  long, 
foufld  in  salt  marshes.  Stem  and  leaves  dull  green,  somewhat  glaucous. 
Lower  leaves  hastate,  with  coarse  teeth,  upper  ones  lanceolate  and  nearly 
entire.  Flowers  in  long,  terminal  and  axillary,  interrupted  racemes. 
Sepals  of  the  fertile  flowers  triangular,  studded  with  tubercles  in  the  midst. 
Aug.     Ann.  Spreading  Orache. 

3.  A.  arena'ria.     Kuit. 

Stem  spreading,  herbaceous  ;  /ear^s  entire,  oblong-ovate,  subsessile,  silvery 
white  beneath,  upper  ones  acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  aggregated,  axillary  ; 
cjiLyx  of  the  fertile  floiee.rs  muricale,  dentate,  retuse.  Grows  on  sandy  shores. 
Stem  about  a  foot  high,  reddish,  angular,  very  branching.  Lower  leaves 
often  wedge-shaped.  Flowers  moncEcious,  tiie  sterile  ones  in  short,  dense 
spikes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  the  fertile  in  axillary  clusters.  July. 
Ann.  Sand  Orache. 

4.  A.  lacinfa'ta. 

Stem  spreading,  herbaceous;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  deeply  toothed,  hoary 
pubescent  beneath,  lower   ones  opposite  ;  j:)e7/eff  ^(^tcer*  letrandrous ;  califx 
o/r/(c//(ui  rhomboid,  3-nerved,  denticulate.     In   salt  marshes.     Stem   afoot 
BB* 


CHENOPODIACKiE.  S18  CHE^OPOU^UM. 

long,  mostly  procumbent,  mealy,  alternately  branched.  Leaves  .stalked, entire 
at  base,  covered  with  small,  grayish  scales.  The  perfect  flowers  in  terminal, 
sessile  clusters,  their  ovaries  about  5.  Pistillate  flowers  axillary,  2 — 3  to- 
gether.   July.     Ann.  Frosted  Sea  Oruche. 

6 .     B  L I  T  U  M  . 
Calyx  S-cleft.  stamen  1,  styles  2;  seed    ],  eontained  in  the 
calyx  which  becoines  a  beiiy. 

Gr.  pXr)rov,  insipid;  in  allusion  to  the  fair,  but  ill-flavored  berries. 
Annual,  herbaceous  weeds.  Divisions  of  the  cal.  ovate,  equal.  Fil.  longer 
than  the  cal.,  erect,  setaceous.     Ova.  ovoid,  acuminate. 

1.  B.    CAPITA'TUM. 

Leaves  triangular-hastate,  toothed;  keniis  in  a  terminal,  leafless  spike; 
/rM'<  consisting  oi'the  reddened  flowers,  appearing  like  strawberries,  full  of  a 
purple  juice,  taste  insipid.  A  weed-like  plant  about  a  foot  iu  hight,  branch- 
ing, growing  in  fields  and  sometimes  cultivated  for  borders  in  the  flower 
garden.  Heads  of  flowers  sessile,  near  together,  on  the  branches  and  summit 
of  the  stem.     June.     Ann.  Straichcrrij  Elite. 

2.  A.  ruscoca'rpa. 

Leaves  oval-lanceolate  ;  capsiiles  obtusely  angled,  rugose.  A  tall,  branchinjj 
unsightly  plant  in  similar  situalinns  with  the  last.  Stem  6^8  leet  high, 
angular.     Flowers  greenish  white,  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes.     Jl.  Ann. 

3.  B.  mari'timum.     jVutt. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  extremity,  inrisely  dentate  ;  heads 
axillary,  sessile,  spiked  ;  calyx  membranaceous.  A  coarse  unsightly  plant,  in 
salt  marshes,  N.  Y.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  very  branching.  Leaves  fleshy, 
with  2  or  more  large  teeth  each  side.  Flowers  very  numerous  and  minute, 
not  becoming  red  in  fruit.    Aug. 

7.    CHEiNOPO'DIUM. 
Calyx  5-p3rled,  obtiiseiy  oangled,  free,    pariially  envelop- 
ing the  fiuii  ;  stamens  5;  sl^  les  2  ;  utricle  membranaceous; 
seed  lenticular,  veitically  depressed. 

Gr.  X^v,  a  goose,  and  ttoi/s,  a  foot ;  the  leaves  of  some  of  the  species  rusem- 
ble  the  webbed  feet  of  water-fowls.    Mostly  annual  weeds  with  alternate  leaves. 

1.  C.    ALBUiM. 

Leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  crowded,  entire  at  base,  the  upper  ones  oblong, 
very  entire;  ruccmes  branched,  leafy, smooth.  A  weed,  common  in  cultivat- 
ed grounds.  Stem  ti — :}  feel  high,  furrowed,  smooth,  branching,  leaves  more 
or  less  mealy  as  also  the  wh^le  plant.  Flowers  numerous,  small,  green,  in 
irregular,  terminal,  erect  racemes,     July  —  Sept.  IVh/te  Goose-fi,ot. 

2.  C.    RUBRUM. 

Leaves  rhomboid-triangnlar,  deeply  toothed  and  sinuate ;  racnnes  erect, 
comjiound,  leafy.  A  weed  in  waste  grounds,  rubbish,  &c.  Stem  reddish, 
H — 2  feet  high,  with  short  branches,  very  compoimd,  and  with  compact 
Clusters  of  small,  reddish  green  flowers.  Leaves  dark  green,  the  upper  onea 
small  and  intermi.xed  wilh  the  flowers.     July.  Bed  Guosc-foot. 

3.  C.  hy'bridum. 

Leaves  cordate,  angular-toothed,  acuminate;  racemes  branched,  subcyrnose, 
divaricate,  leafless.     A    weed  in    waste   places,  &c.,   rather  taller  than  the 


CHENOPODIACE^.  319 


foregoing.  Stem  slender,  2 — ',\  feet  high,  bearing  a  loose,  branching  clusterof 
unsightly  and  ill-scented  flowers,  remote  from  the  leaves.  Leaves  bright 
green,  with  large,  remote  teeth  and  a  tapering  point.    Jl.         Tall  Guose-fool. 

4.  C.    ANTHELMl'iNTICUM. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  toothed  ;  spike  simple,  slender,  interrupted,  leaf- 
less. A  strong-scented  species,  said  to  be  a  good  vermifuge,  as  both  its  specific 
and  common  name  would  imply.  Stem  ]i — 2  feet  high,  its  branches  ending 
in  long  spikes  of  green,  inconspicuous  flowers.     Aug.    Per.  IVormseed. 

5.  C.    BOTRYS. 

Leaves  oblong,  sinuate  ;  raeemes  much  divided.  Sandy  fields,  &c.  This 
plant  is  sometimes  cultivated  both  on  account  of  its  fragrance,  and  the 
remarkable  appearance  of  its  con)pound  clusters  of  inn\imeruble  flowers. 
Plant  1 — 3  feet  high,  viscid-pubescent,  l^eaves  petiolate,  the  sinuses  deep, 
giving  them  some  resemblance  to  oak  leaves.  The  branches  put  forth 
numerous  leaves  and  short,  a.xillary  clusters  on  every  side,  forming  long, 
leafy,  cylindric.  green,  compound  racemes,  of  which  the  central  one  is  much 
the  tallest.     June.  Oalc-of-Jerusalem. 

6.  C.  mari'timum. 

Leaves  linear,  subulate,  fleshy,  semi-cylindrical ;  floice.rs  in  sessile,  axillary 
clusters  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  sepals.  A  fleshy  plant  growing  m  salt 
meadows.  Stem  1^ — 2  feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  numerous,  very  acute, 
^ — I  inch  long.  Flowers  in  axillary  glomerules,  green.  Utricle  thin  and 
semi-transparent,  containuig  a  black  and  shining  seed.     Aug.    Sept. 

7.  C.    AMBROSIOl'DES. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  remotely  dentate  ;  racemes  simple,  axillary,  leafy.  Fields 
and  roadsides  Plant  rather  fragrant.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  much  branched, 
angular,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  acute  at  each  end  (the  upper  ones  nearly 
linear),  about  4  times  as  long  as  wide,  the  petioles  0 — ^  inch  long.  Flowers 
green,  in  .sessile  clusters  on  short,  erect,  slender,  leaty  branches.  Stamens 
exsert.     Aug.     Sept.  Jlmhrosia  Goose-foot. 

8.    BETA. 
Calyx  5-sepaled  ;  stamens  5;  .shies    2,    very  short,  erect, 
with  acute  stigmas  ;  seed  reiiifbrm,  imbedded   in  (lie  fleshy 
calyx. 

Celtic  belt,  red ;  the  usunl  color  of  the  beet.  Biennial  herbs,  with  fur- 
rowed stems  and  alternate  leaves. 

1.  B.  VULGARIS.  —  Flowers  in  dense,  sessile,  axillary  clusters  ;  lower 
leaves  ovate  ;  root  fleshy.  This  useful  culinary  is  said  to  grow  wild  in  S. 
Eurojie.  Besides  its  use  in  snlads,  pickles,  soups,  «&c.,  the  beet  yields  sugar 
equal  to  that  of  the  cane.  There  are  several  varieties,  of  which  tiie  purple- 
Icaved  are  the  most  esteemed  for  the  kitchen,  and  the  green-leaved  for 
extracting  sugar.     Aug.  Common  Beet. 

^.  b.  CiCLA. — Leaves  vi'ilh  very  thick  nhs ;  fowers  3,  together;  roots 
scarcely  any.  Native  of  Polugal.  Root  leaves  stalked,  those  of  the  stem 
ses.sile.  Flowers  green,  numerous,  in  very  long  spikes.  A  culinary  plant, 
with  very  large  leaves,  used  as  a  salad,  &c.     Aus.  Scuicity. 

fi.  Mitvgel-WurlzeJ ;  root  very  large.  Cultivated  as  food  for  cattle,  for 
which  purpose  it  is  highly  prized  by  many  farmers. 


AMARANTHACEa:.  320  AMARANTHDS. 

ORDER  CIX.    SCLERANTHACE^.  TheKnawd  Tribe. 

Cat. — Tube  uroeolate,  limb  4 — 5-toothed. 

Sta. — Inserted  on  llie  calyx  tube,  and  usually  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes. 
Ova. — 1,  free,  1-seeded.     Styles^  or  1.     Ft.  a  utricle,  in  the  hardened  calyx. 
S«frf  pendulous  from  the  apex  of  a  funiculus  which  arises  from  base  of  cell. 
Embryo  curved  around  farinaceous  albumen. 

A  small  order  of  worthless  weeds,  nativesof  the  northern  hemisphere.  Leaves  opposite, 
exstipulate. 

SCLRRA'NTHUS. 

Calyx  persistent,  5  cleft,  the  tube  contracted  at  the  orifice; 

stamens    10,  rarely  5   or  2  ;  styles  2;  utricle  very    smooth, 

enclosed  in  the  calyx. 

Gr.  o-x.Xi]go«,  hard,  and  av^os,  flower  J  when  in  seed,  the  floral  envelope 
appears  hard  and  dry. 

S.  a'nnuus. 

Siem  spreading,  slightly  pubescent;  stamens  10;  calyx  of  the  fruit  with 
acute,  spreading  segments.  A  weed  in  dr)'  fields  and  roadsides.  Stems 
numerous,  branching,  decumbent,  short,  ending  with  leafy  clusters  of  sessile 
green  flowers.  The  leaves  are  numerous,  linear,  acute,  short,  opposite, 
partially  united  at  their  basis.  Flowers  very  small,  green,  in  axillary 
fascicles.     July.     Ann,  Common  Knawel. 


ORDER  ex.    AMARANTHACE.E.  The  Jimaramh  Tribe. 

Cat. — Sepals  3 — 5,  dry  and  scarious,  presisteni,  generally  with  dry,  colored  bracts. 
Sta. — 5  or  some  multiple  of  5,  distinct  or  monadelphouS;  hypogynous. 
Ova. — 1,  free,  1  or  few-ovuled.     Style  1  or  none.     Stigma  siinple  or  compound. 
Ft. — A  utricle.     Seeds  pendulous.     Embryo  curved  around  farinaceous  albumen. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves  destitute  of  stipules.  The  species  are  most 
abundant  in  warm  latitudes.  A  few  of  them  are  cultivated  for  their  richly  colored,  im- 
perishable flowers.     Others  are  worthless  weeds. 

Consjjcctus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Flowers  rnoncecious. Amaranthus.   1  ■ 

f  alternate.  |  Flowers  perfect,  pentandrous Celosia.  3 

opposite.    Flowers  perfect,  pentandrous,  capitate.     .        .        .  Gompkrena.   2 

1.     AMARA'NTHUS. 
Flowers  monoecious.     Sterile  fl. — Calyx  3-!eaved  ;  stamens 
3 — 5.     Fertile  f. — Calyx  3-leaved  ;  styles  3;  utricle  bursting 
by  a  circumscissile  dehiscence. 

Gr.  a-,  privative,  and  jw.agan'iW,  to  wither ;  because  the  flowers  of  most  of  the 
species  retain  their  bright  colors  when  dead.  Herbs,  mostly  annual,  with 
alternate  leaves.     Fertile  and  sterile  flowers  in  the  same  cluster. 

*  Flowers  triandrous. 
1,    A.    ALBUS. 

Stem  obtusely  angular  ;  leaves  obovate,  retuse  ;  fiowers  triandrous,  in  small, 
axillary  clusters.  A  common  garden  weed,  1 — 2  (ieet  high,  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves  entire,  varying  from  oval  to  obovate,  eniarginate,  with  a  mucronate 
point,  tapering  to  a  petiole  wliich  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  blade,  those  upon  the 
branches  very  small.  F"lowers  inconspicuous,  pale  green,  accompanied  with 
numerous,  setaceous-pointed  bracts.    July.  White  Coxcomt. 


iMARANTHACK.E.  321  GOMPHRFNA. 


2.  A.  Blitum. 

Stem  diffusely  spreadincr ;  leaves  ovale,  retuse  ;  Jloioers  triandrous,  some- 
what spiked.  A  weed  of  similar  habit  with  A.  hybridus,  spreading  or 
prostrate.     July.  Low  Amnrunth. 

3.  A.  olera'ceus. 

Leaves  rugose,  oblong,  very  obtuse,  emarginate  ;  dusters  axillary ,  branching ; 
_/Zoj«e/-s  sometimes  pentandrous.  Stem  18 — i24  inches  high.  Jl.    Put  Amur unth. 

*  *  Flowers  pentandrous. 

4.  A.  hy'bridus. 

S<t'w  furrowed,  erect;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate;  racemes  pentandrous,  de- 
compound crowded,  erect.  A  common  weed  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Stem  3  feet  high,  or  more,  leaves  alternate,  lonij  stalked,  mostly  entire, 
obtuse,  emarginate,  mucronale,  the  lowest  ones  refuse  Flowers  minute,  in 
large  green  oblong  spikes  becoming  at  lemrili  a  dull  red,  axillary  and  terminal. 
June — Sept.  Hybrid  Amarunlh. 

5.  A.  retrofle'xus. 

Leaves  ovate,  undulate  ;  Irnnches  downy;  rnc(rncs  pentandrous,  triply 
compound,  compact,  erect.     Waste  grounds.     Stem  2  leet  higli.     Aug.    Ann. 

Rough  Aiuarunth. 

6.  A.  pu'milus. 

Leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  smooth  and  fleshy,  often  retuse;  chi sters  ^yiWlnry; 
flowers  pentandrous;  ciilyx  5-leaved,  concave.  Stem  8 — \2  inches  high, 
with  obscure,  green  flowers.  Dirarf  Amaranth. 

7.  A.  HYPOCHONDRI'ACUS. —  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  mucronate  ; 
racemes  pentandrous,  compound,  compact,  erect.  This  species  is  native  in 
the  Middle  States,  and  cultivated  often  as  a  garden  annual.  Tlie  whfile  plant 
is  dark  red,  3 — 4  feet  liigh,  with  long,  plume-like  clusters.       Prince's  Pcalher. 

8.  A.  MELANCHO'LICUS.  —  ieftvfs  ovate-lanceolate,  colored;  racemes 
axillary,  peduucled,  roundish.  From  India  The  whole  plant  purple,  18 
inches  high.     Several  other  species  are  rarely  cultivated.      Luvc-lies-bieeding. 

2.    GOMPHRE'NA. 

Brads  5.  colored,  the  3  outer  ones  ronnivenf,  carina(e; 
sepals  5.  villous,  disk  (nectar})  c^lindric,  5-iooilied  ;  uliicle 
circumscissile,  1 -seeded. 

An  ancient  name  of  obscure  meaning,  once  applied  to  a  species  of  Amaran- 
thus.     Herbs  and  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves.     None  of  the  species  native. 

1.  G.  GLOEO'SA. — S;f7?7.  erect,  hairy  ;  leaves  oblong,  pubescent ;  heads 
globose,  solitary,  2-leaved  ;  In  els  of  the  brads  winged.  A  tender  annual  from 
India,  valued  for  its  heads  of  flowers,  which,  if  gathered  before  too  far  ad- 
vanced, will  retain  tlieir  beauty  several  years.  Hight  18  inches.  Branches 
opposite,  axillary.     Flowers  purple.  Globe  Amuruiith, 

2.  G.  PF.RE'nNIS.  —  Leaves  lanceolate  ;  /icr7f/.9  2-leaved  ;  ^ojcfir.v  distin- 
guislied  by  a  peculiar  calyx.  Plant  about  2  feet  high,  native  of  S.  America. 
The  heads,  2-leaved  and  terminal,  resemble  heads  of  clover.  Tiie  crowded, 
purple  perianths  are  chiefly  conspicuous.  Gathered  like  the  former  species,  its 
flowers  are  equally  fadeless  and  durable.  Jl. — Oct.    Perennial  Globe  Amaranth. 


polygonacej:.  3'22  mirabilis. 

3.    CELO'SIA. 
Sepals  3 — 5,  colored  ;  slarnens  united  at  base  by  a  plicate 
disk  (nectar}) ;  stvie  2 — S-cieft;  utricle  circumscissile. 

Gr.  xi)X£os,  burnt;  because  some  of  the    species  appear   as  if  they  were 
singed.     A  genus  of  ornamental  foreign  herbs.     Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

C.    CRISTA'TA. —  Leaves  ovdAjs,   acuminate;    stipules   falcate;    common 

Jeduncle  striated  ;  sjiike.  oblong,  compressed.     This  curious  annual   is    said  to 
ave  come  from  Japan   where  the  flowers,  or  crests,  are    a    foot  in    diameter, 
and  of  an  intense,  purplish  red.    Hight  2  feet.     Jn. — Sept.  Cock's-comb. 


ORDER  CXI.  NYCTAGYNACEiE.         The  Fo^lt-o' dock  Tribe. 

Oi/.— Colored,  tubular,  the  upper  part  resemblinj?  a  corolla  with  a  plaited  limb,  falling  off 

from  the  lower  part  which  becomes  indurated  in  fruit. 
Sta. — Hypog^'nous,  definite.     Aiith.  '2-celled. 
Ova. — Free,  with  a  single,  erect  ovule.     Style  1.     Stigma  \. 
Ft. — A  thin  utricle,  enclosed  within  the  enlarged  and  persistent  calyx. 
Seed  with  its  testa  coherent  with  the  utricle.     Cotyledons  leafy. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite.  Natives  of  warm  latitudes.  Nearly  all,  except  the 
following  beautiful  genus,  are  obscure  weeds.    Roots  purgative. 

MIRA'BILIS. 
Characters  essentially  the  same  as  those  of  the  order. 

Latin,  signifying  wonderful  or  admirable  ;  on  account  of  the  fragrance  and 
beauty  of  some  of  the  species. 

1.  .^1.  JaL.\'pa.  —  Leaves  smooih;  flowers  in  clusters,  stalked.  This 
well  known  and  much  admired  plant  is  from  the  West  Indies.  Root  large, 
tuberous,  and  is  one  of  the  substances  which  furnish  the  Jalap  of  the  shops. 
Stem  2  feet  high.  Leaves  opposite,  cord.ite,  acuminate  Flowers  large,  very 
fragrant,  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters  ;  border  wide-spreading,  opening  at 
about  4  o'clock,  P.  M.  Calyx  bright  purple.  By  cultivation  it  sports  into 
many  pleasing  varieties  with  yellow  and  white,  red  and  white,  red  and  yellow 
flowers.     June — Sept.     Per.  Four-o'clock.     Marvel  of  Peru. 

2.  M.  DICHo'toMA. —  F/o?rer5  sessile,  erect,  axillary,  solitary.  From 
Mexico.  SteiT)  2  feet  high,  dichotomous,  with  yellow  flowers,  opening  at  4 
o'clock  like  the  former.     July,  Aug.  Mexican  Four-o'clock. 

3.  M.  LONGIFLO'RA. — Leaves  pubescent;  flowers  crowded;  tube  of 
the  calyx  very  long.  Native  of  JVIexico.  Stem  2  feet  high.  Tube  of  the 
calyx  slender,  hairy,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Flowers  white.  June — 
Sept.  Long-flowered  Four-o'clock. 


ORDER  CXII.    POLYGONACE^.  The  Buck-wheat  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepals  united  at  base,  imbricate  in  EEstivation. 

Sta. — Definite,  inserted  on  the  calyx  near  the  base. 

Ova. — FreCj  with  a  single  erect  ovule.     Styles  or  stigjnas  several. 

Fr. — Achenium  usually  triangular. 

Sds. — Embryo  generally  on  one  side  of  farinaceous  albumen. 

Herbs  with  alternate  '. 
sheaths  around  the  stem  aoove  me  oases  oi  me  leaves.     Tlie  spe 
throughout  the  world. 


leaves.     Stipules  of  that  remarkable  kind,  called  ochreF,  forming 
n  above  the  bases  of  the  leaves.     The  species  are  widely  diiluseq 


tOLTGONACEJE.  323  POLYGONtJM. 


Properties.  The  roots  of  these  plants  are  nauseous  and  purgative.  Rhubarb  of  the  shops 
is  the  root  of  some  unknown  species  of  this  order,  native  of  Tariary.  But  the  leaves  and 
stal/es  of  sorrel,  the  garden  rhubarb,  &c.,  are  agreeably  tan,  and  contain  oxalic  acid  ;  the 
petioles  of  tlie  latter,  together  with  the  farinaceous  seeds  of  the  buck-wheat,  are  well  known 
articles  of  food. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  6.     Stigmas  3,  multifid.    3  outer    sepals  smaller.  Ritmex.         2 

(  6.     Stamens  )  9.     Stigmas  multifid Rheum.         3 

Sepals  (  mostly  5,  united  at  base,  persistent  and  enclosing  the  fruit.        .  Polygonum.  1 

1.     POLY'GONUM. 
Calyx  4 — 6-sepalec],   resembling  a  corolla;  stamens  5 — 9, 
mosllyS;  styles  2 — 3;  achenia   mostly   triangular,  enclosed 
in  the  calyx. 

Gr.  TToXvi,  many,  and  yovv,  knee  ;  that  is,  with  many  joints.  Herbs  with 
jointed  stems.  Fls.  in  axillary  and  terminal  fascicles  and  spikes.  Ova.  trian- 
gular or  compressed.  Styles  generally  3,  2  in  some  species,  very  short, 
tiliform. 

*  Flowers  axillary.     Stamens  5 — 8.     Stigmas  3.     Polygonum  veruvi. 

1.  P.  avicula're. 

.S'fcm  procumbent ;  Zeaces  elliptical-lanceolate,  rough-edged,  acute,  sessile  ; 
flmcers  subsessile.  A  common  weed  in  fields,  highways  and  door-yards. 
Stems  slender,  ^ — 1^  foot  long,  striate,  smooth,  branching,  with  sliort,  white, 
torn,  remotely  nerved  stipules  at  the  joints.  Leaves  smooth  except  tlie  edges, 
I — 1  inch  long  and  J-  as  wide.  Flowers  reddish,  small,  2  or  3  together  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  appearing  all  summer.     Ann.  Knot-grass. 

/3.  glaucum  (P.  glaucum.  jXult.)  ;  leaves  fleshy,  glaucous,  revolute  on  the 
margin.     Grows  on  the  sea-coast.     Long  Island. 

2.  P.    ERE'cTUM.  p.  aviculare.    /3.  latifolium.  P. 
Stern  mostly  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  smooth,  broadly  oval,  petiolate  ;  flowers 

edicellate  ;  stamens  mostly  5.  A  species  remarkably  distinct  in  appearance 
rom  the  last,  in  similar  situations,  but  seldom  growing  with  it.  Stem  1 — 2^ 
feet  high,  branched,  smooth.  Leaves  1 — 2  inciies  long  and  about  ^  as  wide, 
rather  obtuse,  the  petioles  0 — i  inch  long  Flowers  2—'i  together,  pedicellate, 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  yellowish.    Jn. — Sept     Per..'       Erect  Knot-grass. 

3.  P.  te'nue. 

Stem  slender,  erect,  branched,  acute-angled;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  erect, 
acuminate;  stipules  tubular,  villose  at  top;  flowers  alternate,  subsolitary, 
axillary.  A  small,  slender  plant,  on  rocky  soils,  Sugar-loaf  Mt.,  tSitc.  Stem 
i — 1  foot  high.  Leaves  1 — 1^  inch  long,  1 — 2  lines  wide,  3-nerved,  sessile. 
Flowers  white.     July,  Aug.     Ann.  Slender  Foiygonum. 

*  *  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spikes.     Stamens  5 — 8.     Stigmas  mostly 
2.    Peksicaria. 

4.  P.    PUNCTA'TUM.      Ell.  P.  Hydropiper.  Mx. 
Stem  branched,  often  decumbent  at  base;  leaves  lanceolate,  punctate  with 

pellucid  dots,  waved  and  scabrous  on  the  margin;  spike  loose,  inteirupted, 
drooping;  stamens  (J — 3;  styles  2,  united  half  way  up.  A  plant  well  known 
for  its  acrid  taste,  growing  in  ditches,  low  grounds,  among  rubbish,  &c. 
Stem  smooth,  swelling  above  the  joints,  2  leet  high,  and,  like  the  leaves, 
sprinkled  with  glandular  dots  in  which  the  acrimony  is  said  to  reside.  Leaves 
2—3  inches  long  and  not  more  than  a  fifth  as  wide.  Flowers  green,  tinged 
with  purple  and  white.     Aug.    Sept.     Ann.  Water  Pepper. 


I 


POLYGONACE^.  824  POLYGONCM. 

5.  P.    MITE.      Pers.  P.  hydropiperoides.  Mx. 
Stem  mostly    decumbent  at  base,  erect   and   hairy  above;  /e//BC5  narrow, 

lanceolate,  subliirsute  ;  sti/iul.rs  hirsute,  long-ciliute ;  svkes  linear;  bracts 
ciliate,  subiriibricale  ;  sUuncnsH;  styles '3.  Ditches  and  ponds.  Stem  a  foot 
or  more  liigh.  Leaves  2 — 4  inches  long,  one  fifth  as  wide,  sessile.  Spikes 
several,  crowded  near  the  summit  of  tlie  stem,  composed  of  small  fascicles  of 
reddish  flowers.     July,  Aug.    Ann.  Mdd  or  Tasteless  Knol-gruss. 

6.  P    Virgini.\'num. 

Stem  simple,  angular,  hairy  above;  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acuminate; 
spilds  v\rga.le;  flowers  remote;  c'//i/x  unequally  4-parted;  stavictis  ^■,  styles 
2,  unecjual.  A  large,  erect  species.  Stem  3  feet  high,  with  hairy  stipules  at 
the  nodes.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  3 — 5  inches  long,  ^  as  wide,  serrate- 
ciliate,  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  white,  small,  in  very  long,  wand- like  spikes. 
Woods.     June,  July.     Per.  Virginian  Knot-grass. 

7.  P.  Pennsylvani'cum. 

Stem  smootli,  tumid  at  the  joints;  leaves  lanceolate,  petiolate ;  stipules 
glabrous,  not  ciliate  ;  spikes  oblong,  crowded  ;  peiluncles  hispid  ;  s.'amens  8  ; 
styles  2  or  L  Margins  of  ponds  and  ditches.  Stem  geniculate,  branched 
above,  2 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  3 — 5  inches  long.i  as  wide,  slightly  scabrous. 
Spikes  short  and  dense,  large,  and  somewhat  nodding.  Flowers  large,  rose- 
colored,  pedicellate.     July.     Ann.  Knee  Knot-grass. 

8.  P.    LAPATHIFO'lIUM.       L.  P.incarnatum.  EU. 
Slem  geniculate,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,   petiolate,  often    hoary 

beneath;  spikes  numerous,  rather  crowded,  erect,  on  sc;tbrous  peduncles; 
stamens  6;  styles  2.  A  rare  species  in  swamps  and  ditches,  N.  Y.  Stem 
2 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  3 — 5  inches  long,  ^ — ^  as  wide.  Petioles  J — k  inch 
long.  Flowers  small,  vvliite  or  tinged  wiin  red,  in  numerous,  panicled 
spikes.     Aug.     Ann. 

9.  P.  Persica'ria. 

Stem  erect;  /cfli;es  lanceolate,  the  upper  surface  spotted;  stipules  fringed; 
spikes  dense,  oblong,  erect;  pcdtmclts  smooth;  stamens  C;  styles  2,  half 
united.  A  common  species  about  buildings,  fences,  wet  grounds,  tfcc.  Stem 
smooth,  branched,  leai'y,  1 — 2  feet  high,  often  colored.  Leaves  2 — 4  inclies 
long  and  i  as  wide,  entire,  sliort  stalked,  acuminat(>.  generally  marked  with  a 
brownish,  heart-shaped  spot  near  tiie  middle.  Flowers  rose-colored,  in  short, 
dense,  terminal  spikes.     Jn.     Ang.     Ann.  Spotted  Pcrsicaria. 

10.  p.  orienta'le. 

Stem  erect,  paniculately  branched  ;  leaves  large,  with  hairy,  salver-form 
stipules;  stamens  7 ;  styles  2.  JNative  of  the  East,  naturalized  in  fields  <Tnd 
roadsides.  A  tall,  showy  plant,  often  cultivated  for  ornament.  Stem  5 — 8 
feet  high.  Leaves  4 — 6  inches  long,  ^  as  wide,  ovate,  acuminate.  Spikes 
numerous,  large,  red,  plume-like,  terminal.     Aug.    Ann.       Prince's  Feather. 

11.  P.  AMPHI'biuM.  L.  P.  coccinium.  p. 
Stem  suberect;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  apex,  obtuse  or  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  rough-edged  ;  spike  short,  dense  ;  stamens  5 ;  styles  2,  half 
united.  Native  of  ponds,  ditches,  and  muddy  grounds.  Stem  thick,  erect, 
declining  at  base  and  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  1 — 3  feet  long.  Stipules 
tubular,  smooth,  often  torn.  Leaves  lanceolate,  4 — G  inches  long,  J-  as  wide, 
scabrous  on  the  midrib,  nerves  and  margin.  Flowers  large,  rose-rcd,  ia 
beautiful,  dense  spikes.     Aug.    Per.                                 JSmpldbions  Polygimum. 

j3.  nutans  {Hook.  P.  natans.  Ea.)  ;  stems  3 — 10  feel  long,  spreading  on  the 
surface  of  the  water  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  cordate,  smooth,  margin  ciliate  j 
spikes  cylindric-oblong-. 


POLYGONACEa:.  325  POLYGONUM. 

***Flowers  in  terminal,so]ilary  spikes.    Stamens  9.    Stigmas  3.     Bistorta. 

12.  P.    VIVl'PARUM. 

Slciii  simple  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  revolute  at  the  margin  ;  spike  linear, 
solitary.  Stem  erect,  leafy,  ^  foot  high,  bearing  a  smgle  spike  of  white 
flowers  which  are  often  transformed  into  bulblets  while  on  tiie  stem.     Leaves 

] li    inch    long,    2 — 3   lines  wide,    with  entire,   obtuse,  smooth  stipules. 

While  Mts.     July.  Mpirie  Bistvrt. 

^***  Flowers  in  panicled  spikes.     Polygonella. 

13.  P.    ARTICULA.'TUM. 

Stem  erect ;  haves  linear ;  spikes  panicled,  filiform  ;  flowers  solitary,  pedun- 
culated, with  imbricate,  truncated  bracts;  stamens  8;  styles  3.  Found  in 
dry,  hilly  pastures.  Stem  slender,  branching,  straight,  with  numerous, 
racemed  spiUt's.  and  imbricate,  sheathing  bracts.  Leaves  ^ — 1  inch  long  and 
i — 2  Imes  wide,  obtuse.  Flowers  flesh-colored,  on  nodding,  hair-like 
peduncles  issuing  from  above  the  bracts.  Achenia  acutely  triangular. 
Auff.     Ann.  Joiiittd  PoLygunum. 

*****  Flowers  in  racemose  panicles.     Leaves  subcordate  or  sagittate. 
Fagopykum. 

14.  P.  sagitta'tum. 

Stem  prostrate,  rough-angled  ;  leaves  sagittate  ;  floincrs  capitate  ;  stamens 
8  ;  stifes  3.  Wet  grounds.  A  rough,  climbing  species,  often  several  feet  in 
leno-th.  Stem  square,  the  angles  very  rough  with  prickles  pointing  down- 
wards. Leaves  acute,  1 — 3  inches  long,  ^  as  wide,  on  petioles  \ — J  inch 
long,  with  smooth  stipules.  Flowers  in  small,  terminal  heads,  whitish. 
Jui^e.     Ann.  Scratch-grass. 

15.  P.    ARIFO'LIUM. 

Stem  aculeate  willi  reversed  prickles  ;  Icarcs  hastate  ;  spikes  few-flowered  ; 
y?07/-cr.9  distinct;  stamens  (J;  styles  2.  Wet  grounds.  Distinguished  trom  tlie 
last  cliieflv  by  its  larger,  halbert-shaped  leaves,  which  are  2 — 4  inches  long 
and  ^  as  wide.  Petioles  ^ — 1  inch  long.  Clusters  racemose,  slender,  loose, 
few-Bowered,  at  the  ends'of  the  branches.   Jn.,Jl.  Ann.     Hastate  Knot-grass. 

16.  P.  convo'lvulus. 

Stem,  tv/ining,  angular ;  haves  cordate-hastate  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  obtuscl}' 
keeled  ;  stamens  8°  sti/lcs  3.  A  common  climbing  species,  in  fields  and  waste 
grounds.  Stem  2— C  "feet  long,  roughish,  angled,  with  axillary  branches. 
Leaves  1—2  inches  long,  i  as  wide,  on  petioles  A— f  inch  long,  with  some- 
what spreading  and  acute'  lobes  at  base.  Flowers  whitish,  in  terminal, 
interrupted  spikes.     June — Sept.     Ann.  Knot  Biud-icccd. 

fi.  cilirwdc  (P.  cilinode.  .Mx)  ;  phuit  minutely  pubescent;  stipules  fringed 
with  reflexed  hairs  at  base. 

17.  P.    SCANDENS. 

Ste.m.  twining,  smooth;  haves  cordate,  acuminate;  segments  of  the  calyx 
winged;  stamens  8;  styles '.i.  Stem  3— 7  feet  long,  cliuibing,  often  colored 
and'  with  axillary  branches.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  with  distinct,  rounded 
lobes.  Flowers  in  long,  interrupted  racemes.  Calyx  and  fruit  conspicuously 
3-winged,  the  wings  decurrent  on   the  slender,  jointed  pedicels.     Aug.     Per. 

Climbing  Knot-grass. 

18.  P.  fagopy'rum. 

Stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  cordate-sagittate  ;  racemes   panicled  ;  stamens 
8  J  styles 'i;  angles  of  the  ackenium  equal.     The  name  from  the   La.t.  fagus, 
CC 


tOLYGONACE.^.  326 


beech,  and  pyrum,  a  pear;  the  fruit  resembles  in  shape  a  beech-nut.  Native 
of  Asia,  but  here  naturalized.  A  valuable  grain  cultivated  for  the  flour  which 
is  made  into /;rt7t-co/ieA- and  eaten  warm.  Sterns  2 — 4feethiirh.  Lvs.  2 — -1  in. 
long,  ^  as  wide.     Fls.  numerous,  white,  vuiy  grateful  to  bees.       Buck  It  heat. 

2.    R  U  ai  E  X . 

Calyx  persistent,  of  6  colored  sepals,  the  outer  3  smaller; 
stamens  6  ;  styles  2  ;  stigmas  many-clelt ;  aclienium  3-corner- 
ed,  covered  by  the  3  inner  valve-like  sepals. 

The  ancient  Latin  name.  Herbs,  with  flowers  in  dense,  fasciculate 
panicles,  terminal  and  axillary.  Fi).  very  short.  Styles  spreading,  standing 
out  between  the  inner  sepals. 

*  Flowers  all  perfect.     Valves  (inner  sepals)  granullferous.     Lapathum. 
t  Valves  entire. 

1.  R.    CRISPUS. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  waved,  acute  ;  valves  (inner  sepals)  of  the  calijx  entire, 
ovate,  each  bearing  a  tubercle.  A  weed  so  conunon  as  hardly  to  need  de- 
scription, growing  in  cultivated  grounds,  about  rubbish,  &c.,  much  to  the 
annoyance  of  the^farmer.  Stem  2—3  feet  high,  smooth,  channeled,  from  a 
yellow,  fusiform  root.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  large  panicle,  consisting  of 
many  racemes  oi'  half-whoris,  interspersed  with  leaves.  Calyx-valves  3, 
enclosing  the  seed,  each  with  a  grain  on  the  back.  The  root  is  used  in  medi- 
cine lor  cutaueou.s  diseases^     June.     Per.  Yellow-dock. 

2.  R.    SANGUl'iN'EUS. 

Leaves  petiolale,  cordate,  lanceolate;  valccs  of  the  calyx  entire, one  of  them 
principally  bearing  the  granule.  Stem  of  a  reddish  color,  branching,  leafy, 
2 — 3  feet  iiioh.  Leaves  smooth,  radical  ones  large,  mostly  with  red  veins, 
somev^fhat  cordate,  slightly  curled  at  the  edges.  Flowers  in  small,  distant 
whorls.     Grows  in  waste  and  shady  places.     Introduced.     July.     IVr. 

Blood  ij-veincd  Dock. 

3.  R.  BpaxTA'Nicus. 

ic'iPM broad-lanceolate;  joints  with  nearly  obsolete,  torn  sheaths;  floicers 
polygamous;  valves  entire,  all  bearing  granules.  Aquatic,  growing  in 
muddy  places.  Fvoot  yellow  internally,  large.  Stem  3  feet  high,  furrowed, 
angular  and  branched.  Leaves  large,  petiolate,  acute.  Flowers  in  verticil- 
late  fascicles,  collected  into  a  large,  terminal  panicle.  Pedicels  nodding  in 
fruit.     Calyx  valves  large,  cordate.     July.     Per.  Water  Dock. 

4.  R.  verticilla'tus. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  valves  entire,  all  bearing  granules  ;  spikes  leaf- 
less, with  flowers  in  half-whorls.  An  aquatic  species  of  muddy  situations. 
Stem  2  feet  hio-h,  with  long,  tubular  sheaths  and  few  branches.  Leaves 
long,  narrow,  a°cute,  flat.  Whorls  few-flowered.  Pedicels  ^—1  inch  long. 
June.    Per.  JVakid-spiked  Dock. 

5.  R.  aqua'ticus. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  lower  ones  cordate,  on  long  petioles;  valves  ovate, 
entire,  all  of  them  bearing  granules.  Ponds  and  ditches.  Root  large,  very 
astringent.  Stem  3 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  somewhat  glaucous,  the  lower 
ones  distinctly  cordate  at  base.  Flowers  verticilhite,  in  a  terminal,  leafy 
panicle.     Pedicels  nodding.  Great  Water  Dock. 


POLYGONACE^. 


s.:7 


1  t  Valves  toothed. 

G.  R-  acu'tus. 

Icwrf^oblono-.cordate,  acuminate;  ichorls leafy  ;  w/rw  oblon<T.  subdentate, 
all  of  them  beaming  granules.  Ditches  and  waste  places.  Stem  2—3  feet 
hitrh  Leaves  laroe,  the  lower  ones  distinctly  cordate,  on  long  petioles. 
Racemes  paniculat'e,  composed  of  dense,  leafy,  dimidiate  verlicels.  Granules 
lai-ge,  red,  one  upon  the  back  of  each  valve.     May.     Introduced.  Dock. 

7.  P.  pa'llidus.     Etc. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  ;  spikes  slender;  valves  ovate, entire,  hardly 
Uro-er  than  the  granule.  Found  in  salt  marshes,  Ms.  Stems  numerous, 
ascendino-.  Leaves  smooth,  acute,  petioled,  wavy  on  tJie  margin.  Flowers 
crowded,°on  short  pedicels.  Granule  large,  white,  nearly  covering  the  back 
of  each  valve.     June.     Per.  W  late  Dock. 

8.  R.  obtusifo'lius. 

S/Mftrouo-hish;  radicalleaves  ovate,  obtuse;  valves  iooihed,  one  of  them 
principally°bearing  a  granule  on  the  back.  A  weed  as  troublesome  as  the 
first,  growing   about  houses  and  fields  wherever  it  is  least  welcome.     Stem 

2 3  feet  hiffii,  furrowed,  branching,  leafy.     Leaves  oblong,   cordate,  obtuse, 

crenate-wavl' ;  upper  ones  narrower  and  more  acute  ;  root  leaves  very  large, 
oblono-  heart-shaped,  often  with  stalk  and  veins  red.  Flowers  in  long,  nearly 
nakedracemes.     July.     Fer.     Introduced.  Bioad-lcaccd  Duck. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious.     Valves  without  granules.     Acetosa. 

9.  R.  acetose'lla. 

Leaves  lanceolate-hastate  ;  floicers  dioecious.  A  common  weed,  growing  in 
pastures  and  waste  grounds  throughout  the  U.  S.,  preferring  dry,  hard  soils. 

Stem  a 1  foot  high,  leafy.     Leaves  halbert-shaped,    very  acid,  but  pleasant 

to  the'taste.  Flowering  all  summer.  Flowers  small,  red  or  reddish,  collected 
in  panicled  racemes,  the  valves  destitute  of  granules  The  stamens  and  styles 
are  on  sepaiate  plants.     Per.  i^idd  Sorrd.     Sheep  Sorrel. 

•     3.    RHEUM. 

Calyx  colored,  6-sepaled,  persistent ;  stamens  9  ;  styles  3; 
stigma"^s  multifid,  reflexed;  achenia  3-angled,  llie  angles  mar- 
gined. 

The  name  comes  from  Rha,  the  ancient  name  of  the  river  Volga,  on  the 
banks  of  which  it  was  first  discovered.  Herbs.  Fls.  fascicled,  in  racemose 
panicles. 

R.  Riiapo'kticum. — Leaves  smooth,  cordate-ovate,  obtuse ;  petioles 
channeled  above,  rounded  at  the  edges.  Native  of  Asia,  cultivated  in  gardens 
for  the  sake  of  the  juicv,  acid  petioles.  These  are  taken  in  a  green  state,  in 
the  spring  of  the  year, "and  made  into  tarts  and  pies,  whose  excellence  is  well 
known  to  every  one.  Stem  stout  and  fleshy,  3 — 4  feet  high,  hollow,  with 
large,  sheathing  stipules  at  the  joints.  Leaves  very  large,  1— '2  ii?et  long,  § 
as  wide,  on  petioles  of  nearly  the  same  length.  Panicle  terminal,  at  first 
enclosed  in  a  white,  membranous  bract  which  at  length  bursts,  disclosing 
innumerable  o-reenish  white  flowers.  May.  Per.     Garden  Rhubarh  or  Pie-plwjLt. 


LACIRACE.'E.  328  LAURCS. 

ORDER  CXIIl.    PHYTOLACCACEiE.     The  Gargct-poke  Tribe. 

Cal. — Sepals  4 — 5,  petaloicl. 

Sta. — 1—5  and  alternate  with  the  sepals,  or  inclefinite. 

Ova. — 1 — several-ceiled.     Styles  and  stigmas  equal  in  ntimber  to  the  cells. 

P/.— Baccate  or  dry.     Sr-er/s  solitary-,  ascending. 

Embryo  cylindric,  curved  around  fleshy  albumen. 

A  smallorder,  of  which  the  Phytolacca  decandria  is  our  only  representative.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire,  exstipulate.  P.  decandria  possesses  active  properties,  but  ihey  appear  to 
be  yet  little  understood,  and  of  doubtful  application. 

PHYTOLA'CCA. 

Caljx   5-sepalec],   resemhiiisg  a   corolla;  stamens   7 — 20; 
stjies  5 — 10;  berry  superior,  lO-ccUed,  lO-seeded. 

Gr.  (pvrov,  a  plant,  and  Lat.  laccn,  lac  ;  because  the  plant  produces  berries 
with  a  fine  purple  juice  resembling  lac.     Racemes  often  opposite  the  leaves. 

P.  deca'ndria. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends  •,Jl^tt}er.s  with  10  stamens  and  10  styles.  A 
common,  well  known  plant,  growing  about  roadsides,  hedo-es,  &c.  Root  very 
large  and  branching.  The  steiu.  with  the  diameter  of  an  inch,  is  5 — 8  feet 
high,  round,  smooth,  branching,  and  when  mature,  of  a  fine,  deep  purple. 
Leaves  5  inches  long,  2 — 3  broad,  smooth,  of  a  rich  green  color,  entire  and 
petioled.  Racemes  cylindric,  long,  at  iirst  terminal,  becoming  finally  opposite 
to  the  leaves.  Flowers  greenish  white,  consisting  of  5  ovate,  concave  sepals, 
10  stai7iens  with  white,  21obed  anthers,  and  10  short,  recurved  styles.  The 
fruit  is  a  dark  purple  berry,  of  a  round,  depressed  form.  The  juice  of  the 
berries  stains  paper  and  linen  a  beautiful  purple  color,  which,  however,  is  not 
durable.  In  Spain,  it  is  said  they  are  used  to  color  wine.  July — Sept. 
Per.  Poke.     Garget.    Jalap. 


ORDER  CXIV.    LAURACEJ5:.  The  cinnamon  Tribe. 

CnZ.— Sepals  4—6,  somewhat  united,  free  from  the  ovary,  imbricated  in  2  series.  [ing. 

Sta. — DefinUe,  perigynous,  usuaJJ^ twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  the  3  innersterile  or  want- 
Ant/i.—Adnate.,  2 — 4-celled,  opening,  by  recurved  valves,  from  tlie  base  to  the  apex, 
Oua. —  Style  and  stigma  single.  [conspicuous,  2-leaved. 

Fr. — Berry  or  drupe  on  a  thickened  pedicel.     Seed  large,  without  albumen.    Plumula 

Trees  and  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  exstipulate.  Chiefly  natives  of  the  tropics, 
but  lew  being sulTicienlly  hardy  to  endure  our  climate. 

Prnpcrlies.  The  .species  of  tliis  highly  important  order  are  throughout  pervaded  by  a 
warm  and  stimulant  aromatic  oil.  Cinnamon  is  the  dried  bark  of  Cinnamomum  Zeylani- 
cnifi,  of  Ceylon,  &e.  Camphor  is  obtained  from  many  trees  of  this  order,  but  chiefly  from 
Camp/fora  oiRcinarum,  of  Japan,  China,  &c.  Crxssia  Bark,  from  Cinnamomum  aroinaticum 
of  China.  Persea  gratissima,  a  tree  of  the  W.  Indies,  yields  a  delicious  fruit  called  the 
Avocado  pear.    Both  of  the  following  species  are  also  moderately  medicinal. 

'  L  A  U  R  U  S  . 

Calyx  regular,  4 — 5-parted  ;  stamens  8— 12,  arranged  in  a 
double  series,  the  outer  ones  all  fertile,  alternate  inner  ones 
fertile  and  ajjpendaged  at  base  vvilh  2  glands  (nectaries); 
drupes  flashy,  1 -seeded. 

Celtic,  bUiiir  (pronounced  to/r),  green ;  the  L«?/?-e7is  perpetually  green. 
A  noble  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs.  Fls.  dimcious-polygairious.  Cal.  like  a 
cor.     Sta.  generally  in  2  series  of  G  each,  3  of  the  inner  series  being  barren. 


SANTALACEJE.  329  COMANURA. 


1.    L.   Benzo'in.      L.  Benzoin  odoriferum.  J^'ces. 

Le(wes  obovate-lanceolate,  nerveless  entire,  deciduous;  Jltncersin  clustered 
umbels,  olten  dicccious;  buds  and  pedicels  smooth.  A  shrub  4- — 7  feet  in 
hight,  in  moist  woods.  It  has  an  aromatic  flavor  resembling  gum  Benzoin, 
and  the  bark  an  agreeable,  spicy  taste.  Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  cuneiform 
and  acute  at  base,  2 — 4  inches  long  and  ^  as  wide,  paler  beneath.  Flowers 
pedicellate,  in  small,  sessile  umbels,  greenish,  appearing  in  advance  of  the 
leaves.     Calyx  G-clefl,  with  oblong  segments.     Berries  red,     May. 

Fever  Bush.     Spice  Wood. 

2.   L.    Sa'ssafras.      I.  Sassafras  officinale.  J^ees. 

Leaves  deciduous,  both  entire  and  lobed ;  fioicers  dioecious;  Imds  and 
pedicels  silky  pubescent.  The  sassafras  tree  is  not  unconunon  in  N.  Kngland, 
and  very  abundant  in  the  forests  of  the  Western  States.  It  varies  in  hight 
from  10  to  40  feet.  Leaves  alternate*  petioled,  those  of  the  young  shoots 
ovate-lanceolate,  others  with  3  large  lobes.  Flowers  greenish  j'ellow,  ap- 
pearing in  May  and  June,  in  clustered  racemes  at  the  end  of  the  last  year's 
twigs,  and  after  the  leaves  have  expanded.  Ever}'  part  of  the  tree  has  a 
))leasant  fragrance,  and  a  sweetish,  aromatic  taste,  which  is  strongest  in  the 
bark  of  the  root.  Tliese  qualities  depend  upon  an  essential  oil  which  may  be 
obtained  by  distillation,  and  which  has  been  highly  valued  in  medicine.  The 
young  shoots  area  common  ingredient  in  small  Z/ccr,  imparling  toit  a  grateful 
flavor.  Sassufras. 


ORDER  CXV.  SANTALACEiE.  nc  Sandd-wood  Tribe. 

Cat. — Tube  adherent  lo  ihe  ovary,  limb  4— ij-clefl,  valvate  in  scstivation. 
>Sla. — As  many  as  the  sepals,  inserled  at  their  base  and  opposite  to  them. 
Uva. — ]-celled,  1— 4-ovuled.     Style  1.     Stigma  ot'\e.n  lolied. 
Fr. — Hard,  dry  and  drui)aceous,  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herb.s.  Leave.s  ahernate  and  entire.  Natives  of  Europe,  Amerie"), 
Australasia,  &c.     Tlie  fragrant  sandel-wood  is  the  product  of  Sanlalum  album,  &c.,  of  India. 

Genera. 

SufTruticose,  smooth  herbs,  with  perfect  flow  ers Comandra.  1 

Trees  with  polygamous  flowers ,    Nys.'^a.  2 

] ,    C  O  M  A'  N  D  R  A  . 

Calyx  somewhat  mceolato,  tube  adherent,  limb  4 — 5-parl- 
ed ;  stamens  4 — 5  opposite  the  sepals,  inserted  into  the  top 
oi' Ihe  tube;  disk  perigynous,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  alternatiM;i^ 
with  the  stamens.  Fiuit  drupaceous,  1-seeded,  crowned  with 
th.e  limb  of  the  calyx. 

Gr.  x,ofA,ri.  hair,  avogfj,  stamens  ;  in  allusion  to  the  tuft  of  filaments  by  which 
each  antlier  is  connected  to  the  opposite  sepal  in  some  of  the  species.  Very 
smooth.  sufli"ruticose  plants  of  N.  America.  Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal. 
Fis.  s:nall,  umbellate. 

C.   UMBELLA'ta.      Kiitt.  Thesium  umbellatum.   X. 

Erect;  leaves  oval-lanceolate;  77o?t'frf  subcorymbed,  terminal.  Plant  about 
a  foot  high,  in  rocky  woods.  Stem  slender,  striate,  generally  branching  at 
top.  Leaves  entire,  alternate,  acuti.sh,  1 — IJ-  inch  long  and  i  as  wide,  taper- 
ing to  a  very  short  petiole.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  little  umbels  of  about  3. 
Each  umbel  is  furnished  with  a  deciduous  involucre  of  about  4  small  leaflets, 
the  whole  constituting  a  kind  of  corymb.  Each  anther  is  attached  to  itsoppo- 
site  sejial  by  several  hair-like,  j'cllow  filaments.  Jn.  Per.  Bastard  Toad-jiu%, 
CC* 


THYMELACE.iE.  330  DIRCA. 

2.    NYSSA. 
Flowers  dioecious-polygamous.     Sterile  JI. — Calyx  5-partecl ; 
stamens  5  — 10,  inserted    around    a  glandular   disk;   pistil  0. 
Fertile  fi. — Calyx  S-parted;  stamens  5  or  0 ;  pistil  1  \  drupe 
inferior;   nut  1-seeded. 

The  name  of  a  nymph,  according  to  Linnsrus.     Trees. 

1.  N.   multiflo'ra.      Wait.  N.  Villoaa.  Mx. 
Leaves  oblong,  obovate,  very  entire,  acute   at  each  end,  the  petiole,  midrib 

and  margin  villous;  fertile  peduncles  '.'> — 6-flowered  ;  ?i:it  short,  obovate, 
obtuse,  striate.  This  tree  is  disseminated  throughout  the  U.  S.  In  swamps 
it  is  found  139 — 50  feet  high,  the  trunk  1 — Hfoot  in  diameter,  with  horizontal 
branches  forming  a  pyramidal  summit.  The  bark  is  light  gray,  similar  to 
that  of  the  white  oak.  Leaves  tough  and  firm,  2 — 5  inches  long,  and  ^  as 
wide.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  small  clusters  on  a  long,  branching  pedun- 
cle, the  fertile  ones  succeeded  by  a  ievf  deep  blue,  oblong  drupes.  The  wood 
is  white,  fine-grained,  rather  soft,  the  texture  consisting  of  interwoven  bundles 
of  fibres,  rendering  it  very  difficult  to  split.  It  is  therefore  useful  for  beetles, 
naves  of  wheels,  hatters'  blocks,  &c.     Jn.     Pcpperidge.   Tulcpo.     Sour  Gum. 

2.  N.   BIFLo'ra.       Walt.  N.  aquatica.  L. 
Leaves  oblong-ovate,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends,  smooth  ;  fertile   ■peduncles 

2-flowered;  drupe  short,  obovate;  nut  striate.  This  tree  grows  in  swamps, 
in  certain  sections  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States.  The  trunk  when  full 
grown  is  30 — 50  feet  high  and  15 — 20  inches  in  diameter,  the  bark  divided  by 
deep  furrows  into  hexagons.  Leaves  alternate,  smooth,  2 — 4  inches  in  length. 
Flowers  small  and  obscure,  the  fertile  ones  producing  a  fruit  of  a  deep  blue 
ci)lor,  growing  iti  pairs  on  a  common  stalk  which  is  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
The  wood  is  dark  brown,  similar  in  quality  and  uses  to  the  last.     June. 

JVaier  Tulcpo  or  Gum  Tree. 


ORDER  CXVI.    TFIYIVIELACE^.  Ue  Mezcreum  Trihe. 

Ca/. — Frt'O.  t:ibiilar,  colored,  limb  4  (rarely  5)-cIeft,  imbricr'.ted  in  ,'cstivalion. 
Sla.—Vrt\m\i-.    inserted  into  tlie  calyx  and  opposite  to  its  lobes  when  equal  to  them  in 

nunilicr;  i.iten  twice  as  many. 
Orn. — Si'litr.ry,  willi  1  ovnlp.     Style  1.     Stigma  undivided. 
Fr. — Hard,  ilry,  (i;ii|i;ic.  imi-^.     Albumen  0  onhin. 

Slirul's,  wiih  :i  v:  I)  t! -.iirious  bark.  Leaves  alternn,te  or  opposite,  entire.  Flowers 
perfect.  The  species  are  very  abundant  in  Australasia  and  f'.  AiVica,  sparingly  dissemi- 
nated in  Europe  and  Asia.     The  only  North  American  ^rcnus  is  that  which  follows. 

Properties.  The  bark  is  acrid  and  caustic,  raising  blisters  upon  the  skin.  It  is  composed 
of  interlaced  fibres  which  are  extremely  toug-h,  but  easily  separable.  The  laco-bark  tree 
(Lagetla)  of  Jamaica  is  particularly  remarkable  for  this  property. 

DIRCA. 

Calyx  colored,  tubular,  with  an  ohsolete  limb;  stamens  S; 
unequal,  lonirer  than,  and  inserted  into,  the  tube;  style  1  ; 
berry  1-sccded. 

Gr.  ^igx-a,  a  fountain  ;  the  shrub  grows  in  wet  places.  Lvs.  alternate, 
simple.     Fls.  expanding  before  the  leaves. 

D.    PALU'STRIS. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  obovate  ;  finwers  axillary,  2 — J  in  a  hairy,  bud-like 
involucre.     A  shrub,  5  feet  in  hight,  when  full  grown.     Tiie   fiov«ers  appear 


ULMACE^.  331  DLMUS. 

7~~     '  ■ 

in  April  and  May,  much  earlier  than  the  leaves.  They  are  small,  yellow, 
funnel-shaped,  about  3  together  issuing  from  the  same  bud.  Leaves  entire, 
on  short  petioles,  pale  underneath.  Stamens  much  longer  than  the  sepals, 
alternately  a  long  and  a  sliort  one.  Berry  oval,  small,  red.  Every  part  of 
this  shrub  is  very  tough.  The  twigs  furnish  "  rods  for  the  fool's  back,"  the 
bark  is  used  for  ropes,  baskets,  &c.  Woods  and  swamps,  Enfield,  N.  Hamp- 
shire, &c.  Leather  Wood. 


ORDER  CXVII.  EL.^AGxNACE^. 

Fh. — Generally  dicecious. 

Sterile  fl.     Cal. — 4-parletl.     Sta.  3,  4  or  8,  sessile.    Anth.  2-celIed. 

Fertile  fl.     Cal. — Free,  tubular,  persistent,  limb  entire  or  2 — l-iootlied. 

Ofa. — Simple,  1-celled.     Oi-uic  solitary,  stipilate.     SJr'g-.  simple,  subulate,  glandular. 

Fr. — Aoheniuni  crustaccous,  enclosed  within  the  calyx  which  becomes  succulent  and 

baccate. 
SiJs. — Ascending.     Embryo  straight,  in  thin,  fleshy  albumen. 

Trees  and  shrubs.     Leaves  aUernate  or  opposite,  entire,  v/ithout  stipules.    Flowers 
axillary.     Foliage  and  fruit  covered  with  scurf. 

SHEPHE'RDIA. 
Flowers  dioecious.  Sterile  jl. — Calyx  4-cIert ;  stamens  8, 
alternating  with  8  glands.  Fertile  Ji. — Calyx  tube  closely 
investing  the  ovary,  but  not  adhering  to  it,  limb  4-lobed; 
style  1;  stigma  oblirjue;  berry  globose,  composed  of  the 
fleshy  calyx. 

North. American  slirubs,  with  spinescent  branches,  and  opposite,  deciduous 
leaves.     Fls.  aggregated. 

S.   Canade'nsis.      KuU.  HippophfE  Canadensis.   WiJId. 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate,  nearly  smooth  above,  clothed  beneath  with  stellate 
hairs  and  ferruginous,  deciduous  scales.  A  shrub,  6 — 8  feet  higli,  found  in 
N.  Y.  and  Vt.,  by  streams  and  on  river  banks.  Flowers  minute.  Berries 
scaly,  sweetisli  to  the  taste.     July. 


ORDER  CXVin.    ULWACE.S.  Ue  Elm  Tribe. 

Fl'. — "Pcrl'ect  or  polygamous. 

Cal. — Free  from  the  ovary,  campanulale,  4 — 5-clcft,  imbricate  in  rcstivo.lion. 

Sta. — Inserted  on  the  base'of  the  calyx,  as  many  as  its  lubes,  and  opposite  to  ihein. 

Ova. — 1 — '2-celled.     Oi-ules  soiilary.     Stigmas2,  distinct. 

Pr.— Indehiscenl,  either  a  samara  or  drupe,  1-celled ;  ] -seeded. 

Seeil  pendulous,  without  albumen.     Cotyledons  foliacious. 

An  order  of  small  extent,  embracing  trees  and  shrubs,  with  alternate,  rough,  simple  and 
deciduous  leaves  and  stipules.  They  are  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  zone.  The 
mucilaginous  bark  of  the  slippery  elm  (ulmus  I'ulva)  is  the  only  important  medicinal  product. 
Several  of  the  elms  afford  excellent  timber. 

Genera. 

Flowers  all  perfect.     Calyx  4 — S-cleft.     Fruit  samarr!? Vlmus.  1 

Flowers  polygamous.     Calyx  of  sterile  fl.  6-parted.     Fruit  a  drupe.        .        .         CeUis.    2 

1.    ULMUS. 
Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  cam[>anulate,  4 — 5-cleft ;  stamens 
5  —  8;  styles  2  ;  samara  compressed,  with  a  broad,   membra- 
naceous border. 


DLMACE.'E. 


332 


From  ehii,  its  original  name  in  Anglo-Saxon,  Teutonic,  Gothic,  and  other 
Celtic  dialects. 

1.  U.  America'na. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  unequal  at  the  base;  foicers  pedioelled  ; 
fruit  fimbriate.  This  majestic  tree  is  common  in  the  Northern,  Middle  and 
Western  States.  It  is  a  native  of  the  forest,  but  often  grows  spontaneously 
in  open  fields,  where  it  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  long,  pendulous 
brandies.  The  trunk,  with  a  diameter  of  3 — 5  feet,  towers  to  the  hight  of  30, 
50,  and  even  70  feet,  perfectly  straiglit  and  naked,  when  it  divides  into  2  or 
more  primary  branches.  These  ascend,  gradually  spreading,  and  repeatedly 
dividing  into  other  long,  flexible  limbs  bending  in  broad,  graceful  curves.  It 
is  a  ffreat  favorite  as  a  shade  tree,  and  is  frequently  seen  rearing  its  stately 
form ^and  casting  its  deep  shade  over  the  "  sweet  homes"  of  JNew-Engiand. 
Leaves  siiort-sralked,  oval-acuminate,  doubly  denticulate,  and  4—5  inches 
long.  The  ribs  are  quite  regular  and  prominent.  Flowers  small,  purplish, 
collected  into  small,  terminal  clusters,  and  appearing  in  April,  before  the 
leaves.  Fruit  flat,  fringed  with  a  dense  down.  The  wood  is  tough  and  strong, 
but  not  easily  wrought ;  used  for  the  naves  of  wheels,  &c.  White  Elm. 

2.  U.    FULVA. 

Brandies  Tonffh  ;  Zea»c5  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  nearh'  equal  at  base,  un- 
equally serrate,  pubescent  both  sides,  very  rough  ;  Inuls  covered  with  fulvous 
down;  /Zo?ocrs  sessile.  Woods  and  low  grounds.  The  slippery  elm  is  much 
souffht  on  account  of  the  mucilage  of  the  inner  bark.  Its  diameter  is  1 — ^ 
feet?  and  liiglit  20 — 40.  Tlie  leaves  are  larger,  thicker  and  rougher  than 
those  of  the  white  elm,  and  exhale  a  pleasant  odor.  Flowers  collected  at  the 
ends  of  the  young  shoots.  Calyx  downy,  sessile.  Stamens  short,  reddisli,  7 
in  number.     April.  Slippery  Elm.     Red  Elm. 

3.  U.    RACEMO'SA.       Thomas. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  auriculate  on  one  side;  flawcrs  in  racemes; 
pedicels  in  distinct  fascicles,  united  at  their  base.  A  tree  found  in  Vt.  and 
N.  Y.  The  branches  are  remarkablj'  distinguished  by  their  numerous,  corky 
excrescences.  Leaves  3 — 4  inches  long,  |  as  wide  including  the  auricle, 
doubly  serrate,  smooth  above,  ribs  and  under  surface  minutely  pubescent. 
Flowers  pedicellate,  2 — 4  in  each  of  the  fascicles  which  are  collected  into 
racemes.  Calyx  7 — S-cIeft.  Stamens  7 — 10.  Stigmas  recurved.  Samara 
ovate,  pubescent,  the  margin  doubly  fringed.  Cork  Elm. 

2.     CELTIS. 

Flowers  monoecious-polygamous.  Sterile  f. — Calyx  (3-part- 
ed;  stamens  6.  Perfect  fl.  —  Calyx  5-paited;  stamens  5; 
styles  2 ;  stigmas  subulate,  elongated,  spreading;  diu[)e 
1-seeded. 

Celtis  was  an  ancient  name  for  the  lotus,  which  this  genus  is  said  to  resem- 
ble.    Lvs.  mostly  oblique  at  base.     Fls.  axillary. 

1.  C.  crassifo'lia. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  unequally  cordate  at  base,  subcoriaccous, 
rough  both  sides  ;  peduncles  about  2-flowered.  This  tree  is  thinly  dissemi- 
nated in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S.  In  woods  it  is  distinguished  by  its 
straight,  slender  trunk,  undivided  to  a  great  bight,  covered  with  an  unbroken 
bark"  The  leaves  are  of  a  thick  and  firm  texture,  very  large,  heart-shaped  at 
base.  Flowers  small,  white,  succeeded  by  a  round,  black  drupe  about  the 
si«e  of  the  whortleberry.  The  wood  is  white  and  close-grained,  but  neither 
strong  nor  durable.     May.  Uackberry. 


CERATOPHYLLACES:. 


S33  CERATOPHYLLUM. 


2.  C.  occidenta'lis. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  entire  and  unequal  at  base,  serrate,  rough  above, 
and  rongh-hairy  beneath  ;  fruil  solitary.  This  species  is  some  30  feet  high  in 
New  Eno-land,  where  it  is  rarely  found,  but  is  much  more  abundant  at  tlie 
South  and  West.  The  trunk  has  a  rough,  but  unbroken  bark,  with  numer- 
ous slender,  horizontal  branches.  Leaves  with  a  very  long  acumination,  and 
remarkably  unequal  at  the  base.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  small  and  white, 
succeeded  by  a  small,  round,  dull  red  drupe.  The  wood  is  tough  and  is  used 
for  making  hoops,  &c.  American  Kettle  Tree.     Hoop  Ash. 


ORDER  CXIX.  SAURURACE^. 

p/s.— Perfect,  achlamydeous.     Sla.  definite,  persistent. 

Anth. 2-celled,  whh  atliick  conuectile  continuous  with  the  slender  filament. 

Oi'O.— Carpels  3—5,  each  t'ew-ovuled. 

jT'r.—Capsule  or  berrs',3— 5-celled,  lew-seeded.  [albnmen. 

Sefrf5  usually  solitary  in  the  cells.      Embryo  minute,  cordate,  outside  of  hard,  farinaceou.s 
A  small  order  of  aquatic  herbs,  with  jointed  stem.?.    Leaves  alternate,  stipulate.     Flow- 
ers each  with  a  bract  at  base,  in  spikes.    Properties  unimportant. 

SAURU'RUS. 
Inflorescence  an  ament  or  spike  of  1-flowerecl  scales;  sta- 
mens 6,  7, 8  or  more  ;  anthers  adnata  to  the  filaments  ;  ovaries 
4  ;  berries  4,  1-seeded. 

Gr.  (TuvQa.,  a  lizard,  and  ovqu.,  a  tail ;  from  the  resemblance    of  the  inflor- 
escence. 
S.   Ce'rnUUS.       Willd.  ^  Anonymous  aquatica.   Walt. 

Stem  anirular  ;  leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  petiolate.  An  aquatic  plant,  with 
neat  foliaire,  and  yellowish,  drooping  spikes  of  flowers.  Stem  H — 2  feet  high, 
weak,  fur'rowed.  Leaves  4 — (J  inches  long,  and  i  as  wide,  smooth  and  glau- 
cous, with  prominent  veins  beneath  and  on  petioles  1  —  2  inches  long.  Spikes 
slender,  drooping,  longer  tlian  the  leaf.  Scales  tubular,  cleft  above,  white. 
Flowers  very  small  and  numerous,  sessile,  consisting  only  of  the  long  stamens, 
and  the  ovaries  with  their  recurved  stigmas.     Aug.    Per.  Lizard's  tail. 


ORDER  CXX.  CERATOPHYLLACE^. 

Fls.—MoncEciovis.     Cat.  many-parted. 

Sterile.- 6'to.  indefinite  (10—20).     Anth.  tricnspidate,  sessile.  2-ceIled.  [sessile. 

Fertile.— Oca.  free,  l-celled,  with  :i  sii.-|.i  iiii.'d,  solhary  ovule.     Style  filiform,  oblique, 
Fr. — Achenium  beaked  with  the  indniiiir:!  sii-ma. 

Seed  orthrotopous,  suspended,  exalbuniiiiLiu.s,  luul  containingr  4  cotyledons. 
Herbs,  floating.     Leaves  cellular,  many-cleft,  verticillate. 

CERATOPHY'LLUM. 

Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

Gr.  K.igcii,   a   horn,   and  (iivWov,  a  leaf;  on  account  of  the  many-horned 
divisions  of  the  leaf. 

C.  dkme'rsum. 

Leavrs  6 — 8  in  a  whorl,   doubly   dichotomous,  dentate-spinescent  on  the 
back;   flowers  B.xi\la.ry,   fruit   3-spined.     An  aquatic  weed,  in  ditches,   &c. 


PODOSTEMIACEJE.  334  PODOSTEMOM. 

Stem  floating  or  prostrate,  8—16  inches  long,  filiform,  with  numerous  whorls 
of  leaves.  These  are  dichotomously  divided  into  2  or  more  filiform  segments. 
Flowers  minute,  axillary,  sessile,  with  sessile  anthers.  Fiuit  an  oblong, 
beaked  capsule,  with  1  seed.     July— Sept.  Hornicurt. 


ORDER  CXXl.  CALLITRICACE^. 

FIs. — Mostly  moncEcious,  achlamycleous,  with  an  involucre  of  2  bracts. 
,S7a.—l  (rarely  2).     i?'(7a??ien<  slender.     j4n!/i.  1-celled,  2-valved. 
Ova. — 4-cellert,  4-lobed.     Styles  2.     Stigmas  simple  points, 
i^r.— 4-celIecl,  4-seeded,  indehiscent.     Seeds  peltate,  albuminous. 

An  order  consisting  of  a  single  genus,  Callitriche,  which  is  both  European  and  Ameri- 
can.  Small,  aquatic  herbs,  with  opposite,  simple,  entire  leaves.  Flowers  axillary, 
solitary,  very  minute. 

C  ALLITRI'CHE. 
Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

Gr.  K.a.'koi,  beautiful,  &gi|,  Tgix;o«,  hair;  alluding  to  the  numerous,  slender 
stems  or  leaves.     Root  annual. 

C.   VERNA.      Muh.  C.  intermedia.   Willd.       C.  aquatica.  Bic. 

Floating  ;  upper  leaves  oblong-spathulate,  lower  ones  linear,  obtuse  or  emar- 
ginate;  capsule  with  the  lobes  obtusely  margined.  This  little  polymorphous 
plant  is  common  in  shallow  streams  and  muddy  ])Iaces.  Stem  floating,  1 — 2 
feet  long,  composed  of  2  tubes,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves  2  at  each  node, 
becoming  crowded  above  into  a  starlike  tuft  upon  the  surface  of  the  water, 
the  lower  ones  becoming  gradually  narrower,  and  the  lowest  quite  linear. 
Flowers  wliite,  axillary,  1  or  2  together,  often  monoecious.  Anther  a  little 
exserted,  yellow.     May — Sept.  ll'ater  SUnwort. 

p.  autuinnnUs.  (Dar!.  C.  autumnalis,  L.  C.  linearis.  P.)  ;  floating;  haves 
nearly  all  linear,  I-nerved,  truncate  or  emarginate,  the  upper  ones  a  little 
dilated  towards  the  end.  In  similar  situations  with,  and  generally  accom- 
panying the  former. 

y'.  tcrrestris.  {Darl.  C.  terrestris.  Raf.  C.  brevifolia.  P.)  ;  procumbent  and 
dift'use  ;  le.ives  all  oblong,  obtuse,  crowded,  fleshy.  Grows  on  soft  mud, 
overspreading  the  surface.     This  form  evidently  depends  on  the  locality. 


ORDER  CXXII.  PODOSTEMIACE.^. 

f /^,._Mono5cious,  achlamydeous,  bursting  through  an  irregularly  lacerated  spathe. 
Sta.—  Ollen  reduced  to  1  or  2,  and  monadelphous. 
Ora.— Free,  2— :3-celled.     Styles  2  or  0.     Stigmas  2—3. 
fr.— Capsule  subpedicellate,  opening  by  2  valves. 
,5(/j(._Xumi.rous,  without  albumen,  aUached  to  a  central  column. 

A  small  order  of  aquatic,  moss-like  herbs.  Flowers  inconspicuous.  They  are  natives 
of  America  and  Asia. 

PODOSTE'MUM. 
Stamens  2,  with  the  tilamenls  united  below;  ovary  oblong- 
ovoid  ;  stigmas   2,  sessile,  recurved  ;  capsule  2-ce!led  5  seeds 
minute. 

Gr.  (Trovi)  -TTohoi.  a  foot,  a-Trif^ov,  a  stamen  ;  in  allusion  to  the  stamens 
being  supported  apparently  on  a  common  footstalk.  Small,  submersed 
aquatics,  adhering  to  rocks  and  pebbles.     Leaves  alternate,  dissected. 


EUPHORBIACE^. 


335 


P,    ceraTOPHY'llum.      Mx.  Lacis  ceratophylla.  Bongard. 

ic«cf5  dichotomously  Aissecied  ;  flowers  solitary,  axillary.  Stem  a  few 
inches  lono-,  usually  destitute  of  roots  and  attached  to  stones  by  lateral,  fleshy 
processes.  °  Leaves  numerous,  alternate,  coriaceous,  divided  into  many  narrow 
seo-ments.  Flowers  on  short,  thick  peduncles,  the  2  stamens  and  styles  at 
length  burstino-  through  the  lacerated  calyx.  In  shallow  running  streams. 
Mass.     July.  °  °  Thread-Jool. 


ORDER  CXXIII.  F.UPHORBIACE^. 

jrjs. — Monrecious  or  dioecious.     C'al.  inferior,  lobed,  or  wanting.^ 
Cor. — Petals  or  scales  equal  in  number  to  llie  sepals,  or  wanting.- 
Sterile  fl.— Sta.  definite  or  indefinite,  distinct  or  raortadelphoii'?.^    Anth.  2-celled. 
Fertile  fl.— Oi-a.  free,  of -2— 9,  more  or  less  united  carpels,  coherent  to  a  central  prolon- 
gation of  the  axis.     iSfytej  distinct,  often  S-clelt. 
Fr. — Capsule  of  3  dehiscent  carpels  which  open  elastically  • 
k'd. — "With  a  large  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

A  lar^e  order  of  herbs,  .shrubs  or  trees,  often  with  an  anrid  milk.  Leaves  opposite  or 
alternate,  simple.  They  are  chiefly  natives  of  South  America,  not  more  than  oO  species  of 
its  1500  being  Ibund  in  N.  America.  .   .         v.-   n     ■      i 

Properiief.  An  acrid,  stimulant  and  poisonous  principle,  residmg  chietly  in  the  milty 
juice,  pervades  the  whole  order.  This  principle  varies  in  activity  Irom  mild  sUmulants  to 
the  most  active  poisons  ;  but  it  is  volatile  and  easilv  expelled  by  heat.  Tapiocais  a  starch- 
like accumulation  formed  in  the  roots  of  the  Jatropa  Manihot.  When  fresh,  this  root  is  a 
violent  poison,  but  loses  its  deleterious  properties  by  washing  and  c.xposure  to  heat._ 
Castor-oil  is  expressed  from  the  seed.s  of  Ricinus  communis,  Croton-oil  Irom  the  seeds  ot 
Croton  Tiglium.     Caoutchouc  is  yielded  in  abundance  by  several  S.  American  species. 

Conspectus  of  the  genera. 

I  Fls.monandrous,  in  .small,  involiicrate  heads.  Euphorbia.  4 

(  Lvs.  undivided,  |  Flowers  in  spikes Acalijp/ia.    ji 

Herbaceous.  |  Leaves   peltiite-palniate Ktnniis.      2 

Shrubs  with  smooth,  simple,  evergreen,  opposite  leaves huxics.         1 

1,     BUXUS. 
Flowers    moncecious.     5/en7e.— Calyx  3-leaved;  petals  2; 
stamens  4,  with  the  rudiment  of  an  ovary.     Fcrlile. — Calyx 
4-leaved;  petals  3;  styles  3;  capsule   with    3   beaks   and  3 

cells;  seeds  2. 

The  Greek  name  of  this  plant  was  (p^los.  Shrubs.  Leaves  evergreen, 
opposite. 

B.  sempervi'rens. — Le«cc50vate  ;  petioles hn'try  atedge  ;  anthers ova.le , 
sao-ittate.  Variety  anmistifol'm  has  narrow,  lanceolate  leaves.  Variety 
,w/ra?iccsa,  the  dwarf  box,  has  obovate  leaves  and  a  stem  scarcely  woody, 
highly  esteemed  for  edgings  in  gardens.  The  box,  with  its  varieties  is  na- 
tive of  Europe.  "'^^■ 

2.    RI'CINUS. 
Flowers    monoecious.     S/erj/e.— Calyx    5parted ;    stamens 
many.     Fer/j7e.— Calyx   3-parted  ;  styles  3,2-cleft  5  capsules 
cchinate,  3-celled,  3-secded. 

Lat,  ricinus,  an  insect,  which  the  fruit  of  these  plants  resemble.  Herbs 
and  shrubs  with  peltate,  palmate  leaves, 

R.  COMMo'nis, — Stem  frosted,  herbaceous  ;  leaves  peltate,  palmate,  lobes 
lanccokte,   serrate;  capsules  prickly.     Native  of  the  E.  Indies,  where  it  be- 


EUPHORBIACEiE.  336  EUPHORBIA, 

comes  a  tree,  although  an  herbaceous  annual  with  us.  From  its  seeds  is  ex- 
pressed the  well  known  castor-oil  of  the  shops  For  this  purpose  it  is  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  many  parts  of  the  U.  States.     Jl.,  Aug.     Castor-oil  Bean. 

3.    ACA'LYPHA. 
Flowers  monoecious.    Sterile. — Calyx  3 — 4-partcd  ;  stamens 
8 — 16,  united  at  base.     Fertile. — Calyx    3-parted,   segments 
coniiivent,  persistent ;  styles  3,  elongated,  2 — 3  parted  ;   cap- 
sule 3-celled,  cells  1-seeded. 

The  Greek  name  for  the  nettle,  which  this  plant  resembles.  It  is  com- 
pounded of  a.,  privative,  xaXo«,  beautiful,  and  ci(pr).  toucli.  Herbaceous  or 
shrubby.     Lvs.  alternate,  stipulate. 

A.   Virgi'nica. 

Pubescent ;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  involucrum 
cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  nerved  and  toothed.  An  annual,  branching  plant, 
in  dry  and  gravelly  soils.  Stem  erect,  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  Snerved, 
2 — 3  inches  long  and  i — |as  wide,  obtuse,  hairy.  Pistillate  flower  at  the  base 
of  the  peduncle  of  the  staminate  spike.  Involucrum  of  the  Iruit  axillary,  on 
a  short  stalk,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  its  margin  cut  half  way  down  into  long, 
acute  segments.     Aug.     Ann.  Three-seeded  Mercury. 

4.    EUPHO'RBIA. 

Flowers     moncecious,     mostly    achlamydeous ;    involucre 

monophyllous,  subcampanulate,  with  4 — 5  petaloid  segments 

allernaling  with  as  many  external,  glatuMike  teeth.     Slerilrjl. 

12    or   more;  stamen    1;  filament   articulated  in  the  middle. 

Fertile  Ji.  solitary,  central  ;  ovary  pedicellate;  styles  3,  bifid; 

capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled;  cells  1-seeded. 

Named  for  Euphorbus,  physician  to  Juba,  King  of  Mauritania,  who  first 
used  these  plants  in  medicine.  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  generally  simple, 
sometimes  v/aiiting. 

*  Heads  of  flowers  in  involucrate  umbels.     Cauline  leaves  alternate. 

1.  E.  corolla'ta. 

Erect ;  caul'me  and  floral  leaves  oblong,  narrow,  obtuse  ;  inner  segments  of 
the  invo'ucrn  obovate,  petaloid  ;  umbel  5-rayed,  then  3-rayed  and  forked.  Jn 
dry  fields.  Stem  slender,  erect,  1 — 2  feet  high,  generally  simple  and  smooth. 
Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  often  quite  linear,  very  entire,  scattered  on  the  stem, 
verticillate  and  opposite  in  the  umbel.  The  umbel,  as  in  other  species,  con- 
sists of  about  5  verticillate  branches  from  the  summit  of  the  stem,  each  of 
which  is  subdivided  into  3,  and  finally  into  2  peduncles.  Corolla-like  invol- 
ucre large,  white,  showy.     Jl.,  Aug.     Per.  Large-flowered  Spurge. 

2.  E.    HELIOSCO'PIA. 

Erect;  floral  leaves  obovate,  cauline  ones  wedge-form,  serrate,  smooth; 
7imbel  5-rayed,  then  3-rayed  and  forked.  A  milky  weed  in  cultivated  grounds, 
remarkable  for  the  symmetry  of  its  vegetation.  Stem  smooth,  erect,  8 — IG 
inches  high.  Leaves  scattered,  | — ]i  inch  long,  rj  as  broad  at  the  rounded  or 
refuse  apex,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  entire,  and  tapering  to  the  base. 
Umbels  subtended  by  a  large  involucre  of  5  obovate  leaves.  Each  of  the  5 
rays  is  pilose  with  scattered  hairs  and  subdivided  into  an  uinbellet  of  3  rays 
with  a  3-leaved  involucel,  and  these  finally  into  2  or  more  pedicellate  fascicles. 
Capsules  smooth.     Jn.,  Jl.     Ann.  Sun  Sjjurge. 


KMPETRACE^.  3S7 


EMPETRUM. 


3.  E.    PLATYPHY  LLA.       L.  E.  obtusata.  P. 
Erect ;  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  spathulate,  serrulate,  smooth  ;  umhil  'i-rayed, 

Ta.ys  twice  dlchotomous;  floral  leaves  ovate,  siibcordate,  somewhat  obtuse; 
capsules  inuricate.  Grows  in  waste  grounds.  Stem  12 — IS  inches  high. 
July,  Aug.     Per. 

*  *  Heads  not  umbellate.     Leaves  opposite. 

4.  E.  hypericifo'lia. 

Stem  smooth,  branching,  nearly  erect,  branches  divaiicate-spreadintr;  lenrcs 
opposite,  oval-oblong,  serrate,  sub-falcate;  corymbs  terminal.  A  slender, 
branching  plant,  found  in  dry  and  rich  soils.  Stem  10 — 20  inches  high, 
usually  very  smooth,  the  branches  often  pubescent.  Leaves  tripli-nerved, 
marked  with  oblong  dots  and  blotches,  ciliate,  6 — 12  lines  long,  and  ^  as  wide, 
oblique,  on  very  short  petioles.  Corymbs  of  small  white  heads,  terminal  and 
axillary.     July,  Aug.     Ann.  Spurge.     Eye-bright. 

5.  E.  macula'ta. 

Procumbent;  branches  spreading;  leaves  serrate,  oblong,  hairy;  flmce.rs 
axillary.  A  prostrate  plant,  spreading  flat  npon  the  ground,  in  sandy  fields. 
Stem  (j — 12  inches  in  lengtli,  much  branched,  hairy.  Leaves  opposite,  3 — (J 
lines  long  and  i  as  wide,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrulate,  smooth  above,  often  spotted 
with  dark  purple,  the  margin  ciliatc,  pale  and  hairy  beneath,  on  short  stalks. 
Heads  of  flowers  small,  crowded  near  the  summit,  involucre  minute,  white. 
July— Sept.     Ann.  Spotted  Siturge. 

6.  E.  polygonifo'lia. 

Procumbent;  /enzjcs  entire,  lanceolate  and  oblong,  obtuse  atha.se;  jftowers 
in  the  axils  of  the  branches,  solitary.  Sea  shores.  A  very  smooth,  succulent, 
prostrate  plant,  with  milky  juice.  Stems  6 — 10  inches  long,  dicholoniou.>-, 
procumbent.  Leaves  oblong  and  linear-lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  rarely 
cordate  at  base.  Stipules  subulate  and  simple.  Flowers  small,  in  the  forks 
of  the  stem.     June,  July.     Ann.  Knot-grass  Spurge. 

7.  E.  Ipecacua'xha. 

Procumbent  or  suberect,  small,  smooth ;  leaves  opposite,  obovate  and 
lanceolate;  peduncles  elongated,  axillary,  1-flowered.  Sandy  soil.  Root 
p'^rennial,  verj  long.  Stem  thick  and  succulent,  3 — H  inches  long.  Leave.s 
sessile,  varying  from  obovate  to  linear.  Flowers  solitary.  Peduncles  uj 
lono-  as  the  leaves.     June. 


ORDER  CXXIV.    EMPETRACEJ:.  The  Crowberry  Tribe. 

F!s. — DicBcions.     Cni.  nniisisting;  of  hypofrynous,  imbricated  scales. 

•S'n. — Equal  in  number  to  the  inner  sepals  and  altenuite  with  them. 

(^vn. — 3 — 9-celled,  with  a  single  erect  ovule  in  each  cell. 

Stylei.  short  or  0.     Stigmas  lobed  and  otien  lacerated. 

•/'V. — Drupe  sealed  in  the  persistent  calyx,  containing  3 — 0  bony  nucules. 

Small,  everg:reen,  heath-like   shrubs.     Leaves  exstipulate.     Flowers  minute,  axillarv. 
They  are  acrid,  but  of  no  known  use. 

E  M  P  E'  T  RUM. 
Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  cons^istini,'  of  2  scries  of 
pcpaloid  scales.  Slerilcjl. — Stamens  3,  anthers  pendulous  on 
long  filaments.  Fcrlile  jl. — Styles  3—9,  very  short,  erect,  or 
0;  stigmas  oblong,  radiate-spreading;  drupe  globose,  1 -celled  ; 
seeds  3 — 9. 

Gr.  iv,  upon,  7r£Tgo«,  a  stone  ;  from  the  places  of  its  natural  growth. 
DD 


JCJGLANDACE^.  838 


Jb.    NIGRUM. 

Procumbent;  branches  smooth  ;  /frtt>es  imbricated,  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at 
cacii  end,  nearly  smooth,  with  arcvojute  margin.  A  small,  prnst'iate,  alpine 
Bhrub,  found  on  the  granite  rocks  ot  the  Wliite  Mts.of  N.  H.,  and  the  calcare- 
ous mountains  of  Vt.  The  stem  is  1  to  3  or  4  feet  long,  much  branched  and 
closely  covered  all  around  with  evergreen  leaves  which  are  J— J  inch  long 
and  a  line  wide.  Flowers  very  small,  "reddish,  crowded,  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves.     Berries  black,  not  ill-tlavored.     May,  June.  Cruicherry. 


ORDER  CXXV.    JUGLANDACEtE.  The  IValnut  Tribe. 

Flowers  mnncccious.     Sterile  in  nmi.-iits.     Corollo  0. 

Ca/.— Membranaceous,  oblique,  irregular.     Sta.  indefinite  (3—36). 

P'ertile  in  small  clusters.     Corolla  0  or  sometimes  present  and  3— 5-petaled. 

fW.— Tube  adlierent,  limb  3— 5-parted.  ['^tig.  1— d,  much  dilated. 

Oca.— 1-celled   (partially  2— 4-celled).     Ovule   soliiarv,   erect.     St7/lcs  0—2,    very    short. 

■if''''-— l^rupaceous,  ] -celled,  whh  2 — 1  imperiecl  parutions ;  endocarp  bony. 

iSf-/. — 2 — i-lobed,  without  albumen,  oily. 

Trees,  mostly  North  iVmericun,  -^villi  rilternate,  unpquallypinnate  leaves  and  no  stipule!. 

Fro]jertie!>.  The  well  known  trml  utib,j  butternut,  ivalnut.  pccr.an-nut,Sj-c.,  is  sweet  and 
wholesome,  abouudinij  in  a  rich,  dr.\  in;,'  oil.  The  epicarp,  and  even  the  integumealoi'the 
kernel  are  very  astringent.     The  timber  is  highly  valuable. 

Genera. 

j4-cloft.     Leaves  15— 21 -foliate.        .        .        .        Jiiglans.  1 
Corolla  of  the  fertile  flowers  (  none.     Leaves  5,— 9-foliale Carya.     2 

1.    JUGLAiXS. 

Sterile  Jl.  in  an  imbricated,  simole  anient;  caljx  scale  5 — 6- 
parted.  soniewiial  bractcate  at  base;  stamens  about  20. 
Ferlilrjl. — Calyx  4-ciert,  superior;  corolla  4-parted  ;  stigmas 
2;  fruit  drupaceous,  epicarp  spongy,  indehiscent,  endocarp 
rugose  and  irregularly  i'urrowed. 

Lat.  Jovis  fflaus;  i.  e.  tlio  nut  of  Jove,  a  name  given  it  by  way  of  eminence. 

1.  J.  CINE'REA.  L.  J.  cathartica.  JJfz./. 
Leaflets  numerous  (15 — 17),  lanceolate,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  soft- 
pubescent  beneath ;  pctiijlcs  villous  ;  fruit  oblong-ovate,  with  a  terminal, 
obtuse  point,  viscid,  hairy  ;  n?/.c/cM,s  oblong,  acuminate,  deeply  and  irregularly 
furrowed.  The  butternut  is  found  throughout  the  N.  England,  Middle  and 
Western  States,  and  Canada,  growing  on  elevated  river-banks  and  on  cold, 
uneven,  rocky  soils.  It  is  40 — HO  feet  high,  with  a  large,  but  short  trunk. 
The  branches  are  horizontal  and  unusually  wide-spreading,  forming  a  very 
large  head,  ijcaves  12 — '20  inches  long,  consisting  of  7  or  8  pairs  of  leaflets 
with  an  odd  one.  Barren  flowers  in  long  atnents  ;  fertile  in  short  spikes. 
The  kernel  is  oily,  pleasant-flavored  and  well  known  in  N.  England.  The 
wood  is  of  a  leddish  hue,  liglit,  and  is  considerably  used  in  pannelino'  and 
ornamental  work.  From  the  bark  is  extracted  an  excellent  cathartic.  April. 
May.  Butternut. 

2.  J.    NIGRA. 

Leaflets  numerous  (15 — 21),  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  subcordate,  tapering 
above  ;  petioles  and  under  side  of  tiie  leaves  subpubescent ;  fruit  globose,  with 
scabrous  punctures.  The  black  walnut  is  a  common  forest  tree  in  the  Middle 
and  Western  States,  but  is  scarcely  found  in  the  Northern.     It  aiises  GO — 70 


JOGLANDACE^.  339 


feet  high  vs'ith  a  diameter  of  3 — 6.  In  open  lands  it  spreads  wide]}'  into  a 
spacious  head.  The  duramen  of  the  wood  is  compact  and  heavy,  of  a  deep 
violet  color,  surrounded  with  a  white  albumen.  It  is  used  extensively,  west 
of  tlie  Alleghanies,  for  building,  and  every  where  for  cabinet  work.  April. 
May.  Blacli  Walnut. 

2.    CA'RYA. 

Sterile  Jl. — Ameiits  imbricated,  slender  and  nnostly  ternate  ; 
scales  3-parted  ;  stamens  4—6;  anthers  hairy.  Fertile  Jl. — 
Calyx  4-cleft,  superior;  corolla  0;  styles  0 ;  stigma  divided, 
2iobed,  the  lobes  bifid  ;  epicarp  4-valved  ;  nucleus  subquad- 
rangular,  even. 

Gr.  ie.a.^'ju.,  the  walnut,  from  x-uqcc,  roundish  ;  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of 
the  nut.     Large  trees.     Pubescence  stellate. 

1.  0.    ALBA.      JVuft.  Juglans  squamosa.    Mx.  f. 
Leaflets  5 — 7, on  long  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharplv  seriate, 

villous  beneath,  the  odd  one  sessile  ;  ametits  filiform,  smooth  ;  fruit  somewhat 
quadrangular,  smooth.  Native  throughout  the  Atlantic  States  and  sometimes 
farther  west.  In  forests  it  is  very  tall  and  slender,  with  rough  and  sha^ay 
bark,  consisting  externally  of  long,  narrow  plates  loosely  adhering  by  the 
middle.  Like  other  hickories,  the  wood  is  strong  and  elastic,  compact  and 
heavy,  and  is  much  used  where  these  qualities  are  required,  as  in  making 
hoops,  whip  stalks,  axe  handles,  the  keels  of  vessels,  dec.  It  is  considered 
superior  to  all  other  wood  for  fuel.  The  fruit  is  covered  with  a  very  thick 
epioarp  separating  into  4  parts,  and  containing  a  thin-shelled,  richly-flavored 
kernel.     April.    May.  Shag-bark  It'altiut  or  Hickory. 

2.  C.    TOMENTO'SA.      Mx.  Juglans  alba.  L. 
Leaflets  7  or  9,  oblong-lanceolate,   acuminate,   slightly  serrate,  pubescent 

beneath,  odd  one  subppliolatc  ;  aments  filiform,  tomentose  ; //it/^  subglobose, 
smooth,  with  a  very  thick  pericarp  ;  7iut  with  a  hard,  thick  shell  and  a  small, 
but  agreeably-flavored  kernel.  This  tree  is  found  in  all  the  Atlantic  States, 
growino-  50  feet  high  in  woods.  The  bark  is  thick  and  rugged,  but  never 
scaly.  In  winter  it  may  be  known  by  its  large,  greyish  white  and  very  hard 
buds.  The  drupes,  which  are  very  various  in  size,  have  a  small  kernel 
difficult  to  extract,  on  which  account  they  are  less  sought  than  the  shag- 
Larks.     April.     May.  If  kite  Walnut.     Mockernut  Hickury. 

3.  C.    PORCI'NA.      ^^utt.  Juglans  glabra.   WiUd. 
Leaflets  mostly  7,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  smooth  both  sides,  odd  one 

subsessile  ;  fruit  a.nil  nucleus  obcordate  or  oblong.  Found  in  woods  through- 
out the  U.  S.,  growing  to  the  hight  of  .50— 70  feet.  The  drupes  afford  small, 
bitter  kernels.  The  wood  possesses  the  general  properties  of  the  hickories  in 
a  superior  degree  and  is  used  wherever  great  strength  is  required.  It  makes 
excellent  fuel.     May.  Hog  Walnut. 

4.  C.    AMA'EA.      JVutt.  Juglans  amara.  Mx. 
Leaflets  about  9,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth  both  sides, 

except  the  pubescent  nerves  and  midrib,  odd  one  short,  petiolate,  the  rest 
sessile  ;  fruit  subglobose,  with  the  sutures  prominent  above  ;  drupe  smooth, 
subgkibose  ;  kernel  bitter.  Grows  in  most  of  the  U.  S.  but  attains  its  greatest 
size  in  Penn.  and  along  the  Ohio  valley.  The  drupe  has  a  thin  shell  vi-hich 
may  be  broken  by  the  fingers  and  contains  a  kernel  so  bitter  that  animals 
Will  scarcely  toucii  it.  Bitternut  Hickory. 


CCl'ULlFERil!',.  S40  ftUERCUS. 

ORDER  CXXVI.    CUPULIFER^.  The  Oak  Tribe. 

Flowers  generally  rnoncerious.     Sterile   in  aments,  fertile  solitary,  or  2  or  3  Together, 

Cal. — t^eprils  regular  and  membranous,  or  scale-like.  [or  in  fascicles. 

ata. — 1 — 3  limes  as  many  as  the  sepals,  inserted  into  their  bases,     [several  ovules  in  each. 

Ofc— Adherent,  seated  within  a  coriaceous  involucruni  (cupule),  with  several  cells  and 

iitig. — Several,  subsessile,  distinct. 

Fr. — A  bony  or  coriaceous  nvit,  more  or  less  enclosed  in  the  cupule. 

t-ris. — 1,  2,  or  3  (most  of  the  ovules  being  abortive,)  pendulous.     Albumen  0. 

JSmbryo  large.     Cotyledons  fleshy,  plano-convex,     ivarfirie  minute,  superior. 

Trees  and  shrubs.  Leaves  stipulate,  ahernate,  simple,  straight-veined  (veins  proceeding- 
straight  from  the  midrib  to  the  margin).  The  Cupuliferx  constitute  a  large  portion  of  the 
lorenls  of  the  northern  lemperate  regions,  and  of  mountainous  tracts  within  the  tropics. 

Fropntirs.  'J'lie  bulk  of  the  oak  and  oilier  genera  is  well  known  for  its  astringent  quali- 
ties. The  edible  fruit  of  the  ka-J.t-mit,  chestnut,  beechnut,  ^'c.,  are  too  well  known  to  require 
description.  Cork  is  the  bark  of  Quercus  Suber.  Nut-galls  are  produced  from  the  petioles 
oi'  Q.  intectoria  of  Asia  Minor,  being  caused  by  wounds  made  by  insects. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

fin  an  echinate,  valvate  cupule,  and  ovoid-compressed.  Castanea.  2 

J  in  a  muricate,  valvaie  cupule,  and  sharply  3-angled.         .  Fagus.  3 

I  in  a  hairy,  i  coriaceous  involucrate  cupule.    .        .        .  Conjhcs.  4 

f  enveloped  I  inflated,  ..  I  membranous,  closed  cupule.  .        .         .  Ostrya.  5 

<  (acorn)  partly  immersed  in  a  scaly  cupule. Quercus.  1 

Nut  (naked,  concealed  in  the  a.\il  of  a  foliaceous  bract Carpimts.  S 

1.  QUERCUS. 
Sterile  Jl.  in  a  loose  ameiit ;  caljx  mostly  5-cleft ;  stamens 
5 — 10.  Ferlileji. — Cupule  cup-shaped,  scaly;  calyx  incor- 
porated with  the  ovary,  6-!obed;  ovary  3-celled,  2  of  the 
cells  ahortive  ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  3;  nut  (acorn)  coriaceous, 
1-celled,  1-seeded,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  enlarged, 
cup-shaped,  scaly-cupule. 

Celtic,  qucr,  fine,  and  cuez,  a  tree  ;  so  called  emphatically,  because  the 
sacred  missletoe  grew  upon  it.  The  more  common  Celtic  name  was  dcrio  ; 
hence  druid.  A  noble  genus  of  trees,  rarely  shrubs.  Aments  axillary,  pen- 
dulous, filiform,  with  the  flowers  distinct. 

■"  Fructificatioia  annual.     Leaves  not  mucronate,  t  lobed. 

1.  Q.    ALBA. 

Leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid-sinuate,  smooth  ;  lohcs  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
dilated  upwards  ;  fruit  pedunculate,  cup  deep,  warty,  acorn  ovate.  The  while 
oak  grows  in  woods  throughout  the  U.  H.  and  Canada,  and  for  grandeur, 
strength  and  usefulness,  stands  preeminent  among  the  sons  of  the  forest. 
With  a  diameter  of  5 — G  feet  it  attains  the  hight  of  70 — SO,  but  its  magnitude 
varies  with  the  soil  and  climate.  Leaves  obliquely  divided  into  rounded, 
obtuse  and  entire  lobes,  not  terminated  by  mucronate  points,  pubescent 
beneath  when  young.  Fruit  rather  large.  Bark  white,  often  with  dark  spots. 
The  trunk  yields  timber  of  great  value  for  strength  and  durability.  It  is 
extensively  employed  in  ship-building,  in  coopering,  in  carriage  making, 
in  ploughs,  mills,  &c.  The  bark  is  useful  in  tanning,  and  in  medicine. 
May.  White  Oak. 

2.  Q.    OBTUSTLO'bA.      Mx.  Q.  stcllata.  L. 
Leaves  oblong,   sinuate,  cuneiform  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath;  lobes 

obtuse,  the  ujiper  one  dilated,  ^-lolied  ;  calyx  hemispherical ;  acorn  oval. 
The  iion  oak,  called  al.so  y;^.^;  oak,  box  icldtc  onk,  tiirhey  oak,  ^c,  is  common 
in  the  Middle  and  Southern  Stales,  rare  in  N".  England.  It  is  a  tree  of  mod- 
erate size,  with    widely   spreading  and  very  crooked  branches.     The  bark  is 


CDPULIFERiE. 


341  Q.tJliRCUS. 


grejish  white.  Leaves  in  4  or  5  lobes  wliich  are  sometimes  so  arranged  as  to 
appear  cruciform  or  stellate.  Acorns  very  sweet.  The  timber  is_  finer 
Drained,  stronger  and  more  durable  than  white  oak,  hence  it  is  useful  for 
posis,  staves,  carriages,  «fcc.  The  crooked  branches  afford  knees  for  ship- 
building. ■^'<'«  <^"/'"- 

3.  Q.  macroca'rpa. 

Leaves  tomentose  beneath,  deeply  and  lyrately  sinuate-lobed,  lobes  obtuse, 
repand,  upper  ones  dilated  ;  cupule  deep,  with  tlie  upper  scales  setose  ;  aiorn 
ovate,  turgid.  Most  common  in  the  Western  States,  frequenting  limestone 
hills,  but  is  occasionally  met  with  in  Vt.  and  N.  Y.  It  is  CO— 70  feetin  hight, 
clothing  itself  with  dark  green,  lu.xuriant  foliage.  Leaves  10—15  inches 
lonrr;  being  larger  than  those  of  any  other  species  here  described.  The 
acorns  are  also  oi  extraordinary  size,  enclosed  f  of  their  length  in  the  cup 
which  is  usually  bordered  with  hair-like  filaments.  May.     Over-cup  IVhile  Oak. 

4.  Q.    OLIViEFO'RJllS. 

Leaves  obiong,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  deeply  and  unequally  sinuate- 
pinnatifid;  CM//deeply  bowl-shaped,  fringed  on  tlie  edge;  acorn  oval-ovate. 
This  species  of  oak  is  confined  to  a  few  districts  of  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  It  is  a 
laro-e  and  majestic  tree,  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  smaller  branches  always 
inclining  downwards.  The  "leaves  are  so  irregularly  cut  and  lobed  that 
scarcely'two  can  be  found  alike.     May.  Mussy-cup  Oak. 

*  Fructification  annual.     Leaves  not  mucronate,  it  dentate,  not  lobed. 

5.  Q,.    PRINUS.       Willd.  Q-  Priniis  palustris.  Mz. 
Leaves  on  long    petioles,  obovate,  acute,    pubescent  beneath,  with  coarse, 

unequal,  dilated  teeth,  callous  at  the  tip  ;  cu]i  deep,  attenuate  at  base;  arorn 
ovate.  This  oak  is  seldom  met  with  in  N.  England,  but  abounds  in  the  rest 
of  the  U.  S.  Itis  one  of  tlie  loftiest  trees  of  the  forest,  arising  to  the  hight  of 
50  feet  with  its  undivided,  straight  and  uniform  trunk,  and  thence  with  its 
expansive  top  to  the  hight  of  80—90  feet.  Flowers  appear  in  May,  succeeded 
by  large  and  sweet  acorns.  The  timber  is  valuable  in  the  arts,  and  makes 
excellent  tuel.  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak. 

6.  Q.    BI'COLOR.       Wil'd.  Q.  Prinus  discolor.  .Vx. 
Leaves  oblong  ovate,  downy,  v.hitc  underneath,   coarsely  toothed,  entire  at 

the  base,  the  teeth  unequal,  dilated,  rather  acute,  callous  at  the  tip;  prtlalts 
shari  ;  fruit  oil  long  peduncles,  in  pairs,  cup  hemispherical,  acorn  oblong- 
ovate.  Tlie  swamp'oak  is  diffused  throughout  most  of  the  U.  S.,  growing  in 
lov,',  swampy  woods.  It  is  a  beautiful  tree,  attaining  in  favorable  situations 
the  liiTht  of  70  feet.  Foliasrerich  and  luxuriant,  smooth  and  green  above  and 
white^downy  beneath,  fro'in  which  singular  contrast  is  derived  the  specific 
name.  The  trunk  is  covered  with  a  oreyish  white  bark  v.-hich  divides  into 
large  fiat  scales.     It  affords  excellent  fuel"  and  timber.  Sv.amp  White  Oak. 

7.  C.    MONTa'NA.       IVilld.  Q.  prinus  monticola    Mx. 
Leaves  broad  ovate,  oblong,  white  downy  beneath,  shining  above,  coarsely 

toothed,  obtuse  and  unequal  at  the  base  ;  teeth  very  obtuse,  siibequal ;  fruit  m 
pairs,  on  short  peduncles,  cup  hemispherical,  with  rugose  and  tubercular 
scales,  acorn  ovate.  This  oak.  sometimes  called  rock  chestnut  oak,  is  native 
of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  growing  in  woods  and  mountain  sides, 
its  hight  seldom  exceeds  GO  feet,  and  is  generally  much  less.  In  open  situa- 
tions its  top  spreads  widely,  and  symmetrically.  The  petiole  is  yellow,  rather 
short.     Timber  valuable  in  ship-building,  &c.  Mountain  Oak, 

8.  Q.    CASTA'NEA.       Willd.  Q.  Prinus  acuminata.  Mx. 
Leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base,  acuminate,  downy 

beneath,  with  coarse,  subequal,  dilated,  obtuse  teeth ;  cup  hejnisphericul ;  acorn 
DD* 


CUPULtFERiE.  342  q,UERCUS. 

roundish  ovate.  The  yellow  oak  abounds  in  the  Middle  and  Western  States, 
in  rocky  and  mountainous  woods,  it  is  a  large  tree,  UO  feet  in  hight.  Bark 
whitish,  slightly  furrowed.  Leaves  regularly  toothed,  lio-ht  green  above, 
whitish  beneath.  Flowers  in  iNlay,  succeeded  by  acorns  usually  sweet- 
flavored.     Timber  little  used.  Yellow  Ouk.     Chestnut  Oak. 

9.  Q.    ClIl'NQUAPIN.      M:t.  Q.  prinoides.   WiUd. 
Leaves  on  short  petioles,  obovate,  acute  at  the  base,  glaucous  beneath,   with 

coarse,  subequal,  dilated  teeth,  callous  at  the  tip;  c«/>  hemispVierical  ;  acorn 
ovate.  This  is  one  of  the  most  diminutive  of  ail  the  oaks,  never  exceeding 
3 — 4  feet  in  hight.  It  is  native  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  in  barren 
woods,  but  not  common.  The  flowers  appear  in  May,  followed  by  acorns  of 
middle  size,  very  sweet  and  so  abundant  as  often  to  weigh  the  shrub  pros- 
trate on  the  ground.  Dioarf  Chestnut  Oak. 

*  *  Fructification  biennial.     Leaves  set"iceously  mucronate,  sinuate-lobed. 

10.  Q.    RUBRA. 

Lnav-s  on  long  petioles,  smooth,  obtusely  sinuate,  lobes  rather  acute,  den- 
tate ;  cup  shallow  and  flat,  smoothish  ;  acorn  subovate.  The  red  oak  is  the 
niost  coininon  species  in  the  Northern  States  and  in  Canada.  It  is  a  loftv. 
wide-spreading  tree,  70  feet  in  hight  with  a  diameter  of  3  or  4.  The  leaves 
are  6 — ID  inches  long,  smooth  on  both  sides,  with  deep  and  rounded  sinuses 
between  the  narrow,  mucronate  lobes.  The  flowers  appear  in  May,  succeeded 
by  verj'^  large  acorns  contained  in  cups  so  shallow  as  rather  to  resemble 
saucers  than  cups,  and  are  greedily  devoured  by  wild  and  domesticated 
animals.  The  bark  is  extensively  used  in  tanning.  The  wood  is  reddish, 
coarse-grained,  of  little  value  as  timber,  but  excellent  for  fuel.  Red  Oak. 

n.  R.  tincto'ria. 

Leaves  obovate,  oblong,  a  little  sinuate,  pubescent  beneath,  lobes  oblong, 
obtuse,  mucronate  ;  cup  flat  ;  acorn  depressed-globose.  This  oak  is  found 
throughout  the  U.  S.  It  is  one  of  tlie  loftiest  trees  of  the  forest,  80 — 90  feet 
in  hight  and  4 — 5  in  diameter.  Bark  deeply  furrowed,  black  or  deep  brown. 
Leaves  0— rf  inches  long,  broadest  towards  the  end.  Acorns  brown,  nearly 
sessile,  about  half  covered  with  the  thick,  scaly  cup.  From  the  bark  of  this 
species,  quercitron,  used  in  dyeing,  is  obtained,  hence  it  is  called  quercitron 
oak.     The  bark  is  used  in  tanning.  Black  Oak. 

12.  Q.  cocci'kea. 

Leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  deeply  sinuate,  smooth,  lobes  divaricate, 
dentate,  acute  ;  eyp  turbinate,  scaly  ;  acorn  short,  ovate.  The  scarlet  oak  is 
most  abundant  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States,  but  is  often  met  with  in 
the  more  southern  parts  of  N.  England.  It  is  a  large  tree,  80  feet  in  hight, 
with  a  diameter  of  3  or  4.  Leaves  of  a  blight,  shining  green,  with  about  4 
deep  sinuses  remarkably  rounded  and  broad  at  the  base.  By  the  frosts  of 
autumn  they  are  changed  to  scarlet,  unlike  those  of  the  red  oak  which  become 
dull  red  or  brov/n.  Acorns  large,  similarly  rounded  at  both  ends,  half  im- 
mersed iu  the  cup.  Bark  very  thick,  used  in  tanning.  The  wood  is  little 
valued  for  timber  or  fuel.  Scarlet  Ouk. 

13.  Q.  palu'stris. 

Leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  deeply  sinuate,  smooth  ;  axUs  of  the  veins 
villous  beneath,  lobes  divaricate,  dentate,  acute;  cup  fiat,  smooth;  acorn 
subglobose.  The  pin  oak  is  most  luxuriant  in  Penn.  and  the  adjacent  districts 
of  olher  States,  rare  in  New  England,  growing  in  swamps  and  v/et  woods. 
Hight  tiO — 80  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  2 — 4.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  unusual 
nujober  of  secondary  branches  which  die  as  the  tree  advances,  iiivincr  the 
irunk  the  appearance  of  having  pins  or  tree  nails  driven  into  it.  Bark  smooth. 
Wood  coarse-grained,  little  esteemed  as  timber.  Acorns  small,  round,  in 
shallow  cups.     May.  Fin  Ouk. 


CUPULIFERJ3. 


343 


14.    Q.    ILICIFO'lIA.       JVilld.  Q-  Bannisteri.  Mx. 

Leaves  on  long  petioles,  obovate-cuneate,  3— 5-lobed,  entire  on  the  margin, 
whitish-downy  beneath;  cup  subturbinate  ;  acflr^t subglobose.  A  shrub,  com- 
mon throughout  the  U.  S.,  growingonly  on  gravely  hills  and  barrens  which  it 
occupies  exclusively  in  large  tracts.  Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  divided  into 
numerous,  straggling  branches.  Acorns  small  and  abundant,  and  said  to  be 
greedily  eaten  by  bears,  deer,  and  swine.  May.    Shrub  ur  Scrub  Oak.  Bear  Oak. 

2.  CASTA'NEA. 
Slcrihjl.  in  a  long,  cylindric  ament ;  calyx  G-cIeft ;  stamens 
10 — 12.  Fertile  Jl.  3,  within  a  4-lobed,  densely  niuricated 
involucie  ;  calyx  5— G-lobed  ;  stamens  10 — 12  abortive  rudi- 
ments ;  styles  6;  nut  mostly  1-seeded,  invested  wiih  the 
enlarged,  echinate  involucre  or  cupule. 

From  Castanea,  a  town  in  Thessaly,  where  this  tree  still  grows  to  magnifi- 
cent dimensions.     Trees  and  shrubs. 

C.    VESCA.    /3.  Americana.  Mx.  Fagus  Castanea.  L. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronately  serrate,  smooth  both 
sides.  Abundant  in  particular  districts  throughout  the  U.  S.  It  is  a  lofty 
tree,  with  a  large,  straight  trunk.  Leaves  quite  large  (6—9  inches  long  and 
i  as  wide),  with  large,  uniform  teeth,  niucronate  with  the  prolonged, 
straight  veins.  Amcnts  as  lonof  as  the  leaves  and  so  numerous  as  to  impart 
their  yellowish  hue  to  the  whole  tree  when  in  blossom.  The  nuts  are  about 
3  together,  of  a  peculiar  brown,  villous  above,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged 
cupule  or  burr  which  is  beset  on  all  sides  with  strong,  compound,  acute 
spines.  Timber  coarse-grained,  strong,  elastic,  light  and  very  diirable, 
hence  much  used  for  posts,  &c.  July.  The  nuts  are  smaller,  but  sweeter 
than  those  of  the  European  variety  (the  Spanish  chestnut).  Chestnut. 

3.  FAGUS. 
Sierile  fl.  in  a  globose  ament  ;  calyx  G-cleft,  campanulate; 
stamens  5— 12.  Fcrlilf  fi.  2,  witliin  a  4-lobed,  prickly  invol- 
ucre ;  calyx  single,  with  4—5  minute  lobes  ;  styles  3;  nut 
l-seeded,  enclosed  within  the  enlarged,  spiny  involucre  or 
cupule. 

Gr.  (Pnyoi,  the  beech  ;  it  also  signifies  something  eatable.     Trees. 

1.  F.  ferrugi'nea.     Jit. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  coarsely  dentate, 
obtuse  at  base  and  oblique-subcordate  ;  nh't  ovate,  acutely  triangular  and  very 
acute  at  apex.  A  common  forest  tree,  most  abundant  in  N.  England  and  the 
British  Provinces.  Trunk  tall  and  straight  in  forests,  but  like  other  trees, 
with  a  more  expansive  top  in  open  situations.  Bark  light  gray  and  sn)oolh. 
Branches  irregular  and  crooked.  Leaves  with  very  regular,  straight  veins, 
often  persistent  through  the  winter  in  their  withered  state.  Nuts  small,  2 
together,  invested  with  the  burr-like  cupule,  oily,  sweet  and  nutritious. 
Timber  of  a  daik  reddish  color,  fine-grained,  much  used  in  turnery,  mill- 
gearing  and  in  making  joiners  tools.     Also  extensively  used  tor  fuel.     May. 

Red  Beech. 

2.  F.    SYLVA'tICA.       L.  S.  sylvestris.  Mx. 
Leaves  ovate,   acuminate,  slightly   dentate,  ciliate  at  the  margin,  acute  at 

the  base ;  nuts  ovate-triangular,   obtuse-mucronate.     Native  of  the  forests  of 


CUPULIFER^.  344 


N.  England,  and  of  many  districts  in  the  Middle  States.  It  is  a  tree  of  large 
dimensions,  often  arising  to  the  hight  of  70  or  80  feet.  It  is  distinguishable 
from  the  red  beech  by  the  size,  the  lighter  color  of  the  bark  and  wood.  The 
wood  is  also  of  more  difficult  cleavage,  of  greater  compactness  and  strength, 
and  preferable,  both  as  timber  and  fuel.     May.  White  Beech, 

4.     CO'RYLUS. 

Sterile  fl.  in  a  cylindric  ament ;  calyx  scale  3-cleft ;  stamens 
8;  anthers  1-celled.  Fertile  Ji. — Calyx  obsolete;  ovaries 
several;  stigmas  2;  nut  ovoid,  surrounded  with  the  enlarged, 
coriaceous,  lacerated  involucre  (cupule). 

Gr.  xogvs,  a  bonnet;  to  which  the  cupule  enwrapping  the  nut  may  well  be 
compared.  The  English  name  hazel  comes  from  the  Saxon  hacsel,  a  head- 
dress.    Shrubs.     Aments  and  capitate  fertile  clusters  subterniinal. 

1.  C.  America'na. 

Leaves  roundish,  cordate,  acuminate  ;  involucre  roundish-campanulate, 
much  larger  than  the  roundish  nut,  its  border  dilated  and  coarsely  serrate. 
Shrub  5—6  feet  high,  growing  in  thickets  and  borders  of  fields.  Leaves  3 — 6 
inches  long  and  f'as  wide.  ^From  the  ends  of  the  branches  hang  the  long, 
pendulous  "aments  of  barren  flowers  in  April.  The  nuts  are  remarkably 
distinguished  by  the  large,  bell-shaped  involucre  in  which  each  one  is  envel- 
oped." They  are  a  well-flavored  fruit,  though  somewhat  inferior  to  the 
European  hazel  or  filbert.  Hazel. 

2.  C.  rostra'ta.     j}:t. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate ;  stipules  linear-lanceolate ;  invohicrt 
campanulate-tubular,  longer  than  the  nut,  2-parted,  with  dentate  segments. 
Tills  species  is  found  in  the  satne  localities  as  the  former,  is  a  rather  smaller 
shrub,  and  chiefly  differs  from  it  in  the  involucre,  which  is  covered  with 
short,  stiff  hairs,  and  contracted  at  the  top  into  a  long  (1 — 1}  inch)  narrow 
neck  like  a  bottle.     Nuts  as  in  C.  Americana.     May.  Bealced  Hazel. 

5 .    O'  S  T  R  Y  A  . 

Sterile  fl.  in  a  cylindric  ament ;  calyx  scale  roundish-ovate, 
ciliate,  1-flovvered  ;  anthers  conspicuously  bearded  at  the 
summit.  Fertile Jl.  geminate,  in  a  loose,  linear  ament;  calyx 
0;  flowers  enclosed  each  in  an  inflated  membranous  sac, 
which,  at  length,  enlarged,  contains  the  matured  nut. 

Gr.  oa-TQioVj  a  scale  ;  in  allusion  to  the  conspicuous  sacs  (not  scales)  of  the 
fertile  aments.     Small  trees. 

0.  Virgi'nica. 

ie«r<>A  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  fertile  amrnt  oblong,  pendulous;  Ijiids 
rather  acute.  A  small  tree  disseminated  throughout  the  U.  S..2r)— 30  feet  in 
hioht.  Its  bark  is  remarkable  for  its  fine,  narrow,  longitudinal  divisions. 
Leaves  about  twice  as  long  as  wide.  The  fruit  is  similar  in  appearance  to 
hops,  suspended  from  the  ends  of  the  branches,  consisting  of  membianous, 
imbricated  sacs,  (cups  ?)  containing  each  a  flower.  The  wood  is  very  white, 
hard  and  strong,  much  used  for  levers,  &c.     Apr.    May. 

H(ip  Hornbeam.     Iron-wood.     Lever-icood. 


BETULACEiE.  345 


G.  CARPI'NUS. 
Slerilejl.  in  a  long,  cjlindric  ament;  caljx  scale  roundish, 
ciliate;  stamens  8—14,  slightly  bearded  at  summit.  Fertile  f. 
in  a  loose  ament ;  scale  large,  oblong,  3-lobed,  1 — 3-flowered  ; 
caljx  6-toothed ;  stigmas  2 ;  nut  long,  ovoid,  furrowed, 
1-seeded. 

Celtic,  car,  wood,  and  pin,  the  head  ;  that  is  to  say,  wood  fit  for  making 
yokes  for  cattle,  to  which  use  the  hornbeam  is  peculiarly  adapted.  Small 
trees.     Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  persistent  and  becoming  foliaceous. 

C.  America'na. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate  ;  scales  of  the  fertile 
amenl  3-parted,  the  middle  segment  much  the  largest,  oblique,  with  a  lateral 
tooth.  A  small  tree  (12 — 20  feet  high),  common  in  woods  throughout  the 
U.  S.  The  wood  is  very  fine-grained,  compact  and  white,  covered  with  a 
light  gray  or  ash-colored  bark.  Leaves  2 — 4  inches  long,^  as  wide,peliolate. 
From  the  ends  of  the  branches  hang  the  long,  loose,  pale  green,  leafy  aments, 
consisting  of  alternate  pairs  of  enlarged  scales,  with  a  dark-colored  nut  at  the 
base  of  each.     April,  May.  Hornbeam. 


ORDER  CXXVII.    BETULACE^.  The  Birch  Tribe. 

Fls, — Monoecious,  amentaceous  and  mosdy  achlamydeous,  ternate  in  the  axil  of  a  3-lobed 

Sterile. — Sta.  definite,  distinct.     Anth.  '2-celled.  [bract. 

Fertile. —  Ova.  '2-celled,  2-ovuled.     Styles  or  stigmas  2,  distinct. 

Fr. — 1-celled  and  1-seeded  (by  abortion),  membranous  and  indehiscent. 

Seed  pendulous,  without  albumen. 

A  small  order  of  shrubs  and  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  the  primary  veins 
running  straight  from  the  midrib  to  the  margin.  Stipules  deciduous.  Chiefly  natives  of 
the  cool  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Properties  generally  astringent.  The  birches 
are  often  fine  timber  trees. 

Genera. 

I  10—15.     Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  3-flowcrcd Betula.  1 

Stamens  (4.     Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  2-flowered Alnus.    2 

1  .    B  E'  T  U  L  A  . 
.S7fr//e  fi.  in  a  cjlindric   ament  ;  bracts  deeply  3-parted, 
peltate;   "^c;ilyx    0;    stamens     10 — 12.      Fertile  ji. — Ament 
oblong-ovoid;  scales  subtrilobate ;  calyx  0;  nut  compressed, 
with  a  membranaceous  margin. 

Betu  is  the  Celtic  name  for  the  hirrh.     Trees  and  shrubs. 
*  Trees. 
1.  B.  papyra'cea. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  the  veins  hairy  beneath  ;  fertile 
aments  nodding,  pedunculate  ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  cat ijx  shoit,  roundish.  This 
birch  is  abundant  in  the  hillside  woods  of  N.  England,  &c.  It  sometimes 
attains  the  hight  of  60— 70  feet,  but  is  generally  smaller.  The  trunk,  which 
is  1 — 2  feet  in  diameter  is  covered  with  a  tough  cuticle  consisting  of  numer- 
ous laminiB,the  outer  of  which  is  snow  white.  Of  this  the  Indians  construct 
their  light  canoes.  The  bark  upon  the  branches  is  dark  brown.  Leaves  2 — 3 
inches  long,  i  as  wide.  Sterile  aments  1 — 2  inches  long.  The  wood  is  of  a 
fine,  compact  texture,  but  not  durable,  and  is  used  in  turnery  and  furniture 
work.     May,  June.  Paper  Birch.     Canoe  Birch. 


BETULACEiE.  346  ALXCS. 

2.  B.  populifo'lia. 

Leaves  deltoid,  long-acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  very  smooth,  on  smooth 
petioles;  fertile  aments  pedunculate;  scales  with  roundish,  lateral  lobes. 
This  species,  like  the  preceding,  is  distinguished  for  the  white  cuticle  with 
which  the  trunk  is  invested.  It  is  common  in  the  rocky  and  mountainous 
woods  of  N.  England,  where  it  seldom  exceeds  30 — 40  feet  in  hight.  The 
branches  are  covered  with  a  reddish  brown  bark,  very  slender,  and  throw  out, 
in  May,  long,  pendulous  aments.  Common  White  Birch. 

3.  B.  exce'lsa. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  on  pubescent  petioles,  shorter  than  the  pedun- 
cles;  barren  aments  ovate,  erect;  scales  with  rounded  lateral  lobes.  A 
common  forest  tree  in  N.  England,  arising  in  woods  to  the  hight  of  60 — 80 
feet,  with  a  trunk  2 — 3  feet  in  diameter,  invested  with  a  thin,  yellowish  cuticle. 
Barren  aments  2 — 4  inches  long,  cylindric,  clustered,  and  pendulous  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches.     The  wood  is  chiefly  valuable  as  fuel.         YelUno  Birch. 

4.  B.    LENTA. 

iea»ej' cordate-ovate,  acuminate, acutely  serrate,  nerves  beneath  and  petioles 
hairy  ;  fertile  amoits  erect.  This  noble  species  is  common  in  the  Eastern  and 
Middle  States,  often  exceeding  60  feet  in  hight,  with  a  diameter  of  2 — 3  feet. 
The  trunk  is  invested  with  a  dark  brown  or  reddish  bark,  which  becomes 
rough  in  old  trees,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  agreeably  aromatic  fragrance  and 
flavor.  Leaves  3 — 4  inches  long,  about  ^  as  wide.  Sterile  aments  2 — 3 
inches  long;  fertile,  much  shorter  and  thicker.  In  spring  the  cambium 
affords  the  boys  a  delicious  morsel.  The  wood  is  of  a  reddish  color,  strong, 
compact,  and  takes  a  good  polish.  It  is  much  used  in  cabinet-work.  April. 
May.  Black  Birch.     Maliogany  Birch. 

*  *  Shrubs. 

5.  B.    GLANDULO'SA. 

Low;  irant//e5  glandular-punctate,  smooth  or  pubescent;  leaves  oho\^^.e , 
serrate,  very  entire  at  base,  smooth,  subsessile  ;  feriile  ament  oblong  ;  scales 
half  3-cleft ;  lobes  ovate-oblong,  middle  one  rather  longest;  7;7/i  orbicular, 
with  a  narrow  margin.  A  shrub,  inhabiting  the  mountainous  districts  of  the 
Northern  States.  Hight  3 — 5  feet.  Leaves  scarcely  an  inch  in  length, 
varying  in  width.  Scrub  Birch. 

p.pumila;  branches  pubescent;  leaves  orbicular-ovate,  petiolate,  densely 
pubescent  beneath ;  fertile  aments  cylindric. 

6.  B.    NANA. 

Low,  smooth  ;  leaves  orbicular,  crenate,  reticulated  beneath  ;  scales  of  th$ 
ament  deeply  3-parted  ;  seeds  orbicular,  nearly  wingless.  This  miniature  tree 
is  found  on  the  summits  of  Mt.  Clinton,  Mt.  Franklin,  &c  ,  of  the  White 
Mts.  It  is  scarcely  more  than  a  foot  in  hight,  often  but  a  few  inches,  the 
branches  few  and  straggling,  the  leaves  i — |  inch  in  diameter,  smooth  both 
sides,  pale  and  distinctly  reticulate  beneath,  and  on  petioles  1 — 2  lines  long. 
May,  June.  Dicarf  Birch. 

2.     ALNUS. 

Skrilejl. — Ament  long,  cylindric,  composed  of  cuneate, 
truncate,  3-lobed,  o-flowered  bracts;  calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens 
4.  Feriile  fl. — Ament  ovoid  ;  bracts  2-tlovvered  ;  3-fid  ;  caljx 
0  ;  nut  wingless,  compressed. 

The  old  Latin  name  for  these  shrubs. 


myricacej:. 


347 


1.  A.    SERRULA'TA.       fVilld.  Betula  serrulata.  AV. 
Leaves  obovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrulate,  the  veins  and  their  axils  hairy 

beneath;  5ii/iii?cs  elliptical,  obtuse.  A  well  known  shrub  growing  in  clumps, 
and  formino-  thickets  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers,  and  in  swamps. 
Stems  numerous,  rather  straight,  10 — 15  feet  in  hight.  Leaves  2 — 4  inches 
loncf  and  ft  as  wide,  strongly  nerved  ;  petioles  i — \  inch  long.  Aments  2 — 3 
inches  long,  slender,  pendulous,  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  fertile 
ones  short,  thick,  dark  brown,  persistent,  several  together  a  little  below  the 
sterile  ones.     March,  April.  Common  Alder. 

2.  A.    CRISPA.      P.  A.  undulata.   WiUd. 
Leaves  ovate,  acute,  somewhat  undulate,  unequally  serrate ;  petioles  and 

veins  beneath  hairy,  axils  smooth ;  stipules  ovate-oblong.  Mountains.  A 
shrub,  3—4  feet  high.     April.  Crisp-leaved  Mder. 


ORDER  CXXVIII.    MYRICACE.E.  The  Gale  Tribe. 

pis. Monfficious  or  dicecioiis,  amentaceous,  each  axillary  to  a  bract. 

Sterile. — Sla.  2 — 6.     Anth.  2 — 4-celled,  opening:  longitudinally. 
Fertile. —  Oca.  l-celled,  1-ovuled,  surrounded  by  several  hypogynous  scales. 
Stig.—'2,  subulate,  or  dilated  and  petaloid. 

Pr. — Drupaceous  or  dry.     Seed  solitary,  erect,  without  albumen. 
Aromatic  shrubs  with  resinous  glands  and  dots.     Leaves  alternate,  simple. 

Genera. 

(  cuneate-lanceolate,  serrate.    Flowers  dioscious Myrica.         1 

Leaves  (  sinuate-pinnalifid.     Flowers  moncEcious Comptonia.  2 

1.    MYRI'CA. 
Flowers  dioecious.     Aments    ovate-oblong;    scales  loosely 
imbricate,   lunate.     Sterile  fl. — Stamens  4—6,  short,  erect; 
anthers  large,  4-valved.     Fertile  Jl. — Ovary  1,  superior  ;  styles 
2,  spreading;  stigmas  2,  acute;  drupe  l-celled,  1-seeded. 

Gr.  f^v^M,  to  flow ;  because  some  of  the  species  are  native  of  river  banks 
and  inundated  places. 

1.  M.  Galf,. 

Leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  serrate  and  obtuse  above  ;  sterile  av^cnts  imbri- 
cate, with  acuminate,  ciliate  scales ; /n«i  in  a  scaly  head.  A  branching 
shrub,  4—5  feet  in  hight ;  about  the  borders  of  ponds  and  mountain-lakes. 
Leaves  smooth,  alternate.  Aments  short.  Fruit  with  a  strong,  pungent, 
spicy  fragrance.     May.  Sweet  Gale.     Dutch  Myrtle. 

2.  M.  ceri'fera. 

Leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  acute  and  with  a  few  serratures  at  the  top  ; 
sterile  aments  lax;  scales  acute  ;  fruit  spherical,  naked,  distinct.  This  inter- 
esting and  useful  shrub  is  found  in  dry  woods  and  fields.  It  varies  much  in 
size  from  2  feet  to  8.  It  is  covered  with  a  greyish  bark,  and  has  a  very 
branching  top  with  numerous  dry-looking,  scattered  leaves,  varying  from 
wedge-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  on  short  petioles.  The  fertile  plants 
prod^uce  small  aments  of  flowers,  succeeded  by  dense,  irregular  clusters  of  a 
small,  round,  dry,  berry-like  fruit.  This  fruit  consists  of  a  globular  stone 
enclosing  a  kerne!,  and  covered  with  a  coating  of  whitish  wax,  which,  being 
separated  by  boiling  water,  constitutes  the  bayherry  tallow  of  commerce. 
May.  Bayherry.     Wax  Myrtle. 


SALICACE^.  348 


2.    COMPTO'NIA. 
Flowers  monoecious.     Slerik  fi. — Ament  cylindric  ;   bract 
reniform-coidate,  acuminate;  calyx  scale  2-parted ;  stamens 
3,  forked  ;  anthers  6.     Ftrlikji. — Ament  ovate  ;  calyx  scales 
C,  longer  than  the  bract ;  styles  2  ;  nut  ovoid,  1-celled. 

Named  in  honor  of  Henry  Compton,  Lord  Bishop  of  London,  who  made 
extensive  collections  of  plants. 

C.    ASPLENIFO'lIA.      Ait.  Liquidambar  aspl.  L. 

Leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate,  alternately  sinuate-pinnatifid.  A  well 
known,  handsome,  aromatic  shrub,  2  feet  high,  common  in  dry  woods  and 
hills.  The  main  stem  is  covered  with  a  rusty,  brown  bark,  which  becomes 
reddish  in  the  branches,  and  white  downy  in  the  young  shoots.  Leaves 
numerous,  on  short  peduncles,  3—4  inches  long,  ^  inch  broad,  divided  nearly 
to  the  midrib  into  numerous,  rounded  lobes  so  as  to  resemble  those  of  the 
spleenwort.  Stipules  in  pairs,  acuminate.  Barren  flowers  in  erect,  cylindric 
catkins,  terminal  and  lateral.  Fertile  flowers  in  a  dense,  rounded  burr 
or  head,  situated  below  the  barren  ones.  Fruit  a  small,  ovate,  brown,  1-celled 
nut.     May.  Sweet  Fern. 


ORDER  CXXIX.   SALIC ACE^.  Ue  WUlow  Tribe. 

Fls .—Diccciousi,  amentaceous,  achlamydeous,  a.xillary  to  1-flowered  bracts. 
Sterile. — Sta.  2 — several,  distinct  or  monadelphous.     Anth.  2-celled. 
I'"ektile. —  Ova.  1 — 2-celled.     Oc»Zcs  numerous,  erect.     Styles  ox  stigmas  2. 
Fr. — Coriaceous,  l-celled,  2-valved. 
Sds. — Numerous,  ascending,  lurnished  with  a  silky  coma.    Albumen  0. 

Trees  and  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple.  Stipules  deciduous  or  persistent.  Chiefly 
natives  of  the  northern  temperate  and  t'rigid  zones,  one  species,  Salix  arctica,  extending 
farther  north  than  any  other  known  woody  plant. 

Properties.  The  bark  is  astringent  and  tonic,  possessing  the  febrifugal  properties  of  the 
sulphate  of  quinia.     The  wood  is  employed  for  various  economical  purposes. 

Genera. 

( 2—5.     Capsule  l-celled .Sallr.        1 

Stamens  (  8—20.     Capsule  2-celled Populus.    2 

♦  1.    SALIX. 

Aments  cylindric;  bracts  imbricate.  Sterile  fi.  with  a 
•nectariferous  gland  at  the  base  of  the  bract;  stamens  2 — 5. 
Fertile  fi. — Stigmas  2,  mostly  bifid;  capsule  l-celled. 

Celtic,  sal,  near,  and  lis,  water ;  alluding  to  their  usual  locality.  Trees 
and  shrubs. 

*  Leaves  entire  or  subserrate.    Aments  precocious  (S.  Uva-Ursi  excepted). 
1.  S.  vimina'lis. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  acuminate,  subentire,  silky-canescent 
beneath ;  stipules  minute  ;  branches  virgate ;  aments  precocious  (appearing 
before  the  leaves);  scales  roundish,  very  hairy  ;  ovaries  sessile,  ovoid;  stijle 
filiform ;  stirrjnas  undivided,  acute.  This  beautiful  willow  was  probably 
introduced  from  Europe.  Wet  meadows  and  margins  of  rivers.  Stems 
10 — 12  feet  high,  with  long,  straight,  slender  and  flexible  branches.  Leaves 
often  a  foot  in  length,  narrow,  covered  with  a  snow  white  pubescence  beneath. 
Aments  very  hairy.     May.  Osier.    Basket  fVittow. 


«AL1CACE.'E. 


349 


2.  S.   CA'NDIDA.      Willd. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  obscurely  serrulate  at  the 
summit,  pubescent  above,  hoary-tomentose  beneaih,  revolute  on  the  margin  ; 
Slipulfs  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  a7ftt«;5'cylin(iric  ;  scales  obovate, 
obtuse,  very  long,  hairy;  stigntas  2-lobed.  A  beaatifiil  species  in  shady 
woods.  Stems  4^G  feet  high.  Leaves  8 — 12  inches  long,  1 — 2  wide. 
Catkins  dense,  white  with  dense  wool.  Styles  and  stigmas  daik  red,  ^  inch 
in  length.     April.     May.  IVhite  Willuw. 

3.  S.    MuHLEBERGIA'NA.       Wllld.  S.  alpina.    Walt. 
Leaves   lanceolate,  subacute,   entire,    hoary-pubescent,    lugosely    veined 

beneath,  revolute  on  the  margin;  stipules  lanceolate,  deciduous;  aments 
diandrous ;  scales  oblong,  villous  on  the  margin;  ovaries  ovoid-lanceolate, 
silky-viliose,  raised  on  long  pedicels;  style  short;  stigmas  \nfid.  A  shrub, 
3 — 5  feet  high,  erect  or  procumbent,  in  dry  woods.  Branches  greenish- 
yellow,  punctate  with  black  dots.  Scales  of  the  aments  while,  tipped  with 
red.     Anthers  purple  and  yellow.     April.  Muhltabcig's  JVilloio. 

4.  S.    PEDICELLA'RI3. 

Branches  smooth  ;  leaves  obovate ,ianceolate,  acute,  very  entire,  smooth  and 
of  the  same  color  both  sides;  sti/iulesO;  uinenls  pedunculate,  very  smooth  ; 
scales  oblong,  obtuse,  scarcely  hairy  ;  ovaries  oblong-ovoid,  en  pedicels  twice 
as  lonir  as  the  scales  ;  stigmas  sessile,  bilid.  A  slirub  native  of  mountains, 
Vt.  aifd  N.  Y.     April. 

5.  S.    ROSTRA'TA.       Rick. 

Crunches  erect,  straight,  pubescent,  at  length  smooth  ;  tcnvrs  broadly  or 
obovate-lauceolate,  acute,  subentire,  at  length  coriaceous,  smooth  above, 
glaucous  pubescent  beneath  ;  stipules  semicordate,  dentate  ;  aments  short, 
cylindric,  dense,  the  feitile  ones  becoming  very  long  and  loose  ;  scales  oh\ong, 
n:embranous,  liairy  at  the  apex;  ovaiies  narrow-lanceolate,  silky,  long- 
acuiiiinate,  on  very  long  pedicels  ;  styles  very  short ;  stigmas  lobed,  the  lobes 
bitid  or  entire.  Shrub  or  small  tree  b; — lU  feet  lus^h.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark- 
colored,  of  the  branches  yellov\r.     Margins  of  streams,  Vt. 

6.  S.  Uva-Ursi. 

Strm  prostrate  ;  leaves  obovate-spathulate,  obtuse,  entire,  sprinkled  with 
glandular  dots  near  the  margin  beneath,  smooth  and  sl'.ining  above  ;  aments 
loose,  colemporary  with  the  leaves;  sca'es  obiong,  ciiiale ;  ovaries  ovoid, 
smooth,  pedicellate;  style  h'l^d;  stigmas  '2-\ohed.     May. 

*  *  Leaves  remotely  and  obtusely  serrate. 

7.  S.    COMI'FERA.       iVaugh.  S.  longirostris.  Jilx. 
Leaves  oblong- lanceolate,  acute,  smooth  above,  tomentose  beneath  ;  stipvles 

lunate,  subdentate  ;  amciU.-:  \ivi'co^Aous.  diandrous;  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
villous;  evaries  pedlceliale,  hmceolate.  silky;  si  yes  long,  bifid;  stigma 
2-lobed.  A  shrub  in  dry  soils,  4 — S  feet  high,  wilii  brown  twigs.  On  the 
endsof  these,  cone-like  e.\crescences  are  often  produced  by  the  punctures  of 
insects.  Aments  coveied  with  very  hairy  scales,  appearing  before  the  leaves 
in  April.  Cone-gall  JVilloic. 

8.  S.    DI'SCOLOR. 

Leaves  oblong,  rather  obt>ise,  smooth,  entire  at  the  end,  glancous  beneath; 
Jiti^uiw  lanceolate,  serrate,  deciduous  ;  amt/ifi- cotempnrary  v^itii  the  leaves, 
oblong,  ddwny,  diandrous  ;  sc«/<\s  oblong,  acute,  bl.tck,  hairy  ;  onirics  sessile, 
downy  ;  st'<rm.as  2-parted.  A  shrub,  in  swampy  grounds,  6 — 10  feet  high, 
■with  tough,  brown  tvi'igs,  sometimes  used  in  basket  making.     April. 

Bjg  Uuiiow.     American  Basket  JV.llow. 
EE 


SALICACE.'E.  350 


*  *  *  Leaves  closely  and    acutely  serrate,  cotemporary  (S.  grisea  excepted), 
with  ihe  aments. 

9.  S.  Babvlo'nica. 

Branches  pei\du\oQs;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth,  glaucous  be- 
neath; itipul.cs  roun'lish,  oblique,  acuniinate;  ocaries  sessile,  ovate,  smooth. 
This  elegant  species  has  been  introduced  from  the  East,  and  cultivated  until 
nearly  naturalized.  Tlie  long,  slender,  drooping  branchlets  very  niturally 
indicate  the  English  name  of  the  tree,  and  give  it  a  place  in  the  churcii-yard 
to  "  Vv'eep"  over  the  remains  of  the  departed.  Tiie  Latin  name  was  iiappily 
suggested  to  LinuKus  by  the  137th  Psuhn  : 

By  the  rivers  of  Babylon  there  we  sat  down: 

Yea,  we  wept,  when   we  retnembered  Zion. 

We  hanged  our  harps  upon  the  wiUuws  in  the  midst  thereof. 

iVi.cping  WUloiD. 

10.  S.    NIGRA.       Marshall. 

Lciioe.s  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrulate,  smooth  and  green  on  both 
sides  ;  'iirUiu  c  and  vudri.b  above  tonientose  ;  stipules  dentate  :  amntUa  erect, 
cylindric,  villous;  icrt/c5  oblong,  very  villous;  Jilantcnts  3 — 6  (generally  5), 
bearded  at  base  ;  0'fa7-if5  pedicellate,  ovoid,  snrooth  ;  ftijle  very  sliort;  stigmas 
bilid.  A  sm:ill  tree,  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  cliiefly  in  i\.  Y.  and  l^enn. 
Branches  very  brittle  at  base,  pale  yellow.  The  trunk  has  a  blackish  bark. 
Sterile  aujents  3  inches  long.     May.  Black  IVilloiD. 

11.  S.    LU'CIDA. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  long-pointed,  rounded  at  base,  smooth  and  shining; 
slipucs  oblong,  serrate  ;  umnn/.s  U'landTous  ;  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse,  serrate 
and  smooth  at  the  tip,  hairy  at  the  base  ;  ovaries  lanceolate-subulate,  smooth  ; 
style  bilid  ;  stigmas  obtuse.  A  small  tree  in  low,  swampy  woods,  very  smooth 
and  h;uidsi>me,  with  yellowish  brown  branches.  Aments  sliort,  appearing 
wilh  the  leaves  in  .May.  .      Shining  IVdloic. 

12.  S.   corda'ta. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  cordate  at  base,  smooth ;  stipules 
large,  roundish-ovate,  serrate  ;  aments  triandrous  ;  scales  lanceolate,  woolly, 
black;  ovaries  pedicellate,  lanceolate,  smooth;  styles  very  short;  &ti(r/nas 
bifid.  An  elegant  shrub,  G — d  feet  high,  in  swamps  throughout  the  Middle 
States.  Branches  green  and  Sinooth,  with  light  green  leaves  an  inch  wide 
and  3  inches  long.  Aments  an  inch  long,  accompanying  the  leaves  in  April 
and  May.  Hcart-icaved  Wdiuw. 

13.  S.  Ri'GinA. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  subcordate,  rigid,  smooth,  coarsely 
serrate,  the  lowest  serratures  elongated;  petioles  villous;  stipu  ns  large, 
cordate,  obtuse,  glandular-serrate;  aments  triandrous;  seal's  lanceolate, 
wroolly,  black  ;  ovaries  on  long  pedicels,  lanceolate,  smooth  ;  style  very  short ; 
Stigmas  L'-parted.  A  small  tree,  10 — 15  feet  high,  growing  in  swamps. 
Branches  green,  red  tov/ards  the  end,  the  younger  ones  pubescent.  Much 
used  in  basket-making.     April.    May.  Utijf-leavcd  JVilluw. 

14.  S.    VlTELLl'NA. 

Lhavcs  lancef)liite,  acuminate,  with  thickened  serratures,  smooth  above, 
paler  and  somewhat  silky  beneath  ;  stipules  0;  «me«^v  cylindric  ;  w«/c.9  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pubescent  outside  ;  ovaries  sessWe ,  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth;  stig- 
mas subsessile,  2-lobed.  This  willow  was  probably  introduced,  but  is  now 
very  oonimon  by  roadsides,  &c.  It  is  a  tree  of  moderate  hight,  with  shining 
yellow  branches.     JNlay.  Yellow  lyUlow. 


SALFCACEJE. 


351 


15.    S.    GHl'SEA. 

Lciircs  lanceolate,  serrulate,  acuminate,  smooth  above,  silky  beneath; 
stipules  ovate-oblong,  denticulate,  deflected,  deciduous;  scahs  oblong,  lairy, 
blackat  the  tip;  vvaries  oblong,  pedicellate,  silky  ;  5«/£-wtf5  sessile,  obtuse. 
A  shrub  G— 8  feet  high,  in  inundated  meadows.  Branches  purple,  brittle  at 
base.     Leaves  2-4  inches  long,  i  as  wide.     April.  Gray  WiLLovs. 

2.    PO'PULUS. 

Ament  cylinclric  ;  bracls  lasciniate-fringcc]  ;  scales  lurbi- 
nate,  eiiiiie,  oblique.  Slerile.  /?.— SianvMis  8—20,  seated  on 
the  scale.  Ferlile  f.—Siv^nr^s  4-c\eh  ;  capsule  supe.ior, 
2-celled. 

Lat.  povvhis,  the  people.  In  ancient  times  the  public  walks  at  Rome  were 
decorated  with  rows  of  P.dlhitata  ;  whence  it  was  called  arbor  popv 1 1  Some 
suppose,  however,  it  is  so  called  on  account  of  its  leaves,  which  are  in  per- 
petual agitation  like  the  populace. 

1.  P.    tremuloi'des. 

Leares  orbicular-cnrdate.  abruptly  acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  pubescent  at 
the  maroin.  Abundant  inN.  Enojand  and  in  the  Rliddle  States,  growing  m 
woods  and  open  lands.  Stem  2.")— 40  feet  in  hisrht,with  a  diameter  of  b— 12 
inches  Bark  greenish,  smooth  e.xcept  on  the  trunk  of  the  oldest  trees. 
Leaves  "mail  (2—24  inches  long,  and  ]}  as  wide),  dark  green,  on  petioles 
which  are  2—3  inches  long  and  laterallv  compressed,  so  that  they  can  scarcely 
remain  at  rest  in  any  position,  and  are"  thrown  into  excessive  agitation  by  t.ie 
slio-htest  breeze.  The  trembling  of  the  '•  aspen  leaf"  is  proverbir,l.  Aments 
plumed  with  silken  hairs,  about  2  inches  long,  pendulous,  appearing m  April, 
iono-  belbre  the  leaves.  The  wood  is  white,  soft  and  light,  of  little  value. 
°  American  dspcn.     lliiUc  Pujilar. 

2.  P.  grandidenta't.^. 

Leflr«  roundish-ovate,  acute,  with  large,  unequal,  sinuate  teeth,  smootli, 
villous  when  young.  Woods  and  groves^in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  b., 
less  common  than  the  preceding  species.  Stein  40  feet  high,  with  a  diameter 
of  1  foot,  straioht,  covered  with  a  smooth,  greenish  bark.  Branches  ihstant, 
coarse  and  crSoked,  clothed  with  leaves  only  at  their  extremities.  Leaves 
S— .5  inches  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  clothed  with  thick,  white  down  in 
sprino-,  but  becoming  perfectly  smooth.  The  wood  is  white,  soft,  and  quite 
durable.     May.  Large  American  .Isjwn  or  Poplar. 

3.  P.   BETULIFO'LIA.      P.  P-  Hudsonica.  Mx. 
Lcnvrs  rhomboidal.  long-acuminate,  dentate,  smooth  ;  young  hrnnrJics  pilose. 

This  poplar  is  found  chiefly  in  the  vallies  of  the  Hudson  and  Connecticut. 
It  is  a  tree  of  middle  size,  with  grayish  white  twigs  and  dark  brovi'n  buds. 
Leaves  ^  inches  long  and  2  broad.  Aments  4—5  inches  long,  without 
hairs.     A'pnl.  Birch-lcuf  Poplar. 

4.  P.  balsami'fera. 

Leaves  ovate-acuminate,  with  close-pressed  serratures,  white  and  reticulate- 
veined  beneath;  huds  resinous.  The  balsam  poplar,  though  nowhere 
abundant,  is  found  in  woods  and  fields,  disseminated  throughout^  N.  England 
and  Canada.  With  a  trunk  18  inches  in  diameter  it  arises  GO— 70  feet.  The 
buds  of  this  species,  as  well  as  of  most  of  the  poplars,  are  covered  with  ail 
aromatic  resin,  which  may  be  separated  in  boiling  water.  Apr.    Balsam  Poplar. 


BALSAMIFLU5:.  S52  Lr^UIDAMBAR. 

5.  P.  moniu'fera.     Jtit. 

Leavrs  subcordate-dcltoid,  smooth,  glandular  at  base,  with  cartilaginous, 
hairy,  hooked  serratures  ;  »icrrcs  spreading  ;  y^c^'o/es  compressed  above  ;  older 
hranches  ieiQle  ;  ferii'e  uiiienii-  long  and  pendulous  Banks  of  the  Hudson, 
near  Troy,  N.  Y.,  apparently  native.  Beck.  A  tree  (50 — 70  feet  high,  with 
a  cylindric  trunk.  Leaves  2^—4  inches  in  diameter,  on  long  petioles. 
April.  Necklace  Poplar. 

6.  P.  heterophy'lla. 

Leffl«fi5  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  uncinately  toothed,  cordate  and  somewhat 
aurioied  at  base,  the  sinus  small,  tomentose  when  young.  A  tree  (iO — 70 
feet  high,  found  in  swamps.  Branches  cylindric.  Leaves  with  auriculate 
lobes  at  base  which  often  conceal  the  insertion  of  the  petiole.     May. 

Various-leaved  Poptar. 

7.  P.  ca'ndicaws. 

Leaves  ovate-cordate,  acuminate,  obtusely  and  unequally  serrate,  whitish 
beneath,  reticulate-veined,  somewhat  3-nerved  ;  peUulcs  hirsute  ;  buds  resin- 
ous; brnnclics  terete.  Thi.^  tree  is  sometimes  met  with  in  JNew  England, 
growing  about  houses  as  a  shade  tree.  It  is  40 — 50  feet  high,  and  Id — 30 
inches  in  diameter.  Bark  smooth,  greenish.  Foliage  copious,  dark  green, 
April.  Balm  of  Uilead. 

8.  P.    CAxXADE'NSIS. 

Leaves  roundish-ovate,  deltoid,  acuminate,  subcordate,  unequally  serrate, 
smooth,  slandiilar;  petioles  compressed;  younger  branches  angled.  The 
cotton-tree  grosvs  70 — SO  feet  high,  in  N.  Y.  and  Vt.  The  fertile  aments  are 
G — 8  inches  long,  and  pendulous.  The  seeds  are  clothed  with  a  white, 
cotton-like  down  which  gives  name  to  the  tree.  Buds  sealed  against  tiie  frosla 
and  rains  with  resin.    April.  Cotton  Tree. 

9.  P.  DILATA'TA. — Leaves  smooth,  acuminate,  deltoid,  serrate,  the 
breadth  equaling  or  exceeding  the  length;  trunk  lobed  and  su  cate.  This 
tree  is  native  in  Italy  as  its  name  imports.  It  was  early  brouirht  to  thia 
country,  and  has  been  planted  about  many  a  dwelling  and  in  village  streets. 
llB  rapid  growth  is  the  only  commendable  quality  it  possesses,  while  the  hugo 
worms  by  '.vhich  it  is  often  infested  render  it  a  nuisance.     Lonibardy  Poplar. 


ORDE  R  CXX  X.    B  A  LS  A  M I  FLU  ^.  The  Liquidamlar  Tribe. 

Aments  raoncp.cious,  roundish,  with  aohlamydeous  flowers, 
Sterile. — Anth.  immerou.s,  oblong,  .subsessile,  with  scales  intermixed. 
Fektile. —  OfO.  2-celled.  coUccled  into  a  globe,  each  surrounded  by  a  few  scales. 
Styles  2,  long.     Fr.  a  kind  of  strobile,  composed  of  the  indurated  scales  and  capsules. 
Caps.  2-beakcd.  2-cclled,  opening'  between  the  beaks.     Stls.  several,  winged. 

An  order  consisting  of  a  single  genus  of  trees.     Leaves  alternate,  palmatc-lobed,  with 
deciduous  stipules.    The  fragrant  resin,  liquid  storax,  is  the  product  of  several  species. 

LIQUIDA'MBAR. 
Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

Lat.  ambar.  amber,  and  liquidum,  fluid  ;  a  strong  balsamic  substance  which 
has  been  compared  to  amber,  flows  from  the  tree. 

L.  stykaci'flua. 

Leaves  palmate,  witii  acuminate,  serrate  lobes  ;  veins  villous  at  their  bases. 
The  sweet  gum  or  gum-tree  is   disseminated  throughout  the  U.  S.    With  a 


DRTICACK.'E.      •  353  PLATAXDS. 

diameter  of  5  feet  it  arises  to  the  hightof  GO.  The  trunk  is  covered  with  a 
deeply  furrowed  bark.  The  youno- uvigs  are  yellowish,  putting  fortli  leaves 
of  a  rich  green,  which  are  deeply  divided  into  5  lobes  more  regularly  formed 
than  those  of  the  rock  maple.  The  fruit  is  in  a  globular,  compact  ball,  sus- 
pended by  a  slender  pedicel,  consisting  of  numerous  capsules,  each  containing 
1  or  2  seeds.  When  wounded  in  sumiuer,  a  gum  of  an  agreeable  odor  is 
distilled  from  the  trunk.     May.  •^'"'■c«^  <^'""*- 


ORDER  CXXXI.    PLATANACE^.  The  Plane-tres  Tribe. 

AmenU  moncecious,  globose,  with  achlamycleoiis  flowers. 

Stekile. — Sia-  sing-le,  with  only  small  scales  intermi.xed.    Anth.  2-cellerl,  linear. 

Fertile. —  Oca.  terminated  by  a  thick  style  with  one  side  stigmalic. 

Pr.—'SM,  davate,  tipped  with  the  persistent,  recurved  style.     Seed  solitary  albuminous. 

An  order  consisting  of  a  single  genus  of  trees,  with  alternate,  palmaicly-lobed  leaves. 
Stipules  sheathing,  scarious. 

PLA'TANUS. 
Characler  ihe.  same  as  that  of  ihe  order. 

Gt.  TFXciT'Ji,  broad  ;  in  reference  to  the  ample  foliage. 

P.  occidenta'lis. 

Ler; CCS  lobed,  angular  ;  branches  whitish.  The  plane-tree  is  native  of  all 
the  U.  S.,  and  is  by  far  the  largest  (though  not  the  loftiest)  tree  of  the  Ameri- 
can forest.  On  the  margins  of  the  great  rivers  of  the  West,  trees  are  found 
whose  trunks  measure  from  40  to  50  feet  in  circumference,  or  more  than  13 
feet  in  diametei.  In  N.England  it  also  grows  to  magnificent  dimensions.  It 
flourishes  in  any  soil,  but  is  most  fiequenlly  met  with  on  the  stony  borders 
and  beds  of  streams.  Leaves  very  large,  tomentose  beiieatli  when  young. 
Flowers  in  globular  aments  or  balls,  which  hang  upon  the  tree  on  long  pedicels 
most  of  the  winter.  The  bark  is  yearly  detached  from  the  trunk  in  large  scales 
leaving  a  white  surface  beneath.    May.     Plane-tree.    Button-wood.  SijcamoTe. 


ORDER  CXXXII.   URTICACE^. 

Pis. MoncEcious.  dicecious  or  polygamous,  in  panicles,  aments  or  dense  heads. 

CW.— Membranoiis,  lobed,  persistent. 

Sta  —Definite,  distinct,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  its  lobes. 

Ova. — Free,  simple,  ]-ovuled.     Style  ]. 

fV. Acheuium  or  utricle,  surrounded  by  the  membranous  or  fleshy  calyx. 

A  lara-e  order  of  trees,  .shrubs  and  herbs,  the  two  former  usually  lactescent.  Leaves 
alternai'e,  rough  or  covered  with  stinging  hairs,  often  stipulate.  They  are  widely  diffused 
ihroushout  the  world. 

Properties. — The  juice  is  almost  .ilways  deleterious,  sometimes  in  a  high  degree.  It  con- 
tains caoutdinuc.  The  celebrated  Bohon  Upa.-i.  the  most  deadly  of  all  poisons,  is  the 
concrete  juice  of  Anliaris  toxicaria  of  the  Indian  Archipelago.  Its  poisonous  property  is 
said  to  be  due  to  the  presence  ol  strychnia.  Meanwhile  the  famous  cow  tree  of  S.  America 
yields  a  copious  supply  of  milk  which  is  rich  and  wholesome.  Gum  lac  is  obtained  abun- 
dantly from  Ficus  Indica.  The  renowned  Banyan  tree  is  Ficus  relijriosa.  In  this  order  are 
also  found  many  exceUent  fruits.  Figs  are  the  fruit  of  I'icus  Cariea.  &c.  Bread  fruit  is 
the  compound  fruit  of  Artocarpus  ;  mulberries  of  JSIorus  nigra.  XV.^nV,  a  yellow  dye  is  the 
wood  of  i\I.  tinctoria  of  S.  America.  The  use  o( lump  in  the  manufacture  of  cordage  is 
well  known,  as  are  likewise  the  uses  of  the  hop.  The  nettles  are  remarkable  for  their 
Blinginsr,  venomous  hairs. 

This"  order  is  composed  of 'four  principal  suborders,  viz:  ArtocarpejB,  More^, 
URricE,E,  and  Cannabineje,  of  which  the  three  last  are  represented  in  llie  followiug 
genera. 

EE* 


URTICACEiE.  354  URTICA. 

Consjicctus  of  the  Genera. 

fFls.  spicate  or  (  Feilile  calyx  2-sepaled.  Vrtica.  1 

f  Lvs.  simple.  <  paniculate.        |  Fertile  calvx  0.        .         .  B/zlimeria.  5 

j  Stamens  4.     (  Flowers  capitate,  involucrate.        .        .  Pan'etaria.  2 

(  erect.  (  Leaves  palmalely  5— 7-foliate.     Stameii.s  5.     .        .        .  Cannabis,  'i 

Herbs  ...(  climbin<r.     Diwcious.     Stamens  5.     Fertile  flowers  in  aments.  Humulits.  4 

Trees  and  ]  Flowers  in  cylindric  spikes,  not  enclosed Morus.  6 

shrubs  ...  I  Flowers  clustered  together  within  a  fleshy  receptacle.        .      Ficus  (omitted). 

1.    U'RTICA. 

Flowers  moncecious,  sometimes  dicecious.  Slerile. — Calyx 
4-sepaled,  with  a  cup-shaped,  central  rudiment  of  an  ovary  ; 
stamens  4.  Fertile. — Calyx  2-leaved,  persistent,  at  length 
surrounding  the  shining,  compressed  achenium;  style  1. 

Lat.  uro,  to  burn ;  in  reference  to  the  stinging  species.  Herbs,  often  with 
stinging  hairs.  Juice  watery.  Lvs.  accompanied  with  stipules.  Fls.  clus- 
tered, a.xillary,  green. 

*  Leaves  alternate. 

1.  U.    CaNADE'NSIS.  U.  Canadensis  and  divaricata.  L. 
Hispid  and  stinging;    leaves  ovnln,  ncmmn-dle,   serrate;    panicles  ax\\]a.Ty, 

divaricate-branching,  shorter  than  the  jjeliolps.  In  damp  places.  Stem  2 — 6 
feet  high.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  '.^ — 5  inches  long,  regularly  toothed,  often 
with  a  small  sinus  at  base,  more  or  less  hispid  both  sides,  often  nearly  smooth. 
Lower  petioles  3  inches  long.  Flowers  minute,  in  axillary  panicles  which 
vary  from  1  to  3  or  4  inches  in  lengtli,  the  lower  ones  generally  barren.  July, 
Aug.  For.  On  account  of  its  tough  fibres  it  has  been  proposed  as  a  substi- 
tute for  hemp.  Jlevip  j\ettle. 
p.  stem  2 — 3 feet  high;  panicles  shorter  than  the  lower  petioles. 
*  *  Leaves  opposite. 

2.  U.    DIOl'CA. 

Hispid  and  stinging ;  leaves  cordate,  coarsely  serrate  ;  flniccrs  dioscious; 
xpiUcs  much  branched,  in  pairs.  Grows  by  roadsides,  A:c.  Stem  2 — 4  feet 
high,  branching,  obtusely  4-angled,  with  opposite  short-stalked  leaves  which 
are  3 — 4  inches  long  and  about  ;^  as  wide.  'Flowers  small,  green,  in  a.xillary 
clusters,  of  mean  aspect,  corresponding  with  the  insidious  character  of  the 
plant.  "  Its  power  of  stinging  resides  in  minute,  tubular  hairs  or  prickles 
which  transmit  a  venomous  fluid  when  pressed.''  Bigelow.  July,  Aug. 
Per.  Common  jYettCs. 

3.  U.  pu'mila. 

Glabrous ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  serrate  ;  loircr  peliahs  as  long 
ns  the  leaf:  flowers  monoecious,  triandrous,  in  corynibed  heads  shorter  than 
the  petioles.  In  waste  places,  about  buddings,  &c.  Stem  fleshy,  semi- 
transparent  when  growing  in  shades,  smoolii  and  shining.  Leaves  on  long 
petioles,  especially  the  lower  ones,  smoothish,  about  2  inches  long  and  §  as 
wide.  Flowers  in  short  heads  or  corymbs,  axillary.  A  species  without  stings. 
Aug.    Sept.    Per.  Riclmetd. 

4.  U.    URENS. 

Leaves  broadly  elliptic,  about  5-nervcd,  acutely  serrate;  clusters  ^^omemie, 
by  pairs.  An  annual  weed,  in  cultivated  grottnds.  Stem  12 — 20  inches 
high,  hispid  vi'ith  venornotis  stings,  branching.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  |as 
broad,  on  short  iictioles  and  with  largo  serr-itures.  Sti])ules  small,  lanceolate, 
lefiexed.  Flowers  in  drooping,  pedunculate  clusters  about  as  long  as  the 
petioles,  both  the  sterile  and  fertile  in  the  same  axil.  Rare.  Introduced. 
June,  July.    Ann.  Burning  J\"ctde. 


OBTICACE.E, 


355  HUMDLUS. 


Three  or  four  other  species  are  described  by  aiithors  as  natives  of  the 
Northern  States,  but  on  careful  examination  they  will  probably  be  found  mere 
varieties  of  some  of  the  foregoing  species. 

2.    PARIETA'RIA. 

Flowers  monoecious-polygamous,  in  clusters  surrounded  by 
a  many-cleft  involucre;  calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  4,  at  first 
incurved,  then  expanding  with  an  elastic  force;  ovary  and 
style  1  ;  achenium  polished,  enclosed  within  the  persistent 
calyx. 

Lat.  paries,  a  wall ;  some  of  the  species  prefer  to  grow  upon  old  wall?,  «fcc. 
Herbs,  with  a  watery  juice  and  usually  with  alternate  leaves.  Clusters 
axillary. 

P.  Pennsylva'nica. 

Xcfl?;e5  oblong-lanceolate,  veiny,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point,  punctate  with 
opaque  dots ;  i«co/('c;-c  longer  than  the  flowers.  A  rough,  pubescent  herb, 
found  in  damp,  rocky  places,  Vt.  and  N.  Y.  Stem  erect,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  G — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  hairy  and  rough, 
about  I  inch  wide  and  3  or  4  times  as  long,  petiolate,  and  ending  vi'ith  an 
obtuse  acumination.  Segments  of  the  involucre  aboutS,  lance-lineur.  Flow- 
ers dense,  greenish  and  reddish- white.     Rare.     Jn.    Ann.  Pellitory. 

3.     CA'NNABIS. 
Flowers   dioecious.     Sterile. — Calyx    5-par(ed.     Fertile. — 
Calyx  entire,  oblong,  acuminate,  opening  longitudinally  at  the 
side;  styles  2;  achenium?  2-valved,  enclosed  within  the  per- 
sistent calyx. 

Arabic  ganeb,  hemp.  Annual  herbs  with  watery  juice.  Lvs.  opposite, 
digitate.     Fls.  axillary,  in  cymose  panicles  or  sessile. 

C.    S.\Tl'VA. 

Leaves  palmately  5 — 7-foliate.  The  hemp  was  introduced,  originally  from 
India,  but  it  springs  up  spontaneously  in  our  hedges  and  waste  grounds.  It 
is  a  tall,  erect  plant,  with  handsome  petiolate  leaves.  Leaflets  lanceolate, 
serrate,  3 — 5  inches  long,  one  fifth  as  wide,  the  middle  one  the  largest. 
Flowers  small,  green,  solitary  and  a.xillary  in  the  barren  plants,  spiked  in  the 
fertile  ones.  It  is  cultivated  in  many  countries  for  the  sake  of  its  fibre  which 
is  stronger  than  that  cf  flax,  and  is  the  best  of  all  materials  for  cordage  and 
sail-cloth.  The  seeds  are  nutritious,  but  the  leaves  are  stimulant  and  narcotic, 
producing  intoxication.     June.  Hemp. 

4.    HU'MULUS. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sterile. — Calyx  5-sepaled;  stamens  5  ; 
anthers  with  2  pores  at  the  summit.  Feitile. — Bracts  imbri- 
cate, large,  entire,  concave,  persistent,  1-flowered  ;  calyx 
membranous,  entire,  persistent;  styles  2;  achenium  invested 
by  the  thin  calyx. 

Lat.  /n(m7/y,  moist  earth ;  as  the  hop  grows  only  in  rich  soils.  Perennial 
herbs,  twining  with  the  sun.  Juice  vi^atery.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  in  axillary 
panicles  and  pedunculated  aments. 


ORTICACES.  356 


H.    LU'PULUS. 

The  hop  vine  is  found  wild  in  hedges,  &c.,  throughout  tliis  country,  and  is, 
as  every  one  knows,  extensively  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  fertile  anients 
which  are  chiefly  used  as  a  preservative  in  beer.  It  lias  a  long,  annual  stem 
of  rapid  growth,  always  twining  with  the  sun.  rough  backwards  with  reflexed 
prickles.  Leaves  very  rough,  generally  3-lobed,  deeply  cordate  at  base,  on 
loner  stalks.  Flowers  of  the  barren  plants  extremely  numerous,  panicled, 
greenish  ;  those  of  tiie  fertile,  in  aments  with  large  scales.  In  the  cultivation 
of  the  hop  it  has  been  found  projkable  to  plant  a  few  layers  of  tiie  barren 
vines  among  the  fertile  ones,  as  the  produce  is  thus  increased  in  weight  through 
the  fertilization  of  the  seeds.     Aug.  Coinmun  Hop. 

5.    BCEHME'RIA. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.     Slerile. — Calyx  4-par(ed, 
with  lanceolate,  acute  segments;  s(am(?iis  4.     Fcrlile. — Ach- 
lamjdeotis;  ovary  and  style  1,  in  the  axil  of  a  bract ;  achenium 
compressed,  margined. 

Named  for  G.  F.  Boehmer,  a  German  botanist.  Herbs  with  a  watery  juice. 
Flowers  clustered. 

B.    CYLI'NDRICA. 

Herbaceous  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  dentate,  smooth  ; 
_^o?o(;?-6' dioBfious  ;  sterile  spikes  glomerate,  interrupted, /fi?-<(7c  cylindric.  A 
coarse,  netlle-lijce  plant,  in  swamps.  Stem  slender,  obtusely  4-angled.  chan- 
neled on  each  side,  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  3-nerved,  3 — 5  inches  long.  ^  as 
wide,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  minute,  the  fertile  ones  in  axillary,  cylindric 
spikes,  1 — 2  inches  in  length,  the  barren  spikes  rather  longer  and  more 
Blender.     July.     Aug.  False  JVettle. 

6.     MORUS. 
Flowers    moncecious.    rarely    dioecious.      Slerile    in    loose 
spikes  ;  calyx  4-parted.      Ftrlik  in  dense  spii<es;  calyx  4-part- 
ed ;    siyles  2;    aclienium  compressed,  enclosed    within    the 
baccate  caljx. 

Celtic,  mor.  black  ;  the  color  of  the  fruit  of  some  of  the  species.  Treeg 
with  a  milky  juice.    Lvs  alternate.    Fls.  in  small,  axillary,  pedunculate  spikes. 

1.    M.    RUBRA. 

Leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  or  3-lobed,  equally  serrate,  scabrous,  pu- 
bescent beneath;  fer Li' c  spikes  cylindric.  This  tree  varies  greatly  in  highl 
according  to  its  situation.  In  N.  Enijland,  where  itiiS  not  very  common,  it  is 
but  a  shrub  15 — 20  feet  high.  In  the  Middle  and  Western  States  it  attains 
the  elevation  of  .^lO — 60  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  2  feet.  Trunk  covered  with 
a  grayish  bark,  much  broken  and  furrowed.  Wood  fine-grained,  strong  and 
durable.  Leaves  4 — G  inclies  long,  |-  as  wide,  entire  or  divided  into  lobes, 
thick,  dark  green.  Fls.  small.  Berries  of  a  deep  red  color,  compounded  of  a 
great  number  of  small  ones,  of  an  agreeable,  acid  taste.  May.     Red  Malherry. 

2.  M.  ALBA. — Leaves  cordate, oblique  at  basp,entireor  lobed,  unequally 
serrate,  smoothish.  Native  of  China.  Cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  leaves 
as  the  food  of  silk  worms.  A  tree  of  humble  growth.  Leaves  2 — 4  inches 
long,  ^-  as  wide,  acute,  petiolate.  Flowers  green,  in  small  roundish  spikes  or 
heads.     Fruit  of  a  yellowish  white, insipid.  White  Mulberry. 

p.  muUicaulis ;  leaves  very  large  (4 — 7  inches  long,  §  as  broad).     Shrub. 

Chinese  Mulberry. 


CLASS  II.    GYMNOSPERMS. 

Ovules  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary,  fertilized  by  the  pollen  without 

the  intervention  of  a  pistil,  and  becoming  truly  naked  seeds,  the 

carpel  being  represented  by  a  flat  open  scale  or  entirely  wanting. 

Embryo  with  2  opposite,  or  several  whorled  cotyledons. 


ORDER  CXXXllI.    CONIFER.^.  ne  Fir  Tribe. 

Fls. — MoiifEcious  ordioBcious,  tleslitute  of  calyx  or  corolla. 

Stekile,  monaudrous  or  monadelphous,  collecled  in  a  kind  of  loose  ament. 

A>tth. — 2  or  many-lobed,  often  tipped  with  a  crest.     Pollen  large,  usually  compound. 

Fertile,  in  amenls  composed  of  open,  scale-like  carpels,  or  solitary  and  without  a  carpel. 

Ovary,  sty'.",  and  stigma  wanting'.     Ovules  1,  2  or  many,  erect  or  inverted. 

Fr  — A  strobile  (cone),  or  a  solitary'  seed.    Integuments  hard  and  crustaceous. 

Embryo  in  ihe  axis  of  oily  albumen. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  branching  trunks,  abounding  in  resinous  juice.  Leaves  scattered 
or  fascicled,  linear  or  acerose  (rarely  lanceolate),  rigid,  parallel-veined,  anil  generally 
evergreen.  Thef  are  natives  of  all  climates  Imt  most  abundant  in  the  temperate  zones, 
tho.'jf  of  tlie  southern,  however,  very  different  from  the  pines,  spruces,  larches  and  cedars 
of  the  northern. 

Friipniir.'s.  Few  orders  can  be  named,  which  are  of  more  importance  to  mankind, 
whether  in  reference  to  their  invaluable  timber  or  their  resinous  secretions.  Turjvntine, 
tar,  pitch  and  resin  are  the  proiluct  of  the  pines.  Bnrgitndy  pilch  is  yielded  by  Pinus  sylves- 
tris  of  Kurope  ;  Venetian  tuqientine,  by  the  Larix  ;  oil  of  Savin  by  Juniperus  Sabina  of 
Europe,  &c. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(Leaves    scale- (  Fertile  scales 4 — 8-ovuled.       .        .  Cupressvs.  Z 

<  like,  imbricate.  (  Feitile  scales  2-ovuled.        .        .  Thujn.        3 

fa  woody  cone.  (  Leaves  linear  or  acerose Pinus.         1 

I  !i  fleshy  berry  with  3  bony  seeds.     Leaves  mostly  acerose.      .        .  Juniperus.  4 

Fruit  (  a  fleshy  drupe  with  a  single  seed.    Leaves  linear,  2-ranked.       .        .  Taxus.       5 

1 .     PINUS. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile. — Scales  peltate,  each  bearing 
2,  sessile,  1-celled  anthers.  Ferlilc,  in  ovoid  aments.  Car- 
pellary  scales  closely  imbricate,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  ovules 
adhering  to  the  base  inside, and  subtended  byabiact  outside; 
fruit  a  woody  strobile  or  cone;  seeds  winged,  cotyledons 
2—15. 

Celtic,  pin  or  pen,  a  rock  or  mountain  ;  many  species  of  this  noble  genus 
prefer  such  situations.  Lvs.  linear  or  acerose,  solitary  or  fasciculate,  mostly 
evergreen.     Aments  of  the  barren  flowers  numerous,  deciduous. 

i  Leaves  evergreen,  in  fascicles  of  2 — 5,  sheathed  at  base,  acerose.     Scales  of  the  cone 
thickened  at  the  summit.    1'inus  vera. 

1.    P.    RESIN0'S.\.      Lambert.  P.  rubra.   Mx. 

Leaves  in  pairs,  channeled,  elongated,"vvith  elongated  sheaths  ;  cones  ovoid- 
conic,  rounded  at  the  base,  subsolitary ,  about  half  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  scales 


coN/Ft:R.E.  S58  pi^us/ 

unarmed,  dilated  in  the  middle.  It  abounds  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U. 
S.  and  in  Canada,  attaining  the  hight  ot>:0  feet,  with  a  trunk  2  ieet  in  diam- 
eter, very  straight  and  uniforni.  B;irk  smoother,  and  of  a  clearer  red  than 
other  i)ines.  Leaves  chif  lly  collected  towards  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
always  in  pairs,  5 — 8  inches  in  length,  the  sheaths  ^ — 1^  inch.  This  pine 
affords  a  fine-grained,  resinous  timber  of  much  strength  and  durability,  and 
highly  valued  in  architecture.     May.  Rul  Pine.     Kurway  Pine. 

2.  P.    BaNKSIA'NA.       Lamh.  P.  rupcstris.  jlfz. 

Leaves  in  pairs,  rigid,  curved,  acute,  terete  upon  the  back  and  channeled 
above,  margins  somewhat  scabrous  ;  co/^cs  ovate-acuminate,  recurved,  tortu- 
ous ;  snihs  unarmed,  obtuse,  smooth.  A  small  tree,  vvith  long,  spreading, 
flexible  branches,  abounding  in  barrens,  in  Me.  and  British  America,  l^eaves 
about  an  inch  in  length.  Cones  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  usually  in 
pairs.     April.     May.  Scrub  Pine. 

3.  P.    INOPS. 

Leaves  in  pairs,  rather  short,  obtuse,  rigid,  channeled  above,  terete  beneath, 
margins  obs-.urely  serrulate  ;  cones  recurved,  ovoid-oblong,  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  sail es  of  </(fi  ro«e  compact,  obluse  at  base,  with  a  straight,  subulate 
point.  A  tree  J5 — 2b  feet  high,  on  barrens  in  tlie  Middle  States.  Branches 
straggling,  and  with  the  trunk,  covered  with  a  rough,  blackish  bark.  Leaves 
1 — 2  inches  long.     The  wood  abounds  in  resin.     May.  Jersey  Pine. 

4.  p.    VARIa'bILIS.      Lamb.  P.  mitis.  3/x. /. 

Leaves  2 — 3  together,  channeled  on  the  inner  surface  ;  coves  ovoid,  snbsol- 
itary  ;  scales  armed  with  short,  incurved  spines.  Widelv  diffused  throughout 
the  country,  attaining  the  hight  of  53 — (iO  feet.  Leaves  dark  green.  5 — 6 
inches  long,  covering  the  branchlets.  Cones  2 — :'.  inches  long,  rugged  with 
the  projectincr  point  of  the  scales.  It  furnishes  close-grained  and  moderately 
resinous  limber  which  is  used  in  immense  quantities  for  all  kinds  (»f  archi- 
tecture.    May.  Yellow  Pine.     Spruce  Pine. 

5.  P.    RI'GIDA. 

Leaves  in  3s,  with  short  sheaths;  cnnrs  pyramidal-ovoid,  clustered  ;  scales 
■with  reflexed  spines.  Common  in  barren,  sandy  plains,  which  it  often  exclu- 
sively occupies.  It  is  of  moderate  higlit  at  the  north  ('.25 — :iO  feet),  but  attains 
a  great  hight  in  the  Southern  States.  The  trunk,  wiiirh  is  seldom  straight,  is 
covered  with  a  very  thick  and  ro\igh  bark  cleft  with  deep  furrows.  Lf.^aves 
4 — G  inches  long.  Cones  usually  several  together,  2 — 3  inches  long.  The 
wood  is  heavy  with  resm,  little  used  in  architecture  except  for  floors,  but 
makes  excellent  fuel.     May.  Pitck  Pine. 

6.  p.    STROBUS. 

Leaves  \n  5s.  slender,  with  very  short  sheaths;  coves  solitary,  cylindric, 
loose,  pendant  lonoer  than  the  leaves.  This  pine  is  one  of  the  most  majestic 
and  the  most  useful  forest  trees  of  this,  or  of  any  other  country.  The  trunk  is 
perfectly  straight,  covered  with  a  comparatively  smootii  bark,  and,  in  some 
instances,  5 — 7  feet  in  diameter,  and  UK)  feet  in  hight  without  a  limb  ;  then, 
sendincf  out  a  fiew  branches,  it  forms  a  tufted  head  far  above  the  surrounding 
forest.  The  branches  are  given  off  in  whorls  which  are  very  observable  in 
young  trees.  The  leaves  are  about  4  inches  long,  numerous,  slender,  of  a 
bluish  o-reen,  forminir  an  extremel3'  soft  and  delicate  foliage.  The  wood  is 
soft,  fine- grained,  easily  wrought,  very  durable,  and  is  used  in  immense  quan- 
tities in  all  varieties  of  architecture.  Tlie  large  trunks  are  in  particular 
Bouo-ht  for  the  masts  of  ships.     May.  White  or  Weymouth  Pine. 


CON  I  FE  15  J..  359  FINUS. 

§  §  Leaves  deciduous,  in  fascicles  of  12 — 25,  acerose.     Scales  ihin  al  edge.     liARix. 

7.  P.   AMERICA'NA.     L.arix  Americana,  ilfc.    P.  pendula  and  raiorocarpa  of  authors. 
Leaves  short,  in  dense  fascicles,   wiUiout  sheatiis,  very  slender;  cones  oh- 

lono-,  iiicliiinig  upwards  even  when  the  branches  are  pendulous;  sc/i les  ih'in 
and''infle.\ed  on  the  margin  ;  brads  elliptical,  often  ijoUowed  at  the  sides, 
abruptly  acuminate  with  a  slender  point.  A  beaulii'iil  tree,  often  seen  in  our 
shrubberies,  and  thinly  interspersed,  in  forests  throughout  N.  England.  It  is 
remarkably  distinguisheii  from  the  pings  by  its  deciduous  leaves,  the  branches 
beina"  bare  nearly  lialf  the  year.  The  tree  arises  80 — 100  feet,  with  a  straight 
and  slender  trunk  and  horizontal  branches.  lieaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  col- 
lected in  bunches  of  12 — 20  on  the  sides  of  the  branches.  Cones  deep  pui  pie, 
1  —  1  inch  lung.  The  wood  is  considered  most  valuable  of  all  the  pines  or 
spruces,  being  very  heavy,  strong  and  durable.    Apr.  May.     Amcriam  Larch. 

ij  §  §  I, eaves  evergreen,  solitary',  linear.     Scales  of  the  cone  even  and  attenuated.     Abies. 

8.  P.    CaNADE'NSIS.      L.  Abies  Canadensis.  Jl/z. 
Leaves  linear,  flat,  obscurely  denticulate,  glaucous  beneath,  in  2  rows;  cones 

ovoid,  terminal,  scarcely  longer  than  tlie  leaves  ;  sea/c*- rounded,  entire.  A 
well  known  evergreen  inhabitant  of  the  rncky,  mountainous  woods  of  Nevsr 
England,  commonly  attaining  the  hight  of  70 — 80  feet.  The  trunk  is  large  in 
propnition,  straight,  covered  with  a  rough  bark.  Branches  brittle  and  nearly 
horizontal,  with  pubescent  twigs  Leaves  6 — 8  lines  in  length,  less  than  1 
line  wide,  arranged  in  2  opposite  rows.  Cones  very  small.  The  wood  of  the 
hemlock  is  soft,  elastic,  of  a  coarse,  loose  texture,  not  much  valued  for  lim- 
ber, but  is  sometimes  substituted  for  pine.  The  bark  is  extensively  used  in 
tanning.     May.  Huitlock  Spruce. 

9.  P.  BALSa'xMEA.  L.  Abies  balsamifeia.  i/x. 
Leurrs  linear,  flat,  obtuse,  glaucous,  with  a  grooved  line  above  and  an  ele- 
vated one  beneath  ;  c-<7«es  cylindric,  erect,  retlexed  on  the  marjjin;  scales 
broad,  compact;  bracts  obuvate,  shorter  tiian  the  scale.  .\  beautiful  ever- 
green, common  in  Immid  forests  of  tne  northern  part  of  the  U.  States.  Jts 
branches  are  nearly  horizontal,  gradually  becoming  shorter  upwaids,  forming 
a  regularly  pyramidal  head.  The  leaves  are  little  larger  than  those  of  the 
hemlock  ''a — 10  lines  long)  growing  upon  the  sides  and  top  of  the  branches, 
of  a  bright  green  above  and  silvery  white  beneath.  Cones  2 — finches  in 
length..  Bark  smooth,  abounding  in  reservoirs  filled  with  a  resin  or  balsam 
which  is  considered  a  valuable  medicine.    May.      t'ir  Tree.     Bdsani  Spruce. 

10.  P.    ALBA.      Ait.  Abies  alba.  jlfs;. 
Leaves  4-sided,  incurved  ;  cows  lax,  pendulous,  subcylindric,  with  entire, 

broadly  obovate.  somewhat  2  lobed  scales.  Very  abundant  in  the  northern 
sections  of  the  U.  States,  preferring  humid  and  rocky  woods.  HightSO  feet. 
Trunk  1 — 2  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  regularly  diminishinii;  upwards. 
Lower  branches  longest,  the  others  becoming  gradually  shorter  upwards. 
Leaves  ^ — J  inch  in  length,  placed  on  all  sides  of  the  branches.  Cones  small. 
The  timber  is  useful  in  the  frames  of  buildings,  &c.     May.         JVItite  Spruce. 

11.  P.    NIGRA.      Ait.  Abies  nigra.  Mx. 
Leaves   4  cornered,    scattered,   straight,  erect;     cones  ovoid,    pendulous; 

sco/ei- clliplical-obdvate,  erosely  dentate  at  the  edge,  erect.  This  fine  tree 
abounds  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S.  where  dark,  mountain  forests  are 
often  wholly  composed  of  it.  It  is  a  large  tree,  70 — 80  feet  high,  with  a 
straight  trunk  and  a  lofty  pyramidal  head.  The  leaves  thickly  cover  the 
brandies,  are  of  a  dark  green  color,  little  more  than  ^  inch  in  length.  Cones 
1 — 2  inches  long.  The  timber  is  light,  strong  and  elastic,  and,  although  in- 
ferior to  the  white  pine,  is  much  used  in  architecture.  That  salutary  beverage, 
spruce  ixcr,  is  made  from  the  young  branches.  May.     Black  or  Double  Spruce. 


CONIFER.-E.  860  JUNIPERUS. 

2.  CUP  RE' SS  US. 
Flowers  monoecious.  SkriU,  in  an  ovoid  amenl  ;  scales 
peltate  ;  anthers  4,  sessile.  Fertile,  in  a  strobile  ;  scales  pel- 
tate, bearing  4 — S,  erect  (orthotropoiis)  ovules  at  base  inside; 
seed  angular,  compressed;  integuments  membranous  ;  cotjle- 
dons  2  or  more. 

From  the  Isle  of  Cyprus,  where  the  Cypress  is  very  abundant.  Trees,  with 
evergreen,  Hat,  squainose,  imbricated  leaves.  Fertile  aments  becoming 
indurated  cones. 

C.  thyoi'des. 

Branchlr.ts  compressed  ;  hazes  imbricate  in  4  rows,  ovate,  tnberciilate  at 
base  ;  coius  spherical.  This  tree  is  thinly  disseminated  in  N.  England,  but 
quite  common  in  the  Middle  States.  It  usually  occurs  in  swamps,  which  it 
densely  and  exclusively  occupies.  Flight  40 — 00  feet.  Tiie  leaves  consist  of 
short,  minute,  evergreen  scales,  covering  the  finely  divided  branchlets,  in  4 
imbricated  rows,  and  each  one  furnished  with  ;i  minute  gland  or  tubercle  on 
the  back.  The  wood  is  white,  fine-grained,  and  wonderfully  light,  soft  and 
durable.  Used  in  the  manufacture  of  shingles,  pails,  fences,  ».tc.  Posts  made 
of  this  cedar  it  is  said  will  last  50  years.    May.  fVliUe  Cedar. 

3.    THUJA. 
Flowers   monoecious.      Slerile,   in   an    imbricated    anient; 
anthers  4,  sessile.     Fertile,  in  a  strobile,  each  scale  bearing  2 
erect  ovules   at  the  base  inside;  seed  winged;    integument 
membranous;  cotyledons  2  or  moie. 

Ga  ^t/iw,  to  sacrifice  ;  its  wood,  when  burnt,  gives  out  an  agreeable  odor, 
and  was  anciently  used  JTi  sacrifices.  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  evergreen, 
squaniose,  imbricate. 

T.    OCCIDENTA'LIS. 

Branrklets  ancipital  ;  leaves  imhncaic  in  4  rows,  rhomboid-ovate,  oppressed, 
tuberciifite  ;  caitcs  oblong,  the  inner  scales  truncated  and  gibbous  below  the 
tip.  This  tree  i.s  often  called  lohUc  cedar,  and  from  its  resemblance  might 
easily  be  mistaken  for  the  Caitrcssus  tlnjniiLcs.  It  abounds  in  the  British 
Provinces  and  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S.  on  the  rocky  borders  of 
streams  and  likes, and  in  swamps.  It  has  a  crooked  trunk,  rapidly  diminish- 
ing in  size  upwards,  throwing  out  branches  from  base  to  summit.  The 
evergreen  foiiaore  consists  of  branchlets  much  more  fl;it  and  broud  than  those 
of  the  white  cedar.  Cones  terminal,  consislinir  of  a  few  long,  loose  scales, 
unlike  the  round,  compact  cones  of  that  tree.  The  wood  is  very  light,  soft  and 
durable.     Its  most  important  use  is  for  fences.     May.  Jlrbor  vltm. 

4.  J  UN  I' PERU  S. 
Flowers  dioecious,  rarely  mcnoeciou?.  Sterile. — Ament 
ovate;  scales  verlicillate,  peltate ;  anthers  4 — 8,  1-celled. 
Fertile. — .Anient  globose;  scales  few,  united  at  base,  concave  ; 
ovules  1  at  the  base  of  each  scale;  berry  formed  of  the  en- 
larged, fleshy  scales  containing  2 — 3  bony  seeds;  cotyledons 2. 

Celtic,  jiini-.vrus,  rough  or  rude.  Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen,  mostly 
acerose,  apposite  or  in  whorls  of  3. 


CONIFERiE.  861 


1.  J.  commu'nis. 

Learesternate,  spreading,  subulate,  mucronate,  longer  than  the  berry.  An 
evergreen,  spreading  shrub,  with  numerous,  prostrate  brandies,  growing  in 
dry  woods  and  hills,  often  forming  entangled  beds.  Leaves  arranged  in 
whorls  of  3,  5 — 8  lines  long,  acerose-lanceolate,  ending  in  a  sharp,  bristly 
point,  channeled  and  glaucous  on  the  midrib  above,  keeled  and  green  below. 
Barren  flowers  in  small,  axillary  aments  or  con^s;  fertile  ones  on  a  distinct 
shrub,  small,  axillary,  sessile.  Berries  roundish,  oblong,  dark  blue,  ripening 
the  second  year  from  the  flovyer.  They  are  then  sweetish,  with  a  taste  of 
turpentine.     In  medicine  they  are  diuretic  and  cordial.     May.  Juniper. 

2.  J.    ViRGINIA'NA.      L,  J.  Sabina.  Hook. 
Upper  leaves  imbricate  in  4  rows,  ovate-lanceolate,  pungently  acute,  ap- 

pressed,  older  ones  acerose,  cuspidate,  spreading  ;  trunk  arboreous.  Found 
throughout  the  U.  S.,  but  chiefly  in  the  maritime  parts,  growing  in  dry, 
rocky  situations.  It  is  a  tree  of  middle  size,  sending  out  numerous,  horizon- 
tal branches.  Leaves  dark  green,  the  younger  ones  small,  ovate,  acute, 
scale-like,  overlaying  each  other  in  4  rows,  upon  the  subdivided  branchlets  ; 
the  older  ones  ^  inch  long.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  the  staminate  in  oblong, 
terminal  aments,  i  inch  long ;  the  fertile  on  separate  trees,  producing  small, 
bluish  berries  coveted  with  a  white  powder.  The  wood  is  fine-grained  and 
compact,  of  a  reddish  hue,  very  light  and  durable.  It  is  used  for  fences, 
aqueducts,  tubs  and  pails,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  drawing  pencils.  April. 
May.  Red  Cedar. 

^.  prostrata  ;  leaves  ovate,  submucronate,  glandular  in  the  middle,  appress- 
ed  ;  icr/ics  tubercular ;  sfew  prostrate,  creeping.  A  shrub,  on  gravely  siiores, 
with  creeping  branches  4 — 8  feet  long.  Prostrate  Juniper. 

5.     TAX  US. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  surrounded  wilh  numer- 
ous scales.  Sterile. — Stamens  8 — 10,  nionadelphous  ;  anthers 
peltate.  6 — S-celled,  cells  deliiscent  beneath.  Fertile,  solitary, 
consisting  of  a  single  ovule,  becoming  in  fruit  a  fleshy,  1-seed- 
ed  drupe. 

Gr.  Tolov,  an  arrow;  arrows  were  formerly  poisoned  with  the  juice  of  the 
yew-tree.     Lvs.  evergreen,  linear,  alternate. 

T.  Canade'ksis. 

Leaves  linear,  mucronate,  2-ranked,  revolute  on  the  margin  ;  sterile  recep- 
tacles globose.  A  small,  evergreen  shrub,  with  the  general  aspect  of  a  dwarf 
hemlock  spruce  (Plnus  Gmadcvsis).  It  grows  on  thin,  rocky  soils  in  shady- 
places,  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  nearly  an  inch  long,  arranged  in  2  opposite 
rows,  on  the  sides  of  the  branchlets.  Staminate  flowers  in  small,  roundish, 
axillary  heads.  Drupes  oval,  concave  or  open  at  the  summit,  red  and  juicy 
when  mature.    May.  Dioarf  Ycio.     Ground  Hcrnloc/:. 

FF 


SUBDIVISION  SECOND, 
ENDOGENS,  OR  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

Stem  not  distinguishable  into  bark,  pith  and  concentric  zones  or 
layers  of  wood.  Growth  by  irregular,  internal  accretions,  con- 
sisting of  bundles  of  woody  fibre  and  vessels,  successively  descending 
from  the  leaves  above,  through  the  cellular  tissue  already  formed. 
Leaves  mostly  with  simple,  parallel  veins,  alternate,  entire,  fre- 
quently sheathing  at  base,  and  seldom  falling  off  by  an  articulation. 
Sepals  and  petals,  when  present,  commonly  in  3s.  Ovules 
produced  within  an  ovary.  Embryo  with  one  cotyledon,  rarely 
with  two,  the  second  being  much  smaller  than,  and  alternate  with, 

the  first. 


CLASS  in.     AGLUMACEOUS  ENDOGENS. 

Flowers  without  glumes.      Organs    developed  on  the  usual   and 

normal  plan,  consisting  of  stamens  and  pistils,  either  or  both,  sur- 

reunded  by  verticiilate,  floral  envelops;    or  the  latter  are  wanting, 

and  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  achlamydeous. 


ORDER    CXXXVI.    ARACE^.  The  .Imm  Tribt. 

FZs.— Mostly  mor.fficious  and  achlamydeous,  arranged  upon  a  naked  or  spathaceous  spadix. 

Perianth,  when  present,  consisting  of  l— 6  parts. 

S/a.— Definite  or  indefinite,  hypogynous,  very  short.    Anth.  ovate,  extrorse. 

Ova. — Free,  1 — several-celled.     Stigma  sessile. 

fc— Berry  succulent  or  dry.     Se.eds  solitary  or  several,  with  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs,  or  tropical  shrubs.  Riiizoma  or  cormus  fleshy.  Leaves  sheathing  at  ba.se,  often 
with  branching  veins,  and  sometimes  compound.  They  are  abundant  in  tropical  regions, 
more  rare  in  temperate,  one  only,  Calla  palustris,  extending  to  the  northern  Irigid  zune. 

Properties.  An  aciid,  volatile  principle  pervades  the  order,  which  is,  in  some  instances, 
eo  concentrated  as  to  become  poisonous.  The  corms  and  rhizonias  abound  also  in  starch, 
which  in  some  cases,  when  the  volatile  acridity  is  expelled  in  drying  or  cooking,  is  edible 
ftud  nutritious. 

Conspcclvs  of  the  genera. 

(  Berry  1-seeded.      Pellandra.        2 

(and  covered   (  cylindric.  j  IJer.  many-seed'd.  Calla.  3 

(  Spadix  in  \  with  flowers,  |  oval,  precedijig  the  leaves.        tjy/iiplocarpui.  6 

<  a  spathe,   (  and  naked  above.     Stem  a  conn.         .        .    Arum.  1 

r  broad.  (  Spadix  naked,  yellow,  on  a  clavate  scape.         .        .        Orontium.        4 

Leaves  ( linear-eiisiform.    Scape  leaf-like.    Spadix  lateral.     .       .       .    Acorus.  5 


_        363  PELTANDRA. 

1.    ARUM. 

Flowers  sometimes  dioecious,  spathe  cucullate,  convolute  at 
base;  perianth  0;  spadix  C3lindric,  naked  above,  slaminalt 
below  the  middle  and  pistillate  at  the  base;  berry  1-celled, 
many-seeded. 

Coptic,  aron,  the  name  of  the  Egyptian  species,  A.  colocasia.  Herbs, 
perennial. 

1.  A.  triphy'llum. 

Acaulescent;  leaves  trifoliate,  mostly  in  pairs,  leaflets  oval,  acuminate ; 
spadix  clavate  ;  spathe  ovate,  acuminate,  flat  and  deflected  above.  A  curious 
and  well  known  inhabitant  of  wet  woodlands.  The  stem  is  a  rugose,  fleshy, 
subterraneous  corm  giving   off"  radicles  in  a  circle  from  the   edge.      Scape 

8 ]2  inches  hicrh,  erect,  round,  embraced  at  the  base  by  the  long  sheaths  of 

the  petioles.  Leaves  2,  on  long  stalks,  each  consisting  of  3  smooth  leaflets, 
2—7  inches  lono-,  ^  as  wide.  Spathe  green  without,  usually  variegated  with- 
in with  stripes  of' dark  purple  alternating  with  pale  green.  Spadix  much 
shorter  than  the  spathe  varyiug  from  green  to  dark  purple.  Fruit  a  bunch  of 
bright  scarlet  berries.  The  corm  loses  its  fiercely  acrid  principle  by  drying, 
and  is  then  valued  as  a  carminative,  &;c.     May,  Jn.  Dragon  Root. 

/3.  atroruhcns  {Dewy.  A.  atrorubens.  L.)  ;  spathe  sessile,  spreading  liorizon- 
tally  above,  dark  brown.     Plant  rather  smaller,  and  with  a  disagreeable  odor. 

2.  A.  Draco'5T1UM. 

Acaulescent ;  lenf  mostly  solitary,  pedate  ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  ; 
spadix  subulate,  longer  than  the  convolute,  oblong  spathe.  Less  common  in 
N.  England  than  the  former  species,  found  in  wet  places,  banks  of  streams, 
&c.  Stem  a  fleshy,  subterraneous  corm.  Scape  slender,  C— 12  inches  high. 
Leaf  on  an  erect,  sheathing  petiole,  which  is  dichotomous  above,  each  half 
bearing  2—4  leaflets  with  an  odd  one  at  tiie  fork.  Leaflets  rather  smaller 
than  in  A.  triphylliim.  Spathe  green,  1 — 2  inches  long,  rolled  into  a  tube  at 
base.  Spadix  slender,  with  its  long,  tapering  point  much  e.xserted.  Fruit  a 
bunchof  red  berries.    Jn.  Jl.  Green  Dragon. 

2.    PELTA'NDRA. 

Spalhe  convolute;  spadix  covered  with  flowers,  staminate 
above,  pistillate  below;  perianth  0  ;  stamens  peltate  ;  berry 
1-celled,  1-seeded. 

Gr.  -TTiXrn),  a  shield  or  target,  uv^qh,  stamens ;  from  the  character.  Peren- 
nial herbs. 

P.    ViRGINl'CA.    Rqf-    Arum.  I,.   Calla.  Su).   Lecontia.  Cooper.  Rensseleria.  jRct.  ) 

Caladium.  Lind.  ( 
Acaulescent ;  Zeapes  oblong,  hastate-cordate,  acute  at  apex,  the  lobes  obtuse  ; 
spathe  elongated,  incurved  ;  spadix  covered  with  staminate  flowers  the  greater 
part  of  its  length.  A  smooth,  dark  green  plant,  in  wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  and 
Ms.  Leaves  radical,  numerous,  8 — 12  inches  long,  ^  as  wide,  on  petioles  as 
long  as  the  scapes.  Scapes  many  fiom  the  same  root,  8 — 1.5  inches  long. 
Spathe  closely  involving  the  spadix,  green,  2 — 3  inches  long,  lanceolate, 
wavy  on  the  margin.  Spadix  slender,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  spathe, 
bearing  the  ovaries  and  finally  the  berries  in  a  dense  cluster  at  its  base.  June. 
It  is  to°  be  hoped  that  this  persecuted  plant  will  soon  find,  if  it  has  not  here 
found,  a  permanent  abode. 


ARACE^.  364  ACOROS. 

3.     CALLA. 
Spathe    ovale,   spreading;    spadix   covered   with   flowers, 
staminate  intermixed  with,  or  above  the  pistillate;    perianth 
0  ;  berry  manj'-seeded. 

Gr.  x-a-XXoi,  beautiful ;  a  term  well  applied  to  some  of  the  species.  Peren- 
nial, aquatic  herbs. 

1.    C.    PALU'STRIS. 

Leaves  cordate  ;  spathe  ovate,  flat;  spadix  covered  with  ovaries  intermixed 
with  stamens.  A  fine  plant  growing  in  shallow  water.  Rhizoma  creeping, 
rooting  at  the  joints.  Leaves  2— 3  inches  long,  f  as  wide,  on  long  stalks, 
involute  at  the  acuminate  point,  smooth  and  entire.  Scape  smooth,  green, 
roundish,  thick,  4 — G  inches  high.  Spathe  clasping  at  the  base,  spreading, 
recurved,  with  an  involute  point,  greenish  yellow  witjiout,  white  and  soft 
within.  Spadi.x  an  inch  in  length.  The  rootstock  is  acrid, but  Linnceus  tells 
us  that  the  Laplanders  extract  a  wholesome  bread  stuff'  from  it.     July. 

Northern  Calla. 

Z.  L.  xETnio'piCA.  — Lcflrcs sagittate-cordate  ;  .<;pa/Aecucullate  ;  spadix 
with  the  sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile.  A  magnificent  plant  from  Cape 
Good  Hope,  now  often  met  with  in  green-houses  and  parlors.  The  leaves  are 
very  large,  smooth  and  entire,  on  long,  sheathing,  radical  footstalks.  Scape 
smooth,  round,  arising  a  little  above  the  leaves,  3—5  feet  high.  Spathe  very 
large,  white,  involute  at  base,  reflexed,  and  terminating  abruptly  in  along 
acumination.  Spadix  yellowish  white,  about  half  the  length  of  the  spathe. 
Flowers  from  Jan.  to  May.  Ethiopian  Calla. 

4.    ORO'NTIUM. 
Spadix  cjlindric,  covered  with  flowers;  perianth  4 — 6-se- 
paled  ;  stamens  4 — 6;  ovary  free;  stigma  sessile  ;  fruit  a  dry 
berry  or  utricle. 

The  ancient  Grecian  name  of  a  plant  so  called  fiom  its  growing  by  the 
Orontes,  a  river  in  Asia  Minor.  Acaulescent,  aquatic,  perennial  herbs.  Fls. 
3'ellow,  at  the  summit  of  the  scape.     Spathe  radical. 

O.  aqua'ticum. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  spike  or  spadix  cylindric,  on  a  clavate  scape.  This 
interesting  plant  is  a  native  of  inundated  banks  and  pools,  but  not  very  com- 
mon. The  leaves  are  large  (often  becoming  10 — 12  inches  long  and  ^ — |  as 
wide),  smooth,  of  a  deep-green,  velvet-like  surface  above,  paler  beneath,  on 
long,  radical  petioles.  Scape  thick  and  terete,  about  a  foot  in  length,  closely 
invested  by  the  short  spathe  at  base,  and  ending  in  a  spadix  of  a  rich  yellow 
color  covered  with  small,  perfect,  yellow  flowers  of  an  offensive  odor, — the 
upper  ones  often  tetramerous.     May.  Golden  Club. 

5.    A'CORUS. 
Spadix  cylindric,  covered  with  flowers  ;  perianth  6-sepaled ; 
ovary  free;  stigma  sessile,  minute;  fruit  dry,  Scelled,  many- 
seeded. 

Gr.  a,  privative,  and  x-o^*),  the  pupil  of  the  eye;  because  supposed  to  cure 
maladies  of  the  eye.  Herbs  with  a  fleshy  rhizoma.  Lvs.  radical,  ensiform. 
Scape  foliaceous. 


LEMNACE^. 


S65 


A.  ca'lamus. 

Summit  of  the  scape  above  the  spadix  very  long'  and  leaf-like.  Groves  in 
wet  soils  throughout  the  U.  States.  The  thick,  prostrate,  creeping  rhizonia  is 
highly  valued  for  its  aromatic  flavor,  its  warm  and  pungent  taste.  The  long, 
sword-shaped  leaves  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  ridge  running  their 
whole  length.  The  cylindrical  spadix  is  about  3  inches  long  and  ^  inch  in 
diameter,  covered  with  small,  green  flowers,  and  bursting  from  the  side  of 
the  leaf-like  scape  in  June  and  July.  Sweet  Flag. 

6.    SYMPLOCA'RPUS. 

Spathe  ventricose;  spadix  oval,  covered  with  perfect  flow- 
ers;  perianth  deeply  4-parted,  segments  cucullate,  cuneate, 
truncate,  persistent,  becoming  thick  and  spongy  ;  berries 
globose,  2-seeded,  imbedded  in  the  spadix. 

Gr.  a-vj/,7rXox.'r)j  connection,  xag^roj,  fruit.  Perennial,  aquatic,  acaulescent 
herbs. 

S.    FCE'TIDUS.      JYutt.  Pothos  fcetida.  Mx.      Ictodes  fcetidus.  Bw. 

Leaves  cordate-ova],  acute ;  spadix  subglobose,  preceding  the  leaves.  A  com- 
mon plant,  growing  in  swamps,  meadows  and  ditches,  renov/ned  for  its  odor, 
which  is  scarcely  less  offensive  than  that  of  the  animal  whose  name  it  bears. 
Early  in  spring,  the  swelling  spathe  is  seen  emerging  first  from  the  ground  or 
water,  more  or  less  covered  with  purplish  spots,  its  edg-es  partly  infolded,  and 
its  point  incurved.  It  encloses  the  spadix,  which  is  oval,  covered  with  flowers 
of  a  dull  purple.  The  leaves,  which  arise  after  the  flowers,  are  of  a  bright 
green,  numerous,  becoming  very  lar^e  (often  20  inches  long  and  12  wide). 
April.  Skunk  Cabbage. 


ORDER  CXXXVII.    LEMNACEiE.  m  Duckweed  IViba. 

Fls. — 2,  arhlamydeous,  bursting  through  a  membranous  spathe. 

Sta. — Definite,  2  or  more. 

Ova. — l-ceiletl,  with  1  or  more  erect  ovules.     Style  .short.     Stigma  simple. 

i'>. — Utricle  1 — several-seeded.     Seeds  with  a  fungous  testa. 

A  small  order  of  floating,  annual  herbs,  consisting  of  a  frond  (stem  and  leaf  confounded) 
sending  down  from  the  under  surface  roots  which  hang  loosely  in  the  water,  and  producing 
from  the  margin  the  spathaceous  flowers. 

LEMNA. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  the  same  spathe,  the  former 
of  2  collateral  stamens,  the  latter  of  a  simple,  carinate  ovary, 
with  a  style  and  stigma. 

Gt.  ^ii^i/^U;  a  scale  or  husk  ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  fronds. 
1.  L.  trisu'lca. 

FroTuls  elliptic-lanceolate,  thin,  serrate  at  one  extremity  and  caudate  at  the 
other;  rooi,?  solitary.  Floating  in  ponds  and  pools  of  clear  water.  Fronds 
nearly  ^  inch  in  length,  diaphanous,  with  a  tail-like  a])pendage  at  base, obtuse 
at  apex,  the  new  ones  issuing  in  a  cruciate  manner  from  lateral  fissures  in  the 
margin  of  ilie  old.  Root  a  solitary  fibre,  ending  in  a  sheath.  Flowers  very 
minute.     Utricle  sitting  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  frond.     June — Sept. 

Ivy-leaved  Duck-meat. 
FF* 


TVPHACEiE. 


366 


2.  L.  MINOR.  • 

Fronrfs  nearly  ovate,  compressed  ;  root  solitary.  This  little  floatin|r  plant 
occurs  in  dense  patches  on  the  surface  of  stagnant  waters.  The  leaves,  prop- 
erly fronds,  adhere  2 — 3  together,  ]  inch  in  length,  rather  thick,  and  convex 
below.  Root  undivided,  sheathed  at  the  end.  Flowers  minute,  Iroin  a  cleft  in 
the  margin  of  the  fronds,  near  the  base.     Jn. — Sept.  Lesser  Duck-meat. 

3.  L.    GIBBA. 

Fro7ids  obovate,  hemispherical  beneath,  nearly  plain  above  ;  root  •olitary. 
Floating  on  tlie  surface  of  stagnant  waters.  N.  York.  Fronds  about  a  line  in 
leno-th,  pellucid  and  reticulated  beneath.     June — Sept.       Gibbous  Duck-meat. 

4.  L.    POLYRHl'ZA. 

Fronds  broad-ovate,  a  little  convex  beneath  ;  roots  numerous.  Floating  in 
stagnant  waters.  Fronds  resembling  flax-seed  but  larger  (2 — 4  lines  long), 
scattered  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  of  a  firm,  but  succulent  texture,  becom- 
ing purplish.  Roots  in  thick  bundles  of  8—10  black  fibres  from  the  under 
surface  of  the  fronds.  All  these  species  are  eaten  by  ducks  and  other  aquatic 
birds.     June— Sept.  Greater  Duck-meat. 


ORDER  CXXXVIII.    TYPHACEiE.  '^he  Reed-mace  Tribe. 

.jfi^.—Moncccious,  arranged  upon  a  spadix  with  no  spathe. 

fW.— SepaLs  3  or  0.     Corolla  0.  • 

Sta  —3—6.     Filaments  long  and  slender.     Anthers  mmeiform,  erect. 

Ova.— I  free  1-celled,  with  a  solitary  pendulous  ovule.     6>tyl»  short.     Stig.  1—2. 

/,>,_  Utricle  with  an  albuminous  seed. 

An  order  consisting  of  the  two  following  genera  only.     They  are  herbs,  growing  in 
marshes  or  ditches.    Stems  without  joints.     Leaves  rigid,  ensiform,  with  parallel  veins. 

Genera. 

flong  and  cylindrical Ti/pka.  1 

Spadix  of  flowers  {globose Sparganium.  2 

1.    TYPHA. 
Spadix  of  flowers  long,  cylindric,  dense.     Sterile. — Stamens 
about  3  (ogether,  united   into    a    common   filament.     Fertile 
flowers  fcfelow  Ihe^  sterile;    ovary  pedicellate,  surrounded  at 
base  by  a  hair-like  pappu?. 

Gr.  rvOoi,  a  marsh  ;    where  all  the  species  grow.     Fvoot  perennial.     Spadix 
terminal.     Fls.  very  numerous. 

T.  latifo'lia. 

Leaves  ensiform,  concave  within  near  the  base  ;  sterile  and  fertile  spikes 
close  together,  or  a  little  remote.  A  common,  smooth,  tall  inhabitant  of  the 
water  in  muddy  pools  and  ditches.  The  stem  arises  from  3  to  ;">  feet,  round 
and  smooth,  leafy  below,  terminated  by  the  large  cylindric  spikes.  Spikes  of 
a  brown  color,  (j — 10  inches  in  length,  composed  of  slender,  downy  flowers 
so  compact,  particularly  the  fertile  ones,  as  to  be  of  considerable  hardness. 
The  upper  portion  is  smaller,  composed  of  the  sterile  flowers.  Leaves  some- 
what sword-shaped,  erect,  2—4  feet  long  and  nearly  an  inch  wide.  They 
are  called  flao-s  and  made  useful  for  weaving  the  seals  of  chairs,  &c.  July. 
"  Cat-tail.     Reed-mace. 


WAIADACE^. 


367  SPARGANIITM. 


/3.  angustifolia,  (T.  anofustifolia.  authors) ;  sterile  and  fertile  spikes  a  little 
remote  (4 — 2  inches).  Found  in  the  same  situations  with  the  former.  A 
well  marked  variety,  but  differing  only  in  the  more  slender  habit,  and  less 
complete  development  of  its  parts. 

2.     SPARGA'NIUM. 

Spadix  of  flowers  globose.  Sterile. — Calyx  3 — Gsepaled. 
Ferlile. — Calyx  3 — G-sepaled  ;  utricle  turbinate,  acuminate, 
1  —  2-seeded. 

Gr.  o-Tragyavov,  a  band  or  fillet;  in  reference  to  the  long,  ribbon-like  leaves. 
Root  perennial.  Fls  collected  in  several  dense,  roundish  heads,  the  sterile 
heads  above  the  fertile. 

1.  S.    RAMO'SUM. 

Leaves  triangular  at  base,  their  sides  concave ;  common  flower-stalks 
branched  ;  stigmas  2,  linear.  Grows  in  pools  and  ditches  where  it  is  con- 
spicuous among  other  reedy  plants  for  its  globular  burrs  of  flowei-s.  Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  flexuous,  round,  with  a  few  branches  above.  Leaves  ^ — 2 
feet  long,  4 — 8  lines  wide,  linear,  arising  above  the  stem,  triangular  towards 
the  base,  and  svvord-forni  upwards,  tapering,  but  obtuse.  Heads  of  flowers 
light  green  ;  fertile  ones  2 — -5,  the  lowest  generally  raised  on  a  short,  axillary 
stalk  ;  sterile  ones  above,  more  numerous,  smaller,  sessile.  Aug.     Burr  Reed. 

2.  S.    SIMPLEX.      Smith.  S.  Americana.  J^utt. 
Loic(r  leaves  eqnal  with,  or  exceeding  the  stem  which  is  nearly  simple; 

floral  ones  concdiVC  at  base  and  erect;  stigma  always  simple,  ovate  oblong, 
oblique,  scarcely  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  style.  Ponds  and  lakes. 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  simple  or  divided  ai  base.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  1  —2^ 
feet  long,  carinate  at  base.  Ferlile  heads  mostly  sessile,  generally  3,  below 
the  several  barren  ones.     Scarcely  distinct  from  the  preceding.     Aug. 

Simple  Burr  Reed. 

3.  S.    NATANS.      Smith.  S.  angustifolium.  Mx. 
Leaves  floating,  flat;  cnmmonjloirer-stalk  s\mp]e;  ^iiVma  ovate,  very  short; 

head  of  .sterile  flo2/^ers  subsolitary.  Lakes  and  pools.  Stem  long  and  slender, 
and,  with  the  leaves,  floating  upon  the  surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  thin  and 
pellucid.  Heads  of  fertile  flowers  axillary ,  generally  2,  mostly  sessile.  Sterile 
cluster  terminal.     Aug.  Floating  Burr  Reed. 


ORDER  CXXXIX.    N.AIADACE.E.  The  Pond-wecd  Tribe. 

Fh- — Perfect  or  monercinus.     Calyx  2 — 4-sepaled  or  0. 

Sta. — Definite.     Ovaries.  ],  or2 — 4,  free,  l-ovuled.     Sii^ma  simple,  often  sessile. 
Fr. — Dry,  inclehiscent,  l-eelled,  ]-seeded      Spcrf  pendulous.     AlbumenO. 
Water  plants,  with  cellular  leaves  and  inconspicuous  flowers. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

( solitary,  diclinous,  monandrous.  .        Aajas.             2 

fO.     Flowers  axillary,  I  2  together,  a  sterile  and  fertile  one.  .     7.annicheUia.  3 

J  short,  S-flowered,  borne  on  a  long,  tortuous  peduncle.       .  .        li'ippia.          4 

1  linear,  bearing  the  monoecious  flowers  in  a  double  row.       .  .     Zostera.           1 

Spadix  [cylindric,  covered  with  perfect,  tetramerous  flowers.        .  .        rotamogeton.5 


HAIADACEf.  S68  ZANNICHELLIA. 

1.    ZOSTE'RA. 

Spadix  linear,  bearing  Ihe  separated  flowers  in  2  rows  on 
one  side;  perianth  0.  Sterile Jl. — Anther  ovoid,  sessile,  par- 
allel to  the  ovary.  Fertile  Jl. — Ovaries  2,  ovoid  ;  style  bifid  ; 
utricle  1 -seeded. 

Gr.  ^uc-rtiS^,  a  girdle ;  alluding  to  its  ribbon-like  leaves. 
Z.  mari'na. 

S^ew  trailing,  throwing  out  tufts  of  fibrous  roots  at  the  joints;  hranchts 
floating,  simple  ;  tcaves  alternate,  linear,  entire,  sheathing  at  base,  1 — several 
feet  in  length;  receptacle  or  spadix  linear,  flat,  pale  green,  2  inches  long, 
issuing  from  a  cleft  in  the  base  of  the  leaf,  covered  in  front  with  a  double 
series  of  naked  flowers.  Habits  aquatic,  growing  in  the  sea  on  sandy  banks 
and  shallows,  and  is  thence  washed  upon  the  shore  by  tlie  waves.  Like  other 
sea-weeds,  it  is  gathered  for  manure.    Aug.  Per.    Sea  Wrack- grass.  Eel-grass. 

2.     NAJAS. 

Flowers  often  dioecious.     Sterile. — Calyx  cylindric,  2-cleft; 

stanaen  1    (rarely  more) ;    filament  slender,  often  elongated; 

anther    4-valved,    valves  spreading.      Fertile. — Perianlli  0; 

style  filiform;  stigma  2 — 3-fid  ;  capsule  1-sceded. 

Gr.  vu(o,  to  flow  ;  hence  Nats,  or  NaiSf«,  Nymphs  of  the  waters,  after 
whom  these  little  plants,  for  their  habit,  were  named.     Fls.  axillary. 

N.    CaNADE'NSIS.      L.       Cauliniaflexilis.  /FiW.       Fluialis  flexilis.  Per5. 

Stems  fiUform,  caespitose,  dicholomously  branching;  leaves  opposite  or 
fasciculate  in  3s,  4s  or  6s,  at  the  nodes,  linear,  obscurely  denticulate,  spread- 
ing, l-nerved.  A  slender,  flexible,  rather  erect,  submersed  aquatic,  consisting 
of  tufts  of  thread-like,  knotted  stems,  G — \2  inches  long.  Leaves  i — 1  inch 
long,  ^  line  wide,  ses.'sile  and  sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  solitary,  sessile, 
axillary,  very  small,  the  fertile  ones  consisting  of  an  oblong  ovary  tipped 
with  a  filiform  style,  with  2 — 3  stigmas  at  summit.  In  stagnant  waters. 
August.  Water  Nymph. 

/3.  (Caulinia  fragilis.  Willd.) ;  stems  and  lca7:is  rather  rigid,  the  latter  mostly 
opposite  and  recurved. 

3.    ZANNICHE'LLIA. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile. — Stamen  1  ;  filament  elon- 
gated. Fertile. — Calyx  monophyllous ;  corolla  0;  ovaries  4 
or  more,  each  with  a  single  style  and  stigma,  and  becoming  in 
fruit  an  oblong,  incurved,  subsessile  achenium. 

In  honor  of  Zannichelli,  an  eminent  botanist  of  Venice. 

Z.    PALU'STRIS. 

Sterns  filiform,  floating  ;  /rrrrrs  opposite,  linear  ;  fl7?///c7-s  4-celled  ;  stigmas 
entire  ;  aclienia  tootlied  on  tlie  back.  In  pools  and  ditclies.  Stem  round, 
smooth,  1 — 2  feet  long,  branching,  leafy.  Leaves  grass-like,  2 — 3  inches  long, 
sessile.  Flowers  issuing  from  axillary  brads,  small,  2  together,  a  sterile  and 
fertile,  the  former  consisting  of  a  single,  naked,  erect,  yellowish  brown  stamen, 
the  latter  of  4 — 6  ovaries  which  are  free  from  the  inflated,  one-sided, 
2 — 3-toothed  calyx.     July,  Aug. 


NAlADACEiE. 


369  POTAMOdETON. 


4.    RU'PPIA. 
Flowers  perfect,  2  together  on  a  spadix  arising  from  the 
sheathing  base  of  the  leaves;  perianth  0;  stamens  4,  sessile; 
ovaries    4,    pedicellate,  becoming   in  fruit  4  dry  drupes  or 
achenia. 

Name  in  honor  of  Ruppi,  a  German  botanist.     Root  perennial. 

R.  mari'tima. 

A  grass-like  plant,  in  salt  marshes,  Mass.  Stems  several  feet  long,  filiform, 
branched,  floating.  Leaves  1—2  feet  long,  linear  and  setaceous,  with  inflated 
sheaths  at  base,  all  immersed.  The  common  peduncle  is  contorted  and  spiral, 
and  by  winding  and  unwinding  bears  the  naked,  green  flowers  on  the  surface 
of  the  water  as°it  rises  or  falls.     July.  Sea  Teazel-grass. 

5.    POTAMOGE'TON. 
Flowers  perfect,  on  a  spadix  arising  from  a  spathe;  calyx 
4-sepaled;  anthers  4,  alternate  with   the  sepals;    ovaries  4  ; 
achenia  4,  sessile,  flattened  on  one  or  two  sides. 

Gr.  TFora^oi,  a  river,  yiiriov,  near.  Mostly  perennial,  submersed  aquatics, 
only  the  flowers  arising  above  the  surface  of  the  water.     Root  perennial. 

*  Upper  leaves  floating. 

1.  P.    NATANS.  P.  natans,  fluitans  and  heterophyllum  of  «MfAor5. 
Upper  leaves  long-petiolate,  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  often  subcordate  at  base, 

lower  leaves  submersed.  Ions,  membranous,  linear-lanceolate.  In  ponds  and 
sluggish  streams.  Stems  round,  branching,  6—20  inches  long  accnrdmg  to 
the  depth  ot  the  water.  Leaves  smooth,  panillel-veined,  upper  U — 3  inches 
long,  i— I  as  wide,  varyin-r  throuo-h  all  forms  between  elliptic-lanceolate  and 
cordate-ovate,  on  petioles  2—6  inches  in  length,  often  reddish,  issuing  from 
bracts  ;  lower  leaves  very  variable  in  form  and  length,  tapering  to  both  ends^ 
Peduncle  2—6  inches  long,  thick,  bearing  a  spadi.x  just  above  the  water,  1—2 
inches  long,  with  greenish  flowers.     June.  Floating  Pond-weed. 

».  upper  leaves  cordate-ovate,  lower  ones  all  petiolate. 

/3.  fliiUans  ;  upper  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  at  base,  lower  linear. 

y.heterophijllum;  upper  leaves  e\lipt\ca.\,  lower  linear.      Plant   reduced. 

2.  P.    SETA'cEUM.      p.  p.  diversifoliuni.  Bart. 
Upper  Zeaces  lanceolate,   opposite,  5-nerved,  on  short  petioles  ;  lower  ones 

submerged,  sessile,  filiform,  alternate,  dense,  axillary.  Common  in  pools  and 
ditches.  A  very  slender  and  delicate  species,  only  the  upper  leaves  arising  to 
the  surface.  These  are  6 — 10  lines  long,  1 — 2  wide,  acute  at  each  end,  on 
hair-like  petioles  5—6  lines  long.  Spadices  dense,  short,  5—6  flowered. 
July.  Setaceous  Pond-weed. 

*  *  Leaves  all  submersed. 

3.  P.    LUCENS. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  flat,  large,  the  short  petioles  continuing  in  a  thick  mid- 
rib ;  s;?j7£es  long,  cylindric,  many-flowered.  Rivers  and  lakes.  Distinguished 
for  its  large  leaves  which  are  very  pellucid,  and,  when  dry,  shining  above, 
beautifully  veined,  3 — 5  inches  long,  acuminate,  | — 1  inch  wide,  each  with 
a  lanceolate  bract  above  its  base.  Spadix  2  inches  long,  of  numerous,  green 
flowers,  on  a  peduncle  2  or  3  times  as  long,  thick  and  enlarged  upwards. 
June.    Per.  Shining  Pond-weed. 


ALISMACE^E.  S70 


4.  P.  perfolia'tum. 

Leaves  cordate,  clasping  the  stem,  uniform,  all  immersed ;  spikes  terminal ; 
flowers  alternate.  A  common  species,  growing  in  ponds  and  slow  waters, 
wholly  below  the  surface  except  the  purplish  flowers.  Stem  dichotomous, 
very  leafy,  6—10  inches  long.  Leaves  alternate,  apparently  perfoliate  near 
the  base,  1-^  inch  long,  i  as  wide,  obtuse,  pellucid.  iSpadix  on  a  short  pedun- 
cle (1—2  inches),  few-tiowered.     Ji.  Perfoliate  Pond-weed. 

5.  P.    PAUCI'FLORUM.      P.  P.  gramineum.  Jtfz. 

Stem  round,  dichotomous,  filiform  ;  leaves  linear,  alternate,  sessile  ;  fowera 
few  in  a  spadix.  A  delicate  species,  in  rivers,  &c.  Leaves  numerous,  obtuse 
tapering  to  the  stipulate  base,  2— 3  inches  long,  a  line  wide,  1-nerved,  of  a 
bright  green  color.  Peduncle  an  inch  long,  terminal,  bearing  3—5  greenish 
fls.  above  the  water,  but  ripening  the  seeds  below.       Grass-leuvcd  Pond-ioeed. 

6.  P.  pectina'tum. 

Leaves  setaceous,  parallel,  approximate,  in  2  rows ;  flowers  Tew  in  a  spike, 
scattered.  The  whole  plant  immersed  in  water  except  the  spikes,  which  are 
terminal,  composed  of  a  few,  remote,  green  flowers.  Leaves  very  numerous, 
alternate,  pointed,  1-ribbed,  so  arranged  on  2  opposite  sides  of  the  stem  as  to 
give  it  a  pectinate  appearance.     Jl.  Femiel-lcavcd  Pond-weed. 

7.  P.    COMFR'eSSUM.       Torr.  P. zosterifolium.  Sc/mm.? 
Stem  compressed,  ancipital,  flexuous;    leaves  broad-linear,   obtuse;    spike 

short,  peduncle  elongated.  A  very  distinct  species,  in  ponds  and  rivers.  Stem 
1 — 2  feet  long,  branching,  weak,  flattened,  green,  with  sheathing  stipules 
above  the  nodes.  Leaves  J — 4  inches  in  length,  2  lines  wide,  closely  sessile, 
remote,  the  margins  perfectly  parallel,  ending  in  an  abrupt  point.  Spadix 
terminal,  4 — 1  inch  long,  on  a  peduncle  1 — 2  inches  long,  and  bearing  5 — 25 
flowers.     July.  Grassy  Potamogeton. 


ORDER  CXL.    ALISMACEtE.  The  Water  Plantain  Tribe. 

Fls. — Perfect  or  monoscious,  regular,  not  on  a  spadix. 

Perianth. —  Cal.  3-sepaIed,  green.     Cor.  3-petaled,  colored  (green  in  the  suborder). 
Sta. — Definite  or  indefinite,  hypogynous. 

Ova. — Carpels  several,  1-celled  and  1-seeded.     Styles  and  ii/g^was  several. 
Pr. — Dry,  iiideliiscent.     Seerfj  straight  or  curved,  destitute  of  albumen. 
Aquatic  herbs.    Leaves  parallel-veined.     Flowers  racemose  or  paniculate. 
Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

I  Flowers  all  perfect.     Stamens  6.       .        .    Alisma.  1 

f  colored,  sepals  green.  (  Flowers  monoscious.     Stamens  indefinite.    Sagitiaria.     2 

)  (  Anthers  thick,  short.     Leaves  cauline.         Triglochin.      3 

Petals  ( green,  like  the  calyx.  \  Anthers  linear.    Leaves  all  radical.        .     Scheuchzeria.  4 

1.    A  LI'S  MA. 

F'lowers  perfect ;  stamens  6;  ovaries  and  styles  numerous, 
aggregated,  becoming  in  fruit  numerous,  distinct,  compressed 
achenia. 

Celtic  alis,  water ;    the  place  it  inhabits.    Perennial,  caulescent.     Leaves 
radical.     Flowers  paniculate.     Sepals  while. 

A.  planta'go. 

Leaves  oval,  abruptly  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  subcordate  ;  achenia  obtusely 
3-cornered.     A  common,  smooth,  handsome  inhabitant  of  ponds  and  ditches. 


ALISMACEJE.  371  SAGITTARIA. 

Leaves  resembling  those  of  the  common  plantain,  4 — 6  inches  long.  |  as  wide, 
ending  in  a  short,  abrupt  point,  7 — 9-nerved,  entire,  on  long,  radical  petioles. 
Scape  1 — 2  feet  iiigh.  Branches  of  the  panicle  verticillate,  with  bracts  at  base. 
Flowers  numerous.  Petals  3,  tinged  with  purple,  roundish,  deciduous,  larger 
than  the  green,  ovate,  persistent  sepals.     July.  IValcr  Fiantain. 

2.    SAGITTA'RIA. 

Flowers  monoecious;  sterile  with  about  24  stamens;  fertile 
witli  numerous  ovaries  aggregated,  and  becoming,  in  fruit,  as 
many  compressed,  margined  achenia  collected  into  a  globose 
head. 

Lat.  sagiUa,  an  arrow ;  from  the  peculiar  form  of  the  leaf.  Perennial, 
acaulescent.  Lvs.  radical,  generally  sagittate.  Fis.  in  verticels  of  3,  the  sterile 
ones  near  the  summit  of  the  scape,  fertile  below  them. 

1.  S.  sagittifo'lia. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sagittate,  lobes  lanceolate,  acute.  A  curious 
aquatic  plant,  conspicuous  with  its  large  white  flowers  among  the  rushes  and 
sedges  of  si  uogish  waters.  Root  fleshy  and  farinaceous.  LeavesS — 10  inches 
long  including  the  lobes  wliich  are  neatly  half  this  length,  ^—4  or  5  inches 
wide,  smooth  and  entire.  Scape  1 — 2  feet  high,  branching,  obtusely  3-angled. 
Flowers  generally  in  3s,  the  upper  ones  barren.  Petals  3,  large,  roundish, 
while  and  very  delicate.  July.  Aug.  The  leaves,  &c.,  are  exceedingly 
variable,  and  Dr.  Torrey  has  appended  the  following,  as  varieties  : 

/i.  bitifulla  ;  leaves  broad-ovate,  rather  obtuse,  with  straight,  ovate,  slightly 
acuminate  lobes. 

y.  hastala  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  with  spreading,  lanceolate,  long, 
acuminate  lobes;  flowers  inoslly  dioecious. 

3.  graciis ;  leaves  linear,  with  linear,  very  long,  acute  and  spreading  lobes. 

£.  pvbesccns;  piani  distinctly  pubescent,  in  all  its  parts;  icares  and  their 
lobes  ovate.  Arroio-kead. 

2.  S.    Kl'oiDA. 

Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  carinate,  rigid,  very  acute  at  both  ends;  scape 
branching.  N.  Yorli.  Growing  in  watereven  to  the  depth  of  7  feet,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Beck.  Leaves  remarkably  dissimilar  to  those  of  the  foregoing 
species,  5 — 6  inches  in  length,  one  in  width,  thick  and  brittle,  and  on  stout, 
rigid  petioles,  prolonged  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water.  Flowers 
numerous  and  large,  with  3,  white,  rounded  petals ;  fertile  ones  on  short 
peduncles.     July.  BriuU-ltaved  SagiUaria. 

3.  S.  iieterophy'lla. 

Leaves  smootli,  linear  and  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  rarely  some  of 
them  elliptical  and  sagittate,  with  lobes  linear  and  divaricate;  sc/ipe  simple, 
fevir-flowered,  fertile  flowers  subsessile.  Muddy  shores.  Leaves  2 — 4  inches 
long,  ^  as  wide,  on  petioles  rather  longer  than  the  scape  which  is  seldom  a 
foot  high.  Flowers  few,  tiie  three  lower  ones  fertile  and  very  nearly  sessile, 
all  with  roundish  bracts  at  base.    July. 

4.  S.  acutifo'lia. 

Leaves  subulate,  sheathed  at  base,  conve.x  on  the  back  ;  scape  simple,  few- 
flowered  ;  //r«c«i^  broad,  acuminate.  Muddy  shores.  Mass.  N.York.  Leaves 
very  small  (I — 2  inches  long),  thick  and  concave,  on  long,  round, sheathing 
petioles.     Scape   simple,  half  a  foot  high.     Flowers  few,  pedunculate,  in 


alismaceje.  872  schedchzeria. 

..Jl^        whorls  of  3,  as   in  other  species.      Barren  flowers   with  12 — 15    stamens. 
Petals  roundish,  white.     Aug. 

5.   S.   pusi'lla.      Kvit.  Alisma  subulata. 

Petioles  (leaves?)  short,  linear,  obtuse,  summits  only  foliaceous ;  scape 
simple,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers  few,  fertile  one  solitary,  deflexed ; 
stamens  mostly  7.  A  dimmutive  species  on  muddy  banks.  Leaves  rarely 
subulate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  less  than  a  line  wide.  Scape  2 — 4  inches  high. 
Flowers  4 — 7,  the  lowest  one  only  fertile.     Aug. 

Suborder.   JUNCAGINE^. 

Sepals  and  petals  both  herbaceous  (green),  or  0.    Stamens  6.     Ovaries  3  or  6,  coherent, 

ovules  1 — 2  in  each  carpel.     Seeds  erect,  with  the  embryo  straight.      Herbaceous,  bog 

plants.     Leaves  ensiform.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes. 

3.    TRIGLO'CHIN. 

Sepals  and  petals  concave,  deciduous,  the  former  inserted 
a  litlle  below  the  latter ;  stamens  6,  very  short ;  anthers  large, 
extrorse;  ovaries  1-ovuled  ;  stigmas  adnate;  fruit  clavate, 
composed  of  3 — G  united,  indehiscent,  1-seeded  carpels. 

Gr.  Tgis  three,  y^'>>X,n,  a  corner ;  for  the  three-angled  fruit.  Root  peren- 
nial.    Leaves  grass-like,  all  radical. 

1.  T.  mari'timum. 

Fruit  ovate-oblong,  grooved,  of  G  united  carpels ;  scape  longer  than  the 
leaves.  A  rush-like  plant  in  salt  marshes  and  ditches  on  the  sea-coast  and  at 
Salina,  N.  Y.,  &c.  Leaves  linear,  seniicylindric,  smooth,  thick,  6 — 12  inches 
long,  less  than  a  line  wide.  Scape  obtusely  angled,  simple,  9 — 18  inches 
long,  beating  a  long  raceme  of  30 — 40  green  flowers  on  pedicels  1 — 2  lines 
long.  Fruit  separating  into  6  linear  carpels,  each  containing  a  linear  seed. 
The  plant  has  a  sweetish  taste,  and  cattle  are  fond  of  it.   Jl.     Sea  Arrow-grass. 

2.  T.    PALU'STRE. 

Fruit  nearly  linear,  of  3  united  carpels ;  scape  scarcely  longer  than  the 
leaves.  In  marshes,  Salina,  N.  Y.  Leaves  very  numerous,  fleshy,  smooth, 
very  narrow.  Scape  G — 12  inches  high,  ending  in  a  laceme  with  rather  re- 
mote, very  small,  green  flowers  on  pedicels  2 — 3  lines  long.  The  slender 
fruit  is  attenuated  at  base,  obtuse  at  apex,  grooved  and  margined,  consisting 
of  3  very  slender  carpels.     July.  Marsh  Arroio-grass. 

4.    SCHEUCHZE'RIA. 

Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  acute,  persistent ;  stamens  6,  with 
linear  anthers  ;  stigmas  sessile,  lateral;  ovaries  1 — 2-ovuIed  5 
capsules  inflated,  compressed,  2-valved,  1  —  2-seeded. 

In  honor  of  the  Scheuchzers,  two  brothers,  distinguished  botanists.  Root 
perennial.     Leaves  cauline,  linear,  sheathing  at  base. 

S.    PALU'STRIS. 

A  rush-like  plant,  in  swamps.  Vt.  N.York.  Rootstock  horizontal,  fleshy. 
Stem  about  a  foot  high,  simple,  angular.  Leaves  seniicylindric,  4 — G  inches 
long,  in  the  barren  shoots  much  longer,  sheathing  at  base.  Raceme  terminal, 
5 — 8-flowered.  Flowers  yellowish  green,  on  short  pedicels,  each  axillary  to  a 
bract.     Stamens  large,  exserted, erect.     July.  Flowering  Rush. 


ORCHIDACE^.  873  VALLISNERIA. 


ORDER  CXLI.  HYDROCHARlDACEiE.       The  Fros-bu  Trite. 

JFls. — DicBcious  or  perfect,  issuing  from  a  spathe. 

Perianth. — Sepals  3,  iierbaceous.     Petals  3,  colored. 

Sta. — Definite  or  indefinite,  epigynous. 

Ova. — Adiierenl  to  the  perianth,  single.     Stigmas3 — 6.     Ovules  indefinite. 

2>. — Dry  or  succulent,  indehiscent,  1  or  more-celled.     Seeds  without  alljumen. 

A  small  order  of  floating  plants.  Leaves  parallel-veined.  Native  of  Europe,  Nonh 
America  and  the  East  Indies.     Of  no  imponant  use. 

Genera. 
Leaves  short  and  verticillatc.     Flowers  axillar>\  solitary.        .        .        .         Vdora.         1 
Leaves  long,  linear,  radical.     Flowers  elevated  on  long  scapes.    .        .        .     Vatlisneria.  2 

1 .    U  D  O'  R  A  . 
Flowers  dioecious;  spathe  bitid  ;  spadix    l-flowered.     Ster- 
ile.— Stamens  9,  3  of  them   interior.     Fertile. — Tube  of  the 
perianth  very  long;  abortive  filaments  3;  capsule  ventricose, 
3-seedcd. 

Gr.  iidcog,  water ;  from  its  aquatic  habits.     Creeping.     Leaves  verticillate. 

U.  C.ANADE'NSIS.  Nutt.  Elodea  Canadensis.  JVfc.  Serpicula  veniciliata.  .n/a/i. 
Leaves  verticillate,  in  3s  and  4s,  lanceolate,  oblong  or  linear,  serrulate  ; 
tube  of  the  perianth  dWfoTm.  Resembling  a  coarse  moss,  in  still  waters.  Stem 
filiform,  diffusely  diciiotomous,  very  leafy,  submersed.  Leaves  ^ — ^-  inch 
long,  about  .V  line  wide,  thin  and  diaplianous,  sessile,  obtuse.  Flowers 
axillary,  solitary,  minute,  of  a  dingy  wliite,  the  slender  tube  about  as  long  as 
the  leaves.     Aug.  Ditch  .Muss. 

2.     VALLISNE'RI  A. 
Flowers  dioecious  ;    spatlie   ovate,  2 — 4-parted.     Sterile. — 
Spadi.x  covered  with   minute  floweis;    corolla  0.     Fertile. — 
Spathe  bifid,   l-flowcred;  perianth  elongated  ;  sepals  linear; 
stigmas  3,  ovale,  bifid;  capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

In  honor  of  Anthony  Vallisneri,  a  Frencli  botanist.  Submersed,  perennial. 
Lv3.  all  radical.     Scape  spiral,  very  long. 

V.  America'na. 

Leaves  linear,  obtuse,  serrulate  at  the  end,  tapering  at  the  base,  floating  ; 
peduncle  of  the  fertile  Jlowcr  long,  of  the  sterile  short,  erect.  A  curious  plant 
m  slow  moving  or  stagnant  waters.  Leaves  linear,  1 — 2  feet  long,  about  i 
inch  wide,  the  edges  tiiiiiner  than  the  middle.  Scapes  several,  of  the  sterile 
plants  short,  of  the  fertile  plants  very  tortuous,  2 — 4  feet  long  when  extended, 
thread-like,  thickened  at  top,  bearing  each  a  single,  white  floivcr  at  or  near 
the  surface.  Sep.ils  and  petals  crowning  the  (1  inch)  long,  narrow,  incurved 
ovary  which  is  half  concealed  in  the  spathe.     Jl.     Aug.  Tape  Gruss. 


ORDER  CXLIll.   ORCHIDACEiE.  The  Orchis  Tribe. 

P!s. — Very  irregular,  with  an  adherent,  ringent  perianth  of  G  parts. 
Cat. — Sepals  3,  usually  colored,  odd  one.  nnnermnstby  the  twisting  of  the  ovary. 
Gv. — Pctnls  3,  u;ually  colored,  odd  one  lowest  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary. 
1-ip. — {Lafellum,  or  lowest  petal)  diverse  in  form.ol'ien  lobe  1,  trequeiitly  spurred  at  base. 
Sta. — 3,  united  i  ito  a  central  column,  the  2  lateral  ones  srenerally  abortive,  and  the  eectral 
one  perfect;  more  rarely,  the  cei.tral  abortive  and  lateral  perfect. 
GG 


orchidace;e.  374 


Aiith. — ^2,  4  or  S-celled,  persistent  or  deciduous,  often  operculate. 

Pol. —  Kither  powder)-,  or  cohering  in  waxy  masses  (poW/ira),  which  are  either  constantly 

adhering  to  a  gland,  or  becoming  loose  in  their  cells. 
Ova. — l-ccUed,  withJJ  parietal  placentte.     Ovules  indefinite. 

Sty. — Consolidated  with  the  stamens.     Stig.  a  viscid  cavity  in  front  of  the  column. 
Fr. — Capsule  3-ribbed,  3-valved.     Sch.  many,  without  albumen. 

An  extensive  order,  embracing  not  less  than  1500  species.  They  are  among  the  most 
interesting  and  curious  of  plants,  almost  always  remarkable  for  the  grotesque  form  of  their 
tortuous  roots  and  stems,  and  the  fragrance,  brilliancy  and  odd  structure  of  the  flowers. 
They  are  all  perennial  herbs,  often  acaulesceul,  with  fleshy  conns,  or  tuberous,  fasciculated 
roots.  Leaves  simple,  parallel-veined,  entire.  Flowers  in  terminal,  or  radical  racemes, 
spikes  or  panicles,  rarely  solitary. 

The  Orchidacea;  are  natives  of  every  part  of  the,  world.  In  the  tropics  multitudes  of 
them  are  epiphytes,  growing  on  living  trees  or  decaying  timber. 

This  order  is  remarkable  lor  those  qualities  only, 'which  please  the  eye.  Many  of  its 
species  are  cultivated  tor  ornament,  but  few  of  them  possess  either  active  or  useful  proper- 
tics.  The  sakp  of  commerce  is  a  nutritive,  mucilaginous  substance  aflorded  by  the  roots  of 
some  Asiatic  Orchis.  The  aromatic  vanilla,  used  to  flavor  chocolate,  &c.,islhe  fruit  of  the 
West  Indian  Vanilla  claviculata. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

( ca\iline.  Microstylis.  1 

Leaf        I  ovate,     (radical.  Aplectrum.  4 

solitary,  I  en.siform  (rarelyi).  Calopogon.  11 

Leaves   j  near  base  of  stem.  Liparis.  2 

2  only,     (  near  nuddle  of  stem. /-ufcra.  14 

\  radical.  (  ringent.  Goodyrra.  13 

Flowers     Leaves    <  Sepals   (  erect.  SpiranthfS.  12 

;everal.   (^several,  (  cauline.  Fls.3or4.  Tiiphorn.  10 

■  SpurO.  .  .  .  (  Flower  solitary,  lip  bearded  within.  Fugonia.  9 

I                                          J  PoUinia  2.     Fls.  bracteale.  Orckis.  7 

(  Fertile  ]  Lip  spnr-     (  flattish.    (PoUinia  4.     Fls.  bractless.  Tipularia.  t> 

Leaves  1  <  anth.  1.  [  red  at  base,  )  ventricose.     Flower  and  leaf  solitar)'.  Ctihrpso.  5 

or  more.    (  Anthers  2  fertile,  middle  one  sterile,  pclaloid.     Lip  saccate.  Cirj>rip(/lium.  15 

(  Plants  green.     Flowers  solitary.     Lip  bearded  within.      .  ArtthiiM.  8 

Leaves  0.  (  Plants  destitute  of  green  herbage.     Flowers  racemose.         .  Corallurkizn.  3 

§  Pollen  cohering  in  grains  ivhich  finally  become  waxy,  and  are  definite 
in  number. 

1.    MICRO'STYLIS. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  distinct,  petals  filiform;  lip  ses- 
sile, concave,  erect,  truncate  and  bidentate  at  summit ;  column 
minute;  pollinia  4,  loose. 

Gr.  jw.tx.go5,  little,  aTv'Koij  style  ;  alluding  to  the  slender  column. 

1.  M.    ORPHIOGLOSSOI'dES.      Niitt.       iMalaxis  orph.  IFfflrf.       M.  unifolia.  illi. 
ictt/"  solitary,  ovate,  ample.vicaul ;    stem  S-angled;    raceme  short,  obtuse, 

capitate  ;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  t^owers.  A  small  plant,  in  swamps, 
&c.  Stem  5 — 9  inches  high,  with  a  single  leaf  a  little  below  the  middle. 
This  leaf  is  rather  acute,  smooth,  ovate  or  oval,  about  2:^  inches  in  length,  1 
in  width.  At  the  base  of  the  stem,  is  an  abrupt  sheath,  flowers  whitish, 
minute,  numerous,  in  a  terminal  raceme  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  dense  at 
top.     Bracts  minute.     Pedicels  about  4  lines  long.     June. 

2.  M.    BFt.\CIIY'PODA.       Gray.  M.  monophyllus.    JVilld. 
Lcfff  solit:iry;  raceme  subspicate,  slender,  elongated  ;  fioioers  as  long  as  the 

pedicels  ;  lateral  petals  refracted  ;  lip  triangular-hastate,  cucuUate,  acumi- 
nate.    N.  York.    July. 

2.     LIPA'RIS. 

Segments  of  llie  perianth  distinct,  sublinear,  spreading  or 
deflexed  ;   lip  spreading,  flat,  ascending,  often  exterior  ;  col- 


0«CHIDACF.JE. 


375  APLKCTEUM. 


umn  winged;  pollinia  4,  parallel  with  each  other,  without 
pedicels  or  glands. 

Gr.  XiTragos,  elegant,  shining  ;  a  term  cliaracteristic  of  these  plants. 

1.  L.    LILIFO'LIA.      Rich.  Malaxis  lilifolia.  Sic. 
Leaves  2,  ovate-lanceolate  ;  scape  triangular  ;  ifincr  petals  filiform,  reflexed  : 

lip  concave,  obovate,  acute  at  the  tip.  Leaves  radical,  3—6  inches  long,  ^ — i 
as  wide,  rather  acute,  tapering  into  a  sheatiiing  base.  Scape  about  6  inches 
high.  Flowers  10—20,  in  a  terminal,  rather  showy  raceme.  Pedicels  near  an 
inch  in  length.  The  3  sepals  greenish-white,  linear.  2  upper  petals  capil- 
lary, vellowTsh  white.  Lip  much  larger  than  the  other  petals,  white.  In 
woods  and  swamps.     June.  Tway-hlade. 

2.  L.    LcESE'LII.      Rich.  L.  Correana.  Spr.       Malaxis  Loeseiii.  Sw. 
Leaws  2,    ovate-oblong,  obtuse,    plicate,  shorter   than    the  few-flowered 

racemes  ;  scape  angular  ;  lij)  ovate,  entire  ;  sepals  and  petals  linear,  subequal. 
About  half  as  large^as  the  preceding,  in  moist  meadows  and  fields.  Leaves 
o_3  inches  long,  about  1  wide,  obtuse  or  acute,  sheathing  at  base.  Scape 
3—5  inches  high.  Flowers  about  6,  appressed  to  the  rachis,  in  a  thin  raceme. 
Pedicels  about  2  lines  in  length.  Sepals  and  petals  greenish  white.  Ovaries 
clavate,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.     June. 

3.    CORALLORHI'ZA. 
Segments  of  the  perianth   nearly  equal,  converging;  lip 
produced  behind  ;  spur  short  and  adnate  to  the  ovary  ;  column 
free  ;  pollinia  4,  oblique  (not  parallel). 

Gr.  KOgaXXioi/.  coral,  qI^cc,  a  root ;  on  account  of  its  branched  roots  which 
much  resemble  coral.     Plants  leafless.     Scape  sheathed. 

1.  C.    ODONTORHl'ZA.      Mitt.  C.  innata.  5r. 
£'/>  undivided,  oval,  obtuse,  crenulate,  spotted  ;    spur   obsolete,  adnate  to 

the  ovary  ;  cnpsute  subglobose.  A  singular  plant,  with  no  leaves  or  green 
herbage,  inhabiting  old  woods.  The  root  is  a  collection  of  small,  fleshy  tubes 
articulated  and  branched  much  like  coral.  Scape  9 — 14  inches  high,  rather 
fleshy,  striate,  smooth,  invested  with  a  few,  long,  purplish  brown  sheaths. 
Flowers  15—25,  in  a  long  spike,  of  a  brownish  green.  Lip  white,  generally 
with  purple  spots.     Capsules  large,  reflexed,  strongly  ribbed.     July,  Aug. 

/3.  (C.  innata.  JVutt.) ;  lip  white,  without  spots.  More  delicate  and  slender 
than  the  variety  a.     Flowers  fev/er  (7—10).  Dragon  s-claw.     Coral-root. 

2.  C.  multiflo'ra.     Kutt. 

.Scape  many-flowered  ;  /j'/)  cuneate-oval,  spotted,  3-parted,  the  middle  lobe 
recurved,  lateral  ones  short  and  tooth-like  ;  spur  conspicuous,  adnate  ;  capsule 
elliptic-obovoid.  In  woods,  growing  on  the  roots  of  trees.  N.  H.  Common. 
Root  coralline.  Scape  10— lo  inches  high,  leafless,  brownish  purple,  sheathed 
with  a  few  bracts.  Flowers  larger  than  in  the  other  species,  15 — 20,  erect, 
spreading,  on  a  long  raceme.  Lip  showy,  3—4  lines  long,  white,  sprinkled 
with  purple  spots.  Spur  yellowish,  conspicuous,  but  short  and  adnate  to  the 
ovary.     July.  Flowering  Coral-root. 

4.    APLE'CTRUM. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  distinct,  nearly  equal,  converg- 
ing;   lip  unguiculate,  not  produced  at  base;    column  free; 
anther  a  little  below  the  apex;  pollinia 4,  oblique,  lenticular. 


ORCHIDACEJE. 


376 


Gr.  u,  privative,  7rXi)jtTgoi/,  a  spur  ;  the  lip  being  without  a  spur. 

A.    HVE'MALE.      A''utt.  Cymbidium  hycmale. 

Lei-// solitary,  radical,  petiolate,  ovate,  striate;  lip  irlfid,  obtuse,  with  the 
palate  ridged.  A  fine  plant,  in  woods.  Root  bearing  large,  roundish, 
mucilaginous  tubers.  Leaf  ratlier  elliptic  than  ovate,  4 — 5  inches  long,  i — ^ 
as  wide,  twice  as  lono-  as  the  petiole  which  arises  from  the  summit  of  the 
tuber  a  short  distance  fiom  the  scape.  Scape  arising  from  beneath  the  tuber, 
about  a  foot  high,  invested  with  2 — 3  sheaths.  Flowers  resembling  those  of 
Corallorhiza,  brownish  purple,  erect,  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Lip  dilated  near 
the  end.    Caps,  large, smooth,  nodding.    My.,Jn.     Adam- and- Eve.  Putty-root. 

5.     CALY'PSO. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  ascendinji,  second ;    lip  ventri- 
cose,    spurred    beneath    near   the   end;    column    petaioidj 
polhnia  4. 

Named  for  the  goddess  Calypso  (Gr.  KaXvvrrco,  to  conceal). 

C.  BULBO'SA.  Salisb.  C.  Americana  Br.  C.  borealis.  7*.  Cypripediuip.i. 
ica/ solitary,  radical,  broad-ovate,  nerved  ;  lip  narrowed  and  subunguicu- 
late  at  base  ;  spvr  bifid,  longer  tlian  the  lip,  with  acute  teeth  ;  peduncle,  longer 
than  the  ovary.  This  rare  and  beautiful  plant  is  found  in  Vt.,  and  is  said  to 
be  also  in  the  northern  part  of  IS.  H.  Scane  ()— S  inches  high,  sheathed, 
bearincr  a  single,  purplish  flower  at  top,  as  large  as  that  of  a  Cypripedium. 
Leaf  petiolate,  ij — 3  inches  in  diameter,  subcordate  at  base. 

6.    TIPULA'RIA. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  spiithulate,  spreading  ;  lip  entire, 
sessile,  conspicuously  spurred  at  base  ;  column  wingless,  free; 
anther  operculate,  persistent-,  poUinia4,  parallel. 

Tipula,  the  crane-fly  ;  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flowers. 

T.    DI'SCOLOR.      J\futt.  Orchis.  P.      Limodorum  unifolium.  Muk. 

A  slender,  green-flowered  plant,  resembling  a  Corallorhiza,  growing  in  pine 
woods,  Vt.  Root  bulbous.  Leaf  solitary,  petiolate,  ovate,  plaited,  smooth^ 
and  longitudinally  nerved.  Flowers  minute,  greenish  white,  nodding,  in  a 
terminal  raceme  destitute  of  bracts.     July. 

§  §  Pollen  cohering  in  loaxy  masses,  which  are  pedicellnte,  with  glands  at  the 

base  oj  the  pedicels.     Jinthtrs  of  2  distinct,  vertical  cells. 

7.    ORCHIS. 

Perianth   ringent,  the  upper  sepal  vaulted  ;    lip  entire  or 

lobed,  produced  at  base  into  a  spur  which  is  distinct  from  the 

ovary;  anther  terminal ;  pollinia  2,  adnate,  pedicellate. 

The  Greek  name  of  these  plants.     Flowers  racemose  or  spicate. 
*  Lip  broad,  entire.     Glands  of  the  pedicels  of  the  poUiuia  enclosed.     Orchis  vera. 
1.    0.    SPECTABILIS. 

Leaves  about  2,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape  ;  lip  obovate,  undivided,  crenate, 
retuse  ;,  segments  of  the  perianth  straight,  the  lateral  ones  longer  ;  spur  clavate, 
shorter  than  the  ovary,  hrncts  longer  than  the  flower.  This  pretty  little  plant 
is  found  in  shady  woods  and  thickets,  among  rocks,  «&,c.     Root  fasciculate. 


ORCHIDACE^.  377 


Leaves  few,  radical,  ovate,  3 — 6  inches  long,  i — ^  as  wide.  Scape  4 — G 
inches  high,  acutely-angled,  with  a  lanceolate,  acute  bract  and  3 — 5  large, 
showy  flowers.  Segments  of  the  perianth  purple,  ovate-lanceolate.  Lip  and 
spur  white  or  whitish,  each  about  6  lines  long.    May,  Jn.  Showy  Orchis. 

*  *■  Lip  narrow,  entire.     Cells  of  the  anther  widely  separated  at  base  by  the  broad,  inter- 

posed stigma.     Glands  of  the  pedicels  of  the  poUinia  naked.     Plataxthera. 

2.  O.    ORBICULA'TA.      p.  Platanthera.  LimU. 
Leaves  2,  radical,  suborbicular,  rather  fleshy  ;  scape  bracteate  ;  upper  sepals 

orbicular,  lateral  ones  ovate  ;  lip  linear-subspathulate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals;  spur  arcuate,  compressed,  clavate,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.  A 
remarkable  plant,  not  uncommon  in  old  woods  and  in  tiiickets,  N.  11.,  Vt., 
tV^c.  Leaves  lying  flat  upon  the  ground,  3 — 6  inches  in  diameter,  rather 
inclining  to  oval  or  ovate  with  the  apex  acute.  Scape  1 — 2  feet  high,  sheathed 
with  a  few  bracts,  bearing  a  raceme  of  numerous,  greenish  white  flowers. 
Lip  § — 1  inch  long,  ^ — 1  line  wide.     Spur  1^ — 2  inches  long.     July. 

3.  0.    Hoo'keRI.       Torr.  Platanthera.  Lindl. 
Leaves  2,  radical,  suborbicular,  fleshy  ;    scape  naked  ;    upper  sepal  ovate, 

lateral  ones  lanceolate,  reflexed  ;  lip  lanceolate,  acuminate,  a  little  longer  than 
sepals;  .s^^w/- subulate,  arcuate,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Woods.  Very 
nearly  allied  to  the  former  species.  Leaves  more  fleshy  and  frequently  per- 
fectly orbicular,  3 — 4  inches  in  diameter.  Scape  general!)'  without  a  bract 
and  perfectly  smooth,  10 — 15  inches  high.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  close, 
straigjit   raceme,  greenish  white,  more  slender  in  all  their  p.uts.     June. 

4.  0.    HYPERBO'REA.     L.     O.  dilatata  &  1-Iuronensis.  S/vcn§-.     Platanthera.  iHirf?. 

Stem  leafy  ;  leaves  very  erect,  acute  ;  spike  somewhat  secund  ;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  longer  tlian  the  flower  ;  sepals  deflexed  ;  petals  and  lip 
linear,  obtuse,  subequal,  and  about  as  long  as  the  pendulous,  obtuse  spur.  A 
tall,  leafy,  variable  species,  found  in  mountainous  woods  and  open  meadows. 
Stems  thick,  2  or  3,  or  even  4  feet  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  4 — 7  inches  long, 
i — H  inch  wide.  Flowers  greenish  in  shades,  nearly  white  in  open  situa- 
tions, forming  a  long,  more  or  less  dense  spike.     Julj'.  Giant  Orchis. 

/3.  leaves  lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate  ;  spikes  long,  cylindric  ;  bracts  as 
long  as  the  flowers  ;  lip  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse. 

y.  loicer  leaves  more  dWdXcd.  dipper  ones  grns%-Vike ;  spike  loose,  slender; 
lip  ovate-lanceolate,  the  length  of  the  incurved  spur. 

5.  0.    OBTUSA'TA.      p.  Habenaria.  Rich.      Platanthera.  Lindl. 
ie«/ solitary,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse;    stem  bearing  the  leaf  near  its  base; 

spike  loose  ;  upper  sepal  broadest :  petals  subtriangular  ;  lip  linear,  entire, 
with  2  tubercles  at  base,  as  long  as  the  arcuate,  acute  spur.  Found  in  muddy 
ponds  and  ditches.  N.  H.  Stem  slender,  angular,  G — 8  inches  high,  termi- 
nating in  a  thin  spike  of  about  a  dozen  small,  greenish  white  flowers.  Leaf 
tapering  at  base,  and  usually  obtuse  at  the  summit,  2 — 3  inches  in  length  and 
1  in  breadth,  issuing  with  the  stem  from  2 — 3  radical,  sheathing  bracts.     Jl. 

*  ♦  *  Lip  dilated,  variously  divided.     Glands  of  the  pedicels  of  the  polliiiia  naked,  distinct. 

Habenaeia.     t  Lip  toothed  or  3-pained,not  fimbriate. 

6.  0.    FLAVA.    L.      O.  herbiola.  i?r.    Habenaria.  jRic/(.    Platanthera.  Zui<//. 
Stem  leafy  ;  lower  leaves  oblong,  acute,  upper  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;    spike 

rather  dense,  cylindric  ;  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  lip  oblong,  obtuse, 
dentate  at  base  ;  palate  with  1  tuberculate  tooth  ;  spur  filiform,  rather  shorter 
than  the  sessile  ovary.  A  small-flowered  orchis  found  in  alluvial  soil.  Stem 
flexuous,  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  about  3,  with  long  sheaths,  3 — (i  or  7 
inches  long,  J — 2  inches  wide,  tapering  to  aa  acute  summit.  Flowers  in  a 
GG* 


OBCHIDACEJE.  373 


long,  thin  spike.  Sepals  short,  ovate,  green.  Petals  yellowish.  Upper 
bracts  about  as  long  as  the  flowers,  lower  ones  2  or  3  times  as  long.  The 
tubercle  of  the  lip  is  a  remarkable  charactei.     June.  Ficid  Orchis. 

7.  O.    VlR'lDIS.      Su-tz.      O.  bracteata.  .Wm/j.     Peristylus  bracteatus.  LmdZ, 
S/CTO  leafy  ;  Z«f/»es  oblong,  obtuse,  upper  ones  acute;  spilielax;  brartii2 — 3 

times  as  long  as  the  floweis  ;  i-cpa/sconnivent,  ovate;  pfiw/s  linear, erect ;  lip 
linear-cuneate,  truncate,  3-toothed  at  the  end,  the  middle  tooth  small  or  obso- 
lete ;  spur  short,  inflated,  obtuse.  A  small,  green  flowered  orchis,  in  shades. 
Stem  6 — 9  inches  high.  Leaves  about  3,  J^ — 2}^  inches  long,^- — 1  inch  wide, 
upper  bracts  as  short  as  tlie  flower.  Spike  2 — 3  inches  long.  Flowers  yel- 
lowish green.     Lip  as  long  as  the  ovary,  3  times  as  long  as  the  spur.    Jl,  Aug. 

8.  0.    TRIDENTa'tA.     Willd.       Habenaria.   Hook.      Gymnadenia.  Lindl. 
Rudical  /co/ solitary,  oblong,  obtuse,  cauline  2 — 3,  much  smaller;    sepals 

campanulate,  obtuse,  converging  ;  lip  lanceolate,  3-loolhed,  at  the  extremity  ; 
spur  filiform,  curved,  chivate,  longer  than  the  ovary.  Grows  in  woods  and 
swamps.  Stem  slender,  1  —2  feet  high,  with  small,  greeniah  white  flowers  in 
a  short  and  rather  loose  spike,  appearing  in  July.  Tliree-toothcd  Orchis. 

9.  0.    ROTUNDtFO'LIA.  Habenaria.  Rich.       Platanthera.  LindL 
ifrt/ solitary,  roundish  ovate  ;    sMpc  naked;    5p«  Ac  few -flowered  ;    bracts 

obtuse,  shorter  than  tiie  ovary  ;  sepals  and  pe.lals  obtuse;  lip  3-lobed,  lateral, 
lobes  subfalcate,  middle  one  obcordate  ;  sp^ir  as  long  as  the  lip.  Scape  about 
afoothiL^h,  slender,  without  a  bract.  Leaf  2 — 4  inches  long,  3  as  wide, 
spotted,  sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  about  a  dozen,  of  a  greenish  white,  re- 
markable for  their  broad,  3  (almost  4)-lobed,  pendant  lip. 

1 1  Lip  fimbriate.     Stem  leafy. 

10.  0.    CILIA'rIS.      L.  Habenaria.  Rich.       Platanthera.  LindL 
Lower  leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  spike,  oblong,  dense  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the 

ovary  ;  lip  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnate-cilinte.  twice  as  long  as  the  petals;  spur 
longer  than  the  ovary.  A  delicately  beautiful  orchis,  with  bright  orange- 
colored  flowers,  in  swamps,  rare.  Stem  about2  feet  high.  Leaves  sheathing 
at  base  ;  lower  ones  3 — .5  inches  long,  rapidly  diminishing  upwards.  Sepals 
roundish,  obtuse, concave.  2  petals  linear,  very  small, incised  at  the  summit; 
the  lio  narrow,  lanceolate, conspicuously  fringed,  4  lines  long.  Spur  an  inch 
lon<r.'  July,  Aug.  Fringed  Yellow  Orchis. 

11.  0.  BlEPHARIGLO'tTIS.     Willd.        Habenaria.  Rich.       Platanthera.  Lindl. 
Lower  /cccrs  lanceolate,  channeled;    spihe  oblong,  dense;    bracts  linear, 

acuminate,  shorter  than  the  flowers;  lip  lanceolate,  ciliate,  as  long  as  the 
upper  sepal  ;  spur  much  longer  than  the  long-beaked  ovary.  A  delicate 
orchis,  in  swamps,  resembling  tlie  last  species,  but  distinguished  at  least,  by  the 
color  of  its  flowers  which  are  of  a  pure  white.  Stem  1—2  feet  high.  Fls.  fewer 
than  in  the  last.  Sep.  roundish  oblong,  lateral  refle.ved.  Pet.  spathulate,  den- 
tate.    Lip  fringed  in  the  middle,  2  hnes  long.   Jn.  Jl.     Frirgcd  White  Orchis. 

12.  0.    LA'CERA.    iUr.     O.  psycodes.  5/ire?ig.     Habenaria.  &.    Platamhera.  LmrfZ. 
Lower  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,    upper  ones  narrow,  acuminate  ;  bracts  longer 

than  the  flowers  ;  sepals  reiwsc;  7;f<ffl/.v  emarginate  ;  lip 'i-'p^ricA  ;  segments 
ciineate,  capillaceous-multifid  ;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  as  long  as  the  ovary. 
Swamps  and  meadows.     Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  smooth,  slender.     Leaves  few, 

3 (5  inches   long,  i^ — 1   inch  wide,  mostly  acute.     Flowers  numerous,  in  a 

Ion?,  loose  spike,°ora  greenish  white,  not  showy.  Sepals  ovate.  Petals 
oblong-linear,  entire,  Up  reflcxed,  very  deeply  lasciniate.    Readily  distin- 


ORCHIDACEiE.  879 


guished  from  the  following  by  its  more  slender  habit,  greenish  flowers,  and 
the  entire  (not  fringed)  petals.     July.  Ragged  Orchis. 

13.  0.    PsYCODES.    L.      O.  fimbriata.  £r.      Habenaria.  iJi'rf.      Platanlhera.  iindJ. 
Loicer  leaves  lanceolate, diminishing  upwards;  Lip  3-parted, scarcely  longer 

than  the  petals,  the  segments  cuneiform,  ciliate-fimbriate  ;  lateral  petals  ovate, 
fimbriate-dentate  ;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  longer  than  the  ovary.  A  beautiful 
plant,  very  common  in  meadows,  &c.  Stem  l^ — 2^  feet  high,  smooth,  slen- 
der. Leaves  3 — 6  inches  long.  Flowers  showy,  numerous,  in  a  terminal, 
cylindric  spike,  light-purple.  Lip  of  the  nectary  somewhat  longer  than  the 
petals,  its  3,  fan-like,  spreading  segments,  as  well  as  the  petals,  beautifully 
fringed.     Spur  an  inch  in  length.     July.  ['ringed  Purple  Orchis. 

14.  0.    GRANDIFLo'RA.     Bw.      Habenaria.  Torr.      Platanlhera  fimbriata.  Ltnrf/. 
Lower  leaves  oblong,  oval,  obtuse,  upper  ones  very  narrow  ;    bracts  shorter 

than  the  ovary  ;  raceme  oblong  ;  lip  dependent,  twice  as  long  as  the  petals, 
3  parted,  the  segments  cuneiform  and  fimbriate,  the  middle  one  largest,  with 
connivent  fimbria!;  lateral  /^c/o/s  fimbriate  ;  .<;/?»7- ascending,  clavate,  longer 
than  the  ovary.  A  superb  plant,  considered  the  most  beautiful  of  the  genus, 
in  wet  meadows,  &c.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  thick,  hollow,  with  several 
sheathing  bracts  at  base.  Leaves  2  or  3  principal  ones,  4 — 7  inches  long, 
1 — 2  wide,  upper  ones  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long.  Flowers  very  large 
purple,  in  a  terminal  raceme  3 — 6  inches  long.  Middle  seg.  of  the  lip,  nearly 
semicircular,  twice  as  long  as  the  lateral  ones.   Jn.      Largc-floxccrivg  Orchis. 

§  §  §  Pollen  powdery,  or  consisting  nf  loosely  cohering  granules. 
8.     ARETHU'SA. 
Perianth  with   its  segments  cohering  at  base ;  lip  spiirless, 
adnate  to  the  column  at  base,  deflected  at  the  end  and  beard- 
ed inside  ;  pollen  angular. 

Arcthusa  was  a  fabulous  nymph  of  Diana,  who  was  transformed  into  a 
fountain.     These  fine  little  plants  are  inhabitants  of  wet  places. 

A.    BULBO'SA. 

Leafless;  root  producing  a  globular  tuber;  scape  sheatiied,  1 -flowered. 
This  beautiful  and  interesting  plant  is  found  only  in  wet  meadows  and  swamps. 
Stem  C — 12  inches  high,  invested  with  about  3,  long,  loose  sheaths  with 
lanceolate  points,  the  upper  ones  rarely  at  length  produced  into  a  short,  linear- 
spathulate  leaf  At  the  top  is  a  single,  large,  fragrant  flower  of  a  rich  purple 
color.  A  little  below  the  base  of  the  flower  is  a  small  spathe  of  2  unequal 
bracts.     June.  Bulbous  Jirclhusa. 

9.    POGO'NIA. 
Perianth  with  its  segment  distinct;    lip  sessile,  cucullate, 
bearded  inside;  pollen  farinaceous. 

Gr.  TTioyiDv,  beard  ;  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  lip. 
1.  P.  orphioglossoi'des.  Arethusa.  L. 

iiooi  fibrous;  s^em  furnished  with  an  oval-lanceolate  leaf  and  a  foliaceous 
bract  near  the  flower;  lip  fimbriate.  An  interesting  plant,  much  taller  than 
the  bulbous  Arethusa,  found  in  swamps  and  muddy  shores.  The  stem  is  very 
slender,  9 — 16  inches  high,  with  2  remote  leaves,  the  one  placed  about  mid- 
way, 2 — 3  inches  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  sheathing  at  the  base  ;  the  other  (a 
bract.')  much  smaller,  situated  near  the  flower.  Flower  large,  nodding,  pale 
purple.    Lip  long  as  petals  and  sepals  (|  inch).  Jn.     Adder  s-tonguc  Arethusa. 


ORCHIDACEJE. 


380  SPIRANTHES. 


2.   P.  VERTICILLa'ta.      Br.  Arethusa.  Willd. 

Leaves  5,  oblong-lanceolate,  verticillate  ;  /ojoer  solitary,  the  3  outer  petals 
very  long  'linear j^inner  ones  shorter,  lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  lip  3-lobed,  the  mid- 
dle'lobe  undulate.  Swamps.  Stem  8— 12inches  high,  with  a  whorl  of  leaves 
near  the  top  and  a  flower  1—2  inches  above  it.  Leaves  1|  inch  long,  ^  as 
wide  abruptly  acuminate.  The  flower  is  remarkable  for  its  sepals  being 
about  '^  inclies  long,  very  narrow,  and  of  a  greenish  brown  color.  Lip  crested 
in  the  middle.     July.  Whorled  Pogonia. 

10.     TRI'PHORA. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  distinct,   equal  and  converging; 
lip  nearly   beardless,  unguiculate;    column  spathulate,  even, 
flattened,  wingless;   pollen  farinaceous. 

Named  in  reference  to  its  usual  number  of  flowers. 
T.   Pe'ndula.      JVm«.  *  Pogonia.   Lindl. 

Root  tuberous;  stem  leafy,  about  3-flowered  at  the  top;  haves  clasping, 
ovate,  alternate  ;  floicers  axillary,  nodding  ;  Up  entire,  scabrous,  not  bearded  ; 
fruit  pendulous.  A  small,  delicate  plant,  in  swamps,  &c.  Stem  scarcely  6 
inches  high,  slightly  angled,  with  about  3  flowers,  which  from  theb  singular 
form,  sugges'^  the  comnron  name.  Leaves  3— G,  i— §  inch  long,  §  as  wide, 
purplish.  Flowers  white  or  greenish,  the  segments  ot  the  perianth  equal, 
converging,  and  rather  longer  than  the  lip.     Aug.  Three-birds. 

11.  CALOPO'GON. 

Segments  of  the  perianth  distinct ;  lip  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  flowers,  unguiculate,  bearded;  column  free,  winged  at 
the  summit;  pollen  angular. 

Gr.  K-aXoi,  beautiful,  Trcaywv,  beard;  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  lip. 
C.   PULCHELLUM.      Br.  Cymbidium  pulchellum.   P. 

Boof  tuberous ;  /m/ radical,  ensiform,  nerved;  scape  few-flowered;  Up 
erect,  narrowed  at  base,  with  an  expanded  border,  and  a  concave,  hairy  disk. 
A  truly  beautiful  plant,  in  swamps.  Scape  slender,  10—20  inches  high,  fur- 
nished with  a  single,  long  leaf  (8—12  inches  long,  i  inch  wide),  sheathing  its 
base.  Flowers  3 — 3,  large,  purple,  remarkable  for  their  inverted  position  ; 
lip  expanded  at  the  end  and  fimbriate,  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower,  while 
the  column  is  below.     Petals  and  sepals  expanded.    Jl.  Grass-Pink. 

12.  SPIRA'NTHES. 

Flowers  in  a  spiral  spike;  pelals  connivent ;  lip  unguicu- 
late, parallel  with  the  column,  entire,  with  2  callous  processes 
at  base;  column  free,  clavate,  bidentate  at  summit;  ovary 
oblique;  stigma  rostrate. 

Gr.  a-TfiiQu,,  a  cord ;  in  reference  to  the  twisted  spike. 

1.   S.   gra'cilis.      Beck.  Neottia.  Bw. 

Leaves  radical,  ovate,  caducous ;  scnpe  sheathed  ;  flowers  in  a  spiral  row  ; 
Up  obovate,  curled.  A  very  delicate  plant,  not  uncommon  in  old  woods. 
Scape  leafless,  with  several  remote,  sheathing  scales,  very  slender,  and  8—12 
inches  high.     Leaves  3—4,  close  to  the  ground,  1—2  inches  long,^  as  wide, 


ORCHIDACE^. 


381 


on  short  petioles,  mostly  withering  and  falling  away  before  the  flowers  ex- 
pand. Flowers  small,  while,  arranged  in  a  row  which  winds  once  or  twice 
around  the  stem.     July.  L'idies'  Tresses. 

2.  S.  ^stiva'lis.  Rick.  Ophrys.  Mx.  S.  tortilis.  Sictz. 
Radical  haves  linear  ;  scope  sheathed  ;  Jloicers  spirally  secund  ;  lip  some- 
what 3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger,  crenulate.  A  plant  mostly  Similar  to  the 
last,  in  woods  and  meadows.  Leaves  3—0  inches  long,  2—4  lines  wide, 
commonly  disappearing  befoie  flowering.  Scape  slender,  a  foot  or  more  h'gh, 
with  a  spiral  row  of  oblique,  small,  white  flowers,  foiming  a  twisted  spike 
2 — 4  inches  long.     July.  Summer  Ladies'  Tresses. 

3.  S.   Ce'rnua.      Rich.  Neottia.   IVilld. 
Leaves   radical,  linear-lanceolate,   nerved  ;    stem  sheathed  ;    spike  dense  ; 

flmcers  recurved,  drooping  ;  sepals  and  petnis  cohering;  lip  oblong,  entire  or 
crenulate,  dilated  at  the  apex.  In  moist  grounds.  Scape  ^ — 1;^  foot  high, 
rather  stout,  pubescent  above,  with  a  dense,  twisted  spike  at  summit  1 — 2 
inches  long.  Leaves  3  or  more,  nearly  or  quite  radical,  3 — 8  or  10  inches 
long,  i — ]  inch  wide.  Bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  greenish 
flowers.     Aug. — Oct.  .Xodding  Ladies'  Tresses. 

13.    GOODYE'RA. 
Ppiianth  ringent;  cal}  x  herbar.cous,  upper  sepal    vaulted, 
the  2  lower  ones  beneath  tlie  saccate  and  entire  lip  ;  column 
free,  polien  angular;  stigma  prominent,  roundish. 

Named  for  John  Goodyer,  an  obscure  English  botanist. 
G.  pube'scens. 

Leaves  radical,  ovate,  petiolate,  reticulate  ;  scape  sheathed,  and,  with  the 
flowers  pubescent ;  lip  ovate,  acuminate;  petals  ovate.  A  plant  found  ir, 
woods,  reiiiarkably  distinguished  for  its  leaves  which  are  all  radical  and  of  a 
dark  green,  reticulated  above  with  white  veins.  They  are  ovate,  1 — 2  inches 
in  length,  contracted  at  base  into  winged  petioles  scarcely  half  as  long.  Scape 
erect,  6— 12  inches  high.  Flowers  white,  iti  a  terminal,  oblong,  cylindric 
spike.     Lip  roundish,  saccate,  inflated.     Jl.,  Aug.  Ruttle-svake  Plantain. 

/3.  repens  (G.  repens.  Br.)  ;  leaves  less  conspicuously  reticulated  ;  spike 
somewhat  unilateral.  A  reduced  form  of  G.  pubescens,  certainly  unworthy 
of  being  exalted  into  a  species.  Stem  C — 8  inches  high.  Flowers  in  one  row 
which  is  more  or  less  spiral. 

14.    Ll'STERA. 

Lip  2-lobed,  pendent,  with  no  callous  processes;  column 
wingless,  minute;  anther  fixed  by  its  base,  persistent. 

Named  for  Dr.  Martin  Lister,  an  English  naturalist,  died  1711. 

L.    CORDA'ta.      Br.  Epipactis.    Swtz. 

Stem  2-leavpd,  the  leaves  opposite,  deltoid-subcordate,  acute  ;  raceme  few- 
flowered  ;  lip  linear,  2-toothed  at  base,  deeply  bifid,  with  divaricate  and  acute 
segments;  co'umn  very  short.  Root  fibrous.  Stem  4  — 8  inches  high,  fur- 
rowed. Leaves  ^ — |  inch  in  diameter,  sessile,  about  half  way  up  the  stem. 
Flowers  minute,  greenish  purple,  10 — 15,  in  a  short  raceme.  A  delicate  little 
plant,  in  woods  and  sphagnous   swamps,  among  mountains,  &c.     July.  Aug, 

Lily  Orchis. 


ORCHIDACE^. 


38.-i  CYPRIPEniDM. 


2.   L.    convallarioi'des.      A^utt.  Epipactis.  Swtz. 

Stem  2-\ea.ved,  the  leaves  opposite,  roundish-ovate  ;  raceme  few-flowered, 
loose,  pubescent;  5e/>aZs  ovate-lanceolate  ;  h';;  oblong,  2-toothed  at  base,  with 
2  roundish  lobes  and  an  intermediate  minute  one  at  the  apex  ;  column  elongat- 
ed. Root  fibrous.  Stem  very  slender,  5 — 10  inches  high,  sheathed  with  a 
few  bracts  bearing  the  2  leaves  near  the  middle.  Leaves  near  an  inch  long, 
I  as  wide.  Flowers  small,  the  broad,  obcordate  lip  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals.     May. 

§  §  §  §  Lateral  anthers  fertile  ;   the  middle  one  sterile  and  petaloid. 
15.    CYPRIPE'DIUM. 
The  2  lower  sepals  united  into  I  segment,   or   rarely,  dis- 
tinct;   lip    ventricose,    inflated,    saccate,    obtuse;     column 
terminated  by  a  petaloid  lobe  (barren  stamen). 

Gr.  KvTTQii,  Venus,  7ro}i,ov,  a  slipper;  from  the  slipper-like  form  of  the  lip. 
Flowers  large,  very  showy,  distinguished  for  the  large,  inflated  lower  petal 
or  lip. 

1.  C.    ACAu'le.      ^it.  C.  humile.  Sictz. 
Scape  leafless,  1-flowered  ;  leaves  2,  radical,  elliptic-oblong,   rather   acute  ; 

lohe  of  the  column  roundish-rhomboidal,  acuminate,  deflexed  ;  pcta/s  lanceo- 
late ;  lip  longer  than  the  petals,  cleft  before.  A  beautiful  plant,  in  dark  woods. 
Leaves  large,  plaited  and  downy.  Scape  10—14  inches  high,  with  a  single 
lanceolate  bract  at  the  base  of  the  large,  solitary  flower.  Sepals  H  :"eh  long, 
the  two  lower  completely  united  into  a  broad  lanceolate  one  beneath  the  lip. 
Petals  lateral,  wavy.  Lip  2  inches  long,  1  wide,  purple,  forming  the  most 
showy  part  of    the  flower.     May,  June.  Jlcaulescent  Ladies -Slipper. 

2.  C.  parviflo'rum.  Willd.  C.  pubescens.  Swtz. 
Stem  leafy ;  leave.?  broad-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  Inhe.  of  the  column  triangular- 
oblong,  acute  ;  sepals  ovale,  oblong,  acuminate  ;  petalslong,  Imear,  contorted  ; 
lip  shorter  than  the  petals,  compressed.  Woods  and  meadows.  Stems  usu- 
ally several  from  the  same  root,  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  3— G  inches  long, 
2 — 3  wide,  nerved,  alternate,  clasping,  pubescent.  Flower  mostly  solitary. 
Segments  4,  greenish,  with  purple  stripes  and  spots,  the  lower  one  bifid, 
composed  of  2  united  sepals,  the  2  lateral  ones  2—3  inches  long,  i  inch  wide, 
waved  and  twisted.  Lip  a  large,  inflated  sac,  bright  yellow,  spotted  inside, 
with  a  roundish  aperture  above.     May,  June.                 Yellow  Ladies' -Slipper. 

/i.  pubescens  ;  Zeat;c5  lanceolate  ;  lobe  of  the  column  ohiuse.  The  flowers 
somewhat  smaller.    Meriden,  N.  H. 

3.  C.  specta'bile. 

Stem  leafy  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  lobe  of  the  cohimn  elliptic- 
cordate,  obtuse  ;  sepals  broad-ovate,  obtuse  ;  lip  longer  than  the  petals,  cleft 
before.  A  tall,  superb  species  found  in  swamps.  Lebanon,  N.  H.  Stem 
thick,  2  feet  or  more  high,  hairy.  Leaves  6 — 10  inches  long,  2—4  wide, 
nerved,  plaited,  hairy.  Flowers  2—3  on  each  plant,  very  large.  Lip  white, 
striped  with  purple,  2  inches  long,  1^  broad  ;  upper  segment  largest,  lower 
one  smaller,  composed  of  2  sepals  completely  united.  Jl.     Tall  Ladies' -Slipper. 

4.  C.    ARIETi'num.      jlit.  Arietinum  Americanum.   Beck. 
Stemleafy;  Zeares  elliptical,  striate-nerved;  se^^a/s  3,  distinct  (the  2  lower 

not  united),  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  ;  2  lateral 
petals  linear  ;  lip  as  long  as  the  petal,  saccate,  obconic.  In  damp  woods,  Me. 
On  Ascutney  Ml.,  Vt.     Dr.  Phelps.     Stems  usually  clustered,  flexuous,  8 — 12 


AMARYLLIDACE5:.  383  NARCISSUS. 

inche;*  high,  lower  part  sheathed.  Leaves  3 — 5,  2 — 3.  inches  long,  ^ — 1  inch 
wide,  sessile,  amplexicaul.  Flower  mostly  solitary,  with  a  leafy  bract  at  base. 
Segments  about  equal  in  length,  the  upper  one  as  broad  as  the  other  4 
together.  The  singular  form  of  the  lip  readily  suggests  the  name  of  this 
curious  plant.     May.  Ram' s-hcad . 


ORDER  CXLVIII.  AMARYLLIDACE.E.       m  jvw..,,.  r..*.. 

Perianth  mostly  regular,  adherent  to  the  ovarj',  colored,  consisting  of  3  sepals  and  3  petals. 
Sta. — (3,  arising  t'rom  the  perianlh  segments.     Anthen  introrse. 

Ova. — 3-celled,the  cells  many-ovuled  (sometimes  1 — 2-ovuled).     Style  1.     Sti^.  3-lobed. 
Fr- — A  3-celled  capsule  or  berry.     Seeds  with  fleshy  albumen. 

Perennial  herbs,  generally  with  bulbous  stems.  Leaves  parallel-veined.  Flo'wers 
showy,  almost  always  either  yellow  or  white,  often  on  scapes  and  wifti  spathaceous  bracts. 
Chiefly  tropical  plants,  most  abundant  in  Brazil  and  S.  Africa. .  Very  tew  are  found  in 
our  climate. 

Properties.  A  few  of  the  Amaryllidace!»!  possesses  poisonous  properties,  which  is  very 
rare  among  the  Endogens.  The  Hottentots  are  said  to  poison  their  arrows  by  dipping  them 
in  the  viscid  juice  of  the  bulbs  of  Haemanthus  toxicarius.  The  bulbs  of  Narcissus  poeti- 
cus,  and  other  species,  are  emetic.  The  fermented  juice  of  the  Agave  forms  the  intoxicating 
palque  of  the  Mexicans.     Many  are  highly  ornamental  and  are  therefore  cultivated. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Corona  0.     Scape  bearing  .3 — 5  small,  yellow  flowers.  Hypoocis.  4 

<  Corona  of  3  emarginate  segments.  ....  Galanlhus.  3 

Flo^ve^s  regular.  (  Corona  monophyllous liarcifsus.  2 

Flowers  irregular.     Stamens  declined Amaryllis.  1 

1.  AMARY'LLIS. 

Perianth  irregular,  funnel-shaped,  nodding;  filaments  de- 
clined, arising  from  the  orifice,  unequal  in  proportion  or 
direction  ;  seeds  flat,  numerous. 

Lat.  Amaryllis  the  name  of  a  Nymph  celebrated  by  Virgil  and  other  poets  ; 
derived  from  Gr.  ufActgiJcrcru),  to  shine  with  splendor.  A  splendid  genus, 
with  a  few  native  and  many  foreign  species.  Thev  are  easily  cultivated  from 
offsets  or  the  seed.  A  shell  taken  from  the  bulb  with  the  leaf  on  it,  and 
planted  in  a  pot  of  mould,  will  pioduce  a  bulb,  as  will  almost  any  bulbous 
plant.     Sweet. 

1.  A.  FORMOSl'ssiMA.  —  Lv:>.  radical  -.forcers  nodding,  very  ringent,  tube 
fringed  ;  stamens  included  in  the  involute  lower  segments.  A  splendid  flow- 
er, from  Mexico,  often  grown  with  us  in  large  pots  of  light,  loainy  soil.  Root 
bulbous.  Leaves  thick,  oblong,  narrow.  Scape  a  foot  high.  Spathe  red,  dis- 
closing a  single  large  flower  of  a  fine  dark  red  color.    Jn. — Aug.     Jacobea  Lily. 

2.  A.  Atama'sco. — Spathe  2-cIeft,  acute  ;  flower  pedicelled  ;  corolla 
campanulate,  with  nearly  equal  petals,  suberect.  A  pretty  species  found  in 
Penn.,  south  to  Carolina,  sometimes  cultivated.  Leaves  linear,  a  foot  long. 
Scape  round,  6  inches  high.  Spathe  a  little  colored,  bifid  at  the  summit. 
Flower  large,  solitary,  white  and  pink.    Sepals  acuminate.  Jn.    Mamasco  Libj. 

2.  NARCI'SSUS. 

Perianth  regular  ;  corona  monophjUous,  funnel-form,  con- 
sisting of  a  whorl  of  united  sterile  stamens,  within  which  the 
fertile  ones  are  inserted. 


AMARYLLIDACE^.  884  HYPOXIS. 

Gr.  vagx.1),  stupor;  from  the  effects  produced  by  the  smell  of  some  of  the 
species,  which  are  poisonous.  A  well  known,  popular  genus,  whose  species 
are  easily  cultivated,  many  of  them,  very  fragrant  and  beautiful.  They  have 
bulbous  roots,  ensiform  leaves,  and  usually  yellow  flowers,  with  a  long,  com- 
pressed spathe,  opening  on  one  side,  and  deciduous. 

1.  N.  JONQUi'lla.  —  Scripe  1 — 3-flowered  ;  segments  reflexed,  spathu- 
late  ;  cup  (corona)  much  shorter  than  the  segments,  saucer-shaped,  spreading, 
crenate.  Native  of  Spain.  Scape  a  foot  high,  round,  slender,  bearing  at  the 
summit  a  few  flowers  of  a  rich  yellow,  and  very  fragrant.   May,  Jn.     Jonquil. 

2.  N.  POE'TICUS. — Scape  1-flowered  ;  segments  imbricate  at  base,  reflex- 
ed;  corona  expanded,  flat,  rotate,  crenulate  ;  3  cnUliers  shorter  than  the  tube. 
Native  of  S.  Europe.  Scap'»  about  a  foot  high,  leaves  of  the  same  length. 
It  bears  a  single  flower,  which  is  mostly  white,  but  having  the  crown  singular- 
ly adorned  with  circles  of  crimson,  white  and  yellow.    Jn.     Poet's  jXarcissu^. 

3.  N.  Pseudo-Narci'ssus.  —  Scape2-edge(],  stTSilght.sin-ated;  segments 
sulphur  color ;  corona  with  a  serrate-crenate  orifice.  Native  of  England. 
Root  bulbous.  Ijcaves  linear,  a  foot  long,  striate,  ribbed.  Scape  a  foot  high, 
bearing  at  the  top  a  single,  very  large  flower,  with  a  very  long  cup  or  corona. 
April.    May.  Daffodil. 

4.  N.  TAZe'tta. — Spathe  many-flowered  ;  corona  campanulate,  trun- 
cate, shorter  than  the  petals;  leaves  flat.  Native  of  Spain.  Root  a  large 
bulb.  Leaves  smooth,  sword-shaped.  Scape  naked,  striate,  a  foot  high, 
with  10 — 12  flowers.  Corolla  white,  cup  a  strong  yellow,  not  fragrant. 
April.     May.  Pulyantkus. 

3.    GALA'NTHUS. 

Flowers  spathaceous;  sepals  3,  concave;  corona  formed  of 
3  small,  emarginate  segments  ;  stigma  simple. 

Gr.  yaXa,,  milk,  avSos;  on  account  of  the  delicate  whiteness  of  the  flower. 
Ornamental,  bulbous  exotics. 

G.  NIVA'lis. — Xcffires  linear,  radical,' keeled,  acute;  scape  l-flowcred. 
Native  of  the  Alps,  well  known  in  gardens,  flowering  early  in  Spring.  It  is 
a  small  plant,  hiilf  a  foot  liigh,  arising  from  a  perennial  bulb,  bearing  a  single, 
large,  nodding  flower  white  as  snow.  Stem  usually  furnished  with  2  long, 
narrow  leaves  towards  the  top.  Snow-drop. 

4.     HYPO'XIS. 
Spathe  2-leavec];  perianth  persistent ;    capsule  elongated, 
narrowed  at  the  base  ;  seeds  numerous,  roundish,  with  a  black, 
crustaceous  integument. 

Gr.  'JTTiu,  under,  o|v«.  sharp ;  on  account  of  the  pointed  base  of  the  fruit. 
Small,  bulbous,  grass-like  plants,  with  yellow  flowers.     Lvs.  radical,  linear. 

H.  ere'cta. 

Pilose;  scipe  about  4-flowercd,  shorter  than  the  linear-lanceolate  leaves. 
In  woods  and  meadows.  Leaves  all  radical,  G — 12  inches  long,  3 — 5  lines 
wide,  very  acute.  The  slender,  hairy  scapes,  several  from  the  same  root, 
arise  G — 9  inches,  divided  at  top  into  a  sort  of  umbel  with  3 — 5  pi-duncles 
having  each  a  minute,  subulate  s[  athe  at  ih^  ba;e.  Perianth  hairy  and  greenish 
without,  yellow  within  J  segmeals  ova!,  lather  obtuse.  Jn.     Ydluw  Stir-grass. 


OR DER  C  L.    I  R  m  A C KJ£.  The  his  Tribe. 

Per. — Tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  G-parled, colored,  in  2  often  unequal  series. 
Si'/.— 3,  alternate  with  the  3  petals.     Anthers  "J-celled,  e.Ktrorse. 
Ova- — 3-celled,  rnany-ovuled.     Style  1 .     Stif;mas  3,  dilated  or  pelaloid. 
JTr. — Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence.     Seeds  numerous,  with  hard- 
ened, fleshy  albumen. 

Perennial  herbj,  arising  from  bulbs,  corms  or  rhizomas,  rarely  from  fibrous  roots.  Leaves 
equitant,  mostly  distichous.  Flowers  with  spathaceous  bracts.  They  are  chiefly  natives 
of  the  I'ape  of  Good  Hope,  or  of  the  middle  of  Europe  orNoith  America. 

Properties.  More  remarkable  for  their  beauty  tlnm  their  utility.  Some  of  them  are 
cathartic,  as  Iris  tnberosa.  The  aromatic  oris-ioot  is  the  dried  rh'izoma  of  Iris  fioreiilina 
of  S.  Kuropc.     Saffron  consists  of  the  dried  otange-colored  stigmas  of  Crocus  saiivus. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Stamens  distinct.  Iris.  1 

f  Petals  smaller  than  the  sepals.  I  Stamens  united.       .  Tigridia.  3 

\  I  suberect,  tube  very  long.  Civcus.  o 

Flowers  regular.  (  Pet.  and  sep.  subequal,  |  spreading,  flat ;  tube  short.  Sisyrinchiuin.  4 

Flowers  irregular.     Stamens  distinct,  ascending.     Seeds  winged.  Gludiolus.  2 

1.    IRIS. 
Sepals  3,  rcflexed,  laii^er  (liaii  Ihe  3  erect   petals  ;  sfamens 
disliiut;     style   sliort    or  Oj     stigiria-s  petaloid,  coverini;'   the 
stamens. 

Name  from  the  Greek,  signifvinjr  rainhoio  ;  on  account  of  the  vaiied  colors 
of  tlie  flower.     Lvs.  mostly  ensiform. 

1.  I.    VERSI'COLOR. 

Stem  terete,  fle.xuous  ;  Icavrs  ensiform  ;  fowcrs  beardless  ;  ovriry  triano-u'nr 
with  concave  sides  and  roundish  anok-s  Grows  in  wet  grounds,  wiiere  its 
larjfe,  blue  flowers  are  conspicuous  among  the  grass.  Rliizoma  lanre  hori- 
zontal, acrid.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  hi<rh,  iicute  on  one  side,  often  branched  and 
bearing  several  flowers.  Leaves  a  f'c  ot  long,  ^ — 1  inch  wide,  erect,  sheatiiiuff 
at  base.  Sepals  spathuhite.  purple,  Ihe  claw  variegated  with  green,  jxdlow 
and  white,  with  purple  lines.  Petals  erect,  paler,  a  little  shorter  than  the 
stigmas.  Style  siiort,  bearing  3  petaloid  stigmas  which  are  refle.xed  and  bifid 
at  the  end,  purple  or  violet,  concealing  \he  stamens  beneath.  Anther 
oblong;  seeds  Hat.     June. 

B.  snJcnta  {Torr.)  ;  .-ttnrri  nearly  straight ;  prfc/s  longer  than  the  stitrinas  • 
angles  of  the  ovary  sulcate.  Blue  Fian-. 

2.  I.    PRISHA'tic.A.      Bw.  I.  Virginica.  Torr. 
Stem  round,  slender,  few-flowered  ;   li;avc.<!  linear,  long;   Jlowers  beardless  • 

OTMry  triarigulnr,the  side  doubly  grooved,  in  similar  sitiiatioiis  wi;h  the  last, 
readily  distinguished  by  iis  very  slender  habit.  Rhizotna  floslii-.  Stem 
smooth.  1 — 2  lines  in  diameter,! — 2  feet  high,  branching  at  top,  and  benrin'v 
2 — (J  flinvers.  liracls  at  t!io  base  of  the  branches,  witl)eriii<-.  Leaves  It;  \v' 
alternate,  grnss-like,  (5 — 10  inches  long,  amplexicaul.  Sepals  narrow,  yellow 
edged  with  purple.     Petals  linear-lanceolate.     June.  Buslun  Lis'. 

•3.  I.  PLICA'ta.  —  S'an  many-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  srarnr.nts 
of  the  peril!  nth  etnarginate,  outer  ones  flat ;  learcs  bent  inwaids  at  the  "point ; 
47/««//«  membranaceous  at  the  apex;  fiuwcrs  beardless,  lower  ones  pedunculate; 
stigmas  with  acute,  serrate  divisions.  iVative  of  the  South  of  Europe.  Com- 
mon in  gardens.  The  prevailing  color  of  the  flower  is  light  blue,  often  fadino- 
to  white,     aiay.  Floiccr-de.-Luce.     t'r.  Fleur-de-lis. 

4.   I.   ru.MiLA. — Scape  very    short   (3~G  inches;,   l-9owered;     s/mthe 
shorter  than  the  tube;    sepnls  reflexed,  narrower  than  the  eiect  petals.     A 
nil 


IKIDACK^  386  S1SYKI^CHIUM. 

Gmall  species  from  Hungary,  cuUivated  in  the  edgings  of  walks.  Leaves 
numerous,  broad-ensifonn,  suberect.  Flowers  large,  deep  purple,  appearing 
in  early  spring.  Dicurf  Iris. 

5,  I.  OCIIROLF.u'CA. — Beardless;  Irnvrs  ensirorm,  depressed,  striate; 
scape  subterele  ;  omirij  G-angied.  A  tall  species,  from  l^evanl.  Stem  3 — 4 
feet  higli.     P'lowers  ocliioleucous  or  sulphur-yellow.     July. 

6.  I.  Ciiine'nsis.  —  Scape,  compressed,  many-flowered;  s//n-7jjfl.«  lacer- 
ated. A  small  species  from  Ciiiiia.  Flowers  elegantly  striped.  Al'ewotiier 
species  are  raiely  cultivated  in  gardens.  CUina  Iris. 

2.    GLADIO'LUS. 

Spatlic  S-lcaved  ;  periaiUii  irregular;  siamcns  distinct,  as- 

cendinii;  felii^mas  3  ;  seods  winged. 

Lat.  gldd'ms,  a  sword ;  in  reference  to  the  forin  of  the  leaves.  A  large 
genus  of  bulbous  plants,  with  large  and  showy  llovvers.     .None  native. 

Gr.  COMMU'NIS. — Snlkc  unilateral  ;  upper  srgment  of  the  perian'h  cover- 
ered  by  the  lateral  ones,  3  lower  marked  by  a  white,  liuLat-lanceoJate  .-spot, 
lowest  very  large.  A  line  border  flower,  from  S.  Kurope.  Stem  L' — 3  leet 
high,  with  the  flowers  arranged  in  a  long,  somewhat  spiral  row  upon  it. 
Periantii  large, deep  red,  variegated  with  white,  lis  colors  are  liable  to  con- 
sidexable  variation.     July.  Curn  tl.tiir. 

3 .    T  1  G  R  I'  D  I  A  . 

Spalhc  2-lcaved  ;    tlic   3   stpa's   hirgtM-  Ihnn   the   3  [iota's; 

stamens  monadelplsoiis  ;  iilamenls  united  into  a  long  tube. 

Named  in  reference  to  the  large,  spotted  flowers.     E.xotic. 

T.  Pavo'NI.A..  —  Stem  simple,  tlexuous;  /Mfcj- ensiiorm.  nerved  ;  se^- 
mmts  flat ;  ])i:tals  panduriform.  A  superb  bulbous  plant,  w  iih  large,  beaulilul 
flowers,  native  of  Mexico  and  Peru.  Stem  2  feet  liigh  or  more, erect,  round, 
leafy,  s->aiewhat  branched.  Leaves  erect,  smooth,  a  foot  long.  Flower 
inodorous.  5— G  inches  broad,  yellow,  variegated  with  scarlet,  crimson  and 
purple.  It  is  verv  evanescent,  lasting  but  a  lew  hours,  but  a  new  one  appears 
daily  for  several  weeks.  It  ripens  seeds,  from  whi^h,  or  from  offsetL^.  it  may 
be  increased.     July — Sept.  Tiger -jlower. 

4  .    S  1  S  Y  R  I'  N  C  H  I  U  M  . 

Spathc  2-lcaved;  srgnr.:nts  of  the  peiianth  fial,  equal; 
stamens  monadelphous  ;  stigma  3-tlef(. 

Gr.  (Tvi,  a  hog.  and  Q^yXj"^-  ^  snout ;  whether  from  the  fondness  of  swine 
for  rooting  it  up  or  from  some  fancied  resemblance  we  know  not.  Grass-like 
plants,  with  compressed,  uncipital  scapes. 

1.    S.    ANCEPS. 

Scape  simple,  winged  ;  vnlvrs  of  the  spathc  unequal  shorter  than  the  flow- 
ers; -petals  mucronale.  A  delicate  little  plant,  witli  blue  flowers,  common  in 
low  grass-lands.  Stem  or  scape  10 — 12  iiuhes  liigh,  so  winged  as  to  resemble 
the  leaves,  smooth  and  mostly  simple.  Leaves  linear,  about  as  long  as  the 
ecape,  sheathing  at  base.  Spithe  of  2,  nearly  equal,  acuminate  valves,  2 — 5- 
flowercd.  Flowers  purple  or  blue,  on  iilitl-rm  pedicels.  Sepals  a  little  broader 
Ihan  the  petals,  spreading.     Ca^^sules  globose.    Jn,  Jl.  Uiuc-iycd-giuss. 


DIOSCOill  ACEjE.  SS7  DIOSCOKEA. 

2.  S.  mucrona'tum. 

Saipr.  simple,  subsctaceous;  spathe  colored,  outer  valve  longer  than  the 
peduncles, eiidinrr  in  a  long,  nincronate  point.  Found  in  wet  meadows  where 
the  grass  is  not  luxuriant,  l-eaves  radical,  a  line  wide.  Scape  G — 10  inches 
high.  Spatlie  of  '2  very  unequal  valves.  H — 4-floweicd,  tinged  with  purple. 
Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  of  a  fine  blue  color.     June. 

5.     CROCUS. 

Pcrianlii  funnel- form,  ilie  segments  unilcd  at  base  into  a 
loni;  aiuJ  sleiulci-  tiil)e  ;  sliijma  o-clofi,  convolute,  cicsicd. 

Named  from  the  youth  Crocus,  M'ho,  according  to  Grecian  mythology,  wns 
chaniied  into  this  flower.  Spalhe  radical,  1—2  leaved,  thin,  transparent. 
The  long  tube  of  the  flower  nearly  or  quite  sessile  upon  the  bulb.  After 
flowering  t!ie  ovary  arises  from  the  ground  by  the  growth  of  the  scape,  to 
ripen  its  seeds  in  the  sun. 

1.  C.  SATI'VUS. — Lcnrc.t  linear,  revolute  at  the  margins;  stigmn 
3-parted,  as  long  as  the  corolla,  reflexed.  From  Asia.  Stem  bulbous.  Leaves 
radical,  with  a  longitudinal,  white  furrow  above.  Flower  nearly  or  quite 
sessile  on  the  bulb,  with  a  long  white  tube,  and  purjjle,  elliptical  segments. 
Stigmas  long,  emarginate,  exsert.  of  a  deep  orange-color,  its  virtues,  both 
medicinal  and  coloring,  reside  chiefly  in  the  large  stigmas.  Sept.  A  variety, 
perhaps  the  most  common,  hasj'ellow  perianths.  Stiffion, 

2.  C.  VF.RNUS. — Sdjirmas  included  within  the  flower,  with  3,  short, 
wedge-shaped  segments.  Native  of  the  .Alps.  Stem  bulbous.  Scape  an  inch 
or  two  high,  3-sided.  Flowers  vary  in  color,  eenerally  purple,  often  yellower 
white  ;  tube  very  long,  slender,  gradually  enlarged  upwards,  closed  at  the 
moulh  with  a  circle  of  hairs,  limb  cnmpaiiulate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube. 
Anlheis  yellow,  sagittate.  P'lowers  in  March  or  April.  The  Crocus  is  prop- 
agated in  gardens,  chiefly  by  bulbs.  Spring  Crocus. 


ORDER  CLT.    DIOSCORIACE^.  Uc  Yam  Tribe. 

Fls. — Dicecious.     Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  sef^ments  of  limb  C,  in  2  series. 
Sterile. — Stame.Ms  6.,  inserted  into  ihe  base  of  the  sepals  and  petals. 
Fertile.— Ovary  .3-celled.  cells  1— 2-ovalei!.     Styles  and  s/igiias  nearly  distinct. 
Pr. — Capsule  3-win,?ed,  compressed,  '.2  of  the  cells  .siimelinies  alxirtive. 
Sds. —  Flat,  compressed.     Embryo  small,  in  cartilaginous  albumen. 

A  small  order  of  twiniiip;  shrubs.  Leaves  usually  alternate  and  reticulate-veined. 
Flowers  inconspicuous.  The  only  remarkable  or  useful  product  of  this  order  is  yams,  an 
important  article  of  food  in  all  tropical  countries.  They  are  the  large,  mucilaginous, 
sweetish  tubers  of  Dioscorea  saliva,  iScc. 

DIOSCO'REA. 

Flowers  dioecious;  styles  of  llie  fertile  flowers  3;    cells  of 

the  capsule  2-seeded  ;  seeds  membranaceoiislj  margined. 

Named  in  honor  of  Pedacius  Dioscorides,  a  Greek  physician  and  florist, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  lived  under  Nero. 

D.    VI  LLC's  A. 

Leaves  alternate,  opposite  and  verticillale,  cordate,  acuminate,  pubescent 
beneath,  3-nerved  ;  sUm  round.  This  delicate  vine  is  occasionally  found  in 
low  woods  and  hedges,  flowering  in  June.     Stem  slender,  smooth,  twining 


SMILACACEJE.  888  SMILAX. 

and  climbing;  3 — 6  feet  long.  Loaves  mostly  alternate,  2—4  inches  long,  |  as 
wide,  smooth  above,  smooth  or  villinis  beneath,  on  reflexed  and  channeled 
footstalks.  Flowers  minute,  numerous,  red,  sessile  in  small  fascicles  or 
racemes,  arranged  in  an  alternate  manner  upon  a  long,  slender  axillary  com- 
mon peduncle.     June,  July.  Yaiu-rout. 


ORDER  CL!I.    S.MlLACACEiE.  TheSmilnx  Tribe, 

jr/s. — Dicrcious  or  perfect.     Perinnih  free  from  the  ovarj",  C-parted,  regular. 

Sta.—d,  in-f-rtrd  illKi  (hetiiisr  r.Mllc  srL'Ulclll.S. 
Ofa.— :-!-<-i'1IimI;  c, ■lis    1  (.r  [lUiiiy-srril.J. 

Pr, Heny    rounilisli,  lew  ur  iiian\ -sci-ilrd.      Seedi  with  cartilnginous  all/umen. 

A  sinallorder  olheibs  <ir  shrubiiy  plants,  ol'leii  cliinbiiiif.  Leaves  reliculately  veined.^ 
This  last  eircumstiinee  chiefly  tlistiiisjuishes  this  order  Ironi  the  following-  SarsapariUa  of 
the  shops  consists  chiefly  of  the  roots  of  several  foreign  species  of  smilax. 

SMILAX. 

Flowers  (lini^rious  ;  peiiaiitli  l)i()a(i-(;jm[)nnulci(f'.  Sttrilr. — - 
Antlicis  adiiatf.  FrrlHr.  —  JSl}  le  niiiiiilc;  sligmasS;  bciry 
3-ce!lc(l,  ]— o-scoded. 

Gr.  0-ie.iXi),  a  grater;  the  stems  of  some  species  are  rough  with  prickles. 

1.  S.  rotundfo'lia. 

Stem  suffruticose,  prickly,  terete;  leaves  unarmed,  orbicular,  oval  or  ovate^ 
short-acutninate,  o — 7-nerved  ;  loiiniion  pc/liinrlc  about  as  long  as  the  petioles. 
A  stronir,  tiiorny  vine,  extending  10-  40  feet  in  hedges  and  thickets.  Stem 
woody,  "smooth  except  the  scattered  thorns  w'hich  proceed  from  the  wood. 
Branches  4-angled.  Leaves  2—3  inches  long,  U — 3  inches  wide,  cordate 
or  tapering  at'^  base.  Tendrils  strong,  from  the  top  of  the  wings  of  the. 
petioles.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  small,  axillary  umbels.  Berries  round, 
black.     June.  Round-Luived  Smilax.     Green  Briar. 

/3.  caduca  (S.  caduca.  L.) ;  I  en  vcs  ovSiie  ;  commun  pefhmclesiongei  llmnlhe 
leaves.     Stem  3 — 10  feet  long. 

2.  S.    HERBACEA.       L.  S.  pedancularis.  J\fuh. 
Stem    herbaceous,    unarmed,   angular,  erect,   or   inclining:    leaves  ovate, 

7 <J-nerved,  cuspidate  ;  wmic/s  on  long  peduncles  A  coarse,  smooth,  ill- 
scented  plant,  in  thickets  and  low  grounds.  Stem  slightly  angled,  3— C  or  8 
feet  high,  usually  nodding  with  its  slender  summit  and  tew  small  branches, 
and  leaning  on  other  phuUs  or  on  each  other.  Leaves  2 — ']  inches  long,  i— f 
as  broad,  paler  beneath,  the  petioles  winged  at  base  and  producing  a  long, 
slender  tendril  from  the  top  of  each  wing.  Fertile  umbels  simple,  about 
40-flovvered,  en  peduncles  G — 8  inches  long,  those  of  the  sterile  umbels 
shorter.  Flowers  yellowish  green ,  diffusing  about  the  plant  an  intolerably 
offensive  and  sickening  odor.     Berries  dark  blue.     June. 

/3.  stem  more  generally  climbing  by  its  tendrils;  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
subcordale.  Herbaceous  Smilax. 


LILIACK.'E.  389  MLIUM. 

ORDER  CLIII.    LIIJACEA^.  The  Lily  Tril.. 

Fli- — Perfect,  regular.     Perianth  free  from  ovary,  ofG  segments  (rarely  4),  colored. 

Sla. — (i  (rarely  4j,  inserted  intotlie  sepal.*  and  petals.     Anthers  intror.-.e. 

Ova. — .'i-celled,  inany-ovuled.     Styltf.  united  into  1.     Sligina  often  3-lobcd. 

Fr. — Capsular  or  fleshy,  vvilh  several  or  many  seeds  in  each  cell. 

Sds. — Albumen  fleshy. 

An  extensive  oider  of  herbs  with  parallel-veined  leaves.  Stems  often  bulbous  or  tuber- 
ous at  base.  Flowers  generally  large  and  richly  colored.  They  are  chiefly  natives  of 
temperate  regimis. 

Projurtifs.  The  order  abound.*  in  a  bitter,  stimulant  principle  und  also  in  mucilage. 
Some  i>ftlie  bulbous  species  yield  a  nutritious  diet,  as  the  asparagus,  onion,  garlic.  The 
well  known  active  medicine,  .squills,  i»  the  bulb  of  Scilla  marnima,  of  t<.  liurope.  The 
various  kinds  of  officinal  aloe.?,  are  the  product  of  several  species  of  Aloe.  The  powerful 
ajtriijgent  drngoii's  blood,  is  the  concentrated  juice  of  Dracxiia  Draco  of  the  Canajy  Isles. 

Conspectus  (f  the  genera. 

*  Segments  of  the  perianth  scarcdy  cohering  in  a  tube. 

)  erect.  .        .        .  TuUpa.  \ 

i  solitary,  |  drooping.        .        .        .  Knjthroiuvm.    4 

f  on  a  scape,  I  umbellate.  A;c Convallaria.     12 

f  Fls.  cam- <  on  a  leafy  i  Petals  with  a  grooved  line.    .        .  Lilium.  2 

I  panulate,  (stem )  Petals  with  a'lioney  cavity  at  base.  FriliUnrin-  3 

J  1  Valves  (J;  stamens  hypogvnous.  CmivaUaria.     Vi 

1  f  racemose.    |  Valves  G,  bearing  the  stamens.      .  A^phodelus.      10 

Branches  0     Flowers    <  corymliosc,  pedicels  bracted  at  base.       .        .  Onithogalum.  9 

or  leafless.  [  subrotate,  (  umbellate,  from  a  leafy  spathe.  .         .        .  Allium.  7 

I  Sep.  and  petals  recurved.  Sds.  few.  Streptnpus.       15 

Branches     (  Leaves  ovate.  A:c.  ...   I  SepaU  and  pet.  erect.     Sds.  n-.any.  Uvulann.  14 

leafy )  Leaves  filiform,  fasciculate Asparagus.       IG 

*  *  Segments  of  the  perianth  cohering  into  a  tube  at  base. 

(Stamens  inserted  at      I  Tube  straight.     Native.         .        .  Alelris.  H 

top  of  the  tube |  Tul)e  incurved.     Kxotic.  .        .  Poly  oithes.        0 

Stamens  inserted  in  the  middle  of  the  tube t/i/acinthus.       9 

Smmens  inserted  at  base  of  tube,  declined.        .        .        .  Hfmerncn'lis.     5 

Flowers  axillary  on  a  leafy  stem Puli/gonatum.  13 

TniBK  1.     TULlPACEiE. 

Bulbous.     Sepals  and  petals  scarcely  adhering  in.  a  tube.     Integvmcnts  of  the 

seed  siij't  and  pair. 

1  .    T  U'  L  1  P  A  . 

Pcriiinlh  cnmpanulatt; ;  slamcns  short,  ?ubiil:i(c  ;  anthers 
4-anglc(l  ;  «ligmi  thicl;  ;  capsule  ohioiig,  triaiigulai'. 

From  Hie  Persian  mine  tliini'ihnn,  .synnnymoiis  with  turban;  a  name  not 
inapprnpri;!t,e  to  llie  form  of  lliese  inairiiifincnt  flowers.  FIs.  solitarv,  termi- 
nal. A  favorite  sreniis  of  about  xJO,  chiefly  oriental  species.  Onl/ two  are 
generally  cultivated. 

1  .  &F>NKRI  a'N.A. — Sea])c  l-flowered.  smontli  ;  /ffu-fs  ovate-la  ncrolatc  ; 
f.oicer  erect,  seirments  obtuse,  smooth.  iNamed  for  Grsner,  a  Zurich  botanist. 
It  nppeiirs  to  have  been  introduced  into  Europe  from  Persia  in  l-'^nD  Its 
varieties  ate  endless,  and  may  be  produced  by  first  planting  the  seed  in  a  rich 
soil,  and  afterwards  transplanting  the  bulbs  into  a  poorer  soil.  After  a  few 
years,  the  tlovvers  become  broken  or  varicjrated  with  colors  in  that  e.\quisito 
manner  so  miicli  admired.  I  ri  London  catalogues  there  are  enumerated  and 
described  nearly  700  varieties.     May.  Common  Tulip. 

T.  stvvKoi.KNS  differs  from  T.  Gesneriann.  in  having  a  pubescent  scape 
and  fragrant  flowers.     It  is  moreover  much  smaller,  and  blossoms  earlier. 

2 .     L  I'  L  1  U  M . 
Perianth    rannpamilate,  !*r<.MTi<iils   moslly    rociirvofi,    each 
with  a  h)iioiltuiiiial  ^roovi;  wiihiii.  iVtmi  llic  mithlle  to  the  base  ; 
valves  ol  the  eapsiile  (Miinciieil  bj  latticed  hairs. 
II  u* 


390  FRfTILLARJA. 


Gr.  Xiigioi/,  the  lily  ;  from  the  Celtic  word  U,  white,  of  which  color  the  lily 
is  considered  the  emblein.  Steins  leafy.  Lvs.  cauline,  sessile,  alternate  or 
verticiUatc.     Fls.  terminal.     Sta.  shorter  than  style.     Capsule  subtriangular. 

1.  L.  Canade'nse. 

Leiivrs  mostly  verticillate,  lanceolate,  the  nerves  hairy  beneath  ;  ■pcdiindes 
terminal,  elongated,  usually  by  3s;  fioiier  nodding,  the  segments  spreading, 
scarcely  revolute.  A  plant  of  much  beauty,  Irequently  adorning  our  meadows 
in  summer.  The  root  atfords  a  fine  example  of  the  scaly  bulb.  Stem  round, 
2 — 4  feel  high,  surrounded  by  several  remote  w-horls,  each  consisting  of 4 — 6 
leaves,  and  often  a  i^vi  scattered  ones  at  base.  These  are  2 — 13  inches  long 
I — 1  wide.  Flowers  '^iivi  (1,  2  or  :?),  pendulous,  yellow  or  orange-colored, 
spotted  with  dark  purple  inside.     July.  Yellow  Lily. 

2.  L.  supe'rbum. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-ncrved,  glabrous,  lower  ones  verti- 
cillate, upper  ones  scattered;  flowers  ol'ten  in  a  [)yramidal  raceme,  nodding, 
Begments  revolute.  Few  cultivated  plants  are  more  ornamental  than  this 
inhabitant  of  our  vales  and  meadows.  Root  bearing  a  white,  squamose  bulb. 
Stem  erect,  round,  straight,  4 — G  I'eet  higli.  Leaves  2 — 3  mches  lona.  i^ — | 
inch  wide.  Flowers  3 — 20  (:5fl — 40,  in  specimens  found  at  Hanover,  M.  H  j, 
of  a  bright  orange  color  with  purple  spots  Sepals  and  petals  linear-lanceolate, 
beautiiully  revolute.     Appears  to  be  distinct  from  the  foregoing.     July. 

Superb  Lily. 

3.  L.  Philade'lphicum. 

Lcfflvfis  verticillate.  linear -lanceolate  ;  flowers  erect,  sub.solitary,  campanulate  ; 
petals  and  se/xil.s  unguiculate.  A  very  beautiful  plant,  native  of  dryer  situa- 
tions than  the  foinier.  as  bushy  pastures  and  field  borders.  Leaves  about 
5  in  a  whorl,  2 — 3  inches  long,  3 — 4  lines  wide,  1-nerved.  Stem  15 — 20 
inches  high,  with  1  (seldom  more)  erect  flower  at  the  summit.  Segments 
lanceolate,  standing  apart,  on  long  claws,  deep  orange-color,  spotted  at  the 
base.     June.  Red  Lily. 

4.  L.  CA'NDIDUM. — Leaves  scattered,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base  ; 
floioer  campanulate,  smooth  inside.  Native  of  Levant.  It  has  a  thick  stem  4 
feet  high,  supporting  a  raceme  of  very  large,  snow  white  flowers  which  have 
long  been  regarded  as  the  emblems  of  whiteness  and  purity.    Jl.         WItile  Lily. 

6.  L.  BULBI'FERUM — £e«pcs  scattered,  3-nerved  ;  /oH'e?-*  campanu- 
late, erect,  rough  within.  Native  of  Italy.  Stem  thick,  round,  4  feet  high, 
bearing  small,  roundish,  dark-colored  bulbs  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Flowers 
large,  orange-colored,  resembling  in  form  those  of  L.  candidiivi,  but  are 
scabrous  within.     July.  Orange  Lily. 

6.  L.  JaPO'nK-'UM  — Leaves  scattered,  lanceolate;  flowers  cernitous, 
campanulate.  Native  of  China.  A  noble  species,  requiring  careful  manage- 
merrt.     its  flower  is  large,  nodding,  terminal,  white,  on  a  stem  2  feet  high. 

7.  L.  TIGRI'NUM  — Lp^jpes  scattered,  sessile,  3-nerved,  the  upper  cor- 
date-ovate ;  perianth  revolute,  fiapillose  inside.  Native  of  China,  very 
common  in  cultivation.  Stem  fi  feet  high,  with  a  pyramid  of  dark  orange- 
colored,  spotted  flowers.  Axils  of  leavesbulbiferous.  Aug.     Tiger-sjwttid  Lily. 

3.     FRITILLA'RIA. 
Perianth  campantilalc,  with  a  broad  base  and  nectariferous 
cavitv  above  the  claw  of  each  tcirment ;    stamens  as  Ions 
as  tlie   petals. 
hat.  fritillvs,  a  chess-board ;  alluding  to  the  checkered  petals. 


391  HEMCROCALLIS. 


1.  F.  IMI'ERF a'LIS.  —  Raceme  comose,  naked  below;  lenvrs  entire. 
Native  of  Persia.  A  fine  showy  flower  of  easy  culture.  Stem  tlnck,  striate, 
3  feet  high,  the  lower  part  invested  with  tiie  long,  narrow,  entire  leaves;  the 
upper  part  is  naked,  bearing  at  tlie  top  a  raceme  of  several  large,  red  or  yellow, 
nodding  flowers,  beneath  a  crown  formed  by  the  pairs  of  small,  narrow  leaves 
at  the  base  of  each  pedicel.     May.  Croicn  Imperial. 

2.  F.  MALEA'GRIS. — Lc(/rcs  alternate,  linear,  channeled  ;  sicm  1-flow- 
ered.  Native  of  Britain.  Stem  a  foot  high,  with  alternate,  long,  very  narrow 
leaves.  Tlie  flower,  which  is  usually  solitary,  is  large,  nodding,  and  beautifully 
checkered  with  purple  and  pale  red  or  yellow.     May.      CliccUcred  FrtliUurij. 

4.     ERYTHRO'NIUM. 

I'etianth  campanulite,  s^'gnienls  lecurved,  (lir  3  itinerones 

(pelals)  usually  with  a  tubeicle  altaclit'd  to  each  side  at  base, 

and   a  groove;  in  the  middle. 

Gr  iav9Qoi,  red  ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  flower  and  leaves  of  some 
species.  Lvs.  2,  subradical.  Scape  1-flovvered.  Fl.  liliaceous.  Caps,  some- 
what stiped  ;  seeds  ovate. 

1.  E.    AmERICa'NUM.       Smith.  E.  denscanis.  J»fz. 
Scapr.  naked;  leaves  spotted,  lanceolate  and  involute  at  the  point;  seifments 

oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  iimer  ones  bidentatc  near  the  base  ;  fti/lr.  clavate  ; 
sligiiia  undivided.  A  beautiful  little  plant,  among  the  earliest  of  our  vernal 
flowers,  t'ound  in  rich,  open  grounds,  or  in  thin  woods.  The  bulb  is  deep  in 
the  ground.  Scape  slender,  3 — 4  inches  high.  The  2  leaves  are  of  equal 
lencfth  (5  inches),  one  of  them  nearly  twice  a-  wide  as  the  other,  both  clouded 
with  brown  spots.  Flower  drooping,  yellow,  revolute  in  the  sunshine. 
May.  Yelluw  Erytkroniuvi. 

2.  E.  albi'dum.     J\~utt. 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate;  segments  of  pcr/rnf^/i  linear-lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse,  inner  ones  without  dentures  at  base,  subunguiculate  ;  s  igma  3-cleft, 
lobes  reflexed.  About  the  size  of  the  last,  in  wet  meadows,  near  Albanj', 
N.  Y.  Leaves  without  an  acuminalion.  tap(M-ing  to  the  base,  of  equal  length 
includingthe  petiole  (4 — 5  inches),  one  of  them  twice  as  wide  as  the  other. 
Scape  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing  a  single,  white,  nodding  flower. 
Segments  \\  inch  long.     Apiil.     May.  Wldtt  Erijthroiiium. 

3.  E.  bractea'tum.     Bw. 

Scape  bracted  ;  leaves  lanr-eolale,  very  unequal.  An  alpine  species,  found 
in  Vt.  Boutt.  A  smaller  plant,  distinguishable  by  the  inequality  of  the  leaves, 
one  of  which  is  3  or  4  times  as  large  as  the  other.  Scape  shorter  than  the 
leaves  with  a  narrow,  lanceolate  bract  H  inch  kmg,  a  little  below  the  flower. 
Flower  greenish  yellow.  Segments  about  ^  inch  long,  gibbous  at  base. 
•Tune.  Bracted  Ertjlhronium. 

Tribe  2.     HEMEROCALLIDEiE. 

Bulbous.      Sepals  and  jielals  united  into  a  tube.     Integuments  of  the  seed  soft 

and  pale. 

r>.     HEMEROCA'LLIS. 
Perianth  campaiuilate.  with  a   cyiindi  ic  tube;  stamens  de- 
clined ;  stigma  simple,  villous,  small. 

Gr.  TifAiQci-j  the  day,  and  x.a.XXoi,  beautiful ;  flowers  beautiful,  but  lasting 
only  a  day.     An  ornamental  genus  of  the  easiest  culture. 


LILIACK.E.  892  ALLIUM. 

1.    H.    FULVA. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  carinate  ;  pc/a/,s  obtuse,  wavy  ;  nerres  of  sr-pa's 
branched.  IN  alive  of  the  Levant,  naturalized  in  some  parts  of  this  country. 
A  well  known,  showy  border  flower.  Leaves  very  numerous,  mostly  radical, 
an  inch  wide  and  a  foot  or  more  long.  Scape  round,  thick,  naked,  smooth, 
branchinir,  3  feet  high.  Flowers  very  large,  liliaceous,  of  a  tawny  red. 
Style  striate.     July.  Common  Day  Lily. 

2.  H.  FLAV.\.  —  Leaves  broad-linear,  carinate;  segments  flat,  acute; 
nerves  of  the  sepals  undivided-  iS'ative  of  Siberia.  A  foot  high.  Flowers  a 
bright  yellow,  much  smaller  than  those  of  H.  fulva.  Scape  branching. 
Julv.  Ye.Uow  Dill)  Lily. 

3.  II.  JaPO'NICA. — ieffcrs  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  florrers  infundi- 
buliform.  A  fine  species  from  Japan.  Leaves  as  large  as  the  hand,  very 
smooth,  on  long,  radical  petioles.  Flowers  large,  white,  on  a  scape  a  foot 
high.     June.  JVhile  Day  Lily. 

G.    POLYA'NTHES. 

Perianlh  funnel-fornn,  incurved  ;  lilamcnts  inserted  into  the 

throat  ;  ovary  at  the  boltori)  of  the  tube. 

Gr.  TioKvi,  many,  ay3oi;  the  flowers  of  the  plant  being  numerous. 

P.  TUBRRO'SA. — iMrc.s  linear-lanceolate;  petals  ohlnng.  A  fine  p:irlor 
plant,  native  of  Ceylon.  Stems  bulbous  at  base  with  tuherous  branches. 
Scape  scaly,  2 — 3  feet  high,  with  alternate,  large,  white,  regular  flowers,  of  a 
delicious  fragrance  which  is  most  powerful  at  evening.   Aug.  Sept.     Tuberose. 

TiiiEK  3.    SCILLEiE. 

Bullous.     Flowers  vsually   smaller  thnn  in  the  preceding.     Intcgvmcnt  cf  tho 
seed  black  and  brittle. 

7.    A'LLIUM. 

Flowers  in  a  dense  umbel,  with   a  membranous,   2-leaved 

spatiu' ;  peiiaiith  deeply  (3  parted,  mostly  spreading. 

Celtic  all,  hot  or  burninq;.  Strong-scented  bulbs.  Lvs.  mostly  ladical. 
Umbel  on  a  scape.  Segments  of  perianth  ovate,  the  3  inner  somewhat  small- 
er.    Ova.  angular.     Stig.  acute.     Caps.  3-lobed. 

1.  A.    TRICO'CCUM. 

Scnjin  terete  ;  Ic/ivcs  lanceolate,  oblong,  flat,  smooth;  umhd  globose  ;  seed 
solitary  ill  each  cell  of  tiie  3-celled  capsule.  A  strong-scented  plant,  common 
in  damp  woods.  Bulb  oblnng,  acuminate.  Leaves  .'')--8  inclies  Imig,  an  inch 
or  more  wide,  acute,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  all  withering  and  disii|)pearing 
before  tiie  opening  of  the  flowers.  Scape  a  foot  or  n)ore  higii.  bearing  a  thin, 
2-leave(l  deciduous  spalhc  at  top,  with  an  umbel  of  JO — 12  while  flowers. 
June,  July.  Lancc-lcutcd  Gallic. 

2.  A.  Canade'nsf.. 

Scape  terete  ;  leares  linear  ;  iimhrl  capitate,  bulbinTous.  In  woods.  Leaves 
radical.  |  as  lonir  as  the  scape,  smooth,  nearly  flat  above.  Scape  12 — 18 
inches  high,  round,  smooth,  bearing  a  sp-ithe  of  Novate,  acute  bracts  at  the 
top,  wiUi  a  iiead  of  bulbs  and  flowers.  The  bulbs  are  sessile,  each  furnished 
will)  a  bract  beneath,  and  among  them  are  a  few  whitish  flowers  on  slender 
pedicels.     June.  Canadian  Garlic. 


LILJACKiE. 


393  ORNITHOGALDM. 


3      .\.    VINEA'LE. 

Stem  slender,  with  a  few  leaves  ;  cmiline  lenves  terete,  fistulous  ;  vmhel 
bulbiferous  ;  stamens  exsert ;  _^/«7nt'««i- allcrnately  tricuspid;ite,  llie  middle 
point  beariii(T  the  anther.  Meadows.  N.  York.  J.eaves  (J— 12  inches  Icinw. 
Scape  I — 'Z  i'eet  high,  bearing  a  spathe  of '2  small  bracts  at  top,  and  an  umbel 
of  flowers  with  which  bulbs  are  sometimes  intermixed.  Ferianth  purple. 
June.  Cruw  Garlic. 

4.    A.    CE'rNUUM.       Roth. 

Sfrt/;«  quadrangular;  /ewce.s- linear,  flat ;  W7nte/ cernuous  ;  .<itamens  simple. 
N.  Y.  Dr.  Beck.  Leaves  radical,  half  as  long  as  the  scape.  Scape  1 — 2feet 
hiffh,  bearing  at  top  a  nodding  umbel  of  15 — 20  rose-colored  flowers.  Ovary 
d-Toothed,  becoming  a  roundisli,  3-seeded  ciipsule.     Jl.  jXoddlng  Garlic. 

5.  A.  ('rpA. — Scape  fistulous,  swelling  towards  the  base,  longer  than 
the  terete,  fistulous  leaves.  Cep,  in  the  Celtic,  signifies  a  head.  iNative  of 
Hungary.  The  root  bears  a  tunicated  bulb,  compressed,  or  round,  or  oblong, 
in  fiiiure.  'I'he  scape,  wliich  appears  the  second  year,  is  3 — 4  feet  high, 
straight,  smooth,  stout,  bearing  at  top  a  large,  round  umbel  of  greenish  white 
fiowiTs.  Universally  cultivated  for  the  kitchen,  and  its  peculiar  merits  as  a 
pot-herb  are,  no  doubt,  well  known  to  our  readers.  Culture  iias  produced 
numerous  varieties.     Bienn.  Cornmun  Union. 

6.  .\.  SCHiENOPRA'SUM — Sca/)c  equaling  the  round,  subulate  leaves. 
Gr.  o-yjoivoi,  a  rush,  and  Trgao-OK,  a  leek.  The  leaves  resemble  rush  leaves 
June.  Gives. 

7.  A.  AsCALO'nICUM. — Sca/^e  terete  ;  /cr/iTS  subulate  ;  ?/7Hifc/ globose  ; 
stamens  tricuspidate.  Native  about  Ascalon,  Palestine.  It  has  a  soboliferous 
bulb,  small,  fistulous  leaves,  and  seldom  floweis.     July.  Shallot. 

8.  A.  PORRUM.  —  Stem  compressed,  leafy;  leaves  sheathing  at  base; 
stinnens  tricuspidate.  INative  of  Sw  tzeiland.  Root  bearing  a  scaly,  cylin- 
drical bulb.  Stem  2  feet  high,  bearing  long,  linear,  alternate,  sheathing  leaves, 
and  at  the  top,  a  large  umbel  ol  small,  white  flowers.    July.  Leek. 

9.  A.  SATi'V'UM.  —  B7/7i  compound  ;  s  cm  leafy,  bulbiferous;  stamens 
tricuspidate.  Native  of  Sicily.  The  bulb  is  composed  of  several  smaller  ones 
surrounded  by  a  common  membrane,  acrid  and  very  strong-scented.  Slem 
2  feet  high  Flowers  small,  white.  Used  as  seasoning  and  sometimes  in 
medicine.     July.  Gonnnoa  Garlic. 

10.  A.  PROLI'FERUM. — Scrt/)«  fistulous,  twisted  ;  /eaves  fistulous  ;  ?/?«- 
hels  bulbiferous  and  proliferous  ;  stamens  tricuspidate,  the  middle  point 
antheriferous.  A  curious  species,  native  of  the  W.  Indies.  Scape  2 — 3  feet 
high,  producincr  several  bulbs  among,  or  instead  of,  the  white  flowers.     July. 

8  .    O  R  N  1  T  H  O'  G  A  L  U  M  . 
Perianth    deeply    6-jiaitecl,  spreading   aliove   tlie  middle; 
filaments  dil.ited  at  (he  hase  ;  capsule  roundish,  angidar. 

Gr,  oQVi^oi,  a  bird,  and  yaXa,  milk;  why  so  called  we  know  not.  Leaves 
radical.     Scape  naked,  racemose  or  corymbed. 

O.  UMBELLA'TUM. — F/o?cer5  corymbose  ;  wr^^/iine/cs longer  than  bracts; 
jilamnits  subulate.  From  England,  but  naturalized  in  many  parts  of  this 
country.  Leaves  linearand  narrow, emarginate,  as  long  as  the  scape.  Scape 
near  a  foot  high.  Flowers  few,  in  a  kind  of  loose  corymb.  Petals  and 
sepals  white,  beautifully  marked  with  a  longitudinal  green  stripe  on  the 
outside.     May.  Star  of  Bethlehem. 


LIMACE.E.  394  ALETRI3. 

0  .     FI  Y  A  C  I'  N  T  H  U  S  . 
Perianth   siibglobose   or  campnmilate,  regular.   G-rleft ;    3 
nectariferous  pores  at  top  of  the  ovaiy  ;  stamens  issuing  fiom 
the  middle  of  ihe  segments  ;  cells  of  the  capsule  about  2-seed- 
ed. 

Hijacinllai.i,  according  to  Grecian  fable,  was  killed  by  Zephyrus  and  trana- 
formod  into  tliis  flower.     Tlie  species  are  natives  of  the  Levant. 

H.  ORIENTA'LIS.—  Perianth  funnel-form,  half  C-cleft.  ventricose  at  the 
base.  The  hyacinth  is  a  well  known,  splendid  flower,  long  prized  and  culti- 
vated. Leaves  thick,  linear-lanceolate,  'S — 5  inches  long.  Scape  twice  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  thick,  beaiing  a  dense,  lliyrsoid  raceme  of  numerous  blue 
flowers.     A  plant  peculiarly  adapted  to  pallor  cultivation  in  bulb  glasses. 

Other  ornamental  species  sometimes  cultivated  are  H.  Eoritvoiur.s,  grapt 
hyiici'Hii.wMi  globose  flowers  ;  H.  comosvs.  ptirple  grape  /njacimli.  with  pris- 
matic flowers;  and  H.  uacemosus,  hare-bdl  lujacintli,  with  ovoid  flowers. 

Tribe  4.     ANTHERICE^. 

J{ot  lulhous.     Stem,  if  developed,  erect.     Rant  fasciculate  or  fibrous.     Leaves 
never  curiaceous  nor  permanent. 

10.    ASPHO'DELUS, 

Perianth  6-pailed,  spreading,  with  6  valves,  covering  the 
ovary;  stamens  issuing  from  the  valves. 

Gr.  a,,  privative,  and  ^(paXKtOj  to  surpass;  a  flower  «o<  surpassed  in  beauty. 
Fine  garden  plants  from  S.  Europe. 

1.  A.  LU'TF.US. — Siem  leafy  ;  /e7rcs  3-cornered.  Native  of  Sicily.  A 
plant  of  easy  culture  and  rapid  increase.  Stem  :J  feet  high,  thickly  invested 
with  3-cornered,  hollow  leaves.  Floweis  yellow,  in  a  long  spike,  reaching 
Irom  the  top  almost  to  the  base  of  stem.    in.     King's  Spear.   Yeiluw  Asphodel. 

2.  \.  JtAMO'suS. — S/em  naked,  branched  ;  perf/inc/es  alternate,  longer 
tlian  bract;  /cntics  ensiform,  carinate,  smooth.  Native  of  S.  Europe.  Notso 
tall  as  the  preceding,  but  with  larger,  white  flowers.  Jn.     Branching  Asphodel. 

11.     ALE'TRIS. 
Perianth  G-cleft,  tubular,  rugose,   persistent;  stamens  issu- 
ing at  tiie  top  of  the  tube,  style   3-sidcd,  3-partible;    capsule 
opening  at  top,  many-seeded. 

Gr.  (uXuccq)  uXiia-TQOi,  meal ;  from  the  powdery  dust  with  which  the  plant 
is  covered.     Lvs.  radical,  rosulate.     Scape  many-flowered. 

A.    FARINO'SA. 

Leaves  broad-lanceolate  ;  flowers  oblong-tubular,  pedice'led ;  perianth  in 
fruit  rugose  or  mealy  in  appearance.  Growi  in  low  grounds.  Root  pre- 
morse,  intensely  bitter.  Scape  20—30  inches  high,  with  remote  scales  or 
bracts  and  surrounded  at  base  with  a  circle  of  lanceolate,  sessile  leaves.  These 
are  3—4  inches  long.  ^  as  wide  and  lie  flat  upon  the  ground.  Flowers  in  a 
lonir,  thin  raceme.  Terianlh  white,  i  inch  long,  on  very  short  pedicels,  rugose 
without,  when  old.     Medicinal.     July.  Star-grass.     CuUc-root. 


LILIACH.-E.  395  CONVALLARIA. 

Tribe  5.     COxWALLARINEiE. 
Stem  arising  from  a  horizontal  rhizoma  or  tuber. 

12.    CONVALLA'RIA. 
Peiianlh  4 — G-pnrled,  segniciils  sprrading  5    stamens  4 — 6, 
divcrircnl,  arising  from  the  base  of  tlie  scgnnents ;  bcriy  glo- 
bose, 2 — 3-celled. 

Lat.  convallis,  a  valley  ;  the  locality  of  some  species.     Stem  simple.     Lv3. 
alternate.     Fls.  in  terminal  racemes  or  umbels. 

1.  C.    BIFO'lia.      L.  Smilacina.  Desf.       Styrandra.  Raf. 
Liavns  2 — 3,  cordate  ;  flowers  tetramerous.     A  small  plant,  not  uncommon 

in  the  eti^es  of  woods  and  w:\ite  Imds,  siniruhirly  dislinguislied  for  its 
4-partpd  flowers.  Stem  angular,  about  G  imhes  high.  Leaves  2,  rarely  :!, 
about  2  inciies  long,  ^  as  wide,  ovate,  distinctly  cordate,  sessile,  or  the  lowest 
on  a  petiole,  llaceme  terniimil,  erect,  an  inch  long,  consisting  of  12 — 20 
white  llowers.  Berry  small,  round,  and  when  mature,  pale  red,  speckled  with 
deep  red.     May.  Twu-lcaccd  Sjl.omon's  Scat, 

2.  C.    TRIFO'LIA.      L.  Smilacina.  Desf. 
Lcdces'i — 4,   oval-lanceolate,  tapering  to  botii  ends,  amplexicaul ;    niceine 

terminal,  simple.  A  delicate  little  species  in  mountain  swamps.  Stem". — 5 
inches  iiigh,  pubescent,  angular.  Leaves  2 — 3^  inches  long,  one  fifth  as 
wide,  acu.ninate,  smooth.  Flowers  4 — S,  white,  ti-parted,  the  segments 
spreading.     May.  Tkrec-kaved  Sulomuji's  Seal. 

3.  C.    STELLA'TA.      L.  Smilacina.  Desf. 
Leaves    numerous,   ovatelan^eolite,    ample.xicaul  ;     rncnnn    few-flowered, 

simple.  River  banks.  Stem  j— 1  foot  liigh.  round  and  smooth.  Leaves 
8 — 10,  smooth,  glaucous  beiieatli,4 — G  inches  long,  J — 1  incii  wide,  tapering 
to  the  apex.  Flowers  white,  about  8,  stellate,  rather  larger  than  in  the  next. 
June.  Star-flowered  Sulomou's  Seal. 

4.  C.    RACEMO'SA.      L.  Smilacina.  Desf. 
Leivrs  oval,  acuminate,    subsessile  ;    raceme  compound.     A  larger  species 

than  the  i)receding.  Uhizoma  tliick.  sweet  to  the  taste.  Stem  l^— 2  feet  high, 
downy,  nriacefuily  recurved  at  top.  Leaves  4 — (i  inches  long,  about  ^  as  wide, 
contracted  into  a  long  acumination,  nerved,  minulely  pubescent.  Petioles 
0 — 2  lines  long.  Flowets  very  numerous,  small,  white,  on  white  pedicels,  and 
with  white,  exserted,  tapering  filaments,  constituting  a  large,  compound, 
terminal  raceme.     Woods,  4!k;c.     June.  Clustered  Solomon's  Seal. 

5.  C.    BOREA'LIS.        C.  umbellulata.  j(/z.     Dracaena.  ^iV.     Clintonia.  i2r;/. 
Lenrcs  oval-lanceolate  ;  scope  umbellate  ;  berries  2-celled.     A  plant  of  much 

elegance  of  form,  found  in  woods  especially  in  mountainous  districts.  Pihizoma 
creepiii<r  to  some  extent.  J^eaves  4 — 7  inches  long,  i^  as  wide,  petiolate,  radical 
or  nearly  so,  smooth  and  glossy,  fringed  with  scattered  hairs.  Scape  erect, 
round,  8 — 1^  inches  high,  bearing  at  top  a  beautiful  umbel  of  3 — U  yellowish 
green,  nodding  flowers.  Perianth  liliaceous,  of  (i,  oblanceolate,  erect,  spread- 
ing segments,    iierries  of  a  rich  amethystine  blue.  Jn.     IVild  Lily  of  the  Valley. 

6.  C.  !\1AJA'LIS.  —  SW';76  naked,  smooth,  semi-cylindric  ;  I  en  xes  nearly 
radical,  ovate  ;  raceme  simple,  Lsided.  An  elegant,  sweet  s-eiited  p|;>nt, 
native  of  woods  at  the  South,  and  is,  or  deserves  to  be,  a  frequent  inhabitant 
of  our  gardens,  l^eaves  2,  seldom  :»,  ovate-ellip'.ical.  Scape  G  inches  high, 
with  white  flowers  depending  from  its  upper  half  in  a  single  rank.     May. 

Lily  of  the  Valley, 


LILIACEiE.  896  UVULAKIA. 

13.     POLYGON  A'TUM. 
Pcri.inih  tiiUnlar,  c\  lindraal,  G-cleft  ;  stamens  insnied  near 
the  siinmiit  of  the  tuhe;  berry  globose,  o-celled,  cells  2-seeded. 

Gr.  TToXvi,  many,  yovv,  knee  ;  from  the  many-jointed  rliizoma.  Stem 
simple.     Lvs.  alternate.     Fls.  axillary. 

P.    MULTIFF.o'RUM.       Hook.       P.  pubcscens,  biflora,  canaliculata,  &c.  P. 

Sfeni  recurved,  hmooth  ;  leaves  distichous,  lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  smooth 
above;  ;;Bf/M«c.''S  axillary,  1 — 4-flovvered.  In  woods.  Stem  I — 3  feet  high, 
most  recurved  in  the  tallest  plants.  Leaves  more  or  less  clasping  at  base,  or 
only  sessile  in  the  smallest  plants,  2^ — G  inches  long,  1 — 2^  wide,  nerved, 
smooth  and  crlossy  above,  paler  and  generally  pubescent  beneath.  Pedutules 
filiform,  branching,  scarcely  a  fil'ih  as  long  as  the  leaves  F'lowers  5 — H  lines 
Ions,  pendulous,  greenish    subcylindric.     June.  Jointed  Solomon's  Sciil. 

«..  <ett»es  very  ainplexicaul,  smooth  both  sides,  distinctly  nerved;  lowe/r 
peduncles  4-flowered.     Plant  2 — 3  feet  high.     In  rich,  damp  soils. 

fi.  jmbesrens ;  //■rtr*'*  pubescent  beneath,  slightly  clasping  ;  stem  \ — 2  feet 
high.     This  variety  is  most  common  in  New  England. 

y.  btfiorii ;  leaves  smooth  both  sides,  \  as  wide  as  long,  sessile ;  flowers 
greenish  white,  4 — 5  lines  long  ;  stem  round.  1 — \h  loot  high. 

^.  canaliculata;  stem  channeled  on  the  upper  side, 

14,     UVULA'RIA. 
Perianth  deeply  6-parted  ;    seiiinriits  linear-oblong,   acute, 
erect,  with  a  neciarireroiis  cavil)  ai  tin-  l)asi-  of  each  ;  hlarnents 
very  short;    anthers  linear,    half  as  lung  as  the  pelaU ;    st}  le 
tritid  ;  seeds  wiih  an  ai  il. 

Derivation  uncertain.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  solitary.  Capsule 
3-celled,  many-seeded. 

1    U.  sessilifo'lia. 

Leaves  sessile,  lance-oval,  glaucous  beneath  ;  capsule  stiped  ovate.  A  com- 
mon species,  found  in  woods  and  in  grans  lands.  Stem  smooth,  slender, 
(j — 10  inches  high,  dividing  at  the  to^i  into  2  branches,  one  bearing  leaves 
only,  the  other,  leaves  and  a  flower.  Leaves  smooth  and  delicate,  dark  green 
above,  paler  beneath,  I— -1^  inches  long.  The  flower  is  cylindric, near  un  inch 
long,  yellowish  white,  of  (j,  long  linear  petals.    May.      BtU-irort.     II  ild  Oats. 

2.  U.  perfolia'ta. 

Leaces  perfoliate,  elliptical, subacute ;  y'rianth  subcampanulate,  tuberculate- 
scabrous  within  ;  anthers  cuspidate  ;  a-pxiile  truncate.  A  handsome,  smooth 
plant,  in  woods.  Stem  lU— 14  inches  high,  passing  through  the  perfoliate 
leaves  near  their  bases,  and  dividing  into  2  branches  at  top.  Leaves:^ — 3 
inches  long,  | — 1  inch  wide,  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at  apex.  Flower 
pale  yellow,  pendulous  from  the  end  of  one  of  the  branches.  Segments 
linear-lanceolate,  1{  inch  long,  twisted,  covered  within  with  shining  grains. 
Anthers^  inch  long.     May,  rerfoliate  Bed-icort. 

3.  U.    GRANDIFLO'RA. 

Leaves  perfoliate,  elliptic-oblong,  acute  ;  flower  terminal,  solitary,  pendu- 
lous ;  scirments  acuminate,  smooth  within  and  vvitliout ;  avtiieis  obtuse. 
Larger  than  either  of  the  foregoing.  In  woods.  Stem  12— lo  inches  high, 
passing  through  the  perfoliate  leaves  near  their  bases,  dividing  into  2  branches 
attop,°one  of  which  bears  the  large,  yellow,  [)endulous  flower  Lvs.  almost 
acuminate,  rounded  at  base.     Anthers  ^  inch  long.    May.       Large  Bell-wort. 


PONTEDERIACEJE.  897 


ASPARAGUS, 


15.  STREPTO'PUS. 

Perianth  6-par(ed,  campanulate;  segments  with  a  nectari- 
ferous pore  at  the  base  of  each;  anthers  longer  than  the 
filaments;  stigma  very  short ;  berry  roundish,  3-celled  ;  seeds 
(ew,  hihim  williout  an  aril. 

Gr.  c-TQi(ptt>,  to  turn,  and  -rovi,  a  foot  ;  in  botanic  language,  a  twisted  foot- 
stalk, the  peduncle  of  each  flower  being  constantly  twisted  in  a  peculiar 
manner.     Fl.  solitary,  axillary. 

1.  S.   AMPLEXIFO'lius.      Dc.  S.  distortus.  Mx.      Uviilaria.  L. 
Smooth  ;    leaves  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  smooth  and  entire  on  the  maro-in, 

glaucous  beneath  ;  p«/«ce/s  solitary,  geniculate  and  distorted  in  the  middle ; 
sepals  long-acuminate,  reflesed  ;  anthers  very  acute,  entire  ;  sligma  truncate. 
Native  of  woods.  Stem  round,  dichotomous,  2  feet  high.  Leaves  2 — 3  inches 
long,  ^  as  wide,  very  smooth.  Peduncles  opposite  the  leaf,  twisted  and  bent 
downwards  each  with  a  bell-form,  drooping  flower  gibbous  at  base,  of  a  pale 
straw-color.  Anthers  sagittate,  attenuate  at  the  apex  into  a  lono-.  subulate 
point.     Fruit  oblong,  red,  many-seeded.    Jn.  Twisted  Bell-wort. 

2.  S.    RO'SEUS.      Mx.  Uvularia.  L. 
Smooth ;    leaves   oblong-ovate,    clasping,  margin   serrulate-ciliate,    under 

surface  green  like  the  upper;  pedicels  short,  generally  distorted  in  the  middle  ; 
segments  spreading  at  apex  ;  anthers  short,  2-horned  ;  stigma  trifid.  A  more 
common  species,  native  of  woods.  Stem  a  foot  or  more  high,  round,  dicho- 
tomously  biauching.  Leaves  2 — 4  inclies  long,  ^  as  wide,  endino-  in  a 
slender  point,  smooth,  but  conspicuously  edged  vvith  minute,  routrli  hairs. 
Flowers  reddish,  spotted,  suspended  beneath  the  branches,  one  under  each 
leaf.     June.  Rose  Bell-wort. 

Tkibe  6.     ASPAPvAGE^. 
Stem  vsualhj  fiilhj  developed,  or  if  not,  the  leaves  are  coriaceous  and  permanent. 

16.  ASPA'RAGUS. 

Perianth  6-parted,  erect;  ovary  turbinate  ;  stamens  erect; 
style  very  short;  stigmas  3;   berry  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded. 

Gr.  <r7rciQa.a-(rci},  to  tear;  some  of  the  species  are  armed  with  strono- prickles. 

A.  officina'lis. 

Stem  herbaceous,  unarmed,  very  branching,  erect ;  leaves  setaceous  flexi- 
ble, fasciculate.  Native  of  England,  and  oilier  parts  of  Europe,  naturalized 
on  rocky  shores.  Stem  2 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  filiform,  J — 1^  inch  lonir, 
pale  pea-green.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs.  Berries  "dobose  red. 
it  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  delicate  of  culinary  vegetaliles,  Vi'as  no  less 
praised  in  ancient  Rome,  by  Pliny,  Cato  and  other  writers,  than  at  the  present 
day.     Diuretic.     July.  Asparagus. 


ORDER   CLl  V.     PONTEDERIACEJE.  r,e  Pic,erel.u.ee.  T,iU. 

Perianth  tubular,  colored,  G-parted,  often  irreg-ular,  circinate  in  ceslivalion. 
Sla — 3  or  G,  unequal,  perig-ynous. 

Om.— Free  or  sonieliines  adherent  to  the  perinnlh  at  base, 3-celled.     Style  1.     Stig.  .simple. 
i'>.— Capsule  3  (somelimcs  Ij-celled,  3-valved,  with  luculicidal  dehisee'nce. 
Seeds  numerous  (sometimea  solitary),  atlachcd  to  a  central  axis.    Albumen  farinaceous. 
II 


PONTEDERIACE.E.  398  HETERANTHERA. 

A  small  order  of  aquatic  plants.      Leaves  sheathing,  parallel-veined.     Inflorescence 

various,  often  spathaceous.     Of  no  known  use. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  solitary SchoUera.         3 

Flowers  regular,  (  2—4  logelher  in  a  spathe Heleranthrra.  3 

Flowers  irregular,  in  a  terminal  spike. PoiUederia.      1 

1.  PONTEDE'RIA. 

Perianth  bilabiate,  tubular  at  base,  under  side  of  the  tube 
perforated  with  3,  longitudinal  clefts,  the  lower  part  persis- 
tent ;  stamens  unequally  inserted,  3  near  the  base  and  3  at  the 
summit  of  the  tube;  utricle  1-seeded. 

Named  in  honor  of  Julius  Pontedera,  a  botanic  author  and  professor,  of 
Padua,  about  1720.     Fls.  blue,  mostly  spicate. 

P.  corda'ta. 

Leaves  subradical,  cordate-oblong  ;  fowers  spiked.  A  fine  conspicuous 
plant,  native  of  the  borders  of  muddy  lakes,  &,c.,  growing  in  patches  extend- 
ing from  tlie  siiores  to  deep  water.  Stem  thick,  round,  erect,  arising  I — 2 
feet  above  the  water,  bearing  a  single  leaf.  Leaves  4 — 7  inches  long,  \^ — 3 
wide,  very  smootli  and  glossy,  almost  sagittate,  with  veins  beautii''ully  arranged 
to  conform  to  the  margin.  Flowers  in  a  spike,  arising  above  the  spathe, 
very  irregular.  Perianth  2-lipped,  each  lip  S-cleft,  always  blue,  appearing 
in  July.  Pickerel-weed. 

ji.  angusttfoUa  (Torr.)  ;  leaves  narrow,  truncate  and  subcordate  at  base. 

2.  SCHO'LLERA. 

Spathe  l-flowered;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  long  and 
slender,  limb  6-partcd,  equal  ;  anthers  of  2  forms;  capsule 
1-celled,  many-seeded. 

Named  for  F.  A.  Scholler,  a  German  botanist.  Lvs.  alternate,  sheathing 
at  base. 

S.    GRAMi'nEA.      Schreh.  Leptanthus.  Mi. 

Stem  floating,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints ;  leaves  linear.  A  grass-like 
aquatic,  in  flowing  water.  Stem  slender,  dicliotomous,  1 — 2  iect  long. 
Leaves  3 — 6  inches  long,  1 — 2  lines  wide,  obtuse  at  ape.x,  slightly  sheathing 
at  base.  Flower  solitary,  issuing  from  a  short  (1  inch)  spathe.  Tube  1^  inch 
long,  limb  in  G,  linear-lanceolate  segments,  yellow.  Stamens  3  (4,  authors)  ; 
filaments  broad,  one  of  them  abortive,  the  other  2  wit!i  linear  anthers  longer 
than  the  thick  style.     Jl.    Aug.  YcUoic-eijcd  Water-grass. 

3.    HETERA'NTHERA. 

Spathe  several-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  long  and 
slender,  limb  6-parted,  equal ;  stamens  3  ;  anthers  of  2  forms ; 
capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded;  dissepiment  contrary. 

Gr.  iTtga,,  otherwise,  ai'^ig  ;  the  anthers  being  dissimilar  in  the  same  flower. 

H.    RENIFO'RMIS.      Ruiz  and  Favon.  Leptanthus.  .¥i. 

Slem  prostrate  or  floating  ;    leaves  suborbicular,   reniform  or  auriculatn  at 

base;    spathe  acuminate,  few-flowered.      Ou  muddy   or  inundated    banks. 


MELANTHACE.1:.  399  ZIfiADENDS. 

Stem  4  inches  to  a  footer  more  in  length.  Leaves  ^  inch  long',  2  inch  broad, 
on  petioles  1 — 2  inches  long,  with  a  broad  sinus  at  base  and  a  short,  abrupt 
acumination.  Spathe  closely  enveloping  the  2  or  3  very  evanescent,  white 
flowers.  Tube  of  the  perianth  ^  inch  long,  limb  in  U  oblong  segments. 
Filaments  inserted  at  the  orifice,  2  of  the  anthers  small,  round,  yellow,  the 
other  oblong,  greenish.     July.    Aug. 


ORDER  CLV.    MELANTHACE^.  The  Colchimm  Tribe. 

Perinnlh  rcjrular,  in  2  series,  each  of  3  segments  which  are  distinct  or  united  at  base,  gen- 
Sta.—G.,  with  e.Mrorse  anthers.  [ernlly  involute  in  ffistiv'ation. 

Ova. — 3-cellcd,  9— many-ovuled.     Styles  distinct  or  0.     Stigmas  undivided. 
Fr. — Capsule  or  berry  3-cellod,  generally  with  septicidal  dehiscence. 
Seeds  with  a  membranous  testa,  and  dense,  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs  witli  bulbs,  rhizomas,  corms,  or  fasciculate  roots.  Leaves  parallel  (rarely  re- 
ticulate)-veined. 

Pro}>erties.  The  order  is  generally  pervaded  by  drastic,  narcotic  and  poisonous  qualities, 
most  powerful  in  Veratrum  and  Colchicum.  The  corms  and  seeds  of  the  latter  are  the 
most  important  medicinal  products  of  the  order.  Their  virtue  is  due  to  an  a/i-aimt;  principle 
called  veratria,  which  is  found  in  this  genus,  as  well  as  in  most  of  the  others. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

r  Sepals  and  petals  (  Ovaries  1.      .        .         .  Jfehnias.  4 

j  sessile,  without  glands,  I  Ovaries  3.         .         .        .  Veratrum.  3 

1  Sepals  and  petals  |  Stamens  perigynous.    .  Melanthium.  1 

Leaves  alternate  .  .  [  with  2  glands  at  base.    \  Stamens  hypogynous.      .  Zigadenus.  2 

(  in  two  unequal  whorls. Mtdeola.  6 

Leaves  verticillate,  I  in  a  single  whorl  of  3 'RUHum.  5 

1.    MELA'NTHIUM. 

Flowers  monoecious'poljgamous;  perianth  rotate,  6-parted, 
segments  unguiculate,  with  2  glands  at  base,  the  claws  bear- 
ing the  stamens;  ovary  often  abortive;  capsule  exserted, 
subovoid,   summit  trifid  and   tipped  with   the    3  persistent 

styles;  seeds  margined. 

Gr.  f^iXcii,  black,  avBoi ;  alluding  to  the  dark  color  of  the  flower.  Leaves 
alternate,  narrow.     Panicle  terminal. 

M.  Virgi'nicum. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  panicle  pyramidal ;  segments  of  the  'perianth  sub- 
orbicular,  hastate  or  auriculate  at  base.  Native  of  wet  meadows  and  margins 
of  swamps.  N.  York.  Rare.  Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  leafy.  Leaves  about  a 
foot  long,  and  an  inch  wide,  sessile  on  a  contracted  and  subclasping  base. 
Flowers  greenish  yellow,  becoming  brown,  on  shoit  pedicels,  arranged  in 
simple,  alternate  racemes, and  together  constituting  a  pyramidal  panicle  10 — 15 
inches  in  length.     Lower  flowers  generally  sterile.     Jul}',  Aug. 

2.    ZIGADE'NUS. 

Perianth  deeply  G-parted,  spreading,  colored,  each  segment 
with  2  glands  above  ils  contracted  base  ;  stamens  inserted 
in  contact  with  the  ovary  ;  capsule  membranaceous,  o-celled, 
many-seeded. 

Gr.  ^i'-jyoi,  a  pair,  aon",  a  gland ;  alluding  to  the  glands  of  the  segment 


MELANTHACEai.  400  TRILLIUM, 

Z.  glabe'rrimus.     Mx. 

Rfiot  bulbous  ;  slern  leni'y  ;  Z^rtccs  linear,  channeled,  recurved  ;  irof^s  ovate, 
acurninule;  srgrnenis  of  tlic  jitritnitli  a.cumm;ile.  Wet  meadows.  N.  York. 
Found  near  Rochester.  Eaton.  Stem  2 — 13  teet  high.  Lower  h'aves  about 
10  inches  lontr  ;  upper  ones  gradually  diminisliing,  all  concave  and  spreading. 
Panicle  terminal,  loose,  consisting  of  several  greenish  white  flowers.  Sepals 
ovate-lanceolate,  free  from  the  stamens,  vvilii  the  2  glands  at  the  base  of  each 
distinct  and  conspicuous,    June.  Zigadene. 

3.    VERA'TRUM. 

Flowers  monoecious-polygamous  ;  perianth  deeply  6-parted, 
spreading;  stamens  G,  inserted  on  the  receptacle;  ovaries  3, 
unilcd  at  base,  often  abortive;  styles  short;  capsule  3,  con- 
nate, many-seeded. 

Lat.  vcre,  at.rum,  trulj' black  ;  alluding  to  the  color  of  the  root.  Leaves 
alternate,  plicate.  Panicle  terminal.  Segments  of  the  perianth  sessile  and 
without  glands. 

V.    Vl'RIDE. 

Leaves  broad-oval,  acuminate  ;  panicle  compound,  racemose  ;  hracfs  oblong- 
lanceolate,  bracteoles  longer  than  the  downy  pedicels.  A  large-leaved, coarse- 
looking  plant,  oi  our  meadows  and  swamps.  Root  large,  fleshy,  with  numer- 
ous lorig  fibres.  Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  striate  and  pubescent.  Leaves  strongly 
nerved  and  plaited,  the  lowest  near  a  foot  long  and  half  as  wide,  sheathing  at 
the  base.  Flowers  numerous,  green,  in  many  axillary  (or  bracted)  racemes 
which  together  form  a  very  large,  pyramidal,  terminal  panicle.  July.  The 
root  is  emetic  and  stimulant,  but  poisonous,  and  should  be  used  wiiii  caution. 
When  powdered  it  causes  violent  sneezing.      Fulie-root.    American  HctUbore. 

4.  IIELO'NIAS. 

Perianlh  G-parled,  spreading,  pelaloid,  the  segments  Fcssile 
and  without  glatids;  styles  3,  distinct;  capsule  3-celled, 
3-horncd;  ceils  many-seeded. 

Gr.  IXos,  a  marsh,  where  some  species  grow.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  narrow, 
often  gramineous,  sheathing  at  base.     Fls.  in  a  terminal,  simple  raceme. 

H.    IJIOI'C.X.       Ph.  Veratrum  luteum.  Z. 

S;!^;to  leafy ;  /cr/ccs  lanceolate,  radical  ones  oblanceolate  ;  rfl<;fT«c  spiked, 
nodding,  dioecious;  pedicels  short,  without  bracts;  stamens  c:xseried  ;  segments 
linear.  In  low  grounds.  Root  premorse.  Stem  or  scape  12 — 30  inches 
high,  furrowed.  Radical  leaves  4 — 8  inches  long,  \ — 1  inch  wide,  in  a  sort 
of  whorl  at  the  base  of  the  scajje.  Flowers  small,  very  numerous,  greenish 
white,  in  long,  terminal,  spicate  racemes  which  are  more  slender  and  weak 
on  the  barren  plants.  Ovaries  as  long  as  the  linear  petals,  subtriangular. 
Capsule  3-furrowed,  oblong,  tapering  to  the  base,  opening  at  the  top.  The 
fertile  plants  are  taller,  moie  erect,  but  with  fewer  flowers.  Jn.     Unicorn-root. 

5.  TRI'LLIUM. 

Perianth  deeply  G-parted,  in  2  distinct  series,  outer  of  3 
sepals,  inner  of  3  colored  petals;  stamens  nearly  equal; 
stigmas  sessile,  distinct  or  approximate;  berry  3-ceiled;  cells 
many-seeded. 


MKLANTHACE^. 


401 


Lat.  irilix,  triple;  because  the  sepals,  petals,  carpels,  cells,  stigmas  and 
leaves  are  in  3s.  Stem  simple.  Leaves  reticulate-palinale- veined.  Flowers 
solitary,  terminal. 

1.  T.    ERE'CTUM.      L.  T.  atropurpureum.   Cart. 
Leaves  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  sessile  ;  ■peduncle  inclining  ;  flnice.r  nodding ; 

petals  scarcely  longer,  but  much  broader  than  the  sepals.  A  conspicuous 
plant  in  woods,  of  tine  appearance,  but  of  an  intolerably  offensive  odor.  At 
the  top  of  the  stem,  which  is  a  foot  high,  is  a  whorl  of  3  leaves  which  are 
3-nerved,  3 — 5  inches  long,  of  etjual  width,  and  a  single,  nodding  flower,  on 
a  nearly  c/cc<  pedimcle.  Petals  broad-ovate,  an  inch  long,  twice  as  wide  as 
tlie  sepals  and  of  a  dusky  purple,  greenish  outside.    May.  Batli  Flower. 

/3.  album  ;  Jloiccrs  white  and  much  smaller. 

2.  T.    ERVTIIROCA'RPUM.      Mx.  T.  pictum.  p. 
Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  abruptly  petioled  ;  ■peduncle  erect ; 

petals  lanceolate-ovate,  recurved,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  A  beautiful 
flower,  adorning  our  woods  m  May  and  June.  Stem  8 — \'Z  inches  higli,  with 
a  whorl  of  3  brolid-ovate  leaves  at  top.  These  are  3-nerved,  rounded  at  base, 
long  acuminate,  3 — 4  inches  long,  |  as  wide,  petiole  1 — 2  lines  long.  T'lower 
nearly  erect.  I'etals  wavy  at  the  edges,  white,  finely  radiated  with  purple 
lines  at  base.     The  root  is  considered  medicinal.  Smiling  Wakc-rvbvn. 

3.  T.  ce'rnuu.m. 

Leaves  suborbicular-rhomboidal,  abruptly  acuminate,  shortly  petiolate ; 
flower  cernuous.  on  a  recurved  peduncle.  A  large  species,  with  a  small 
flower.  Stem  slender,  10 — 15  inches  high.  Leaves  3 — 5  inches  in  diameter, 
nearly  round,  on  petioles  a  line  long.  Flower  white,  pendulous  beneath  the 
leaves.  Sepals  and  petals  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  flat,  J  inch  in  length. 
Grows  in  thickets.    xN.  Y.     May,  June.  JVudding  Trillium. 

4.  T.    GRANDIFLO'RUM.       Sulisb. 

Leaces  broadly  rhomboid-ovate,  sessile,  abruptly  acuminate;  pedu-ncle  in- 
clined  ;  flower  subeiect ;  petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  spathulate- 
oblanceolate,  connivent  at  base.  Damp,  rocky  woods.  Abundant  at  Fotsdam, 
N.  Y.,  &.C.  Stem  8 — 12  inclies  liigh.  Leaves  3—5  inches  in  diameter. 
Flower  larger  than  in  any  of  the  preceding  species.  Petals  II — 2  inches  in 
lengtii,  broadest  near  tlie  ape.x,  with  a  short,  abrupt  acumiuation,  white, 
varying  to  rose-colored.     May. 

G.     MEDE'OLA. 
Perianth  deeply  [)artc(l  into  G  petaloid,  revolule  segments; 
filignaas  3,  (livaricalc,  uiiiLclI  al  base ;     berry   3-celled  ;    cells 
3 — 6-seedt'd. 

Named  for  the  fabulous  sorceress,  Medea ;  for  its  supposed  medicinal 
virtues.     Stem  simiile. 

M.  Virgi'nica. 

Lf.nvcs  verlicillate  in  the  middle  of  the  stem,  3  at  the  top.  None  can  but  ad- 
mire tiie  symmetry  of  i!s  form  Rhizoma  white,  fleshy,  tuberous,  ivsrnibling 
the  cucumber  in  flavor.  Stern  erect,! — 2  feet  high,  invested  with  loose, 
downy  wool.  Leaves  in  two  wiiorls,  one  ju.st  above  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
consisting  of  G — ^  wedge-lanceohite  leaves  (3—4  inciies  long.i  as  wide) ;  tlie 
other  at  tlie  top,  of  3  ov~ate  shorter  ones.  Flowers  in  the  upper  whorl,  1,2  or 
3,  pendulous,  with  greenish,  revolute  segments,  'i'he  stigmas  are  very  long, 
reflexed.  dark  red.     Woods.     Julv.  Cucumber -rcot. 

II* 


JPNCACEJE.  402 


ORDER    CLVI.    JUNCACE.E.  The  Rush  Tribe. 

Perianth  more  or  less  glume-like,  regular,  6-Ieaved,  in  2  series  (sepals  and  petals). 

Sta. — 6,  rarely  3,  hypogynous.    Anthers  "J-celled. 

Ova. — -■j-carpeled,  3  (or  by  the  dissepiments  not  reaching  the  centre  l)-celled. 

Styles  united  into  1.     Stigmas  3. 

Fr. — Capsule  3- valved,  with  the  dissepiments  from  the  middle  of  the  valves. 

Seeds  lew  or  many,  with  a  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbaceous  plants,  generally  grass-like,  often  leafless,  with  small,  dry.  green  flowers. 
Inflorescence  cymose,  capitate  or  fascicled.  They  are  chiefly  natives  of  tlie  cool  parts  of 
the  earth.     Properties  unimportant. 

Genera. 

Capsule  mo.stly3-celIed.     Seeds  numerous Jiincus.  1 

Capsule  l-celled.     Seeds  3,  fixed  to  the  bottom  of  the  cell Luzuta.  2 

1.    JUNCUS. 
Perianth  persistent ;    stamens  G;    capsule  mostly  3-cclIed  ; 
seeds  numerous,  atticlicd   to   the  inner  edge  of  ihe  dissepi- 
ments. 

Lat.  jurtgo,  to  join  ;  because  ropes  were  anciently  made  of  these  plants. 
*  Leaves  none,  or  all  radical. 

1.  J.    EFFU'SUS. 

Scape  straight,  not  rigid  ;  juinicle  lateral,  loose,  decompound  ;  capsules  obo- 
vate,  obtuse.  Very  coniinon  in  ditches  and  moist  lands,  I'orming  tufts.  Scape 
solid  witii  a  spongy  pith,  soft,  striate,  2 — 3  feet  high,  bearing  a  very  loose, 
spreading  panicle,  which  protrudes  from  a  fissure  opening  in  the  side  of  the 
stem  about  half  way  up.  Flowers  small,  green,  numerous,  with  3  white 
anthers  and  yellowish  seeds.     June,  July.  Snjl  Rush.    BaUrush. 

2.  J.    &ETA'CEUS.      RosthoiD. 

Sca/^e  filiform,  striate;  umhel  lateral,  compound,  few-flowered  •,  peduncles 
compressed,  several-flowered;  perianth  segments  \ery  acuie.  Swamps.  A 
very  slender  species,  growing  in  tulls,  about  '2  feet  high.  Scapes  sheathed  at 
base.  I'anicle  small,  20 — 30  flowered,  bursting  from  the  side  of  the  scape 
some  distance  below  the  summit.    July. 

3.  J.    FILIFOR'MIS.      L.   (not  jl/z.) 

Creeping,  leafless  ;  scape  slender,  filiform,  minutely  striate,  flaccid  ;  panicle 
subsimple,  lateral,  near  the  middle  of  the  scape;  sepals  pale,  nearly  equal, 
lanceolate,  a  little  longer  than  the  pale,  shining,  obovate,  mucronate  capsule. 
White  Hills.    N.  11.     Green.     Scape  a  few  inches  in  length. 

4.  J.  te'nuis. 

S/cm  erect,  roundish,  simple;  Ze'/pM  setaceous,  channeled  ;  cnrymh  dense, 
terminal;  leaves  of  the  calyx  acuminate,  longer  than  the  obtuse,  3-sided 
capsule.  About  foot-paths  and  road-sides.  Stem  leafy  at  the  base,  about 
8 — 12  inches  high,  with  a  long,  leafy  involucre  at  top  investing  the  corymb. 
July.  Slender  Rush. 

*  *  Stem  leafy.     Leaves  subcylindrical,  nodose-articulate. 

5.  J.   NODO'SUS.      L.  J.  polycephalus.  Mx. 
Stem  leaves  siibcoinpressed ;  panicle  terminal,  decompound  ;  heads  globose, 

dense,  10 — If)  flowered;  sepals  subequal,  lanceolate,  rigid, very  acute,  about 
equaling  the  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  triquetrous,  shining  capsule  ;  segments 
3—6.  In  boijgy  meadows.  Sternly — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  thick,  jointed  by 
internal  transveTse  partitions.  Pleads  resembling  small  burrs,  some  sessile, 
others  pedunculate.  Leaflets  of  the  perianth  produced  into  a  short  cusp  or 
awn.     Aug.    Sept. 

/3.  heads  mostly  but  2,  one  of  them  lateral  and  pedunculate,  the  other  sessile. 
Plant  slender,  8 — 12  inclies  high. 


JUNCACE^.  403  LUZULA. 

6.  J.  acumina'tus.     Mx. 

Stem  erect;  leaves  terete  ;  panicle  terminal,  compound  ;  heads  3 — C-flower- 
ed,  both  pedunculate  and  sessile  ;  leaflets  of  the  peiiatUh  linear-lanceolate, 
mucronate,  shorter  than  the  acute  capsule.  Very  common  in  boggy  meadows. 
Stem  12 — IS  inches  high,  tough  and  wiry.  Leaves  few  and  short,  with  knot- 
like joints.     Panicle  erect.     Aug. 

*  *  *  Stems  leafy.     Leaves  nearly  flat,  channeled  above. 

7.  J.    BULBO'SUS. 

Stem  sifiiple;  leaves  linear-setaceous  ;  pnnicle  terminal,  compound,  subcy- 
mose,  shorter  than  the  involucre  ;  perianth  segments  obtuse  ;  capsule  longer 
than  the  calyx,  subglobose.  Grows  in  salt  marshes,  forming  tufts.  It  has  a 
blackish  appearance  at  a  distance  from  its  dark  green  loliage  and  dark-colored 
spikes.  Stem  8 — 12  inches  high,  wiry.  Leaves  short.  Panicle  small, 
terminal,  dichotomous,  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  2,  setaceous,  unequal 
leaves.     Aug.  Black  Grass. 

8.  J.  bufo'nius. 

Sif 771  dichotomous  above;  leai^es  grooved,  subsetaceous ;  floicers  ohlong, 
subsolitaiy,  sessile,  unilateral.  A  small,  caespitose  species,  common  in  wet 
grounds,  ditches,  &c.  Stems  numerous,  3 — 8  inches  high,  with  alarge,few- 
tlowered  panicle  at  top.  Leaves  few,  2 — 3  inches  long.  Peiianth  segments 
twice  as  long  as  the  ovary.     July,  Aug.  Toad  Rush. 

9.  J.  milita'kis.     Bic. 

LnafsoVilvLTy,  jointed,  longer  than  the  stem  ;  panicle  terminal,  proliferous  ; 
heads  about  5-liowered  ;  stem  thick,  round,  smooth,  2,  3  or  4  feet  high.  Leaf 
jointed,  cylindrical,  loosely  cellular  within,  2—3  feet  long,  inserted  below  the 
middle  of  the  steni,  but  rising  above  its  summit.  Panicle  erect,  teiminal, 
composed  of  several  pedunculate  heads  each  with  4— G  sessile  flowers.  Shores 
of  ponds.     Ms.     N.  H.     July.  Buijontt  Rush. 

10.  J.  tri'fidus. 

Stem  sheathed  at  base  ;  ^er?/ solitary,  linear-setaceous  near  the  top  ;  sheaths 
ciliate;  tmc/s  foliaceous,  long,  grooved.  Heads  about  3-flovvered,  terminal. 
While  Hills.  N.  H.  Bw.  Stems  crowded,  thread-like,  i  foot  high.  Radi- 
cal leaves  1 — 2,  very  short.  The  cauline  leaf  resembles  the  2  bracts,  apparently 
forming  with  thorn  a  foliaceous,  3-bracted  involucre.  Jl.      Three-leaved  Rush. 

IL    J.    EMARGINA'TUS.       Rostli. 

Stem  compressed;  lear^es  flat,  smooth,  gramineous;  panicle  corymbose, 
simple,  proliferous  ;  floicers  in  capitate  clusters,  triandrous  ;  perianth  about  as 
long  as  the  obtuse  capsule,  the  sepals  and  bracts  somewhat  awned.  In  low 
grounds.  Ms.  N.  York.  Stems  1—3  ieet  high.  P..adical  leaves  numerous, 
sheatliing  ;  cauline  1  or  2.  Panicle  consisting  of  several  globose,  3— C-flow- 
ered  heads  both  pedunculate  and  sessile,  longer  than  the  erect  bract  at  base. 
Sepals  edged  with  dark  purple,  unequal.     Aug. 

2.     LU'ZULA. 
Perianth  persistent,  bibracteate  at  base;    stamens  6  ;   cap- 
sule 1-celled,  3-seedod  ;  seeds  fixed  to  the  bottom. 

Italian  luccioln,  a  glow-worm  ;  from  the  dew  glistening  upon  its  flowers. 
Stem  nodose,  leafy.     Lvs.  flat,  gramineous,  generally  pilose.     Fls.  terminal. 

1,   L.    CAMPE'stRIS.       W.  Juncus  campestris.  L. 

Leaves  hairy  ;    spikes  terminal,  with  or  without  peduncles  ;    leaflets  of  the 

perianth  lanceolate,   acuminate,  awned,  Ioniser  than  the  obtuse  capsule.     In 

meadows.     Stem  simple,  straight,  3 — 12  inches  high,  according  to  the  mois- 


XTRIUACE^. 


404  TRADESCANTIA. 


ture.  Leaves  grass-like,  2 — 6  inches  long,  very  hairy  at  the  margins.  Heada 
in  a  sort  of  umbel,  with  an  involucre  ot  2  or  3  short,  unequal  leaves.  Perianth 
dark  brown.     An  early  species,  flowering  in  May.  Field  Rush. 

2.  L.    PILO'SA.       JVilld.  Juncus  pilosus.  L. 
Leaves  pilose  ;  panicle  cymose,  spreading ;  floicers  solitary  ;  capsules  obtuse. 

Common  in  woods  and  groves.  Stem  4—10  inches  high.  Radical  leaves 
numerous,  2 — 4  inches  long,  linear-lanceolate,  ribbed,  fringed  with  long  white 
hairs.  Panicle  S — 12-flower(d,  with  a  leafy  bract.  Pedicels  about  ^  inch 
long,  finally  deflexed.     Perianth  brown,  with  2  green  bracteoles.     May. 

Hairy  Wood-rush. 

3.  L.   MELANOCA'RPA.      Dcsv.  Juncus  melanocarpus.  Mx. 
Stem   clonorated;    /caties  sublanceolate,    glabrous;     corymb    decompound; 

peduncles  elongated,  the  branches  with  3-  -b  pedicellate  flowers  ;  sepals  ovate, 
acuminate,  longer  than  the  oval-triangular,  obtuse-mucronale  capsule.  Native 
of  the  Wiiite  Hills,  N.  li.  Bw.  Stem  12— 18  inches  high.  Radical  leaves 
g — 10  inciies  long,  3 — 5  lines  wide  ;  those  of  the  stem  much  shorter,  all  very 
smooth.    Panicle  large,  nodding,  many-flowered.     Capsule  black.     June. 

4.  L.    SPICA'TA.      Dc.  Juncus  spicatus.   fVilld. 
Leaves  linear,  hairy  at  the  base  ;  spil;e  cernuous,  compound  ;  stpols  acumi- 

nate-awned,  about  equal  in  length  to  tlie  subglobose  capsule.  White  Hills, 
N.  H.  Bootl.  Stem  b — 10  indies  high,  slender,  simple.  Leaves  2 — 3  inches 
long,  a  line  wide,  smooth  except  at  the  base.     Spike  an  inch  long.     Aug. 


ORDER  CLVil.    COMMELYN.\CE^.       The  Spider-won  Tribe. 

Perianth  in  2  series,  the  outer  (calyx)  nf.3  herbaceous  sepals,  the  inner  (corolla)  of  3  colored 
Sta.—Q,  some  ofthem  usually  delbrined  or  abortive,  hypo<r>;ii'ius.  [petals. 

Oua.— 2— 3-celle(l,  cells  few-'ovuled.     Styles  and  stigmas  united  into  one. 
Pt. — Capsule  2 — 3-ceUed,  2— 3-valved  ;  cells  often  but  2-seeded,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence. 
See<Js  few,  with  dense,  fleshy  albumen.     Embryo  opposite  the  hilum. 
Herbs  with  sheathing  leaves,  often  gramineous.     Of  little  importance. 

TRADESCA'NTIA. 

Sepals  persistent;  petals  lari^e,  suborbicular,  spreading; 
filaments  clothed  with  jointed  liairs;  anthers  reniform- 

Named  in  honor  of  Jchn  Tradescant,  gardener  to  Charles  L 

T.  ViRGI'NICA. — Erect,  branching;  /«a?5fs  lanceolate,  elongated,  gla- 
brous. Flowers  in  a  clustered  umbel,  tertninal.  Native  of  Virginia.  Leaves 
numerous,  1  —  1^  feet  long,  tapering  from  base  to  point,  smooth.  Stem  thick, 
round,  jointed,  with  a  leaf  at  each  joint,  and  two  at  ihe  base  of  the  umbel. 
Flowers  large,  of  a  deep  blue  color,  soon  fading.  When  wounded,  the  plant 
exudes  a  viscid  juice  which  spins  into  thread ;  hence  the  common  name. 
May — Aug.  Spidcr-ivort. 


ORDER  CLVIIl.  XYRIDACE^. 

Perianth  G-parlcd,  in  2  series,  sepals  3.  Rlnmnccous,  petals  3,  unguiculate. 

Sla. — G,  3  of  ihem  with  extrorse  anthers  and  inserted  on  the  claw  of  the  petals,  the  other  3 

Ova — Single.      Style  Wifid.     iS^(gi?7a'!  obtuse,  lobed.  [abortive  lilaiiieiitB. 

Pr. — Capsule  3-valved,  1-celledwith  parietal  placenta;,  or  3-celletl. 

Seeds  numerous,  albuminous. 

Rush-like  herbs,  with  linear  or  ensiform,  radical  leaves.    Flowers  capitate,  at  the  top  of 
a  simple  scape.     Of  no  known  use. 


ERIOCAULONACE^.  403  ERIOCAOLOS. 

XYRIS. 

Heads  of  flowers  ovoid-cylindric ;  sepals  cartilaginous; 
petals  equal,  ovate,  crenate,  with  narrow  claws  as  long  as  the 
sepals  ;  capsule  1-celled,  with  parietal  placentae. 

Gr.  i'^i^oi,  acute-pointed  ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  leaves. 

1.  X.    CaROLINIA'NA.      Lam'k.  X.  Jupacai.  Mx. 
Leares  linear,  gramineous  ;  sca/je  ancipitous  ;  head  ovoid,  subacute  ;  bracts 

orbicular.  Meadows.  Root  bulbous,  with  long,  white  fibres.  Leaves  a  few 
inches  in  length,  often  spiral,  obtuse.  Scape  about  a  foot  in  hight,  a  little 
twisted,  broader  near  the  top,  simple,  bearing  a  roundish  head  of  bracts  and 
sepals,  with  a  few  yellow  corollas  successively  developed  upon  it.  Bracts 
roundish,  rigid,  concave,  longer  than  tlie  sepals,  covering  the  fruit,  the  lower 
ones  empty.     Aug.  Ydloic-iyed  Grass. 

2.  X.    BREVIFO'LIA.       Mx. 

Leaves  ensiform-subulate,  compressed,  short;  lieai  ovoid-globose;  calyx 
longer  than  tlie  bracts,  somewhat  gash-toothed.  Boggy  meadows.  Stem 
slender,  round,  simple,  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  narrow,  2  inches  long, 
twisted.     Heads  not  larger  than  a  pea.     Flowers  yellow.     Aug. 


ORDER  CLIX.  ERIOCAULONACE^.     tu  Pipe-^cort  Tribe. 

K.S.— MoncBcious  or  dicefeious,  in  a  dense  head.     Perianth  2— 6-parted,  or  wanting. 
Sta.—Q:,  some  of  them  generally  abortive.     Anthers  mostly  1-celled. 
Ova.— I  or  more-celled,  cells  1-seeded.     Seeds  pendulous. 

Chiefly  South  American  herbs,  of  aquatic  habit,  with  cellular  or  fleshy  leaves.     They 
aie  of  no  known  use. 

ERIOCAU'LON. 
Flowers  monoecious,  collected  into  an  imbricated  head; 
involucre  manj-leaved.  Slcrik  in  the  disk;  perianth  single, 
3-cleft,  the  2  inner  segments  united  nearly  to  their  summit  ; 
stamens  4—6-  Ftriih  in  the  margin  ;  perianth  single,  deeply 
4-par(ed  ;  style  1;  stigmas  2  or  3 ;  capsule  2 — 3-celied, 
2 — 3-lobed;  cells  1-sceded. 

Gr.  igiov,  wool,  jcavXos,  a  stem  ;  the  stem  being  sometimes  velvety  with 
down. 

1.  E.    SEPTANGULa'rE.       Wuh.  E.  pellucidum.  Mx. 
Smooth;  scape  slender,  about  7-furrowed  ;  /cat'cs  linear-subulate,  pellucid, 

channeled,  5-nerved  ;  Aertf/ small,  globose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ohluse.  A 
small  plant  of  simple  structure,  in  water,  only  the  scape  arising  above  the 
surface.  Leaves  radical,  submersed,  in  a  small  tuft  at  the  bottom,  1 — 3  inches 
long,  1 — 2  lines  wide,  tapering  to  a  point,  transparent  at  base.  Stem  simple, 
erect,  4 — 12  inches  high,  with  a  small,  terminal,  hemispherical  head  of  close, 
white  flowers.     June.  Pipe-icort, 

2.  E.  gnaphaloi'des.     Mx. 

Scape  somewhat  compressed,  with  10  furrows;  leaves  short,  subulate,  ensi- 
form,  glabrous;  Afi«rfs  hemispiieric-convex;  iiivohicrc  o?  shining,  scarious, 
oval,  round-obtuse  scales.     In  still  waters.     Scape  10—14  inches  high.    July. 

Gnaphalium-like  Pipe-wort. 


CLASS  IV.    GLUMACEOUS  ENDOGENS. 

Flowers  witli  glumes ;    or  floral   organs   enclosed   in    imbricated 

bracts,  and  arranged  in  spikelets,  having  no  proper  perianth  (calyx 

or  corolla).     Ovary  with  one  cell   containing  a  solitary  ovule  and 

becoming  a  one-seeded  fruit   (achenium  or  caryopsis). 


ORDER  CLX.    CYPERACE^.  The  SeJge  Trib,. 

Fls.— Perfect  or  monoecious,  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract  (glume,  scale). 

■?«'■•— Wanting-,  or  only  represented  by  a  few  hypofj'iious  bristles  (setre). 

Sia.— Definite  {1—12),  mostly  3.     Aiithers  fixed  by  their  base,  entire,  2-celled. 

Oua.— Generally  either  surrounded  by  setcB  (rudimentary  perianth),  or  invested  in  a  stic 

(perig-ynium)  composed  of  united  bracteoles.     Ovule  erect. 
Sty.—'Z  or  3,  more  or  less  united.     Stigmas  undivided,  rarely  bifid. 
Fr.—\n  achenium.     Embri/o  in  the  end  of  the  albumen  next  the  hilum. 

A  large  order  of  coarse,  grass-like,  caespitose  plant.s.  Root  fibrous.  Stem  (often  called 
culm)  usually  solid  with  pith,  generally  without  joints  or  nodes,  and  triangular.  Leaves 
■with  their  sheaths  entire.  The  sedges  abound  in  almost  all  countries  and  climes  of  the 
globe  and  in  all  localities,  but  are  more  common  in  the  meadows,  marshes  and  swamps  of 
tlie  temperate  zones     About  15  genera  and  250  species  are  known  in  North  America. 

Properties.  Tliey  are  in  generallittle  used  for  food  or  in  the  arts.  Their  coarse  herbage 
is  often  eaten  by  cattle,  but  they  are  nearly  destitute  of  the  sweet  and  nutritious  properties 
of  the  grasses.  The  leaves  of  some  of  the  larger  species  are  used  in  Italy  to  bind  flasks, 
and  in  weaving  the  bottoms  of  chairs,  "^'et,  aUhough  of  so  little  apparent  value,  their  vast 
numbers  authorize  the  belief  that  they  subserve  many  highly  important  ends  in  the  econ- 
omy of  nature. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

)( Stem     (  Style  bifid.      .  Snrpus.  §  5.  5 

Setre  <  naked.  (  Style  trifld.  Scirpus.  §  4.  5 

none.  (  Stem  leafy.    .        .        .  Schanus.  8 

I  Umbels  cymose.         .  Scirpus.   §  2.  5 

Setae  <  Spikelets  several,awned.  Ftiirena.  4 

3 — G.   (  Spikelet  solitary.       .  Scirpus.  ^  3.  5 

£5                               led  all  around. ...  I  Setae  numerous,   long,   white.  Eriophorum.  6 

^  M                               I  Glumes  imbricat-  (  Spikelets  distinct.           .        .  Cyperus.  X 

o  K  ("all  terminal.     [  ed  in  2  rows.  .  .  .   (  Spikelets  in  dense  heads.        .  Mariscus.  2 

,a     all  lateral  upon  a  leafless  stem Scirpus.  §  1.  5 

CS  \  (  Glumes  imbricated  all  around.  Rhinchospora.    7 

^    .  1  both  lateral      J  Flowers  perfect.    (  Glumes  imbricated  in  2  rows.  Dulichium.  3 

Oo  [and  termiiial.  I  Fls.  monoecious.     Spikelets  fascicled.     Seed  bony.  Scleria.  9 

Ovary  enclosed  in  a  ventricose  sac  (perigynium).    Flowers  monoecious.  Carex.  10 

Tlibe  1.     CYPERACE^  vera. 

Flowers  perfect  or  monoclinous.     Spikelets  distichous,  that  is,  with  the  glumes 
imbricated  in  2  rows. 

1.     CYPE'RUS. 
Spikelels    compressed,    distinct,    many-flowered;     glumes 
imbricaled  in  two,  opposite   rows,  nearly  all    with  a  flower 
enclosed;  ovary  generally  without  setae.     Mostly  perennial. 


CTPERACEJE. 


407 


1.  C.  sTRico'sus.     Bristle-spiked  Galingah. 

Stem  triquetrous,  leafy  only  at  base  ;  leaves  broad-linear,  rough-margined, 
about  as  long  as  the  stem;  umbel  with  elongated  rays  and  oblong,  loose 
spikes;  5;jzAe/c<s  numerous,  linear-subuiate,  spreading  horizontally,  10 — 12- 
flowered ;  involucre  of  about  6  leaves,  the  2  outer  ones  very  long.  Wet 
grounds.     Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  bulbous  at  base.     Umbel  yellowish.     Sept. 

2.  C.  REP  ENS.     Ed.  C.  phymatodes.  Mith. 
Root  creeping,  bearing  small,  round  tubers  at  the  extremities;    stem  1 — 2 

feet  hitrh,  3-angled,  striate;  leaves  subradical,  as  long  as  the  stem  ;  umbel 
4_G. rayed  ;  rays  often  branched,  bearing  linear,  obtuse  spikelets  somewhat 
in  2  rows.     Moist  fields.     N.  Y.     Very  similar  to  the  last.     Aug. 

3.  C.  iNutta'llii.     Torr.  C.  ccespitosus.    Sprcng. 
Stem  acutely  triquetrous,  leafy  at  base  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  nearly  as  high 

as  the  stem  ;"  WTriicHoose,  subsessile,  about  3-rayed  ;  rays  short;  invohiere 
4-leaved,  the  2  outer  leaves  very  long  ;  spikelets  very  acute,  linear-lanceolate, 
fasciculate,  brownish  ;  ac/t.  oblong-obtuse.     Marshes.     Sept. 

4.  C.  dia'ndrus.  Torr.  C.  bicolor.  Bart. 
Stem  slender,  reclining  ;  umbels  sessile,  1 — 2-rayed  ;  rays  unequal ;  involu- 
cre 3-leaved,  the  2  outer  leaves  very  long  ;  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  flat, 
14 — IG-flowered,  collected  into  capitate  lascicles  ;  glumes  acute  ;  stamens  2 ; 
style  2-cleft ;  acli.  compressed.  Marshes.  Stem  8 — 12  inches  long.  Umbel 
somewhat  paniculate.     Glumes  chestnut-colored.     Sept. 

5.  C.    FOCEFO'llMIS. 

Stem  slender,  3 — G  inches  high  ;  corymb  fascicled  ;  fascicles  both  sessile 
and  peduncled  ;  involucre  of  3  very  long  leaves  ;  .<:pikelcts  oblong,  flattened, 
reddish  brown.  Abounds  in  cold,  wet,  sandy  places  and  road  sides,  forming 
dense,  turfy  masses.     July. 

6.  C.  klave'scens.      Yellow  Sedge. 

Stem  leafy,  triquetrous;  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  1-5 — 20-flowered,  in 
fascicles  of  3  or  4  ;  involucre  of  3,  unequal  leaves,  longer  than  the  spikes  ; 
glumes  ovate,  obtuse  ;  sti/le  2-cleft ;  uclieninrn  mucronatc,  somewhat  rugose, 
dark  brown.  A  comtnon  sedge,  about  8  inches  high,  in  marshy  grounds,  with 
yellowish  green  spikes  in  a  terminal  umbel  with  unequal  rays.     Aug.    Sept. 

7.  C.  dk.via'tus.   Torr.      Dentate  Sedge.  C.  parviflorus.  Muh. 
Stem  leafy  at  base,  triquetrous  ;    umbel  compound,  6 — 10-rayed  ;    involucre 

of  3  unequal  leaves,  longer  than  the  umbel ;  spikelets  3  on  each  peduncle, 
ovate,  flat,  8-flowered  ;  ^glumes  acute,  spreading  at  the  points  like  teeth; 
styles  3-cleft ;  aclt.  triangular.    Marshes.     Stem  about  a  foot  high.     Sept. 

8.  C.  inkle'xus     Mx.  C.  uncinatus.  Ph. 
Stem  setaceous,  leafy  at  base,  2 — 3  inches  high  ;    leoves  equaling  the  stem  ; 

U7nbel  2 — 3-rayed,  or  conalomerate  and  simple  ;  involucre  of  3  long  leaves; 
fp^7;c'e^s  oblong,  8—1 2-flowered,  10 — 20  together,  densely  crowded  into  the 
ovoid  heads  ;  glumes  yellowish,  nerved,  squarrose-uncinate  at  tip  ;  stamen  1. 
Banks  of  slre;ims.     Aug.    Sept. 

9.  C.  mariscoi'des.    Ell.  C.  filiculmis.    Vahl. 
Stem  slender,  8 — 12  inches  long,  leafy  only  at  base  ;  leaves  mostly  radical, 

carinate  ;  urnliel  simple  and  sessile,  or  with  1  or  2  rays  ;  spikehfs  linear-lan- 
ceolate, 3 — 8-flo\vered,  flattened  when  old,  collected  into  globose  heads; 
glumes  remote,  loose,  ovate,  yellowish.     Dry,  rocky  hills.     Aug. 

2.    MARI'SCUS. 
Spikelets  few-flowered,  clustered  in  heads;    glumes  imbri- 
cate somewhat  in  2  rows,   the   lower   ones  short  and  empty  ; 
etamcns  sometimes  2;  style  trifid  ;  fruit  triquetrous,  naked. 


CTPERACEiE.  408  SCIRFUS. 

1.  M.  ovui.a'kis. 

Stem  triangular,  nearly  naked,  about  a  foot  high  ;  ?ffl»fs  shorter  than  the 
stem,  nearly  smooth;  umbel  simple  ;  riiys  short;  heads  1 — 5,  globose,  middle 
one  sessile,  tlie  rest  on  the  spreading  rays  ;  inoolucre  4 — 5-leaved,  unequal,  2 
of  them  much  longer  than  the  lest.     Bogs  and  low  grounds.     Aug. 

p.  tenella  (Torr.)  ;  sZem  slender,  acutely  triangular ;  3  of  the  involucrate 
leaves  much  longer  than  the  umbel. 

2.  M.  rf.trofra'ctus. 

Slem  triangular,  naked,  about  2  feet  high  ;  lerives  linear-lanceolate,  half  as 
lonw  as  the  stem  ;  vmbel  simple  ;  rays  long,  unequal,  (i — 8  ;  involucre  3-leaved, 
shorter  than  the  rays:  spikelets  subulate,  retrorsely  imbricated  into  obovate 
spikes.     Wet  grounds.     Aug. 

3.    DULI'CHIUM. 
Spikes  axillary,  racemose;    spikeleis  linear-lanceolale,  sub- 
compressed  ;  glumes  sheathing,  closely  imbricated  in  2  rows; 
stylo  long,  bifid,  the  persistent  base  crowning  the  compressed 
achenium;  ovary  invested  with  setas. 

D.  spatha'ceum. 

Slem  round,  leafy  and  somewhat  3-sided  above,  thick,  sheathed  below  ;  leaves 
alternate,  pointing  3  ways,  2 — 4  inches  long,  3  lines  wide;  sheaths  tubular, 
shorter  than  the  internodes  ;  spilccs  axillary  from  within  the  sheaths  and  ter- 
minal, each  consisting  of  8 — 10  linear-lanceolate,  alternate  spikelets  in  2 
rows;  spikelets  5 — 7-flowered,  nearly  an  inch  in  length;  ^^M?Hes ^linear- 
lanceolate.     Aug.     Per. 

Tribe  2.     SCIRPE^.. 

Floicers  perfect  or  monocUnous.    Spikelets  with  the  glumes  imbricated  all  around. 

4.     FUIRE'NA. 
Glumes  awned,  imbricated  on  all  sides  into  a  spike;  peta- 
loid    scales  3,  cordate,    awned,   unguiculate,    investing    the 
achenium. 

F.  squARRo'sA.     /3.  pumila.    Torr. 

Stem  pubescent  above,  3 — G  inches  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  flat, 
striate,  as  long  as  the  stem  ;  spikes  1,2  or  3,  thick,  subtended  by  2 — 3  long, 
involucrate,  unequal  leaves;  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  with  short  awns; 
psta'oid  scales  ovate-lanceolate  ;'  achenium  pedicellate,  with  retrorsely  hispid 
seta;.     Wet,  sandy  places.     Aug. 

5.    SCIRPUS. 
Spikelets  ovoid,  many-flowered,  with  glumes  imbricated  all 
around  ;  ovary  sometimes  naked,  but  commonly  invested  with 
selas  or  long  hairs. 

i  1.  Ovary  invested  with  hypo^ynous  setre.     Style  bifid,  deciduous.     Setfc  straight,  dis- 
tinctly liispid.     Spikelets  sublerminal  or  lateral.     Scikpus  verus. 

1.  S.  TRi'QtiETER.  jMx.     Triangular  Club-rash.  S.  Americanus.  Pers. 

Stem  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  corners  acute  and  two  of  the  sides  concave, 
about  3  feet  high  and  ending  in  a  sharp  point ;  leaves  few  and  short,  from  the 
top  of  tlie  sheatli  ;  spikes  hiUTd],  1 — .5,  ovate,  crowded  and  sessile,  .it  various 
distances  below  the  point ;  glumes  round-ovate  mucronate  ;  bristles  G.  Ponds 
and  marshes,  fresh  and  salt.    July. 


CYPERACEJE,  409 


2.  S.  de'bilis. 

Sum  cffispitose,  roundish,  deeply  striate,  9 — 16  inches  hi^h,  with  a  few 
subulate  leaves  at  base  ;  spikelets  about  3,  short-ovoid,  sessile,  crowced,  sub- 
terminal;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  carinate,  pale-green;  ackenium  obovate, 
mucronate;  bristles  4 — 5.     Borders  of  ponds.     Aug. 

3.  S.  LACu'sTRis.  S.  acutus.  Mnli. 
Scope  smooth,  leafless,  filled  with  a  porous  pith,  5 — 8  feet  high,  cylindric, 

tapering  above  the  panicle,  and  abruptly  ending  in  a  short  cusp;  panicle 
cymose  near  the  top;  peduncles  rough,  twice  compound;  spikelets  ovoid, 
closely  imbricate  ;  scales  ovate,  mucronate,  pubescent ;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
panicle.  The  largest  species  of  buUrush,  frequenting  the  muddy  margins  of 
rivers  and  ponds.     July. 

§  2.  Ovar>-  invested  with  tortuous,  capillary,  scarcely  hispid  setse.    Style  -S-cIeft,  not  bul- 
bous at  base,  deciduous.     Spikelets  numerous,  terminal,  in  cymes  or  panicles.     Stem 
leafy.     Trichophorum. 

4.  S.  atrovi'rf.ks.    Muh. 

Stem  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  2  feet  liigh  ;  cyme  terminal,  compound, 
proliferous  ;  involucre  of  3  leaf-like  bracts,  longer  than  the  cyme  ;  spikes  ovate, 
acute,  crowded,  10 — "20  in  a  globose  head  ;  heads  numerous,  ^  inch  in  diame- 
ter, dark  green  ;  gluvics  ov'iiXe,  mucronate;  ac/tenium  white,  smooth ;  bristles 

4.  Common  in  wet  meadows.     June,  July. 

5.  S.  bru'nneus.     Muh. 

Stem  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  2 — 3  feet  high  ;  cyme  decompound,  its 
principal  branches  about  5,  unequal,  with  truncate  sheaths  at  base  ;  fpikclcts 
clustered  in  heads  of  3 — G;  .^.MJrtes  obtuse,  reddish  brown  ;  a^/ie/iZMm  smooth, 
yellowish  white,  shorter  than  the  4  or  5  tortuous  bristles.  Much  resembles 
the  la.st  species.     Margins  of  waters.    Rare.     Aug.     Sept. 

6.  S.  mari'timus. 

Strrn  acutely  3-angled,  leafy.  2 — 3  feet  high;  Peaces  broad-linear,  rough- 
edged,  carinate,  taller  than  the  stem  ;  spikes  conglomerate,  G — 10,  nearly  an 
inch  long,  corymbose  ;  iiivulucrc  of  about  3  very  long  leaves  ;  glumes  ovate, 
3-cleft,  the  middle  segment  subulate  and  reflexed  ;  style  3-cleft;  bristles  4. 
Salt  maishes.     Aug. 

7.  S.  Rrio'phokum.  Mx.  Trichophorum  cyperinum.  Pers. 
Stem  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  3 — 5  feet  high  ;  leaves  2  feet  long,  rough- 
edged  ;  panicle  umbellate,  decompound,  large  and  loose  ;  bristles  G,  capillary, 
curled,  very  conspicuous,  being  o  or  G  times  as  long  as  the  white  achenium. 
A  common,  stiff,  rank  meadow  grass,  which  cattle  do  not  eat.  Spikelets 
numerous,  small,  ovoid,  obtuse,  in  small  clusters.     Involucre  4-leaved.    Aug. 

8.  S.  linea'tus.     Mx.  Trichophorum  lineatum.  Pcrs. 
Stem  triangular,  very  leafy,  2 — 3  feet  high  ;  panicles  terminal  and  axillary, 

decompound,  at  length  nodding;  involucre  of  1 — 2  bracts,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  spilics  ovoid,  pedunculate,  solitary  ;  glumes  lanceolate,  ferruginous; 
bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  glumes.     Swamps.     Aug. 

i  3.  Ovary  invested  with  setcB.     Style  2— .'3-cleft,  articulated  to  the  achenium,  with  a  dilat- 
ed or  bulbous,  persistent  base.     Spikelet  solitary,  terminal.     Setae  straight,  retrorsely 
liispid.     Eleocharis. 

9.  S.  tf.'kuis.     Slender  Club  rm^h. 

Stem  leafless,  almost  filiform,  quadrangular,  the  sides  snlcate,  8 — 15  inches 
high,  with  a  long,  purple  sheath  at  base  ;  spike  terminal,  elliptic-oval,  acute 
at  each  end  ;  glumes  dark  purple,  ovate,  obtuse,  the  lower  ones  larger  and 
empty;  ovary  roundish,  tapering  below,  invested  with  2  or  3  or  0  setce.  Com- 
mon in  wet  places.     June,  July. 

10.  S.  p.\Lu'STRis.      Marsh  Club  rusji. 

Stem  leafless,  round,  inflated  ;  s/)t7tc/.?/s  smooth  and  shining,  lance-oblong, 
acute,  often  oblique,  terminal ;  glumes  subacute,  the  lower  ones  larger,  some- 
limes  e.-npty.     Wet  grounds.     Root   creeping.     Stems  numerous,  1 — 2|  feet 


CTPERACK^  410  SCIRPOS. 

high,  each  with  an  obtuse  sheath  at  the  base.  Achenium  roundish-obovoid, 
rugose,  punctate,  surrounded  with  3  or  4  scabrous  bustles,  and  crowned  with 
a  tuljercle.     July. 

11.  S.  oBTu'sus.   Willd.      Headed  Cluh-rush.  S.  capitatus.  Muh. 
Stem  sulcate,  subterete,  6 — 15   inches  liigh  ;    spikelet  ovoid,  very  obtuse, 

often  nearly  globose;  glumes  round,  dark  brown,  with  whitish  margins; 
achenium  obovate,  compressed,  smooth,  brown,  invested  with  6  setae  as  long 
as  the  glumes.     Shallow  waters.     July. 

12.  S.  acicula'ris.    L.  S.  trichodes.  Muh.       S.  capillaceus.  Mx. 
S/e//i  leafless,  setaceous,  quadrangular,  very  slender,   3 — G   inches  high; 

spi.'cc  els  oblong-ovate,  acute,  4 — Sfliowered  ;  glumes  obtusish,  the  lowest  one 
larger  and  empty;  adieainm  obovoid,  triangular,  verrucose,  yellow  and 
shining.     Shallow  waters.     July.  Hair  Cluh-rush. 

13.  S.  intkrme'dius.     Turf  Club-rush. 

Slein  slender,  declining,  quadrangular,  furrowed,  CEspitose,  2 — 3  inches 
long;  .v/;t/ie  ovate-oblong  ;  ^/M7Ht's  acute,  dark  brown  ;  style  2-cMi;  achenivm 
broad-obovate,  compressed  ;  tubercle  minute,  distinct ;  bristles  6,  longer  than 
the  fruit.     In  running  water,  forming  strong,  dense  turf.     July. 

14.  S.  planifo'lius.     Flal-lcuvcd  Cub-rush. 

Slem  cffispitose,  leafy  at  base,  acutely  and  roughly  3-angled,  5 — 10  inches 
high  ;  leaves  broad-linear,  flat,  rough  on  the  margin,  equaling  the  stem  ;  ^pike 
obTong-lanceol.ite,  compressed,  terminal,  4— 8-tiowercd  ;  glumes  ovate-mu- 
cronate,  yellowish;  bracts  at'the  base  of  the  spike,  cuspidate,  outer  ones 
longer  tiian  the  spike;  achenium  reddish  brown,  invested  with  6  bristles 
longer  than  itself.     In  cold,  hard  soils.     June. 

15.  S.  CiT;sPiTo'sus.     Scaly  Cluh-rush. 

Stems  ceespitose,  round,  sheathed  at  base  with  numerous  rudiments  of 
leaves;  5/yj/tei' compressed,  terminal;  2 /o?«er  ff/u/^es  involucre-like,  as  long 
as  the  spike  ;  ach.  with  6  bristles.  Grows  in  dense  tufts,  4—12  inches  high. 
Spike  4— 5-flowered,  reddish  brown.     On  the  White  Mts.,  iN.  H.    Bw.     July. 

16.  S.  subterjiina'lis.     Torr. 

Stem  floating,  furrowed,  inflated,  leafy  below,  3  ft.  long;  Zeore.s  very  narrow ; 
spike  solitary,"  somewhat  terminal  (the  stein  being  continued  above  it  in  the 
form  of  a  bract),  lanceolaie  ;  style  2-clefl ;  bristles  ti.  Streams,  &c.  Mass.  Aug. 

17.  S.    TUBERCULO'SUS.      Mx. 

Sfem  coluuinar,  striate,   12  inches  high,  leafless,  sheathed  at  base ;  spikclei 
ovate-laticeolate;    glumes  very   obtuse,  loose;    ach.   somewhat  triquetrous, 
smaller  than  the  sagittate   tubercle   with  which  it  is  crowned  ;    bristics  (J,  as 
long  as  the  tubercle.     Sandy  swamps.    Mass.     July. 
i,  4.  Ovary  desUtulc  ol'selce.     Achenium  3-anglecl.     Style  trifid,  not  ciliate,  bulbous  at  base. 

Glumes  cariuate,  somewhat  4— &-raiiked.     Inflorescence  terminal.     Tkichelostylis. 

18.  S.  capii-la'ris.  ,  •   ,     , 
Stem  cajspitose,  nearly   naked,  3-angled,  capillary,  4— S  inches  high  ;  leaves 

subradical.  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  spikelets  ovoid,  2—4,  peduncu- 
late, inner  one  sessile  ;  gUniies  oblong,  ferruginous,  margin  pubescent;  ach. 
white.     In  sandy  fields.     Aug. 

19.  S.  autumna'lis.  . 

Stem  compressed,   2-edged,  ca-spitose,  leafy  at  base,  3—10  inches  high  ; 
leaves  flat,  linear,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  vmbel  compound  ;  involucre  2-leaved  ; 
spikelets  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  4-sided,  2—3  together;    glumes  brown, 
niucronate  ;  </c/icrtiMOT  white.     Wet  places.     July. 
t5    Ovary  desthutc  of  seta:.    Achenium  compressed.    Style  bifid,  ciliate,  bulbous  at  base. 

FlMBRISTYI.IS.  _     . 

20.  S.  suBsciUARRo'sus.     Muh.  S.  minimus. 
Scar:e  triangular,  incurved,  nearly  naked,  but  2  or  3  inches  high  ;  spikelets 

nearly  terminal,  ovoid,  about  3 ;  involucre  of  2  long,  unequal  leaves  ;  glumes 


CYPERACE^.  411  RHYKCHOSPORA. 


somewhat  squarrose  at  the  tip.      A  minute,  caespitose  rush,  with  setaceous 
leaves  and  stems,  on  sandy  banks      Aug. 

21.   S.  Baldwin'ia'nus.     SchuU.  Fimbristylis  ferruo-inia.   Vnhl. 

Stern  compressed,  deeply  striate,  leafy  at  base  ;  umbel  mostly  siniple, 
3 — 4-rayed,  central  spikelets  sessile  ;  involucre  subulate,  2-leaved,  as  long  as 
the  Umbel ;  spitietcts  ovoid,  acute  ;  gliinus  ovale,  brown  ;  style  bifid,  ciliate; 
achenium  white,  longitudinally  furrowed.     Swamps.     July. 

6 .     E  R I  O'  P  H  O  R  U  M . 
Glumes  imbricated  all  around  into  a  ?[)ike;     achenium  in- 
vested in  very  long,  dense,  woollj  or  cottony  Iiairs. 

*  Spikelet  solitary. 

1.  E.  alpi'num. 

Stem  acutely  3-angled,  naked,  somewhat  scabrous,  S — 10  inches  high,  with 
3 — 4  radical  sheaths ;  radical  leaves  very  short,  subulate;  spikelit  oblong, 
about  2  lines  in  length  ;  seta  6  to  each  flower,  woolly,  white,  crisped,  3  times 
as  long  as  the  spike.     Bog  meadows.     July. 

2.  E.  vagina'tum.  E.  CEPspitosum.  Host. 
Steins  densely    csespitose,   obtusely  triangular,   very  slender,  smouth  and 

rigid,  about  a  foot  high  ;  uppermost  slienths  inflated  ;  spiket/t  ovate,  oblong, 
6 — 8  lines  long,  of  a  blackish  color,  with  scarious  glumes  ;  setce  15  —  20  to  each 
flower,  straight,  white,  and  glossy,  twice  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  conspicuous, 
as  well  as  in  other  species, even  at  a  distance  amonjr  the  meadow  grass.  Jn.  Jl. 
*  *  Spikelets  numerous. 

3.  E.  polysta'chton. 

6i^w  somewhat  triangular,  smooth,  1 — 2  feet  high;  cnuline  leaves  2 — 3, 
broad-linear,  flattened  below,  triquetrous  at  the  end;  s/iiki lets  about  10,  on 
rough  peduncles  which  are  long  and  drooping  and  sometimes  branched  ; 
setcB  30 — 40  to  each  flower,  reddish  white,  G — 8  lines  long.  Very  conspicu- 
ous in  meadows  and  swamps.     July. 

4.  E.  ANGusriFo'LiuM.  Rich.     JVarroic-lr.aved  Cotton  grass. 

Stem  slender,  leafy,  smooth,  10 — 15  inches  high;  cauline  leaves  rmriow, 
3-cornered,  with  concave  sides,  1 — 3  inches  long  ;  involucre  of  one  bract,  with 
a  loosely  sheathing  base  ;  spike'ets2 — 4,  on  short  peduncles,  noddino- ;  5Cte 
40 — 50  to  a  flower,  long,  white  and  cottony.     Swamps.    July. 

5.  E.  Virgi'nicum.      Virginian  Cotton  grass. 

Stem  nearly  round,  leaiy,  smooth,  2 — 3  feet  high;  leaves  flat,  few,  Ion?, 
with  scabrous  margins  ;  involucre  2 — 4-leaved,  outer  leaves  much  longer ; 
spikcUts  in  a  sort  cf  umbel,  erect,  nearly  sessile;  glumes  ovate,  brown  at  the 
sides ;  keel  green ;  hairs  50 — CO,  reddish  white,  long  and  cottony.  Wet 
grounds.     July. 

7.    RHYNCHOSPO'RA. 
Spikelets    few-flowered ;    glumes  imbricated    all     around, 
lower  ones  empty;  achenium  invested  with  hypogynous  seiae, 
and  crowned    with  the   persistent,  enlarged,  conical  base  of 
the  style. 

1.  R.  ALBA.    Vahl.       White  Bng-rush.  Schoenus  albus.  L. 

Stem  triangular  above,  very  slender,  leafy,  smooth,  10 — 16  inches  high; 
leaves  setaceous,  channeled  ;  corymbose  fascicles  pedunculate,  both  terminal 
and  from  the  axils  of  the  sheaths,  with  setaceous  bracts;  spikd'ts  lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  with  crowded,  lanceolate,  white  glumes.  In  wet,  shady 
grounds;  common.     July — Sept. 


cyperacejE.  412 


2.  R.  glomera'ta.     Vahl.  Schoenus  capitellus.  Mx. 
Stem   slender,  smooth,  leafy,  a   footer  more  high;    leaves  flat,    carinate, 

rough-edged;  corymbed  fascicles  very  remote,  in  pairs,  axillary  and  terminal; 
spikelcts  lanceoVdle  ;  glumes  keeled,  mucronate,  brown  ;  a chtmum  ohoyoiA 
or  cuneiform,  very  smooth,  as  long  as  the  tubercle  ;  seta  6,  rough,  backwards. 
In  bogs.     July.    Aug. 

3.  R.    FUSCA. 

Stem  3-angled,  about  2  feet  high  ;  leaves  linear,  carinate,  smooth  ;  fascicles 
alternate,  pedunculate  ;  brads  setaceous,  longer  than  the  ovoid  spikes  ;  glumes 
brown,  ovate  ;  acke^iium  brown,  rugose,  with  an  acute,  black  tubercle  as  long 
as  the  hispid  bristles.     Wet  places.     Rare. 

4.  R.  mackosta'chya.     Torr.  Ceratoschoenus.  ejusd. 
Axillary  coriimbs  subsimple,  terminal  ones  compound  ;  upper  spihclets  dense- 
ly fascicled  ;  ack.  ovate,  smooth  ;  bristles  erectly  hispid,  twice    as  long  as  the 
aclienium  ;  style  persistent,  nearly  4  times  as  long  as  the  acheniurn.     Mass. 

8.    SCHCENUS. 
Spikelets    subconvolute,    acute;     ghimes    imbricated     all 
around,  the  lowerones  empty  and  dry;  ovary  roundish,  with- 
out setas. 

S.  imariscoi'des.     Dog  rush. 

Stem  terete,  leafy,  1 — 2  feet  high;  haves  channeled  above,  rnnnded  be- 
neath;  umbel  terminal;  fascicles  of  spikelets  3  on  each  peduncle,  10—15 
spikelets  in  each  ;  glumes  brown,  ovate  ;  acheniurn  rounded  at  base,  crowned 
with  the  remains  of  the  style.     Bogs.     Mass.    N.  Y.     July. 

Tribe  3.     SCLEREiE. 

Flowers  moncrxious  or  diclinovs.     Achenium  vaked  (tcithout  a  perigynium), 

more  or  less  hard  and  bony. 

9 .    S  C  L  E'  R  1  A  . 
Flowers  monoecious.     5/en7e.— Glumes  2  or  6,  many-flow- 
ered; paleae  (inner  glumes)  awnless.     Fertile. — Glumes 2  or  6, 
1 -flowered,  paleaj  6;     stigmas  1—3;  acheniurn  colored,  sub- 
globose. 

S.  triglomera'ta.  Mah.       Whip  grass 

Stem  erect,  acutely  triangular,  rough,  leafy,  3—4  feet  high  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  rough-edged  ;  spikelets  lateral  and  terminal,  alternate,  in  about  3 
Kubsessile  fascil-lcs,  "and  much  shorter  than  the  leafy  bracts;  if/M?nfs  ovate, 
cuspidate,  dark  purple  ;  acheniurn  globose,  smooth  and  polished,  white. 
Swamps.     Mass.     June,  July. 

Tribe  4.     CARICE^. 

Floicers  monac-ous,  rarely  diacious.     Spikelets  with  the  glumes  imbricated  all 

around.     Micnium  enclosrd  in  a  persistent,  ventricose  sac,  called  perigynium, 

which  is  analogous  to  a  perianth. 

10.     CAR  EX.    L.* 
Spikelets  one  or  more,  either  androgynous  (with  both  stam- 
inate  and  pistillate  flowers),  or  with  the  two  kinds  in  separate 


*  By  Rev.  Chester  Dewey,  D.  D.     See  Preface. 


CTPERACEJE. 


413 


spikelefs,  rarely  dioecious;  glumes  single,  l-flowered,  lower 
ones  often  empty;  stamens  3;  stigmas  2  or  3  ;  perigynium 
of  various  forms,  1-valved,  persistent,  enclosing  the  ieniicular 
or  triangular  achenium. 

I.    STIGMAS  TWO.     ACHKMUM  DOUBLE  CONVEX. 

A.  Spike  single.     1.    Mokceciouc-. 

1.  C.    CAPITATA.       L. 

Spike  capitate  or  nearly  globose,  staminate  at  the  summit;  Jrv.it  (perigyni- 
um) roundish-ovate,  close,  compressed,  convex-concave,  gliibrous,  acutish, 
longer  than  the  ovate  and  rather  obtuse  glume  ;  [eaves  slender.  Alpine 
regions  of  the  White  Mts.     Robbins. 

A.   Spike  single.    2.    DicECioua. 

2.  C.  Davai.liana.     Smith. 

Spi/;e  oblong,  rather  loose  flowered  ;  jyerigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  attenu- 
ate, convex,  terete,  recurved,  longer  than  the  ovate  glume  ;  stern  and  leaves 
are  usually  serrulate.     Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.     SuriwtU. 

3.  C.  exi'lis.     DeiBcy. 

Fertile  apike  staminate  below,  ovate,  rather  densely  flowered;  pcrig.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  convex  on  botJi  sides,  diverging,  serrulate  on  the  margin,  a  little 
longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume  ;  leaves  setaceous;  sfem  \2 — 2U  inches 
high.     Grows  in  Danversand  [pswich,  Ms. —  0(//i:es;  in  N.  Y  andiN.J.    May. 

p.  squamncca  (D.)  ;  spike  often  an  inch  long,  having  many  staminate  glumes 
at  the  base  and  few /jer*^'".  at  the  summit ;  longer  than  the  other,  and  grows 
with  it  in  Ipswich,  Mass.     Oakes. 

B,  Spikes  several,  androgynous. 

J  •    Stamens  variously  situated — aSoi-c,  helow-i  or  in  tlu  middle  ;  sometimes  diacious. 

4.  C.  ste'kilis.      WiUd. 

Spike  compound,  staminate  below,  often  dicecious;  spikelefs  4 — 6,  ovate, 
subapproxiinate  ;  perig.  ovate,  acuminate,  or  subrostrate,  bifid,  compressed, 
triquetrous,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  equaling  the  ovate,  acutish  glume;  slcTn 
2  feet  high,  erect  and  stiff'.     Wet  places ;  common. 

5.  C.  BROMoiDEs.     Sclik. 

Spikclets  numerous,  alternate,  staminate  below,  sometimes  all  pistillate ; 
perig.  lanceolate,  erect,  acuminate,  scabrous,  nerved,  bifid,  twice  longer  than 
the  ovate-lanceolate  glume.     Common  in  small  bogs,  in  wet  places. 

6.  C.  siccATA.     Deiccy. 

Spikelefs  numerous,  staminate  above,  often  wholly  staminate,  ovate,  close 
or  approximate;  fruit  ovate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  compressed,  nerved, bifid, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  equaling  the  ovale  and  lanceolate  glume.  Sandy 
plains,  VVestfield,  Mass.  D^ivis ;  Ipswich,  Mass.  Ocikcs  ;  widely  spread  over 
the  country,  but  not  abundant. 

7.  C.  Sartwellii.     Dewey. 

Spi.kdr.fs  12 — 20,  ovate,  sessile,  compact,  bracteate,  lower  ones  especially 
fructiferous  ;  upper  often  staminate  ;  perig.  ovate,  hsnceolate,  convexo-con- 
cave, subulate,  siiort,  2-tootiied,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and  acute  glume  ; 
leaves  flat,  linear,  shorter  than  the  stem.     Junius, Seneca  Co.,  N.  Y .    Sarticell. 

2.    Stamens  ot  the  summit  of  the  spikelets. 
a.   Ceplialous,  or  fruil  in  heads. 

8.  C.    CEPHALO'PHORA.        IVilld. 

Spikelets  ovate,  denselv  agorregated  into  an  ovate  head,  bracteate,  about  5; 
perig.  ovate,  acuminate,  compressed,  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  with  a 
short,  ovate,  and  scabro-cuspidate  glume  which  equals  it;  .''tevi  8 — 16  inches 
high.     Borders  of  fields  and  woods;  common,  but  not  abundant. 


CYPERACE^. 


414 


9.  C.  vuLPiNOiDEA.  Mx.     C.  vulplneformis.  Tuckerman.     C.  multiflora.  Muh, 
Spikelets  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  ;  spike  decompound,  bracteate,  conglomerate  ; 

verig.  ovate,  acuminate,  densely  imbricate,  bifid,  triply  nerved,  diverging,  a 
little  shorter  than  the  ovate-cuspidate  glume  ;  stem  obtusely  triangular,  roand 
and  leafy  towards  the  base.     Common  in  fields. 

/3.  micros perviiL.  (D.  C.  microsperma.  Wahl.) ;  spihelets  closely  aggre- 
gated ;  whole  spike  less  compact ;  perig.  more  convex,  shorter,  less  acuminated 
into  a  beak,  very  abundant.     Grows  with  the  other,  in  dry  and  moist  situations. 

10.  C.  SETACEA.     Dewey. 

Spikelets  ovate,  alternate,  obtuse,  conglomerate,  bracteate;  perig.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  compressed,  bifid,  some  diverging,  about  equal  to  the 
ovate-lanceolate  avvned  glume  ;  stem  2  feet  high,  acutely  triangular,  scabrouB 
above  and  striate.     Wet  places — not  abundant. 

11.  C.    MUIILENBERGII.       Sc/lk. 

Spikelets  alternate,  obtuse,  approximate,  with  a  long  bract  at  the  lower  one  ; 
peri<r.  ovate,  convex  above,  very  smooth,  nerved,  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gin,°some  diverging,  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate  and  mucronate  glume  ; 
.Hem  12 — 18  inches  high.  Jn  fields,  not  very  common,  readily  distinguished 
from  the  three  preceding  and  following. 

12.  C.    CHORDORnHIZA.      L. 

Spikelets  3 — 5,  aggregated  into  a  head,  ovate,  sessile  ;  perig.  ovale,  acumi- 
nate, subrostrate,  convex  above,  equaling  the  broad,  ovate  and  acute  glume  ; 
stem  branching  towards  the  base  and  sending  out  roots  at  the  joints  ;  spikes 
rarely  bearing  only  stamens.  Marshes.  JNew  York;  common — SarLwell. 
Michigan — Cuoley. 

13.  C  PRAKisA.     Dew. 

Spile:  below  branched  ;  spikdds  ovate,  sessile,  .5 — 7  on  a  branch  ;  perig. 
ovate-lanceolate,  convex  both  sides,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  slightly  bifid, 
equaling  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  stevi  2 — 3  feel  high,  leafy  towards  the 
base.  Abundant  in  the  prairies  of  Michigan,  and  sparingly  found  in  N.  Eng- 
land and  N.  Y.  Resembles  C.  puniculata.  L.  which  has  a  much  broaderovate 
wlume,  shorter  than  the  perigynium  and  is  far  more  paniculate,  and  for  which 
this  has  been  taken. 

14.  C.    TERCTIUSCULA.       Good. 

Spikelets  ovate,  acute,  sessile,  decompound,  brownish,  lower  one  bracteate  ; 
.erig.  ovate,  acute,  convex  and  gibbous,  scabrous  on  the  edge,  spreading, 
_onger  than  the  ovate  and  acute  glume  ;  fruit  brown  ;  stem  16 — 36  inches 
high,  leafy  towards  the  root.     Wei  places,  common,  in  tufts. 

15.  C.    DECOMPOSITA.       Maid. 

S/n^te  decompound  or  paniculate;  spikelets  very  many,  ovate,  alternate; 
perig.  ovate,  convex  on  both  sides,  triangular,  acutish  or  short-rostrate,  short, 
brownish,  glabrous,  about  equal  to  the  ovate  and  acuminate,  whitish  glume; 
iifm  18— 30  inches  high.  Found  in  swamps,  Michigan,  and  in  Yates  Co., 
N.  York.     Sarticell. 

16.    C.    PANICri.ATA.       L. 

Spike  paniculate,  often  dioBcious,  long  and  spreading  ;  spikelets  ovate,  sessile, 
fi — ]S  on  a  branch  below,  short  bracteate;  perig.  ovate,  acute,  gibbous,  nerv- 
ed, 2-toothed,  brownish  or  tawny,  2-toothed,  serrulate  on  the  margin,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  broad-ovate,  short-acute  glume  ;  stem  2  feet  high.  Found  in 
Nortiiern  America,  and  hardly  known  in  the  United  States. 

to,  Perigynia  radiuting. 
17.  C.  Ro'sEA.     Schk. 

Spike'ets  3 — 5,  subremote,  sessile,  alternate,  stellate,  even  before  maturity, 
lowest  long  bracteate  ;  perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  5 — 12,  convex  above, scabrous 
on  the  margin,  2-toothed,  very  diverging  or  even  reflexed,  twice  as  long  as 
the  ovate-obtuse  glume  ;  siem8 — 16  inches  high. 


i 


CYPERACEJE.  415 


ji.  radiata  (Dew.)  ;  sjnkelets  distant,  about  3-flowered,  v/ith  setaceous  bracts ; 
peri.g.  oblong,  acute  ;  slevi  4 — 8  inches  high,  flaccid  or  lax,  setaceous,  with 
very  narrow  leaves.  Common  in  pastures  and  moist  woods;  the  variety  ia 
about  woods,  or  open  places  in  woods. 

18.  C.    RETROFLEXA.      Muhl. 

Spikdcls  about  4,  ovate,  alternate,  subapproximate,  sessile,  bracteate  and 
stellate  in  maturity  ;  perig.  ovate,  acutish,  '2-toothed,  subscabrous  or  smooth 
on  the  margin,  reflexed  and  spreading,  about  equal  to  the  ovate  and  acute 
glume  ;  stem  about  a  foot  high.  Readily  distinguished  from  the  preceding. 
Woods  and  pastures,  not  abundant. 

19.  C.    STIPATA.      JWmA. 

Spike  often  decompound  ;  spikehts  oblong,  aggregated,  numerous,  bracteate  ; 
perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  round  at  the  base,  plano-convex,  nerved,  bifid,  sub- 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  diverging,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate 
glume  ;  slcm  thick,  acutely  triquetrous,  concave  ou  the  sides.  Wet  places 
and  marshes,  abundant. 

20.  C.  ALOPECoiDA.     Turkerman.  C.  cephalophora,  /3.  maxima.  Dew. 
Spikr.  compound  rather  loose  ;    spikehts  8 — 10,  aggregated  into  an  oblong 

head,  bracteate,  sessile  ;  perig.  ovate,  plano-convex,  scarcely  nerved,  acumi- 
nate, serrulate  on  the  edge,  bifid,  subrostrate,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate 
and  acuminate  glume;  stem  triquetrous,  scabrous  on  the  edges.  Moist 
wroods,  Penn.  and  N.  York.     Sarlwcli. 

21.  C.    CEPHALOIDEA.       Dew. 

Spkdcts  4 — 6,  ovate,  aggregated  closely ,  sessile  and  bracteate  ;  perig.  ovate, 
obtusish,  bifid, scabrous  on  the  margin,  plano-convex,  very  diverging  in  ma- 
turity, about  twice  as  long  as  the  short,  ovate,  obtgsish  glume.  Dry  fields 
— not  abundant,  but  common  over  New  England  and  New  York.  In 
hedges  it  is  often  four  feet  long,  and  subprostrate,  leafy  towards  the  base. 

22.  C.     SPARGANOIDES.       Mltk. 

Spikclets  7 — 10,  ovate,  rather  distant,  bracteate,  sessile  ;  perig.  ovate,  acute, 
compressed,  diverging,  acuminate,  2-toothpd,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  ovale,  acute,  or  mucronate  glume,  stem  about  2  ieet 
high,  with  long,  striate  leaves. 

/3.  ramea  (D.) ;  has  one  branch  or  more  at  the  base,  with  several  spikelets  in 
the  pliice  of  the  lower  spikelet,  and  is  the  C.  divulsa  of  Pursh.  About  culti- 
vated and  moist  fields,  common. 

23.  C.    MURICATA.      L. 

Spikelets  about  5,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate,  bracteate,  lower  ones  some- 
times remotish  ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  plano-convex,  2-toothed,  horizontal, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  sometimes  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. 
Fields  near  Boston,  B.  D.  Greene,  and  common  in  Arctic  America;  Charles- 
town,  ]\lass.,  M.  A.  Curtis. 

c.   Perigynia  few. 
84.  C.  DisPERMA.     Dew. 

Spikehts  3 — 4, erect,  subapproximate,  lowest  bracteate  ;  perig.  ovate,  obtuse, 
about  two.  nerved,  piano  convex,  short-beaked,  glabrous,  twice  longer  than 
the  ovate,  acute,  submucronate  glume ;  stem  slender,  G — 18  inches  high,  with 
narrow  and  linear  leaves.  Pcrigiivia  1  —  2,  sometimes  3.  Wet  woods,  Newr 
England,  N.  York,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  territory. 

3«   Andi-cgynoiis  ;    stamens  at  the  base  of  the  spikehts. 
H.    Perigynia  radiating. 
25.    C.  STELLULATA.       Good. 

Spikehts  4 — 6.  ovate,  lemotish,  sessile  ;  perig.  broad  ovate,  contracted  into 
a  short  beak,  compressed,  sli<>htly  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  edge,  diverging  and 
reflexed,  a  little  longer  than  ihe  ovate,  obtusish  glume  ;  stem,  erect,  stiff,  leafy 
below,  8—24  inches'high.     Common  in  wet  places  over  the  Northern  States. 


CYPERACE^.  416 


26.  C.  sciRpoiTJES.     Schk. 

Spikelets  about  4,  ovate,  approximate,  sessile,  obtuse,  lowest  bracteate ; 
perig.  ovate,  cordate,  compressed,  lanceolate  or  rostrate,  scabrous  on  the 
margin,  diverging  or  horizontal,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  glume; 
stem  G — IG  inches  high,  leafy  towards  tiie  base.  Wet  places  in  the  country. 
The  more  lanceolate  fruit  and  glume,  and  more  flexible  stem,  separate  it  I'roin 
the  preceding.     C.  scirpuides  has  the  stamens  chiefly  below  the  upper  spikelet. 

27.  C.  CURT  A.     Good. 

Spikelets  4 — 7,  ovate-oblong,  upper  subapproximate,  lower  often  remote; 
perig.  round-ovate,  acutish,  obtusish,  diverging,  convexo-concave,  2-toothed, 
slightly  scabious,  longer  than  the  ovate,  white,  hyaline  glume  ;  stim  1 — 2 feet 
high,  usually  light  green,  with  silvery  or  hoary  spikelets.  Moist  places  over 
the  country. 

28.  C.  sphjErostachya.     Deio.  C.  canescens,  /3  sphseroslachya.  Tuck. 
Spikelets  3 — 4,  ovate,  roundish,  remote,  sessile,  few  fruited,  2 — G  ;    perig. 

ovate-lanceolate  or  roundish  rostrate,  longer  thnn  the  ovate  and  hyahne  white 
glume  ;  stc7n  1 — 2  feet  high,  slender,  flaccid,  subrostrate,  and  with  the  leaves, 
green.     Common  in  N.  England,  and  N.  York,  in  wet  places. 

c.    Ovale-lanceolate  spikelets  j  few-fruited. 

29.  C.  Deweyana.    Schk. 

Spikelets  about  3,  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  alternate,  subremote,  highest 
bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  rostrate,  acuminate,  bifurcate,  plano- 
convex, slightly  scabrous,  on  the  margin,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceo- 
late, awned  hyaline  glume  ;  stem  1 — 4  feet  long,  subprocumbent,  with  radical 
leaves  ;  whole  plant  yellowish  green.  Common  in  open  woods  or  on  the 
borders  ol'  woods.  • 

30.  C    tkisperma.     DciB. 

Spikelets  about  3,  remote,  sessile,  alternate,  highest  ebracteate ;  perig. 
ovate-oblong,  acute  or  short-rostrate,  plano-convex,  at  the  orifice  entire, 
nerved,  subscabrous  on  the  edges,  somewhat  diverging,  longer  than  the  oblong 
acute  and  liyaline  ffluine;  stem  10 — 24  inches  high,  prostrate  or  recurved, 
filiform,  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves.  In  tufts  in  marshes  or  wet  woods; 
common  in  N.  England  and  N.  York. 

f.    Spikelets  oval. 

31.  C.  scopa'ria.     Schk. 

Spikelets  .5 — 10,  usually  5 — 7,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate,  the  lowest  with 
a  long  deciduous  bract;  perig.  ovate,  lanceolate,  nerved,  erect,  slightly  mar- 
gined, glabrous,  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  acuminate  glume  ;  stem  IS — 24 
inches  high,  leafy  towards  the  root.     Moist  places,  very  common. 

fi-  aggregata  \Dew.)  ;    spikelets  aggregated   into  a  head,  somewhat  spiral. 

32.  C.  lagopodioi'des.     Schk. 

Spikelets  8 — 20,  cylindric,  ovate,  rather  near,  alternate  and  sessile  ;  perig. 
lanceolate,  ta])ering  at  both  ends,  concavo-convex,  nerved,  bidentate,  scabrous 
on  the  maioin,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  stem 
nearly  2  feet  high,  leafy;  the  whole  light  green.     Common. 

33.  C.  strasii'nea.     JVahl. 

Spike  con\pound,  erect;  spikelets  about  G,  ovate,  short-oblong,  alternate, 
sessile,  subapproximate;  perig. broad,  roundish-ovate,  compressed,  ciliate- 
serrate  on  the  margin,  beaked,  2-toothed,  widely  winged,  commonly  shorter 
than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  stem,  12 — 20  inches  high,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  .fpikclits  whitish  or  tawny.     Common  in  woods  and  fields. 

a.  hrcvioT  {Dew.)  ;  spikelets  3 — 5,  often  closely  approximate,  and  more  nearly 
round  ;  perig.  slmrter-ovate,  and  shorter-rostrate,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
ovate-lanceolale  glume.     This  is  the  plant  originally  described  by  Willdenow. 

/3.  minor  {Dew.)  ;  spikelets  small,  5 — G,  globose  or  obovate,  less  approxi- 
mate ;  perig.  small,  ovate,  acuminate,  less  winged,  serrulate,  about  equaliug 
the  ovate  acute  glume. 


CTPERACE^. 


417 


34.  C.  tk'nf.ra.     Dew.  C.  adjnsta.   Boott. 
Spike  compound,  recurved  ;  spikelets  about  5,  obovate,  reniotish,  alternate, 

sessile,  brownisli,  attenuated  below,  the  lowest  bracteate  ;  /rwj^  ovate,  com- 
pressed, somewhat  winged,  rostrate,  nerved,  ciliate-serrate,  longer  than  the 
oblong-lanceolate  scale  ;  stem  15 — 30  inches  high,  small  and  slender,  erect, 
with    a  nodding  spike,    longer  than  the  leaves.     Light  green.     Common. 

35.  C.   kkstijca'cf.a.     Sckk. 

Spikdets  5 — 8,  obovate  and  clubform,  sessile  and  alternate,  approximate, 
lower  one  bracteate  ;  pe.ricr.  roundish-ovate,  rostrate,  winged,  striate,  2-tooth- 
ed,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  longer  than  the  ovate,  lanceolate  glume  ;  stem 
1.5 — 30  inches  high, erect  and  stiff,  leafy  below.  Plant  pale  green.  Spikelets 
greenish  to  brown.  Common  in  fields,  but  not  abundant.  The  clubform 
spikelets  from  the  decurrent  scales  of  the  staminate  flowers,  especially  mark 
this  species. 

36.  C.  MiRABiLis.     Dew. 

Spikeleis  7 — 1 1 ,  ovate-globose,  alternate,  sessile,  often  closely  aggregated, 
and  stiff-form,  bracteate  below  ;  perig.  ovate,  sublanceolate,  scabrous  on  the 
margin,  concavo-convex,  rostrate,  2-toothed,  subdiverging,  scarcely  twice 
longer  than  the  ovate,  lanceolate  glume  ;  stun  18 — 3G  inches  high,  erect,  stiff, 
rough  above,  rather  slender  ;  plant  light  green.  Common  about  fences  and 
hedges,  and  has  a  specially  rigid  appearance. 

37.  C      CRISTATA.       ScllW. 

Spikdets  6—14,  globose,  sessile,  closely  aggregated  into  a  head,  of  a  crested 
form,  bracteate  ;  peritr.  ovate,  oblong,  compressed,  winged,  rostrate-acuminate, 
bifid,  concavo-convex,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  longer  than  the  oblong,  lanceo- 
late glume  ;  stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  acutely  triangular.  Plant  yellowish  green. 
Common  in  fields  and  meadows  on  colder  soils. 

38.  C.  tenuiflo'ra.     Wahl. 

Spi'.elets  2 — 3,  ovate,  clustered,  sessile,  alternate,  lower  one  bracteate; 
perig.  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  plano-convex,  equaling  the  oblong-ovate,  hyaline 
or  white  glume  ;  stem  a  foot  or  more  high,  slender,  subprostrate,  longer  than 
the  flat  and  narrow  leaves.  Light  green.  Spikelets  whitish.  Burlington  and 
Salem,  Vt.,  in  swamps,  Rohbins;  Oriskany  and  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.  Kneirs- 
kern;  Southampton,  Mass.     Chapman. 

C.    Stamens  and  Stigmas  on  separate  spikes. 
1,    Sta)7iinate  spike  single. 

39.  C.  au'rea.     JVutt.  C.  pyriformis.    Sckw. 
Staminate  spike  short,  cylindric,  pedunculate  ;,    pistillate  spikes  3,  oblong, 

loose-flowered,  subpendulous,  exsertly  pedunculate,  subapproximate,  bracte- 
ate ;  perig.  globose,  obovate,  or  pear-forin,  obtuse,  nerved,  entire  at  the  mouth, 
longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  or  short-mucronate  glume  ;  stem  3 — 10  inches 
high,  slender,  often  subprocumbent.  Plant  glabrous,  green.  Common  in  wet 
grounds. 

40.  C.  saxa'tilis.     L- 

Stamin'ite  spike  oblong,  thick  ;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile, 
lower  pedunculate  ;  perig.  elliptic,  plano-convex,  obtuse,  short-rostrate,  about 
equaling  the  oblong  and  obtuse  glume  ;  stem  6 — 10  inches  high,  erect,  with 
long  and  leafy  sheaths  and  bracts.  Spikes  nearly  black.  White  Mts.,  N.  H, 
Barralt;   Woods,  Vt.     Pursh. 

41.  C.  co'ncolor.     R.  Br. 

Staminate  spike  erect,  cylindric  ;  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  erect,  subsessile, 
cylindric  ;  pcritr.  oval,  entire,  smooth,  mucronate,  about  equal  to  the  oblong 
and  obtuse  glume;  stem  10 — 15  inches  high,  smooth,  leafy  below  ;  bracts 
auriculate ;  staminate  spike  sometimes  pistillate  above.  White  Mis.,  N.  H. 
Boott.  Closely  related  to  C.  ccespitosa  L.  but  has  a  smooth  stem;  scales  of 
light  color. 


CYPEBACE^-  418 


3.    Staminate  spikes  one  or  more,  and  the  vpper  part  of  the  pistillate  sometimes  staminate. 

42.  C.  ri'giua.     Good. 

Staminate  spike  oh\ong,  cy]\n(\nc,  rarely  2;  pistillatr.  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong, 
cylindric,  densely  flowered,  short  and  thick,  approximate,  lower  one  subpedi- 
cellate,  with  a  bract  surpassing  the  stern  ;  pcrig.  ovate,  obtusish,  entire  at  the 
orifice  ;  glumfi  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  mature  fruit  and  subequal  before; 
stem's — d  inches  high,  tirick  and  stiff,  often  recurved  ;  /cares  stiff  and  glaucous. 
Ipswich,  Ms.     Oakes.     Has  been  compounded  with  C.cccspilosaiiW  this  time. 

43.  C.    CvESPITo'SA.       L. 

Sia?«r/ia/e  s/^jAe  single,  oblong,  cylindric,  sometimes  2,  with  oblong  black 
scales  ;  p'stillule  spike  2 — 3,  cylindric,  obtuse,  rather  thick,  remotish,  bracleate, 
lowest  one  short  pedunculate  ;  -jierig.  ovate,  obtuse,  glabrous,  entire  at  the 
orifice,  scarcely  rostrate,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  obtuse,  black  glume  ; 
stem  G — 14  inches  high,  scabrous  on  the  edge,  lealy  towards  the  base  ;  leaves 
flat.     Wet  places,  Ipswich,  Mass.  Oakes;  N.  York  and  Michigan. 

44.  C.  STRic'TroR.     Dew.  C.  stricta.   Goodn. 
Staminate  sp  kes  1 — 2,  with  oblong  and  blackish   acutish  glumes;  pis!illate 

spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric,  staminate  above,  and  hence  acutish,  lowest  short- 
pedunculate  ;  perig.  ovate,  compressed,  acute,  glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifice, 
early  falling  off,  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong  and  acute  glume; 
stem  a  toot  and  more  high,  triquetrous  and  rough  on  the  angles,  with  reticu- 
lated filaments  connecting  the  leaves  towards  the  base  ;  leaves  erect,  close; 
whole  plant  glaucous  except  the  spikes.     Wet  places;  common. 

45.  C.  STRICTA.     Lfim.  C.  acuta,  of  American  authors  in  part. 
SlainiiKite  spikes    1 — 2,  cylindric,  lower   one  sessile,   and  the    scale   rusty 

brown  and  obtuse,  pstillnte  spikes  2 — 3,  long  cylindric,  upper  half  slaniii, ale, 
lower  longer,  short-pedunculate,  loosely  flowered  below;  pcrig.  ovate-acumi- 
nate or  elliptic,  compressed,  at  the  orifice  entire  or  slightly  emarginate  and  its 
glume  strongly  ferruginous,  the  lower  ones  acute-lanceolate,  the  upper  linear 
and  obtuse,  commonly  longer  and  narrower  than  ttie  perigynia  ;  s  em  2  feet 
high,  with  reticulated  filaments  connecting  the  leaves.  Boott.  Wet  places, 
as  bogs ;  common. 

46.  C.  ACUTA.     L.  C.  csDspitnsa  of  Am   authors  in  part. 
Spikes   long  and  slender;    slaminnte  2 — 3;    pistiWite'i — 4,  long,  slerrder, 

cylindric,  short  pedunculate,  nodding  towards  nraturity,  remotish,  bracleate  ; 
perig.  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  orifice  |)rotended,  or  very  short-rostrate,  about 
equaling  the  oblong,  acute  glume;  sicm  acute,  triquetrous,  lax  ;  the  stamens 
at  the  summit  of  the  pistillate  spikes  render  them  acute.     Common. 

/3.  erecta  (Dew.  Schk.  fi^.  85,  c)  ;  spikes  shorter,  2  of  each  ;  pisli'late  nearly 
erect,  oblong,  close-flowered  ;  perig.  shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. 
Evidently  mrsplaced  by   Sclikahr. 

y.  sparsiflirra  {Dew.  Schk.  fig.  92,  b.)  ;  pistillate  spikes  very  long,  recurved, 
very  sparsely  flowered  below      Coirrmon. 

47.  C.  AqUA'TiLis.      IVafd. 

Staminate  sp  kes  1 — 4.  erect,  cylindric,  lowest  bracteate,  the  glume  oblong, 
obtusish  ;  pistillate  spikes  often  3,  cylindric,  thick  and  thickened  above,  1 — 2 
inches  long,  suberect,  short-pedunculate,  densely  flowered;  perig-  elliptic, 
lenticular,  rather  small,  entire,  glabrous,  protruded  at  the  orifice,  about  equal 
lo  the  ovate,  acutish  glume  ;  stem  20 — 3U  incires  high,  rather  obtuse-angled 
and  scarcely  scabrous.     In  marshes  and  wet  places.     Common. 

48.  C.  crini'ta.    Lam.  C.  leonura.  IVahl.  Schk.  fig.  1G4. 
Staminate  spikes  one  or  more,  lax,  oblong,  sometimes  with  a  few  pistillate 

flowers;  pistillate  spikes  about  3,  oblong,  cylindric,  pedicellate,  nodding, 
attenuated  below,  and  more  loosely  flowered,  often  staminate  at  summit; 
perig.  ovate,  sub-inflated,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  the  orifice,  glabrous,  about 
A  as  long  as  the  oblong,  obtusish,  scabrous-awned  glume ;  stem,  12 — 24  inches 
high,  rough,  triquetrous.     Common  in  wet  places. 


CTPERACE^. 


419 


B.  grjnandra  (Deio.  C.  gynandra  Seine.)  ;  pistillate  spikes  pendulous,  thicker 
in'the  midst;  glumes  about  twice  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

49.  C.  PALEACEA.     SJireh.  Sc/i I,:  Cig.  12'o. 

Pistillate  spikes  ahoat  4,  \ong-cyVindTic,  densely  noweved,  recurved,  with  a 

long  reclined  peduncle  ;  perig.  ovate,  suborbicular,  obtusish,  emargmate  at  the 

orifice,  convex  both  sides;    glumes  terminated  by  a  long,  serrate  point  more 

than  thrice  the  length  of"  the  perigynia  ;    stem  20—42  inches  high,  recurved, 

rough-edged,  pale-gieen.     Common  in  dry  grounds. 

II.    STIGMAS  THREE. 

D.    Spikes  andkogynous.     Moncecious. 

1.    Stamens  at  the  summit. 

»•    Spike  single. 

50.  C.  POLYTRICHOIDES.     Muli.  C.  microstachya.  Mx. 
Spike  oblong,    terminal;     perig.  3—8,  oblong,   alternate,    subtriquetrous, 

glabrous,  einarginate,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  and  obtuse,  and  rarely 
mucrona'te  glume  ;  stem  4—12  inches  high,  veiy  slender,  with  setaceous  and 
Bubradical  leaves.     Common  in  wet  and  cold  grounds. 

51.  C.  LENEOGLOCHIN.    Ehrltt.  C.  pauciflora.  Lightfoot. 
Spike,  about  4-flowered,  with  1  or  2  staminate  flowers   at  the  apex;    perig. 

lanceolate,    subtriquetrous   and   tapering,   much    reflexed,  twice  longer  than 
the  oblong-lanceolate    glume;    stem   3—8   inches    high,  with  subradicaland 
linear  leaves.     In  Ashfield  and  Hawley,  Mass.,  in  a  marsh.     Porter. 
b.    One  or  more  radical  peduncles  with  a  single  spike. 

52.  C.    PEDUNCULATA.      Muh. 

Spikes  about  5,  3-sided,  distant,  long,  recurved,  pedunculate  ;  perig.  obovate, 
triquetrous,  recurved  at  the  apex,  couinionly  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the 
oblong  or  obovate,  mucronate  glume;  stem  4—12  inches  high,  triangular, 
ratherprocumbenl;  s/a?ne«5  sometimes  removed  a  little  from  the  pistillate 
spike.  Common  in  woods;  flowers  early  in  the  spring. 
3.  Spikes  staminate  at  the  base. 
c.    Spikes  one,  often  more. 

53.  C.  sqUAMOSA.     L. 

Spikes  1 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  oblusr,  upper  one  attenuated  below  at  first 
by  the  decurrent  staminate  flowers,  all  very  densely  flowered;  perig.  ovate, 
Bubo-lobosp,  long-rostrate.  2-toothed,  horizontal,  glabrous  and  subsquarrose, 
longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume;  stem-  1—2  feet  high,  slender  for  the  large 
spike  or  spikes  ;  lower  spikes  pedunculate.  Large  and  fine.  It  is  C.  typliirea 
Mx.  when  only  o?ie  spike  is  present. 

/3.  C.  tijphinuides  (Srlnc.) ;  spikes  2,  the  lower  on  a  very  long  peduncle,  and 
both  longer  and  smaller. 

E.   Spikes  Dicecious. 

54.  C.  scirpoi'dea.    Mx. 

Spike  oblong,  cylindric,  acutish  ;  sUiminatc  glume  oblong,  obtusish  ;  pr.rig. 
ovate  (oval),subrostrate,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acutish  glume, 
Bcarious  on  the  edge  ;  stem  4 — 10  inches  high,  erect ;  leaves  flat  and  long. 
White  Mts.,  N.  H.     Oakes. 

F.    Tekminal  Spike  andkogynous,    pistillate  at  the   summit;    the  other 
pistillate. 

55.  C.   VIRESCENS.      Muh. 

Spikes  2—4,  oblong,  erect,  alternate,  the  lotcer  sub-sessile,  bracteate  ;  upper 
spike  very  rarely  wholly  staminate ;  perig.  ovate,  obtuse,  costate,  pubescent, 
longer  than  the  ovate,  pubescent  and  mucronate  glume,  or  about  equal  to  it; 
iteiJi  1 — 2  feet  high,  rather  slender ;  leaves  towards  the  base.  Whole  plant 
pubescent  and  light  green. 

/3.  costata  {S  liw.)  ;  perig.  strongly  costate,  outer  sheaths  purplish  brown  ; 
haves  numerous  and  larger.     Both  are  coairaon  in  open  woods  and  hedges. 


CYPKRACE^:.  420 


56.  C.  HiKsuTA.     Willd. 

Spikes  3,  short-oblonj;,  thick,  alternate,  erect,  the  loicer  subsessile  and  long 
bracleate,  all  approximate  and  densely  flowered  ;  pcrig.  ovate,  triquetrous, 
nerved,  obtuse,  entire  at  the  orifice,  glabrous  in  maturity,  about  equal  to  the 
ovate,  acuminate,  glabrous  glume;  stein  12 — 20  inches  high;  leaves  and 
sheaUis  retrorsely  pubescent;  vjipcr  spike  very  rarely  all  staminate.  Moist 
upland  meadows.     Common. 

fi.  pedunculala.  Torr.  ;  5;>:/.t5  oblong-c)'lindric,  pedunculate  ;  Zeaees  slightly 
pubescent.  Common.  C  triceps  (Alz)  much  resembles  this, — is  not  pub- 
escent but  glabrous. 

57.  Buxbaum'ii.     JVa/tl. 

Spikes  about  4,  cylindric,  thick,  upper  one  sometimes  wholly  staminate  and 
sometimes  staminate  above  and  below ;  pit-ti'liferuus  oblong,  subremote, 
subsessile,  bracteate  ;  pcrig.  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  or  obovate,  obtuse,  subtri- 
quetrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  nerved  and  glabrous,  scarcely  equal  to  the 
oblong  and  mucronate  glume;  stem  10 — 18  inches  high,  leafy  towards  the 
base.  Common  in  wet  grounds.  It  is  described  as  sometimes  having  2 
stigmas  in  Europe,  but  placed  by  Schk.,  Walil.,  &c.,  in  the  division  having  3. 

58.  C.  graci'llima.     Sc/tw. 

Spikes  3 — 4,  long,  graceful,  sub-loose-flowered,  distant,  long-pedicillate, 
recurved  in  maturity,  bracteate,  tipper  one  rarely  all  staminate  ;  pcrig.  oblong, 
triquetrous,  obtuse,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  slightly  2-lobed,  longer  than  the 
oblong  and  obtuse  and  short-awned  glume;  stem  ofien  2  feet  hiiih,  reddish 
towards  the  base,  leafy  and  subprocumbenl,  pale  green.  Common  in  damp 
meadows. 

59.  C.  FORMOSA.     Dew. 

Spikes  3 — 4,  oblong,  short  and  thick,  distant,  1-sided,  on  a  long  and  slender 
peduncle,  recurved  ;  pc/i"'.  oblong,  triquetrous,  subinflated,  acutish  at  either 
end,  nearly  entire  or  2-lolied  at  the  orifice,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  and 
acute  glume  ;  stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  3-sided,  dark  brown  towards  the  base, 
yellowish  bright  green.     Common  in  wet  meadows. 

60.  C.  Davi'sii.  Torr.  C.  Torreyana.  Deio. 
Spikes  4,  oblong,  cylindric,  subsparsely  flowered,  remote,  pediciUate,  pen- 
dulous in  maturity,  pcrig.  oblong-conic,  subinflated,  subtriquetrous,  nerved, 
acutish,  short-rnstrate,  2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  glabrous  towards  maturity,  about 
equaling  the  oblong,  scabrous-awned  glume  ;  stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  triquetrous, 
scabrous  above,  with  leaves  equaling  it ;  /euivs  and  5/i<;«i/(5  pubescent,  some- 
times but  very  little,  light  green.  Fust  found  on  the  alluvial  meadows  of  the 
Housatonic  in  Mass.,  Dewey.     Sometimes  nearly  pubescent. 

G.    Staminate  Spike  single. 
]  •    PiuiUate spikes  short  and  sessile  or  nearly  sessile.     Perigynia  radiating  or  diverging. 

61.  C.  vARiA.     MyJt. 

Stuinituile  spike  erect,  short  or  subelongated  ;  pistillate  .<!pikes  3,  ovate,  sessile, 
rather  near,  bracteate, few-flowered  ;  perig.  ovate  or  sub-globose,  subtriquet- 
rous, acuminate-rnstrate,  bifid,  scabro-pubescent,  about  equal  to  the  ovate, 
acuminate  glume  ;  stem  C — 15  inches  high,  erect,  slender,  purple  towards  the 
base  ;  pale  green.     Dry  woods  and  hedges  ;  common. 

/3.  pedi.cetldta  {Dew  )  has  pistillate  spikes  ovate-oblong,  short  pedicillate, 
erect,  loose-flowered  ;  perig.  more  numerous.     Grows  in  the  same  situations. 

62.  C  PENNSYi.vANicA.    Liim.  C.  maiginata    Mu.h. 
SUiminatc  spike  erect,  pedunculate,  subtriquetrouf3,  with  an  obtuse  glume  ; 

pistilliitc  spikes  1 — 3,  ovale,  subsessile,  subappioximate,  fevv-flovvered  ;  perig. 
ovate-globose,  tomentose,  short-rostrate,  sliiihlly  S-toothed,  about  equal  to  the 
ovate-acnniinate,  or  oblong-acuminate,  deep-reddish  glume;  stem  4 — 12 
inches  high,  erect,  stiff,  with  short  leaves.     Open  woods  and    hedges — com- 


CYfKRACE^. 


421 


mon— much  resembles  the  preceding-,  but  larger  in  all  its  parts,  and  readily 
distinguished  by  its  different  aspect  and  its  deep  reddish  brown  scales. 

63.  C.  Emmonsii.     DeiD. 

Staminate  spike  sessile,  short;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  approximate,  sessile, 
few-flowered  ;  often  one  long  radical  peduncle  ;  perig.  globose-triquetrous, 
attenuated  at  the  base,  rostrate,  pubescent,  at  the  orifice  oblique,  about  equal 
to  the  ovale  glume  ;  stem  decumbent  G — 10  inches  higli,  leafy  at  the  base, 
pale  ash-green.     On  dry  fields  and  hills;  common. 

64.  C.  Nov-c-ANGLi.E.     Sclav. 

Staminate  spike  short,  slender,  oblong ;  pistillate  spikbs  2 — 3,  ovate,  alter- 
nate, sessile,  remotish,  few-flowered,  bracteate  ;  perig.  3— C,  oval-triquetrous, 
rostrate,  costate,  slightly  pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  mucronate 
glume  ;  stem  4 — S  inches  high,  slender,  subdecumbent,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Pale  green.     Open  woods  in  high  grounds. 

/3.  collecta  {D.  C.  coliecta.  Dew.)  ;  stem  10 — IG  inches  high,  very  slender, 
erect;  pistillate  spikes  2— 4,  lower  short  pedunculate  ;  7»er«o-.  more  tapering 
into  a  beak,  slightly  bidentate.     High  lands  of  Mass. ;  not  abundant. 

Go.    C.    UMBELLATA.       Sclik. 

Staminate  spike  short,  erect;  pistillate  spikes  several,  each  on  its  radical 
peduncle,  ovate,  subumbellate  ;  perig.  ovate  or  globose,  5 — 8,  acutish  at  either 
end,  rostrate,  short-bidenlate,  pubescent,  equaling  the  ovate  lanceolate  glume  ; 
stem  ^ — 4  inches  high,  with  very  long  leaves. 

/3.  vicina  (Dewcij)  ;  \  or  '2  pistillate  spikes  close  to  the  staminate,  sessile  ; 
the  other  pistillate  spikes  on  their  own  stems  or  radical  peduncles.  In  small 
tufts  on  dry  hills.  Both  varieties  grow  on  the  same  root,  but  Schk.  saw  and 
fio-ured  only  the  first. 

CG.  C.  pejECOx.     Jacg. 

Staminole  spike  erect,  subclavate  ;  pistillate  spikes  1 — 3,  ovale,  bracteate, 
approximate^  lower  one  short-pedunculate;  ptrig.  G — 12,  ovate  and  subglo- 
bose,  triquetrous,  pubescent,  short-rostrate,  equal  to  the  ovate,  acute,  or 
mucronate  elume  ;  stem  2 — G  inches  higli,  leafy  at  the  base.  On  rocky  hills, 
Salem,  Mass.     Pickering  ;  Ipswich,  Mass.     Oukes. 

2.    Pistillate  Si'Ikes  with  xearlt  ixcloseb  pedu.\'cli:s. 

67.  C.   VESTl'TA.       Willd. 

Staminate  spike  single,  rarely  2,  cylindric,  oblong  ;  pistillate  spikes  2,  ovale- 
oblono-,  sessile,  subapproximale,  bracteate,  often  with  stamens  above  ;  perig. 
ovale,  oblong,  subtriquetrous,  nerved,  sliorl- rostrate,  bifid,  pubescent,  a  little 
lono-er  than  "the  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  submucronale  gluuie  ;  stem  IS — 30 
inches  hi!Tli,  acutely  triangular  and  leafy  below.  Common  in  wet  places  over 
the  country. 

68.  C.  pube'scens.     Muh. 

Fistilliite  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  rather  loose-flowered,  erect,  bracteate,  the 
lowest  pedunculate  ;  per^V.  ovate-triouetrous,  rostrate,  nearly  entire  at  moutli, 
pubescent,  a  little  loiiuer  than  the  ovate-oblong,  carinate,  mucronate  gUiine  ; 
stem  10 — 20  inches  high,  and  with  the  leaves,  pubescent.  Moist  woods  and 
meadows ;  common. 

G9.    C.    FLAVA.      L. 

Pistillate  spikes  2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  approximate,  sometimes  androgynous  ; 
perig.  ovate,  closely  imbricate,  costate,  bidentale,  rcflexed  with  a  long  curved 
beak,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume;  stem  10 — 20  inches  high, 
rather  obtusely  angled  or  triquetrous,  glabrous  ;  yellowish  green.  Wet  and 
cold  soils ;  common. 
70.  C.  vE'dekf.     Ehrhnrt. 

Spikes  sometimes  androgynous;  pistillate  about  4,  clustered,  nearly  sessile, 
short-oblong,  sometimes  staminate    above  or  below,  bracteate  ;    pnrig.    rather 
LL 


CyPERACE*.  422  CAREX. 

obovate,  subinflated,  nerved,  bidentate,  diverging  with  a  subulate  beak,  a  little 
longer  than  the  ovate  glume;  stam  2 — 10  inches  high,  leafy.  Pale  yellow. 
Mass.  and  N.  Y. — abundant  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.  and  at  Niagara  Falls. 

71.  C  tkntacula'ta.     Mali. 

Pistillate  spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  bracteate,  upper  one  sessile,  the 
rest  nearly  sessile,  densely  flowered ;  pcrig.  ovate,  inflated,  long  rostrate, 
bidentate,  nerved,  diverging,  glalirous.  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  and  small 
scabro-mucronate  glume  ;  s/e7a  1 — 2  ieet  liioii, often  large,  triquetrous  ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  stem.  In  clusters  in  wet  or  marshy  places; 
common. 

72.  C.  iiostra'ta.     Mx. 

Stamiiiiite  spike  short  and  small ;  ■pi.ilillate  .spikes  2 — 3,  subglobose,  or  capi- 
tate, bracteate  ;  pcrig.  aggregated  into  a  head,  small,  erect,  or  subdiverging, 
oblong-conic,  very  long-rostrate,  slightly  inflated  at  tlie  base,  twice  longer 
than  the  ovate-oblong,  acutish  glume  ;  stem  8 — IG  inches  high,  few-leaved, 
erect,  &liff.  Pale  yellow.  At  the  base  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H. — Oukcs  ; 
also  in  Canada,  where  Mx.  found  it.  Has  been  called  a  variety  of  C.  Xan- 
thopIiTjsii.   Walil. 

73.  C.  intume'scens.     Ituclge.  C.  folliculata.  Schk.  fig.  52. 
Sirt7rti/irtte  sp/ifi  oblong,  pedunculate  ;    pistillate  spikes  1 — 3,  few-flowered, 

approximate,  bracteate.  erect,  nearly  sessile,  the  lower  one  sometimes  remote 
and  essertly  pedunculate;  perig.  ovate-conic,  large  and  much  inflated, 
acumiuale-rostrale,  bidentate,  nerved,  diverging,  very  glabrous,  thiice  longer 
than  the  ovate-cuspidate  glume  ;  .<;teni.  a  foot  or  more  high,  erect,  stiff",  leafy, 
dark  green  and  very  glabrous.  Wet  grounds,  in  open  woods,  or  marshes. 
Common. 

/3.  glohalaris  (Gray)  ;  Pistillate  spikes  large,  globular,  many  fruited;  grows 
in  the  same  situations. 

74.  C.  follicula'ta.  L.  C.  Xanthophysa.    Wahl. 
Pistillate    spikis   2 — 4,   ovate    or  capitate,  densely  flowered,  distant,  the 

peduncles  sometimes  projecting  far  bejmnd  the  sheaths,  often  staminate  at  the 
apex,  long  bracteate  ;  pc7"«^''.  oblong-conic,  much  inflated,  diverging  or  lioii- 
zontal,  loiig-rostrale,  twice  longer  than  the  oblong-ovate,  acute  glume  ;  stem. 
2 — 5  feet  high,  leafy  ;  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  long  and  flat.  Pale  yellow. 
In  wet  or  marshy  places  ;  common. 

75.  C.  LnPur.i'NA.  Jiluk.  C.  lurida.  Wahl. 
Slaminate  spike  erect,  slender,  subsessile;  p'stillate  sp'kcs  2 — 4,  ovate- 
oblong,  large  and  thick,  or  obloiig-cylindric, short-pedunculate,  erect,  densely 
flowered,  appro.ximate,  the  lowest  sometimes  lonj-peduncnlate  and  distant ; 
perig.  ovate-conic,  ventricose,  long,  conic-rostrate,  bicuspidate,  nerved, 
glabrous,  about  thrice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  glume; 
stem  1 — 3  feet  high,  triquetrous  leafy  ;  leaves  and  bracts  long,  flat,  wide, 
striate,  scabrous  on  the  edge.  Bright  green.  Finely  named  from  its  hop-like 
spikes.     Mar.shes  and  about  ponds;  common. 

fi.  pulystachija  {Torr.)  ;  pistillate  spikes  nhoutr),  very  long  cylindric,  the 
lowest  remote  and  very  long  pedunculate  ;  pcrig.  less  inflated.  Swamps  in 
Phillipslovi'n,  N.  Y.,  on  the  Highlands.     Barratt. 

2.    Pistillate  spikes  exsntly  peduiimlate. 

76.  C.  PLANTAGisEA.    Lam.  Schk.  fig.  70.  C.  latifolia.   Wahl. 
Slaminate  spike  erect,  large,  sub-clavate,  with  oblong  and  acute  glumes ; 

pisfillate  sp'kes  3 — 5,  oblong,  erect,  remote,  sparse-flowered,  2  upper  nearly 
inclosed-pedunculate,  the  lower  ones  exsertly  pedunculate,  with  subulate 
bracts;  perig.  oblong,  triquetrous-elliptic  or  cnneiforin,  tapering  at  either  end, 
recurved  at  the  apex,  and  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate-cuspidate 
clume;  sievi  8—18  inches  high,  erect,  triquetrous,  with  dark-brown  sheaths  ; 
Teavas  radical,  broad,  ensiform,  strongly  3-nerved.  Bright  green.  Hedges 
i-ud  open  woods ;  cominon,  and  one  oi   the  first  appealing  species  in  the  spring. 


CTPERACE^.  423 


77.  C.  Careyana.    Dew. 

Stnminate  spike  erect,  oWong,  with  oblong  and  obtuse  glumes;  pistillate 
tpikes  2 — 3,  ovate,  loose  and  few-flowered,  distant,  upper  subsessile,  all  bracle- 
ate;  pcrig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  subinflated,  nerved,  acuminate,  tapering  at  the 
base,  smooth  and  glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate 
mucronate  glume;  stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  erect,  smooth,  leafy  towards  the  base  ; 
ZeaiJes  linear-lanceolate.  Pale  green.  Woods.  Auburn,  N.Y. — Cnrev  ;  and 
in  various  places  in  Ohio ;  closely  related  to  C.  pUtutaginca,  and  to  C.  Frascri 
of  the  Southern  States. 

78.  C.  ANCEPS.     Schk.  C.  plantaginea.  Mvfi. 
Pistillate  spikes  2 — 4,  subfiliform,  erect,  attenuate,  sparse-flowered,  remote, 

with  a  2-edged  peduncle,  leafy-bracteate,  upper  one  subsessile  ;  ;r)e7iV.  oval- 
triquetrous,  tapering  at  both  ends,  short-rostrate,  attenuate,  glabrous.Viriate. 
excurved  at  the  apex, a  little  longer  than  the  oblong-mticronate  or  ovate-acute 
giunie;  stf-mG — 12  inches  high,  acutely  triquetrous";  Icavfs  radica.],  of  medium 
width.     Glaucous  or  light  green.     Woods  and  hedges.     Common. 

/3.  patuHfolia  (Dcio.  C.  anceps.  Sckk.  fig.  195);  leaves  radical,  broad, 
many  nerved,  narrower  at  the  base;  sheaths  with  long  and  leafy  bracts;  perig. 
longer  rostrate. 

y.  angustifolia  {Deio.  Schk.  fig.  128);  stem  a  foot  high ;  Zec^es  narrow, 
striate,  long;  perig.  short-rostrate  and  much  recurved. 

79.  C.  ELANDA.     Dew.  C.  conoidea.  J!/«A. 
Pistillate    spi,krs  2 — 4,   oblong,    cylindric,    subsparse-flowered,   alternate, 

appro.ximate,  bracteafe,  highest  subsessile,  the  lowest  on  a  lonff,  2-edged 
peduncle  ;  perig.  obovate,  subtriquetrous,  nerved,  recurved  at  the  apex,  entire 
at  the  orifice,  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  scabro-mucrcnate  glume;  ste^n 
6 — 12  inches  high,  triquetrous,  leafy  towards  the  base  ;  leaves  long  as  the 
stem.     Pale  gieen,  or  glaucous.     Meadows  and  dry  open  woods.     Common. 

80.  C.  CONOIDEA.  Schk.  C.  granularioides.  Schio. 
Pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  or  ovate-oblong,  remote,  erect,  rather  dense- 
flowered,  bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-conic,  obtusish,  glabrous,  nerved,  subdi- 
verging,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-subulate  glume  ; 
stem  a — 12  inches  high  ;  leaves  towards  the  base,  shorter  than  the  stem. 
Bright  green.     Moist  upland  meadows.     Common. 

81.  C.  TETANICA.      Schk.  fig.  207. 

Pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  loose  flov/ered,  remote;  prrig.  obovate, 
recurved  at  the  apex,  entire  at  the  orifice,  with  an  ovate  glume, ^obtusish  at 
the  upper  and  mucronate  at  the  lower  part  of  the  spike  ;  ^stevi  G — 10  inches 
high,  triquetrous,  longer  than  the  flat  and  linear-lanceolate  leaves.  Light 
green.     Upland  meadows.     Rare. 

82.  C.   DIGITALIS.       IVilld. 

Pistillate  spikes  about  3,4 — lO-flov/ered,  oblong,  distant,  loose-flowered,  lax 
and  recurved  ;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  alternate,  nerved,  glabrous,  short  and 
obtuse,  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  stein 
4 — 12  inches  high,  triquetrous,  shorter  than  the  long,  decumbent  leaves. 
Pale  green. 

fi.  Van  IVeckii  (Dew.)  ;  Smaller;  pwvV.  more  remote  and  smaller.  Open 
uioist  woods;  common.     Has  been  mistaken  for  C.  oZjVocarpa.  Schk.S^r  Muh. 

83.  C.    RETKOCDRVA.      Deu\ 

Pistil'ute. spikes  2 — 4,  on  long,  filiform  and  recurved  peduncles,  bracteate, 
Bub-dense-flowered,  short  and  thick  oblong;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  nerved, 
obtusish,  equaling  the  ovate  cuspidate  glume  ;  slem  6 — 12  inches  high,  pros- 
trate ;  /eai;es  radical  and  wide  ;  glaucous.  Open  woods;  rare.  Has  been 
considered,  C.  digitalis,  IVilld.;  but  is  diflerent. 

84.  C.  OLIGOCARPA.     Schk. 

Pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  erect,  3 — 4-flowered,  bracteate;  perig.  obovate, 
roundish-triquetrous,   short-rostrate,  entire   at  the    mouth,  lunger   than   the 


cypebacejE.  424 


oblonor-mucronate   glume  ;    stem  6 — 12  inches  high  ;    leaves  flat  and  shorter 
towards  the  base  ;  plant  light  green.     Open  woods   or  hedges — rare  ;  differs 
from  the  following  species  in  its  fruit  and  pubescence. 
85.  C.  HiTcircocKiANA.     DciP. 

Staminate  spike  erect,  pedunculate  ;  pistillate  spikes  2 — ;?,  erect,  few-flower- 
ed, lowest  distant ;  perig.  oval  triquetrous,  tapering  at  both  ends,  inflated, 
alternate,  bent  at  the  apex,  striate,  with  a  short,  truncated  and  open  beak, 
about  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  oblong  or  ovate,  nuicronate  glume  ;  stem 
10 — 24  inches  high,  erect,  stitF,  scabrous  above,  with  long  and  leafy  bracts ; 
stem  leaves  a7id  hracts  scahrous  and  subpubescent.  Borders  of  woods.  Can- 
not be  the  C.  oligucarpa  figured  by  Schkuhr. 
SG.  C.  LAXiFLOKA.     Lam. 

Staminate  spike  oblong,  slender;  pistillate  spike  2 — 4,  oblong,  lax-flowered, 
few-flowered,  erect,  remote  ;  perig.  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  obtusish,  glabrous, 
ventricose,  nerved,  subtriquetrous,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  longer  than 
the  ovate  scabro-mucronate  glume;  stem  10 — 18  inches  high,  triquetrous, 
leafy.     Bright,  to  pale  green.     Woods,  hedges  and  meadows.     Common. 

87.  C.    GRANULARIS.       Mu/l. 

Pistillate  spikes  2 — 4,  cylindric,  oblong,  dense-flowered,  suberect ;  perig. 
roundish-ovate,  nerved,  very  short-beaked  and  recurved,  entire  at  the  orifice, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-acuminate  glume ;  stem  8 — 16  inches  high, 
erect  or  subdecnmbent,  smooth,  leafy.  Glaucous  green  except  the  mature 
yellow  spikes.     Moist  soils  in  meadows  and  hedges,  along  brooks.     Abundant 

88.  C.    PANICEA.       L. 

PisLillate  spikes  2 — 3,  loose-flowered,  remotish,  lowest  long  pedunculate  ; 
perig.  subglobose,  obtuse,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  greater  than  the  ovate, 
subacute  glume  ;  stem  a  foot  high,  triquetrous,  leafy  at  the  base;  leaves  shorte? 
than  the  stem.     Light  green.     Near  Boston.     Pickering. 

89.  C.  BiNERVis.     Smith. 

Pistillate  spikes  3,  oblong,  cylindric,  subdense-flowered  ;  perig.  ovate,  round, 
short-rostrate,  biouspidate,  smooth,  binerved,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate, 
subacute  glume  ;  stem  a  foot  high  or  more,  triquetrous,  leaty  towards  the  base. 
Pale  green.     Near  Boston.     B.  D.  Greene. 

90.  C.  Greeniana.     Dew. 

Staminate  spike  one  and  erect,  sometimes  2;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong, 
bracteate,  pedunculate  ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  triquetrous,  nerved,  rostrate, 
bifurcate,  subdense-flowered,  about  equal  to  the  ovate,  cuspidate  glume;  stem 
] — 2  feet  high,  scabrous  above,  leafy  towards  the  base.  Light  green.  Re- 
sembles C.  pelva,  Good.,  but  differs  in  its  fruit  and  glume.  Near  Boston. 
B.  D.  Greene.     Rare. 

91.  C.  Grayana.     Dejo. 

Staminate  spike  oblong  ;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong-cylindric,  subloose- 
flowered  ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  subtriquetrous,  subinflated,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  obtuse,  oblong  glume  ;  stevi  G — 16  inches 
high,  erect,  triquetrous,  striate,  with  leaves  about  its  own  length.  Glaucous 
green.  Sphagnous  swamp  near  Utica,  N.  Y.  Gray.  Cedar  swamp,  N.  J. 
Torrey ;  has  been  supposed  to  be  C.  livida.  Wahl.,  from  which  it  differs  in 
several  respects. 

92.  C.  Halseyana.     Dew. 

Staminate  spike  oblong,  erect,  sessile,  often  2,  approximate ;  pistillate  spikes 
1 — 2,  oblong,  cylindric,  erect,  loose-flowered,  sometimes  staminate  above; 
perig.  ovate,  short-rostrate,  subtriquetrous,  inflated,  glabrous,  oblique  at  the 
orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  subacute  glume  ;  stem  1 — 2  feet  high, 
acutely  triquetrous;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  shorter  towards  the  base.  Dark 
green.   Upland  meadows.    Westfieid,Ms.    Davis ;  ^\B.ins  oi  N .  J .    Kneiskern. 


CYPERACE5;.  425 


93.  C.    CAPILLARIS.       L. 

Slaminate  spike. small ;  pistillate  spilccs2~^3,  ovate,  oblong,  about  C-flowered, 
loose-flowered,  long  and  recurved  pedunculate  ;  perig.  oval,  short-rostrate, 
oblong,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong,  ovate,  obtuse  glume; 
stem  2—7  inches  high,  leafy  at  the  base  ;  Ze«i-e5  narrow,  long.  Grows  in  tufts. 
Pale  green.     Alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.     Rollins. 

94.  C.  EBURNEA.     Boott.  C.  alba.  p.  setifolia.  De?r. 
Pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,   erect,   3 — G-flowered,  ovate,   with   white,  leafless 

sheaths,  and  the  upper  higher  than  the  staminate  spike;  pcrig:  ovate-globose, 
rostrate,  or  slightly  obovate,  glabrous  and  brown  in  maturity,  twice  longer 
than  the  white,  ovate,  hyaline  glume  ;  stem  4—10  inches  high,  erect,  with 
subradical  and  bristle-form  leaves.  Pale  green.  Common.  Abundant  along 
the  banks  of  the  Genesee. 

95.  C.  de'bilis.     Mx.  C.  flcxuosa.  Schk. 
Staminate  ipike  erect,  filiform  ;  pistillate  spikes  3 — 4,  filiform,  loose-flowered, 

fiexuous,  nodding,  remotish,  1 — 2  inches  long  ;  perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  sub- 
triquetrous,  alternate,  rostrate,  bifid,  glabrous  nerved,  nearly  twice  longer 
than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  stem  1 — 2feethigh,  triquetrous  and  scabrous 
above,  leafy  towards  the  base.  Bright  green.  Moist  woods  and  meadows. 
Common. 

96.  C    ARCTATA.     Boott.  C.  svlvatica.   Dew. 
Pistillate  spikes  3 — 4,  long  and  slender,  loose-flowered,  nodding  and  remote  ; 

perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  lanceolate  or  long-rostrate,  subventricose,  bifid, 
glabrous,  little  surpassing  the  ovate,  membranaceous,  mucronate  glume  ;  stern 
10 — 20  inches  high,  scabrous  above,  and  leafy  below.  Pale  green.  In  the 
same  situations  as  the  preceding.     Common. 

97.  C.  fle'xilis.  Jiudge.  C.  castanea.  Wahl.  C.  blephoriphora.  Gray. 
Pistillate  spikes  2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  cylindric,  nodding;  pcrig.  ovate,  sub- 
conic,  rostrate,  bidentate,  scarcely  shorter  than  tlie  ovate,  obtusish,  oblong 
glume  ;  stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  erect,  striate ;  Ictvcs  short,  and  shorter 
helow  ;  leaves  and  Iructsciliaie .     Bright  green.     Oneida  Co.,  IS.  Y.     Gratj. 

98.  C.  Washingtoniana.     Dcic. 

Staininale  spike  erect,  with  oblong  and  obtuse  black  glumes;  pistillate 
spikes  2 — 5,  oblong,  cylindric,  subremote,  erect,  loose-flowered,  black  or  dark 
brown,  subdistant,  upper  sessile  ;  pcrig.  oval,  acutish  at  both  ends,  glabrous, 
Bhort-rostrate,  entire  at  the  orifice,  about  equaling  the  ovate-oblong,  subacute 
blackish  glume  with  a  white  edge;  stem  a  foot  or  more  high,  triquetrous, 
Bubscabrous  above.  Light  green.  Seed  distinctly  triquetrous.  Near  summit 
of  Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.  Barratt.  Isd'isUnctfi-om  C.saxulilis,  L.  already 
described  as  found  on  the  White  Mts. 

4,    Piilillate  spikes  scarcely  sheathed. 

99.  C.    PALI.ESCENS.       L. 

Pisli'late  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  short,  cylindric,  distant,  nodding  towards 
maturity  ;  pirisr.  oval,  obtuse,  round,  about  equal  to,  or  a  little  shorter  than, 
the  ovate  glume";  stcmQ> — 16  inches  high,  hardly  erect;  Iracls  sometimes 
transversely  rugose.  Plant  often  subpubescent,  and  of  a  light  green.  In  dry 
meadows. '    Common. 

100.  C.    UNDULATA.       KuTtZe. 

Pistillate  spikes  2.  erect,  ovate-oblong;  ;3e?7V.  oblong,  round,  triquetrous, 
obtuse,  striate,  very  short-beaked,  bidentate,  longer  than  the  oblong,  cuspidate, 
mucronate  glume;  stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  erect,  triquetrous,  scaljrous  ; 
lower  Iract  transversely  waved-plicate  ;  learrs  pubescent.  In  the  same  situa- 
tion as  the  preceding,  and  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  it. 

101.  C.  Torre'yi.     Tuckermun. 

Staminate   .spike  oblong,   short  pedunculate ;    pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  short, 
cblcng,   subsessile,  erect ;    pcrig.   oblong,   obovute,    very    obtuse,   glabvcus, 
LL* 


CYPERACE^;.  426 


Bubtriquetrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  subrostrate,  twice  longer  than  the  acute 
glume ;  stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  erect,  triquetrous,  with  subradical  and  pub- 
escent leaves.     Pale  green.     N.  Y.     Tuckerman. 

102.  C.  milia'cea.     Muh. 

Staminutc  sjiikc  erect,  slender;  pistillate^ — 3,  long-cylindric,  slender, loose- 
flowered  below,  nodding;  ferig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  glabrous,  subrostrate, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong,  emarginate  or  obcordate  awned 
glume;  stem  12 — 24  inches  high,  slender,  scabrous;  leaves  linear-lanceolate. 
Yellowish  green.     Wet  meadows  ;  common. 

103.  C.    LIMOSA.      L. 

Pistillate  spikes  1 — 3,  ovate  or  oblong,  long-pedunculate,  aubloose-flowered, 
smoothish,  pendulous;  pcrig.  elliptic,  compressed,  very  short-rostrate,  entire 
at  the  orifice,  about  equal  to  the  oblong  and  obtuse,  or  ovate  cuspidate  glume  ; 
stem  8 — 1()  inches  high,  ascending,  obtusely  triquetrous,  with  subradical,  flat 
and  narrow  leaves.     Glaucous  green.     Marshes,  common. 

104.  C.  RARiFLORA.     Smith.  C.  limosa.  /3.  rariflora.   JVakl. 
Pistillate  spikes  about  2,   linear,   quite   loose-flowered,  long-pedunculate, 

nodding ;  pcrig.  ovate-oblong,  triquetrous,  depressed,  equaling  the  ovate, 
subcircinate,  brown  glume  ;  sfem  10  inches  high.  Glaucous.  White  Moun- 
tains, N.  II.     Barralt. 

105.  C.  iREiGUA.     Smith.  C.  limosa.  /3.  irrigua.   Wakl. 
Pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  ovate-oblong,  thickish,  nodding;    perig.   roundisb- 

ovate,  short-rostrate,  subcompressed,  shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  red- 
brown  o-lume  ;  stein  near  a  foot  high,  longer  than  the  flat,  subrecurved  leaves  ; 
glaucous.  Staminate  spike  rarely  pistillate  at  the  summit,  or  pistillate  with 
stamens  at  the  base.  Marsh.  Bridgewater,  N.  Y.  Gray;  also  in  marshes  in 
Mass.  and  Mich.     Coolij.     Rare. 

106.  C.  hysterici'na.     JVilld. 

Staminatc  spike  rarely  pistillate,  at  the  snmmit ;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 4, 
oblong,  cylindric,  attenuate,  subdistant,  long-bracteate,  nodding,  rarely  sheath- 
ed; pcrio-.  ovate,  inflated,  subtriquetrous,  nerved, bifid,  glabrous,  twice  longer 
than  the  oblono-,  emarginate,  submucronate  glume  ;  stem  12 — 24  inches  high, 
scabrous  above,  with  long,  linear-lanceolate  leaves.  Yellowish  green.  Wet 
places ;  very  common. 

107.  C.  Pseudo-Cype'rus.    L.  C.  furcata.  EIL 
Staminatc  spike  long  and  slender,  rarely  pistillate  above  ;    pistillate  spikes 

2 — 5,  long-cylindric,  pendulous,  thick,  dense-flowered,  with  very  long  and 
leafy  bracts  ;  pc?v>.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rostrate,  2-forked,  reflexed, 
triquetrous,  glabrous,  generally  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  mucronate- 
setaceous,  glume  ;  stem  IS — 30  inches  high,  large,  rough,  with  long  and  wide, 
rough  leaves  and  bracts.  Plant  very  glabrous  and  yellowish  gieen.  Wet 
places  about  ponds  and  ditches.  Common. 
188.  C.  Coole'yi.     Dew. 

Stamina.te  spike  short  and  small,  with  oblong-lanceolate  glumes  ;  pistillate 
spikes  2 — 4,  cylindric,  oblong,  or  ovate  and  short,  rather  dense-flowered, 
upper  sessile,  loircr  on  very  long,  recurved  peduncles  ;  pcrig.  ovate-rostrate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  bifurcate,  nerved,  about  equal  to  the  ovate,  awned, 
scabrous  (jlume  ;  stem  filitbrm  and  scabrous,  subproslrate,a  foot  or  more  high, 
much  shorter  than  the  subradical,  narrow  leaves.  Light  green.  Marsh  in 
Macomb  Co.,  Mich.  Cooley. 
109.  C.  scABR.iTA.     Sclnr. 

Pistillate  spikes '.i — G,  cylindric,  subrecurved,  remotish,  long-pedunculate  ; 
perig.  ovate-oblong,  subiiiilated,  subbifid,  rostrate,  quite  scabrous,  longer  than 
the  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  short-bidentate,  ciiiate  glume  ;  stem  1 — 2  feet 
hicrh,  acutely  triquetrous,  rough  above,  longer  than  the  leaves  towards  the 
base.     Bright  green.     Along  brooks  and  streams.     Conunon. 


CTPERACE^.  427 


H.    Staminate  spikes  usually  two  or  moke. 
tlO.  C.  Schweki'tzii.     Deic. 

Staminate  spikes  2,  rarely  1,  upper  long  and  slender,  lower  with  a  few 
perigynia  at  the  base;  pistillate  spikes  2— -A,  oblong,  cylindric,  subapproxi- 
mate,  subrecurved,  subloose-flowered,  lowest  often  long-pedunculate;  perig. 
ovate-oblong,  tapering  above,  rostrate,  inflated,  nerved,  glabrous,  bifurcate, 
longer  than  the  lanceolate,  subulate,  subsetaceous  glume  ;  stem  6 — 12  inches 
high,  scabrous  above,  very  leafy.  Pale  yellowish  green.  Wet  sandy  grounds. 
Not  abundant. 

111.  C.  RETRORSA.     Schw. 

Staminate  spikes  about  3,  rarely  1,  often  with  a  few  perigynia  at  the  base  ; 
pistillate  spikes  4 — G,  oblong  cylindric,  approximate,  dense-tlowered,  with  long 
and  leafy  bracts,  the  lowest  often  remote  and  long-pedunculate  ;  perig.  ovate- 
inflated,  subglobose,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  nerved,  reflexed,  twice  longer  than 
the  lanceolate  glume  ;  stem  15 — 30  inches  high,  scabrous  above,  large,  stiff 
and  leafy.  Bright  green.  In  clusters  about  pools  of  water,  common.  The 
lower  spikes  sometimes  have  1  or  2  smaller  spikes  attached  to  them. 

112.  C.    ARISTATA.      R.  Br. 

Pistillate  spikes  2 — 4,  cylindric,  distant,  close-flowered,  erect;  perig.  ovate, 
oblong,  nerved,  deeply  bifid,  very  glabrous,  long- rostrate,  longer  than  the 
oblong,  awned  glume  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  villose  on  the  under  side;  stem  a 
foot  or  more  high.  Bright  green.  Watertown,  N.  Y.  Torr.  ^~  Gray.  Is 
not  this  very  closely  related  to  the  following  species  .' 

113.  C.    TRICHOCARPA.       Mllh. 

Staminate  spikes  about  3,  erect,  rarely  1,  or  pistillate  above,  cylindric,  Zouser 
shorter;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 4,  erect,  long-cylindric,  smoothish,  rather  loose- 
flowered;  perig.  o\a.te,  conic,  inflated,  nerved,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  densely 
pubescent,  about  twice  longer  than  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  stem,  15 — 30 
inches  high,  scabrous  above,  and  with  pubescent  leaves  and  sheaths.  Light 
green.     In  wet  and  marshy  places.     Common. 

/3.  turhinata  {Dew.)  ;  pistillate  spikes  ovate,  or  short-oblong,  thick,  remote, 
dense-flowered;  perig.  subdiverging,  ovate  and  conic,  rostrate,  longer  than 
the  ovate-oblong,  mucronate  glume  ;  stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Glaucous  green. 
In  a  pond  in  Beckman,  N.  Y.,  there  abundant. 

114.  C.  LONGiROSTRis.     Torv. 

Staminate  spikes  3,  short ;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric,  quite  loose-flow- 
ered, pendulous,  subdistant,  with  filiform  peduncles;  perig.  o\ ate,  globose, 
inflated,  glabrous,  long-rostrate,  hispid,  a  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  or 
ovate,  cuspidate  glume  ;  stem  15 — 30  inches  high,  rather  slender,  stiff,  leafy 
below.  Bright  green.  On  light  soil  of  hedges  in  N.  England  and  N.  York. 
Common. 

115.  C.  LANUGINOSA.    Mx.  C.  pelita.  Muk. 
Staminate  spikes  2,  oblong,  slender,  erect ;    pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric, 

erect,  dense-flowered,  sometimes  short-oblong  and  thick,  subrostrate  ;  perig. 
ovate,  short-rostrate,  bicuspitate,  subtriquetrous,  thick,  pubescent  and  woolly, 
about  equaling  the  ovate-lanceolate  awned  glume  ;  stem  12 — 24  inches  high, 
nearly  round, below,  with  flat,  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and  bracts.  Glabrous 
and  yellowish  green.     Wet  places  and  marshes.     Common. 

116.  C.  FiLiFORMis.     Gooden. 

Staminate  spikes  2 — 3,  with  oblong  glumes  ;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  ovate, 
oblong,  short-cylindric,  close-flowered,  reniolish,  erect;  perig.  ovate,  villose, 
short-rostrate,  bil'urcate,  about  equaling  the  ovate,  acute  glume  ;  stem  20 — 30 
inches  high,  erect,  slender,  stiff,  with  convolute  leaves  and  bracts.  Pale 
green.     Marshes.     Common. 

117.  C.   LACUSTRIS.       Willd. 

Staminate  spikes  3 — 4,  erect,  sessile  ;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  erect,  oblong, 
cylindric,  short-pedunculate ;    perig.   ovate-oblong,   tapering  or   lanceolate, 


CVPERACEJE. 


428 


bifurcate,  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  mucronate  glume  ;  stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  scabrous  above,  erect   and  large,  with  long  and  large  leaves 
and  bracts.     Light  green.     Marshes.     Common. 
118.  C.  ripa'ria.     Gooden. 

Staminate  spike  3 — 5,  oblong,  thick,  erect,  sessile  ;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 3, 
erect,  oblong,  often  long-cylindric  ;  perig.  ovate-elliptic,  contracted  into  a 
short,  bifurcate  beak ,  glabrous,  about  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  ovate, 
mucronate,  or  oblong-lanceolate  glume;  stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  scabrous  above, 
leafy  below.  Bright  green. 
110.  C.  OLiGOSPKRMA.     Mx.  Oakesiana.  Dew. 

Staminate  spikes  several,  sometimes  one,  erect,  slender,  long-cylindric,  with 
an  oblong  obtusish  glume ;  pistillate  spikes  1 — 3,  ovate,  globular,  sessile, 
distant;  pcrig.  fevi',  ovate,  inflated,  acute,  nerved,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  the 
orifice,  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  lanceolate  glume  ;  stem  1 — 2 
feet  high,  scabrous  above,  leafy  below  ;  leaves  involute  and  rush-like.  Light 
green.     About  the  lakes  of  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.    Abundant  in  marshes  of  Mich. 

120.  C.    VESICAKIA.      L. 

Staminate  spikes  about  3,  erect,  oblong  ;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric, 
erect,  dense-flowered,  alternate,  long  bracteate  ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong-conic, 
terete,  inflated,  rostrate,  nerved,  diverging,  glabrous,  bicuspidate,  nearly  twice 
longer  than  the  oblong-lanceoiate  glume  ;  s/c?«  about  2  feet  high,  shorter  than 
the  leaves.     Bright  green.     Marslies.     JNot  common. 

/3.  niriculata  (Dew.  C.  ntriculata.  Boott ) ;  perig.  oblong-elliptic,  nerved, 
cylindric-rostrate,  bicuspidate,  more  or  less  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  scabrous- 
nwned  glume.     Marshes,  with  the  other. 

121.  C.  ampulla'cea.     Gooden. 

Staminate  spikes2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  erect ;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  long- 
cylindric,  erect,  close-flowered,  short-pedunculate,  sometimes  staminate  above  ; 
perig.  subglobose,  inflated,  diverging,  nerved,  glabrous,  setaceous,  rostrate, 
bifurcate,  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume ;  stem  2 — 3  feet  high, 
obtusely  triquetrous,  leafy.     Light  green.     Marshes.     Common. 

122.  C.  moni'le.     Tuckerman. 

Staminate  spikes  2 — 4,  long,  slender,  cylindric,  with  a  long  lanceolate  glume  ; 
pistillate  spikes  2,  long,  cylindric,  short-pedunculate,  subloose-flowered,  erect ; 
perig.  ovate,  long-conic,  subtriquetrous,  inflated,  rostrate,  bicuspidate,  more 
than  twice  longer  than  the  oblong-lanceolate  glume  ;  stem  15 — 30  inches 
hio-h,  erect,  with  long  leaves  and  bracts.  Bright  green.  Marshes  ;  not  com- 
mon.    Moie  loose-flowered  and  fruit  longer  than  that  of  C.  visicaria.  L. 

123.  C.  bulla'ta.     Schk. 

Staminate  spikes  3,  erect,  slender,  cylindric,  with  oblong-lanceolate  glumes ; 
pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  rather  long,  cylindric,  nearly  erect ;  perig.  ovoid-globose, 
inflated,  glabrous,  costate,  with  a  long  scabrous  beak,  bifurcate,  longer  than 
the  lanceolate  glume  ;  stem  20 — 30  inches  high,  rather  slender,  triquetrous, 
scabrous  above,  leafy  and  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Glabrous,  light  green. 
In  wet  meadows.     Common. 

124.  C.  TucKERMA.Ni.     Dew. 

Staminate  spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric,  lower  ones  sessile  and  short,  with  an 
oblong,  acutisli  glume  ;  pistillate  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  cyhndric,  thick  and 
large,  pedunculate,  subloose-flowered;  perig.  inflated,  ovate,  large,  conic, 
costate,  bifurcate,  glabrous,  nerved,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate 
glume  ;  stem  about  2  feet  high,  erect,  scarcely  scabrous  ;  bracts  and  haves 
long,  not  wide  ;  light  grcen.^  Wet  places  in  meadows,  common,  and  has 
been  ranked  under   C.  hullata. 

125.  C.  MiRATA.     Dnc.  C.  arista.  Z)c2c.  not  of  K.  £r. 
Staminate  spikes  2  or  more,  long  cylindric  ;    pistillate  spikes  about  2,  long- 
cylindric,  pedunculate,  subdense-flowercd,subercct ;  pcrig.  ovate,  conic,  long 


GRAMINE^. 


429 


rostrate,  costate,  bifurcate,  glabrous,  subinflated  at  the  base,  about  equaling 
the  ovate,  long-setaceous  or  long  awned  glume  ;  stem  about  2  feet  high,  rough  ; 
leaves  and  bracts  larger  than  the  stem  ;  light  green.  Shores  of  lake  Ontario, 
N.  Y.     Sartwell.     Also  found  in  the  State  of  Georgia. 


ORDER  CLXI.    GRAM1NE.E.  The  Grass  Tribe. 

Fls. — In  liule  spikelets  composed  of  bracts  imbricated  in  2  rows. 

Glumes. — Outer  bracts  {calyx,  Linn.)  generally  2  and  unequal,  sometimes  1  only. 

Paleee. — Inner  bracts  (corolla,  Linn.)  2,  alternate,  the  lower  (exterior)  one  simple,  the  upper 

(interior)  often  doul)ly  carinate,  being-  composed  of  2  pieces  united  by  their  edges. 
Scales. — Innermost  bracts  (nectary,  Linn,  rudimentary  petals)  1 — 3,  distinct  or  united,  mem- 
Sta. — 1 — 6,  commonly  3.     Anthers  versatile.  [branous,  hypogynous. 

Ora. — Simple,  with  2  styles  and  2  feathery  stigmas.     Fruit  a  carj'opsis.  .  [the  hilum. 

&;«rf— With  the  embryo  situated  on  the  outside  of  farinaceous  albumen,  at  the  base,  next 
An  immense  order  of  herbaceous  plants,  of  the  highest  importance  to  man.  Stems 
(r.ulm.'i)  mostly  cylindrical,  hollow,  jointed  and  closed  internally  at  the  nodes.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire,  parallel-veined  and  generally  linear,  sheathing  at  the  base,  with  the 
sheaths  split  down  to  the  node  on  one  side.  Flowers  generally  perfect,  the  spikelets 
arranged  in  spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  The  grasses  are  universally  diffused  throughout 
the  world,  having  no  other  limits  than  those  that  bound  vegetation  in  general.  But  the 
species  and  their  characters  are  widely  different  in  difierent  climes.  In  temperate  zones 
the  grasses  clothe  a  large  portion  of  the  earth's  surface  with  a  compact,  soft,  green,  caipet- 
like  turf;  but  in  tropical  regions  this  beautiful  gras.sy  turf  disappears  and  the  grasses 
become  larger,  more  isolated  like  other  plants,  fewer  in  the  number  of  individuals,  with 
broader  leaves  and  more  showy  flowers. 

Properties.  This  family  doubtless  contributes  more  to  the  sustenance  of  man  and  beast 
than  all  others  combined.  Its  sweet  and  nutritious  properties  reside  both  in  the  farinaceous 
albumen  of  the  seed  and  in  the  herbage.  No  poisonous  or  even  suspicious  herb  is  found 
among  them,  with  the  single  exception  of  Lolium  temulentum.  The  poisonous  and  me- 
dicinal ergot  or  spurred  rye  is  only  a  parasitic  fungus,  and  therefore  forms  no  exception  to 
this  remark.  The  stems  of  many  grasses  contain  sugar,  as  the  inaize  and  sugar-cane. 
Srlex  is  also  a  frequent  ingredient.  To  this  order  belong  the  common  grains,  maize,  wheat, 
rye,  rice,  barley,  oats.  &c.  The  most  impoitant  of  the  cultivated  grasses  are  Phleum  or 
Timothy  grass,  several  kinds  of  Poa,  Agrostis,  Alopecurus,  Festuca,  Aira,  i'anicum,  Cinua, 
Biiza,  &c. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 
*  Spikelets  l-floivered. 
•s  (  Fruit  white, 

u      g  r  sessile.  (  Fruit  black.    . 

S      ^  f  cartilaginous,  (  stipitate.    Fruit  black. 

g      ts  j"  with  a)  (naked.     Stamen!. 

S      8  J  single  ]  herbaceous,     (  hairy.     Stamens  3.    . 
~     c  f-S  1  awn,     [membranaceous,  l-kee!ed. 
to  CL,  t  lower  one  with  3  awns  ;  upper  very  miimte. 

_c3  j"  o  J  (  Paleaj  coriaceous. 

"m      2  I  I  Stigmas  2.  (  Palece  membranaceous, 

p  J  g     PalccB         (  2.  I  Stigmas  3.     Panicle  dense. 
.  C  5      "  (.  awnless,    (  solitary'.     Panicle  capillary. 
^     S  I  o  I  awned  as  well  as  the  palea;.     Panicle  conglomerate.     . 
^    lo  J  j  subequal,  one  awned.     Panicle  capillary. 

Glumes  minute,       |  unequal,  one  of  them  hardly  perceptible. 

(  Stamens  1,2  or  3.     Palese  awnless. 
Glumes  0.  (  Stamens  G.     Paleaj  awned.     Polygamous. 
.  <        '  j  Glumes  unequal,  lanceolate.    Aquatic. 

Glumes  equal,  roundish,  thin.    . 
Awns  shorter  than  the  glumes. 
Awns  longer  than  the  glumes.   . 
(  Gluines  with  long  awns.     Spike  1. 


in  unilateral  spikes. 


05  [  in  cylindrical  spike 

(  Stems 
Spikelets  in  pairs 
or  3s,  polygamous. 


fistulous,  j  Glumes  awnless.    Sterile  fl.  pedicellate.  Andtopogon. 


Stem  solid  with  pith.    Flowers  paniculate. 
*  *  Spikelets  2-Jloivered,  one  of  the  flowers  abortive. 
j  Glumes  unequal. 
f  PaleED  awnless.  |  Glumes  equal,  striped. 
Inflorescence  paniculate. . .  |  Paleoe  awned.     Glumes   unequal. 
Inflorescence  linear,  unilateral  spikes,  generally  digitate. 
Inflorescence  a  compound,  cylindrical,  bristly  spike 


Otyzopsis. 

4 

Piptatherum. 

a 

Stipa. 

Cinna. 

9 

Calamagrostis 

12 

Agrostis. 

5 

Aristida. 

1 

Milium. 

17 

Agrostis. 

.5 

Psamma. 

11 

Trichodium. 

7 

Polypogon. 

6 

"Pnchochloa. 

10 

Muhlenbergia. 

8 

Leersia. 

4S 

Zizania. 

49 

Spartina. 

1.5 

Paspalum. 

10 

Phleum. 

14 

Alopecurus. 

13 

Hnrdeum. 

43 

Andtopogon. 

46 

Sorghum. 

4V 

Panirmn. 

IS 

Phalari-s. 

21 

Holcus. 

22 

Digitaria. 

19 

Selaria. 

20 

GRAMINE^. 


430 


^  i% 


S  i 


Spikelets  2 — 30-Jloivered  ;  when  but  2-Jlotvered  botk  perfect  or  both  staminate. 

f  apex  entire.     Sta.  2.    Anthoxanthum. 
\  apex  bifid.  Awn  bent.  Avena. 
near  the  base  ;' apex  multifid.        .        Aira. 

J  which  has  2  bristly  teeth.  Trisetum. 
on  tlie  back  (  near  the  apex  (  which  is  merely  bifid.  Bromus. 
i  withlong:,  silky  hairs.  Arundo. 
f  which  is  entire  j  and  naked.    .        .        Festuca. 
Lower       "j  J  between  the  2  teeth ;  awn  twisted.        Do.nthoma. 

pnlea;  I  1  which  is  tricuspidale.        .        .        .     UraUpsh. 

awned  .  ..  [  at  tlie  apex  [which  is  eroded.  Perfect  fl.  diandrous.  Hitrochloa. 

STer.  ped.  (  Ovary  with  2  scales.  Poa. 
flowered.  (  Ova.  adnate  to  ^n.\stp..Fe.<,tuca. 


Lower 

palen; 

awnlesi 


Knleria. 

XJniola. 

Briza. 

■Glyceria. 

Triaispis. 

Lolium. 

Trlticum. 


ovate.  .  .   (  Terminal  pedicel  flowerless 
Spikelets  acute  at  base,  flat,  ancipital. 
■  entire.  \  Spikelets  cordate  at  base,  tumid.   . 
I  denticulate.     Spikelets  terete,  linear.     Aquatic. 
,  bifid  and  trieuspidate  by  the  projecting  nerves. 
f  Glumes  (  1  (in  the  top  spikelet  2). 
J  broad,     (  2  in  each  spikelet. 
I"  Spikes      1  Gl.sub-  |  collateral.  Spikelets  in2s,&c.  Elymus. 
J  2-ranked.  [ulate, .    J  opposite.     Spikelets  solitary.    Secale. 
Inflorescence    )  j  paniculate.    Scarcely  awned.  Dac.tylis. 

spicate [  Spikes  unilateral,     |  digitate.     Palea;  awiiless.         Eleusine. 

Stem  solid  with      (  Spikes  terminal,  digitafe,  pistillate  at  base.        .         lYipsacum. 
pith.    Monoecious.  (  Spikes  lateral,  pistillate  ;  panicle  term,  staminate.     Zea. 

Tribe  1,     STIPACE^. 

Inflorescence  panicled.     Spikelets  solitary,  1-floivered.     Ghtmes  membranaceous.     PalecB  mostly 
two,  lower  one  coriaceous,  intyolute,  awned. 

1.    ARISTl'DA. 
Glumes  2,  unequal;    paleas  pedicellate,  lower  one  with  3 
awns  at  the  tip,  upper  one  very  minute  or  obsolete. 

1.  A.  dicho'toma.     Poverty  Grass. 

Casspitose  ;  s/c?«  dichotomousty  branching;  p«?tiV/e  contracted-racemose; 
lateral  aicns  very  short,  the  intermediate  one  nearly  as  long-  as  the  paleas,  con- 
torted. A  slender  grass,  in  sandy  soils.  Stems  8— 12  inches  high,  branching 
at  each  joint.  Leaves  very  narrow,  with  very  short,  open  sheaths,  and  a 
very  short  stipule.     Spikelets  slender,  on  clavate  peduncles.     Aug. 

2.  A.  purpura'scens.     Poir. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  filiform,  2 — 3  feet  high  ;  leaves  very  narrow,  flat,  erect, 
a  foot  in  length,  with  short,  open  sheaths  ;  panicle  long,  loosely  spicate  ;  spike- 
lets on  short  clavate,  appressed  pedicels ;  aicns  nearly  equal,  divaricate,  twice 
the  length  of  the  paleae  ;  jialea:  often  dark  purple.     Sandy  woods.     Sept. 

3.  A.  gra'cilis.     Ell. 

Stem  very  slender,  a  foot  or  more  high  ;  leaves  setaceous,  erect,  with  short 
sheaths,  pilose  at  the  throat;  panicle  very  slender  ;  spikelets  somewha.t  re- 
mote, appressed  ;  lateral  awns  siiort,  erect,  intermediate  one  longer,  spreading. 
Mass.     A  grass  of  little  value,  as  well  as  the  other  species. 

2.    STIPA. 
Glumes  2  ;    palese  mostly  2,  shorter  than    the  glumes,  the 
lower  with  a  long  awn  at  the  apex,  the  upper  entire  ;    awn 
jointed  at  the  base,  deciduous ;  caryopsis  striate. 

1.  S.  avena'cea.     Feather  Grass. 

Stem  naked  above,  2 — 3  feet  high  ;  leaves  smooth,  striate,  setaceous,  chiefly 
radical;  particle  spreading,  somewhat  1-sided,  4 — 6  inches  long,  at  length 
diffuse,  branches  capillary,  solitary  and  in  pairs;  glumes  nearly  equal, 
mucronate,  as  long  as  the  dark  brown,  cylindric  fruit;  scales  2,  lanceolate. 
Sandy  soils.     Mass.     N.  Y.     June. 


GRAMINE^. 


431  AGROSTIS. 


2.  S.  Canadensis. 

Leaves  sela.ceous;  panicle  small;  ^/umes  smooth,  ovale-obtuse,  as  long  as 
the  pubescent  fruit;  «(/;«  thick  and  short.  Amherst,  Mass.  Neither  this  nor 
the  preceding  species  is  common  or  of  much  value  in  agriculture. 

3.    PIPTA'THERUM. 
Glumes  longer  than  the  elliptic  paleas  ;  scales  ovate,  entire. 

P.  NIGRUM.   Torr.     Black-seeded  Millet.  Orjzopsis  melanocarpa.  .1f«A. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  leafy,  IS — 24  inches  high  ;  panicle  simple,  flexuous,  few- 
flowered  ;  s;;i/a/t«5 racemose, ovoid-lanceolate  ;  gumes  acummate,  mucronate, 
smooth;  pa'tm  hairy,  nearly  black  when  ripe,  the  lower  one  tipped  with  an 
awn  an  inch  in  length ;  fruit  black.     Rocky  hills.     Aug. 

4.    ORYZO'PSIS. 
Glumes  2.  suhequal,  loose,  obovate,  awnless;  paleae  2,C}Hn- 
dric-ovate,  hairy  at  base;  scales  linear-elongated. 

0.  asperifo'lia.    Mx.     Mountain  Rice. 

Stem  nearly  naked,  purple  at  base,  10—20  inches  high  ;  leaves  subradical, 
erect,  rigid,  pungent  at  the  point,  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem,  cauline  ones 
few  and  very  short;  spikelcts  in  a  racemose,  simple,  flexuous  panicle,  1 — 2 
upon  each  branch;  glumes  abruptly  acuminate  ;  palece  white,  the  lower  one 
with  a  long  bent  awn.  Woods.  Leaves  green  through  the  winter.  Caryop- 
bis  white,  about  as  large  as  rice,  farinaceous.     May. 

Tribe  2.     AGROSTIDE^. 

Inflorescence  panicled,  rarely  spiked.     Spikelets  solitary,  1  -flowered.    Glumes  and  paletn  of  nearly 
similar  tixture.,  v.^uaUy  carinate. 

5.    AGRO'STIS. 
Inflorescence   paniculate  ;    glumes  2,  acute,  subequal,  the 
lower  one  larger ;    paleae  2,  unequal,  the  lower  one  larger, 
awnless  or  awned,  larger  than  the  glumes. 

*  Paleas  awnless. 

1.  A.  vclga'ris.  X.     Red-top.    Bent  Grass.  A.  polymorpha.   Gray. 
Stem  erect,  1—2  feet  high;    panicle  spreading,    with  the  branches  finally 

divaricate  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  nerved,  scabrous,  with  smooth,  striate 
sheaths,  and  short,  truncate  stipules ;  lower  palea  twice  as  large  as  the  upper, 
and  nearly  as  long  as  the  lanceolate,  acute  glumes.  A  common  grass,  spread 
over  hills,  vales^and  meadows,  forming  a  soft  dense  turf.  Flowers  very 
numerous,  purplish,     July.     Introduced. 

2.  A.  alba.     L.      White-top.    Florin  Grass.  A.  decumbens.  Mah. 
Stem  decumbent,  geniculate,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  sending  out  stolons ; 

leaves  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  those  of  the  stolons  erect  and  subulate; 
sheaths  smooth,  with  a  long,  membranaceous  stipule  ;  panicle  dense,  narrow, 
at  length  spreading,  whitish,  sometimes  purplish  ;  lower  palea  5-nerved, 
rarely  awned.  In  meadows,  or  in  dry  soils,  hence  its  characters  are  variable, 
being  often  nearly  erect.     June.     Introduced. 

3.  A.  lateriflo'ra.     Mx.  Muhlenbergia.   Gray. 
Stem  erect  or  ascending,   with  swelling  nodes,  much  branched  and  leaty 

above, often  nearly  leafless  below,  1^—3  fe'et  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scabrous, 
with  half  clasping  sheaths;  7ja«jc/er>- numerous,  terminal  and  lateral,  narrow 
and  dense-flowered,  lateral  ones  partly  enclosed  in  the  sheath;  glumes  na.riow, 
acuminate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  subequal,  pubescent  palea;.  Wet  shades. 
Aa^. 


GRAMINE^.  432  AGROSTIS. 


/S.  fil/formis  { Torr.  A.  filiformis.  Muh.)  ;  stem  erect  j  'panicles  very  slender  ; 
palccc  scarcely  longer  than  the  glume. 

4.  A.  soboli'fera.     Muh.  Mulilenbergia.   Gray. 
Stem  erect,  slender,  producing  shoots  at  base,    sparingly  branched,  18 — 30 

inches  high;  brajiches  erect  and  HWihrm;  ywdes  not  sweUing;  leaves  \inea.r- 
lanceolate,  with  open  sheaths;  panicle  simple,  filiform,  with  appressed 
branches,  and  crowded  spikelets:  pulea  equal,  longer  than  the  acute  glumes. 
Rocky  hills.     Aug. 

5.  A.  ViRcr'NicA.     L.  Vilfa  vaginiflora.  Gray. 
Stems  numerous,  assurgent,  procumbent  and  hairy  at  base,  nearly  simple, 

about  a  loot  long;  leaves  somewhat  :i-rowed,  involute,  rigid, erect, 2 — 3  inches 
long,  with  smooth  sheaths  which  are  hairy  at  the  throat  and  swollen  with  the 
enclosed  panicles;  panicles  spike-form,  terminal  and  lateral,  the  lateral  ones 
concealed  ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  about  as  long  as  the  subequal  paleaj.  Sandy 
soils.     Sept.     Oct. 

6.  A.  losgifo'lia.     Torr. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  2 — 4  feet  high  ;  leaves  2  feet  long,  filiform  at  the  end, 
with  smooth,  closed  sheaths  and  bearded  stipules  ;  panicles  terminal  and  later- 
al, contracted  into  a  spiked  form,  generally  concealed  in  the  swelling  sheaths  ; 
glumes  much  shorter  than  the  subequal,  smooth,  spotless  palea;.  Sandy 
fields.     Sept.     Oct. 

*  *  Paleffi  awned. 

7.  A.  clandesti'na.     Sprcng. 

Stem  terete,  rigid,  erect,  smooth,  about  2  feet  high ;  leaves  very  long,  rigid, 
glaucous,  scabrous  on  the  margin ;  jianicle  contracted,  chiefly  concealed ; 
palea  unequal,  much  longer  than  the  glumes,  slightly  awned,  hairy  and  spot- 
ted.    Dry  hills.     Sept. 

8.  A.  sylva'tica.    Torr.  Muhlenbergia.  Gray. 
Stem  ascending,   2 — 3  feet    long,   much  branched,  diffuse,  smooth,  with 

swelling  nodes;  ieaues  lanceolate,  scabrous,  nerved,  4 — 6  inches  long,  with 
smooth,  open  sheaths  ;  panicles  slender,  rather  dense  ;  glumes  nearly  equal, 
acuminate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  palece;  awn  several  times  longer  than  the 
spikelct.     Rocky  shades.     Sept. 

9.  A.  tenuiflo'ra.     Willd.  Muhlenbergia.   Gray. 
Stem   erect,  subsimple,   pubescent    at  the    nodes,  with  a  few   appressed 

branches  ;  leaves  6 — 9  inches  long,  2 — 3  lines  wide,  lanceolate,  nerved,  sca- 
brous, spreading,  with  pubescent  sheaths ;  panicle  contracted,  very  slender 
and  lono-,  with  remote,  filiform  branches  ;  glumes  subequal,  acuminate,  half 
as  lon<T  as  the  palese ;  aion  3 — 4  times  the  length  of  the  spikelet.  Rocky 
woods.     July.     Aug. 

10.  A.  cani'na.     Dog's  Bent  Grass. 

Stem  prostrate,  somewhat  branched,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  about  2  feet 
lonor;  panicle  at  length  spreading,  with  angular,  rough  branches ;  glumes 
elona-ated  ;  lower  palem  furnished  with  an  incurved  awn  upon  the  beak  twice 
its  length.     Introduced  and  common  in  wet  meadows.     July. 

11.  A.  STRICT  a.     Bent  Grass. 

Stem  erect,  smooth,  with  black  nodes  ;  Zct/ws  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous  on 
the  margin,  with  cleft,  white  stipules  ;  panicle  elongated,  strict,  the  branches 
about  .3,  flexuous,  scabrous,  erect;  glumes  equal,  lanceolate  ;  palem  unequal, 
smaller  than  the  glumes,  with  an  awn  at  the  base  of  the  outer  one  longer  than 
the  flower.    Fields.     June. 

12.  A.  crypta'ndria.     Torr. 

Panicle  pyramidal,  with  spreading,  generally  alternate  branches,  hairy  at  the 
axils  ;  flowers  subracemed  ;  lower  glume  very  short,  upper  one  as  long  as  the 
nearly  equal  paleae  ;  stems  3  feet  high  ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat.  Very 
abundant  at  Buffalo.    Aikin. 


•«RAMINE£. 


433  MUHLENBERGIA. 


6.  POLYPO'GON. 

Inflorescence  contracted  into  a  spike;  glumes  2,  nearly 
equal,  obtuse,  with  long  awns  ;  paleai  shorter  than  the  glumes, 
lower  one  entire,  with  a  short,  straight,  tender  awn  (some- 
times awnless),  upper  one  bifid,  toothed. 

P.  glomera'tus.     Willd.  i  ■   u 

Stem  compressed,  erect,  smooth,  with  appressed  branches,  3—4  feet  liigh  ; 
leaves  somewhat  2-ro wed,  erect,  flat,  rough,  3— 5  inches  long,  with  closed 
sheaths  ;  panicle  dense,  conglomerated,  interrupted,  2—3  inches  long,  many- 
flowered  ;  glumes  linear,^  the  length  of  their  awns;  loioer palea  mucronate. 
Bog  meadows.     Aug.     Sept. 

7.  TRrCHO'DIUM. 

Inflorescence  a  capillary  panicle;  glumes  2,  subequal,  nar- 
row and  acute;  palea  1,  awnless,  shorter  than  the  glumes, 
ioosely  enclosing  the  caryopsis. 

1.  T.  laxifi.o'rum.     Mx.      Vanity  or  Hair  Grass. 

Stem  erect,  smooth,  very  slender,  1 — 2  feet  high  ;  leares  3 — 6  inches  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  scabrous,  lower  ones  involute,  upper  ones  siiorter  and  flat ; 
sheath  rather  open  ;  panicle  difFiise,  with  long,  capillary,  verlicillate  branches 
■trichotomously  divided  near  the  end;  spikelets  in  terminal  clusters,  purple  ; 
glumes  linear-lanceolate.     Pastures  and  roadsides,  forming  a  dense  turf.     Jn. 

2.  T.  scABRUM.  Muh.     Rough  Hair  Grass. 

Stem,  geniculate  at  base,  assurgent,  branched,  1 — 2  feet  high  ;  leaves  rough, 
striate,  linear-lanceolate,  4 — G  inches  long,  with  the  sheaths  commonly  closed 
and  smooth  ;  panicle  long,  with  vcrticillale,  divaricate,  dichotoinously  divided 
branches  which  are  much  shorter  than  in  T.  lazijlurum.  Spikelets  pale  green, 
2iot  clustered.     Common  in  dry  soils.     July. 

8  .    M  U  H  L  E  N  B  E'  R  G  I  A  . 
Panicle  nearly  sim[)le  ;    glumes  2,   very  minute,  unequal, 
fringed  ;    paleae  many  times   longer  than  the  glumes,  linear- 
lanceolate,  nerved,  hairy  at  base;  the  lower  one  terminating 
in  a  long  awn. 

Named  in  honor  of  the  late  Henry  Muhlenberg,  D.  D.,  no  less  distinguished 
as  a  botanist  than  as  a  philanthropist. 

1.  M.  DiFi'u'sA.      Dorp-seed  Grass. 

Stem  decumbent,  dift'use,  branching,  slender,  compressed  ;  Iranches  assur- 
Tent;  leaves  2 — 3  inches  long,  2  lines  wide,  linear-lanceolate,  rough,  with 
smooth,  striate,  open  sheaths  ;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  with  remote, 
appressed,  rough  branches  ;  5/«7£e/<;/i  pedicellate,  often  purple  ;  aw/i  about  as 
long  as  the  palea.     Borders  of  woods  and  fields.     Aug. 

2.  M.  ere'cta.     Schrcb. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  retrorsely  pubescent  at  the  nodes, 2 — 3  feet  high;  leaves 
lanceolate,  scabrous,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  4—6  inches  long,  3  or  more  lines 
wide,  with  somewhat  open  sheaths  ;  panicle  terminal,  simple  racemose,  con- 
tracted ;  spikelets  pedicellate,  large  ;  glumes  very  unequal,  upper  one  subulate  ; 
loicer  palea  half  as  long  as  its  awn,  upper  palea  with  a  short  awn  ai  base 
lodged  in  the  dorsal  groove.  Rocky  hills.  July. 
MM 


SRAMINES:.  434  CALAMAGROSTIS. 

9.    CINNA. 

Glumes  2,  subequal,  compressed,  without  involucre  or  awns, 
upper  one  3-nerved  ;  palcEc  2,  naked  at  base,  on  short  stipes, 
lower  one  larger,  enclosing  the  upper,  with  a  short  awn  a  little 
below  the  tip;  stamen  1. 

C.  arundina'cea. 

Stem  simple,  erect,  smooth,  3 — 5  feet  high  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolale,  12 — 18 
inches  long,  3 — 5  lines  wide,  nerved,  pale  green,  rough-edged,  with  smooth, 
striate  sheaths  ;  stipule  long,  lacerated  ;  panicle  near  a  foot  in  length,  rather 
attenuated  ahove  and  nodding,  with  the  branches  capillary  and  arranged 
somewhat  in  4s  ;  glumes  linear-lanceolate  ;  loiocr  palea  with  a  short,  straight 
awn  a  little  below  the  tip.  A  beautiful  grass,  sought  by  cattle,  in  rich,  shady 
soils.     Aug. 

10.     TRICHO'CHLOA. 
Glumes  2,  very  minute;  palese  many  times  longer  than  the 
glumes,  naked  at  base,  lower  one  convolute  at  base,  terminat- 
ing in  a  long,  unarticulated  awn. 

T.  capilla'ris.  Do.     Hair  Grass. 

Ceespitose;  stems  erect,  very  slender  and  smooth,  18 — 24  inches  hio-h; 
leaves  erect,  becoming  filiform  towards  the  end,  1 — H  footlong ;  panicle  diffuse, 
with  the  branches  1 — 4  inches  long,  in  pairs,  and  as  fine  as  hairs;  spikdels 
purple  ;  lou^'er  palea  produced  into  an  awn  3  or  4  times  its  lenoth.  An  ex- 
ceedingly delicate  grass,  with  large,  purple,  glossy  and  almost  gossamer-like 
panicles,  waving  in  the  breeze.     Sandy  soils.     Jn.    JI. 

11.    PSAMMA. 
Panicle  spicate  ;  glumes  2,  awnless;   palese  2,  shorter  than 
the    glumes,  surrounded    with   hairs  at  base ;    scales  linear- 
lanceolate,  longer  than  caryopsis  ;    styles  3-parted  ;   stig.  3. 

P.  arena'ria.    p.  de  B.      Mat  Gi-ass.  Arundo  arenaria.   L. 

Root  creeping  extensively  ;  stem  erect,  rigid,  2 — 4  feet  high  ;  leaves  involute, 
a  foot  in  length,  -^  inch  wide,  smooth  and  glaucous,  pungcntlj'  acute  ;  sheaths 
smooth  ;  stipule  oblong  ;  panicle  dense,  with  erect,  appressed  branches,  C — 10 
inches  long,  and  an  inch  thick  ;  spikelets  compressed,  greenish  white  ;  loicer 
^jaka.  longer  than  the  upper.  On  sandy  .sea-coasts.  At  Dorchester,  Mass., 
this  grass  is  extensively'  manufactured  into  paper.     Aug. 

12.    CALAIMAGRO'STIS. 
Panicle  contracted  ;  glumes  2, subequal,  acute  or  acuminate  ; 
palese  2.  mostly   shorter  than  the  glumes,  surrounded  with 
hairs  at  base,  lower  one  mucronate,  mostly  awned  below  the 
tip,  the  upper  one  often  with  a  stipitate  pappus  at  base. 

1.  C.  Canade'ksis.  Beff««.  Real  Grass.  C.  Mesicana.  jYi^/^  Arundo.  .¥a;. 
Siem  smooth,  erect,  rigid,  3 — 5  feet  high  ;  ?e>'a'cs  linear-lanceolate,  striate, 
with  smooth,  nerved  sheaths;  /j«7it(;^e  erect,  rather  loose,  oblonor.the  branches 
capillary,  aggregated  in  4s  and  5s;  glumes  very  acute,  smoothish,  much 
longer  than  the  palece  ;  loicfr  paha  bifid  at  the  apex,  with  an  exserted  awn 
arising  from  below  the  middle  of  the  back.     Wet  grounds.     Common.     Aug 


SRAMINEiE.  435 


2.  C    coarcta'ta.     Torr.  C.  Canadensis.  Katt. 

Glaucous  ;  stem  erect,  1 — 4  feet  high  ;  haves  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous, 
with  the  nerves  and  keel  white;  sheaUis  striate;  stipule  oblong-,  obtuse; 
panicle  condensed  and  spike-form,  the  branches  rigidly  erect,  short  and  aggre- 
gated; ^/jtmes  acuminate,  lanceolate,  lower  1-nerved,  upper  3-nerved  ;  Loicer 
palea  5-nerved,  bifid  at  the  apex,  with  a  short,  straight  awn  a  little  below  the 
tip.     Bogs.     Jul}'.    Aug. 

Tribe  3.     PHLEOIDE.E. 

Inflorescmce  in  dense,  cylindric  orvnilateral  xpikes.     Spilcelets  l-flowered.     Glumes  2,  ofneariy 
similar  texture  with  the  palecE. 

13.    ALOPECU'RUS. 
Glumes  subequal,   connate,  distinct;     paleas  uniled  into  an 
inflated  glume,  cleft  on  one  side  below  the  middle,  generally 
awned  ;  styles  off  en  connate. 

1.  A.  prate'nsis.     Fox-tail  Grass. 

Stern  erect,  smooth,  leafy,  about  2  feet  high  bearing  an  erect,  dense,  many- 
flowered,  cylindric,  obtuse,  paniculate  spike,  about  2  inches  long ;  leaves  flat, 
smooth,  with  swelling  sheaths  and  ovate  stipules ;  o-/;iH(Ci-  ciliate,  connate 
below  the  middle,  as  long  as  the  palese ;  awn  twisted,  scabrous,  twice  tha 
length  of  the  flower.     Fields  and  pastures.     An  excellent  grass.     Jn.    JI. 

2.  A.  genicula'tus. 

Stem  ascending,  geniculate,  rooting  below,  sparingly  branched,  1 — 2  feet 
high;  spike  cylindrical,  about  2  inches  long;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  smooth, 
flat,  acute,  a  few  inches  in  length,  with  slightly  inflated  sheaths,  and  long, 
entire  stipules  ;  glumes  slightly  connate  at  base,  hairy  outside  ;  pulew  truncate, 
smooth,  half  as  tong  as  the  geniculate  awn      Wet  meadov.'s.    Jn. 

fi.  aristulatus  {Torr.  A.  aristulatus.  Mx.)  ;  awns  very  short. 

14.    PHLEUM. 
Glumes  2,    equal,  carinate,   much  longer  than  the  pales, 
rostrate  or   mucronate;    paleae   2,   included  in   the   glumes, 
truncate,  awnlcss. 

P.  prate'j'se.     Timoihi)  or  Herri's  Grass. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  terete,  smooth,  2 — ^1  feet  high  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
flat,  glaucous,  roughish  ;  .sAw^/zs  striate,  smooth  ;  stipule  obtuse,  lacerated  ; 
glumes  apparently  bicuspidate,  in  a  dense, long,  cylindric,  green  spike  ;  anthers 
purple;  5.!*o'??ifts  white.  This  is  probably  the  most  valuable  of  all  grasses. 
Introduced  and  extensively  cultivated.     Jl. 

15.    SPARTI'NA. 
Spikelets  imbricated  in  a  double  row  in  unilateral,  panicu- 
late spikes ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  compressed  5  paleae  2,  subequal, 
compressed,  awnless ;  style  long,  bitid. 

1.  S.  cynosuroi'des. 

Stem  slender,  smooth,  3 — 5  feet  high  ;  leaves  2 — 3  feet  long,  sublinear, 
convolute  and  filiform  at  the  end  ;  sAfrtZAs  striate,  glabrous ;  panicle,  loose, 
slender,  composed  of  20  or  more  alternate,  one-sided,  pedunculate  spikes  2 — 3 
inches  long  ;  spikelets  arranged  on  2  sides  of  a  triangular  rachis  ;  glumes 
acuininate°one  of  them  with  a  short  awn ;  palea  white  and  awnless.  Marshes. 
A  coarse,  sedore-like  grass.     Aug. 


GRAMINK.'E. 


436 


2.  S.  ju'ncea. 

Root  creeping  extensively  ;  stem  erect,  rigid,  round,  smooth,  1 — 2  feet  high ; 
haves  convolute  at  the  edges,  spreading,  in  2  rows  ;  spikes  3 — 5 ;  peduncles 
smooth  ;  rachis  compressed  ;  loiver  glvmc  3  times  as  long  as  the  upper ;  palui 
obtuse,  lower  one  shorter  ;  styles  2.     Marshes  and  river  banks.     Ji.    Aug. 

3.  S.   GLABRA.      Mufi. 

Stem  smooth,  succulent,  terete,  3 — 5  feet  high  ;  leaves  concave,  erect,  about 
2  feet  long,  ^  inch  wide  at  base,  tapering  to  a  long  acumination ;  spikes 
10 — 15,  erect'and  appressed,  alternate  and  sessile  upon  a  triangular  rachis  ; 
spikehts  in  a  dense,  double  row.     Marshes.     Aug.    Sept. 

Tribe  4.     PANICE./E. 

Jnflme$r.ence  spiked  or  panided.  Spikdets  1  or  (more,  usually)  H-Jlowered,  one  of  the  flowers 
being  sterile  or  imperfect.  Glumes  rtsually  [membranareovs)  cf  a  thinner  textvre  than  thepalea, 
■which  are  more  or  less  cartilaginous,  the  lower  paJea  half  enfolding  tlie  upper,  sometimes  awned- 

16.    PA'SPALUM. 
Flowers  in  unilateral  spikes ;    glumes  2,   membranaceous, 
equal,  subovbicular,  closely  pressed  to  the  2  paleae  ;  stigmas 
plumose,  colored  ;  carjopsis  coated  with  the  smooth,  plano- 
convex paleae. 

1.  P.  ciliatifo'lium.     Mx. 

Stem  decumbent,  simple,  slender,  1—2  feet  long ;  leaves  flat,  hairy  and 
ciliate,  about  6  inches  long,  with  hairy  sheaths  ;  spike  1  (or  2,  the  second 
being  smaller  than  the  other),  terminal,  on  a  long  peduncle,  somewhat  looselj 
3-rowed  ;  spikdets  pedicellate,  appressed,  plano-convex.  Sandy  fields,  not 
common.     Sept. 

2.  P.  seta'ceum.    Mx. 

Stem  erect,  slender,  smooth  and  purplish  below,.  1—2  feet  high;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  hairy  both  sides;  sheaths  nerved,  smooth,  villous  at  the 
throat;  spike  mostly  solitary,  on  a  very  long,  terminal  peduncle,  often  with 
another  on  a  short  peduncle  from  the  same  sheath  ;  spikehts  plano-coaveiy 
alternate,  in  2  rows,  with  the  flat  side  out.     Sandy  fields.    Aug. 

17.     MI'LIUM. 
Inflorescence  paniculate;    spikelets  1-flowered  ;   glumes  2, 
without  involucre  or  awns ;  palcce  2,  shorter  than  the  glumes, 
awnless,  oblong,  concave,  persistent  and  cartilaginous,  coating 
the  carjopsis. 

1.  M.  EFFu'suM.     Spreading  Millet  Grass. 

Siem  erect,  simple,  smooth,  5—8  feet  high,  bearing  a  compound,  diff"use 
panicle;  haves  flat,  8— 12  inches  long,  i — I  inch  wide,  on  smooth,  striate 
sheaths;  branches  of  the  panicle  clustered,  horizontal,  1—6  inches  long; 
spikdets  ovate,  few  and  scattered;  paha  smooth  and  polished.  Woods. 
Plant  pale  green.     Summer. 

2.  M.  PUNGENS.    Toi-r.     Dwarf  Millet  Grass. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  rigid,  12 — 18  inches  high  ;  Zra?7cs  lanceolate,  cauUiie  very 
short,  pungent,  at  length  involute,  radical  G— 8  inches  long,  erect,  acute  and 
pungent;  sheaths  strmie,  rough,  tumid  ;  j9aw;V/e  contracted,  few-flowered  ; 
peduncles  h\M  ;  ff I umes  b.\\' nless  ;  palecs  ha.hy,  about  equaling  the  glumes  ; 
style  2-parted.     May. 

18.    P  A'  N  I  C  U  M  . 
Glumes  2,  unequal,  the  lower  mostly  very  small ;  flowers  2, 
dissimilar,  the  lower  abortive  or  sterile,  with  1 — 2  paleae,  the 


eRAMINE^. 


4S7 


upper  palea  membranaceous;  the  upper  perfect,  with  the 
palese  cartilaginous,  equal,  concave,  awnless,  coating  the 
caryopsis. 

*  Spikelets  in  racemose  panicles. 

1.  P.  CKUS-GALH.      Cocksfoot  Grcss. 

Root  annual ;  stem  terete,  smooth,  3 — 4  feet  high  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
flat,  serrulate,  witli  smooth,  striate  sheaths  and  no  stipule;  racewes  dense, 
«pike-form,  compound,  alternate  and  in  pairs  ;  rorhh  hairy  and  rough  ;  glumes 
hispid  with  bristles  ;  lozcer  abortive  palea  ending  in  a  long,  rough  awn.  A 
coarse,  weedy  grass,  introduced  into  cultivated  grounds.     Aug.     Sept. 

2.  P.    HIS'PIDUM 

Stem  thick,  3—4  feet  high  ;  leaves  broad,  flat;  panicle  compound,  nodding, 
dense,  4—6  inches  long,  with  alternate  racemes  ;  flowers  always  awned. 
Salt  marshes.  Best  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  its  hispid  sheaths. 
Sept.     Oct. 

3.  P.  agrostoi'dfs. 

Stem  compressed,  glabrous,  2—3  feet  high  ;  Irnves  very  long  and  numerous, 
eauliiie  linear-lanceolate,  carinate,  rough-edged,  on  short,  striate  sheaths; 
pau'cles  terminal  and  lateral,  pyramidal,  composed  of  racemed  branches; 
spikelets  small,  lanceolate,  acule,  crowded  and  appressed  ;  upper  glume  b-nerr- 
ed;  palea  of  the  neutral  flower  nearly  equal.     Aleadows.     Common.     July. 

4.  P.    ANCFPS. 

Strm  compressed,  2—3  feet  high  ;  leaves  linear,  carinate,  very  Inrtg;  sheaths 
ancipital,  pilose  on  the  throat  and  margin ;  panicle  erect,  contracted,  with 
nearly  simple  branches;  spikdets  \n\.eirn^\.ed\y  racemose,  very  acuminate  ; 
vpper  palea  of  the  neutral  flower  oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate.  Fields  and 
meadows.     Common.    July. 

5.  P.  pf.duncula'tum.      Torr. 

S/em  dichotomously  branched  above,  round,  3 — 4  feet  high  ;  lenves^'mch 
wide,  tapering  to  the  point;  sheaths  hispid  and  papillose  ;  panicle  compound, 
smooth,  on  a  long  peduncle,  branches  in  pairs,  racemed;  spikelets  ovate, 
•mooth  ;  vpper  palea  of  the  abortive  flower  half  as  long  as  the  lower.  Moist 
woods.     July. 

6.  P    involu'tum.     Torr. 

Stem  casspitose,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  at  base,  a  foot  high  ;  Isavs 
frect.  verv  narrow,  somewhat  ligid,  at  length  involute ;  panicle  simple,  few- 
floweied,  flowers  acuminate;  upper  palea  of  the  neutral  flowers  very  small. 
Deerfield,  Mass. 

7.  P.  df.paupera'tum.     Muh. 

Csespitose  ;  stem  hairy  at  the  joints, about  a  foot  high  ;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, smooth  or  hairy,  lower  ones  shorter  than  the  upper;  sheaths  pubescent; 
panicle  few-flowered,  terminal,  erect,  branches  tortuous,  in  pairs,  one  of  them 
2-flowered,  the  other  1-flowered.     Barren  soils.     May,  June. 

8.  P.  proli'ferum.     Lnm.  P.  geniculatum.  Muh. 
Stem  assurgent,  geniculate  at  base,  very  smooth,  thick  and  succulent ;  leaves 

iinear-lanceoTale,4 — 6  lines  wide,  10 — 15  inches  long,  on  tumid  sheaths  hairy 
at  throat;  yjanic/rs  large,  pyiamidal,  terminal  and  axillary,  smooth  ;  spikelets 
racemose  ;  abortive  flower  with  one   palea.     Wet  meadows.     Sept. 

*  *  Spikelets  in  loose  panicles. 

9.  P.    CI.ANDESTl'NrM. 

Stern  with  short,  axillary,  appressed  branches,  2 — 3  feet  high,   rigid,  leafy; 
Imvps  3 — 6  inches  lonff,  an  inch  broad,  lanceolate,  subcordate  at  base  ;  sheaihs 
hispid,  enclosing  the  short,  lateral  panicles  ;  upper  palea  of  the  neutral  flower 
tibtuse.     Moist  woods.     July.     Aug. 
MM* 


GRAMINF,^. 


438  DIGITARIA'^ 


10.  p.  latifo'lium. 

Stem  nearly  simple,  with  the  nodes  retrorsely  pilose  ;  leaves  lance-ovatCj 
clasping,  somewhat  pubescent;  ptt'/i/>/e  terminal,  a  little  exserted  from  the 
sheath,  simple,  pubescent ;  spikelcts  rather  large,  oblong-ovate  ;  abortive  JloweT 
staminate.     Common  in  ditches,  woods,  &c.     Jn.  Jl. 

11.  P.    NERVO'SUM. 

Stem  simple,  smooth  at  the  nodes,  3 — 4  feet  high  ;  leaves  broad-lanceolate, 
smooth,  a  little  ciliate  on  the  margin,  cordate  at  base,  an  inch  wide  with  short 
sheaths;  pa?i/cZc  much  branched,  smooth,  many-flowered,  pedunculate  or 
sessile,  branches  flexuo'js,  somewhat  spreading  ;  s'pikelels  ohXong;  abortive 
fioioer  staminate.     Bogs.     July. 

12.  P.  Dicno'TOMnM.     Ph. 

Stem  much  branched  and  dichotoraous  above,  erector  decumbent,  1 — 2 feet 
high,  branches  fasciculate  ;  /caycs  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  very  numerous, 
] — 2  inches  long,  ciliate  at  base  ;  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  simple,  capil- 
lary, with  loose,  spreading  branches;  spikelels  minute,  ovoid-obtuse.  Woods, 
Variable.     July. 

13.  P.  ni'tidum.     Lam. 

StC7n  erect,  simple  or  branched,  slender ;  leaves  few,  remote,  broad-linear  ; 
sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat;  panicle  capillary,  terminal,  smooth,  the  branches 
few  or  numerous,  somewhat  verticillate  ;  spikelets  small,  oblong-ovoid,  pubes- 
cent, laiocr  glume  very  small.  This  species  appears  to  be  liable  to  much 
variation,  and  several  forms  are  described  differing  m  the  degree  oi'  pubescence, 
t)ie  more  or  less  expanding  panicle,  and  in  the  stem  being  simple  or  more  or 
less  branched.     Woods  and  meadows.     Jn.    Jl. 

14.  P.    MACR0CA'RP0>f.       To?r. 

Stem  erect,  simple,  straight,  2 — 3  feet  high  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  erect, 
Bubpilose  beneath,  3 — 0  inches  long;  sheaths  hispid,  villous  on  the  margin, 
with  no  stipules  ;  panicle  rather  compound,  smooth,  with  few,  spreading, 
flexuous,  subsimple  branches;  spikelets  ovold-glohose  ;  abortive  fiotccr  neuiial. 
Banks  of  Connecticut  river.     Mass.     July. 

15.  P.   capilla're. 

Stem  nearly  simple,  assurgent  at  base,  1  —  2  feet  high  ;  leaves  hairy,  broad- 
linear,  acuminate,  4 — G  inches  long ;  sheaths  covered  with  hispid  hairs ; 
■panicle  large,  pyramidal,  capillary,  loose,  expanding;  spikelets  small,  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  smooth,  on  long,  hispid  peduncles;  abortive  fioioer  of  1  palea. 
Fields  and  roadsides.     Aug. 

16.  P.    VERRUCO'SUM. 

Stem  slender,  decumbent  and  geniculate,  branching  from  the  base,  1 — 2  feet 
high  ;  leaves  linear,  a  few  inches  long,  spreading,  smooth  ;  panicle  much  ex- 
panded, few-flowered,  flowers  verrucose  ;  abortive  fiuwer  of  one  palea,  and 
neuter.  Swamps  and  thickets.  Panicle  terminal  and  lateral,  loose  and 
capillary.     Aug. 

17.  P.  virga'tum. 

Glabrous  and  often  purple  ;  stem  3 — 5  feet  high  ;  leaves  long,  linear-lanceo- 
late, hairy  at  base  ;  sheaths  striate  ;  stipule  with  long,  white  cilifB  ;  panicle 
virgate,  at  length  spreading,  diffuse,  very  large  ;  floiccrs  acuminate  ;  palea 
of  the  abortive  flower  nearly  equal,  enfolding  the  purple  stamens.  Banks  of 
streams.  Not  common.  Aug.  None  of  these  species  are  of  much  value  in 
agiiculture. 

19.    DIGITA'RIA. 
Inflorescence  digitate  or  fasciculate  ;  spikes  linear,  unilater- 
al ;    spikelets  in  pairs,  on  short,  bifid    pedicels,   2-flowered; 
glunies  2,  the  lower  very   small,  sometimes  wanting;    lower 


0RAMINEJE.  439 


flower  abortive,  with  a  single,  membranaceous  palea  ;  upper 
flower  perfect,  with  2  cartilaginous,  subequal  paleae  ;  car}  op- 
sis  striate. — Root  annual. 

1.  D.  sanguina'lis.     Purple  Finger  Grass.     Crab  Grass. 

Stems  decumbent  at  base,  radiating  and  branchincp  at  the  lower  joints,  1 — 2 
feet  long;  Zeaws  linear-lanceolate,  on  long,  loose  sheaths,  softly  pilose,  the 
sheaths  strigosely  hairy  ;  spikes  3 — 5  inches  long,  fasciculate  at  the  top  of  the 
stem,  5 — 9  together  ;  spikdets  in  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  closely  appressedto 
the  rachis,in2  rows.     Common  in  cultivated  grounds.     Aug. — Oct.     Ann. 

2.  D.     GLABRA. 

Stem  generally  decumbent,  rarely  rooting  at  the  joints,  a  foot  long ;  leaves 
short,  flat,  nearly  glabrous  ;  spikes  digitate,  spreading,  3—4  ;  spikdets  crowd- 
ed, ovoid  ;  glume  equaling  the  abortive  flower,  both  hairy.  Sandy  fields. 
Aug.     Sept. 

3.  D.  filifo'rmis. 

Stem  erect,  filiform,  simple,  12 — 18  inches  high;  leaves  short,  nearly 
smooth,  narrow-lanceolate;  spikes  2 — 4,  filiform,  erect ;  spikehts  in  3s,  all 
pedicellate ;  glume  solitary,  as  long  as  the  abortive  flower.  Dry,  gravely 
soils.     Aug. 

20.     SETA'RIA. 
Inflorescence  a  compound,    cylindrical   spike;    spikelets 
2-flovvered,  invested  with  an  involucre  of  2  or  more  bristles; 
glumes,  flowers,  paleoeand  fruit  as  in  the  genus  Panicum. 

1.  S.  vi'ridis.     Wild  Timothy. 

Stem  smooth,  2 — 3  feet  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  flat,  minutely  serrulate  ; 
sheaths  striate,  hairy  on  the  margin,  and  witli  a  setose  stipule  ;  spike  cylin- 
dric,  compound,  terminal,  green  ;  involucre  of  4 — 10  fasciculate  bristles,  much 
longer  than  the  spikelets  ;  palea:  nf  the  perfect  fioiver  longitudinally  striate, 
punctate.     Common  in  cultivated  grounds.     July.    Aug. 

2.  S.  GLAL'CA.     Bottle  Grass. 

Stem  2 — 3  feet  high;  lenvcs  lanceolate,  carinate,  rough,  hairy  at  base; 
sheaths  striate,  smooth;  stipule  setose  ;  spike  cylindric,  yellowish  green,  2 — 4 
inches  long ;  involucre  of  G — 10  fascicled,  scabrous  bristles  much  longer  than 
the  spikelels ;  palece  of  the  perfect  jiower  transversely  rugose.  Fields  and  road- 
sides. July.  Aug. 
S.  S.  vkrticilla'ta. 

Stem  smooth,  about  2  feet  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rough-edged  ;  sheaths 
smootii,  hairv  on  the  margin;  spicate  panicle  composed  of  short,  divided 
branches  in  interrupted  verticels,  2 — 3  inches  long  ;  bristles  of  the  involucre 
in  pairs,  rough  backwards  ;  palece  of  the  perfect  flower  roughish  punctate. 
Sandy  fields.     July. 

4.  S.  Ita'lica. 

Stem  somewhat  compressed,  about  4  feet  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  1 — 2  feet 
long,  an  inch  wide  ;  sheaths  roughish,  pilose  at  the  throat;  spike  compound, 
interrupted  at  the  base,  nodding,  C — 8  inches  long;  spikelets  conglomerate  ; 
involucre  of  2  bristles,  several  times  longer  than  the  flower.     Ditches.     July. 

Tribe  5.     PHALARIDE^. 

liifloreutnce  a  contracted  panicle.     Spikelets  solitary,  with  1  perfect  flower  and  1 — 2  imperfect 
ones.     Lower  palea  awned  or  mucronate,  upper  with  2  keels. 

21.     PHA'LARIS. 
Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  carinate  ;  paleae 
2,  coriaceous,  awnless,  shorter  than  the  glumes,   coating  the 


GRAMINE^.  440  ANTHOXANTHUM. 

caryopsis,  each  with  an  external,  accessory  palea  or  abortive 
rudiment  at  base. 

1.  P.  arundina'cea.    L.  p.  Americana.    Torr. 
Stem  erect,  sparingly  branched,  2 — 5  feet  high  ;  leaves  spreading,  lanceolate, 

nerved,  rough-edged,  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths  ;  panicle  oblong,  spicate, 
somewhat  secund,  2 — 4  inches  long;  ^/?wwes  3-nerved,  whitish,  scabrous  ; 
rudiments  pilose.     Common  in  ditches  and  swamps.     July.    Aug. 

/3.  picta  is  the  well  known  striped  or  ribbon  grass,  with  beautil'ully  variega- 
ted leaves  longitudinally  striped  in  endless  diversity.     Cultivated. 

2.  P.  Canarie'nsis.     Canary  Grass. 

Stem  erect,  or  geniculate  at  the  lower  joints,  round,  striate,  leafy  ;  leaves 
lanceolate ;  panicles  spicate,  ovoid,  erect ;  glumes  whitish,  with  green  nerves ; 
rudiments  smooth.     Fields  and  pastures.     Introduced.     July.     Ann. 

22.    HOLCUS. 
Spikelets  2-flowered ;    ghimes     herbaceous,    boat-shaped, 
mucronate  ;    flowers   pedicellate,   the  lower  one   perfect  and 
awnless.  upper  one  staminate  or  neuter,  awned  on  the  back. 

H.  lana'tus.     Soft  Grass. 

Hoary  pubescent ;  stem  1^—2  feet  high;  ZeffDc.9  lanceolate,  2 — .5  inches 
long  ;  sheaths  striate  ;  panicie  oblong,  dense,  whitish  with  a  purple  tinge  ; 
Howcrs  shorter  than  the  glumes,  sterile  one  with  a  recurved,  included  awn. 
Common  in  wet  meadows.     Very  soft  with  whitish  down.     Jl. 

23.     HIERO'CHLOA. 
Spikelets  3-flowered  ;    glumes  2,  scarious;    lateral  flowers 
staminate,  triandrous  ;  central  flower  perfect,  diandrous  (rare- 
ly triandrous). 

1.  H.  borea'ms.     Seneca  Grass. 

Smooth,  glossy  ;  stem  simple,  erect,  1.5 — 20  inches  high  ;  radical  leaves  as 
Ion o- as  the  stem,  cauline  2 — 4  inches  long,  lanceolate,  mucronate  ;  panicle 
rather  I -sided  and  spreading,  pyramidal,  few-flov^^ered,  2 — 3  inches  long; 
i;-a?ic/(/e/s  flexuous  ;  spikelets  hro-dd,  subcordate,  colored,  unarmed ;  lower 
palea  ciliate.     Wet  meadows.     Very  fragrant.     May. 

2.  H    ai.pi'na. 

Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  stout,  C — S  inches  high  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  ; 
sheaihs  tuinid,  longer  than  the  internodes  ;  panicle  ovoid,  1^ — 2  inches  long, 
with  the  branches  in  pairs  ;  spikelets  purple,  compressed,  large,  longer  than 
the  branches;  glumes  lanceolate  ;  lower  Jiower  with  an  awn  about  as  long  as 
the  palese.     Summits  of  the  While  Mts.    Bic.     Jn. 

24.    ANTHOXA'NTHUM. 
Spikelels  3-flowered,  the  central  one  perfect,  the  2  lateral 
ones  neuter,  each  consisting  of  one  bearded   palea;  glumes  2, 
unequal,  the  upper  one  larger,   enclosing   the  flowers;  palece 
of  the  perfect  flower  2,  short,  awnless  ;  stamens  2. 

A.  odora'tum.     Sweet-scented  Vernal  Grass. 

Stem  fc;lender,  erect,  12 — 18  inches  high  ;  leaves  short,  striate,  pale  green  ; 
panicle  spicate,  oblong-ovoid  ;  spikelets  pubescent,  on  short  peduncles  ;  palea 
ef  the  lateral  fiowers  linear-oblong,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  one  of  them  with  a 


ORAMINEa:. 


441  URALEPSIS, 


bent  awn  from  near  the  base,  the  other  with  a  straight  awn  from  the  back 
near  the  summit.  An  early-flowering,  deliciously  fragrant  grass.  Introduc- 
ed.   May,  June. 

Tribe  6.     AVENEiE. 

Inflorescence  paniculate.     Spikelets  solitary,  feiv-flowered.     Glumes  and  paletB  of  similar  texture. 

Upper  flowers  generally  pedicellate,  with  awn-like  processes  or  abortive  rudiments  between  tha 

upper  and  the  lower  ones.     Upper  palea  with  2  keels. 

25.    AI'RA. 
Spikelets  2-flovverecl,  without  abortive   rudiments;    glumes 
2,  membranaceous  and  shining,  subequal;    one  of  the  flowers 
pedicellate;    paleaj  subequal,  pilose   at  base,  the  lower  one 
lacerate  at  apex  and  awned  on  the  back. 

1.  A.    FLEXUO'SA. 

Stem  smooth,  1 — 2  feet  high,  nearly  naked  ;  leaves  setaceous,  smooth,  with 
striate  sheaths  and  truncate  stipules;  panicle  loose,  spreading,  trichotomous, 
with  long,  flexuous  branches;  aiotis  geniculate,  longer  than  the  palete.  Vales 
and  hills.     Saddle  Mt.,  Ms.     An  erect,  elegant  grass,  growing  in  tufts.     Jn. 

2.  A.  CjESPito'sa. 

Caespitose,  glabrous  ;  stein  18 — 30  inches  high  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  scab- 
rous above,  smooth  beneath,  flat;  panicle  pyramidal,  capillary,  oblong,  finally 
diff'use;  aw?is  straight,  about  as  long  as  the  paleae  which  are  longer  than  the 
bluish  glumes.     Swamps.     May. 

26.  TRISE'TUM. 

Spikelet  2 — 5-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  as  long  as  the  flowers ; 
lower  palea  with  2  bristles  at  the  apex  and  a  soft  flexuous 
awn  from  above  the  middle  of  the  back;  scales  ovate;  fruit 
coated,  furrowed. 

1.  T.  PALu'sTRE.     Torr.  Avena  palustris.  Mx. 
S^sm  erect,  contracted  at  the    nodes,  slender,   smooth,  about  2  feet  high; 

leaves  lance-linear,  about  3  inches  long,  roughish,  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths ; 
panicle  oblong,  contracted,  nodding,  yellowish  green  ;  spikelets 2 — 3-flowered, 
middle  flower  abortive,  upper  one  pedicellate,  its  lower  palea  ending  in  2 
setose  teeth,  and  awned  below  the  tip,  lower  one  mostly  awnless.  Wet 
meadows.     May — July. 

2.  T.  purpura'scens.      Torr.  Avena  striata.  Mx.f 
Stem  leafy,  2  feet  high  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  keeled,  4 — 6  inches  long  and 

with  the  sheaths  smooth  ;  panicle  very  simple,  almost  a  raceme,  few-flowered, 
4 — 6  inches  long;  glumes  3-flowered,  very  unequal,  entire  ;  spikelets  lanceo- 
late, terete,  purple,  smooth  ;  loicer  palea  7-nerved,  2-cleft  at  the  extremity; 
awn  geniculate.     Mountain  bogs. 

3.  T.  subspica'tum.     Br.  T.  aroides.  P.  rfe  B.     Aira.  L. 
Stem  a  foot  high;  leaves  narrow,  2 — 4  inches  long;  panicle  contracted  into 

a  spike  2  inches  long;  aicn  at  length  deflexed,longerthan  the  glume.  Rocks 
and  mountains.   Little  Falls,  N.  Y.    Gray.    White  Mts.,  N.  H.  Pickering.   Jn. 

27.  URALE'PSIS. 

Spikelets  2 — 3-flowered;  glumes  2,  shorter  than  the  flow- 
ers; flowers  stipitate  and  distinct;  paleas  2,  very  unequal, 
distinctly  villous  on  the  margins,  the  lower  one  tricuspidate, 
the  central  cusp  setose  ;  upper  palea  concave  on  the  back  ; 
fruit  gibbous,  coated.         • 


GRAMINE^.  442  ARUNUO. 

U.  aristula'ta. 

CsBspitose  ;  stems  procumbent  at  base,  bearded  at  the  nodes,  10 — 18  inches 
high  ;  leaves  subulate,  tiie  upper  ones  sliorter  than  tlie  sheaths,  hairy  beneath  ; 
panicles  simple,  racemose,  terminal  and  lateral,  concealed  in  the  sheaths  of  the 
leaves,  the  upper  one  partly  exsert;  spilalet  3-flowered  ;  aicn  of  the  palca  as 
long  as  the  lateral  cusps.     Sea-coast  and  sandy  fields.     Aug.     Ann. 

28.    AVE'NA. 
Spikelets  2 — 5-flovvered  ;  glumes  2,  loose  and  membranace- 
ous, subequal,  longer  than  the  flowers;  paieas  2,  mostly  hairy 
at  base,   tlie  lower  one  bitid,  with  a  twisted   or  bent   awn  at 
the  back. 

1.  A    ela'tior.     L.  Arrhenatherum.  Beauv. 
Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  geniculate,  smooth  ;    leaves  lance-linear,  rough  on  the 

margin  and  upper  surface  ;  panicle  louse,  equal,  nodding,  branches  in  pairs  or 
ternate;  spikelets  2-flowered  ;  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  palea  ;  upper foioer 
perfect,  mostly  avviiless.  A  tall  grass,  introduced  and  naturalized  in  culti- 
vated grounds.     May.     June. 

2.  A.  Pennsyi.va'nica.     L.  Arrhenatherum.   Torr. 
Stem  erect,  smooth  ;    leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;    panicle  slender,  with  short, 

alternate  branches  ;  a%cn  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers,  geniculate,  from  the 
base  of  the  lower  palea  ;  upper  jioictr  awnless.  Fields  and  open  woods. 
Rare.    July.    Ann. 

3.  A.  pR.5:cox.     P.dcB.  Aira.  L. 
Ctespitose  ;    stem  erect,  a  few  inches  high;    leaves  i — 1  inch  long,  rough; 

sheaths  deeply  striate  ;  panicle  dense,  racemose;  spihelels  ovate,  2-flovvered, 
glumes  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  lower  palea  with  a  bent  awn  from  the  lower 
partof  the  back  twice  its  length.    Ithaca,  N.Y.   Eaton.  Sandy  fields.  Jn.  Ann. 

4.  A.  SATi'vA.  Common  Oat.  S'^cm  smooth,  2  — 4  feet  high  ;  ieai;?*  linear- 
lanceolate,  nerved,  rough,  with  loose,  striate  sheaths;  stipule  lacerate  ;  panicU 
loose  ;  spikelets  pedunculate,  pendulous,  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect,  the 
lower  one  mostly  awiied  ;  palea:  somewhat  cartilaginous,  closely  embracing 
the  caryopsis.  A  highly  important  grain,  one  of  the  staple  productions  of  the 
soil;  said  to  have  been  first  discovered  in  the  Island  of  Juan  Fernandez.  Ann. 

yS.  nigra ;  palca:  dark  brown,  almost  black,  awnless.  Black  Oats, 

y.  secunda ;  panicle  \-s\ded  ;  awns  short.  Horse-manc  Oats. 

5.  A.  ste'rilis.  Animated  Oat.  Stem?. — 4  feet  high, and  with  the  leaves 
smooth,  the  latter  long,  acute,  flat;  spikelets  5-flowered,  outer  flowers  and 
awns  hairy,  inner  flowers  awnless.  From  Barbary.  Cultivated  as  a  curiosi- 
ty. The  awns  are  2  inches  long,  geniculate,  and  twisted  more  or  less  according 
to  the  state  of  the  atmosphere.  Hence  the  tumbling  motion  of  these  spike- 
lets in  the  moist  and  warm  hands,  like  a  grotesque  insect.     Ann. 

29.    ARU'NDO. 

Spikelets  many-flowered  ;    glumes  2,   awnless,  lanceolate, 

unequal ;  lower  flower  staminate  and  naked  at  base;  the  others 

perfect,  pedicellate;  paleae  unequal,  the  lower  one  mucronate, 

acuminate  or  slightly  awned. 

A.  phragmi'tes. 

Siem  smooth,  stout,  erect,  G — 12  feet  high,  often  an  inch  in  diameter  at 
base  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  1 — 2  feet  long.  1 — 2  inches  wide,  rough-edged,  smooth 
and   glaucous ;    panicle  large  and  loosely  branched,  branches  in  half  whorls, 


GRAMIXEJE.  443 


filender ;  spikelel.s  3 — 5-flowered,  very  slender,  erect ;  glumes  shorter  than  the 
flowers  which  are  of  a  dark  hue,  with  tufts  of  long,  white,  silky  hairs. 
About  ponds.     July. 

Tribe  7.     FESTUCACE^. 

Inflorescence  panicled.     Spikelets  many-flowered,  ohlong.     Flowers  nessHe,  closely  arranged  in  2 
TOWS  on  the  rackis.    Palete  o/shnitar  texture  with  the  glumes,  the  upper  one  with  2  keels. 

30.    DANTHO'NIA. 
Spikelets  2 — 7-flowered;    glumes  2,  subequal,  longer  than 
the  flowers,  cuspidate  ;    paleae  hairy  at  the  base,  lower  one 
tidentate  at  the  apex,  with  a  twisted  awn  between  the  teeth, 
the  upper  one  obtuse,  entire. 

D.  spica'ta.    P.deB.     Wild  Oafs.  Avena.  i. 

6Yem  slender,  nearly  erect,  12 — 18  inches  high;  lower  leaves  numeiows, 
4 — (J  inches  long,  flat,  hairy  above,  cauline  leaves  much  shorter,  subulate, 
erect,  on  very  short  sheaths  ;  panicle  simple,  spicate,  short,  erect ;  spikelets 
3 — 8  or  10,  about  7-flowered  ;  glumes  a  little  longer  than  the  flowers;  lowr.r 
palea  hairy,  about  half  as  long  as  its  spirally  twisted  awn.  Pastures  and 
open  woods.     June — Aug. 

31.    BROMUS. 
Spikelets  3— 20-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  shorter  than  the  flow- 
ers ;   lower  palea  cordate,  bifid  at  the  apex,  usually  awned  a 
little  below  the  tip,  upper  palea  conduplicate,  ciliate  on  the 
margin;  scales  ovate,  smooth. 

1.  B.  secali'nus.     Chess. 

Stem  smooth,  erect,  3  feet  high  ;  leaves  flat,  rough  at  the  edge  and  above; 
*/teai/;5  nerved,  smooth  ;  5ii/«//e  laciniate;  pa7«'t/c  spreading,  the  branches 
mostly  simple,  each  beariu'f  1  —  2  spikelets;  spikelets  ovate,  compressed, 
about  10-flowered,  large,  2-ranked,  oval,  appearing  not  unlike  short  heads  of 
rye.     A  handsome  grass  in  fields,  often  among  wheat.     June.     Ann. 

2.  B.  MOLLIS.     Soft  Brown  Grass. 

Stem  erect,  mostly  pubescent,  1 — 2  feet  high  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  downy- 
pubescent  ;  panicle  erect,  close,  compound,  3 — 4  inches  long;  spikelets  oblong- 
ovate,  slightly  compressed,  tomentose,  5 — 10-flowered  ;  flowers  elliptical ; 
loicer  palea  oblong-lanceolate,  7-nerved,  v/ith  a  straight  awn  nearly  its  length. 
A  coarse  grass,  in  fields  and  roadsides.     June.    July. 

3.  B.  cilia'tus. 

Stem  slender,  3 — 4  feet  high,  bearded  at  the  nodes;  leaves  hairy  above, 
smooth  beneath,  ;|^  inch  wide  ;  sheaths  downy ;  panicle  drooping;  spikelets 
oblong-lanceolate,  terete,  8 — 10-flowered,  with  acute,  ciliate  glumes  (not  mu- 
cronale;  ;  palea.  hairy,  villosely  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  aw,-n  short.    Woods.  Jn. 

4.  B.    PURGANS. 

Stem  round,  smooth,  3 — 4  feet  high  ;  leaves  broad-linear,  smooth  and  glau- 
cous ;  sheaths  pilose  with  reversed  hairs ;  panicle  nodding,  with  rough  and 
fle.xuous  branches  ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  terete,  6 — 8-flowered  ;  jloioers  hairy, 
with  a  straight  awn.     Meadows.     July.    Aug. 

5.  B.    PUBES'CENS. 

67cm  striate,  smooth  above,  hairy  below,  with  black  nodes,  2 — 4  feet  high ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  hairy  above,  rough-edged;  upper  sheaths  smooth, 
lower  ones  hairy  ;  panicle  loose,  nodding,  branches  in  clusters  of  2 — 5,  flexu- 
ous ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  8 — 12-flowered ;  Jloioers  pubescent,  with  short 
straight  awns.     Woods.    Common.     Jn. 


«RAMINE^. 


444  E(£LERIA. 


32.  FESTU'CA. 

Splkelets  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  subterete;  glumes  2, 
unequal,  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  paleai  lanceolate,  lower 
one  acuminate  or  awned  at  the  extremity. 

1.  F.  tene'lla.     Slender  Fescue  Grass. 

Stem  filiform,  wiry,  often  growing  in  tufts  and  geniculate  at  base,  6 — 12 
inches  high  ;  leaves  erect,  linear-setaceous,  2 — 3  inches  long  ;  sheaths  sub- 
pubescent,  with  lacerated  stipules;  panicle  simple,  contracted,  rather  secund, 
branches  alone  or  in  pairs  ;  splkelets  5 — 7-flowered,  with  subulate,  subequal 
glumes,  at  length  brownish  ;  fluwers  subulate,  longer  than  their  awns.  Sandy 
fields.     June. 

2.  F.  ela'tior.     Tall  Fescue  Grass. 

Utem  smooth,  3 — 4  feet  high;  leaves  lanceolate, smooth,  rough-edged,  afoot 
long,  on  smooth,  loose  sheaths;  panicle  drooping,  very  branching,  loosely 
spreading,  branches  in  pairs ;  spikelets  lance-ovate,  acute,  4 — 6-flowered, 
racemose  on  the  branches ;  lower  glume  shorter  ;  lower  paZea  acuminate  or 
mucronate.     A  fine  grass,  in  meadows.     June. 

3.  F.  prate'nsis.     Meadow  Fescue  Grass. 

Stem  smooih,  2 — 3  feet  high  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  nerved,  smooth,  rough- 
edged,  about  8  inches  long  ;  sheaths  nerved,  smooth  with  obsolete  stipules  ; 
panicle  branched,  spreading,  somewhat  l-sided,  branches  subsolitary  ;  spikelets 
lance-linear,  7— 9-flowered;  lower  gbime  smaller ;  lower  palea  acute.  Intro- 
duced in  fields  and  meadows.     June.     July. 

4.  F.  DURiu'scuLA.     Hard  Fescue  Grass. 

Stem  smooth,  12— 18 inches  high;  /cnues  linear,  very  acute,  a  little  scabrous; 
stipules  membranaceous,  lacerate ;  panicle  oblong,  spreading,  inclining  to  one 
side,  branches  in  pairs;  spikelets  nearly  terete,  5 — 7-flowered  ;  lower  glmne 
smaller,  upper  one  3-nerved  ;  palece  unequal,  lower  with  short  awns.  Fields 
and  pastures.     A  fine  grass.     June.    July. 

5.  F.    NUTANS. 

Stem  erect,  slender,  smooth,  with  black  nodes,  about  3  feet  high  ;  leans 
narrow-linear,  a  foot  long,  nerved  ;  panicle  slender,  diffuse,  at  length  nodding, 
branches  in  pairs  ;  spikelets  lance-ovate,  3--5-flowered  ;  floicers  smooth,  awn- 
less  and  nearly  nerveless.     Open  woodlands.     June. 

6.  F.  fascicula'ris. 

Stem,  much  branched  from  the  base,  with  short  internodes,  procumbent, 
geniculate,  12 — 18  inches  long  ;  leaves  linear,  very  long,  5-nerved,  scabrous, 
on  long,  loose  sheaths  ;  panicle  erect,  inclining  to  one  side,  with  strict,  spike- 
form  bmnches  ;  spi/ie?c^^appressed,  secund, 8— 10-flowered  ;  ^/w7He5l -nerved, 
lower  one  very  short ;  lower  palea:  tipped  with  awns  of  their  own  length. 
Wet  meadows.     Aug.     Ann. 

7.  F.  ovi'na.     Sheep's  Fescue. 

Stem  erect,  ascending  at  base,  6—10  inches  high  ;  leaves  very  narrow,  rough, 
radical  ones  very  numerous,  2—4  inches  long,  cauline  iew,  short,  erect ; 
jHtnicle  few-flowered,  simple,  contracted  ;  spikelets  ovate,  4-flowered  ;  palcce 
roundish.     A  valuable  grass,  recently  introduced.     June. 

33.  KffiLE'RIA. 

Spikelets  compressed,  2— o-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  unequal, 
shorter  than  the  flowers;  upper  flower  pedicellate,  with  a 
short,  awn-like  rudiment  at  the  base  of  the  upper  palea; 
paleag  2,  the  lower  awnless  or  awned  beneath  the  tip. 


GRAMINE^. 


445 


1.  K.  irunca'ta.     Torr. 

Slem  slender,  2  feet  high  ;  leaves  smooth,  narrow, 4 — 6  inches  long;  panicU 
oblono-,  loose,  racemose  ;  spikelets  2-tiowered,  in  clustered  racemes,  on  short, 
suberecl  branches;  ^/wmejs  subequal,  the  lower  one  linear,  upper  one  much 
broadt-r,  very  obtuse  or  truncate  ;  pateoi  awnless.    Fields  and  open  woods.  Jn. 

/3.  major ;  leaves  broad-linear,  very  long;  panicle  large,  spreading. 

2.  K    Pennsylva'nica. 

Stem  smooth,  2 — 3  feet  high,  nodes  black  ;  leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  narrow, 
flat,  lower  ones  soft  pubescent;  panicle  very  slender, loose,  4 — S  inches  long  ; 
siiikelets  about  3-flowered,  shining  ;  lower  glume  linear,  upper  one  much 
broader,  oblanceolale,  3-nerved  ;  fjaiecE  awnless.    Rocliy  woods.     May.    June. 

34.    TRICU'SPIS. 

Spikelets  terete,  tumid,  about  5-flovvered ;  glumes  2,  un- 
equal, carlnate,  shorter  than  the  flowers;  lower  palea  bitid- 
toothed,  tricuspidate  by  the  projecling  keel  and  two  lateral 
nerves,  upper  one  truncate,  almost  emarginate;  caryopsis 
2-horiied. 
T.  sf.slerioi'df.s.     False  Rtd-tnp. 

Slem  very  hard  and  smooth,  erect,  4 — 5  feet  high  ;  leaves  smooth  beneath, 
lance-linear,  nerved,  12 — \6  inches  long;  luir.er  sheaihs  olten  hairy  ;  stipules 
0  ;  panicle,  loose,  expanding,  branches  tlexuous,  smooth,  long;  spikelets  (jva.le- 
lanceolate,  purple,  shining,  4 — 5-flowered  ;  ^/j/wes  unequal,  mucronate ; 
lower  palea  with  3  projecting  nerves.     A  splendid  grass  in  sandy  fields.     Aug. 

3  5.    G  L  Y  C  E'  R  1  A  . 
Spikelets    slender,   many-floweied  ;     glumes   2,    unequa!, 
nerveless,  truncate,  shorter  than   the  flowers;    lower  palea 
herbaceous,  embracing  the  upper,  bidentate  one  ;  scales  con- 
nate, truncate. 

1.  G.  FLu'iTANS.    Br.  Festuca  fluitan's.  L. 
Stem  compressed  or  ancipitous,  ascending  at  base,  3 — 5  feet  high  ;    leaves 

lance-linear,  smooth  beneath,  about  a  foot  long;  ihealhs  nerved,  smooth,  willi 
a  very  large  stipule  ;  panicle  secund,  long,  slender,  slightly  branclied  ;  spikelets 
Ion"-,  linp;u-,appressed,  about  10-flovvered  ;  Jluicers  obtuse  ;  lower  palea7-neT\- 
ed,  denticulate.     Aquatic.     June.    July. 

2.  G.  acutiflo'ra.     Torr. 

Slem  somewhat  compressed,  1 — 2  feet  high;  leaves  narrow,  attenuated 
above,  half  as  long  aa  the  stem;  »/nic/e  simple,  long,  appresscd  ;  spikelets 
linear,  4 — G-flowered  ;  Jluicers  very  slender,  acute,  indistinctly  nerved,  la- 
undated  meadows.     Jn. 

3G.  POA. 
Spikelets  compressed,  ovate,  oblong  or  linear,  many-flow- 
ered (3 — 20);  glumes  2,  shorler  than  the  lower  flowers; 
paleiE  subcqual,  awnless,  often  wiih  an  arachnoid  web  at  base, 
the  lower  one  herbaceous,  scarious  on  the  margin  ;  scales 
ovate,  acute,  smooth. 

*  Flowers  weUied  al  base. 
1.  P.  prate'.nsis.    L.     Spear  Grass.  P-  viridis.  Muh. 

Stem  terete,  smooth,  1—2  feet  high  ;  leaves  carinate,  linear,  abruptly  acute, 


GKAMIMCE.  446 


radiciil  ones  very  ]im<r  and  iiiimorous,  cnnlinf  shorter  than  the  nerved,  smooth 
sherilhs;  s!i/)iiUs  shuvt,  Iniiicnto  :  /j/a/ii/e  diffuse,  branches  3 — 5  logether  in 
lialt-whorls :  ajj  kJel.s  ovale,  acute,  witli  about  4,  acute  flowers;  gliinus 
Ijnceolale,  sharply  acuuiiiiate.  An  excellent  orass  both  for  luiy  and  pasluriige, 
very  abundant.  May.  Jn.  Varies  much  in  luxuriance  accoriling  to  the  soil. 
2.   1'.  TRIVIA 'lis.     Roiigldsh  Meadow  Grass. 

S'.aiis  soiiielimes  stoloiiil'eroiis  at  base,  roiigliish  backwards,  2 — 3  feet  ingh  ; 
Icavi's  lauce-liiiear.  acute,  rough-edgt-d,  ioiccr  vacs  very  long,  ciiuine  as  long 
as  the  roughisii  sliealhs,  with  long,  acnminnte  stipules  ;  j/iinic  c  diffuse, 
expanding,  scabrous,  branches  4 — 5  tngetherin  luilf-wliorls ;  s/i  Inlets  oblong- 
ovate,  2 — ■•  H  iwered.  A  grass  equally  comaion  and  valuable  with  the  last. 
June.  July. 
'A.   P.  coMi'i'.F.'ssA.      Blac  Grass. 

6'fw  decuuibeiit  and  rooting  at  base,  much  compressed,  stnooth,  strinte, 
12 — IH  inches  high;  lenncs  linear,  cariiiale,  nerved,  sinorith,  short,  bhjish 
green  ;  shea. lis  sinoetii,  niliier  loose,  with  a  short,  obtuse  stip\ile;  panicle  con- 
tnicled,  sonir-what  secund,  branches  scabrous,  in  2s  and  3s  ;  sjiiheJits  ov^ite- 
oblong.  3— tJ-flowered,  subsessile.  Less  abundant  than  the  last,  forming  tufts 
in  moist  places.     June. 

4.  P.  SKP.ori'.NA.     I'.lir.     Mcadnw  Rrd-top.  P.  palnstris.  Muh. 
Slfin  erect,  2 — 3  It'et  high  ;  lencrs  liat,  narrow-linear,  smooth.  10 — 15  inches 

lonif,  St.  jnili:  long,  laceraied  ;  paaicli:  diffuse,  somewhat  secund,  G — 10  inches 
lonir.  branches  in  half-whorls:  spiliricts  ovate-lanceolate,  2 — 3-flowered  ; 
Jluaiers  but  little  wel)bed  at  base,  yellow  at  tlie  tip,  obscurely  5-nerved. 
Common  in  wet  meadows.     Jn. 

5.  P.  kkmoka'i.is.      IVocd  Sjirar  Grass. 

Strni  slender.  2 — 3  feet  high  ;  If.ivcs  narrow-linear,  pale  green,  smootli  as 
well  as  the  sheaths;  stipules  scarcely  any  ;  pani.cleG — 10  inches  long,  slender, 
jioddiuir  when  in  liuit,  bran  lies  capillary,  fle,\uous,  in  2s  hi  3s;  splcclcts 
ovate,  about  3-floweied.  the  flowers  spreading  and  at  length  remote,  slightly 
webbed  at  base.     A  tall,  rank  grass,  in  wet,  open  woods.     July. 

*  *  Flowers  free,  or  not  webbed  at  base. 
f).  P.  a'nm'A-     .Manual  Spc<ir  Grass. 

Sarins  diciuiibent  and  rooting  at  the  base,  smooth,  compressed,  3 — 8  inches 
long;  leai^is  linci'-linear,  short,  smooth,  carinate.  on  loose,  glabrous  sheaths  ; 
stiuyic  oblong,  dentate;  paiurlc.  spreading,  the  branches  generally  solitary,  at 
lenn-th  ii'irizontal ;  sjiiktUls  ovate-oblong,  rather  numerous,  coniaining  about 
5,  loose  .H  iwers.  A  small,  abundant,  annua!  grass,  forming  a  dense,  soft  and 
beautiful  turf.     May— Sept. 

7.  P.  nkhva'ta.     Foal  Miuliiw. 

S  r.ia  .smooth,  3 — 4  feet  high  ;  Uarrs]tir\ce  linear,  striate,  rough  above, abiut 
a  foot  long,  on  striate,  ronghish  sheaths;  stipule  lacerate;  panicle  large, 
loose,  difl'use,  eqial,  branche.-j  weak,  pendulous  in  fruit,  long  and  capillary, 
in  2s  or  3.s  ;  .••■pi.lielets  ovate-oblong,  coiilaitiing  about  5.  obtuse,  conspicuously 
7-nerved  flowers.     A  beautiful  and  valuable  grass  in  wet  meadows.     Jn. 

8.  P.  i-.I-onc/a'ta.     Torr. 

Slcm  round.  (Mcct,  smooth,  3  feet  high  ;  /c/7«<rs  narrow-linear,  smooth,  8—15 
Inches  loiif  ;  shea'.lis  striate,  smonih  ;  si.  pule  very  short;  piidcle  (8 — 10 
inches)  elongated,  racemose,  noijding,  branches  solitary  or  in  2s,  appiessed; 
spL-filcs  ovate-obtuse,  tumid,  containing  about  3,  obtuse,  5-nerved  flowers. 
Wet  meadows.     July. 

9.  P.    OBTU'S.A.. 

Stem  smoot!),  firm,  2—3  feet  high  ;  leaves  dark  green,  linear,  often  surjiass- 
in"  the  s!em,  and  with  the  sheaths  sino')th  ;  paailc  dense,  ovate,  many- 
flo'wered,  3  -  4  inihes  long:  spil.rJr.ls  ovale,  tumid,  thick,  containing  f) — 7, 
emootli,  ovate,  obtuse  flowers  ;  Licr;- />(.7t«  7-ncrved.    Sw<iinps.     Aug-  Sept. 


GRAMINKjE. 


447 


10.  P.  Canape'nsis.  Briza  Canadensis.  Mx. 
Sum    round,   smooth,  erect,  3—4    feet  high  ;    havs   broad-lineiir,   rough, 

p-laucous.  on  smooth  sheaths  ;    s;//?m/c  lacerate,  ovate-oblusc  ;    i/a,ii<U   large, 

(i S  in(;hes   long,    branches    fle.xuous,    in  half-whorls,    ninch    spreading   or 

pendulous  infniir-,  5/n7;fl'«5  short,  ovale,  tumid,  (i—S-fl:)wered  ;_g  unus  mucll 
shorter  than  the  lower  flowers  ;  upper  palca  very  obtuse,  /«//:«/ about  7-neiv- 
ed;  slaincna  2.     A  large  and  beautiful  grass,  in  shady  grounds.     Jl.    Aug. 

11.  P.  capii.la'ris. 

Ulrm  uiOch  blanched  at  base,  smooth,  a  foot  high  :  hnrcs  linear,  attenuated 
above,  fl  it.  smooth  ;  i-lteiilis  striate,  with  long  hairs  about  the  throat  and  mar- 
gin ;  stipule  short;  pnn/cle  very  large  (near  a  foot  long),  with  diffusely 
spreading,  capillary  branches,  axils  smooth;  spkdrts  ovate,  acute,  about 
3-flowered,  on  long  pedicels  :  /w/fi(£  scabrous.     Dry  grounds.     Aug.    Ann. 

12.  P.  hirsu'ta.     Mx. 

Sum  subsimple,  compressed,  erer.t,  1 — 2  feet  high;  harrs  lance-linear, 
attenuate  at  end,  surpassing  the  siem,  iiaiiy  at  base  ;  ulietit/m  loose,  longer  than 
the  internodes,  lower  ones  hairy,  upper  ones  smooth  ;  stipule  fringed  ;  paiiide 
very  large,  ca|)illary,  branches  spreading,  refiexed  in  fruit,  hirsute  in  the  a.xils  ; 
f^s/i-e/^^s^oblong,  about  5-flo\vered  ;  7;.7/(«;  ciliale      Sandy  fields.     Jl.     Aug. 

/3.  spccabiUs  (Terr.  P.  spectabilis.  P.)  ;  sy;;l-<./tti  linear,  lU—lfj-flowered ; 
stem  taller. 

13.  P.  mari'tima. 

Strm  somewhat  geniculate,  round,  about  a  foot  high  ;  hnrrs  somewhat 
glaucous,  rough-edged,  involute;  panicle  erect,  dense,  branches  in  pairs, 
scabrous  ;  ypikelcts  terete,  linear,  purplish,  about  r)-flovvercd  ;  Jluwirs  obtuse, 
indislinctlv  o-nerved.     Salt  marshes.    Ms.     Dw.     Jn. 

14.  p.  a^ua'tica.     Torr. 

Smooth  ;  stent,  stout,  leafy,  4 — 5  feet  high  ;  Irnrrs  broad-linear,  flat,  thin  ; 
panidr  erect,  diffuse,  branches  at  length  spreading,  flexuous.  3 — o  together,  in 
half  whorls;  spikdets  Imear,  paiple,  with  G — b  ovate-obtuse  flower.s.  Wet 
meadows.     Aug. 

15.  P.    DKNTA'TA.       ToTT. 

Smooth;  sftm  erect,  round,  3  feel  high  ;  /e/zcz-s  flat,  linear,  10— Ifi  inches 
lono-,  glaucous  beneath;  stipule  elongated  ;  panicle  large,  loose,  lew-flowered, 
braiiches  capillary,  spreading  ;  spikdels  lanceolate,  about  5-flo\vered  ;  loner 
glume  3-nerved ;  lonier  palea  5-nerved,  5  toothed  at  the  apex  when  old. 
Swamps.     June.     July. 

IG.  P.  fasciccla'ta.     Torr. 

Very  smooth  ;  stem  firm  and  leafy,  oblique,  round,  branclied  at  base,  1 — 2 
feet  hicrh  ;  /trttjcs  flat,  lance-linear  ;  panic  f.  spreading.  //;■(/ /i/V/f.'*  fasciculate, 
crowded,  straight;  spikelels  oblong,  somewhat  racemed,  sessile,  crowded, 
about  3-flowered  ;  w-Zur/iCA- minute,  unequal.     Salt  marshes.     i\.  Y. 

17.  P.  pf.ctin-a'cea.     Mx.  P.  pilosa.  Mnfi. 
Stfin  ttffispitose,  oblique,  geniculate  at  base,  8—12  inches  high  ;    Irares  flat, 

smooth,  pilose  at  base,  5-nerved.  2 — 4  inches  long;  sheaths  bearded  at  the 
throat;  /77n<c/e  larsre,  loose,  capillary,  purplish,  hairy  in  the  axil,'^,  branches 
subverlicillate  ;  spikelflsVineai,  with  .5— -1)  acute  flowers  ;  upper  palea  persis- 
tent on  the  rachis  which  thus  is  made  finally  to  appear  pectinate.  In  sandy 
fields.      July.     Aug. 

18.  P.  ukptans. 

Dioecious;  5<cm  branched,  creeping,  rooting  nt  the  joints,  C — 12  inches  long; 
ieorrs  subulate,  flat ;  i-Zc^^/zs  open,  pilose  on  the  margin  and  throat;  povicle 
1 — 2  inches  long,  branches  short,  simple,  in  fascicles,  few-flowered  :  spikdets 
linear-lanceolate,  with  19 — 80  acuminate  flowers.     Swamps.     Jl.    Aug, 


ORAMINEiE.  44S  DACTYLIS. 

19.  P.  Eragro'stis.      Quake  Grass. 

Stc7n  ohVique  or  decuiiibenl,  geniculate,  1 — 2  feet  long;  leaves  lanceolate, 
attenuate  at  end,  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  above;  s/(cat/;s  pilose  at  the 
throat ;  stipule  short,  bearded  ;  piniide  expanding,  branches  subdivided,  flexu- 
ous,  subpilose  in  the  axils  ;  spiketets  ovate-oblong,  1:2 — 20-fio\vered  ;  glumes 
nearly  equal.     A  beautiful  grass,  introduced  into  fields  and  roadsides.     Aug. 

37.    BRIZA. 
Spikelels  cordate  ovate,  6 — 9-flowered  ;    glumes  2,  shorter 
than  the  lower  flowers;  paleae  venlricose,  lower  one  cordate 
at  base,  embracing  the  upper  which  is  suborbicular  and  much 
shorter;    carjopsis  beaked. 

B.  me'dia. 

Stem  nalied  above,  1 — 2  feet  high  ;  leaves  flat,  sn>oolh,  lance-linear ;  stipules 
short,  obtuse  ;  panicle  erect,  few-tiowered,  branches  wide-spreading,  capillary, 
purplish,  bearing  the  ovate  or  cordate,  tumid,  pendant  and  tremulous  spikelels 
at  the  ends,  these  are  about  7-tio\vered,  greenish  purple;  palea  nerveless. 
Naturalized  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.     Bw.     May. 

38.    UN  I' OLA. 

Spikelets  compressed,  3 — 20-flowered  ;  lower  flower  abor- 
tive; gh}mes  2,  shorter  than  the  lower  flower;  lower  paleae 
boat-shaped  at  the  end,  truncate  and  mucronate  between  the 
lobes,  upper  subulate,  somewhat  bifid;  scales  emarginate; 
carjopsis  with  2  horns. 

1.  U.  spica'ta. 

Stan  smooth,  round,  branched  at  base,  1 — 2  feet  high  ;  cauJine  hazes  numer-^ 
ous,  3 — 6  inches  long,  involute,  rigid  and  acute;  sheaths  longer  than  the 
joints,  close,  upper  ones  hairy  at  throat;  stipule  inconspicuous;  panicle 
densely  spicate,  consisting  of  short,  fasciculate  branches  v/ith  sessile  spikelets  ; 
spikelets  oblong,  5 — 9-flovvered  ;  jlowers  triandrous.     Salt  marshes.     July. 

2.  U.  gka'cilis.    Mx. 

Stem  slender,  leafy,  '^ — 4  feet  high  ;  leaves  broad-linear,  tapering  to  a  slender 
point,  flat,  12 — 18  inches  long  ;  sheaths  sliorter  than  the  joints  ;  panic' e  long, 
racemose,  branches  solitary,  short,  remote,  erect ;  spikelets  3-flowered  ;  floioers 
spreading,  straight,  monandrous;  ^itt7jjes  rigid,  acute.    Sea  coasts.   N.  Y.  Aug. 

39.    DA'CTYLIS. 

Spikelets  aggregated,  compressed,  3 — 5-flowered  ;  glumes 
unequal,  the  larger  one  carinate,  shorter  than  the  flowers; 
paleai  subequal,  lanceolaie,  acuminate,  the  lower  one  emargi- 
nate, carinate,  mucronate,  upper  bifid  at  apex  ;  scales  dentate. 

D.  glomera'ta.      Orchard  Grass. 

Stem  roughish,  2 — 4  feet  high;  ?cfft>«s  linear-lanceolate,  carinate,  a  little 
scabrous,  glaucous;  sheaths  striate;  stipule  lacerate;  panicle  remotely 
branched,  rather  secund  ;  spikelets  about  4-flowered,  in  dense,  glomerate, 
unilateral,  terminal  clusters;  glumes  very  unequal ;  on/Acrs  large,  yellow. 
A  fine,  well  known  grass,  of  rapid  growth,  introduced  in  shady  fields,  as 
orchards,  &c.    June. 


ORAMlNEiE.  449 


Tribk  8.    CHLORIDES. 

Infloreicence  scpiked.    SpikeUt.i  solitary,  few-flou-ere  J,  the  terminal  flown  often  abortive.    Clunui 
carinate,  not  opposite.      Upper  patea  with  two  keels. 

40.  ELEUSl'NE. 

Spikes  digitate,  uniialeiiil ;  si>il<elcls5 — T-flowercd;  ^Itimos 
obtuse,  unequal,  lower  one  smaller;  paleyR  unequal,  ujjpcr  one 
bitid  toothed;  scales  truncale,  iinni)iiite  ;  car} opsis  triangular, 
ovale,  enclosed  in  a  separate  membrane  or  perig}nium. 

E.  I'ndica.     Wire  Grass. 

Stern  oblique,  compressed,  prncumbenl  and  branching  at  base,  12 — ICinclies 
loii(r  ;  learrs  linear,  sofiievvhat  luiirv,  on  smooth,  h)iise  sheaths  hairy  at  the 
tliroat ;  s/iilics  2 — 4,  rarely  more  or  less,  lirifar,  straight ;  s/;/7.e/(/s  closely 
imbricate,  smooth  ;  v/iper ghnueb-neTVcd  ;  fruit  dark  brovvn.  Coimaon  about 
houses,  tbot-paths,  »fcc.     Aug. 

TiuBE  9.    TRITICEjE. 

Liflorescfncf  .y^iked.     Spikelets  solitary,  in  pairs,  or  several  tognher,  one.,  few  or  mnny-fovered. 

Glumes  mostly  two,  equal  and  typpositr,  rardy  vnecjunl  and  alternate.     Loictr  paUa  utineU  vr 

awnless.  vpper  one  witlitii'O  keels. 

41.  T  R  1'  T  I  C  U  M  . 

S|iil<elcts  imbricated  in  2  i^mvs,  sessile  on  the  teeth  of  the 
rachis,  ahout  5-{lo\vered.  with  the  U[)pcr  iloweis  abortive; 
glumes  2,  equal,  opposite,  ovate,  concave.  mucroi»ate  ;  paleas 
2,  lower  awned  or  mucronate ;  scales  2.  collateral. 

1.  T.   SATi'vuM.     fl.  hybernum.  L.'      Wintrr   U'lirat. 

Sum  round,  smooth,  the  inlernodes  somewhat  inflated, 3— 5  feet  high  ;  /fares 
lance-linear,  nerved,  roughish  above  ;  stijiulc  truncate;  fjiif.e  parallel,  some- 
what 4-.sided  ;  spU.elcts  ctowiIvl\,  broad-ovate,  about  4-flowered;  glumes 
ventricose  ;  uions  of  the  upper  piled  generally  longer  than  the  t^owers.  Tins 
is  without  doubt  the  most  valuable  plant  of  the  order ;  is  universally  cultivated 
and  may  be  regardetl  as  naturalized.  Biennial.  Many  varieties  are  known 
lo  farmers,  of  which  the  most  im[)ortant  are 

fi.  ic.'-linnn  ;  ^/j/mrs  alvvava  awned.     Annual.  Summer  Ji Iienf. 

y.  cimipislum;  spike  compound  ;  spt/cclc's  awned.  EgypUun  !l  hcuC. 

2.  T.    RKPF.NS. 

Sirm  trailing  at  the  lower  joints,  about  "2  feet  long;  /core's  lance- linear, 
rough  above  and  somewh;it  hairy  ;  si  pule  short,  truncate  ;  spike,  compressed  ; 
spikelets  remote,  alternate,  lanct -oblong.  .5— l)-flovvered  ;  irimncs  lanceolate, 
5-nerved,  acuu)inate.  A  vile  weed,  in  fields  and  gardens,  extremely  difficult 
to  eradicate.     June — Aug. 

42.  SECA'LE. 
Spikelets  solilary  on  the  teelh  of  the  rachis,  2 — S-Howered, 
tt)c  two  lower  flowers  ferille,  sessile,  opposite,  the  u()per  one 
abortive;  glumes  subulate,  opposite,  shorter  than  the  flowers; 
lower  palea  with  a  very  long  awn,  upper  often  bifid  at  apex; 
scales  abortive,  hairy. 

S.  Ckkfa'i.k.     Rijit. 

Stem  hairy  beneath  the  spike,  4 — C  feel  high  ;  lenvfs  lance-linear,  rough- 
edged  and  rough  above,  glaiico\is  ;  .«;?//, e  about  5  inches  long.  linear,  com- 
pressed ;  /Ki/ca  smooth,  lovirer  ciliate  on  the  keel  and  margin;  «tcrti- .scabrous- 


GRAMINEJE.  450 


ciliate,  long,  straight,  erect.  The  native  country  of  this  highly  valuable  grain 
is  unknown.  It  has  long  been  cultivated,  and  like  the  wheat,  may  be 
considered  naturalized.     June.     July. 

43.    HO'RDEUM. 
Spikelets  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  1-flowered,    the 
lateral  ones   sonnetimes  abortive;    glumes  2,  subulate,  nearly 
equal,  awned  ;  paleae  2,  lower  lance-ovate,  long-awned,  upper 
obtusely  acuminate  ;  caryopsis  adhering  to  the  paleae. 

1.  H.  vulga're.     Barlcij. 

Slcm  smooth,  2 — 3  feel  high  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  carinate,  nearly  smooth ; 
5/ic«//(5  auriculate  at  the  throat;  sipikc  thick,  about  3  inches  lonor ;  spikrlets 
all  fertile,  l-flowered,  witli  an  awn-like  rudiment  at  the  base  of  the  upper 
palea  ;  glumes  collateral,  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  fruit  arranged  in  4  rov?8-. 
Extensively  cultivated.     May. 

2.  H.  Di'sTicHUM.     Tico-roiaed  Barley.   ^ 

Sicm  2 — 3  feet  liigh  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  scabrous  above  ;  sheaths  auriculate 
at  the  throat;  spik'  3 — 4  inches  long,  linear,  compressed  ;  lateral  spikelets 
aboflive,  awnless  ;  fruit  arranged  in  2  rows.  More  common,  and  is  generally 
preferred  for  malting  to  the  former  species.     June. 

3.  FI.  juba'tum.     Squirrel-tail  Grass.  ' > 

Stem  slender,  round,  smooth,  simp]e,^irout  2  feet  high;  leaves  broad-linear, 
4 — 6  inches  long,  rough-edged,  otherwise  smooth  as  well  as  the  sheaths ; 
spikes  2 — 3  inches  long  ;  spikelets  with  the  lat^ral  flowers  neuter  ;  glumes 
and  7vrt/c(E  produced  into  fine,  smooth  awns  6  times  as  long  as  the  flowers  > 
abortive Jlowcrs  on  short  pedicels.     Marslrcs.     N.  England.     June. 

4  4.    L  O'  L I  U  M  . 
Spikelets  many-flowered,  sessile,  remote,  with  the  edge  to 
the  rachis  ;  glume  to  the  lower  spikelet  single,  to  the  terminal 
one  2;    paleae   herbaceous,  subcqual,  lower^one  short-awned 
or  mucronate,  upper  bilid-toothed. 

1-  L.  pere'nne.     Darnel  Grass. 

Smooth  ;  stem  terete,  1 — 2  feet  high  ;  leiives  la^ice-linear,  shining-green,  on 
striate  sheaths  with  truncate  stipules  ;  rachis  flexuous,  grooved,  5 — G  inches 
long;  spikelets  about  16,  longer  than  the  glumes,  7 — 9-llowered,  alternate,  in 
two  opposite  rows  ;  lower  palea  5-nerved,  dipper  with  2  prominent,  rough 
keels.  Naturalized  in  meadows,  cultivated  grounds,  &c.  May — June. 
2.  L.  temcle'ntum.     Poisonmis  Darnel. 

Stem  terete,  smooth,  2  feet  high  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  rough-edged,  and  with 
the  sheaths  smooth  on  the  surface  ;  stipule  truncate  ;  rachis  flexuous,  4 — 6 
inches  long;  spikelets  much  compressed,  5 — 7-flowereH,  longer  than  the 
glumes;  lower  palea  5-nerved.  produced  into  an  awn  twice  its  length.  Pie- 
markably  distintjnished  from  all  other  grasses  by  its  poisonous  seeds.  July. 
Ann.     It  is  said  by  Muhlenberg  to  be  naturalized  in  New  England. 

45.    E'LYMUS. 
Spikelets  2    or    more    at    each  joint  of  the  rachis,  2 — 6- 
flowered;    glumes  2,    collateral,  subcqual,    subulate;    paleae 
lanceolate,  lower  one  entire,   mucronate  or  awned  ;    scales 
ciliate. 


GRAMINEiE.  451  ANDROPOGOK. 


1.  E.  Virgi'nicus.     Lime  Grass. 

Stem  erect,  smooth,  3 — 4  feet  high  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  flat,  scabrous,  deep 
green,  ^  inch  broad  ;  sheaths  nerved  ;  stipule  very  short;  spike  erect,  thick, 
3 — 5  inches  long;  spikelets  in  pairs,  about  3-flowered  ;  ghimes  both  in  front, 
lance-linear,  slightly  connate  at  base,  produced  into  a  scabrous  awn  ;  flowers 
smooth;   lower  pulea  awned.     Banks  of  streams.     July.     Aug. 

2.  E.  Canade'nsis.  E.  glaucifoHus.  P. 
Slen  erect,  smooth,  stout,  3 — 5  feet  high  ;   leaves  lance-linear,  flat,  smooth, 

dark  green  or  often  glaucous  ;  spike  rather  spreading,  4 — 8  inches  long,  gen- 
erally nodding  at  the  summit;  rachis  hairy  ;  spikelets  2 — 5-flo\vered  ;  gluvies 
5 — 7-nerved,  shoit-awned,  hairy  ;  lo7vcr  palca  iiairy,  awned.  A  tall,  beautiful 
grass,  with  long,  recurved,  waving  spikes.     River  banks,  «tc.     Aug. 

3.  E.  viLLo'sus.     Rye  Grass. 

Stem  slender,  striate,  sipooth,  2 — 3  feet  high  ;  leaves  rough-edged,  pubescent 
above,  i  inch  broad  ;  sheaths  hairy,  especially  the  lower  ones;  spike  2i — 3^ 
inches  long,  a  little  nodding  and  spreading ;  rachis  and  flowers  hispid,  pilose  ; 
spikelets  1 — 3-flowered;  ^Zunics  linear;  lower  palea  with  a  long,  straight 
awn.     Dry  grounds.     July. 

4.  E.  Hystrix.     Hedgehog  Grass- 
Stem  round,  smooth,  2 — 4  feet  high  ;  le'ives  lance-linear,  carinate,  scabrous, 

generally  glaucous  and  with  the  sheaths  striate  ;  spike  4 — 6  inches  long, erect ; 
rflcAi's  nearly  smooth,  flexu^ous  ;  spikelets  remote,  diverging,  almost  horizon- 
tal, 2 — 3-flowered;  glumes  0,  rarely  1  or  2 ;  flowers  smoothish  ;  loirer  palea 
terminating  in  a  very  long  awn.  An  odd  looking  grass,  common  in  moist 
woods.     July. 

Tribe  10.     SACCHARINEiE. 

Inflorescence  pnnirlfd  or  apik'cl.     Spikelets  generaUy  in  pairs,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other 

mostly  pedicellate  and  imperfect.     Ciliimcs  of  stouter  texture  tliun  the  paUa:.     Valta.  delicate  and 

membranaceous,  the  loiver  commonly  awned. 

46.    ANDROPO'GON. 

Spikelets  in  pairs,  polygamous,  the  lower  one  incomplete, 
on  a  plumosely  'bearded  pedicel,  upper  one  l-flowered,  per- 
fect; glumes  subcoriaceous,  awnless  ;  paleae  shorter  than  the 
gkimcs,  one  generally  awned. 

1.  A.  furca'tus.  Mvh.     Forked  Spike. 

Stem  semiterete  above,  3 — .'i  feet  high ;  haves  lance-linear,  rongh-edged, 
radical  ones  very  long;  sjiikes  digitate  or  fasciculate,  in  2s — 5s,  3 — 5  inches 
long,  purple  ;  spikelets  appressed,  abortive  one  on  a  plumose  pedicel,  stami- 
nate,  with  2  palese,  awnless,  perfect  one  with  2  unequal  glumes  ;  lower  palea 
bifid,  awned  between  the  divisions.     Meadows  and  low  grounds.     Aug. 

2.  A.  scopa'rius.    Mx.      Purple  Brown  Grass. 

Stem  slender,  paniculate,  3  feet  high,  branched,  one  side  furrowed,  branches 
fascicui;ite,  erect;  Icares  lance-linear,  somewhat  hairy  and  glaucous  ;  spikes 
simple,  lateral  ann  terminal,  on  long  peduncles, 2 — 3  from  each  sheath,  purple; 
spikelets  remote,  abortive  one  neuter,  mostly  with  2  palejE,  awned.  Woods. 
Aug. 

3.  A.  Virgi'nicus. 

CiEspitose  ;  s'fl?7i  subcompressed,  3  feet  high,  branches  few  and  short,  half 
concealed  ;  leaves  linear,  lower  ones  a  foot  or  more  long,  rough-edged  and 
hairy  ;  slienths  smooth  ;  spikes  short,  in  slender,  half  concealed  fascicles  of  2 
or  3,  lateral  and  terminal ;  abortive  spikclet  a  mere  pedicel,  without  paleffi,  pcr- 
fect  monandrous,  with  a  straight  awn.     Swamps.     Sept. 


GRAMINE.'G. 


4;V> 


4.  A.  macrou'kus.     Iniian  Griiss. 

Stem  silicate  on  one  side,  much  branched  above,  2—3  feel  high ;  leaves 
linear,  rou^ih,  lovvt  r  ones  very  long,  upper  ones  erect ;    shctiihs  hairy  ;    sjiikes 

conju(<ale,^A I  inch  lonir,  in  dense    lateral  and  leiininal,  fastigiate  panicles, 

partly^coiici"aled  ;  obortve  sji  kelit  without  palece  ;  ycrJccL  flonxr  monandrous, 
with  a  straight  awn.     Swamps.     Sept. 

5.  A.  NUTANS.      Dinrd  Grass. 

Giabrnn.5 ;  .<.<«.'«  terete, simple,  3-5  feet  high  ;  /«/pfs  glannous,  lance-lincar, 
rouirh.  A  inch  broad  ;  pan-rle  oblong,  branched,  nodding,  6 — 10  inches  long; 
ahtntioc  spkclH  without  palete  ;  ghiinis  (if  the  jjerficl  Jfuioer  hairy ,  ferruginous, 
ehininir;  a;o/i  contorted.     Sandy  fields.     Oct. 

47.     SORGflUM. 
Spikelcis  in2s  or  3ji,  abortive  ones  petlircllato,  awnlcss,  with 
2  prill  ffi,  perfect,   ses-ile,   l-lloweied^    glumes  2,  eoi  iaccous; 
paleae  3,  llie  ii(iperoi)e  awiicd. 

1.  S.  sacchara'tum.  Sum  thick,  solid  with  pith,  0—10  feet  high  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  iiciiiiiinate,  pubescent  at  base  ;  paiiirJe  large,  diffuse,  with  long, 
verticillate,  at  length  noddinsr  branches ;  glumes  of  Ike.  perfect  sjtike'rt  hairy, 
persistent.  Fronrthe  E  Indies.  The  uses  of  this  fine,  cultivated  jilant  are 
doubtless  well  known  to  our  readers.  •  Bnom  Corn. 

2.  S.  vui.ga'rk.  S7em  erect,  round,  solid  with  pith,  0—10  feel  high  ; /mi-es 
carinate.  lance. ilile  ;  /^rt/i/c/c  compact,  oviil  erect  until  mature;  ^/(2iv/-5  pu- 
bescent ;  7w/c,f  caducous  ■,fnni  naked  From  the  E.  Indies.  Rarely  cultivated 
as  a  curiosity,  or  for  the  seed  as  food  for  poultry.  Indian  MiL'cL 

Tkibii  II.    OLYRF.iE. 

Inflorescence  pnnicled  or  spiked.     Spikelets  snlitnry.  \—'i-Jlou-eTed .     Flowers  perfect  or  diclinous. 
Slamen$  ] — G. 

4  8.     LEE' RSI  A. 
Spikelels    1 -flowered,  compresfed;    glumes  0;     pnlecc    2, 
compressed,  larinale,  awiiles-;;  scales  2,  meinbraiiaeeous. 

1.  L.  oRvzoi'nKS.     Cut  Grar-s. 

5>77i  retrorsely  scabrous.  '^ — .">  feet  hiffh  ;  lenres  lanceolate,  carinate,  the 
margin  very  rouiili  backwards ;  sliciilhs  also  very  rough  with  retrorse  prickles; 
jmmd p  \uwc\\  blanched,  diffuse,  shealhed  at  the  ba'se  ;  5//i/.-/!/c7*' spreading ; 
w«/cffi  cili:ite  on  the  keel,  white,  coiiiprtssed  and  closed  ;  slaineiis '3.  A  very 
rou'.rh  grass,  common  in  swamps,  by  streams,  ».Vlc.     Aug. 

2.  L.  Vikgi'mca.      IJ'hit'  Grns'-: 

Stem  slender,  branched,  ffeniciilale  or  decumbent  at  base,  2 — 3  feet  long, 
nodes  letrorsely  hairy  ;  liarr.f  liince-linear,  ronghish  ;  sheaths  roughish  back- 
wards, striate  ;  jinnicle  simple,  at  length  much  exserted,  the  lower  branches 
diffuse;  fdwcrs  pedicellate,  in  short,  ajjpressed,  fli  xii>>us  racemes;  lower 
pa/ca  boat  sli;iped,  mucronate;  stamens  \ — 2.     Damp  woods.     Aug. 

41).  ZIZA'NIA. 
Monoecious;  glumes  0;  spikelets  l-flowered;  pnlere  2, 
herb  iceous.  Sieiilr. —  I'aleai  subequal,  awnless;  slameiis  6. 
Ffr/'A.  — Spikelets  sulnilaie  ;  palea;  unequal,  linear,  lower  one 
wilh  a  siraiglit  awn  ;  sidles  2;  ear} opsis  enveloped  in  ibc 
plicate  pa!ea3. 


GRAMINE5;.  453 


Z.  a^ua'tica.     Indian  Rice. 

Stem,  i  inch  in  diameter,  fislular,  smooth,  6  feet  high;  leaves  lance-linear, 
2—3  feet  long,  an  inch  wide,  smooth,  serrulate  ;  panicle  a  foot  or  more  long, 
pyramidal,  the  lower  branches  divaricate  and  sterile,  the  upper  spicate  and 
fertile  ;  spihhts  on  clavate  pedicels  ;  awns  long,  hispid  ;  fruit  slender,  finch 
long,  blackish,  deciduous,  farinaceous.  Inundated  shores  of  ponds  and 
rivers.  The  fruit,  which  is  very  abundant,  affords  sustenance  to  wild  geese, 
ducks,  and  other  water  fowls.     Aug. 

50.  TRIPSA'CUM. 
Moncecious;  spikes  digitate ;  glumes  2,  coriaceous;  paleas 
2,  membranaceous.  SUr'iU  spikelels  2-flo\vered,  outer  flower 
staminate,  inner  neuter.  Fertile  spikdels  3-flo\vered,  the  2 
lateral  flowers  abortive;  outer  glume  enclosing  the  flowers  in 
a  cavity  of  the  rachis,  with  an  aperture  each  side  at  base. 

T.  dactvi.oi'dfs.      Sesame  Grass. 

Stem  slightly  compressed,  smooth,  solid  with  pith,  brown  at  the  nodes, 4 — 6 
feet  high;  leaves  near  an  inch  broad,  long,  lance-linear,  smooth  beneath, 
roughisli  above ;  .ipilces  5—8  inches  long,  usually  2—3  together,  digitate, 
terminal,  staminate  flowers  above,  pistillate  below,  without  awns.  River 
banks  and  sea  shores.     Rare.     July. 

fi.  monostuchyon  ;  spike  single. 

51.  ZEA. 
Monoecious.  Staminate  Jl.-;.  in  terminal,  paniculate  racemes; 
spikelets  2-flowercd  ;  glumes  2,  herbaceous,  obtuse,  subequal ; 
palece  membranaceous,  awnless,  obtuse.  Pistillate  Jls.  lateral, 
axillary,  on  a  spadix  enclosed  in  a  spathe  of  numerous  bracts  ; 
spikelets  2-flovvered,  one  flower  abortive  ;  glumes  2,  very 
obtuse;  pales  awnless  ;  style  1,  tiliform,  very  long,  pendulous; 
carvopsis  compressed. 

Z.  Mays.      Maize.     Indian  Corn. 

Roof,  fibrous,  annual ;  stem  erect,  5 — 10  (in  some  varieties  15 — 20)  feet  high, 
channeled  on  one  side,  leafy;  leaves  lance-linear,  entire,  2 — 3  feet  long. 
The  varieties  of  this  noble  plant  are  numerous,  produced  by  climate  and 
culture.  It  is  a  native  of  the  warm  latitudes  of  America,  but  how  widely  it 
has  been  cultivated  on  both  continents,  and  how  important  it  is  to  man,  it  ia 
unnecessary  heie  testate,    July. 


SECOND  GHANS  EIVISION, 

CRYPTOGAMIA,  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

Plants   chiefly  composed  of  cellular  tissue,   loilhout   spiral  vessels^ 

destitute  of  true  flowers,  and  producing  spores 

instead  of  seeds. 


CLASS  V.     ACROGENS. 

Flowerless  plants  with  a  proper  stem  or  axis,  often  v/ith  a  vnscular 
system  composed  chiefly  of  annular  ducts,  usually  furni>he(l  with 
leaves.  Grovvtei  by  the  extension  of  the  apex,  without  subsequent 
increase  in  diameter.  Spores  with  a  proper  integument,  and 
contained  in  a   vessel   analagous   to  an  ovary,   called  tueca  or 

SPORANGIUM. 


ORDKR  CLXII.    EQUiSETACE/E.         TAc  Scouring  nu,k  Tribe. 

InfloTesreiire{hy  analogy)  a  dense,  cylinclric,  terminal  spike  oi  stroliile. 

Scales  t>i' the  siruliile  peltate,  liexagnnal.  sul)verlieillate. 

Tnerfp4—7,  attached  to  tlie  undei  suriiue  cit  the  scales,  with  lateral  deliiscence. 

SpoTff  numerous,  globose,  surrounded  by  minute prranules.  [in  a  spiral  manner. 

EUiters,  bodies  ol'  unknown  use,  consisting  of  4  elastic,  clavaie  filaments  involving  the  spore* 

Plant  lejifless,  simple  or  with  verlicillate  branches. 

Stem  striate-sukale,  joijiied.  fistuUir  between,  and  separable  at,  the  joints. 

Shealk^  dentate,  crowningthe  summit  ol'each  inlerjiode. 

An  order  consisting  at  present  ol  a  single  genus,  growing  in  wet  grounds,  on  river  banks, 
and  borders  oC  woods,  thrtmihout  mist  countries.  'I"he  llquisetaccre  aijonrid  In  the  (iissil 
remains  oi' coal  measures  with  other  (""ryptogaml.i,  as  Fiycopodiace.x  and  Filii-es.iudicatiji? 
that  lliese  plants  were  once  ol  gigantic  dimensions,  and  I'ormed  a  large  part  of  the  original 
flora  otour  globe. 

Prnperiies.  They  abound  insilex,  and  hence  are  used  by  cabinet-makers,  comb-makers, 
&c.,  in  polishing  their  work. 

EQUIS  K'TUM. 
Clinractci-  IJic  sanne  ;is  that  ofllio  order. 

1.   E.  iivkm'.\i,f..     Scouring  Rush. 

5' cms  all  siiiiple,  erect,  very  rough,  each  bearini  a  terminal,  ovoid  spike; 
sheiith  ctnerous  white,  bhici<  at  the  base  and  siiiiimit,  sliorl,  with  subulate, 
awned  and  deciduous  teetii.  Very  nolii:eable  in  wet,  shady  srrounds,  and  by 
brook  sides.  Stems  about  2  feet  iiijrh,  often  2  or  more  united  at  l)ase  frotn 
the  same  root.  Sheaths  1 — 2  lines  lonir,  I — 2^  inches  ajiart.  the  white  ring 
mucii  broader  than  the  black,  .at  length  entire  from  the  fallinir  of  the  teeth. 
The  roughness  of  the  cuticle  is  owing  to  the  silex  in  its  composition.     Jn. 


LVcoHoni  \CK.E.  455  eq^uisetum, 

2    E.  auvk'nse.     Field  Horsetail. 

Fa-li  f  xleiiis  erect,  siinplf,  stcrilr  with  simple,  qnadrangulnr  branches,  de- 
cumbent at  base.  Low  giounds.  Fertile  stems  fnst  a p|)ea ring.  (J — 8  inches 
hijri),  with  :5 — 5  joints  siirmnunled  by  large,  inflated  sheaths  cut  into  hrnir, 
dark  brown  leeili.  Spike  nblono-,  ^—2  inches  long.  Stt'rile  stems  rather 
taller  than  the  fertile,  remaininir  ihronirh  the  season,  after  these  have  decayed. 
At  each  joint  is  a  whorl  of  snnple,  rough,  ascending  branches,  issuing  i'rom 
the  base  of  the  sheaths,  their  joints  also  sheathed.     April. 

3.  K.  syi.va'ticum.      Wi:od  II irsr.tail. 

Sl.r.rilc  iind  ferlilK  stems  with  conipound,  rough,  diflexed,  angular  branches. 
Grows  iti  woods  and  low  grounds.  Stems!! — Hi  inches  high  ;  ihe  fertile  with 
4 — 5  whorls  of  branches  Irom  the  base  of  the  sheaths  which  are  2— :i  inches 
opart,  and  cleft  into  .several  large,  tawny  red  teeth  or  segments ;  the  sterile 
taller  and  more  slender,  with  more  numerous  whorls  of  branches.  The 
branches  are  all  subdivided  and  curved  downwards.  Spike  oval  cylindiic, 
pedicellate.     .May. 

4.  E.  v.\kieo.4'tum.     Sw.  E.  seorpoides.  Mx. 
CiEspiti'.se  ;    .sVcw.f  branching  at  base,  filiform,  scabrous;    spike   blackish; 

sliralhs  :?-toothed,  blackish,  teeth  meinbranaeeoiis.  whitish,  deciduous  at  the 
tips,  liilly  woods.  Stems  numerous.  3 — (J  inches  long,  (i-fiirrowed  (.")-lur- 
rowed.  Bed:),  sheaths  very  shoit,  1 — 2  inches  a[iail.  Spikes  small,  ovoid 
terminal.     July. 

5.  E.  LiMo'suM.   L.     Pipes.  E.  uliginosum.   H^illd. 
Sums  somewhat  branched,  erect,  striate-siilcate  ;    brnnclus  from  the  middle 

joints,  simple,  short,  5-sided,  smooth  ;  tpke  obhmg-ovoid  ;  s.Wir. <//;>•  a ppressed. 
Borders  of  [nmds  and  swamps  Slejns  2 — ?>  feet  high,  slender,  rarely  simple, 
generally  wiih  2 — U  whnrls  about  the  middle,  liranehes  very  irrejrular  in 
lenfftli  aiid  position.  Sheaths  :j — -1  lines  long,  white  at  Ihe  summit,  tipped  with 
as  many  !d;i  k,  subulate  teeth  as  there  are  furrows  (15 — 20).  This  species  is 
greedily  devoured  by  cattle.     July. 

G.  v..  PAi.u'sTKF..     Marsh  II  rsclnd. 

•S.7;ms- biMnnhed,  smooth,  sul'viate;  //r.7,nr//c5  simple,  pentagonal,  curved  tip- 
wards;  sheitli  siimewhat  appressed,  remote.  lO-tootlied  at  tlie  ape.x  ;  .'■pike 
oblonir.  dark  brown.  Marsiies.  Stems  1 — 2  fi'et  high,  deeply  kirrowed. 
Branches  short  and  like  the  other  spt-cies  produced  in  wlioils  i'rom  the  bases 
of  Ihe  sheaths,  at  first  horizoniil,  finally  bending  to  an  upright  position. 
Spike  an  inch  long.     May.     June. 


ORDER  CLXIII.    [.YCOPODI.ACE/E.  The  Cluh  Moss  Tribe. 

Infloreacmce  axillan',  or  crowded  iiiio  a  ."sort  of  ameiit  or  spike. 
Thecn:  of  two  kiiul.<'iii  the  .«ame  plant,  se.<-ile,  1,  ullfii  'i-celieit. 
Sporea  few,  rather  larse  in  same  of  the  tlieca;,  other  theca;  eoiitaining  minute  grains,  ap- 

peariiio:  like  fine  powrler. 
Stems  creepiiiproi  erect,  braiicliiiiir,  rarely  simple,  abonndiii?  in  dnot.«. 
Leaves  small,  luinienms,  crowileil,  ejilire,  lanceolate  or  subulate,  l-iierveil. 

liike  the  l!(|iii»etacen?,  tliPseplanis  appear  to  liave  been  very  abundant  in  the  first  a^es  of 
the  world,  anil  to  have  attained  a  sifjanlic  size,  though  at  present  but  a  few  feet  in  lenp-th. 
Properlie.s  an inmorlant.  Some  are  emetic  The  powder  contained  in  the  ihccrc  is  hiylily 
inflamable,  and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  fireworks. 

Genera. 

Loaves  cnnline,  on  erect  or  creepin?  stems. Lyrnpodium.  \ 

Loaves  or  iVjikU  laJical,  long-,  linear-subulate Isoetis.  2 


LYCOPODIACEJE. 


456  LYCOFODIUM. 


1.    LYCOPO'DIUM. 
ThecfE  axillary,  sessile,  1-celled,  some  of  them  2-valved, 
filled   with  minute,   farinaceous  grains,  others  Svalved,  con- 
taining several  larger  globular  s[)ores. 

*  Inflorescence  in  pedunculate  spikes. 

1.  L.  clava'tum.    L.      Common  Club  Rush.  L.  tristachium.  Kutt. 
Stem  creeping  ;  branches  ascendinop ;  Uaccs  scattered,  incurved,  capillaceous- 

acuminate;  spikes  in  pairs,  rarely  in  3s,  cylindrical,  pedunculate  ;  bracts  oT 
the  spike  ovate,  acuminate,  erosely  dt-nticulate.  A  well  known  evergreen, 
trailing  upon  the  ground  in  shady  pastures  and  woods.  Stem  and  branches 
clothed  with  numerous,  linear-lanceolate  leaves  which  are  entire  or  serrulate, 
and  end  in  a  pellucid,  curved  bristle.j  Spikes  perfectly  straight,  parallel, 
erect,  and  upon  an  erect  peduncle.     July. 

2.  L.  compi.ana'tum.     Ground  Pine. 

Stem  trailing;  branches  dichotomous;  /caijes  4-ranked,  unequal,  the  margi- 
nal ones  connate,  diverging  at  apex,  the  superficial  ones  solitary,  appressed; 
peduncles  elongated,  supportmg  4—15,  cylindric  spikes.  A  trailing  evergreen, 
common  in  woods  and  shady  grounds.  Stem  round,  creeping  among  the 
moss  and  leaves,  often  10  feet  in  length.  Branches  numeiously  subdivided, 
compressed,  somewhat  resembling  the  branchlets  of  the  cedar.  Leaves 
minute,  very  acute.     July. 

3.  L.  Carolinia'num. 

S^em  creeping  ;  /eares  somewhat  2-ranked,  spreading,  lanceolate,  entire; 
peduncle  erect,  ^solitary,  elongated,  bearing  a  single  spike  ;  in/cis  sublanceolale, 
entire.  In  muddy  grounds.  Both  the  stem  and  its  branches  are  prostrate 
with  erect,  slender  peduncles  3—4  inches  high.     July. 

4.  L.  sabin.^fo'lium.     Willd.  L.  alpinum.  Mx. 
Stem  elonirated,  creeping;  ir«nc7tes  erect,  short,  dichotomous,  with  fastigiate 

divisions;  Icaiws  imbricated  on  all  sides,  erect,  terete-subulate,  aristate-acumi- 
nate;  spikes  peduncled  by  the  attenuated  and  slightly  leafy  summits  of  the 
branches,  cylindric,  solitary,  with  cordate,  acuminate  bracts.  White  Mts.; 
extensively"  creepino;  among  the  rocks,  with  eiect,  numerously  divided 
branches,  a  few  of  the  divisions  terminating  in  spikes  an  inch  in  length.  Jl. 
*  *  Spikes  sessile,    t  Leaves  surrounding  the  stem. 

5.  L.  dendroi'decm.     Tree  Club  Moss. 

Stem  erect ;  branches  alternate,  crowded,  dichotomous,  erect;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  in  G  equal  rows,  spreading  ;  spikes  numerous,  solitary.  An  elegant 
little  plant,  common  in  vvoods, readily  distinguished  oy  its  upright,  tree-like 
form.  Plant  about  8  inches  high,  with  branches  more  or  less  diverging. 
These  arc  subdivided  into  numerous,  forked  branchlets.  radiant,  so  as  together 
to  represent  a  spiral  arrangement.     Spikes  1  —  1,  an  inch  long.     July. 

p.  obscurum  {Turr.  L.  obscurum.  L.) ;  branches  spreading;  ipike  mostly 
solitary. 

6.  L.  rupe'stre.     Rock  Club  Moss. 

Stem  creeping;  branches nscomVing,  subdivided  ;  leaves  scattered, imbricate, 
linear-lanceolat'e,capillaceous-acuminate,ciliate  ;  spike  solitary,  (  uadiangular. 
A  very  small  species,  creeping  on  rocks,  &c.  Stem  a  few  incl  es  in  length, 
with  numerous' branches  which  are  i— 1  inch  long,  clothed  with  grayish 
green  leaves.  Spike  i  inch  long,  4-rovved,  seeming  a  mere  continuation  of 
the  branch.     July. 

7.  L.  ai.opecuroi'des.     Fox-tail  Club  Moss. 

Stem  creeping,  subramose ;  branches  simple,  long,  ascending,  bearing  a 
sino-le  sessile  spike  at  top  ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  ciliate-denlate  at  base, 
spreading;    spike  lenCy.     Swamps.     Stem   extensively    creeping.     Branches 


LYCOPODIACEa;.  457 


6 — 8  inclies  high,  rarely  subdivided,  densely  clothed  with  a  fine,  soft  foliage. 
Spike  1 — 2  inches  long,  very  leafy.     Aug. 

8.  L.  annoti'num.     Interrupted  Cluh  Moss. 

Stem  creeping ;  branches  twice  dichotomous,  ascending  ;  leaves  in  5  rows, 
linear-lanceolate,  inucronate,  spreading  and  serrulate  near  the  tip;  spike 
oblong,  solitary.  In  mountain  woods.  Branches  subdivided  near  tlieir  base, 
brancTilets  sinjple,  4  or  more,  (J — 8  inches  high.  Leaves  at  length  refle.xed  at 
end.    Spike  rather  cylindric,  an  inch  in  length, distinct  from  the  branches.   Jl. 

9.  L.  inunda'tum.     Marsh  Club  Moss. 

Stem  creeping,  often  submersed;  branches  simple,  solitary,  erect,  with  a 
single  leafy  spike  at  lop  ;  leaves  linear,  scattered,  acute,  entire,  curved  up- 
wards. In  swamps.  Spikes^ — 1  inch  long,  at  the  summit  of  branches  5 — 7 
inches  long,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  stem.  Bracts  of  the  spikes  leaf-like, 
dilated  at  base,  spreading  at  the  end,  larger  than  the  stem  leaves  which  are 
1 — 2  lines  long.     July. 

10.  L.  selaginoi'des.     Savin-leaved  Chtb  Moss. 

Stem  filiform,  creeping;  branches  nearly  erect,  the  flowering  ones  simple; 
leaves  scattered,  lanceolate,  a  little  spreading,  ciliate-denticulate  ;  spike  solitary, 
leafy.  In  moist  woods.  Spikes  yellowish  grecn,about  J  inch  long,  the  bracts 
foliaceous  and  twice  larger  than  the  true  leaves,  which  are  about  a  line  in 
length.     Branches  3 — G  inches  liigh,  the  sterile  ones  much  divided.     July. 

*  *  Spikes  sessile.     1 1  Leaves  2-ranked. 

11.  L.  A'PODUM.    L.  L.  albidulum.  Muh. 
Stem  branching,  prostrate  and  rooting  near  the  base  ;  leaves  orbicular-ovate, 

acute,  membranaceous,  alternate,  ample.xicuul,  in  2  rows,  with  minute,  acumi- 
nate, superficial  ones  in  a  third  row  on  the  upper  side  ;  spikes  subsolitary.  A 
small,  creeping,  moss-like  species,  in  wet,  rocky  shades.  Stem  a  few  inches 
long,  lilifonn.  Leaves  less  than  a  line  in  length.  Spikes  leafy,  scarcely 
distinguishable  from  the  branches.     July.     Aug. 

*  *  *  Spikes  indistinguishable  from  the  branches. 

12.  L.  luci'dulum.     Shining  Club  Muss. 

Stem  ascending,  dichotomously  divided  ;  leaves  in  8  rows,  linear-lanceolate, 
denticulate,  shining,  spreading  or  a  little  reflexed  ;  thecce  in  the  a.xiis  of  leaves 
not  changed  nor  crowded  into  a  spike.  In  wet  woods.  Tlie  foliage  of  this 
species  is  dark  green  and  shining,  more  ample  than  is  common  to  the  genus. 
Stems  8 — IG  inches  long,  nearly  erect.  Leaves  3 — 5  lines  long,  distinctly 
serrate.  Thecte  hemispherical  or  reniform,  in  the  a.xiis  of  the  leaves  near  Uie 
top  of  the  stem.     July. 

13.  L.  sela'go.    L.     Fir  Club  Mo.is.  L.  recurvum.   JVilld. 
Stem    erect,   dichotomously   and    fastigiately  branched ;    leaves  scattered, 

imbricate,  lance-linear,  entire,  rieid  and  pungent,  but  awnless.  A  smaller 
species  than  the  last,  found  on  the  summits  of  the  White  Mts.  Stems  4 — 8 
inches  high,  densely  clothed  with  stiff,  shining,  spreading  leaves  arranged 
somewhat  in  8  rows  and  2 — 3  lines  in  length.     Thecse  axillary.     Aug. 

2.    ISOE'TRS. 
Theca  membranaceous,  oblong,  cordate,  1-celled,  immersed 
in  the  dilated  base  of  tlie  iVond  ;    spores  subglobose,  slightly 
angular,  attached  to  numerous  tiliform  receptacles. 

I.    LACU'STRTS.         Quill-WOTt. 

Fronds  ccespitose,  subulate,  semiterete,  dilated  and  imbricated  at  base.     A 
curious  aquatic,  in  water  at  or  near  the  margin  of  ponds  and  rivers.  N.Y.  N.H. 
00 


FILICES.  458  POLlfFODIDM. 


Lenves  or  fronds  numerous,  tiiftcd  and  simple,  2 — 10  inches  long,  somewhat 
spreadiiitr,  containiiicr  numerous  cells  divided  both  by  longitudinal  and  trans- 
verse partitions.  Tliecaj  whitish,  imbedded  in  corresponding  cavities  in  the 
bases  <jf  the  fronds,  traversed  within  by  many  threads  to  which  the  numerous, 
small,  white  granular  spores  are  attached.     Aug. 


ORDER  CLXIV.    FILICES.  The  Fcm  Tribe. 

Inforesr.fnre  occupying  the  back  or  margin  of  the  fronds  (leaves)  arising  from  the  veins. 
Tuerr/;  or  n/iorang-ta  of  one  kind  only  in  tlie  same  phint,  1-celled,  deliiseing:  irregularly. 
iiori,  somewhat  regular  collections  of  thccce  ;  or  the  thecru  are  isulalcd  and  scattered. 
Lulusium,  a  scale  investing  each  sorus  ;  or  the  sori  arc  covered  with  the  re%'ulute  margin 

of  the  troiul,or  They  are  naked. 
Stem  a  creeping,  horizontal  rhizoma,  or  sometimes  erect  and  arborescent. 
i-VoHrfs  (iViiii-lii-iirin','   leaves)  variously  divided,  rarely  entire,  with  forked-veins,  mostly 
circinaU-  in  \i'niuli(in. 

A  lar>;c  ;incl  i)iti-n>iliig  order  of  perennial,  flowerless  plants,  distinguished  for  ihfir 
elegant,  iiliiiiu'-like  foliage.  They  are  usually  a  few  inches  to  a  lew  feet  high,  but  some  ol' 
itje  tn.i'i  ■ ''  >l>''i'-^  as  the  Cyatheas  of  both  Indies,  are  15— 25  feel  high,  vicing  with  the 
pahus  ill  .•-i:-:L-  ;.iut  beauty. 

Fnipetties.  Lienerally  mucilaginous  and  mildly  astringent,  hence  considered  pectoral. 
Aspidinni  and  Pteris  are  anthelmintic.  Osmunda  regalis  has  been  successfully  adniinis- 
teri'd  for  the  rickets. 

Observalion.  The  fructification  of  the  ferns,  with  its  various  appendages,  is  too  mmule 
to  be  well  observed  by  the  naked  eye ;  but  an  examination  of  il  wilii  the  aid  of  a  good 
lens,  cannot  fail  to  be  interesting  and  satisfactory. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

*  Fertile  kajicts  or  fronds  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  panicle  or  spike. 

C  Stipes  (  angular.  .        .  Onoclea.  9 

( tl:e  tortile         <  smoothisli,  (  deeply  grooved  within.  Stratldupteris.  10 

f  Fronils  ma-  <  ones  distinct.  (  Stipes  clothed  with  reddish  wool.  Omiun-ln.  \  I 

j  iiy.railiL-al,  (  each  one  partly  fertile Os7nv,iilii.  U 

p,,f,i  '1  )  entire.     Scape  spicate.  .        .  Oj/hiiji;t(jtsii»i.  13 

oreet.    [  Frond  solitary,  on  a  scape,  j  divided.     8eape  paniculate.       .  Bolrydiiitiii.  It 

Fern  climbing,  sleia  long- and  ilender Ly^odiu/u.  V2 

*  *  Froruis  soinetimes  contracted,  but  never  paiiiciddte  or  spicate. 

I  single,  large.        .  Aspidium.  2 

f  superficial,  I  double  (1  marginal).  Dicksonia.  S 

f  Sori  round     (  Indusium  (  beneath  the  sori,  fimbriate.       .  Woodsin.  4 

I  or  roundish.  (  Indusium  0 Fofypodiiim.  I 

^                         I  not  mar-    I  transverse,  on  the  veins.          .  AapUniiim.  ."> 

Frond  pin- I  Sori  linear     <  ginal,  ...  1  parallel  with  the  midrib.       .        .  Woodvmrdia.  o 

Bate    tVc.     [uroblong, ..( closely  marginal,  continuous.      .         .        .  Fieris.  ti 

Fioi'id  pcdatc,  iin  a  black,  polislied,  bifurcate  stipe Adiantn/u.  7 

TRir.E  1.     POLYPODIACE.E. 

Thec<r.  furnii'ied  with  a  vertical,  jointed,  elastic  and  usually  incomplete  ring._  and  burstini;  trans- 
versely and  irregularly. 

1 .    r  O  L  Y  P  O'  D  1  U  IM  . 
Sori  roLindish,  scattered  on  various  parts  of  the  under  sur- 
face of  the  frond;  indusium  none. 

1.  P.  vulga're.    L.     Common  Polijpod.  P.  Virgiiiianura.    IJ'i'ld. 

Frond  deeply  pinnatifid,  smooth  ;  s.''^?((cn<5- linear-oblong,  obtuse,  crcnulate, 
the  upper  onea  gradually  SHialler;  sori  large,  distinct.  Ratlier  common  on 
shady  rocks  and  in  woods,  Ibrming  tangled  patches  with  their  roots  wliicli  are 
dlutlicd  v/tth   racaibraiious  scales.     Frondd  nearly  a  feet  high,   divided  iiilo 


KiLiCES.  459  ASPiniu?/t. 

alternate  segments  nearly  to  the  midrib.  Stipe  naked  and  smooth.  Segments 
parallel,  a  little  curved,  about  i  inch  wide.  Fruit  in  large,  golden  dots  in  a 
tiouble  row,  at  length  brownish.     July. 

2.  P.  Phlego'pteris.    L.     Triangular  FoJyvod.  P-  conneclile.  Mx. 
fVo/^r/ bipinnatifid,  slightly  pubescent  and    ciliate,  of  a  triangular   outline, 

the  'Z  lovver  leaflets  or  pinnte  defle.xed  ;  subdivisions  lanceolate,  obtuse,  the 
upper  ones  entire,  lower  incisely  crenate,  lowest  adnate-decurrent ;  son 
minute,  distinct,  solitary.  A  fern  in  low  woodlands,  remarkable  for  the  broad 
triangular  outline  of  its  fronds.  These  are  about  a  foot  in  hight,  and  rendered 
a  liltfe  hastate  by  the  lower  leaflets  (which  are  broadest)  being  deflexed. 
Divisions  acuminate,  connected  at  base  by  the  lower  segments.  Stipes 
smooth.     Auo-. 

/3.  connecttle{P.  connectile.  Mx.)  ;  somewhat  rigid  ;  segments  of  the  lower 
divisions  all  subentire  ;  veins  nearly  simple. 

y.  hcxagonopterum  {P.  hexagonopterum.  Mx.) ;  texture  more  delicate; 
srgments  cf  the  loioer  divisions  pinnatifid ;  veins  much  forked. 

3.  P.  Drvo'pteris.     Ternatc  Pobjpod. 

Frond  ternate,  bipinnate  ;  hravhes  of  the  frond  spreading,  deflexed,  seg- 
ments obtuse,  s'ubcrenate ;  siiri  mirinnal ;  root  filiform,  creeping.  'J'his 
beautiful  fern  grows  in  shady  places  aiid  mountainous  woods.  Rare.  Root 
black  and  very  slender.  Stipe  "slender  and  delicate,  smooth,  nearly  a  foot  high, 
dividing  into  3  light  green,  diuoping,  compound  leaflets  of  very  delicate 
texture.     July. 

/3.  ca/cfcfref.'OT  (P.  calcareuia.  5'./'-);  branchts  (f  the  f rand  erzc'.  rather  rigid. 

2 .    A  S  P  1'  D  I  U  M . 

Sori  rotindi-sli,  or  elliptical,  scattered  ;  inciusium  orbicular 
and  umbilicate  (fastened  at  the  centre  and  o])eniii,<^  all 
around),  or  reniform,  fastened  on  one  side  and  opening  ■  (he 
other. 

*  Frond  pinnnto. 

1.  A.  achostichoi'des. 

Leiiflets  of  the- frond  distinct,  alternate,  subsessile,  falcate-lanceolate,  anricn- 
late  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  ciliate-serrulate,  only  the  upper  ones  fertile  ; 
sori  at  length  confluent;  s;/y;e  chaffy.  Common  in  rocky  shades.  Frond 
1.5 — 18  inches  high,  of  a  narrow-lanceolate  outline.  Stipe  with  looKe,  chaffy 
scales.  Leaflets  numerous,  slightly  curving  up'vards,  1 — 2  inches  in  length, 
the  terminal  ones  wliich  alone  are  fruitful,  are  contracted  in  size,  the  under 
side  becoming  overspread  with  the  sori.     June.     Aug. 

*  *  Frond  pinnate  wuh  pinnatifid  leaflets. 

2.  A.  Thely'ptera.     Willd.  A.  Noveboracenss.    Willd. 
Leaflets  of  the  frond  linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  distinct,  subsessile  ; 

seo-ments  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  subentire,  ciliate;  sori  marginal,  small,  at 
length  confluent ;  s</^;fi  smooth  and  naked.  Damp  woods.  Fronds  pale  green, 
tliin  and  delicate,  about  a  loot  long  and  las  wide,  acuminate  at  apex.  Leaf- 
lets acuminate,  becoming  entire  above,  sometimes  crossing  (decussating)  at 
base.  Rachis  pubescent.  Stipe  slender,  channeled  on  the  upper  side.  Sori 
in  2  marginal  rows  on  each  segment,  finally  nearly  covering  their  under 
surface.     July. 

yS.  Nocehoraeense.  (A.  Noveboracense.  Willd.)  ;  rather  paler  and  more  deli- 
cate in  texture ;  Icjleis  more  narrow  and  remote. 


FILICES.  460  ASPIDIUM. 

3.  A.  crista'tum.   Willd.     Crested  Shield  Fern.  Nephrodium.  Mx. 
Frond    nearly    bipinnate,   lanceolate-ovate ;    leaflets  subcordate,    oblong- 

pinnatifid,  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate-serrate  ;  stipe  scaly.  Moist  woods 
and  meadows.  Frond  12 — 18  inches  high,  pale  green,  remarkable  for  its 
ovate-lanceolate  outline.  Segments  of  tlie  leaflets  sometimes  almost  distinct, 
broad  and  obtuse,  with  sharp  teeth.  Sori  large,  in  double  rows,  tawny  when 
mature,  chiefly  on  the  upper  half  of  the  frond.     July. 

/3.   Lancaslriense   {Torr.  A.  Lancastriense.  Muli.) ;   /ronri  rather  narrowly 
lanceolate  ;  Icufets  nearly  opposite  ;  stipe  nearly  naked ;  sori  dark  brown. 

4.  A.  Goldia'num.  Hook.     Goldie's  Fern.  A.  Filix  mas.  P. 
Leaflets  of  the  frond  lanceolate,  acuminate,   deeply  pinnatifid  ;    segments 

oblong,  subacute,  subfalcate,  mucronate-serrate  ;  sori  in  2  rows,  each  side  of 
the  nerve  of  each  segment.  A  tall  species  2 — 3  feet  high,  in  rocky  woods. 
Fronds  numerous,  bright  green,  scaly  upon  the  stipe  and  rachis,5 — 10  inches 
wide.  Leaflets  3 — 6  inches  long,  not  widening  at  base,  with  elongated,  nar- 
row segments.     July.  ' 

*  *  *  Frond  bipinnate. 

5.  A.  margina'le.  Sw.     Marginal  Shield-Fern.  Nephrodium.  Mt. 
Setrments  of  the  leaflets  oblong,  obtuse,  decurrent,  crenate-sinuate,  repand  at 

baseflower  ones  almost  pinnatitid  ;  sori  marginal;  stipe  chaffy.  A  large, 
handsome  fern  in  rocky  woods.  Frond  12—18  inches  high,  very  smooth 
irachis  a  little  chaffy),  its  divisions  nearly  opposite.  Segments  of  the  leaflets 
distinct  near  an  inch  long,  ^  as  wiile,  contracted  at  base,  then  decurrent, 
formint^  a  narrow  margin  along  the  rachis.  Fruit  in  round  dots,  in  regular 
rows  afong  the  margins  of  the  segments.  Indusium  large,  orbicular,  with  a 
lateral  sinus.     July. 

6.  A.  te'nuk.  Sw.    Brittle  Shield-Fern.    A.  fragilis.  TFiZM,    Cistopteris.  J^crnA. 
Sc.o-ments  of  the  leaflets  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  incisely  serrate,  approaching^ 

to  plnnatifid,'its  serratures  subentire  ;  rachis  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaflets  ; 
s^jwc  chaffy  at  base.  A  delicate  fern,  on  moist  rocks.  Fronds  fi  — 12  inches 
hio-h  dark  oreen,  its  divisions  rather  remote,  and  with  the  subdivisions,  con- 
siderably variable  in  form.  Sori  large  and  numerous,  near  the  margins  of  the 
segments.     June.     July. 

7.  A.  aculea'tum.    Sio.     Prickly  Shield-Fern. 

Seo-ments  of  the  leaflets  ovale,  subfalcate,  acute,  aculeate-serrate,  upper  ones 
truncate  at  base,  lower  cuneate  at  base  ;  only  the  upper  leaflets  fertile  ;  stipe 
and  rachis  chaffy.  Mansfield  Mt.,  Vt.,  andMts.  in  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.  Macrae. 
Fronds  dark  green,  in  tufts  1—2  feet  high.  Segments  of  the  leaflets  on  very 
short  petioles,  somewhat  dilated  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  deeply  serrate,  each 
serralure  tipped  with  a  short  spinose  bristle.  Sori  brown,  in  single  rows, 
distinct.     Indusium  reniform.     Aug. 

8.  A.  dilata'tum.  Sw.     Broad  Shield- Fern.  A.  spinulosum.   Willd.  7 
Leaflets   oblong-lanceolate,   distinct;     segments  distinct,    oblong,  obtuse, 

inciselv  pinnatifid;  ultimate  segmoits  mucronate-seriate  ;  stipe  chaffy  ;  indu- 
sium umhWlcate.  Woods  and  shady  pastures.  Fronds  1—2  feet  high,  nearly 
tripinnale,  the  foliajo  about  twice  as  long  as  wide,  acuminate  at  apex,  abrupt 
at  base.  Leaflets  also  acuminate,  but  the  segments  ratlier  obtuse,  all  distinct 
at  base,  except  those  near  the  summit,  serratures  with  short,  soft  bristles. 
Stipe  with  large,  tawny  scales.     Sori  rather  large,  somewhat  in  2  rows.    Jl. 

9.  A.  bulbi'ferum.    Sic.     Bulhiferous  Shield- Fern.  Cistopteris.   SernA. 
Frond  bipinnate,  oblong-lanceolate,  segments  opposite,  oblong,  serrate,  the 

lower  one  pinnatifid  ;  rachis  bulbiferous;  sori  roundish,  the  indusium  attached 


FILICES. 


461  ASFLENIUM. 


to  o:ie  ?"'\  In  damp  woods.  Frond  12--18  inches  high,  remarkable  for  the' 
lit'.ic  bulbs  produced  in  the  axils  of  the  rachis,  which,  falling-  to  the  ground, 
take  root.  Foliaoe  narrow,  tapering  to  an  acuminate  sunanit.  Stipe  smooth. 
July. 

3.    ASPLE'NIUM. 
Sori   linear,    oblique,    or    somewhat  transverse,  scattered  ; 
iiidusium  arising   (roin   the  lateral  veins  and  opening  longilu- 
dinalij,  usuallj  towards  the  midrib. 

J.  A.  rhizophv'lluji.     Walking  Fern. 

Frond  mostly  undivided,  lanceolate,  stipitate,  subcrenate,  cordatc-auriculate 
at  base,  the  apex  attenuated  into  a  hjug, 'slender  acumination.  rooting  at  the 
point.  This  singular  tt^rn  grows  in  rocky  woods,  not  very  common.  The 
frond  is  -l — 8  inches  long;  the  long,  slender,  linear  point  bending  over  back- 
wards, reaches  the  earth  and  there  strikes  root,  giving  rise  to  a  new  plant. 
Though  usually  vi'ilh  slightly  crenate  margins,  the  jdant  varies  by  inij^ercepl- 
ible  degrees,  becoming  sometimes  so  deeply  crenate  as  to  torm  a  variety  Willi 
pinnititid  fronds.     July. 

"i.   \.  i:be'n"eum.     Ehunij  S[nccnicoTt. 

Frond  pinnate  ;  leajJcls  lanceolate,  subfalcalc,  serrate,  auriculate  at  base,  on 
tiie  upper  side:  stijic  smooth  and  polished.  A  beautiful  fern,  in  dry  woods, 
hills,  &c.  Fronds  8—14  inches  high,  on  a  slender  stipe  of  a  shining  brov.'n  or 
blcick  color.  Foliage  5- -9  inches  long,  1—U  inch  wide,  linear-lanceolate  in 
outline.  Leaflets  near  an  inch  in  length,  father  acuminate  and  curved  at 
;>.;i-x,  dilated  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  and  sometimes  on  the  lower.  Fruit 
i;i ranged  in  short  lines  on  each  side  the  midrib.     July. 

:'.  A.  angustifo'litm.  Mx.     Swamp  Sphcnicort. 

Frond  pinnate  ;  IcafMs  alternate,  upper  ones  subopposite,  linear-lanceolate, 
f-erratc  towards  the  apex,  somewhat  lepand,  the  base  truiicaie  on  the  upper 
f.ide  and  rounded  on  the  lov.-er.  In  low  woods.  Fronds  ]— 2  feet  high,  in 
tufts,  the  outer  ones  barren,  inner  fertile.  Sori  large,  diverging  from  the 
midrib,  parallel  with  the  veins,  at  length  confluent.     July. 

4.  A.  Tricho'.manes.  L.     Dzcarf  Splccnwort.  A.  mclanocaulon.  Muh. 
Frond   pinnate ;    leaflets    roundish,   subscssile,    small,   roundisli-obovate, 

ebtusely  cuneate  and  entire  at  base,  crenate  above  ;  st'rpa  black  and  polished. 
A  small  and  delicate  fern,  forming  tufts  on  shady  rocks.  Frond  3— ti  inches 
high,  lance-linear  in  outline,  v.'ith  8—12  pairs  of  roundish,  sessile  leaflets 
::— 4  lines  long.  Fruit  in  several  linear-obiong,  finally  roundish  son  on  each 
leaflet,  placed  oblique  to  the  midrib.     July. 

5.  A.  theliptekoi'des.  Mx.     Silvery  Splcemr.ort. 

Frcnd  bipinnatifid  ;  Jenfiets  pinnatifid,  oblong- lanceolcle,  acuminate  ;  srg- 
■r:(-\t!i  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate- crenate  ;  sori  in  parallel,  oblique  lines.  A  hue, 
1  xr  i-e  fern,  on  shady  lianks  of  streams.  Fronds  H— o  ieet  Jiigh,  of  an  ovale- 
;c-dmi:iate' outline,  cu  a  slightly  chaffy,  pale  stipe.  Leaflets  distinct  and 
i-aliicr  remote,  narrow.  4— G  inches  long.  Segments  rounded  at  the  end,  near 
-:  rui  inch  long.  Sori  arranged  iu  2  rows  on  each  segment,  one  on  each  side 
t.'ie  midrib,  convergent  below,  with  shining,  silvery  indusiu  v/hen  young.     Jl. 

i;    A.  FiLis-F(E5ii.N-A.    Bcrnh.      Aspldium  Filixfemlna  &  asplenoides.  S(r.  > 

A.  angubtuin.    W.  5 
Frnid  bipinnate  :  Icujlcts  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  scgmrnis  oblong-lanceolate, 
deeply  cut-i)innatifid  ;  iiltnualcse.sments2—S  toothed ;  sori  ro'iiform  or  lunate, 
air;;nged  near  the  nerves;    stipe  saMvih.     A  delicate,  finely-divided  fewi  in 
00* 


FILICES. 


462  WOODWARDIA. 


moist  woods.  Fronds  1—2  feet  high,  with  subopposite  divisions.  These  are 
subdivided  into  distinct,  obtuse  segments  which  are  themselves  cut  into  oblong 
deep  serratures,  and  lastly,  the  serratures  are  mostly  with  2—3  teeth  at  the 
summit.  Soii  large,  at  first  in  linear  curves,  finally  confluent,  giving  the 
whole  frond  a  dark  brown  hue.  July. 
7.  A.  Ruta-mura'ria.      Wall-rue  Spleenwort. 

Frond  bipinnate  at  base,  simply  pinnate  above ;  leaflets  small,  petiolate, 
cuneate,  obtusely  dentate  above.  An  extremely  small  and  delicate  fern,  in 
dry,  rocky  places.  Frond  2-3  inches  high,  ^  as  wide,  smooth,  growing  in 
tutls,  somewhat  coriaceous.  Segments  usually  3  on  each  leaflet,  less  than  i 
iiicli  long.  Stipe  flat  and^smooth.  Sori  linear-oblong,  slightly  oblique,  of 
a  rusty  brown  color,  finally  confluent.     July, 

4  .     W  O  O  D'  S  I  A  . 
Sori  ronndisb,  scattc-red  ;  indusium  beneath  the  sorus,  open, 
with  a  miiltilUl  or  frhiged  margin,   including  the  pedicellate 
(hecaB  like  a  calyx. 

1.  W.  ilve'nsis.  Br.  Polypodium.   mild. 
Frond   pinnate,   leaflets   pinnatifid,    lanceolate  ;     segmeJits    ovate-oblong, 

obtuse;  5»ri  near  the  margin,  at  length  confluent ;  rachis  and  st'jje  chafi'y. 
GrowintT  in  tufts  on  rocks  and  in  dry  woods.  Fronds  5  or  6  inches  high,  on 
chaftV  and  woolly  stipes,  most  chafiy  at  base.  Fohage  3  or  4  inches  long,  ^ 
as  wide  oblontr-lanceolate  in  outline,  woolly  or  chaffy  beneath,  with  opposite 
and  alternate  leaflets  about  an  inch  in  length.  The  lower  leaflets  are  pinnati- 
fid, upper  ones  wavy  on  the  margin  or  entire.     June. 

2.  W.  Perria'na.     Hook.  S^  Grev.  Hypopeltis  obtusa.   Torr. 
Frond  subbipinnate,  minutely  glandular-pilose;    segments  of  the  leaflets 

pinnatifid,  ultimate  sesmmts  roundish-oblon^,  obtuse,  bidentate  ;  sori  sub- 
inaro-inal ;  stipe  somewhat  chafty.  About  a  toot  high,  among  and  on  rocks. 
Fronds  lance-oblong  in  outline,  3  times  as  long  as  wide.  Segments  of  the 
leaflets  crenate-serrale,  the  lower  ones  distinct,  upper  confluent.  Son  orbic- 
ular, becoming  nearly  confluent,  each  subtended  by  a  half-round  indueium 
notched  into  Ultle  teeth  on  the  margin.     July. 

3.  W.  iiYPERBo'KEA.    Br.      Floicer-cup  Fern.  Polypodium.   Willd. 
Frond   pinnate;    leaflets    suborbicular,    subcordate,    3-parted    or   incisely 

pinnatifid,  cuneale  at  base,  rough-pilose  beneath.  A  very  small  species  much 
re'-emblino-  the  last,  forming  tuils  on  rocks.  Plant  2—4  inches  high.  I  ronda 
lance-linear  in  outline,  on  very  scaly  stipes.  Leaflets  d  or  10  pairs,  suboppo- 
site, nearly  round,  2  or  3  lines  in  diameter,  the  margins  only  crenate  above, 
deeply  pinnatifid  in  the  lowest  pairs.    July. 

4.  W.  RUFi'uuLA.    Beck.  W.  ilvensis  and  Aspidium  rufidulum.  P. 
Frond  bipinnate  ;    segments  of  the  leaflets  hairy,  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid, 

with  obtuse  ultimate  segments  ;  sori  at  length  confluent ;  stipe  and  rac.his 
hairy  Grows  on  rocks.  Fern  G— 8  inches  high.  Stipe  dark  brown, densely 
clothed  with  woolly  hairs.  Frond  hairy  both  sides,  its  leaflets  4—8  lines  long, 
lower  ones  distinctly  pinnate,  upper  pinnatifid.     July. 

5 .    W  O  0  D  W  A'  R  D  1  A  . 
Sori  oblong,  straight,  parallel  with  the  ribs  on  either  side 
of  them;    indusium   suiierficial,   arched  or  vaulted,  opening 
inwardly. 


463  ADIANTUM. 


1.  W.  onocleoi'des.     Willd.  W.  angustifolia.  Umil/t. 
Sterile  fronds  pinnatiM;    leaflets  lanceolate,  repand,   slightly    serrulate; 

fertile  fronds  pinnate,  the  leaflets  entire,  linear,  acute.  In  swamps;  not 
common.  Fern  about  a  foot  high,  growing  in  tut\s.  Barren  fronds  numerous, 
of  a  narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate  outline.  Leaflets  with  decurrent  or  conflu- 
ent bases.  Fertile  fronds  fewer,  with  linear  segments  nearly  covered  on  the 
back  with  the  fruit  in  oblong,  longitudinal  sori  \  inch  in  length.     Aug. 

2.  W.  Virgi'nica. 

Frond  pinnate,  very  smooth,  the  leaflets  pinnatifid,  lanceolate,  sessile;  sori 
in  interrupted  lines  near  the  midrib  of  the  leaflets  and  segments.  In  low 
woods  and  swamps.  Frond  about  2  feet  high,  on  a  smooth  stipe,  lanceolate 
in  outline,  and  pale  green.  Leaflets  alternate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with 
numerous,  spreading,  obtuse  and  slightly  crenate  lobes.  Fruit  arranged  in 
lines  along  each  side  of  the  midribs  both  of  the  segments  and  leaflets.   Jl.  Aug. 

6.    PTERIS. 
Sori  in  a  conlinuous,  marginal  line;    involucre    formed  of 
the  inflected  margin  of  the  frond,  opening  inwardly. 

1.  P.  aq,uili'na.     Common  Brake. 

Frond  3-parted  ;  branches  bipinnate  ;  leaflets  linear-lanceolate,  lower  ones 
pinnatifid,  upper  ones  entire  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse.  Common  in  woods, 
pastures  and  waste  grounds.  Fern  2 — 5  feet  in  hight,  upon  a  smooth,  dark 
purple,  erect  stipe.  Frond  broad-triangular  in  outline,  consisting  of  3  primary 
divisions,  which  are  again  subdivided  into  obtusely  pointed,  sessile  leaflets. 
These  are  entire  above,  becoming  gradually  indented  towards  tlie  base  of  each 
subdivision.  Sori  covered  by  the  "folding  back  of  the  margins  of  the  seg- 
ments.    July.     Aug. 

2.  P.  ATRopuRPo'REA.     Roclc  Brolie. 

Frond  pinnate  ;  lower  haflets  ternate  or  pinnate,  segments  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
obliquely  truncate,  or  subcordate  at  base.  Fern  6 — 10  inches  higli,  growing 
on  rocks.  Frond  twice  as  long  as  wide,  of  a  grayish  hue,  the  two  lower  divis- 
ions consisting  of  1 — 3  pairs  of  leaflets  with  a  large  terminal  segment.  All 
the  segments  lance-linear,  distinct,  with  margins  conspicuously  revolute. 
Slipe  and  rachis  dark  purple,  with  dense,  paleaceous  hairs  at  base.     Jn. — Aug. 

3.  P.  gba'cilis.    ^fz.  Cheilanthes.  Sjpreng. 
Frond  slender,  lanceolate,  sterile  ones  pinnate,  leaflets  pinnatifid,  segments 

broad-ovate,  obtuse;  /firti/c  bipinnate,  leaflets  linear-oblong,  crenate  ;  stipe 
dark-brown.  A  delicate  species,  growing  on  rocks.  Fern  4 — G  inches  high, 
smooth  and  shining  in  all  its  parts,     Aug. 

7.    ADIA'NTUM. 
Sori   oblong  or  roundish,  marginal  ;    indusia  membranace- 
ous, arising  from  the  reflexed  margin  of  distinct  portions  of 
the  frond  and  opening  inwardly. 

A.  peda'tusi.     Maidenhair. 

F/o?»Z  pedate  ;  divisions  pinnate;  segments  oblong-rhomboid, incisely  lobed 
on  the  upper  side,  obtuse  at  apex;  sor^  oblong,  sublunate.  This  is,  doubtless, 
the  most  beautiful  of  all  our  ferns,  abounding  in  damp,  rocky  woods.  Stipe 
8—14  inches  high,  slender,  of  a  deep,  glossy  purple  approaching  to  a  jet  black. 


464  STRUTHIOPTERIS. 


At  top  it  divides  equally  into  2  compound  branches,  each  of  which  gives  off. 
at  reo'ular  intervals,  G— 8  simply  pinnate  leaflets  i'roni  the  outer  side,  giving 
the  whole  irond  the  form  of  the  crescent.  Ultimate  sejrnicnts  dimidiate,  the 
lower  margin  being-  bounded  by  the  midrib  and  the  veinlets  all  unilateral.    Jl. 

8.     D  1  C  K  S  O'  N  I  A . 
Sori    mirf;;inal,    roundish,   distinct;    indusium  double,  one 
superficial,  opening  outwards,  the  other  marginal  and  opening 
inwards. 

D.  piLosiu'scuLA.     Fine-haired  Mountain  Fern. 

Frond  bipinnate;  ?eff/Zft/5  lanceolate,  sessile  ;  segments  pinnatifid,  dccirrcnt, 
oblong-ovate,  ultimate  segments  toothed  ;  siZ/^e  a  little  hairy.  A  large  and 
delicate  fern,  in  pastures,  roadsides,  among  rocks  and  stones.  Fronds  2 — 3 
feet  hiiih,  in  tufts,  and  remarkable  for  their  numerous  divisions  and  subdivis- 
ions. Stipe  and  rachis  smooth,  with  tlie  exception  of  a  few  soft,  scattered 
h-iirs.  Leaflets  alternate,  approximate  ;  segments  deeply  divided  into  4-tooliicd 
ultimate  segments.  Sori  minute,  solitary,  on  the  uj)pcr  margin  of  the  seg 
ments.    July. 

9 .    O  N  O  C  L  E'  A  . 

Thecaa  coveriFig  (he  whole  lower  surface  of  the  frond  ; 
indusia  formed  of  the  segments  of  the  frond,  whose  margins 
are  revohite  and  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  bcrrj,  opening, 
but  not  expanding. 

O.  sensi'bilis.     Sensitive  Firn. 

Sterile  fronds  pinnate;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  laciniate,  the  upper  ones 
vmited  ;  fertile  fronds  bipinnate,  with  recurved  and  globular,  contracted 
seo'mcnts.  Common  in  low  grounds.  Fronds  about  a  foot  high,  the  barren 
ones  broad  and  somewhat  triangular  in  outline,  composed  of  broad,  oblong, 
sinuate  divisions  the  upper  ones  smaller,  nearly  entire,  becoming  united  at 
base.  The  fertile  frond  is  very  dissimilar  in  its  form  to  the  others,  resembling 
a  compound  spike,  enclosing  tiie  fruit  in  the  globukr  segments  of  its  shorS 
divisions.     Color  dark  brown.     July. 

10.     STRUTIIIO'PTERIS. 

Thecm  dcnsel}' covering  the  bock  of  the  frpnd;  indusia 
seal}',  marginal,  o])ening  internally. 

S.  Germa'nic.v.   IVilld.     Ostrich  Fern.  S.  Pennsylvanica.   JViUd. 

S.'eri'e  fronds  pinnate  ;  leaflets  pinnatifid,  sessile  ;  segments  entire,  rather 
acute,  tlie  lower  ones  somewhat  elongated.  A  fern  of  noble  size  and  appear- 
ance, growing  in  low  woods  and  swan)ps.  The  steriloAfronds  are  often  5  orG 
feet  high,  commonly  about  ri,  numerous,  in  circular  clumps.  Stipes  smooth, 
cliannekd  ;  leaflets  ])innatifid,  with  numerous  segments,  the  lower  of  which 
tire  the  more  narrow  and  acute,  all  more  or  less  connected  at  base.  Fertile 
fronds  few,  in  the  midst  of  the  sterile,  much  smaller,  the  leaflets  with  numer- 
ous!, brownish, contracted  segments,  densely  covered  by  the  fruit  beneath.  Aug. 


465  LYGODIUM. 


Tribe  2.     OSMUNDIACE^. 

Tiieca:  destitute  of  a  ring,  reticulated,  striated  ivith  rays  at  the  apex,  opening  lengthwise  and 
usually  externally. 

11.  OSMU'NDA. 

Thecae  subglobosc,  pedicellate,  radiate-striate,  half-2-valv- 
ed,  collected  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond  or  a  portion  of 
it,  which  is  more  or  less  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  panicle. 

*  Fertile  fronds  distinct  from  the  sterile. 

1.  O.  Cinnamo'mea.     Cinnamon-colored  Fern. 

Sterile  frond  pinnate,  leaflets  elongated,  pinnatifid,  segments  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  very  entire  ;  fertile  frond  bipinnate,  leaflets  contracted,  paniculate, 
subopposite,  lanuginous  ;  stipe  lanuginous.  Tiiis  is  among  the  largest  of  our 
ferns,  growing  in  swamps  and  low  grounds.  Fronds  numerous,  growing  in 
clumps,  3 — 5  leet  high,  most  of  them  barren,  the  stipe  and  raciiis  invested 
with  a  loose,  cinnamon-colored  wool.  The  fertile  fronds  resemble  spikes, 
1 — 2  feet  long,  an  inch  wide.  Leaflets  all  fertile,  erect,  with  the  segments 
covered  with  fruit  in  the  form  of  small,  roundish  capsules,  appearing,  under  a 
microscope,  half-2-cleft.     June. 

*  *  Portions  of  each  frond  fertile. 

2.  O.  rega'lis.  Royal  Flowering-Fern.  O.  spectabilis.  Willd. 
Fronds  bipinnate,  fructiierous  at  the  summit;  segments  of  the  leaflets  lance- 
oblong,  distinct,  serrulate,  subsessile;  raceme  large,  terminal,  decompound. 
A  large  and  beautiful  fern,  in  swamps  and  meadows.  The  fronds  are  3 — 4 
feet  high,  smooth  in  all  their  parts.  Leaflets  or  pinnce  opposite,  remote,  each 
with  6 — U  pairs  of  leaves  with  an  odd  one.  These  are  an  inch  or  more  long, 
i  as  wide,  obtuse,  the  petioles  0 — j  line  long.  Above,  the  frond  is  crowned 
with  an  ample  bipinnate  raceme  of  a  deep  fulvous  hue,  with  innumerable, 
small,  globular,  2-valved  thecse  entirely  covering  the  segments.     June. 

3.  O.  Claytonia'na.    L. 

Frond  pinnate  ;  leaflets  or  yinnm  pinnatifid,  the  upper  ones  contracted  and 
fertile.  Smaller  than  either  of  the  foregoing,  found  in  swamps,  Cambridge, 
N.  Y.  Dr.  Beck.  Fronds  12 — 18  inches  high.  Pinnae  oblong,  obtuse,  2 — 4 
inches  long,  tomenlose  in  the  axils.  Segments  entire.  Each  frond  bears  a 
terminal,  bipinnate,  lust-coIored,  erect  panicle,  covered  with  fruit.     May. 

4.  O.    INTERRU'PTA. 

Frond  pinnate,  smooth  ;  leaflets  nearly  opposite,  pinnatifid  ;  segments  oblong, 
rather  acute,  entire  ;  some  of  the  intermediate  leaflets  fertile.  A  large  fern 
in  low  grounds.  Fronds  2 — 3  feet  high,  light  green,  interrupted  near  the 
middle  by  2 — 4  pairs  of  fertile  leaflets,  which  are  so  much  contracted  in  size, 
as  to  resemble  dense,  compound  racemes,  and  densely  covered  with  small 
reddish  brown  thecse.     Stipe  channeled,  smooth  above,  chafty  at  base.     June. 

12.  LYGO'DIUM. 

Theca^.  sessile,  arranged  in  2-ranked  spikelets  issuing  from 
the  margin  of  the  frond,  opening  on  the  inner  side  from  the 
base  to  the  summit;  indusium  a  scale-like  veil  covering  each 
theca. 

L.  palma'tum.    Sw.     Climhing  Fern. 

Stem  flexuous,  climbing  ;  fronds  conjugate,  palmate,  5-lobed,  lobes  entire, 
obtuse;  sjjikelets  oblong-linear,  from  the  upper  fronds  which  are  divided  and 


466  BOTKYCHIIOI. 


contracted  into  a  compound  spike.  This  is  one  of  the  few  ferns  witii  climbing 
stems,  and  the  only  one  found  in  the  U.  S.  Plant  of  a  slender  and  delicate 
structure,  smooth.  Stem  3—4  feet  long.  Stipes  alternate  on  tlie  stem,  fork- 
ed, supporting  a  pair  of  fronds  which  are  palmately  divided  into  5 — 'J  segments. 
Fertile  fronda  terminal,  numerously  subdivided  into  linear-oblong  segments 
or  spikelets,  with  the  fruit  in  2  rows  on  the  back.     Mass.     Rare.     July. 


Tribe  3.    OP?IIOGLOSSE^. 

Tltecft  \-celkd    aJnate  at  base,  subglobose,  coriaceous,  opaque,  hcdf-i-valveil,  7Wt  cellular,  and 
'  dtslitute  of  a  ring. 

13.     OFHIOGLO'SSU  M. 
ThecEe  roundish,  opening  transvcrsel}',  connate,  arranged 
in  a  2-rani<ed,  articulated  spike. 

0.  vuLGA'TCJi.     Jiddcr'' s-tonguc. 

Frond  simple,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  closely  reticulated  ;  spike  cauline.  A 
curious  little  plant  in  low  grounds.  Frond  solitary,  2—3  inches  long,  §  a: 
wide,  ainplexicaul,  entire,  smooth,  without  a  midrib,  situated  upon  the  stem 
or  stipe  a  little  below  the  middle.  Stipe  G — 10  inches  high,  terminating  m  a 
lance-linear,  compressed  spike,  1—2  inches  long,  with  the  thecsB  arranged  in 
2.  close  marginal  ranks.  Theca?  opening  outwards  and  horizontally,  b'  co.n- 
i'licr  lunate,  distinct,  straw-colored.     Vernation  straight,  not  circinate.     June. 

14.    B  O  T  R  Y'  C  li  1  U  M  . 
Therae  subglobose,  1-celled,  2-valvcd,  distinct,  coriaceous, 
smooth,  adnate  to  the  compound  rachis  of  a  racemose  panicle ; 
valves  opening  transversely. 

1.  B.  SIMPLEX.     HitchcocJ:. 

Sdoc  bearing  the  frond  above  ;  frond  ternate,  pinnatifid  ;  segments  cuneate- 
obovate,  incisell,  unequal ;  *;>(7>:csubcompound,  unilateral,  interrupted.  Grows 
in  drv,  hilly  pastures,  Ms.  Frond  sheathed  at  base,  with  a  lacerate  membrane, 
nearly'  simple,  divided  into  3  or  more  segments  which  are  1 — 2  inches  long, 
often  much  dissected.     Stipe  or  scape  3— U  inches  high.     Thecos  sessile.    Jn. 

2.  B.  Virci'kicum.     Rattlesnake  Fcrii.  B.  gracile.  P 
Stipe  witha  sinale  frond  in  the  nfiddle;  frond  twice  and  thrice  pinnate,  the 

lowest  pair  of  pinnte  springing  from  the  base  ;  ultimate  segincnts  obtuse,  some- 
what 3-toothed  ;  spikes  decompound  ;  /dant  subpilose.  A  beautiful  fern,  the 
larcrest  of  its  genus,  in  low  woods.  Stipe  or  scape  ]— 2  feet  high,  bearing  the 
frond  about  half-way  up.  This  is  apparently  ternate,  the  lower  pair  ot  divis- 
ions arising  from  the  base.  It  is  almost  tripinnate,  the  ultimate  segments 
beino-  decurrent  and  more  or  less  confluent  at  base,  with  3—5  cut  serratures. 
Panicle  terminal,  3—6  inches  long,  reddish  tawny.     June.    July. 

3.  B.  ruMARioi'DEs.     IVilld.  B.  obliquum.  .1.^.'. 
6'capcbcarino-  the  frond   near  the  base ;   fnmd'in^  bipinnatifid  divisions  , 

^eo-meids  obliquely  lanceolate,  crenulate  ;  spikes  bipinnale.  JNative  ot  shad;; 
woods  and  pastures.  Frond  of  a  triangular  outline,  3—^)  inches  long  ana 
wide,  of  a  stouter  texture  than  the  last,  distinctly  petiolate.  Scape  b— I'i 
inches  high,  bearing  a  tawny,  compound  panicle  2—4  inches  in  length,  com- 
posed of  numerous  little  2-ranked  spikes.     Aug. 

/3.  dissectum  (Oakcs.  B.  dissectum.  WiUd.) ;  frond  near  the  base  of  the  scape, 
in'ue  numerously  dissected,  almost  tripiniialitid. 


•    CHARACE.B. 


467 


ORDER  CLXVI.    CHARACE^E.  The  Chara  Tribe. 

Organs  nf  reproduction  consislinjr  of  round,  sncci\\eM  globules,  coutaiuing  filaments  and  a 
fluid  ;  and  axillary  iiuculns  formed  of  a  few  short  tubes  twisted  spirally  around  a  centre, 
endowed  with  the  power  of  gcrminalion. 

Plant  aquatic,  submersed  ;  axis  consisting  of  parallel,  tubular  cells,  either  transpareiit  or 
encrusted  with  carbonate  of  lime,  furnished  with  leaves  or  branches  consisting  ot  venicil- 
late  tubes. 

These  are  remarkable  for  the  distinct  current,  readily  observable  with  a  microscope,  iii 
the  fluid  of  each  lube  of  which  the  plant  is  composed.  The  currents  instantly  cease  when 
the  plant  is  injured. 

CHARA. 
Globules  minute,  round,  reddish,  dehiscent,  tilled  with  a  mass 
of  elastic  (ilaments ;    nucules  (thecse  ?)    sessile,  oval,  solitary, 
membranaceous,  spirally  striated,  the  summit  indistinctly  clelt 
into  5  valves,  the  interior  tilled  with  minute  spores. 

1.  C.  vulga'uis.      Featlier-heds. 

Stciiig  and  branches  naked  at  base  ;  branches  terete,  leafy  at  the  joints  ;  leaves 
(or  branchlets  7)  oblong-subulate  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  fruit.  A  slender 
flexile  plant  of  a  dull  green  color,  found  in  ponds  and  ditches  generally  stag- 
nant. It  appears  in  dense  tufts,  like  a  soft  bed,  undulating  witJi  the  motion 
of  the  water.  When  taken  out,  it  has  an  offensive  odor.  Steins  slender,  a 
foot  or  more  long,  with  a  verticil  of  about  8  tiliform  branchlets  at  each  joint.    Jn. 

2.  C.    FI.F.'XILIS. 

Slcm  translucent,  naked  ;  branches  ^omUf^as,  leafless,  compressed  ;  nvcules 
lateral,  naked.  Found  in  ponds.  Stockbridge,  Ms.,  in  company  with  Najas. 
llesembles  the  last,  but  the  stems  are  shorter  and  more  erect,  nearly  destitute 
of  the  verticils  of  branchlets.  It  is  annual,  as  are  also  all  the  other  species. 
Aug. 


In  Natural  Order  Composit-E,  Tribe  5,  Cyiiarea,  page  210,  insert 
CA'RTHAMUS. 
Heads  discoid  ;  involucre  imbricated,  outer  bracts  foliace- 
ous;  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect;  tilaments  smooth  ;  pappus 
0;  receptacle  with  setaceous  paleae;  achenia  4-angled. 

Arabic,  qorthom,  to  paint ;  from  its  coloring  property.     Oriental  herbs, 

C.  TINCTO'RIUS. — S/e77i smooth;  /carfs ovate-lanceolate, sessile, spinose- 
denticulate.  Native  of  Egypt,  but  long  cultivated  in  other  lands  on  account 
of  i<ji  orange-colored  flowers.  Stem  branching,  striate,  1—2  feet  high.  Leaves 
subamplexicaul,  smooth  and  shining.  Heads  large,  terminal,  with  numerous 
long  and  slender  flowerL:.  The  latter  are  useful  in  coloring,  and  as  a  nursery 
medicine.     July.     Ana.  Common  S;iff ran. 


CORRECTIONS,  &c. 


The  difficulty  of  communication  between  the  author  and  printer,  wliile  the  work  was 
going  through  the  press,  is  our  apology  for  tlie  following  maccuracies.  Those  which 
immediately  follow  might  mislead  the  student  if  not  corrected. 

Page. 

118,  1.  27,  for 

167,1.  34,  for 


Page. 
4    line   24,  erase   "  stem  square,  twisted, 
'branching,"  and  for  "  Centaurella'''  read 
Gentianace.b. 
22, 1.  24,  for  "corolla"  read  petals. 
24, 1.  25,  for  "  bear"  read   boar.— 1.  34,  for 

"  white"  read  with. 
27,  1.  9,  for  "  7"  read  8. 
29, 1.31,  for  "  It  is"  read  They  are. 
35  1.  35,  for  "  CORYALIS"  read   CORY- 

DALIS. 
49, 1.  33,  for  "  petioloid"  read  petaloid. 
52,  1.  7.  for  •'  root-stalk"  read  rootstock, 
CO,  1.  32,  for  "  inverted"  read  inserted  (omit- 
ting the  comma). 
93, 1.  15.  for  "  Achenia"  read  Achenm,  and 

erase  the  period  after  it. 
117,  1.  26,  for  "  They  are"  read  It  i 

Besides  the  above,  the  following  are  obviously  misprinted  (by  a  single  letter)  in  the 
places  referred  to  ;  q.  v. 


Hair"  read  Hare. 
tree"  read  true. 
186, 1.  10,  should  be  read.  Heads  an  inch  in 

diameter,  purple,  numerous,  &c. 
251,  1.  30,  for  "  Balterwort'''  read  Butterwort. 
28.3,  1.  12,  for  "  verticel"  read  vertical. 
295, 1.  25,  for  "  purpurea"  read  purpukeus. 
299,  1.  29,  for  "  high"  read  long. 
331, 1.  26,  for  "  Hippophaj"  read  Hippophae. 
343,  1.  48,  for  S.  read  !•'. 
375,  1.  29,  for  "tubes"  read  tubers. 
390,  1.  18,  for  "  bi/lora"  read  biflonim;  1. 20,  for 

'^  canalicvlata"  read  canalimtatxim. 
399,  last  line,  for  "segment"  read  segments. 
4c!3,  1.  :i5,  for  "  Dorp'''  read  Drop. 
443, 1.  30,  for  "  Brown'  read  Brome. 


Page. 

7,  CARYOPHTLLACE^. 

11,  last  line,  vesicles. 
19j  a.vffA,oi. 

24,  1.  12,  ovaries. 

25,  1.  34,  35,  dehiscent. 
27,  1.  6,  Cocculus. 

29,  1.  1,  Ca7(lophylIum. 

30, 1.  48,  sfpaled. 

31,  1.  S5,  ung-uiculate  (also 
p.  48,1.24);  1.27,  placen- 
ta;; 1. 30,  persistent ;  1.40, 
Tournetort. 

36,  1.  48.  putrefaction. 

40,  I.  3,   LACINIATA. 

42,  I.  36,  eUiptical ;  1.  37, 
equahng. 

42,  FENESTRALtS. 

43, 1.  14,  sinuate  (also  p.  48, 
1.18;  169,1. 11;  223, 1.37); 
ibid,  cuneiform. 

45.  MATRONALtS. 

48j  1.  31,  Crucifcr<E. 

49, 1.  28,  fnuescens. 

55,  1.  .33,  fertile. 

66,  1.  20,  cuneale. 

64, 1. 29,  semidecandrum. 

69,1.36,  Crypta. 

72,  1.  43,  laciniate   (also  p. 

308, 1.15;  351,1.  8). 
76, 1.  38.  monadelphous. 
81,  1.  29,  mucilage  ;    1.  45, 

tomentose. 
82, 1.  36,  mucilagj'nous. 


Page. 

83,  1.  3,  STLVESTRIS. 

91, 1.  10,  glandular  (also  p. 

95,1.25;  96.1.3). 
93,  1.  8,  Dalibarda. 
97,  1.  10  and  44,  woolZy. 

100,  1.  20,  MOSCIIATA. 

103, 1.  18,  saxatilis. 
117,1.32,  (re^e. 
120,  1.  10,  MarilandicuOT. 
127, 1.  27,  irritability. 

129,  1.  18,  TRIACANTHUS. 

130,  1.  6,  Carthaginian. 
1.32,1.45,  linear. 
139, 1.  23,  c.ERULEA,  (also  p. 

177,1.27);  1.45,  calabash. 
141,1.37,8,9,  colocynlh. 
142,  1.  20,  Astracan. 

144,  1.  15,  peduHcles. 

145,  1.  35,  FLAGELLIFORMIS. 

148,  1.20,  25,  cunej'form  (also 

p.  149,  1.41). 
149,1.26,  chryiosplenium. 
154, 1.  4,  cicely,  (also  p.  163, 

1. 17). 

160,  I.  29,  FCENICULUM. 
167,  SERICEA. 

168, 1.  38,  47,   connate,  (also 

p.  169, 1.  11). 
173. 1.  5,  simiVar. 
174,'  1.  55,  Hedyotls. 
178,  1.  14,  occidentalis. 
ISO,  1.  37,  palea;,  (also  p.  186, 1  400'  i.  36,'  Rhync/tospora. 

1    28;    209,  1.  21).  1.  39  '        '         '       ' 

cylinder. 


1.  45, 


Page. 

184,  1.  17,  HYSSOPIFOLIUM. 

185,  1.  23,  ageratoides. 
204,  1.  3,  pauci flora. 
208,  1.38,  CiiUivated. 
214,1.  35,  canescenl; 

stolons. 
222, 1.  16,  Taraxacum. 

224,  OLERACEUS. 

230,  1.  15,  Uva-Ursi;-  1.  17, 
demulcent;  1.  22,  Gnul- 
theria;  1.  47,  dissepiment. 

247,  1.  12,  ciliffi. ' 

259,  1.34,  Penls?emon. 

260,  1.  24,  leucophtra. 

266,  1.  23,  Hartsia. 

267,  1.  41,  lanceolata. 

272,  1.  18,  »0"05. 

279, 1.31,  viilgare. 

280,  1.  25,  axil. 

282, 1.  39,  verticils,  (also  p. 

283,  1.  31). 
285, 1.  7,  Marri/bium. 
293,  1.  43,  albii??!. 
297,  1.  14,  30,  Hyoscyamus. 
303.  1.  42,  corniculata. 
315',  1.  4,  sinus. 
329,  1.  23,  29,  sanda.1. 
33li  1.  37,  foiiaceous. 
333,  1.  24,  Anonvmos. 
368,  1.  22,  Flurialis. 


The  following  specific  names  are  here  corrected  in  accentuation: 


Page.  I  Page. 

31,  A'DVENA.  85,  TUUBINGI'ACA. 

54,  TRi 'color.  144,  Grossula'ria. 

84,  syri'acus.  I  165,  iu'spida. 

A  few  generic  names  are  also  incorrectly  accented, 
following  Index  for  their  correction. 

The  exotic  species  which  occur  in  pp.  181-^66  of  the  Flora  are  distinguished  from  other 
species  by  the  typography ;— they  should  have  been  so  from  the  coramencemeut. 


Page. 

224,  Frase'RI. 

340,  OBTUSl'LOBA. 
370,  PAUCIFLO'RUM. 

The  reader  is  referred  to  the 


INDEX 


NATURAL  ORDERS  AND  GENERA. 


,*#  The  names  of  the  Orders  are  in  capitals,— of  the  Genera  in  Roman,— Synonyms  in 
Italic.    The  figures  after  Syn.  refer  to  the  synonyms  of  the  genus  next  ahove. 

I'calUtriche,      .  334 

jCalopogon,         .  380 

jCahha,    .        .  21 

Calypso,     .        .  376 

Caiystegia,     .  295 

Cameliiia,  .        .  44 

Campanula,    .  228 

C'AMPANULACEiE,  223 

CaiinaLiis,        .  355 

,CAPPARIUACEiE,  43 

'Caprifoliace.e,  168 

Capri/olium,        .  108 

Capsella,         .  45 

I  Capsicum,          .  298 

Cardaniine,     .  37 

Carex,        .        .  412 

Carpinus,        .  345 

Canhamus,     .  407 

I  Carum,       .         .  160 

iCarya,     .         .  339 
I Caryophyllace^61 

I  Cassia,       .        .  127 

Caslanea,       .  343 

Calalpa,     .        .  254 

I  Cauiinia,         .  36S 

]  Caulophyllum,  29 

Ceanoihus,         .  98 

jCelastrus,        .  90 

Celastrace^,  90 

[  Celosia,           .  322 

jCeltis,         .        .  332 

Ceiitaurea,      .  216 

Centaurella,       .  305 

Ccphalanlhus,  178 

Ceraslium,      .  64 

I  Cerasus,     .        .  93 
1 Ceratophyl- 

]      LACE.B,         .  3.33 

I  Ceratophyllum,  233 

Ceratoschanus,  412 

CfTcii,        .        .  196 

Cerens,       .        .  14.'> 

CHARACE.E,  467 

Chara,        .        .  467 

I  Ckeilantlies,         ■  463 

Cheiranthus,  .  4l 

Chelidoniura,     .  32 

Chelone,          .  259 

CHENOPODIACE.E,315 

Chenopodium,  318 

Chimaphila,        .  241 

Chryseis,         .  34 

Chrysopsis,        .  201 

Chrysosplenium,  150 

Chrysanlhenum,  208 

PP 


Abies., 

359 

Angelica,     . 

158 

Aurantiace-E, 

80 

Abutilon, 

81 

Aniinymos, 

333 

Avena, 

442 

Acalypha,  . 

330 

Antennaria, 

214 

Syn  441 

444 

Acacia,    . 

12« 

Anthemis, 

207 

Azalea,          .    235 

,230 

Acer,  . 

87 

Anthoxanihum, 

440 

Baccharis, 

202 

Syn 

89 

Antirrhinum, 

258 

lialiola,   . 

284 

ACERACE-E, 

87 

Anychia, 

fill 

IJai.samipluje, 

352 

Acerates, 

311 

Apargia, 

2-''J 

l!.A  l.-aminace.e, 

75 

Achillea,     . 

207 

Apios, 

1-j:! 

li.q.ll.ia,      .           . 

122 

Acnida,  . 

317 

Apium, 

102 

Buibarca, 

40 

Aconitum, 

23 

A  plectrum,     . 

375 

Bartonia,     .     138 

305 

Acorus,   . 

304 

Apocynaceje,  . 

306 

Bartsia,  . 

206 

Actcca, 

14 

Apocyiium,     . 

300 

Batschia,    . 

288 

Syn 

15 

Aquifoliace.e, 

242 

Begonia, 

244 

Adiantum, 

463 

Aquilegia,    . 

23 

Begoniace.e, 

244 

Adluinia, 

34 

Arabis,    . 

39 

Bellis, 

196 

Adonis, 

24 

Syn.  44,  38 

Benzoin,      . 

329 

^sculus. 

89 

Arace.e,   . 

302 

Bekberidace-E, 

27 

iEthusa,     . 

158 

Arachis, 

122 

Berberis, 

27 

Agathyrsus, 

226 

Aralia, 

104 

lieta, 

319 

Ageratum, 

186 

Araliace^, 

104 

Belula, 

345 

Agrimonia, 

107 

Arl)utus,    . 

232 

Syn 

347 

Agrostemma, 

66 

Archangelica,     . 

158 

Betulace.e,     . 

345 

Agrostis, 

431 

Archemora,    . 

159 

Bideiis,   . 

210 

Aira,  . 

441 

Arctium, 

219 

Bigiionia,   . 

254 

Syn 

442 

Arctostaphylos, 

232 

Syn 

2.i5 

Alcen, 

82 

Arenaria,    . 

01 

Bignoniace.e, 

254 

Aletris.    . 

394 

Syn.  61,  63 

Blephilia,   . 

273 

Alisma, 

370 

Arethusa,   . 

379 

Blilum,    . 

318 

Syn 

172 

Argemone, 

33 

Bocbmeria, 

350 

Alismace^ 

370 

Aristido,     . 

430 

Bootsia, 

104 

Allium,    . 

302 

Aristolochia,  . 

315 

BoRAGINACEffl, 

280 

Alnus, 

340 

Aristolociiia- 

Borago,  . 

280 

Alopccurus, 

435 

CE.E,     . 

314 

Uolrychium, 

406 

Alyssum,    . 

42 

Arnica,    . 

203  Brachyftemum, 

275 

Althsea,   . 

82 

Aronia, 

97 

Brascnia,   . 

29 

Amaranth  a  CE.T3 

,320 

Arrkenatherum, 

442 

Brassica, 

47 

Amaranlhus, 

320 

Artemisia, 

213 

Briza, 

448 

Amarylhdace.5 

383 

Arum,      . 

363 

Bromus,     . 

443 

Amaryllis, 

383 

Arundo, 

442 

Bryopliyllum, 

149 

Ambrosia, 

221) 

Syn 

434 

Buchnera, 

262 

Amelanchier 

98 

Asarum,     . 

314 

Bupleurum, 

150 

Ammannia, 

131 

ASCLEPIADACE.E 

,308 

Buxus,    . 

335 

Ammobium, 

215 

Asclepias, 

308 

Cabombaceje, 

29 

Ampelopsis, 

87 

Syn 

311 

Cacalia, 

212 

Amphicarpaia, 

115 

Asparngus, 

397 

Cactaceje,    . 

144 

Amygdalus, 

95 

Aspbodelus,    . 

394 

Cactus,    .         144 

145 

Anacardiaceje, 

78 

Aspidiurn, 

459 

t.'a;salpina, 

127 

Anagallis,  . 

247 

Asplenium,     . 

401 

Cakile, 

43 

Anchusa, 

290 

Aster, 

183 

Caladium, 

363 

Andromeda, 

. 

230 

Syn.  193 

194 

Calamagrostis, 

434 

Andropogon, 

451 

Astragalus, 

122 

Calendula, 

216 

Anemone, 

19 

Atrogene,     . 

19 

Calla,       . 

304 

Syn.  15,  20 

Atriplex, 

317 

Syn 

363 

Anethum,  . 

100 

Atropa, 

300 

Callitrichaceje334 

470 


Cichorium, 
Cicula, 
Cimicit'uga, 
Ciiina, 
Circffia,  . 
Cirsium,     . 
Cistopteris, 
Cistus,     . 
Citrus, 

CiSTACE.B, 

Cissus, 

Clarkia, 

Claytonia, 

Clematis, 

Cleoine, 

Clethra.  . 

Cdnopodium, 

Ciint.onia,   . 

Cnicus, 


220 

157 

15 

434 

1:JG 

2i~ 

4011 

57 

80 

57 

87 

135 

69 

18 

48 

233 

275,  279 

.    395 

211) 

'^18 

102 

31 

202 


Syn. 


Cnirlium, 

Cochlearia, 

Colliusia, 

Coliinsonia, 

Coiute'a, 

Comandra, 

Coinarum, 

COMMELINAC 
CoMP05IT/li, 

Complouia, 

CONIFER/E, 

Conioselinum, 

Coniura, 

Convallaria, 

Convolvulace.e294 

Convolvulus,      .     294 

Comjza,       .    194, 202 

Coptis,     . 

Corallorliiza, 

Coriandruin, 

Coreopsis, 

CORNACE-E, 

Cornus, 

■Coroniila, 

Corydalis, 

Corylus, 

Crambe, 

Crautzia,    . 

Crassulace^, 

Crauegus,  . 

Crocus,   . 

Crolalaria, 

CRUCIFERiE, 

Crijpta, 
Cryptot;enia, 
Cucvba^us,     . 

C0CURBITACE-E,     140 

Cuuila,        .        .       " 
Cupressus, 
Cucumis,    . 
Cufurbiia, 

CUPULIFERSB, 

Cu.voula,     . 

Ci/amvs, 

C'ycionia,     . 

■Cynrbidium,    376, 

Cynara, 

Cyiioglossum, 

Cynlhia, 

.CVPERACE.E,       . 

Cyperus, 
Cypripedium, 


123 
329 

105 
E.E,  4U4 
180 
348 
357 
101 
103 
395 


,  375 

161 
.  209 

100 
,  100 

124 

35 

.  34^1 

48 

.  161 

147 
.   95 

387 

.  125 

30 

.   69 

155 
65,  00 


360 
141 
142 

34(1 
29() 
30 
97 
380 
217 
281) 
221 
400 
406 
3S2 
Sxjn.  370 


Dactylis, 

Dahlia, 

Dalibarda, 

Danlhonia, 

Datura,   .         . 

Daucus, 

Decodou, 

Delphinium, 

Dentaria, 

Desmodium, 

Dianlhus, 

Diapensia, 

DIAPENSIA.CE.E 

Dicksouia, 
Dielylra.     . 
Diervilla, 
Digitalis,    . 
Digilariai, 
Dionasa, 

DlOSCOREACE^ 

Dioscorea, 

Diospyros, 
Diplopappus 

DiPSACEiE, 

Dipsacus, 

Dirca, 

Discopleura, 

Draba, 

Dracana, 

Dracoccphalum, 

Drosera, 

Droseraceje, 

Dulic4iium, 

Kbenace-E, 

Echinocystis, 

l-'.chinosperraum, 

Kcliium, 

Kleagnace.e, 

IOlatinace^, 

Klatine, 

Eleocharis, 

Eleusine,    . 

Elodea,  . 

Syn 
Klymus, 
Kmpetrace^e, 
Hmpetrum, 
Kpigiisa, 
Epilobium, 
Epipactis, 
Kpiphcgus, 

KQUISEPACEyE, 

Eciuisetum, 
l'".rBcIuites, 
Erica, 

l''.RICACE,E, 

Krigeiiia,   . 
Erigeron, 
Eriocaulon. 
Eriocaulox 

ACE.E, 

Kriophorum, 
Erodium, 
l-'.rvum. 
Erysimum, 


Euphorbia, 
Eurybia, 
Fagus,     . 
Fedia, 
Festucaj 
Filagn, 
FiLlCES, 
211  Fimbiistylis, 
39 1  Flosrkea, 
lis  Fluvialis, 
67' 
294 
293 
404 


448 
196 
105 
443 
800 
155 
131 


Fragaria, 
Fiasera, 
Fraxiims, 
Frilillaria, 
35  i  Fuchsia, 


170 
260 
438 
56 
387 
387 
244 
194 
179 


Fuirena, 
P'uinaria, 


Syn. 


FUMARIACE.E 

Galanthus, 

Giilega,   . 

Galeopsis, 

Galium,  . 

Gaullheria, 
180  Giuira,     . 
330iGentiana,   . 
162  Gentianace.e, 
38  I  Genista, 
395 :  Geraniace^ 
282  (Geranium, 
56[Gerardia, 


Syn. 
Erythrma, 
Erythronium, 
Eschschohzia, 
Euchronia, 
Euonymus, 
i-",upalorium, 

EUPUOUBIACE^, 


115 


Geum 

GiUenia, 

Gladi'olus,  . 

Glaux,     . 

Glechoma, 

Gleditsehia, 

Glyceria,    . 

Glycine, 

Glycyrrhiza, 

Gnaphalium, 

Syn.  214, 

Gomplireua, 

Goodyera, 

Gossypium, 

Gramine.'E,    . 

Grati'ola,    . 

Gkossulace.e 

Gymnadenia, 
381  iGyiniiocladus, 
253   Hnhenaria, 
454lHaleuia, 
454  ■  Hamamelace^, 
212  Hamameli 
2;32 1  Harpalyce. 
230 ;  Hedeoma, 


164 
195 

405 


411 


Hedyotis, 
Htdysarum, 
Heleniuin, 
Hclianthumum, 

405   Helianthus, 
lleliopsis, 
Heliotropium, 
Hclonias,    . 
Hcnierocallis, 
40lHcpatica, 

805iHeiacleum, 

391 1  Hesperis, 
34  I  Heieranthera, 

266(Heuchera, 
91 1  Hibiscus, 

183  HicraciuiT), 

335  I  Hierochloa,    . 


HiPPOCASTANA- 

CEas,     . 
Hippophaej 
Hippuris, 
Hulcus,       . 
Honckenya, 
Hordeum,  . 
Hiittonia, 
lloustonia, 
Hudsonia, 
Humulus, 
Hyaeimhus, 
Hydrangea, 
Hydrastis, 
Hydrochari- 

DACE-E,    . 

HydrocotylC) 

Syn. 
Hydropeltii, 
Hydrophyl- 

lace;e,  . 
Hjdrophyllum^ 
Hyoscyamus, 
Hyo.$(ris, 

HyPERICACEcE, 

Hypericum, 


Syn. 


Syn. 


Hypopitliys, 
Hypopdtis, 
Hypoxis, 
Hyssopus, 


Iberis, 

Ictodcs,    .        • 
Ilex,    . 

iLLECEBRACEae, 

Impatiens, 
Indigofera, 
Inula, 

Syn. 
Ipomma, 

IEIDACE-S, 

Iris, 

Isanthus,     . 
Isatis, 
hnardia, 
isoetes,    . 
Iva, 

Jasminace^, 
Jasminum, 
Jeli'ersonia,     . 

JUGLANDACE.E, 

Juglans, 

JUNCACES, 

Juncus, 

Juniperus, 

Kalniia. 

Kmleria, 

Krigia, 

l>ABIAT.B, 

LacU, 

Lactuca, 

Lainium,     . 

Lappa,    . 

Larix, 

Lathyrus, 

Lavandula, 

Laurace^e,   . 

[iaiirus, 

Lavatera, 

Leclie'a, 

Lecontia, 

Ledum,  , 


331 

138 
440 

63 
450 
246 
177 

58 
355 
394 
151 

21 

373 
161 
164 
29 

291 
291 
301 
221 
58 
59 
58 
241 
462 
384 
277 
281 
43 
365 
242 
60 
75 
123 
202 
201 
295 
385 
385 
272 
46 
135 
457 
219 
311 
312 
28 
338 
338 
402 
402 
360 
234 
444 
221 
269 
335 
222 
282 
218 
359 
111 
271 
328 
328 
84 
57 
363 
236 


INDEX. 


471 


IKUEX. 


Leersia, 

liEGUMINOS^, 

Lemna, 

Lemnace.e, 
Lentibulaceje, 
Leoniice,    . 
Leontodon, 

Syyi. 
Leonurus, 
Lepachys, 
Lepidium, 
Leptandra, 
Leptanthvs, 
Lespedeza, 
Leueantheraum, 
Liatris,    . 
Ligusticum, 
Ligustrum, 

LlLIACE,«, 

Lilium, 

LiMNANTHACEae, 

Liirananlhemum, 

Limodonnn, 

Limosella, 

Lindernia, 

Linages, 

Linnaea, 

Liinaria, 

Linum,   . 

Iiiparis,  '    . 

Liquidambar, 


452'  Mei.astomace.s,  ISniOpuntia,     . 
109!  Melilolus,        .        J 15  Orchidace.e, 
3651  M.-lissa,      .         .    279[  Orchis,    . 
365' Mimosa,  .         12f  Origanum, 

251 ;  MENisrERMACE^,  2B]  Ornithogalum 
28i  Menispermum 
222'  Mentha, 


!23   Mentzelia, 
262'  Menyanthes, 
204 1  Menziesia, 

46  (  Mesembryan 
264 1     themace-E, 
398 1  Mesembryan- 
115       themum, 
20S'  Mespilus,  _  . 
185  Microrneria,    , 
157,  Microslylis, 
313  Mikania, 
389 1  Milium,      . 
389',  Mimosa, 

761  Mimulus, 
305lMirabilis,   . 
376  1  Mitchella, 
262lMitella,       . 
261 1  Mollugo, 

70iMomordica, 
171 !  Monarda, 
257  i  Monotropa, 

70 
374  i  Morus, 
352iMulgedium, 


37(; 

276 

393 

27|Orobaiiche,         •     253 

27  I  S-yn.  254 

138  Orobanchace^,  253 


1441  Polygonum, 
3731  Polymnia. 
Polypodiuni; 


306]  Orontium, 
231  [Oryzopsis, 

Osmorhiza,     . 
146  Osmunda, 

Oslrya,    . 

14fi    OxALIDACEiE, 

9^  Oxalis, 

Q78  Oxycoccus,     . 
.    374|Pionia, 

185  j  Panax,    . 
.     436iPanicum,    . 

128;  Papa  VERACE-E, 

260iPapaver, 
.     322iParielaria, 

176|Parna5si,a, 
.     151   Paspalum, 

64  Passiflorace.^ 
.     141   Passiflora, 

273(  Pasnnaca, 

.      241  I  PEDALtACE_B, 

Syn.  242  Pedicular! 


Polypogon, 
PoDtederia, 
PoNTEDEKlACEae,  397 


.    323 

£03 
.     458 
Syn.  162 
433 
.     398 


Syn.  34S ;  Muhlenbergia, 


356 
226 
433 


Liriodendron.  26 1  Syn.  43\ 

Listera,       .    '     .  381 !  Myosotis,        .        290 

Lithospermum,  288 1  Syn.^Sl 

LoasaceED,  .  138!]Myrica,    .        .        347 

Lobelia,  .  226;  Myricace.e, 

liOBELiACE^,  226]  Myriophyllum, 

Lolium,      .        .  450i  Myrtace-e, 

Lonicera,        .  168  Myrtus,  . 

Lophanlhus,      '  281  Nabalus,     . 

Lotus.         .        .  121   Naidaceie, 

Ludwigia,      .  134  Najas, 
Lunaria,    .        .      42 1  Narcissus, 

Lupinus,         .  126|  Nardosmia, 

Luzula,      .        .  403  j  Nasturtium,    . 
Lychnis,          .  66;Negundo, 

Lycium, 

Lycopodiace.e,  455!  Nelumbiace.k,       S: 


347 
137 
129 
129 
223 
367 
368 
383 
187 
40 


Pelargonium, 

Peltandra, 

Penthorum.     . 

Penistemon, 

PepUi,      . 

Periploca, 

Petunia, 

Phaca,     . 

Phalaris,     . 

Phaseolus, 

Philadelphus, 

Phleum, 

Phlox,      . 

Phryma,     . 

Phy'salis, 

Physostegia, 

Phytolacca, 


Populus,          .  351 

364  Portlandia,         .  178 

431   Portulaca,       .  68 

[62  PoRTt;LACACE.E,  68 

463  Polaraogeton,  369 

334  Potenlilla,  .        .  103 

76  Poterium,        .  198 

77'  Pot/ws,        .        .  365 

239  Prenanthes,      .  223 

24  Primula,     .        .  245 

165  Primulace.e,  245 

436  Prinos,        .        .  243 

32  Proserpinaca.  136 

33  Prunella,         .  280 
355  Prunus,       .        .  94 

55  Psamma,         .  434 

43fi  Pteris,         .         .  463 

138  Pterospora,     .  242 

ISglPulmonaria,       .  289 

159  Puuica,  .         .  130 

Pycnanthemum,  27a 

Pyrethrum,        .  208 

Pyrola,    .         .  239 
Syn.  241 

PjTUS,        .         .  96 


299  i  Nejihrodium,    459,  460 1  Pinguicula. 


Lycopodium, 

Lycopsis, 

Lycopus,    . 

Lygodium, 

Lysimachia, 

Lythrum, 

Lythraceffi, 

Magnolia, 

MAGNOLIACEa: 

Majorana, 

Malaxis, 

Malope, 

Mains, 

Malva,    . 

Malvaceae, 

Mariscus, 

Marrubium, 

Martynia, 

Maruta, 

Medeola, 

Medicago, 

Melampyrum, 

Melakthace^, 

Blelamhium, 


456  Nelumbium, 
289 1  Nemopanthes, 
272  Neottra, 
465  \  Nepeta,  . 
246INerium, 
131  Nicandra, 
130  Nicotiana, 

2o  Nigella, 

25'Nuphar, 
276  Nyctaginace^, 
374,375  Nymphaa, 

84  Syn. 

97   Nymphjjace.e, 

82  Nyssa, 

81   Ocymum,  . 
407    (Eiianthe, 
.    284  (Enoihe'ra, 
255  Oi,eace.e, 
.    207  Onagrace-E, 

401   Onoclea, 
.     llfi  Onopordon, 
268  Onosmodium, 
399  Ophioglossum, 
399   Ophrys,    . 


Quercu 

Ranunculace^, 
Ranunculus, 
Raphanus, 

4391  RESEDACEiE,       . 

114  Reseda, 
152  Rensselaeria, 
435  Rhamnace.e, 
292  Rhamnus, 
269  Rheum, 
299  Rhexia,  . 
28-J  Rhinanthus 
327  Rhododendron, 

Rhodora, 
251  Rhus, 
glPinus,     .        .        3571  Rhynchospora, 
29  Piptatherum,      .    431|Ribes, 

243  Pisum,    .        .         lISjRicinus, 

380 1  Syn.  HI   Rohinia,      . 

280  Plantaginace^, 2491  Rochelia, 

308  Plantago,         .        249jRosa, 

299  Platajjace^,        353  Rosace.'E,      . 

300  Platanus,        .        353  Rosmarmus,       . 
^51  Platanthera,        .     377|  RuBiACEa;,     . 
30^Pluchea,  .        202]  Rubus 


Syn.    98 
340 


89;  Phytolaccace-E  328 


3221  Plumbaginace.b,950 
30|Poa,  .  .  445 
31 1  Podophyllum,  28 

30  Podostemiace.e,  334 
33o' Podosternum,  .  334 
270iPogonia,  .  379 
1591  Syn.  380 

133|PoIanisia, 


Polemoniace^e, 
Polemonium, 
Polyanthes, 
Polygala, 

288JPOLYGALACE,E, 
466    POLYGONACE^, 

381 1  Polygonatusn, 


Rudbeckia,     . 

Rumex, 

Ruppia, 

Sabbatia,    . 

Sagino,   . 

Sagitlaria, 

Saltcace.e, 
38'|i^alicornia^ 
292 1  Salix, 
293  Salsola, 
392  Sahda, 
49  Sambucus, 
49  Samolus, 
322  Sanguinaria, 
396;Ssnguisorba, 


14 

15 

47 

49 

49 
363 

91 

91 
327 
130 
266 
234 
235 

78 
411 
142 
335 
124 
287 

98 

93 
274 
174 
lOl 
204 
3-:i6 
369 
304 

63 
371 
348 
316 
348 
316. 
274 

171 
248 

32 
107 


472 


Sanicula, 

f^ANTALACEEC 

f»aiivit!ilia, 
Saponaria, 
Sarot/ira,  . 
Sarraceiiia, 

SARRACENIACEaj, 

Sassafras, 

Satiireja, 

SSavrukaceoe, 

Saururus, 

Saxi  'iVa^'a, 

Saxifkagaceo!, 

Scheuclizcria, 

Scliizaiilhus, 

Schccnus, 

Sijn 
Schollera, 
Schwalbea, 
Scirpus, 

SCLERANTIIA- 
I     CElB, 

Scleraiuhus, 

Scleria, 

Scrophularia, 

SCKOPHULAIil- 

ACEa-, 
Sculellaria, 
Secale,    . 
Sedum, 
Sempervivum 
Senecio, 


Seriocarpus, 
Scrpicula, 
Sesanium, 
Setaria,  . 
Shepherdia, 
Sicyos,    . 
SI  da,  . 
Sileiie,     . 
Si)iapis, 
Sisop, 

Sisymbiium, 
Sisyriiichiura, 


Si/n. 


4:); 

3:ti 

.Mil 

81 

4- 
I5B 

44 
3Sti 


!Mum, 

Smilacesc, 

Smilacina, 

.Sinilax,  . 

Sinyriihim, 

SolanacEiP, 

Solanum, 

Solea, 

Solidago, 

Souchus,     . 

!Sorbu^, 
Surghum, 
Spar^aiiium, 
Spaniiia,    . 
Spergula, 


Spinacia, 
Spiraea, 
Spiramhes, 
Slachys,     . 
Staphylea, 
Stance, 
8tellaria, 
Slevia, 
Stipa, 
Strcplopus, 
Struthiupteris, 
Stylosaiuhes, 
Si.yritnrlra, 
Subularia, 
Swertia, 
■Symphoria, 
Syraphoricarpus 
SJymphytum, 
Symplocarpus, 
Syriiiga, 
raiiacetum, 
Tagetes, 
Taraxacum, 
Taxus., 
['ephrosla, 
Telragono'lobos, 
Teucrium, 
Thalictrum, 


.     155 

388 
.     395 

3«8 

15G,  157 

297 

S97 

55 

19.- 

.     'JJ4 

Syn.  2-iii 

.      91; 

452 

3H7 

435 

61 
Syn.  6:i 
316 
108 
380 
i'83 

91) 
250 

fil 
186 
430 
397 
46-]' 
]'>0: 
395 

45 
303 
171 
1711 
MO 
365 
3IJ, 
215 
■206 
2-23 
361 
121 
121 
28 

15 


Thaspium, 

Tiesium, 

Tlilaspi, 


Syn. 


Thuja, 

TjIVMELACEffi, 

Tlivinus, 
Ti  a  If  II  a,     . 
Tijiiidia, 
Tilia, 

TlLIACES, 

Tilhra, 

Tipnlaria, 

Tiadi'scaiilia, 

'I'rajropo'gun, 

Trifhoi'hloa, 

TrlcliMilMMii, 

'J'rf  ,i<'//linnim, 

'rnrhuMrina, 

Tricuspid, 
Trieiilalis, 
Trilbliuin, 


Uraspennum, 
Urlica,     . 
Urticacesp, 
Ulricularia, 
Uvularia,    . 
Vacciiiium, 


Syti. 


Triglncliin, 

Trilliiun, 

Ti'iosifurn, 

Tri'pliora. 

Tripsaoum, 

Trisetum, 

Trilicum,    . 

Trolliu.s, 

Tr(ip;colum, 

Tulipa,    . 

Turriiis, 

Tussilago, 
Typha,        . 
Typhacecc, 
Udora, 
Ulex,        . 
ULMACEa;, 
Ultnus,    . 
UmbelliferaB, 

Ulliala, 

Uralepsis, 


Syn 


Syn. 


Valeriana, 

Valerianaceo; 

Valerianella, 

Vallisiieria, 

Veratrum, 

Verbascum 

Verbena,     . 

VeRBEN'ACES 

Vernonia,   . 

Veronica, 

Vit)urnum, 

Vicia, 

Vilfa, 
248  i  Viilarsia, 
lITlVinca, 

Viola,      . 

VlOLACESP, 
VlTACESe, 

Vilis, 

Waldsteinia, 

AVoodsia, 

Woodwardia, 

Xanlliium, 

Xy'oMeinn, 

XyridaeecP, 

Xyris,     . 

Zaniiichellia, 

Zanthoxy- 

LACESE. 

Zanthoxylum 
3W  Zea,         . 
373 1  Zigadenus, 
125  Zinnia, 
331   Zizania, 
331   Zizia, 
J  53 1 

44)- 1  Zostera, 
441 


Syn. 


163 
354 
253 
251 
396 
237 
233 
179 
178 
179 
373 
400 
255 
268 
268 
183 
263 
17-2 
UJ 
43-2 
305 
307 
51 
5t 
86 
86 
106 
462 
462 
219 
169 
404 
405 
368 

77 
78 
453 
399 
203 
45a 
156 
157 
3ES 


ENGLISH    INDEX. 


243, 


Adam-and-Eve, 
Adder's-longuc, 
Agrimony, 
Albany  Beech 

drops, 
Alder, 
Alexanders, 
Almond,     . 
Alum-root, 
Ainiual  Spear 

Grass, 
Angelica,   . 
Apple,     . 
Apple  of  Peru 
Apricot, 
Arbor  Vilaj, 
Arrow-grass, 


37fi 
4S'; 
10- 

24' 
347 
15f) 
95 
150 

4ir> 

159 
97 

3X1 
95 

3iiO 

3,2 


Arrow-head,  371 

Artichoke,  200,  iV. 
Ash,  .  .  3i: 
Asparagus,  .  3*); 
Asphodel,  .  39-1 
Atamasco  Lily,  3-3 
Avens,  104—10" 

Awlwort,        .  45 

Bachelor's  Button,2l6 
Balm,  .        .    279 

Balm  of  Gilead,  352 
Balsam-apple,  HI 
Balsamine,  .  75 
Balsam  Spruce,  359 
Baneberry,  .  14 
Barley,  .  .  450 
Basil,        .       271-5-1 


Basswood, 

Bayberry, 

Beach  Plum, 

Beach  Pi'a, 

Bean, 

Bear-berry, 

Beard-tongue. 

Beard  Grass, 

Beech,     . 

Beech-drops, 

Beet, 

Bell-flower, 

Bell-wort, 

Bent  Grass, 

Bi'rberry, 

Bindweed, 

Birch,      . 


86 1  Bittersweet,  297 

347  j  Blackberry,         101-9 

91 1  Black  Snake-root,  15 
111    Bladder  Campion,   66 


113-14   Blailder-nut, 

.    23     Bladilerwort, 

259 1  Blazing  Star, 

452'  Blood-root, 

343  Blueberry, 

-.4  Blue-curls 


90 
251 
186 

32 
238 
285 


319  Blue-eyed  Grass,  386 


-'■•9  Blue  Grass, 
39(i-7lBlue  Flag, 
43l--'|  Blue-hearts, 

•>«lBo<rRush, 
.     295jBoneset, 
3451  Borage, 


446 
.  385 

262 
411-1-2 

J85 
.  286 


473 


Bottle  Grass,  439 

Box,  .  .  335 
Brake,  .  .  463 
Brome  Grass,  443 
Broomrape,  .  253 
Broom  Corn,  452 

Buck-bean,  306 

Buck  Thorn,  .  9-3 
Buck  Wheat,  336 
Bugle-weed,  272 

Buffloss,  287—290 
Bullrush.  .  402 
Burdock,  .  .  219 
Burnet,  ,  107-8 
Burr  Marigold,  210 
Burr  Reed,  .  367 
Burrseed,  .  287 
Buttercups,  .  17 
Butternut,  .  338 
Butterwort,  .  251 
Button-wood,  353 
Cabbage,         .  47 

Calabash,  140-2 

Campion,         .  65 

Canary  Grass,  440 
Candytuft,  .      43 

Canterbury  Bell.  229 
Caraway,  161,212 
Cardinal-flower,  227 
Cardoon,  .  217 
Carnation,  .      68 

Carrot,  .  .  155 
Carpet-weed,  64 

Castor  Oil  Bean,  336 
Catchflv,  .  65-6 
Catgut,  .  ,  121 
Catnep,  .  .  281 
Cattail,  .  .  366 
Cedar,  .  360-1 
Celandine,  .  33 
Celerv,  .  .  162 
Chaff-seed,  .  267 
Chamomile,  .  20 
Charlock,        .  47 

Checkerberry,  S32 
Cherry,  .  93, 94 
Chess,  .  .  44 
Chestnut,  .  .  343 
Chickweed,  60-3-1 
"  VVintergreen,  248 
Cinquefoil,  103-5 

Cinnamon-color- 
ed Fern,  .  465 
Citron,  .  .  81 
Cives,  .  .  393 
Clarry,  .  .  274 
Cleavers,  .  .175 
Climbing  Fern,  465 
Clot-weed,  .  219 
Clover,  115—118 
Club  !\Ioss,  .  457 
Club  Rush.  408-10-56 
Cock's-comb,  322 
Cock's-foot  Grass,  4'.t7 
Colocynih,  .  141 
Colt's-foot,  .  187 
Columbine,  .  2:! 
Col  umbo,  .  305 
Coml'rc%  .  .  291 
Coral-root,  .  375 
Coriander,  .  101 
Corn  Cockle,  .  60 
Corn  Klag,  .  386 
Corn  Spurry,  61 


Cornel,  .  .  167 
Cotton,  .  .  85 
Cotton  Grass,  411 
Cowslips,  .  21 
Cow  Wlicat,  .  268 
Crab  Grass,  .  439 
Cranberry,  .  239 
Crowberry,  .  338 
Crowfoot,  16—18 
Crown  Imperial,  391 
Cucumber,  140,  141 
Cucumber-root,  401 
Cucumber  Tree,  26 
Cudweed,  .  215 
Culver's  Physic,  264 
Currant,  .  .  143 
Cut  Grass,  .  452 
Daffodil,  .  .  384 
Dahlia,  .  .  196 
Daisy,  .  196, 208 
Dandelion,  221-3 
Darnel  Grass,  450 
Day  I.ily,  .  .  392 
Deadly  Night- 
shade, .  300 
Dittany,  .  .  278 
Dock,  .  .  326 
Dockmackie,  173 
Dodder,  .  296 
Dog's-bane,  .  307 
Dogwood,  .  167 
Dragon-root,  36  '• 
Drop-seed  Grass,  433 
Duckmeat,  .  365 
Dwarl'-pink,  177 
Dyer's-broom,  126 
Dyer's-weed,  49 
Ear-drop,  .  136 
Egg-plant,  .  298 
Egyptian  Wheat,  449 
Elder,  .  .  172 
Elecampane,  203 
Elm,  .  .  332 
Enchanter's  Night- 
shade, .  136 
False  Red-top,  445 
Feather-beds,  467 
Feather  Grass,  430 
Felwort,  .  303 
Fennel,  .  .  160 
Fescue  Grass,  444 
Feverfew,  .  209 
Feverwort,  .  171 
Fine-haired  Moun- 
tain Fern,  464 
Fire  weed,  .  21a 
Figwort,  .  257 
Flax,  .  .  70 
Flaxweed,  .  44 
Fleabane,  .  .  195 
Florin  Grass,  431 
Flower-of-an-hour,84 
Flower-cup  Fern,  462 
Fool's  Parsley,  358 
Forked  Spike,  451 
Fork  duckweed,  60 
Forget-me-not,  290 
Foul  Meadow,  446 
Four  o'clock,  322 
Fox-glove,  .  260 
Fox-tail  Grass,  4:i5 
Frost-plant,  .  58 
Fumitory,  .  36 
Furze,        .        .  125 


407 

328 

392-3 

272,  303 

71—74 

165 

23 

138 

364 

-201 


Galingale, 
Garget,  . 
Garlic, 
Gentian, 
Geranium, 
Ginseng, 
Globe-flower, 
Golden  Bartonia, 
Golden  Club, 
Goldenrod,  197- 
Goldthread,  . 
Goldie's  Fern, 
Gooseberry, 
Goose-foot, 
Grape,  .  .  86 
Grass,  .  430—453 
Grass  of  Pamassus,55 
Grass-pink,  .  380 
Grass-poly,  .  131 
Greek  Valerian,  293 
Green  Brier,  388 

Gromwell,  .  289 
Ground  Cherry,  299 
Ground  Nut,    123,  165 


400 

143-4 

318 


.Iacoba>a  Lily,  383 
Jersey  Tea.  .  93 
Jerusalem  Cherry ,298 


Ground  Ivy, 
Ground  Pine, 
Hackberrj', 
Hair  Grass, 
Hardback, 


281 

456 

.     332 

43.3^ 

108-9 


Hawkweed,    222,225 


Hawthorn, 

Hazel, 

Heartsease, 

Hedge  Hyssop, 

Hedge  Alustard 

Hedgehog  Gras, 

Heliotrope, 

Hemlock, 

Hemp,      307,  317,  355 

Hemp  Nettle,         283 

Henbane,        .        302 

Henbit,       .        .     282 

Herb  Robert,  71 

High  Cranberry,    173 

Hinuhound,    272,  284 

Hobble-bush, 

Hogweed, 

Holly, 

Hollyhock,      . 

Honi-wort, 

Honeysuckle,168- 

Hoop  Ash, 

Hop, 

Hornbeam, 

Horse  Balm, 

Horse  Chestnut 

Horse  Radish, 

Horsetail, 


Hound's-tongue,    287 


Houseleek, 

Hyacinth, 

Hydrangea, 

Hyssop, 

Ice-plant,. 

fnilian  Physic, 

Indian  Pipe, 

Indian  Tobacco, 

Indian  Grass, 

Indian  Millet, 

Indian  Rice, 

Indigo, 

Ink-berry, 

Iron-weed, 

Jacobcca, 


148 
394 

,  1.52 
277 
146 
109 

,  241 
227 
452 
452 
453 

122-3 
243 
183 
212 


Jessamine, 

Jewel-weed, 

Jonquil, 

Judas  Tree, 

July-flower,     . 

Juniper, 

Knapweed, 

Knawell, 

Knot  Grass, 

Labrador  Tea, 

Ladies'  Slipper, 

Ladiej'  Tresses, 

LambXettuce, 

Larch, 

Larkspur, 

Laurestine, 

Lavender, 

Leather-flower, 

Leather-wood, 

Leek, 

liCnioir,  . 

Lentil, 

Lettuce, 

Lever-wood, 

Lifc-everlastin; 

l.ilac, 

Lily, 


312 

75 
384 
126 

42 
361 
216 
320 
323 
237 
382 
381 
179 
359 

22 
174 
271 

18 

331 

.    393 

80 
.  113 
222 
344 
g,  21.4 
'312-13 
.    390 


Lily  ofthe  Valley,  395 


Lime  Tree, 
Lime  Grass, 
liindern  Pim- 
pernel, 
Liquorice, 
Liverwort, 
Lizard's-tail, 
Locust, 


81 
451 

261 

121 

21 

333 

124-9 


Loose-strife,    131,246 

Lop-seed,  . 

Lousewort, 

Lovage, 

Lungwort, 

Lupine, 

Lychnidea, 

Madwort,^ 

Maidenhair, 

Maize,    . 

Mallow, 

Malope,    . 

Maple,     . 

Marigold, 

Marjornm, 


269 

267 

.     153 

289 

.    126 

292 

.    42-5 

463 

453 

82—85 

84 

88-9 

206-16 

.    276 


Marsh  Rosemary,  250 
Mat  Grass,  434 

Matrimony-vine,   299 


May  Apple, 
May-weed,     .    . 
Meadow  Beauty; 
Meadow  Rue, 
Meadow-sweet, 
Mermaid-weed, 
Mignionette, 
Millet  Grass, 


28 
207 
130 

IS 
109 
137 

49 
436 


Milfoil, 


137,  208 


Monkey-flower, 
I  Monk's-hood, 

Moonseed, 

Morning  Glory, 

Motherwort,  . 

Mountain  Ash, 
! Mountain  Fringe,    35 
i  Mountain  Heath,  232 


260 
24 
27 
295 
283 
96 


474 


Mountain  Laurel,  234 

Mountain  Mint,     273 

Mountain  Rice, 

Mouse-ear, 

Mudworl, 

Mulberry, 

Mullein, 

Muskmelon, 

Mustard, 

Myrtle, 

Narcissus, 

Nasturtion, 

Nettle, 

Oak, 


4;n 

.  287 
2GJ 

.     35(i 

257 

141 

41-4-7 

.   im 

3S4 

.      76 

354-0 

340— 3i;i 


Oak  of  Jerusalem,  319 
Oat, 

Oily-seed, 
Okro,      . 
Oleander,  . 
Onion,    . 
Oraohe, 
Orange, 
Orchard  Grass, 
Orpine, 
Osier, 

Ostrich  Fern, 
Ox-eye, 
PaBony, 
Painted-cup, 
Parsley,      . 
Parsnep, 
Partridge-berry,     177 
Passion-flower,     139 
111 


44-2 
250 

84 
308 
393 
317 

81 
448 
148 
343 
464 
209 

25 

260 

163 

155-00 


Polypod,         .    458-9 1  Shadberry,         .      98 [Tick-seed,      .  210 

Pond-weed,       .     369  Shepherd's  Purse,  45 i  Tiger-flower,  386 

Poplar,        .        351-0,  Shield  Fern,       .    400 1  Timothy  Grass,  435 

Poppoose-root,         29jSliiuleaf          .        240  Tobacco,        .  301 

Poppy,        .         .      3;tj  Sickle-pod,         .       39  Tomato,     .         .  298 

Potato,    .        .        293  j  Sidesaddle  flower,  32 1  Touch-me-not,  75 
Poverty-grass,        430  Silk  weed,      309—311  Trailing  Arbutus,  233 

Prickly  Pear,         145' Silver-weed,          104 1  Tree  Club  Moss,  456 

Prickly  Ash,             78  [  Skull-cap,       .        £80  Trumpet  flower,  254 

Primrose,        133,  245  [  Skunk  Cabbage,    305  j  Tuberose,           .  392 


Prince's  Feather,  3-J4  \  Snail, 
Prince's  Pine,        241 :  Snake-head, 
~  '  313  I  Snake-root, 

288  Snap-dragon, 
14-2  Sneezewort, 
63-9 1  Snowball, 
448',  Snow-berry, 


Privet, 

Puccoon,         , 

Pumpkin, 

Purselain, 

Quake  Grass, 

Quill-wort, 

Quince, 

Radish,     . 

Ragged  Lady, 

Ragged  Robiu, 

Ram's-head, 

Rape, 

Raspberry, 

Rattle-box, 


457  Snow-drop 
97  j  Soapwort, 
48 1  Soft-Grass, 
25 1  Solomon's  Seal, 
66  I  Sorrel. 
383 1  Sour  Gum,     . 
47 .  Southernwood, 
102-3  Sow-thisde,    . 
125  Spear  Grass, 
Raltle-snakeFern,460  ]  Spearmint, 
Rattle-snake  Plan-      j  Speedwell,     . 

tain,         .         .    381  Spider-wort, 
Red-lop,  .        4:il  Spikenard, 

Reed  Grass,  434  Spinage, 


117!  Tulip, 
259 1  Tulip  Tree,    . 
50,315  Turmeric-root 
253  Turnip, 
207-8  Tway-blade, 
173  Twin-flower, 
171   Unicorn-root, 
.    384  Valerian, 
67  Vanity  Grass, 
440  Vegetable  Oyster,  22-2 
395  Vervain,  .        268 

327  Vetch,   .         .     112-l:{ 
330  Violet,      .  51—55 

213  Viper's  Bugloss,   288 
224  Virgin's  Bower,       18 
445  Wake-rebin, 
273  Walking  Fern, 
263  Wall  Cress,       . 
404  Walnut, 
105  Wall-flower, 
317 


Pea, 

Peach, 

Pea-nut, 

Pear, 

Pearlwort, 

Pellitory, 

Pencil-flower,    . 

Penny  Cress, 

Pennyroyal, 

Pennywort,    . 

Pepper, 

Pepper-grass, 

Peppermint, 

Pepper-root, 

Periwinkle,    . 

Persicaria, 

Persimmon, 

Pheasant's  Eye, 

Pickerel-weed, 

Pimpernel, 

Pine,    . 

Pine  Sap,  . 

Pineweed, 

Pink, 

Pinweed, 

Pipes, 

Pipewort,  . 

Plantain, 

Plum,     . 

Poison  Ivy, 

"  Hemlock,157. 163 
Poison  Oak,  .  79 
Poisonous  Darnel, 450 
Poke-root,  .  400 
Polvanthus,  .  384 
Polygala,  .        50 


113 

95 

122  j 

97! 

631 

355 

120 

37 

278 

101 

298 

46 

272 

40 

308 

334 

244 

24 

398 

247-8 

357-8 

.     242 

60 

.  67-S 

57 

.     455 

.    405 

249,  371 

94 

.      79 


Rheumatism- root,  28  Spleenwort,  145.461-2 
Rhubarb,  .    327  Spring  Beauty, '      69 

Rock  Brake    .        463,  Spruce,  .        359 

Rocket,  .  43-5 1  Spurge,  .  .  336 
Rose,  .      93— 101   Squash.  .        142 

Rose  Bav,  133,308  Squirrel-tail  Grass 450 
Rosemary,        .      274  Stafl'Tree,  .      91 

Roughish  Meadow      I  Star  Grass,     384,  394 

Grass,  .        416:  Starof  Bethlehem,393 

Royal  Flowering         [  Stichwort,        .        62 

Fern,  .        465  St.  John's- wort,       59 

Rush,  .  402— 404  Stone-crop,  147—9 
Rutabaga,  .      47  Strawberry,        105-6 

Rutland  Beauty,    296  Succory,  .        221 


149-50 


Rye, 

Rye  Grass, 
Saffron, 
Sage,      . 
Saltwort.    . 
Sandwort,  . 
Sanicle, 
Sarsaparilla, 
Sassafras, 
Satin-flower, 
Saxifrage, 
Scouring  Rush, 
Scratch  Grass, 
Screwstem, 
Scurvv  Grass, 
Sea  Gale,         .  48 

Sea  Teasel-grass,  309 
Sea  Wrack-gra.'ss,  368 
Sedge,  406—438 

Self-heal,  .  280 
Seneca  Grass,  440 
Senna,  124-5-7 

Sensitive  Fern,  401 
Sesame  Grass,      453 


449  Sumach,     .  .      79 

451 ;  Summer  Savory,  277 

.    337:  Sundew,     .  .      50 

274:  Sunflower,      .  205 

248,  310 '  Swamp  Pink,  235 

61_63  \  Sweet  Cicely,  163 

J55:  Sweet  Fern,  348 

165 'Sweet  Flag,  .    305 

.    329 1  Sweet  Gum,  353 

42  Sweet  Potato,  295 


scented  Grass,440 


454  Sweetwilliam, 
325 '  Sycamore, 
305|Syringa, 


Tansey, 
Tape  Grass, 
Teasel, 

Thistle,         .    S 

Thorn, 

Thoroughwax, 

Thread-foot, 

Thrift, 


67 
353 
152 
215 


26 
21 

47 
375 
171 
400 
179 
433 


401 
461 

44 
339 

41 


Water  Chinquapin,30 


38,40 
246 
292 

30 
142 
368 

29 
449 
413 

26 
452 

33 
237 


Water  Cre 
Water-feather, 
Water-leaf,    . 
Water  Lily, 
Water-melon, 
AVater  Nymph, 
Water-target, 
AVheat,   . 
Whip  Grass, 
White  Bay,    . 
White  Grass, 
Whitlow  Grass, 
Whortleberry, 
Wild  Germander,  285 
Wild  Ginger,  315 

Wild  Oats,  390,  443 
Wild  Pepper-grass  46 
Wild  Rose-bay,  236 
Wild  Timothy,  439 
Willow, 
Willow-herb, 
Winged  Pea, 
Wmter  Cress, 
Wire  Grass, 
Witch  Hazel, 
Wo  ad. 
Wolf's-bane, 
Woodbine, 
Wood  Sorrel 


373  Worm-seed, 


180 
7-16 
90 
156 
335 
250 


348 

132-.3 

121 

40 

449 

153 

,      46 

24 

87 

77 

319 

213 

.383 

208 


Thyiue, 


Wormwood, 

Yam-root, 

Yarrow, 

Yellow  Pond  Lily,  31 

Yellow  Rattle,       266 

Yew,         .        .361 


275,  277  Zigadene, 


400 


i 


New   York   Botanical  Garden  Library 

QK117.W6  .     ,     .u  .        H^®" 

Wood,  Alphonso/A  class-book  of  botanv  d 


3   5185   00125    1170 


J  ■iii'  -^a '      ,11 
1^4  PI