Full text of "The Coccidae of Ceylon"

See other formats

_«'/■<<. 'tX 'i ^t /v'. 'C(v. «'^«i

(r<rr ni-^.: fiC < / /sf ^ <i<i '' < f .

Xil

(

(rr < ii

rf( c ^''(C

r<r«

f\V

<r<

r( h

< ( ( ^n

^ r rn

(<{ ^0(u %.

ms<

< y ( '

r (c(

kl«€ C<

<WCC<

M I i

< ^/^ (

^< (ii

m if< j:

^imwmM €fi€ mm <r<- «<

<^B0L C<i

C ^ i iC

im ^ rrmmm

^■r <f <^ci^<

' .f (.'(V , (f( A

wmc<'^A f ( ^ 1

■Tec (('c

^Vi< ^ <r c

5 <'<

<<€

44 (^( ((kIsIWL 4iC

^__J

> C <C

or «

( fl

\ w^m^rngMMim ^tm

^H '.'' ^mWi

f'^^

JL (iC I jf i__l jr

ir^L3if

rMrrr^n

t^~^¥

:<( TTi

?•

^^Km.^^ ^

[<<^ C<(i'

r^£^^ i

[JLf

r 1 ^■'MT !■

H^^ SIS!

.'»' ♦

t^^pt^y f ^ 0

UI <

r^" c«^r {{{ (^uc

<^'

t^B'^ i 1'' «

LiF C^ C

mY^y^

■VMV <

m^m.

iC^tMM^^tA

^B^M^^pL..,^

THE

COCCI D^ OF CEYLON.

E. ERNEST GREEN, F.E.S.

PART V.

WITH SEVENTY-FOUR PLATES.

'^tl

-2 :^^ o I 2^

LONDON:

DULAU & CO., LTD.,

34-36 MARGARET STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W. i.

1922.

CONTENTS OF PART V.

Chapter VII

Dactylopiin^ {continued)

Eriococcin^

Phenacoccus mangiferae Page 393

Eriococcus . . , Page 347

„ spinosus .

• 394

araucariffi

. 348

Antonina .

• 394

>»

nuerje

• 349

„ indica

• 395

bambusje .

• 350

„ maritima .

• 396

transversus

• 351

„ bambusae

. 397

„

tenuis

. 351

„ zonata

• 399

))

rhodomyrti

• 352

Lachnodius

. 400

osbeckiae .

• 353

„ humboldtiae

. 400

Chapter IX.

Chapter X.

DACTYLOPIINiE .

. 354

Tachardiin^

. 402

Dactylopius

• 357

Tachardia conchiferata

• 407

indicus .

. 358

„ lacca

. 408

Halimococcus .

359

„ albizziae .

. 411

borassi .

360

„ minuta

• 414

Geococcu£

361

))

radicum .

361

Chapter XI.

Pseudantonina .

363

ORTHEZIINiE

• 417

bambusae .

363

Orthezia insignis

. 418

Pedronia

364

Chapter XII.

»»

strobilanthis

364

Margarodin^ .

423

Erioides

365

Kuwania

425

)}

cuneiformis

365

rimulas ,

366

„ zeylanica .

425

Tylococcus ,

367

Chapter XIII.

formicarii

368

Monophlebin^ .

428

simplicior

369

Monophlebus

430

Pseudococcus

369

„ contrahens

431

virgatus .

371

,, furcatus .

433

Kandyensis

ZIZ

„ variegatus

433

pulverarius

„ quadricaudatus

434

„ subsp.

bambusae .

scrobicularum .

374
375
375

Icerya ....
,, purchasi .

435
436

citri
citriculus .

„ asgyptiaca

„ seychellarum .

439
440

»>

monticola

,, „ var. nardi

441

fiiamentosus, vc

ir.

„ pilosa

442

corymbatus .

379

Walkeriana

444

„

lilacinus .

380

„ floriger .

445

bromeliae .

381

„ compacta

446

longispinus

383

,, senex

447

maritimus

384

„ ovilla

448

))

comstocki

386

Aspidoproctus .

450

))

debregeasias .

388

„ cinerea .

450

Phenacoccus

^88

„ euphorbiae

452

))

glomeratus

389

Labioproctus

453

»>

insolitus .

390

„ polei

453

iceryoides

391

Nietnera ....

454

ornatus .

392

„ pundaluoya

455

Appendix I .

459

„ II .

462

Index of Genera and Specii

£S .

467

EriococcincB. 345

CHAPTER VIII.
Sub-family ERIOCOCCIN^.

I HAVE treated this group (usually included with XhQ Dactylopimcs)
as a separate family, as they appear to form a natural assemblage
with distinct characters ; though they are undoubtedly nearly allied
to the other ' Mealy Bugs ' comprised in the genera Pseudococcus)
Phenacoccus, Ripersia, &c.

The character that is most noticeable in members of this family
is the presence of conspicuous prominent (often densely chitinous,
anal lobes. This character connects them also with certain
members of the AsterolecaniincB {e.g., Cerococcus). The genera
Kernies and Fonscolombia, the adult females of which are without
any trace of anal lobes, must be regarded as exceptions, but the
early larvae of these genera suggest their relationship to the
Eriococcine group. Maskell {Trans. N.Z. 1883, p. 128) proposed
the name HemicoccincE for a sub-family to contain the genera Kermes
and Asterolecanmm, in the belief that the species of these genera
combined the characters of the Lccaniincs (in the adult stage) with
those of the Dactylopiince (in the larval stages). But recent study
has shown that this idea was founded upon a misconception of the
characters of the insects in question. Pseudopidvinaria of Atkinson
(syn. Lefroyia, Green) is another genus that does not appear, at first
sight, to conform with the characters of the Eriococcince, and this
also was originally referred to the Hemicoccince. But, as 1 have
shown in my description and figures oi Lefroyia castanice { = Pseiido-
pulvinaria sikkimensis), this difference is more apparent than real.
The anal lobes are strongly developed in the larva ; but, during
subsequent growth, they become distorted and retracted within an
anal pit.

The remaining genera {Eriococcus, Rhizococcus and Gossyparid)
have all the typical characters of the family, differing from each
other merely in the nature of the secretionary covering. The
antennae are comparatively short, never exceeding seven joints, the
last of which is not elongated as in Pseudococcus and its allies. The
body is usually armed with conspicuous dermal spines, except in
the genera Kerines and Pseudopulvinaria. The tarsus is propor-

346 Eriococcince.

tionately long, seldom less than and often exceeding the length of
the tibia. This character is somewhat exceptional amongst
Coccidse. The anal orifice ^except in Kermes) is surrounded by a
setiferous ring.

The larvae are usually rather narrow and taper behind : the
body terminating in prominent lobes, each bearing a stout seta
and two or three slender spines. There are similar slender spines
on the dorsum — usually in transverse series across each segment.

Eriococcus is the only genus represented in Ceylon.

Synopsis of Genera.

A. Adult female without prominent anal lobes.

a. Anal orifice without setiferous ring (Kermes).

b. Anal orifice with setiferous ring (FONSCOLOMBIA).

B. Adult female with prominent (often densely chitinous) anal

lobes : anal orifice surrounded by a setiferous ring.

a. Adult female naked (Rhizococcus).

b. Adult female more or less clothed with secretionary matter.

a)-. Anal lobes prominent, exserted.

ci\ Mature female completely enclosed in a felted ovisac.

Eriococcus.
b"^. Mature female with felted secretion on the sides only.

(Gossyparia).

b^. Anal lobes distorted and retracted within an anal

pit (Pseudopulvinaria).

Eriococcince. 347

Genus ERIOCOCCUS, Targloni-Tozzetti,

Eriococcus, Targ., Catalogue, p. 33 (1869).

Acanthococcus, Sign., Ann. Soc. Fr. (5), Vol. V. p. 34 (1875).

Uhlerza, Cooke, Treat. Ins. Inj. Fruit fir» For. Trees ^ Cal. p. 41 (1881).

Adult female completely enclosed in a felted ovisac. Posterior extremity of
body with prominent (often densely chitinous) lobes. Derm usually with con-
spicuous tubular spines, which may be either sharply pointed or truncate.
Antennee normally with either six or seven joints. Tarsus frequently as long
as or longer than tibia.

The genus, of which nearly one hundred species have been recognised, is
widely distributed throughout both temperate and tropical regions. They
have a wide range of food plants, including both Dicotyledons and Monocoty-
ledons.

Seven species have been found in Ceylon, and may be distinguished by the
following characters : —

A. Spines chiefly confined to the margin, forming a more or

less continuous fringe.

(a) Tarsus equal to tibia. Spines acute araucarice.

{b) Tarsus markedly longer than tibia. Spines truncate nuerce.

B. Spines distributed over the dorsum.

{a) Spines numerous ; more or less evenly distributed
over the whole area ; on Bamboos.
{a}) Ovisac transversely flattened ; broad in front,

tapering rapidly behind bambusce.

{b^) Ovisac laterally compressed ; curved longi-
tudinally into the shape of a horse-shoe transversus.

{b) Spines comparatively few ; arranged in more or less
definite longitudinal series,
(a*) Tarsus approximately equal to tibia ; spines long

and sharply pointed tenuis.

(b^) Tarsus markedly longer than tibia ; spines
shorter, bluntly pointed.
(a^) Interstitial spines between the longitudinal

series rhodovtyrti.

{b^) No interstitial spines osbeckice.

148 E^'iococcince,

ERIOCOCCUS ARAUCARI^, Maskell.
(Plate CXXXIII.)

Eriococcus armicarice. Mask., N.Z. Trans. ^ Vol. XI. p. 218 (1878).
Rhizococcus araucaricc^ Comst., Rep. U.S. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 339 (1881).
Uhleria araucarice, Cooke, Treat. Ins. Inj. Fruit ^ For. Trees, Col., p. 41
(1881).

Ovisac of adult female {figs, i, 2) white ; ovoid ; convex ; of close textures
but rather brittle. Length 2-50 to 275 mm. Breadth 1-50 mm.

Puparium of male {fig. 3) similar to, but smaller and proportionately
narrower than that of the female. Dimensions i'5o by 0*50 mm.

Adult female, before the construction of the ovisac {fig. 10), oblong oval ;
olivaceous brown, paler at the margin, with a series of darker diffused spots on
the dorso-lateral area. Segments distinct. In fresh examples, in all stages,
there is a marginal fringe of glassy processes which are cylindrical till near the
apex where they abruptly taper to a point, the resulting form being strongly
suggestive of a cricket stump (see fig. 6). These processes are supported
by stout chitinous spines. Antenna {fig. 8) seven-jointed, the first reduced
to a narrow ring, the third always the longest, the seventh comparatively
slender. Occasionally the fourth is slightly longer than the second, and in
one instance the second, fourth, and seventh were found to be equal.
Limbs well developed ; the tarsus equal in length to the tibia {fig. 17).
Claw {fig. 18) strongly falcate, with a minute denticle near the apex. Tarsal
digitules strongly dilated at apex, ungual digitules moderately dilated. Spines
confined to the margin, where they form a more or less continuous fringe,
though tending to separate into groups of two or three on the abdominal
segments {fig. 11). There are numerous minute circular pores scattered
irregularly over the derm. Anal lobes {fig. 12) approximately cylindrical
at the base, obliquely tapering at apex where they terminate in the usual
caudal set^e : two spines at base and one near apex of each lobe. Anal ring
with 8 stout setK.

After oviposition the insect shrivels into a shapeless mass which lies at the
anterior extremity of the ovisac, the vacated space being packed with
orange-yellow eggs {fig. 2).

Length 1*50 to 2*25 mm. Breadth ro to I'so mm. Average dimensions of
twenty examples rgs by i-ii mm.

Nymph similar in structure to adult, but narrowed posteriorly.

Adult male {fig. 13) rather stout ; thorax broad and square, much wider than
the head ; mesonotum not very prominent. Colour dull fulvous, evenly
marbled with reddish brown ; limbs and abdomen paler ; a large brownish
spot at base of genital sheath. Wings ample, iridescent. Head {fig. 14)
broadly rounded at posterior angles. Rudimentary eyes minute but pro-
minent, lateral. Ocelli four, large and prominent, blackish ; two on upper and
two on under surface of head. Antenna; ten-jointed, third longest ; finely
setose, the apical six joints bearing a few longer knobbed hairs {fig. 16).

Eriococcince. 349

Penultimate segment of abdomen roundly dilated on each side, with two long
white cottony filaments, each of which is supported by a pair of strong setae
springing from a grandular pocket. Length approximately i mm.

This insect is a troublesome pest oi Araiicaria exceha and allied species in
Ceylon. It occurs in enormous numbers on the foliage, rendering the trees
unsightly by reason of the abundant growth of sooty fungus that invariably
accompanies the insect. The species is probably an introduction from New
Zealand. It was first noticed on young Araucaria trees in the Botanical
Gardens at Peradeniya and Hakgala, and is now to be found in private gardens
throughout the hill districts.

Occurs also in New Zealand, the Sandwich Islands, South Africa, and in
Southern California. It has now been recorded from the Indian Continent.

ERIOCOCCUS NUER^, nov.
(Plate CXXXIV.)

Ovisac of female white, slightly tinged with ochreous. Irregularly oval,
conforming to the shape of the crevices of the bark in which it rests ; thin
and brittle. Length averaging 2'5 mm.

Adult female turbinate, tapering behind {fig. i). Antenna {fig. 2) seven-
jointed ; second, third, and seventh approximately equal, longest ; fourth, fifth,
and sixth approximately equal, shortest. Legs {fig. 3) comparatively slender ;
tarsus markedly longer than tibia ; claw with minute denticule near extremity ;
digitules slender, minutely knobbed at extremity. Anal lobes {fig. 4) strongly
chitinous, well developed ; each with three longish truncate spines and one or
more slender setae. Caudal setae stout, approximately twice the length of the
anal lobes. Anal ring with eight stout setae which extend almost to the extremity
of the anal lobes. Margin with a broken series of moderately slender but
conspicuous truncate spines : the series more or less continous on the anterior
margin, but broken into groups of three or four on the thorax, and of from two to
four on the abdominal segments {see fig. i) : a pair of similar but rather smaller
spines on the median dorsal area of the penultimate segment, and a single median
spine immediately above the base of the anal lobes (see {fig. 4). Disc of
dorsum with numerous minute and inconspicuous hair-like spines, arranged in
tranverse series across the abdomen, intermingled with minute circular ceri-
ferous pores. Length 2*25 mm.

Young larva with conspicuous marginal truncate spinq^, disposed as in the
adult.

On the bark of an undetermined forest tree. Nuera Eliya. March, 1898.

250 Eriococcin^,

ERIOCOCCUS BAMBUS^, nov.
(Plate CXXXV.)

Ovisac of female (^figs. 2, 3) white, ochreous white, or greyish white,
broad in front, tapering rapidly behind, traversely flattened ; longitudinally
curved across the angle formed by the base of the leaf with the stem of the
plant, the insects being disposed— singly— in the axils of the leaves (see fig. i).
In fresh examples there is an irregular marginal fringe of fibrous filaments.
The under parts are very thin and fragile, so that when the ovisac is
detached the insect and eggs are exposed to view {fig. 3). Breadth across
the middle 2-50 mm. The longitudinal curvature prevents accurate measure-
ment of the length.

Adult female {fig. 4) curved in correspondence with its position on the
plant. Dorsum narrower than venter, and covered with numerous stout
pointed spines which are distributed without any apparent order, except that
there is a tendency towards a transverse arrangement on the abdominal
segments. The marginal spines are rather longer, stouter and more crowded,
and tend to separate into groups tov/ards the posterior extremity. Antenna
{fig. 6) seven-jointed ; second and third usually longest and equal ; 4th usually
shorter than seventh, but occasionally equal to it. Limbs with tarsus
and tibia of equal length {fig. 7). Claw with an almost imperceptible
denticle on inner edge near apex. Digitules very slender, with a minute
knob at apex. Anal lobes {fig. 5) well developed ; rather strongly
chitinized ; cylindrical at base, obliquely tapering at apex, with the usual
spines and apical setae. Anal ring with eight stout setae. Owing to the peculiar
form of the insect it is difficult to obtain the exact dimensions. The dorsum
is longer, while at the same time it is narrower than the venter, so that —
under compression — the body becomes more or less distorted. The length
(making no allowance for the curvature) is found to vary between to and
275 mm., the average length of ten examples being 2-25 mm. Measurements
of breadth are still more unsatisfactory : an average of the same ten examples
gives a transverse diameter of r35 mm.

Adult male with long and conspicuous caudal filaments, one on each side
of penultimate segment {fig. 8). Head and thorax brown, abdomen pinkish
purple. Wings hyaline, colourless, slightly mealy. Antennas with many
longish knobbed hairs. When boiled in potash the whole insect (including
the wings) assumes a bright crimson colour. Length (from frons to extremity
of genital sheath) r25 mm. Expanse of wings 2*50 mm.

Newly hatched larva {fig. 9) elongate, narrow, tapering behind. There is
a marginal series of stout spines, and a series of four similar spines across the
middle of the thorax. Length 0*45 mm.

In the axils of the leaves of Bamboo. Yatiyantota, March : Udagama,
October.

Allied to E. onukii., Kuwana, from which it differs in the form of the female
ovisac, in the size and arrangement of the dorsal spines, and in the antennal
formula. In otiukii there are definite longitudinal series of conspicuously
enlarged spines, and in that species the second antennal joint is markedly shorter
than the third. The ovisac of omckii is laterally compressed.

Eriococcincc. 351

ERIOCOCCUS TRANSVERSUS, nuv.
(Plate CXXXVI.)

Female ovisac {Jigs. 2, 3, 4) ochreous white ; strongly laterally com-
pressed, and curved into the shape of a horse-shoe, with transverse ridges
corresponding to the segments of the body of the insect, those on the thoracic
area produced into strong conical prominences. Transverse diameter across
the dorsum, r2 5 mm. ; across the side of the ovisac, 2*50 mm.

Adult female [fig. 5) olivaceous brown, darker beneath, curved into a loop,
so that the anterior and posterior extremities become approximated. There
is a well-JTiarked fold following the curve of the body. Dorsum {fig. 6)
closely set with small sharply pointed spines which are arranged in more
or less definite transverse bands, the bands being narrower and more con-
spicuous on the abdominal area : the spines rather larger on the marginal
area {fig. 7). Antenna {fig. 9) seven-jointed ; the second, third, and seventh (and
occasionally the fourth) approximately equal. Limbs well developed, tarsus
markedly longer than tibia {fig. 8) ; claw with a minute (scarcely perceptible)
denticle on inner margin near the apex. Anal ring with eight stout seta?.
Anal lobes cylindrical at base, obliquely conical at apex, with the usual spines
and terminal seta;. Length (under compression) averaging 2"o mm.

Young larva {fig. 10) with marginal, dorso-lateral, and median series of
strong spines : the marginal series consisting of forty-four, the dorso-laterals
with seven spines on each side, and the median series with twelve pairs.

The insects are disposed traversely across the axils of the leaves of
Arunduiaria sp. Q debilis) ; Maskeliya district, at an altitude of 6500 feet;
August, 1902.

Allied to bainbuscE^ but differing markedly in the form of the ovisac
(compare plate CXXXVL fig. 4, and plate CXXXV. fig. 2). Superficially
resembling, in form and habit, the Japanese species omikii.

The habit of lying transversely across the axils of leaves or the angles of
branches is common to the following species : af^r/j' (Sign.), tripartitus (Full.),
elegans (Full.), onukii (Kuw.), bavibuscc (Green), and transversus (Green).

ERIOCOCCUS TENUIS, nov.

(Plate CXXXVI I.)

Ovisac of adult female pure white, elongate oval, moderately convex,
closely felted. Freshly constructed examples show traces of transverse
segmentation. Length 2*50 to 3 mm. Breadth i to I'So mm. Puparium of
male similar but much smaller. Length about vi^ mm. Adult female, before
gestation {figs. 2, 3), elongate and narrow, tapering behind, of a very pale
greenish yellow colour. Older females proportionately broader. Spines of

352 Eriococcince.

median size arranged on the dorsum as shown at fig. 4, disposed in median,
subdorsal, and marginal series, with a few smaller hair-like interstitial spines.
The median series is double, consisting of paired spines ; the subdorsal series
is irregular, and compound on the thoracic area ; the marginal series some-
what irregular and more crowded at the anterior extremity. There are
numerous small circular pores distributed over the surface of the body.
Antenna seven-jointed, third or fourth longest {figs. 6, 7). The following
variations of antennal formula have been observed : 4, 3, 7, 2, 5, 6 ; 4, (3, 7), 2,
(5, 6) ; 4, 3, 7, 2, 6, 5 ; 4, 3, 2, 7, 6, 5 ; 3, 4, 7, 2, (5, 6) ; 3, 4, 7, (2, 5), 6 ; 3, (4, 7), 2,
(5, 6) (The first joint being irregular in form, and usually distorted by pressure,
is not included in the formula?). Limbs well developed, moderately large ;
tarsus slightly longer than tibia (fig. 8) ; claw strongly curved, simple ; ungual,
and tarsal digitules normal. Anal lobes prominent, usually obliquely trun-
cate, with a stout seta at apex of each, two stout spines on the inner side, and
one at the base of the outer side {fig. 5). Anal ring with eight stout longish
setae.

Adult male {fig. 9) purplish brown, pruinose, except on apodema and
scutellum, which remain smooth and polished. Apodema dark brown.
Ocelli four, the upper pair small and widely separate, the pair on the under
surface large and contiguous. Rudimentary eyes minute, lateral. Antenna
ten-jointed, each joint (except the first) bearing several slender knobbed hairs.
Caudal filaments opaque white, as long as the body of the insect. Length
I mm.

On the under surface of the leaves of a species of grass ; the females
usually clustered near the base of the leaf, the male puparia more widely
scattered {fig. i). Pundaluoya, Peradeniya, Kaduganawa, Kotmali.

The insect may possibly be equivalent to E. graminis of Maskell (from
China and Japan), but the published description of that species is inadequate,
and I have been unable to obtain actual specimens for comparison. If
Maskell's figures are correct, the marginal spines of graminis are propor-
tionately much larger than those of tenuis. E. pal/idtis, with which Maskell
compares his species, differs widely from tenuis.

ERIOCOCCUS RHODOMYRTI, nov.
(Plate CXXXVIIL)

Ovisac of female white {fig. 5), sometimes slightly ochreous ; oblong oval,
length approximately twice the breadth ; moderately convex. Length 2-50 mm.

Male puparium {fig. 4) similar in character, but smaller. Length 1-25 to
I "50 mm.

Adult female of normal form. Principal dorsal spines of medium size ;
bluntly pointed ; disposed in median, subdorsal, and marginal series {fig. 8) ;
the median series double ; an irregular series interposed on the thoracic area
between the subdorsal and marginal series ; marginal series rather irregular.
There are numerous smaller interstitial spines and a few small circular ceri-
ferous pores. Antenna ( fig. 9) rather short and stout ; seven-jointed, the formula

Eriococcincs. 353

usually constant : (3, 4, 7), 2, (5, 6). Legs well developed ; tarsus markedly
longer than tibia {fig. 11); claw {fig. 3) with a distinct denticle on the inner
side, near the apex ; ungual digitules very delicate and inconspicuous. Anal
lobes prominent ; tapering to apex which is evenly rounded {figs. 6, 7), with
three stout spines ; caudal setae one and a half to twice the length of the lobes.
Anal ring {fig. 6) with 6 stout setae, and a similar seta, close to but distinct
from the ring, on each side of it. Length from i"25 to 2"o mm. ; averaging
175 mm.

Adult male not observed.

Young larva {fig. 2) pale yellow : eyes black.

On under surface of leaves of Rhodomyrtus roseus. Nuera Eliya ; Maskel-
liya ; Badulla. At altitudes of over 6000 feet.

A single example, found on Rhodomyrtus on the isolated Namunakuli hill
(Uva District), departs frrom the type in having longer and proportionately
more slender antennas and limbs {figs. 10, 12). The tarsus, in this form, is
approximately equal to the tibia. In other characters this example is inseparable
from the type.

ERIOCOCCUS OSBECKI^, nov.
(Plate CXXXIX.)

Ovisac of female creamy white ; oblong oval, length approximately twice
the breadth ; moderately convex. Length averaging 2 mm.

Puparium of male much smaller. Length i mm.

Adult female similar in form and general characters to E. rhodomyrti^ but
differing in the absence or reduction of the smaller interstitial spines found on
that species. Consequently the longitudinal series of large spines are very
clearly defined {fig. i). The marginal series of spines is more regular and less
crowded. Antenna {fig. 3) seven-jointed, third longest or equal to seventh, fifth
and sixth always shortest and subequal. Legs with tarsus markedly longer
than tibia {fig. 4) ; the claw {fig. 5) strongly falcate and with a small denticle
near the apex. Anal lobes {fig. 2), slightly larger than those of rhodomyrti
Anal ring with six stout setas. A similar seta at the base of each lobe often
impinges upon the anal ring. Length i"5o to 175 mm. Average of thirteen
examples 1-55. Breadth 075 to ro, average ego mm.

On leaves of Osbeckia sp. Namunakuli (over 6000 feet), Badulla. February.

The habit, appearance and general characters of this insect closely resemble
those of E. rhodomyrti, which also occurs in the same locality. There is, how-
ever, a constant difference observable in the character of the dorsal spines, as
described above. Osbeckice is rather a smaller insect.

354 Dactylopiince.

CHAPTER IX.
Sub-family DACTYLOPIIN^.

This rather unwieldy group is at present made to include a
large number of genera for which it is difficult to assign any
single common character. The elongate terminal joint of the
antenna — in the adult female — separates most of them from the
EriococcincE ; but the ' Cochineal ' insects are an exception to this
rule. The general character of a setiferous anal ring (which is by
no means confined to the Dactylopiind) is absent in the genera
Dactylopius, Apiococais and Halimococcus. They agree chiefly in
the negative character of the absence of any specialised anal lobes
such as are found in the typical Eriococcine genera ; but there is
an exception {Geococcus) even to this character.

The sub-family includes insects with and without limbs and
antennae, together with others of an intermediate condition. The
nature of the secretionary covering varies from a rigid horny test
(in Apiococcus, Halimococcus, and Porococcus), or a tough felted test
(as in Pseudoripersia and Erioides), through various degrees of
loose coverings of tomentose or mealy secretion to a condition of
practical nakedness. The mealy covering is the most general and
has acquired for the family the popular term of ' Mealy Bugs.'

Of the twenty-eight genera specified in the following synopsis,
eleven only have been recorded from the Island of Ceylon. Those
not yet found in Ceylon are indicated by brackets ( ). It is
probable that several of them, especially the root-infesting species,
may occur in the Island and only await discovery.

Synopsis of Genera.

A. Anal ring without setse.

a. Limbs and antennae present : insects thickly covered with

mealy secretion Dactylopius

b. Limbs and antennae wanting : insects enclosed in a horny

test.

d^. Derm with conical spines (ApiocoCCUS).

b^. Derm without spines HALIMOCOCCUS.

DadylopiincB. 355

B. Anal ring with four setae : anterior and mid limbs wanting.

a. Posterior limbs developed (Capulinia).

b. Posterior limbs rudimentary (CryptocOCCUS).

C. Anal ring with six setae.

a. Limbs and antennae present.

rti. Antennae five-jointed (RhizOECUS).

b^. Antennae six or seven-jointed.

d^. Adult female enclosed in horny test : limbs nor-
mal (POROCOCCUS).

(51 Adult female enclosed in leathery test : legs thick

and swollen (PSEUDORIPERSIA).

c^. Adult female naked, or enclosed in fragile waxy test,
or in mealy secretion.
a''. Female with prominent chitinous anal lobes

Geococcus.
b^. Female without chitinous anal lobes.

a^. Antennae with bases widely separated (RiPERSiA).
b^. Antennae with bases approximated

(Ripersiella).
(^. Limbs and antennae relativel)'- minute

Pseudantonina,
c^. Antennae seven or eight-jointed.
cP'. Insects ovoviviparous : no ovisac.

a^. Terminal joint of antenna short (Gymnococcus).
b^. Terminal joint of antenna elongated ... Pedronia.
^2. Insects oviparous : eggs enclosed in a more or less
definite ovisac.
c^. Adult female completely enclosed in ovisac.

(2*. Anal sets comparatively short (Erium).

b^. Anal setae very long (Erioides).

b^. Adult female exposed at anterior extremity of ovisac.
a^. Margin with spiniferous tubercles Tylococcus.
b^. Margin without conspicuous tubercles

PSEUDOCOCCUS.
dy. Antenna nine-jointed.

d^. Adult female with compact waxy dorsal processes

(Ceroputo).
b'^. Adult female without compact waxy dorsal pro-
cesses PHENACOCCUS.

b. Limbs and antennae rudimentary or obsolete.

d. Larva with three-jointed antennae (KUWANINA).

b^. Larva with six-jointed antennae Antonina.

356 Dactylopiin(2.

D. Anal ring with eight setae (PUTO).

E. Anal ring with more than eight setae.

a. Limbs and antennae wanting (Kermicus).

b. Limbs and antennae present.

cD-. Adult female enclosed in compact test ... (Trabutina).
b^. Adult female naked.

a^. Antenna of adult female three-jointed

(Micrococcus).
31 Antenna of adult female six to eight-jointed

Lachnodius.

Dactylopiince. 357

Genus DACTYLOPIUS, Costa.
Dactylopiiis, Costa, Fauna del Regno di Napoli, Vol. VI. p. 15, 1856.

Sorely against my inclination, I have resigned myself to the adoption of the
above name for the 'Cochineal Insects,' in place of the more widely accepted
name of Coccus. It is hard to part company with old friends, and ever since I
commenced the study of the Coccidae I have been accustomed to regard the
name of Coccus cacti as that of the type of the whole family. Now, alas, both the
generic and the specific name of the typical Cochineal insect have to be aban-
doned, and that insect must be referred to as Dactylopius coccus. As noted by
Prof Newstead {Monograph of the British Coccidce, Vol. II. p. 256), Prof.
Cockerell has made it quite clear that Dactylopius coccus is the first available
name of the commercial Cochineal Insect.

Species of this genus are distinguished from most other ' mealy bugs' by the
presence, in their bodies, of a rich crimson dye which exudes from the fresh
insects when they are crushed, or may be extracted from the dried insects by
boiling. They have no setiferous anal ring. The derm is characterised by the
presence of irregular clusters of circular ceriferous pores and truncate spines,
thjC latter being particularly numerous and conspicuous on the wild forms, but
sparse and small on the cultivated species. The antennae are comparatively
short and tapering ; they are normally seven-jointed, but the joints are often
confused, and some of them are usually reduced to narrow rings. The female
insects secrete a considerable quantity of white mealy or tomentose matter.
The males undergo their transformations in an elongated felted or tomentose
sac. In some species both alate and apterous forms of the male are produced.

The several species are restricted to plants of the genus Opuntia. One
species only {D. indicus) occurs in Ceylon.

For a description of the various forms and their claim to specific rank, the
reader may refer to my paper ' On the Cultivated and Wild Forms of Cochineal
Insects' {Journ. Econ. Biol.,Wo\. VII. Pt. 3, p. 79, Sept. 1912). Alluding to the
wild forms, I have there remarked that 'it must be confessed that a careful study
of them reveals no sharp characters by which they may be defined. I am inclined
to regard all these wild forms as comparatively recent derivations oi tomentosus,
differing but slightly in the proportions of the limbs and the shape of the truncate
spines. The Indian and African forms were almost certainly introduced from
the Neotropical regions of America, and may have become differentiated under
the altered conditions. Coccus cacti {Dactylopius coccus)^ on the other hand, has
characters so distinct as to make it probable that its segregation dates from a
much earlier period.'

The cultivation of the Cochineal Insect was a thriving and profitable in-
dustry until it was ruined by the discovery of analine dyes. A certain amount
of genuine Cochineal is still employed for dyeing special goods, also as a
colouring matter for culinary and medicinal purposes.

358 Dactylopiina,

DACTYLOPIUS INDICUS, Green {The Wild Cochmeal Insect).

(Plate CXL.)

Coccus indtcus, Green, Mem. Dep. Ag. Ind., 1908, Vol. II. p. 28.
Coccus cacti var. ceylonicus, Green («<?;«. nud.\ Ind. Mus. Notes, 1896,
Vol. IV. I, p. 7.

Adult female subglobular ; circular or broadly oval in outline. Colour purplish
red to brownish red {fig: 16) ; covered dorsally with a mass of white mealy to-
mentum {fig. 9). Eyes moderately prominent, weakly chitinous. Antenna (yff.
12) short, tapering gradually to the extremity ; seven-jointed (rarely six-jointed
through the confluence of the third and fourth joints) ; all the joints broad and
short, much broader than long, with the exception of the seventh, in which the
length approximately equals the breadth ; some stout curved hairs on the
seventh joint, and one on the side of each of the fifth and sixth joints. Legs
small, moderately stout {fig. n) ; tibia and tarsus together shorter than the
femur (with trochanter) ; tarsus longer than tibia ; claw sharply pointed ; digi-
tules slender, very slightly dilated at extremity, the tarsals longer than the
unguals. Derm with numerous circular pores and truncate spines, the former
occurring singly or in small clusters of three or four pores. The truncate spines
are very numerous and conspicuous, even under a comparatively low magnifica-
tion ; they are short and stout, cylindrical and parallel-sided, with broadly
expanded bases which are usually as broad as — and sometimes broader than —
the total length of the spine {fig. 13). In macerated preparations of the insect,
when the segments of the body are extended, the spines appear to be disposed
in broad segmental bands {fig. 10). Length of Ceylon examples ranging from
175 to 4'o mm. Indian examples average slightly larger.

Adult male {figs, i) dull crimson, with opaque white wings and extremely
long white caudal filaments. The head is pointed in front and angled at the
sides, and bears six prominent black ocelli, of which two are on the upper
surface, two on the under surface, the remaining pair forming the lateral angles
of the head {see figs, i and 2.) Antennae {figs. 7 and 8) ten-jointed ; length of
joints rather variable, third and fourth longest, subsequent joints decreasing to
the ninth, which is the shortest ; tenth equal to the seventh, but sometimes as
long as fourth ; joints four to ten, each with one or two long slender knobbed
hairs ; two or three stout curved spines near the extremity of the tenth joint.
Genital sheath short and stout.

Male puparium {fig. 6) cylindrical, elongate, open at posterior extremity.

Young larva {fig. 14) dull crimson ; with many long white hair-like filaments,
more particularly towards the posterior extremity.

On 'Prickly Pear' {Opuntia monacanthd). Occurring sporadically at
Hambantota, Tangalla, Jaffna, and probably all round the coast wherever this
particular Opuntia survives. Occurs also in India.

In my paper on ' Cultivated and Wild Forms of Cochineal Insects' {Journ.
Econ. Biol., Sept. 1912), the host plant of Dactylopius {Coccus) indicus in
Ceylon was wrongly determined as Opwitia dillenice. Burkill has shown that

DactylopiincB. 359

dillenicB is exempt from attack in India, and Tryon found the same condition
in Ceylon {vide Report of the Prickly Pear Travelling Commission, Queensland

1914)-

Plants that are thickly infested by the insect have an unhealthy appearance
that is noticeable from a considerable distance. It appears indeed, from Tryon's
researches, that ' O. monocantha was formerly abundant in India and Ceylon,
but has been practically exterminated there by the action of a wild Cochineal
Insect {Coccus indicus)' Its place has now been occupied (in Ceylon) by the
immune species Opuntia dillenia:.

A similar action has been observed in South Africa, where Lounsbury
remarks — in his Annual Report for 1915-16 — that 'the Indian Cochineal Insect
is eradicating with astonishing rapidity the Monacantha prickly pear, especially
in Natal.' A small colony of Z>. indicus was taken to South Africa in 1913 by
the Queensland Prickly Pear Commission, and — according to the Report —
'already nothing but a few dried stumps remain where there were formerly
veritable walls of this plant.' It is remarkable that the African Cochineal
Insect {D. confusus-capensis), though so closely allied to D. indicus, has in-
fested the same species of prickly pear in South Africa for nearly a hundred
years without any injurious effect. This idiosyncrasy of the Indian insect makes
it a very valuable ally in the extermination of Opuntia monocantha in countries
where that noxious weed has overrun what would otherwise be useful pasture
land.

The origin of the wild Cochineal Insect, in India and Ceylon, is obscure.
Burkill {Record of the Botanical Society of India, Vol. IV. No. 6, 191 1)
quotes evidence to show that the insect was introduced into India in 1795, ^i^d
Tryon {Queenslafid Agricultural Jourtt.,Yo\.yiX.Y . Part 4, Oct. 1910) gives
Brazil as the source of this introduction. There were apparently subsequent
introductions in 1821 and somewhere about 1840, and again in 1883 — when the
Government of Madras imported the insect from Algiers. Some of these intro-
ductions were undoubtedly of the cultivated Cochineal, though others are
definitely described as 'Wild' or 'Sylvestre' Cochineal. But whatever its
source, the fact remains that the form now found in India and Ceylon differs
markedly from any of the species or forms now existent in other countries, with
the possible exception of Dactylopius argentinus, from Argentina — the only
species that I have been unable to examine.

Genus HALIMOCOCCUS, CklL
Halimococcus, CklL, The Entomologist, Vol. XXXV. p. 15, 1902.
(Plate CXLI.)

Cockerell defines the genus {loc. cit.) as follows : ' A Dactylopiine Coccid
enclosed in a horny sac shaped like that of Solenococcus {Cerococcus), without
legs or antennas in the adult. Larva with no rows of dorsal spines, no hairs
on anal ring, and no caudal tubercles, but four long caudal bristles as in

360 Dactylopiincs.

Phoenicococcus. Closely related to Phosnicococcus, but distinguished by the
form of the sac, which exactly imitates that of Solenococctis^

To this it may be added that the sac (or puparium) of Halimococcus
has an operculate aperture at the posterior extremity, in which particular
it differs from that of Cerococcus, and that the adult female is without a
setiferous anal ring. The operculum has the appearance of being tightly
closed and immovable, but I have seen a single individual in which it was half
open, hinged on the anterior rim of the aperture. It forms the only possible
exit for the young larvae.

The insects appear to be ovoviviparous. The male is unknown in any
stage. Nor has the nymphal stage of the female been determined.

The type species {H. lampas^ Ckll.) occurs on palms in Natal. At least one
other species (at present undescribed) affects a species of Calamics in Java.

HALIMOCOCCUS BORASSI, nov.

Mature insect completely enclosed in a hard rigid puparium of a deep
reddish brown colour. This case is of a narrow oval form, strongly convex
above, flattened along the point of detachment below, rounded in front, taper-
ing and elevated behind (see {fig. 4), where it terminates above in a broadly
oval aperture closed by an operculum, which is of a brighter reddish colour.
The surface is minutely roughened, and bears indistinct traces of transverse
corrugation. The nymphal skin — of a pale stramineous colour— at first
remains attached to the puparium, and appears to be split longitudinally along
the median ventral line, the two halves of the ventral area opening outwards
(see {fig. 3). This covering is subsequently shed, or becomes detached. In
many individuals an irregular covering of white waxy secretion conceals the
sides of the puparium, leaving the median dorsal area exposed {fig. 2).
Length o'6 to 07 mm.

Adult female {fig. 5) relatively of the same form as the puparium, which it
completely fills. Colour very pale yellow or creamy white, the derm so thin
and delicate that it is extremely difficult to extract the insect without rupturing
it, when it collapses into a shapeless film. The only noticeable feature on the
fresh insect is the rostral apparatus, which is rather strongly developed, and
shows as a brownish patch on the under surface. After maceration {fig. 6)
there can be distinguished, in addition, a pair of rudimentary antennae repre-
sented by minute irregular tubercles {fig. 7) and the four thoracic spiracles.
There is no vestige of limbs. The anal segment {fig. 8) is somewhat pygidi-
form, the dorsal area covered by a sharply defined chitinous plate, which is
approximately of the same form as the operculum of the puparium. The
minute anal orifice is in the centre of this plate, which also carries from eight
to ten circular pores. The outer margin is entire without either prominences
or incisions. On the ventral surface is another chitinous plate covering the
genital aperture. Length of extended female 0*5 mm.

Newly hatched larva very pale yellow. Margin with a series of short seta;

DactylopiincE. 361

or hair-like spines, those at the posterior extremity longer and stouter. Young
larvae have been observed within the puparia of the adult females.

I have been unable to recognise the nymphal stage of the female (except in
the form of the nymphal skin attached to the puparium of the adult). Nor have
any stages of the male been observed. But, mingled with the adult insects, are
numerous small ochreous or stramineous examples {fig.^ which 1 take to be fully
grown larvae. These are of an elongate form, and have well-developed limbs and
six-jointed antennae. The posterior extremity {.fig. 10)— even at this early stage —
shows a well-defined operculoid plate with six set;e on its outer margin, but there
is no indication of this structure on the newly hatched larvte. The length of
these supposed fully grown larva; is o'33 mm.

The insects are crowded in sheltered angles at the base of the fronds
of the Palmyra Palm {Borassus Jlabelliformis), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Peradeniya.

Genus GEOCOCCUS, Green.
Geococcus^ Green, E)tt. Mo. Mag.^ Vol. XXXVIII. p. 262 (1902).

The original diagnosis of the genus was as follows : ' Insects subterranean
orming a more or less complete sac. Limbs present : antennae close together,
2iS m Ripersm ; six-jointed, terminal joint large. Body terminating in a pair
of chitinous anal lobes, as in Eriococctis. Derm with trilocular pores. Anal
ring setiferous. Young larva with a pair of stout chitinous spines.' It should
be added that the spines of the larva are situated at the posterior extremity,
and are evidently the precursors of the large stout processes found on the anal
lobes of the nymph and adult insects.

As this is at present a monospecific genus it would be unwise to add other
peculiar characters that might eventually prove to be of specific value only.

The single known species appears to be intermediate between the Erio-
coccine and Pseudococcine groups. The antennal characters suggest its
affinity to Rhizoecus and Ripersia.

At present recognised from Ceylon and the Hawaiian Islands only.

GEOCOCCUS RADICUM, Green.
Geococcus radicum, Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., Vol. XXXVIII. p. 262 (1902).

Puparium of female {figs, i, 2, 3) white, irregularly circular or oval, brittle,
coarsely pulverulent externally, smooth inside. Longer diameter 2*0 to 2*50
mm. The insect lies loose within the puparium {fig. 3), in the hinder part of
which the eggs are deposited.

Adult female {fig. 4) very pale yellow, caudul lobes dark brown, broadest

362 DactylopiincB.

across the middle, tapering at both extremities, terminating posteriorly in a
a pair of stout conical lobes. Segments well defined with, in the living insect,
a well-marked ventro-lateral longitudinal sulca on each side. Antennas placed
closed together on the extreme anterior margin ; six-jointed {fig. 6), short and
stout, terminal joint longest, about as long as the previous three joints together;
each joint with several longish stout hairs, in addition to which there are four
conspicuous stout curved club-shaped spines, three of them being situated
on the terminal and one on the subterminal joint. Rostrum close to anterior
margin ; mentum biarticulate, basal joint shortest. Limbs fully developed,
comparatively small but stout ; femur and trochanter together approximately
equal in length to the tibia, tarsus and claw ; tibia and tarsus of equal length,
with a longish stout curved spine on the inner margin of each ; claw compara-
tively long and slender ; ungual digitules represented by a pair of short simple
hairs ; no tarsal digitules. Spiracles minute and inconspicuous. Caudal lobes
{fig. 7) broad, rather densely chitinous, the extremity of each bearing a very
large and stout bluntly pointed spine. Anal aperture surrounded by six stout
spiniform setae, the median pair longer and stouter than the others. Terminal
abdominal segments conspicuously hairy, especially on and at the base of the
caudal lobes where many of the hairs are whip-like in form. The hairs on the
rest of the body are smaller and less conspicuous. There is a pair of well-
defined oval cicatrices on the dorsum of the abdomen, situated apparently
at the junction of the penultimate and antepenultimate segments. The derm
bears numerous glandular pores of several forms. The simplest form {fig. 8)
is circular, with a chitinous rim and a nebulous inner ring. But the most
conspicuous dermal character is the presence of numerous large compound
spinnerets (yf^. -9), each of which contains three large circular pores bound
together by a subtriangular chitinous rim. On the median line of the venter
(situated apparently on the metathoracic and first two abdominal segments)
are three subcircular chitinous organs {fig. 10) analogous to (if not homo-
logous with) the cribriform plates of Cerococctis and Lecaniodiaspis. Total
length I to 2 mm.

Nymphal female {fig. 14) elongate-ovate. Antenna {fig. 15) and limbs as
in the adult. Caudal lobes {fig. 16) proportionately more prominent, with the
terminal spine longer, more sharply pointed and falcate, the curve taking an
upward direction. Between the lobes, situated dorsally, is a pair of similar but
smaller falcate spines. Another pair of falcate spines is found on the dorsum
immediately behind the antennjE. Both compound and simple pores occur on
the derm, but the former {fig. 17) are much smaller than in the adult, and the
individual pores are ovate instead of circular. Three cribriform organs are
found on the venter ; of these, the anterior one (situate between the bases of
the third pair of legs) is less than half the size of the other two which are
placed respectively on the first and second abdominal segments. These
organs are more conspicuous and more highly developed in the nymph than in
the adult. They contain numerous irregularly polygonal cells (see fig. 18).
The dorsal abdominal cicatrices are contracted and inconspicuous. Length
175 to 2'25 mm.

Young larva ifig. 11) elongate. Antenna {fig. 12) five-jointed, with four
club-shaped spines as in the nymph and adult insects. Caudal lobes scarcely
prominent, each bearing a conspicuous upwardly curved spine {fig. 15).
There are no falcate spines on the dorsum. Dorsal cicatrices well defined,

Dactylopiince. 363

the two pairs being situated near the anterior and posterior extremities respec-
tively. Anal aperture surrounded by six stout setae. Length approximately
o"5o mm.

Eggs {fig. 3) white.

Habitat : In the soil, attached to roots of grasses and other plants, under
stones ; and in the thin layer of soil and dwarf herbage covering rocks ;
Pundaluoya and Kandy.

Occurs also in the Hawaiian Islands, where it has been observed by
Mr. J. Kolinsky.

Genus PSEUDANTONINA, nov.

Species resembling Antonina in habit and form, but possessing limbs. Type,
bambustz.

It will be inadvisable to fix the characters of the genus too closely, pend-
ing the discovery of other species. The characters of the single species for
which the new genus has been erected appear to be intermediate between those
of Antonina and Ripersia.

PSEUDANTONINA BAMBUS^, nov.'
(Plate CXLIII.)

Adult female {fig. i) naked or sparsely covered with loose white secretion ;
irregularly elongate oval, evenly rounded at either extremity ; flattened by
compression from its position between the stem and the enfolding stipules.
Antennje marginal, very small ; usually five-jointed {fig. 2), occasionally with
six {fig. 3), and sometimes with only three joints {fig. 4) ; intersegmental
divisions feeble and frequently indistinct. Limbs very small and weak, though
the normal number of joints are developed and even well formed {fig. 5) ; claw
long and slender, curved at the tip ; tarsal digitules long and slender, minutely
knobbed : ungual digitules rather shorter. The median and posterior legs
appear to spring from a crowded patch of minute pores, but these pores are
actually on the dorsum, immediately above the insertion of the limbs (see
{fig. 5). Rostrum situated close to the anterior extremity ; mentum broad and
short. Spiracles rather small, opening into a short cylindrical chamber. Anal
orifice {fig. 6) opening on to or just within the posterior margin. Anal ring
incomplete, bearing six moderately long setae. Derm with a few very small
scattered spiny hairs, and circular pores of various sizes, viz., a series of com-
paratively large thick-rimmed pores {fig. 2) on the anterior margin, extending
downwards on each side to the level of the anterior spiracles {see fig. i) ; some
smaller pores on the marginal area of the abdomen, more crowded on the posterior
segments {fig. 6) ; crowded patches of still smaller pores above the insertion

364 DactylopiincE.

of the median and posterior limbs {figs, i, 5) ; and some minute inconspicuous
pores mingled with the others (see />. 2). Dimensions varying from 275 by
I '25, to 475 by 2'o mm.

Young larva without prominent posterior lobes, but bearing a pair of long
caudal setee. Derm with longitudinal series of comparatively large circular
pores on both dorsum and venter, there being four series on the dorsum, four on
the venter, and a complete marginal series. Length 0*45 mm.

Concealed beneath the imbricating stipules of a small stemmed bamboo
(? Teinostachyum attoiuattun) in the jungle above Nuera Eliya.

Genus PEDRONIA, nov.

Insects ovoviviparous. Derm with stout conical spines. Antenna six- or
seven-jointed, the terminal joint elongate. Without prominent chitinous anal
lobes.

Type, strobilanihis.

Superficially resembling Rhizococctts ; but differing from the Eriococcine
genera in the elongate terminal joint of the antennas and the absence of the
characteristic prominent anal lobes.

PEDRONIA STROBILANTHIS, nov.
(Plate CXLIV.)

Adult female (_/|§^. i), naked ; brownish red to dark purple-brown, with longi-
tudinal series of small colourless glassy spiniform paired processes arising from
stout sharply pointed conical spines arranged as in fig. 3. Antenna {fig. 5)
normally seven-jointed, but in many examples the number is reduced to six,
owing to a confluence of the second and third joints {fig. 6). Terminal joint
always much the longest. Formula of normal antenna 7, (1,2), 6, (3, 4, 5).
Formula of six-jointed form 6, 3, i, (2, 5), 4. Limbs stout ; tarsus shorter than
tibia {fig. 7) ; the two together scarcely longer than the femur (with trochanter) ;
tarsal digitules slender, slightly knobbed ; claw sharply pointed. I have been
unable to detect any ungual digitules. More or less definite eye spots are
noticeable on the anterior margin. Posterior extremity {fig. 4) with broadly
rounded lobes. There is a pair of stout spines (part of the marginal series) at
the apex of each lobe, and a longish seta from below the apex. Anal ring with
six stout sette. The dorsal spines, in the typical form, have bases almost as
broad as their length {fig. 9) ; but a form with longer and more slender spines
{fiS- 8) ^vas observed on the isolated hill of Namunakuli. This form may be
distinguished as var. tenuispina. Size of female insect averaging ro mm. by
o'6o mm.

No ovisac is formed, the insects being ovoviviparous.

Dactylopiince. 365

Male puparium (see fig. i) pure white ; narrow, about twice as long as
broad ; posterior extremity open. Length 175 mm.

Other stages not observed.

On under surface of leaves of Strobilanthes sp. ; Pedrotalagala (7000 ft.),
Nuera Eliya ; March.

The variety tenuispina was observed only on the isolated Namunakuli Hill
(Badulla District), at about the same elevation.

The plants were so thickly infested by the insect that the leaves were wilted
and falling off. Some of the plants appeared to be dying from the attack. A
sooty fungus accompanied the insect and smothered the foliage. The female
nsects are unusually active and move about with considerable rapidity.

Although the character and arrangement of the spines is suggestive of the
Eriococcina, the abdominal extremity has not the highly chitinous and modified
lobes characteristic of that family ; and the terminal joint of the antenna is more
like that found in Pseudococcits and its allies.

E RIO IDES, gen. nov.

Adult female enclosed in a tough felted case, with an opening at the posterior
extremity. Terminal segments of abdomen with dense groups of spines on the
dorsum. Antenna seven-jointed ; terminal joint elongate. Limbs well developed.
Anal ring with six very long curling seta;, much longer than those of the caudal
lobes.

Type, cuneiformis.

Synopsis of Species.

A. Adult female enclosed in a cuneiform case : on surface of leaves cuneifonjiis.

B. Adult female enclosed in an irregular case : in crevices of bark riniulcc.

ERIOIDES CUNEIFORMIS, iiov.
(Plate CXLV.)

Puparium (or ovisac) of adult female {fig. 4) white externally, often dis-
coloured by a deposit of black fungus, pale buff within. Broad behind, tapering
to a fine point at anterior extremity; indented at posterior extremity, where
there is an aperture through which the waxy abdominal processes of the insect
project ; irregularly wrinkled transversely. Closely felted and tough. Length
3"o to 3"5o mm. Breadth across broadest part about 2'o mm.

Adult female at first olivaceous {fig. 7) ; changing with age to slaty purple
{fig. 5). At first approximately parallel-sided, the cephalic extremity only nar-
rowed {fig. 7) ; later, shrivelling in front and becoming gradually contracted

366 Dactylopiince.

until it assumes the form shown in figs. 5 and 6 ; lateral margins slightly
recurved. Abdominal segments with a median dorsal series of stout white
waxy processes, directed backwards ; posterior margin with seven longer and
stouter processes, also directed backwards. Antenna (fig. 9) with seven joints,
the division between the third and fourth often indistinct ; seventh much the
longest. Limbs {fig. 10) stout ; tarsus slightly shorter than tibia ; digitules very
fine and delicate, often missing, tarsals with a minute apical knob, unguals
weakly dilated at extremity. Derm with groups of stout pointed spines on
positions corresponding with the waxy processes displayed by the living insect,
viz., a dorsal series of small groups on the last six or seven segments of the
abdomen, and large groups on the marginal areas of the posterior segments.
These groups become larger and more crowded as they approach the posterior
extremity until — on the last two segments — they become almost confluent
{fig. 8). There are numerous small circular ceriferous pores on the dorsum,
and some larger pores on the venter. Anal ring large and conspicuous, bearing
six very long whip-like setae, and outlined by a double chain of cells. Caudal
setae about one-third the length of those of the anal ring. Length of insect
2'o to 275 mm.

On the upper surface of the leaves (and occasionally on the slender branches)
of Eiigenia oligaiitha ; also on a species of Calophylluin. Nuera Eliya. The
puparia are almost invariably situated at the base of the leaf, in the groove
above the midrib.

I have been unable to obtain the male of this species, or to recognise the
male puparia.

ERIOIDES RIMUL^, nov.
(Plate CXLVL)

Adult female enclosed in a stout, closely felted sac, which is whitish
externally, but bufif-coloured internally. The sac is open at the hinder
extremity, revealing the terminal segments of the insect, from which project
two longish curling flattened white filaments {figs. 9, 10). In its earlier
stage of construction the sac is often vase-shaped and disposed in an erect
position, the anterior parts sunk in a crevice of the bark {fig. 9). Later, it
usually assumes a procumbent position and is of a more irregular form {fig. 10).
Length of fully developed sac about 27"5 mm.

Adult female at first yellow {fig. 6), becoming dull purplish later. Form
oval, tapering somewhat behind and (in life) constricted at the anterior
extremity. Cephalo-thorax and base of abdomen naked ; terminal five or six
segments of abdomen covered dorsally with white mealy secretion and (in
older examples) with stout marginal waxy processes directed backwards. Derm
with numerous minute pores ; the dorsum of the terminal segments almost
completely covered with large chitinous plates crowded with stout spines
{fig. 11). On the anal segment these spines are longer, and taper evenly to a
sharp point ; the spines on the preceding segments are of the peculiar shape
shown Vilfig. 12, sharply constricted at the base, above which they are broadly
napiform. There is a moderately long, stout, caudal seta on each side of the anal

Dactylopiiiice. ■^Sj

segment. Anal ring large and conspicuous, with a double undulating chain of
cells encircling six extremely long whip-like setae fully twice the length of the
caudal setas. Antenna {fig. 13) with seven joints, of which the seventh is the
longest ; the remaining joints subequal in length, though the third is usually
slightly longerand the sixth slightly shorter than the others. Limbs robust (fig.8) ;
tarsus equal to or slightly longer than the tibia ; claw stout and falcate ; ungual
digitules very short, tarsal digitules moderately long. Length of mature insect
I "50 to 2"o mm.

Adult male (fi^g. 3) apterous, but with small wing pads. Pale yellow ; with
a pair of longish curling white caudal filaments. Antenna (/^. 5) ten-jointed,
with from one to six fine knobbed hairs on each of the last six joints. Genital
sheath short and stout. Length 075 mm.

Young larva (/^f. 2) pale yellow, thinly dusted with white powdery secretion.

In crevices of the bark of Phyllanthus sp. and Euonymus sp. ; Nuera
Eliya and Bandarawella. Also on the stems of Loranthus longiflorus — princi-
pally around the nodes and in the axils of the leaves ; Hewaheta.

Genus TYLOCOCCUS, Newstead.
Tylococcus, Newst., Ent. Mo. Mag.., Vol. XXXIII. p. 165 (1897).

Newstead erected this genus to contain a single species {T. inadagas-
cariensis) characterised by a series of prominent, spiniferous marginal tubercles ;
with the other characters as in Psctidococcus.

Brain ('The Coccids of South Africa,' T)a7ts. R. Soc. S. Africa, Vol. II.,
Nov. 191 5, p. 65) 2iss\gr\s my Pheiiacocctcs ifisoHius to this genus. I am not,
however, in agreement with that author, with regard to the systematic position
of msoliti(s, and prefer to retain it in the genus Phenacocciis. The type of
Newstead's genus has eight-jointed antennas and constructs no ovisac. The
two new species that I am now describing, though without such well-defined
tubercles, are — I believe — congeneric with madagascariensis. They agree
with that insect in the possession of eight-jointed antenna;, in producing no
ovisac, and in the fact that they occur only in shelters constructed by ants.

Synopsis of Ceylon Species.

A. Marginal tubercles rounded and prominent ; limbs small and

very stout fortnicatii.

B. Marginal tubercles reduced or obsolescent ; limbs larger and,

proportionately, less stout simplicior.

368 DadylopiiiKE,

TYLOCOCCUS FORMICARII, nov.
(Plate CXLVII.)

Adult female subcircular ; strongly convex above ; transversely wrinkled
Thinly dusted with white meal ; body brownish where exposed. A thick tufted
fringe of white cottony secretion proceeding from beneath, and partly over-
lapping the margin, raises the insect from its support. No ovisac. After
treatment with potash, the margin is seen to be strongly produced into pro-
minent lobes, of which there are seventeen on each side, each with a dense
cluster of long, slender, sharply-pointed spines and spiniform setse (see
figs. 2, 5). Before compression there are deep incisions between the segments,
but these are partially obliterated after compression {fig. i). Antenna {fig. 2)
eight-jointed. In some examples the third and fourth or fourth and fifth joints
are more or less confluent, suggesting a reversion to a seven-jointed form. And
there Is occasionally a partial division of the eighth joint which, if complete,
would result in a nine-jointed form. In the normal eight-jointed antenna, the
eighth is more than twice as long as the second, which is the next longest ;
fourth and fifth shortest, equal. Eye well defined, but scarcely prominent
{fig. 2). Legs comparatively small, but robust [sttfigs. 1,3); tibia, tarsus and
claw together shorter than femur (plus trochanter) ; femur very broad ; tibia
scarcely longer than broad ; tarsus as long as the tibia ; claw (see fig. 4) large
and stout, more than half as long as the tarsus ; tarsal digitules simple, ungual
digitules slightly dilated at extremity. Anal ring with six comparatively short
stout setae Anal orifice surrounded and partly obscured by a loose cluster of
stout hairs. Derm with numerous short stout hairs and minute circular pores.
Some larger pores surrounding the genital orifice, on the venter. Caudal setae
approximately two and a half times as long as the anal setse. Anterior and
posterior glandular fovete conspicuous ; the posterior pair very large and with
stout tumescent lips (see fig. i). Length 1-85 to 2-0 mm. Breadth 175 to rSj
mm.

Larva ovate. Margin without prominent lobes, but with a marginal series
of moderately stout curved setae. Antenna six-jointed. Limbs rather stout ;
tarsus longer than tibia. Claw stout and falcate. Length o'45 mm.

Early nymph with a close covering of white meal. There are still no marginal
prominences, but there are clusters of stout setse on the marginal area of each
segment. Antenna six-jointed, the second joint elongated. Length o'65 mm.

From nests of Cremastogaster, on Grewia columnana. Maha lUuppalama.

DactylopiincB. 369

TYLOCOCCUS SIMPLICIOR, nov.
(Plate CXLVIII.)

Adult female coated above with rather dense white meal. Margin with a
close fringe of white tassels which tend to coalesce. Broadly oval; rather
strongly convex above. Margin of body, on each side, with a series of seven-
teen more or less prominent ceriferous tracts, which become rather broken
and diffuse at the cephalic extremity. Each tract bears a group of from five
to eight stout, sharply acuminate spines and many strong setae (see figs. 6, 7).
Antenna i^fig. 2) rather short, eight-jointed ; eighth as long as or longer than
the preceding two joints together; first joint basally constricted; fourth shortest.
A conspicuous eye spot is noticeable shortly beyotid the base of the antenna, on
each side (see fig. 6 b). Limbs robust but comparatively short {fig. 3) ; femur
and trochanter together longer than tibia, tarsus, and claw together ; tarsus
approximately two-thirds the length of tibia ; claw stout, falcate ; tarsal digitules
slender, simple ; ungual digitules, slender, slightly dilated at extremity. An-
terior glandular fovete rather small and inconspicuous ; posterior fovea; large
and well defined. Anal ring with six comparatively short setae. Anal lobes
(see_;f^. 7) rounded, prominent; the caudal setas stout, nearly three times the
length of those on the anal ring. Between the anal lobes is a pair of stout setas
equalling in size those of the anal ring. Derm with scattered minute circular
pores which are more concentrated on the marginal area and on the ceriferous
tracts (seeyffi'. 6, 7). Length 2 to 2*5 mm.

On undetermined plant. Maha Illuppalama, N.C.P. Attended by ants
{CEcophylla sinaragditid). Clearly allied to T. fiormicarii, from which it differs
in the obsolescent marginal lobes, in the larger limbs, and in the smaller number
of spines on the ceriferous tracts.

Genus PSEUDOCOCCUS, Wesiwood.

PseudococcuSy Westw., Synop. Gen. Br. Ins., p. 118 (1839).
Dactylopms., Targ., Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital. (1867).
Boisduvallia, Sign.,yi««. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), Vol. V. p. 338 (1875).
Oudablis, Sign., Bui. Soc. Ent Fr. (6), Vol. I, p. clvii. (1881).

Westwood proposed this name to cover the * mealy bugs,' and specified
adonidum (now generally known as longispinus) as the type of the genus.
Signoret, in 1875, restricted the name to those species having nine-jointed
antennae and relegated the others (with eight or fewer joints) to the genus
Dactylopius, by which name they were generally recognised until the publica-
tion of Mrs. Fernald's Catalogue of the Coccidce of the World, in which many
sweeping changes in generic names were propounded. The name Dactylopius
having now been allotted to the ' Cochineal Insects,' Westwood's name takes

370 Dactylopiincc.

its place for those species having antennas with eight or fewer joints, while the
species with nine-jointed antennae are referred to Phenacoccus.

The dividing line between Pseiidococcus and Phenacoccus in the one
direction and Ripersia (with six to seven-jointed antenna^) in the other
direction, is not very satisfactory and can be accepted only as a more or less
convenient method of breaking up a cumbersome group. There are certain
species of Pseiidococcus in which a partial division of the terminal joint may
occur which — if complete — would relegate the species to Phenacoccus. On the
other hand, there are species of Phenacoccus in which the separation of the
eighth and ninth joints is but weakly defined. Again, there are species of
Pseiidococcus in which the number of antennal joints is reduced by more or less
complete fusion to seven or even six, thus bringing them within the definition
of the genus Ripersia.

The genus is universally distributed, representatives being found in every
known country. Approximately 150 species have been described, of which
twelve are now recorded from Ceylon.

For a first subdivision of the species, the position and arrangement of the
dermal spines will be found a convenient character. They are associated with
ceriferous pores, usually in well-defined groups in positions corresponding
with the waxy tassels that are commonly found on the living insects. These
groups of spines and pores have been termed ceriferous tracts or cerarii. They
are usually confined to the marginal area of the body and may form a complete
marginal series {e.g., citri, lo?tgispinus, &c.), or be confined to the posterior
segment only — as in virgatus — or they may be found on two or more of the
terminal segments of the abdomen. Ps. scrobicularum is an exception,
having the spines placed in transverse series across the abdominal segments ;
in this and in the character of the anal ring scrobicularum approaches the
species for which I have erected the new genus Erioides. The relative
lengths of the caudal setae and those of the anal ring and the size of the
spiracles are useful characters. The antennal formula, though useful in some
cases, is not altogether reliable, so much depends upon the condition of the
specimen and of the preparation ; and, in many species, the relative dimen-
sions of the antennal joints themselves are variable. The length of the tarsus
in relation to the tibia is a more reliable character.

A character that appears to be common (though not confined) to the species
of Pseiidococcus is the presence of two pairs of large oval glandular cicatrices
(foveas, or osteoles) which are situated on the dorsum — one pair near the anterior
extremity and the other near the posterior extremity of the body. They are
concerned in the secretion of a fluid — probably of an offensive nature — which is
exuded when the insect is irritated.

Synopsis of Ceylon Species.

A. Ceriferous tracts on terminal segment only.

(a) Limbs long and slender virgatus.

(J)) Limbs short and stout kandyensis.

B. Ceriferous tracts on terminal and penultimate segments

only. Body elongate.

[a) Limbs and other organs proportionately small pulverarius.

(b) Limbs, &r., proportionately large pulverariiis-bambuscE.

C. Spines in conspicuous transverse bands across abdomen ... scrobiculatum.

Dactylopiince. 3 7 ^

D. A more or less complete marginal series of ceriferous tracts.
{a) Tarsus of mid leg approximately half length of tibia.
(ay) Anal lobes with two spines only.

{or) Caudal setae much longer than those on anal
ring. Spines on terminal segments short.

Marginal tassels short citri.

{b-) Caudal seta; scarcely longer than those on

anal ring. Marginal tassels long citriculus.

{b^) Anal lobes with from four to six spines monticola.

[b) Tarsus of mid leg exceeding half length of tibia.
{aS) Ceriferous tracts indefinite ; dorsal osteoles in-
conspicuous filamentosiis var. corymbatus.

(b^) Ceriferous tracts well defined ; dorsal osteoles
large and conpicuous.
(a-) Eighteen pairs of ceriferous tracts ; all with

spines of approximately equal size lilacimis.

{fP) Seventeen pairs of ceriferous tracts ; posterior

spines enlarged brotnelics.

{c) Tarsus of mid leg less than half length of tibia.
{a\) A single elongated seta on anal lobes.

{a?) Tibia of hind limb without translucent pores longispinus.
{b'^) Tibia of hind limb with conspicuous trans-
lucent pores.
{a?) Hind tibia markedly dilated; translucent

pores crowded maritimus.

ij^) Hind tibia not dilated ; translucent pores

scattered comstocki.

(^') Several elongated seta; on anal lobes ; marginal

fringe of tassel short debregcBsics.

PSEUDOCOCCUS VIRGATUS? Ckll
(Plate CXLIX.)

Dactylopius virgatus, Cockerell, The Entom.^ Vol. XXVI. p. 178 (1893).
Daclylopius ceriferus, Newstead, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. III. No. 5, p. 24

(1895)-

Dactylopius talini, Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV. No. i, p. 7 (1896).

Pseudococcus marchalli, Vayssiere, Bui. Sac. Ent. Fr., Vol. XVII. p. 366
(1912).

Pseudococcus bicaudatus, Keuchenius, Medel. v. h. Bessekisch Proefstation,^
Djemba, No. 16, p. 63 (191 5).

Adult female (figs. 2, 3, 4, 5) at first dull orange, afterwards purplish, paler
beneath. In each stage, after a change of skin, the insect is yellowish, gradually
assuming the darker tint before the next moult. (Newstead describes D. ceri-
ferus as being olivaceous beneath and paler above.) Dorsum powdered with

372 Dactylopiina.

white mealy secretion which, in older examples — when oviposition is commenc-
ing, conceals the colour of the insect except at definite paired patches on the
thorax and post-abdomen, where the derm remains visible ( fig. 4). This pattern
is very characteristic of the species. Posterior extremity with a conspicuous
pair of stout, tapering, waxy tassels, as long as half the length of the body ;
the rest of the body with numerous long, fine, straight, glassy filaments {_fig. 2).
These glassy filaments are extremely fragile, falling off and becoming entangled
with the accumulations of secretion that surround the insects ; they are con-
stantly reproduced. The female, during oviposition, rests upon a pad of silky
white filaments, and wisps of the same material surround its body. Antenna
{fig. 6), eight-jointed, terminal joint longest ; third next longest. Eyes small,
slightly prominent. Legs well developed ; femur moderately stout, tibia and
tarsus slender (see fig. 7) ; tarsus approximately one-third length of tibia.
Claw stout ; tarsal digitules slender, with minute terminal knob ; unguals
moderately dilated towards the extremity {fig. 8). Spiracles {figs. 14, 15)
rather large, especially the posterior pair. Anal ring with six longish stout
setae. Caudal lobes rounded, rather prominent, each with a pair of stout,
sharply pointed spines, surrounded by a group of small ceriferous pores ;
caudal setae stout, relatively short, but longer than those of the anal ring^
springing from the ventral face of the lobe {fig. 9). A group of slightly larger
ceriferous pores surrounds the genital orifice. On each side of the pen-
ultimate segment is a scattered series of from six to nine conspicuous oval or
circular pores communicating with short, stout tubular ducts {fig. 10), and there
are small series of from one to three on the marginal area of all the other
segments ; similar ducts are distributed over the frons, and apair of ducts opens
on to the dorsum near the centre of each of the three segments preceding the
penultimate. Derm with numerous very minute trilocular pores, intermingled
with some short, fine hairs. Length of fully developed female 3 to 3"5 mm.
Breadth i'5 to 2 mm.

Adult male {fig. 11) dull brown, darkest on thorax. Body powdered with
short white filaments. Head broad. Ocelli black : two on upper surface
{fig. 12), separated by more than their own diameter : two on under surface
{fig- 13)) contiguous ; rudimentary eyes minute, lateral. Wings ample, hyaline
and iridescent, covered with minute hairs, which are arranged in an irregular
network. Extremity of abdomen with a pair of long, straight, white filaments,
which are as long as the body of the insect. Genital sheath short and stout.
Length i mm.

Puparium of male cylindrical, white, woolly.

Eggs pale yellow ; hatching very soon after extrusion. No definite ovisac.
Young larva very pale yellow.

Nymph similar to adult, but smaller. Antenna, seven-jointed. Limbs pro-
portionately shorter and stouter.

Widely distributed throughout the island, on various plants : on Talinuni.,
Calliandra, Castilloa elasiica, Sagitaria, and Thiinbergia (Kandy district) ; on
Asparagus and Liliu7n sp. (Colombo) ; on Croton (Putlam) ; and on Tomato
plants (Trincomali). Received also from the Maldive Islands, on Portulaca.
Recorded from India, Jamaica, Sandwich Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Texas,
Java, Nigeria, Zanzibar.

This species can be readily distinguished by the single pair of stout waxy
caudal appendages, and by the fine glassy filaments. The pattern formed by

Dactylop una, 3 7

0/ v3

the bare spots on the dofsum is also characteristic. I Icnowof no other species
that possesses the conspicuous tubular ducts which, in this insect, take the place
of the usual ceriferous tracts. Ripersia filicicola, of Nevvstead, produces some-
what similar glassy filaments, but that insect is distinguished by its six-jointed
antenna.

PSEUDOCOCCUS KANDYENSIS, nov.
(Plate CL.)

Adult female oblong oval, tumescent ; median dorsal area elevated, more
particularly on the thorax. Colour, dark slaty grey or dull purplish grey ;
closely powdered with white mealy secretion. Anal orifice encircled by a pair
of opaque white curved waxy plates, and with a pair of short white divergent
flattened filaments from the aperture itself. The early adult insect rests on a
pad of tangled pale golden silky filaments which extend beyond the margins of
the body {fig. i). Later, the insect is partially concealed beneath a covering of
loose woolly secretion. Limbs and antennae rather small. Antenna {fig. 3)
eight-jointed ; eighthconsiderably the longest ; second next longest ; remainder
sub-equal, the fourth usually the shortest. Legs (y?^. 4), stout ; tibio-tarsal
section shorter than femur and trochanter ; tarsus short, approximately one-
third length of tibia ; claw short and stout, ungual digitules slightly dilated,
tarsal digitules simple (see fig. 5). Spiracles {figs. 8, 9), small and slender.
Derm with scattered minute circular pores and short inconspicuous hairs ; the
marginal area with some larger and more conspicuous broad-rimmed pores
communicating with short stout ducts {fig. 6). Anal lobes small and sub-
conical (see fig. 7) ; each with two longish slender sharply pointed spines,
several longish hairs, and a stout seta of approximately the same length as the
setae of the anal ring. There are no spines on any other parts of the body.
When boiled in potash the insect exudes a pale pink stain. Length averaging
2'5 mm.

Apparently ovoviviparous. No ovisacs or ova observed, but numerous
newly emerged larva;.

On a small wiry grass, on edge of jungle. Kandy.

PSEUDOCOCCUS PULVERARIUS, Newst.
(Plate CLL 1-6).

Ripersia pulverarius, Newstead, -£■«/". Af<?. i1/<2^., Vol. XXVIIL p. 145 (1892).
Dactylopiiis pulverariiis., Newstead, Mon. Btit. Cocc, Vol. IL p. 174 (1903).

Adult female {fig. 2), very elongate, the length being from three to four times
greater than the breadth. Colour, pale pink to purplish brown ; more or less
completely covered with white powdery secretion. Antennse and limbs small.
The antenna is said by Newstead to contain either six, seven, or eight joints, of
which the last is considered to be the normal number. In examples from
Ceylon the smaller numbers (six and seven) appear to be mote usual {figs. 3,4),
the terminal joint is by far the longest, exceeding the united lengths of the two

^74 DactylopiincB.

preceding joints. Limbs small ; tibia and tarsus together approximately equa
to the femoral joint {^fig. 5), the tarsus slightly shorter than the tibia; ungual
digitules very slightly dilated. Anal segment {fig. 5), with a longish caudal
seta and two stout sharply pointed spines on each side ; some longish hairs are
distributed over both dorsum and venter in the neighbourhood of the anal ring.
In some examples there is a smaller pair of pointed spines and a longish hair
on the lateral margins of the penultimate segment. Remaining segments of the
body without spines or ceriferous tracts. Anal ring comparatively large ; with
six stout set^ that are only slightly shorter than the caudal setae. Derm with
numerous circular ceriferous pores which are more crowded towards the margins
of the body and on the posterior segments. They are of two sizes, some very
minute pores being interspersed amongst others of a comparatively large size
{see fig. 6). The posterior dorsal glandular fovea; are small and inconspicuous ;
anterior fove^ absent or obsolescent. Length 3 to 4 mm. Breadth i to
i"5o mm.

On grasses ; concealed between the stem and the enveloping bases of the
leaves {fig. i). Pundaluoya.

The insect constructs no definite ovisac, but surrounds itself with a con-
siderable quantity of pulverulent wax, amongst which the eggs are deposited.

The species has, hitherto, been recorded from Great Britain only, but has
probably a very much wider distribution. The insect is so well concealed, and
is itself so inconspicuous, that it may be very easily overlooked.

In examples from Ceylon both the limbs and antennae are distinctly smaller
than in typical British examples, and the tibiae are relatively shorter.

PSEUDOCOCCUS PULVERARIUS, subsfi. BAMBUS^, nov.
(Plate CLI. 7-10.)

Adult female differing from the typical insect occurring on grasses in the
considerably larger size of all the parts of the body (compare figs. 4, 5 and
8,9).

Antenna {fig. 8) eight-jointed, the divisions between the second and third
and between the seventh and eighth joints somewhat weakly defined ; eighth
comparatively short, only slightly longer than second ; third shortest.

Legs {fig. 9) stout. Anal ring {fig. 10) with a loose chain of large cells,
and six longish setas. There are, usually, paired spines on the terminal, the pen-
ultimate and, occasionally, on the antepenultimate segment also. Hairs, pores,
and other dermal characters as in the type. Length 3-50 to 475 mm. Breadth
175 to 2*o mm.

Concealed between the stipules and stems of a species of Bamboo : Pun-
daluoya.

The adult female surrounds itself with a considerable quantity of powdery
white secretion.

Comparison of the relative proportions of the limbs shows that those of the
form on Bamboo are from one-quarter to one-third larger than those of the
orm on grasses.

DactylopiincB. 375

PSEUDOCOCCUS SCROBICULARUM {Green).
(Plate CLII.)

Dactylopiiis scrobiadarum, Green, hid. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV. No. i, p. 8 (1896).

Adult female {figs. 2, 3) dark purplish slate colour ; dorsum of thoracic
segments dusted lightly with white mealy secretion ; dorsum of abdomen
entirely concealed by series of blunt white waxy processes which may be more
or less distinct, or may coalesce to form irregular transverse ridges on each
segment. The processes are produced into a coarse fringe on the margin. A
pair of longish diverging curved strap-shaped processes (with incurved edges)
projects from the region of the anal orifice. The venter of the insect is quite
naked. Body broadest across the middle, narrowing to a blunt point in front
and behind. Segments tumescent, very distinct on the under surface. Antenna
{fiS- 5) eight-jointed ; eighth longest, as long as the previous three together ;
several stout hairs on each joint. Limbs moderately stout ; tarsus about two-
thirds the length of the tibia {fig. 7) ; digitules slender, knobbed. Anal lobes
rounded, rather prominent ; each with a longish stout seta on the hinder
margin. Anal ring {stt fig. 6) with six long curling setee, which are as long as
or longer than those of the anal lobes. Derm with numerous larger circular
pores and smaller trilocular pores, and with transverse dorsal series of conical
spines across the abdominal segments (see fig. 6). There are no spines on the
thoracic segments. Length 175 to 2"25 mm. Breadth ro to r25 mm.

The insects are concealed within small pits (scrobiculas) at the bases of the
veins on the under surface of leaves of Elceocarpiis amoenus {fig. i). Punda-
luoya. Their presence can be detected by white waxy tufts which project from
the apertures of the scrobiculas. The juices of the living insect are of a rich
beet-red colour ; but, after boiling in potash, the tissues assume a bottle-green
tint.

The character of the anal ring and the dermal armature suggest affinity to
Erioides cuneiformis and E. rimula.

PSEUDOCOCCUS CITRI, Risso.
(Plate CLIII.)

Dorthesiacitri, Risso, Essat, Hist. Nat. des Grangers (1813).
Pseudococcus adonidu7n, Nietn., Enemies of the Coffee Tree (1861) (not
adonidum, Geoff.).

Lecanium phyllococcus, Ashm., Can. Ent., Vol. XI, p. 160 (1879).
Dactylopiiis brevispifius, Targ., Anali di Agr. p. 137 (1881).
Dactylopius destructor, Comst., Rep. U.S. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 342 (1881).
Dactylopius citri, Sign., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6), Vol. IV., p. cl. (1884).

Adult female {figs. 2, 3) yellowish, pinkish-yellow, purplish, brownish or
greyish-yellow above ; usually yellowish beneath. The colour on the dorsum is

376 DactylopiincB.

almost completely concealed by a close covering of white mealy powder ; there
is, usually, however, a median and sometimes a lateral stripe partially free from
the secretion, revealing the true colour of the insect. The venter is only thinly
dusted with mealy powder. There is a complete marginal series of thirty-four
short, stout, white, waxy tassels, subequal in length, though rather stouter on
the abdominal segments. Between the last pair of tassels is a pair of small
ligulate processes of a denser and smoother wax, proceeding from the anal
orifice. Form broadly oval ; convex above, flattish below, with the segments
more or less tumescent. Antenna {fig. 7) eight-jointed ; eighth considerably
longer than any of the others ; second and third elongate, approximately equal ;
the fourth and seventh subequal. Limbs '\fig- 6) comparatively slender ; tarsus
approximately half the length of the tibia ; the tibia and tarsus together
approximately equal to femur and trochanter. Foot with slender digitules ;
the apices of the tarsals minutely knobbed, those of the unguals slightly dilated.
Margin of body with a series of ceriferous tracts in positions corresponding
with the waxy tassels. Each tract bears a pair of sharply pointed spines (see
fig. 4), two or three hairs and a scattered group of minute circular pores which
are of the same size as those on the rest of the derm. It is noticeable that
there are thirty-six of these tracts, though the number of apparent marginal
tassels is thirty-four only. Two of the tracts are situated close together on the
frons, and probably give rise to a single compound tassel. There are the usual
larger circular pores on the venter, extending across the genital area. Posterior
extremity {fig. 4) with slightly prominent anal lobes, each surmounted by a
stout caudal seta. Anal ring with six setae, which are slightly more than half
the length of the caudal setae. Length of Ceylon examples averaging 2'6 mm.,
ranging from 175 to 4 mm.

Adult male {fig. 10) dull brown, thinly powdered with white meal, except the
median sternal plate on the thorax, which is smoothed and polished. Caudal
filaments white, approximately as long as the body. Wings greyish, highly
iridescent. Antenna {fig. 13) ten-jointed, hairy; second joint dilated; third
and tenth longest ; a pair of fine knobbed hairs at apex of tenth (seeyf^-. 14).
Ocelli prominent, black : two on upper and two on under surface of head (see
figs. 10 and 11). Rudimentary eyes minute, black, lateral. Limbs slender:
tarsus about one-third the length of the tibia ; claw long and slender. Length
o*75 mm. Both apterous and micropterous forms of the male are occasionally
produced.

Young larva pinkish yellow, thickly dusted with white meal. Eggs honey
yellow.

On Coffee, Cacao, Citrus, Cinchona, Anona, Loranthus, Ipomea and numerous
other plants. Widely distributed throughout the Island. A cosmopolitan
species, and a common greenhouse pest in Europe.

Living examples of this species are readily distinguishable from Ps. longi-
spinus (which occurs in similar situations) by the shorter and stouter fringe of
waxy tassels. But dried examples (which have usually lost their appendages)
are not so easily separated. The following microscopical points may be relied
upon,

Ps. citri : Thirty-six marginal ceriferous tracts ; spines on all the tracts of
equal diameter ; caudal setae much longer than those of the anal ring ; tarsus
approximately half the length of the tibia.

Ps. longispinus : Thirty-four marginal ceriferous tracts; spines of the ter-

Dae ty lop ii ncB. ' 377

minal and penultimate tracts conspicuously larger and stouter than those on the
remaining tracts ; caudal setae scarcely longer than those of the anal ring ;
tarsus approximately one-third length of tibia.

Risso's original description of Dorthcsia citri, in his Histoire Nattirelle des
Orangers (pp. 252-3), gives very meagre details of the character of the insect.
We have, therefore, to rely principally upon circumstantial evidence in fixing
the particular species to which that author was referring. The nature of this
evidence may be gathered from the following translation of the paragraphs
relating to D. citri.

'The greatest scourge of the Orange tree, and especially of the Lemon, is a
kind of scale-insect, which one of us has placed— for the time being — in the
genus established by M. Bosc under the name of " dorthesies " {Dorihesia

citri) This hemipteron has the body oblong oval, convex above, slightly

swollen below, of an ashy-grey colour, passing to pale yellowish, covered with a
cottony white powder, with some appendages on the sides ; the posterior limbs
longer than the anterior. The male differs from the female in having two long
transparent wings, with two silky filaments which project beyond the body;
they are not common ; the female, on the contrary, covers itself with white
cottony matter, which she spreads over the leaves, flowers and fruits, and in
time she covers with it the ends of the branches. It is in the midst of this
down that she lays 150 to 400 yellowish eggs.

PSEUDOCOCCUS CITRI CULUS,;?07/.
(Plate CLIV.)

Adult female (/^. i) obovate, broadest across the abdominal region ; de-
pressed. Dorsum closely covered with white meal which — in some examples-
is thickened on the median and lateral areas of the abdomen. Margin with a
complete fringe of thirty-four longish white mealy tassels which are shorter
in front and increase gradually in length towards the posterior extremity, the
terminal pair considerably longer— usually twice the length of any of the others.
A pair of ligulate waxy processes from the anal orifice. Antenna {fig. 2, 3)
eight-jointed, slender ; the third usually the longest, markedly longer than the
eighth {fig. 2), but sometimes rather shorter {fig. i) ; fourth to seventh approxi-
mately, equal, shortest ; occasionally there are traces of an imperfect division of
the eighth {see fig. 2). Limbs slender { fig. 4) ; tarsus approximately half the length
of the tibia ; ungual digitules slightly dilated ; tarsal digitules slender, minutely
knobbed at extremity. Anterior and posterior foveas well-marked. Marginal
ceriferous tracts well defined ; ceriferous spines sharply pointed, three spines
on each of the first, second, third, and sixth tracts, two on each of the remaining
tracts, those on the terminal and penultimate tracts distinctly larger than the
others ; each tract with a cluster of circular pores and from two to four slender
setae (see figs. 3, 6, 7). Caudal setae comparatively short. Anal ring with six

3l>

378 ' Dactyiopiince.

setae, each rather more than three-quarters the length of the caudal setse.
Derm evenly distributed with numerous minute pores ; a transverse series of
larger ring-shaped pores on the venter, across the genital region. Length r5
to 2"25 mm.

Male puparium unusually elongate ; white. Length 2-5 to 4-0 mm. Breadth
i"o mm.

On under surface of leaves of Citrus aurantii. Royal Botanic Gardens.
October 19 10.

A smaller and more delicate insect than P. citrz, with a more definite and
conspicuous fringe of waxy processes. Superficially resembling Phenacoccus
mangiferce^ but differing completely in structural characters.

PSEUDOCOCCUS MONTICOLA, nov.
(Plate CLV.)

Adult female {fig. 2) elongate, narrowed in front. Body closely covered
with white granular secretion, with a marginal fringe of stout waxy appendages
which are moderately long at the anterior extremity, very short on the thorax,
and thence gradually increasing in size to the posterior extremity. There is
also an ill-defined median ridge of secretionary matter. In many examples the
marginal fringe is imperfect, persisting on the posterior segments only. Colour
of denuded insect pale olivaceous green. After treatment with potash a some-
what irregular sublateral series of glandular pits is noticeable (see fig. 3).
These pits have a broadly thickened rim and a translucent area containing
two or more superimposed layers of large polygonal cells {fig. 4). Antenna
{fig- 7) eight-jointed ; antennal formula : 8, (i, 2), (3, 7), (4, 5, 6). Limbs
moderately stout, conspicuously hairy ; tarsus less than half the length of the
tibia ; ungual digitules moderately dilated towards the extremity, tarsal digitules
slender. Spiracles {figs. 9, 10) rather large. Apex of mentum {fig. 5) with a
group of stout curved setae, of which one on each side is considerably longer
than the others and has a lateral direction. Including those on the anal lobes,
and a supplementary pair on the frons, there are eighteen ceriferous tracts on
each side of the body. Spines stout and sharply pointed ; 2-3 on first and
second tracts, 5-7 on the third, 2 on each of fourth to sixteenth, 3-5 on the
seventeenth, and 4-6 on the eighteenth (anal) tract. Other (rather smaller)
spines are scattered sparsely over the dorsum and collected into groups of two
to three on the median area of each abdominal segment. Anal lobes (see fig. 8)
prominent and rounded, each with a longish stout seta. Anal ring with six
stout setae which are only slightly shorter than those on the anal lobes.
Anterior and posterior dorsal foveis small and inconspicuous. Length 3 to
3-5 mm.

On foliage of a dwarf bamboo, locally known as ' Elephant Grass,' on
patnas above Maskeliya, and at Patipola, at an elevation of about 6000 feet.

The insects occur singly, near the tips of the leaves, on the upper surface,
resting with the head directed towards the apex of the leaf {see fig. i). No
ovisacs were observed.

Dactylopiincs. 379

PSEUDOCOCCUS FILAMENTOSUS, Ckll., var. CORYMBATUS, ncn).

(Plate CLVI.)

Adult female, before oviposition {fig. 2), with longitudinal series of stout
white cottony tufts covering the dorsum, arranged in six series on the thorax
and five on the abdomen. A pair of divergent flattened waxy filaments pro-
jects from the posterior extremity. In older examples the tufted appearance of
the secretion is lost. Each insect secretes a dense white ovisac, incon-
spicuously striated both longitudinally and transversely. The resulting mass is
subglobular, the insect itself — with its body tilted vertically — forming the
anterior quarter. Colour of insect (and of the eggs and young larvae) dull
purplish. In boiling potash the insect assumes a dull bottle-green tint, while
the liquid is stained an inky colour. Form broadly oval, the anal segment
slightly projecting. Limbs relatively small (see fig. 3). Antenna {fig. 4),
seven-jointed ; seventh much the longest ; second next longest, but only half
the length of seventh ; third, fourth, fifth and sixth approximately equal, shortest.
Legs small but robust {fig. 5) ; tarsus approximately three-fourths the length of
the tibia ; tibia and tarsus together slightly shorter than femur and trochanter.
Ungual digitules slightly dilated, very thin and delicate ; tarsals rather stouter,
with minute knob at extremity. Both sets of digitules are often missing —
especially on the anterior limbs. Spiracles conspicuous ; the posterior spiracle
markedly larger than the anterior {see figs. 8, 9). Anal ring with six comparatively
short setae. Anal lobes small but moderately prominent ; each with a stout
seta (about one and a half times as long as those of the anal ring) and two small,
stout spines. Venter with scattered short setK. Margin of body with single,
rather slender (often curved) spines, at intervals on the thoracic area {/ig. 6),
and small groups (of two or three spines) on the abdominal segments, repre-
senting the usual ceriferous tracts. Some similar spines are distributed sparsely,
but more or less symmetrically, over the dorsum, especially on the frons (see
figs. 10, 11). On each side of the body is an irregular series of smaller and
larger pits containing oval translucent areoles {/Ig. 7). Derm with numerous
small pores of two sizes. Length 175 to 3"o mm.

Clustered on terminal branches of Breynia patens^ where the ovisacs have
the appearance of white berries {see fig. i) ; also occasionally on tea, Thespesia
populnea, Ccesalpinia sp., Desmoditit/i sp., and on a Malvaceous plant. Ex-
amples on Ccesalpinia were attended by ants which had constructed fibrous
shelters over them. The berry-like arrangement of the ovisacs is not so notice-
able in examples on plants other than Breynia. The species occurs also in
India, on various plants, e.g., Gossypiutn, Artocarpus integrifolia, Thespesia and
Casuarinaj also on stored potatoes. These Indian examples were at first
wrongly identified as Ps. nipa, and recorded as such in the Mem. Dep. Ag. Ltd.,
Ent. Sen, Vol. II., No. 2, p. 23.

I distinguish this species, very doubtfully, from typical filamentosus on
account of the compact berry-like form of the ovisac. All the structural
characters of the two insects appear to be identical.

The characters of both filajnentosus and var. corymbalus suggest that they
might, with some justice, be allocated to the genus Eriutn.

380 Dadylopiince.

PSEUDOCOCCUS LILACINUS, Ckll.
(Plate CLVII.)

Pseudococcus lilacinus, Cockerell, Pr. Dav. Ac. Set., Vol. X. p. 128 (1905).
Dactylopiiis crotonis, Green, Tropic Agric, Vol. XXIV. p. 44 (1905)-

„ „ „ Jourti. Econ. Biol, Vol. VI. Pt. 2, p. 35 (May, 191 1).

Adult female {figs, i, 2, 3) broadly ovoid, strongly convex above. Colour
brownish red, disguised by a more or less complete covering of white mealy
secretion, which is more densely disposed on circular patches (ten to twelve)
on the thorax, and in transverse bands on the abdomen. In the early adult
{fig, 2) these whiter areas stand out conspicuously against the darker ground
colour, but in older individuals the colour may be obscured by a more general
covering of secretion. Margin with a complete series of thirty-six short, stout,
bluntly pointed waxy tassels, subequal in length, those on the anterior half
of the body often more or less confluent. Antenna {figs. 5, 6, 7) eight-
jointed ; the eighth longest, often with a median clearer area (see fig. 7)
suggestive of a suppressed division ; seventh usually somewhat expanded
apically ; fourth to seventh maybe approximately equal, or the sixth and seventh
may be slightly longer than the other two. Legs {fig. 8) well developed, robust ;
claw (see fig. 9) stout and falcate, approximately half the length of the tarsus ;
digitules slender, the tarsals minutely knobbed, the unguals slightly dilated at
extremity. Tarsus more than half the length of the tibia. Spiracles markedly
unequal in size, the posterior being fully twice the size of the anterior pair
(compare yf^j. 10, 11). The ceriferous tracts (eighteen on each side) are
situated on more or less prominent tubercles which become obscured under
compression except towards the posterior extremity (see figs. 4, 12, 13), but
may be observed to advantage in parasitised examples when they stand out
conspicuously. The anterior two tracts, on each side, are situated close
together, on the frons. Each ceriferous tract bears two (occasionally three)
stout, sharply pointed spines, all approximately of equal size, and a scattered
group of subtriangular trilocular pores, with a pair of longish setse near the
base of the tubercle (see yf^. 12). Posterior extremity {fig. 13) with rounded
anal lobes. Anal ring with six stout setae which are approximately half the
length of the stouter caudal setcC. Two pairs of longish slender sets spring
from the space between the anal lobes. Derm with scattered minute
ceriferous pores which are of the same size and structure as those on the
ceriferous tracts, being trilocular and subtriangular {fig. 14). Some larger
circular pores on the venter surrounding the genital orifice. Glandular fovete
well developed ; the posterior pair particularly conspicuous. Length (under
compression) 2 to 275 mm. ; average of thirty examples 2*33 mm. Breadth
175 to 2*25 mm. ; average r96 mm.

Dactylop iincE . 381

On CodicEUf)i, Casiilloa, Erythrina, Theobroma cacao, Terminalia, etc.
Pundaluoya, Peradeniya, Kandy, Gammaduwa, Colombo.

The insects are massed upon the young shoots of the plants. They con-
struct no definite ovisac, and do not secrete much waxy matter, so that each
individual in the mass is easily distinguishable. They are very frequently
preyed upon by the carnivorous larvte of a Lycrenid butterfly {Spalgis epius\
and are parasitised by a small Dipteron which pupates within the body of
its host.

PSEUDOCOCCUS BROMELI^, Bouche.
(Text Figure i.;

Lecanium bromelice, Bouche, Schadl. Cart. Ins., -p. 49 (1833).

Dactylopius bromelice, Signoret, A7in. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), Vol. V., p. 310 (1875).

Pseudococcus brojtielice, Fernald, Cat. Cocc. of the World, p. 98 (1903).

Adult female very pale, olivaceous, or greyish, or obscurely yellowish, with
a close but not very dense covering of white powdery secretion ; margin with
short, subconical waxy tassels, most of which may be missing in old examples.
Body rather broadly ovate (see fig. i, a) ; convex and tumescent above, flattish
beneath ; limbs and antennae relatively small. Antennas {fig. 3, b, c) either
seven or eight-jointed ; terminal joint always the longest, and markedly
stouter than the preceding joints ; the penultimate and (in the eight-jointed
form) the fifth widened distally, the remaining joints subcylindrical. Legs
{fig. I, d) moderately stout ; tibia shorter than femur, and approximately three
times the length of the tarsus ; tarsal and ungual digitules very slender and
inconspicuous. Anterior and posterior dorsal osteoles very large and con-
spicuous, with tumescent labia?. Anal lobes rounded, small and inconspicuous
(fig. I, a, c). Ceriferous tracts seventeen on each side, each with from two to
four (rarely five) small but stout conical spines, three or four slender setae, and
an irregular group of small ceriferous pores. Examination of a series of
sixteen examples shows that there are — almost invariably — three spines on
each of the three first tracts ; usually two only on the fourth tract ; the fifth
tract has two or three in almost equal frequency ; sixth tract usually with three ;
seventh to ninth tracts usually with two only ; tenth to sixteenth usually with
three ; seventeenth (anal lobe) tract invariably with two only. The spines on
the posterior tracts are slightly but distinctly enlarged, those on the anal lobe
being the largest {see fig. i,/,g, h). Anal setiE comparatively short, approxi-
mately equal to the diameter of the anal ring. Caudal setae about twice as
long as those of the anal ring. Length averaging 2 to 3 mm. ; breadth i"5
to 2 mm.

On rhizomes of Cantta and on roots of Impatiens sp. ; Peradeniya.
Recorded, as a pest of pine-apple plants, from the tropical regions of both
Hemispheres. In Ceylon the species appears to prefer the roots of various
plants, and has not been observed on pine-apples. The insect determined by
Maskell as bromelice, from India, was more probably lilacinus.

Dadylopiince.

EXPLANATION OF TEXT FIGURE i.

PSEUDOCOCCUS BROMELI^.

a. Adult female, optical section, x 30,

b. Antenna, seven-jointed form, x 130.

c. „ eight-jointed form, x 130.

d. Mid leg, x 130.

e. Anal lobe and ceriferous tracts of posterior segments, x 220.
f. Cerarial spines of first tract, x 450.

g- „ „ sixteenth tract, x 450.

h. „ „ seventeenth tract, x 450.

Dadylophnce, 3S;

PSEUDOCOCCUS LONGISPINUS, Tanr.
(Plate CLVIII.)

Dactylopius longispinus, Targ., Catalogue, p. 32 (1869).
„ adonidutn, „ „ „ „

„ „ Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), Vol. V. p. 306 (1875).

„ longifilis, Comst., Rep. U.S. Dep. Ag., 1880, p. 341 (1881).

Adult female elongate ovate ; at first dull pinkish orange ; older examples
greyish orange {figs. 2, 3). Limbs yellowish. Dorsum thinly covered with
white mealy secretion, almost completely hiding the colour of the insect.
Margin with a complete fringe of white tassels (seventeen on each side),
which are shorter in front, and increase in length towards the posterior
extremity, the terminal four being exceptionally long, sometimes exceeding the
length of the body of the insect. Two short flattened filaments, together
forming a tube, proceed from the anal ring, and lie between the long caudal
processes. Under surface almost nude {fig. 3). Antenna {fig. 4) eight-jointed,
eighth, considerably the longest ; first, second, and third next longest, and
approximately equal ; fourth to seventh shortest, but varying in their relative
lengths. Legs {fig. 5) rather long, the tibio-tarsal joints exceeding the length
of the femur and trochanter ; tarsus approximately one-third length of tibia.
Claw {fig. 6) falcate and acutely pointed ; ungual digitules moderately dilated
at extremity ; tarsal digitules slender, scarcely preceptibly knobbed at
extremity. Margin with seventeen ceriferous tracts on each side. Cerarial
spines stout, conical and sharply pointed ; the first three tracts each with
three (occasionally four) spines, the remainder with two spines only ; those
on the two last segments of the body markedly larger than the others
(compare figs. 2ia and Zb) ; sometimes the spines on the ante-penultimate tract
also are slightly enlarged ; the ceriferous tracts on the terminal and penultimate
segments are defined by more densely chitinous areas. There is an isolated
spine on the frons at a short distance behind each of the anterior ceriferous
tracts. Cerarial pores in compact groups, especially on the terminal and
penultimate tracts. Anal ring with six long stout setae, approximately equal
in length to but more slender than the caudal setae (see fig. 7).

Length (of Ceylon examples) 2*5 to 3*25 mm. Elsewhere the insect is said
to attain a length of 4 mm.

Adult male {fig. 9) dull brown, dusted with minute curling white filaments,
except on the scutellum and sternal plate, which remain smooth and shining.
Wings iridescent. Caudal filaments opaque white, shorter than the body.
Antenna ten-jointed, clothed with short hair ; terminal joint with one or more
longer slender knobbed hairs projecting laterally from near the apex. Ocelli
four, black ; those on the lower surface larger and contiguous. Length ap-
proximately I mm.

Male puparium white, tubular, formed of felted woolly secretion.

Eggs pale yellowish, hatched almost immediately after extrusion. The
eggs and young larvae are covered by the body of the female, mingled
with a small amount of woolly secretion. I have observed no definite ovisac.

384 Dactylopiince.

On Jasminum and Lantana (Pundaluoya) ; on cultivated ferns (Colombo) ;
on Mimosa (Peradeniya) ; on Gossypium (Kurunegalla) ; and on Albiszia
(Kegalla). An almost cosmopolitan species, but confined to glass-houses in
the temperate regions.

When disturbed, the female insect discharges a drop of thick yellowish fluid
from the anterior glandular fovete.

In the synonymy I have purposely omitted early references to the name
Coccus adoiuduin, about the identity of which there is considerable doubt.
Cockerel! points out that Linnteus's description apparently refers to some
Monophlebid species. Signoret's adoniduvi is certainly identical with longi-
spitms of Targioni-Tozzetti. It is not clear why Westwood's description of
this species, under the name of Pseudecoccus adonidum, in 1839, should not
have priority ; but as the insect is now generally recognised as Pseiidococcics
longispinKS it seems advisable to retain that name.

PSEUDOCOCCUS MARITIMUS, Ehrhorn.
(Text Figure 2.)

Dactylopiiis maritimics,'E.\\x\iOxx\, Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII. p. 315 (1900).
Pseiidococcus maritimus, Fernald, Cat. Cocc. of the World., p. 106 (1903.)

Adult female greyish or dull pink, the dorsum closely covered with white
mealy secretion. Form long ovate, length approximately twice the breadth.
Margin with seventeen equidistant, slender, straight, waxy tassels on each side,
short on the anterior parts, and progressively longer towards the posterior
extremity of the body, the posterior (caudal) pair of tassels twice as long as
the preceding pair, and more than half the length of the actual body of ihe
insect (see fig. 2, a). Antenna {fig. 2, b) eight-jointed ; third and eight joints
longest, subequal. Legs moderately long and slender ; tarsus approximately
one third as long as the tibia ; tibiae of hind limbs usually dilated {fig. 2, k,),
its outer area crowded with minute translucent pores ; similar but more
scattered pores occur on the inner area of the femur of the same limb. There
are seventeen ceriferous tracts on each side of the body ; the first three tracts
having three spines apiece, the remainder with two spines only. The spines of
the first fifteen tracts are small ( fig. 2, e) and of approximately equal size ;
those of the sixteenth tract are larger, while those of the seventeenth (anal
lobe) tract are larger still {fig. 2, f). The relative sizes of these spines may
be perceived by a comparison of the sockets from which they spring (see fig.
2^g, h, z, and 7). There is a diffuse chitinous area, narrowed anteriorly, on the
venter of each anal lobe {fig. 2, d). Caudal (anal lobe) setae distinctly shorter
and more slender than those of the anal ring. Length (exclusive of waxy
appendages) 2*5 to 3 mm. ; breadth averaging i"5 mm.

On Passiflora sp. and Tomato plants ; Pundaluoya. Until recently
recorded from the United States of America only, but now recognised as a
greenhouse pest in England. The species probably occurs throughout the
tropical and subtropical regions where, owing to its similarity to longispiniis, its
identity may have been overlooked.

Dadylopiince.

385

EXPLANATION OF TEXT FIGURE 2.

PSEUDOCOCCUS Maritimus.

a. Adult female, x 15.

b. Antenna and frons, x 130.

c. Mid leg, X 80.

d. Anal lobe, x 220.

e. Ceriferous tract of frons, x 450.
/. Ceriferous tract of anal lobe, 450.

g;. Sockets of spines of tracts i to 3, x 450.
h. „ „ „ 4 to 15, „

^- )) M 11 I^ )>

J- 11 11 11 17 ))

k. Tibia and tarsus of hind limb, x 80.

386 Dactylopiince.

PSEUDOCOCCUS COMSTOCKI, Kuw.
(Text Figure 3.)

Daciylopius comstocki, Kuwana, /"r. Cat. Ac. Set., Vol. III., p. 52 (1902).
Pseiidococcus comstocki, Fernald, Cat. Coco, of the World, p. 100 (1903).

Adult female elongate ovate, dull pale purplish, closely overlaid with vi^hite
mealy secretion. Margin with a series of slender waxy tassels, which gradually
increase in length towards the posterior extremity of the body. There are
seventeen ceriferous tracts on each side of the body, of which the first three or
more (occasionally as many as seven) carry three or four spines apiece {fig.
3, d) ; the remaining tracts with 2 spines only. The spines of the seventeenth
(anal lobe) tract are greatly enlarged {fig. 3, g), and those of the sixteenth,
tract are slightly enlarged {fig. 3, /). The seventeenth tract is surrounded
by a well-defined ovate, chitinized area, narrowed posteriorly {fig. 3, c). The
tibia of the hind limb is slender, and is fully three times the length of the
tarsus. There are scattered translucent pores on the outer area of the
tibia, on the inner area of the femur, and— a very few — on the outer area
of the coxa. Cerarial pores rather scattered (not crowded as in lotigispimis
and marittvius). Caudal setai as long as or slightly longer, but more slender
than those of the anal ring. Length 2*5 to 3 mm. ; breadth i'5 to 2 mm.

On Loranthus sp., Trema orienialis, and Cinnamotmim cm/iphora, Punda-
luoya.

Superficially resembling both longispinus and niaritt7)ius ; distinguishable
from the former by the shorter lateral tassels, and by the absence of a circum-
scribed chitinous area surrounding the penultimate ceriferous tract ; also by
the presence of translucent pores on the hind limb. Differs from viariiimus in
the absence of a marked dilation of the tarsus of the hind limb, and the
smaller number of translucent pores on the same ; in the presence of a circum-
scribed chitinous area on the seventeenth ceriferous tract, and in the less
crowded condition of the cerarial pores.

Originally described from Japan, but occurring in the West Indies and
Southern States of America, and probably throughout the Indo-Asiatic Region.

Dactylopiince.

!87

EXPLANATION OF TEXT FIGURE 3.
PSEUDOCOCCUS COMSTOCKI.

a. Antenna, x 130.

b. Hind leg, x 130.

c. Posterior extremity, x 130.

d. Spines of ist ceriferous tract, x 450.
^' » I5tn „ „ ,,

/• » 1 6th „ „ „

g' V 17th „ „ „

388. DactylopiincB.

PSEUDOCOCCUS DEBREGEASI^, sp. nov.
(Plate CLIX.)

Adult female oblong ovate ; convex above. Dorsum closely covered with
greyish or white meal, sometimes ochreous — in dried examples. A marginal
fringe of thirty-four short white tassels, slightly longer on the posterior segments.
Antenna {fig. i) eight-jointed, hairy ; a stout curved spine on side of terminal
joint, and a similar spine near distal end of seventh joint ; eighth joint consider-
ably longer than any of the others ; third next longest, closely followed (occa-
sionally equalled) by second ; fourth to seventh shortest, subequal. Limbs
{fig. 2), long and robust ; tarsus of anterior leg half, or slightly more than half
the length of tibia ; tarsus of mid and posterior legs less than half the length of
the tibia. Claw {fig. 3), stout and falcate ; digitules slender, the unguals
slightly dilated at extremity, the tarsals minutely knobbed. Ceriferous tracts in
a series of seventeen on each side ; each tract with two or more stout spines and
some longish stout setae. The spines on the anterior seven or eight tracts are
more numerous and are drawn out at the apex, assuming the appearance of
unusually stout setae {see fig. 6). On the abdominal segments the spines are of
the normal form, and are seldom more than two in number. Towards the
posterior extremity {see fig. 7) the setae on the ceriferous tracts are longer and
more numerous, attaining their maximum size and number on the anal lobes,
where they form a rather dense tuft amongst which it is difficult to isolate with
certainty any specialised caudal setae. Anal ring large, bearing six very stout
setce which are markedly larger than any of those on the anal lobes. Derm with
numerous minute scattered pores and many comparatively long setae. The
anterior and posterior glandular foveae are small and inconspicuous. Length
averaging 3 mm., ranging from 2 to 3*25 mm.

On Debregeasia vehttina ; in shelters constructed by the ant Creinastogaster
dohrni. Pundaluoya ; Peradeniya.

Characterised by the unusually numerous and long setae on the anal lobes.

Genus PHENACOCCUS, Cockerell.

Pseudococcus, Sign, (non Westw.), Ami. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), Vol. V. p. 328, 1875.
Phenacoccus, Ckll., Ent. New.';, Vol. IV. p. 318, 1893.

Signoret erroneously adopted Westwood's genus, to contain those ' mealy
bugs ' that have nine-jointed antenna ; whereas the type of Westwood's Pseudo-
coccus is longispinus — a species with eight-jointed antennae. Cockerell
accordingly erected the genus Phenacoccus to replace Signoret's (not West-
wood's) Pseudococcus.

With the exception of this difference in the antennae, there is no character

Dactylopiina. 389

to distinguish the species of Phenacocais from those of Pseudococcus^ and it is
doubtful if the former should rank as more than a subgenus of the latter.

Ferris makes the presence of a denticle on the claw a distinguishing
character of this genus ; but there are species with nine-jointed antennae that
lack this character {e.g., glomeratus).

Synopsis of Ceylon Species.

A. Spiniferous tracts confined to the last two segments of the

abdomen; spines few glotneratus.

B. A complete marginal series of spiniferous tracts ; spines

numerous.
{a) Margin of living insect without waxy tassels ; dorsum

with spiniferous tubercles msolitus.

{b) Margin with complete series of waxy tassels ; dorsum
unarmed.
{a}-) Marginal tassels comparatively short, broad and

flattened iceryoides.

{b^) Marginal tassels long, cylindrical.

{a^) Spines sharply pointed ornatus.

{JP') Spines truncated.

(a^) Thirty spiniferous tracts ; claw, without con-
spicuous denticle mangiferce.

{b^) Thirty-four spiniferous tracts ; claw, with pro-
nounced denticle spinostis.

PHENACOCCUS GLOMERATUS, 7wv.
(Plate CLX.)

Adult female (when freed from the enveloping mass of cottony secretion) of
an orange pink colour. Broadly oval. Mouth parts rather small : thementum
distinctly bi-articulate, the terminal joint longest, narrow and acutely pointed.
Antenna normally nine-jointed {figs. 2, 3) ; occasionally the division between
eighth and ninth is imperfect ; in one example a ten-jointed antenna {fig. 4) was
observed, a small joint being interposed between the normal fourth and fifth ;
second usually longest, with the ninth next longest, but the third is often
approximately equal to the second ; fifth usually markedly longer and larger
than fourth {fig. 2), but occasionally these two joints are of equal size {fig. 3) :
eighth always shortest. Legs moderately stout ; tarsus rather less than half
length of tibia. Claw stout, without any denticle ; ungual digitules slightly
dilated, tarsal digitules simple {fig. 5). Anal ring {fig .6) with six longish stout
setae, rather more than half the length of the caudal seta;. A pair of small
conical spines on each anal lobe, and a single spine (occasionally two) on the
lateral margm of the preceding segment ; other segments unarmed. Derm
with numerous small pores and some fine hairs ; some longer and stouter hairs
between the antenna;. Average length 3 mm.

390 DactylopiincB.

Eggs bright orange pink. Other stages not observed.

Insects crowded together and enveloped in a mass of loose cottony secretion
that completely conceals their form. There are no definite waxy tassels. On
Hibiscus coculentus and Thespesia lampas. Peradeniya. Larvas of the
Lycasnid butterfly — Spalgis epius — prey upon the egg-masses.

PHENACOCCUS INSOLITUS, Green.
(Plate CLXI.)
Phenacoccus insolitus^ Green, Mem. Dep. Ag. hid., Vol. II. (2), p. 26 (1908).

Adult female pale yellow {fig. 2) ; often symmetrically marked with small
blackish maculate patches {fig. 3), of which there are two on each side of the
mesothorax, two on each side of the median abdominal region, and a few
indefinite transverse patches on the median area. Examples on Solanic7ii are
more strongly marked than those on Cajamis. Dorsum with a very thin
covering of mealy powder, scarcely obscuring the colour of the insect ; and
with numerous erect hair-like glassy filaments. Still older examples may
assume a purplish tint, and parasitised individuals are of a reddish-brown
colour. Eyes black, conspicuous. Limbs yellowish. Ovisac elongate, white,
often contorted {fig. i). Antenna normally nine-jointed {figs. 6, 7), the
eighth and ninth more or less closely fused, but always with a distinct line of
division ; second and ninth longest and approximately equal ; fourth and eighth
usually shortest and equal ; occasionally eight-jointed {fig. 8) through a fusion
of the fourth and fifth. Limbs well developed ; tarsus short, approximately
one-third length of tibia ; claw with a small denticle on inner margin at about
one-third from the point {fig. 9) ; tarsal digitules simple, ungual digitules
minutely knobbed at extremity. Body with a complete marginal series (sixteen
on each side) of spiniferous tubercles {fig. 4), the spines robust and sharply
pointed {fig. 5). Similar but rather smaller tubercles in longitudinal series on
the dorsum— viz., a pair above the frons, a median series of nine commencing
on the metathorax, curved lateral series of eleven on each side terminating
on the fifth abdominal segment, and short submedian series of three on each
side on the thorax. Derm between the tubercles with scattered minute
ceriferous pores (see fig. 5). The spiniferous tubercles, themselves, are devoid
of ceriferous pores. Anal ring with six stout setas. Caudal setfe scarcely
longer than those of the anal ring. Length i"5o to 2*50 mm. Breadth i to
175 mm.

Adult male {fig. 10) greenish yellow suffused with purplish red, lightly dusted
with mealy powder. Posterior extremity with four stout white waxy filaments,
the inner pair longest — equalling the length of the abdomen, their extremities
outwardly curved. Antenna with simple hairs. Length (without appendages)
I mm.

On Cajanus itidictis, Cyclea bunnanni and Solanns nielongena (Brinjal). Pera-
deniya ; Colombo ; Jaffna. Occurs also in India, on Sida cordifolia.

DactylopimcE. 391

The insects, of both sexes, are crowded on the under surface of the leaves.
On a single leaflet of Cajanus, scarcely an inch long, thirty-two fully developed
female ovisacs were counted. Sometimes the male puparia are present in
enormously preponderating numbers. The long narrow ovisac, with the
female resting at its extremity, gives it a strong resemblance to a species of
Pulvinaria.

Signoret erected a genus — Boisdnvallia—iox species having all the cha-
racters of Dactylopius, but ' presenting four filaments at the extremity of the
abdomen of the male.' The two species {lauri and qiiadricaudaia) that he
designates under his new genus have eight-jointed antennae in the female.

Attention should be drawn to an error in the origmal description of this
species {loc, di.), where it is wrongly stated that the median dorsal series of
tubercles is absent on the abdominal segments.

PHENACOCCUS ICERYOIDES, Green.
(Plate CLXII.)

Phenacoccus iceryoides, Green, Me7n. Dep. Ag. Ind., Ent. Ser., Vol. II. (2),
p. 26 (1908).

Dactylopius obiiistis, Newstead, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, Vol. V. (2), p. 164
(1911).

The adult female secretes a large, highly convex, but comparatively short
white ovisac ; the insect tilted into an erect position and resting upon the
anterior part of the ovisac {figs, i, 2). The ovisac itself is very delicately fluted
longitudinally.

The female, before oviposition, is of an oval form {fig. 3), flattish or mode-
rately convex ; densely covered with white meal, which is produced into a
more or less conspicuous series of prominences on the median line. After
oviposition, these dorsal processes become obsolete. Margin with a complete
fringe of contiguous white (or slightly brownish) waxy conical processes,
which are broadly dilated and flattened on the thoracic area but subcylindrical
on the abdominal area, the terminal processes slightly longer. Under parts
and limbs honey-yellow. In early adult examples {fig. 4) the fringe is
almost continuous and may have two or three pale brownish lines running
through it. Eyes very prominent (see fig. 5). Antenna {fig. 6) long and
slender, nine-jointed ; first about as long as it is broad, third usually longest
but occasionally equalled by second, remainder subequal but gradually
decreasing in length to the eighth, ninth usually slightly longer ; all the joints
with a few slender hairs which are longer on the first and second joints. Legs
rather slender ; tarsus approximately half length of tibia ; claw stout, a well-
defined denticle on its inner edge at about one-third from the tip ; tarsal digi-
tules slender, simple ; ungual digitules slightly dilated at extremity {see. fig. 7).
Margins of segments slightly protuberant, each prominence with a group of
about twenty stout bluntly-pointed or truncate spines (see figs. 5, 8). Some
looser groups of similar spines on the dorsum, in the positions occupied by the

392 DactylopiincE.

denser agglomerations ot mealy secretion. Derm with numerous minute
ceriferous pores, more crowded towards the margins. Anal ring with six stout
sets. Caudal setae slightly longer than those of the anal ring. Surrounding
the anal orifice is an irregular ring of longish slender hairs, and other similar
hairs occur on the cephalic area, especially between the antennas. Smaller hairs
are scattered over the surface of the derm. The usual glandular foveae, on the
cephalic and post-abdominal areas, are present though not very conspicuous.
There is, on the venter of the second abdominal segment, a large transversely
disposed cicatrice {fig. 9), the outline of which is sharply defined in well-stained
preparations. In some examples the area of the cicatrice is occupied by opaque
matter which renders the organ very conspicuous ; but in unstained or weakly
stained preparations it can be seen only with difficulty and may be easily over-
looked. Length 3 to 4 mm.

Eggs and young larvte honey-yellow.

On Tephrosia Candida (Badulla), Odina woodier., CalUcarpa lanata^
Murraya koenigii, and Wendlandia notoniana (Kandy), and on an undeter-
mined Malvaceous plant (Peradeniya). Occurs also in India, on Mango (Cal-
cutta), on Boswellia (Tanjore), and on Capparis horrida (Surat). Recorded
by Newstead from German East Africa.

The general appearance of a collection of these insects is remarkably like
that of an Icerya, for which it might easily be mistaken.

PHENACOCCUS ORNATUS, nov.
(Plate CLXIII.)

Adult female {figs, i, 2) oblong oval, flattish ; pinkish yellow to reddish
orange. Dorsum more or less completely covered with white mealy secretion
which does not, however, obliterate the divisions of the segments ; margin with
a series of twenty-six extremely long, slender, white waxy tassels, radiating
symmetrically from the body of the insect (fig. 2). Antennae and limbs long
and slender. Antenna {fig. 6) nine-jointed ; second joint considerably longer
than any of the others ; all the joints with a few moderately long hairs. Leg
{fig. 7) with the tibia equal in length to the femur and trochanter ; tarsus
approximately one-fourth length of tibia ; claw, without any denticle ; ungual
digitules very slightly dilated at extremity ; tarsal digitules short, simple. Eye
(see fig. 4) unusually prominent, on an elongate conical tubercle. Spiracles
{fig. 5) trumpet-shaped. Margin of body with a complete series of twenty-six
sharply defined oval chitinous plates {see fig. 3) each of which bears a cluster
of stout conical spines and numerous small ceriferous pores (see figs. 4 and 8) ;
some larger circular pores are distributed over the surface of the body. Anal
ring {fig. 8) with six stout setae springing from an irregular cluster of small
pores. Caudal setae equal to or slightly smaller than those of the anal ring.
Length 2'5o to 3"o mm. Breadth 07510 r25 mm. Marginal waxy processes
3'o to 5'o mm.

Male puparium in the form of an oblong cottony sac, open at the posterior
extremity.

Dactylopiince. 393

Adult male very pale yellow ; ocelli black ; posterior extremity with a pair
of long, slender cottony filaments.

On leaves oi Jastninum sp. (Haputale and Wellwaya), and on foliage of the
tea plant (Haldummulla). The insects are crowded on the under surface of the
leaves, but are disposed in such a manner that the delicate waxy fringe has
sufficient room for development (seeyf^. i).

The species is probably indigenous on wild Jasmine and has adopted the tea
plant more recently. Only one instance of its occurrence on tea has been
recorded ; but, in that case, two or three tea bushes on the edge of the jungle
were very heavily infested. Examples from tea were much redder than those
taken on Jasmine.

Recorded also from Southern India, onjasjfttnum sp.

PHENACOCCUS MANGIFER^, Green.
(Plate CLXIV. 1-16.),

Pseudococcus mangifera, Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV. p. 6 (i{

Adult female at first narrow oval {Jig. 8) later broadly oval {figs. 5, 6) ;
dorsum depressed. Pale honey-yellow : dorsum almost completely covered by
thick white meal, except for a bare space in the middle {fig. 5) which, in the
early adult, is frequently of a definite triangular shape {fig. 8). Margin with a
complete fringe of stout cottony tassels, of which those at the posterior
extremity are usually longer. In the early adult, the marginal tassels are
longer and more slender and tend to become separated into packets of two or
three. There is little or no secretion on the venter {fig. 6). Antenna {fig. 11)
nine-jointed ; first joint short and stout, remaining joints long and slender,
approximately equal in length, the third and ninth slightly longer. Eyes pro-
minent {fig. 13). Limbs slender ( fig. 12) ; tarsus less than half length of tibia ;
tibia slightly shorter than femur and trochanter ; tarsal digitules slender,
simple ; ungual digitules slightly dilated. Claw {fig. 16) slender and sharply
pointed, without (or with the merest trace of) a denticle on its inner edge.
Anterior and posterior glandular fovere present but not conspicuous. Margin
of body with a complete series of thirty clusters of truncate spines set on
definite circumscribed patches (see _/jVj'. id, 13, 14) which are slightly denser
than the rest of the derm. There are numerous small ceriferous pores which
are more crowded and conspicuous on the marginal patches. Anal ring {fig. 14)
with six stout setae. Caudal setae moderately long. Length 1-5 to 2*25 mm.

Nymph {fig. 7) with a radiating fringe of tufts of long glassy filaments
lightly matted together with loose cottony secretion.

Adult male {fig. i) very pale yellow ; eyes and ocelli black ; wings hyaline.
Caudal filaments exceeding the length of the body. Upper pair of ocelli
widely separated ; lower pair close together {fig. 2). Rudimentary eyes lateral
close to base of antennas. Length rather less than i mm.

Male puparium {fig. 9) irregularly cylindrical, white ; sometimes with a few
irregular lateral processes. Length V2^ mm.

394' DactylopimcE.

On under surface of leaves of Mango (Pundaluoya and Bandarawella).
Received also from India, on Mango.

The insects are congregated in large patches, sometimes completely cover-
ing the under side of the leaves. There is not much accumulation of loose
cottony matter, as the insect appears to be ovoviviparous and no ovisac is pro-
duced. The exuviae of the females and empty puparia of the males remain
attached to the leaves. The species is fortunately not very common, or it
would constitute a serious pest. But a bad case was observed at Bandarawella,
where a single Mango tree in front of the Rest House was so heavily infested
that not a single leaf had escaped attack and considerable defoliation had re-
sulted. The presence of the insect is rendered conspicuous by a copious
growth of black fungus which collects on the upper surface of the foliage. The
insect is preyed upon by the larvae of a small Coccinellid beetle. These larvns
themselves secrete white cottony tassels which make them almost indistinguish-
able from the Coccidae upon which they are feeding.

Allied to Phen. ornatiis, from which it may be distinguished by the larger
number of marginal spiniferous patches, and by the spines being truncate.

PHENACOCCUS SPINOSUS, Robinson.
(Plate CLXIV. 17.)

Phenacoccus spinosus, Robinson, Phil. Journ. Sci., Vol. XIII. Sec. D, No. 4,
p. 145 (July 1918)-

Adult female similar, in nearly every particular, to Phenacoccus fnangi/erce,
from which it may be distinguished by the presence of thirty-four (instead of
thirty) spiniferous marginal tracts. The claw {fig. 17) is stouter and blunter,
and has a very pronounced denticle on its inner edge. The spines are trun-
cate— as in mangiferce.

On Ficus sp., Peradeniya : and on an undetermined plant, at Trincomali.
Received also from Java, on Psidium piimilinn. Originally described from the
Philippine Islands.

The difference in the form of the claw, alone, would not justify the separation
of this species from ma7tgifera; j but the number of definite spiniferous tracts
would seem to constitute more than a varietal distinction.

Genus ANTONINA, Sign.

Antonina, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), Vol. V. p. 24 (1875).
ChcBtococcus, Maskell, N.Z. Trafts. Vol. XXX. p. 249 (1898).

Signoret diagnoses his genus as follows : ' The species for which we have
created this genus is distinguished from other Cocci?ice by the absence of limbs
of which one can see no trace and by the shortness of the antennje which pre-
sent but a multiarticulate stump with some stiff hairs at the extremity. Its
form is elongate, cylindrical, three times longer than broad and somewhat
resembling the pupa of a fly ; the rostrum presents in the young stage a

DactylopiiiK^. 395

biarticulate lip, but in the advanced stage we have never been able to see it in
its entirety. The abdominal extremity, rugose and strongly punctate,
approaches that of the Lecaniidcc and more especially of the genus Aclerda,
with a horny thickening, but without the caudal squamae of the Lecaniidce.
The anogenital ring is large, in a wide circle, finely punctate and transversely
striate, with six hairs which do not project beyond the abdomen.'

Though this description really relates to a single species only {purpurea), it
may be accepted so far as it goes, with the exception that the antennas can
scarcely be described as ' multiarticulate,' there being — at most — but four distinct
joints, while in some species the number is reduced to two. The definition of
the form of the body and of the hairs of the anal ring must be regarded as of
specific importance only.

The genus is of widespread distribution, in both hemisperes, though only
about fourteen species have been recognised. They are confined to plants of
the order Graminece.

Synopsis of Species occurring in Ceylon.

Species completely covered with a felted or cottony ovisac.

{a) Abdominal segments evenly rounded indica.

{b) Terminal abdominal segments demarked by slight lateral

indentations viaritima.

Species naked or without complete ovisac.

{a) With a distinct flattened pygidiform anal segment. bambuscE.

{b) Posterior extremity globose, with no demarked anal

segment sonata.

ANTONINA INDICA, Green.

(Plate CLXV.)

Antonina indica, Green, Mem. Dep. Ag. Ind., Ent. Ser., Vol. II. p. 2 (1908).

Female enclosed in a felted white sac {Jig. 2) which fits closely upon the
body of the insect, but is easily removable in a single piece. This covering
often becomes yellowish, especially after the death of the insect. The sac is
open at the part covering the rostrum and at the posterior extremity, from which
point a brittle glistening tubular filament projects. The liquid excreta are
carried to the extremity of this tube where they gather in the form of a globular
bubble which eventually bursts, scattering the liquid in a fine spray.

Adult female {figs. 3, 4) dark purplish brown, usually paler on the ventral
surface, the stigmatic and genital orifices dusted with white mealy powder.
Surface smooth. Form subovoid to subcircular ; sometimes narrowed behind,
sometimes broadly rounded. The actual extremity is very slightly indented at
the anal region but is otherwise evenly rounded, without any indication of anal
lobes. Terminal segment not demarked. The derm is at first soft and pliant,
but the posterior extremity soon becomes densely chitinous and finely rugose.
In very old examples the whole of the derm becomes more or less rigidly

396 Dactylopiince.

chitinized. Examples from Hakgala (elevation 6000 feet) are very weakly
chitinous. Antennae rudimentary ; reduced to two {figs. 5, 7) or three {fig. 6)
joints, with a few spiny hairs at the apex ; the junctions of the joints are often
very indistinct. Spiracles large and conspicuous ; with a strongly chitinous
cup-shaped orifice, in the sides of which are numerous ceriferous (parastigmatic)
pores {fig. 9). Derm with numerous circular pores, of two sizes, intermingled
with some minute spinelike hairs. The pores, which are sometimes (especially
in older examples) rendered more conspicuous by a thickened chitinous rim,
are more densely crowded on the marginal and post-abdominal regions, especially
on a transverse zone that lies across the anal pit. Anal ring sunk in a well-
defined pit {fig. 8), with six stout sette. In the original description of the species
{loc. cit.\ it is stated that the anal setae do not reach the margin of the body ;
but I find that this condition is not constant ; in many examples the anal setae
project slightly beyond the margin. Posterior margin of body {fig. 8) with a
few stout spiniform hairs. Length (under compression) i'5o to 3"5o mm.
Breadth vo to 3*0 mm.

Male not observed in any stage.

Newly hatched larva {fig. 10) oblong oval ; cream-coloured, the median
area tinged with purple. Very active.

At the base of the stems and upon the rhizomes of various grasses. Usually
attended by ants. Pundaluoya ; Peradeniya ; Colombo ; Hakgala. Occurs
also in India.

ANTONINA MARITIMA, nov.
(Plate CLXVI.)

Sac of adult female pinkish ochreous to white ; loose and irregular in form.

Adult female {fig. i) broadly oval to subcircular. Not densely chitinous,
except at the posterior extremity. Antenna {fig. 2) very small and rudimentary ;
consisting of a more or less globular free segment, with some longish stout
hairs at its extremity ; and an incomplete basal segment, irregular in outline
and roughly lunate in form, bearing three or four stout hairs. Spiracles large
and conspicuous, of the same form and structure as those of ^ . indica. Posterior
extremity {fig. 3) with marginal indentations indicating the terminal segments
and with some spiniform hairs both on the margin and on the submarginal area.
Anal ring with six stout setK, sunk in a rather narrow but deep pit. Derm
with numerous circular pores, more crowded towards the margins, especially on
the denser posterior segments where they are much larger and more conspi-
cuous. Length 175 to 3-0 mm. Breadth 1-25 to 2-50 mm.

Other stages not observed.

On the rhizomes of a species of Cyperus growing in sandy soil at high-water
mark on the sea-shore. Colombo. Received also from Coimbatore, S. India,
where it is said to occur in ' wet places ' (coll. T. V. Ramakrishna Aiyer).

Differs from Antonina indica in the form of the posterior extremity which
is slightly incised at the junctions of the segments ; in the smaller anal ring
and narrower anal pit ; and in the still more rudimentary antennee, the terminal
hairs of which are longer and stouter.

Dadylopiince. 397

ANTONINA BAMBUS^, Mask.
(Plate CLXVII.)

Spharococciis bavibusce, Maskell, Trans. N.Z. Insf., Vol. XXV. p. 237,
PI. XVI. figs. 12-19(1892).

Chcetococcus bainbuscT, Maskell, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. XXX. p. 249 (1898).

Adult female either naked or partially covered with white waxy secretion.
The development of this secretion varies according to the position of the insect.
It usually takes the form of a waxy cushion interposed between the venter of
the insect and the surface upon which it is resting {Jigs. 1,2). A similar waxy
pad protects the dorsum from the enfolding leaf-sheath of the plant, when the
insect is concealed beneath that covering. In situations where the insect is
exposed by the fall of the leaf-sheath, it may secrete a considerable quantity
of waxy matter on the sides of the body, and a dense column of white wax
covering the median dorsal area of the thorax and sloping in a forward direction
( fiS- 3) ; but this process is very easily detached and is absent in most examples.
A stout but fragile tubular filament is produced from the anal orifice. The
insects show a considerable variation in size, form and colour, according to
their situation on the plant. Such as are permanently covered by the leaf
sheaths attain a much larger size, but are flattened by the compression in the
confined space ; these are of a reddish brown colour and the derm is less dense
{fig. a). Individuals that are exposed at a comparatively early stage of their
development, become strongly convex and assume a darker colour— dark casta-
neous to deep slaty brown {fig. i) ; the derm thickens and becomes roughened
and densely chitinous, arresting further growth. Examples that are partly
exposed and partly concealed often have the anterior segments flattened by
pressure {fig. 2).

The cephalo-thorax, which occupies by far the greater part of the body, is
broadly rounded. The abdominal segments are sharply defined and narrow
consecutively to the anal segment, which is always more densely and evenly
chitinous than those preceding it. Antenna {figs. 9, 13) rudimentary; consist-
ing of a conical or truncate terminal joint with a group of stout setae at its
extremity, and one or two ill-defined basal joints. The tentorium is unusually
extended anteriorly {see fig. 12). The spiracles are large and conspicuous.
The anal segment {figs. 10, 11) is broadly rounded, with the anal pit opening on
the dorsal surface. In the larger depressed form this pit is situated just within
the margin {fijo. 10). In the smaller form it assumes a more vertical position,
at a little distance from the margin {fig. 11). The anal ring bears six stout
setae which scarcely project beyond the rim of the pit. There are a few short
seta; on the marginal area, those on the anal segment being stouter and more
conspicuous than the others. The dermal pores are of two distinct forms : —
numerous small trilocular pores (see y?o-. 13) evenly distributed over both sur-
faces of the body, and larger thick-rimmed circular pores {fig. 14) confined to
the venter of the anal segment. In old fully matured females the derm is
so dense that these pores are more or less obscured ; but their form and

;98 Dactylopiince.

structure may be observed in early adult individuals, where also they are seen
to be very crowded {fig. 12). Owing to expansion of the integument the pores
become more widely separate during subsequent growth. Immediately behind
each of the posterior spiracles is a clearly defined shallow oval pit containing
numerous minute thick-rimmed circular pores.

The early adult female is of a pinkish ochreous colour, with the terminal
segment only dark brown. It is surrounded by a mass of white cottony secre-
tion {fig. 5). The crumpled exuvia; of the nymphal and larval stages may be
seen at the posterior extremity of the insect, entangled in the secretionary
matter.

Dimensions of fully matured female: Large flat form, length, 5 to 6 mm. ;
breadth 3 to 3*50 mm. (an example from Southern India measures 6 50 by
4"2 5 mm.). Smaller convex form, length 2 '2 5 to 4 mm. ; breadth 2 to 3 mm.

Female nymph similar m form to early adult female, but differing in the dermal
characters, there being (in addition to the small trilocular pores) an irregular
submarginal series of comparatively large and conspicuous circular thick-
rimmed pores (see fig. 15). Only two joints can be distinguished in the
nymphal antennas, and the free terminal joint is more globose than in the adult
insect.

Young larva {fig. 7) pale pink or purplish pink, very slightly powdered with
whitish secretion. Rather elongate in form. Antenna six-jointed, the ter-
minal segment longest. Margin of abdomen {fig. 8) with a series of strong
setae, each seta associated with a large and conspicuous trilocular pore. Length
06 mm.

Male unknown in any stage. The species is ovoviviparous and is probably
reproduced asexually.

On the ' Giant Bamboos ' {Dendrocalainus giganiea and Gigantochloa
aspera\ Peradeniya ; and on the ' Male Bamboo ' {Dendrocalainus stric/a),
Colombo. On the ' Giant Bamboos,' the insects are congregated around the
nodes of the main stems ; on the smaller ' Male Bamboo,' they occur at the
nodes of the branches.

Found also in Southern India and in the Sandwich Islands.
In allocating this species to the genus Antonina, I am aware that I am going
against the opinion of the late Mr. W. M. Maskell, who placed it in a special
family — Idiococcince—yN\i\z\i he erected to contain his peculiar genera Cylindro-
coccus and Sphcvrococcus. In his very last paper on Coccidae, published shortly
before his death, after erecting a new genus — Chcetococcus — to contain his pre-
viously described Sphcerococciis bainbuscF, he comments upon a letter in which
I had drawn his attention to the affinities of the species, and remarks that
' there is no resemblance between A. purpurea and C. banibusce except
externally and superficially.' Personally, I can see very little external or
superficial resemblance between the two species ; but I maintain that, in al^
essential details of structure, they are congeneric. The validity of Maskell's
judgment in this case is discounted by the fact that he immediately proceeds
to describe, as a new species, Chcetococcus graminis., an insect that is now
recognised as a typical Antonina. This reference to Chceiococeus gra?ntfiis, by
the way, is omitted in Mrs. Fernald's comprehensive Catalogue of the Coccidce
of the World.

Dactylopiince. 399

ANTONINA ZONATA, Green.

(Plate CLXVIII.)

Antonina zo7iata^ Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., 3rd ser., Vol. V. p. 175 (1919).

Adult female {figs, i, 8, 9) naked, resting on a bed of white mealy secretion.
There is also a small patch of greyish secretion, at the anterior extremity, of
the consistency of beeswax, which appears to serve the purpose of fixing
the insect in position. A colourless tubular filament usually projects from the
anal orifice, carrying a globule of liquid excreta at its extremity. The insect is
actually pyriform, though it has the appearance of being globular owing to the
anterior thinner prolongation being concealed in the angles of the branches.
Superficially, it might be described as baccate {fig. i). Smooth ; roundly dis-
tended behind, bluntly pointed in front {fi^. 9). Colour olivaceous, with deep
brown transverse mottled bands (medially interrupted) on the dorsum ; deepen-
ing to almost uniform brown in old examples. Antenna {fig. 15) consisting of
an irregularly conical terminal joint, the truncate extremity concave and bear-
ing a group of stout curved setae, and a broad shallow basal joint. Spiracles
{fig. 19) large and conspicuous, the walls of the external aperture closely
studded with trilocular ceriferous pores ; many other simple pores surrounding
the aperture. Anal ring set in a wide pit with a comparatively small broadly
oval or circular orifice through which the anal setos project {fig. 16). The
external orifice is surrounded by circular ceriferous pores and many stout hairs
{fig. i8). The anal ring \is&\i{ fig. 17) has a deeply milled circumference and
bears six long, stout setae. The derm varies in density according to the age of
the insect. In fully mature examples it becomes almost rigid and opaque,
when it displays numerous small oval translucent cells {fig. 20). These cells are
scarcely noticeable in the early adult insect. Length 275 to 5 mm. Breadth
2'5o to 4 mm.

Nymphal female {figs. 5, 6) oval, flattish, dull red. Antenna {fig. 7) similar
in form to that of the adult. The insect, in this stage, is completely concealed
beneath the leaf-sheaths of the plant.

Young larva {fi^. 2) pinkish ochreous, thinly dusted with white mealy
secretion. Resembling a small Psetidococctes, like which it has two pairs of
conspicuous glandular fove^e on the dorsum — on the prothoracic segment and
at the junction of the penultimate and antepenultimate abdominal segments
{fi^- a)- Length 075 mm.

Adult male {fig. 13) minute ; dull brown ; wings whitish ; with a pair of stout
white caudal filaments. Sheath of penis short and stout. Legs and antennae
comparatively short, the latter considerably less than half the length of the
body. Antenna {fig. 14) ten-jointed ; terminal joint as long as the eighth and
ninth together, with three longish fine knobbed hairs at the extremity. Length
(without appendages) i mm.

Male puparium {fig. 12) in the form of an elongate narrow felted sac. The
puparia are usually attached to the inner surface of a stipule {fig. 1 1).

The adult females are clustered in the axils of the branches of a Bamboo

40O Dactylopiinc^..

{Tetnostachywn attenuatiim) {fig. i). The colonies are almost invariably
attended by ants {Cremastogaster dohrni) which construct fibrous shelters over
them. The position and globular form of the insects gives them the appearance
of sessile berries growing upon the plant.

Though differing widely, in form and colouring, from typical species of
Antonina, all the structural characters of the insect, and its early development,
point to its position in this genus.

Genus LACHNODIUS, Maskell.

Lachnodius, Mask., N.Z. Trans., Vol. XXVIII. p. 400 (1896).

This genus was erected by Maskell to contain species differing ixoxa.Ps6udo-
coccus in having more than eight setae on the anal ring. That author gives, as
one of the characters of his genus, ' Antennas of seven or eight joints, of which
the last is not longer than the others.' This definition would limit it to the
Australian species, of which three have been recorded. I am now including a
species from Ceylon that differs from the typical species in having the terminal
antennal joint elongated and longer than the others. Monsieur Vayssiere has
recently described a species (Z. greeni)., with similar antennal characters from
Madagascar. It is doubtful, however, if these two insects from Ceylon and
Madagascar are strictly congeneric with Lachnodius eucalypti (the type
species).

LACHNODIUS HUMBOLDTI^, nov.
(Plate CLXIX.)

Adult female {figs, i, 2) at first pinkish yellow, afterwards purplish grey ;
slightly pruinose ; circular or broadly oval ; strongly convex above. Segments
demarked by deep transverse furrows. Antenna {figs. 3, 4, 5) six- or seven-
jointed, in almost equal proportions. The six-jointed form may have the third
joint comparatively short as in fig. 3, or very long, with a partial division, as
shown at fig. 4. In the seven-jointed form, which is probably the normal one,
the terminal joint is the longest, and the fifth shortest. The antenna is but
sparsely hairy. Legs rather stout, though comparative small ; tarsus slightly
shorter than tibia, the two together markedly shorter than the femur {fig. 6) ;
very sparsely spiny. Anal ring {fig. 8) with from twenty-four to forty stout
setEe. The posterior extremity {fig. 7) bears two rounded cushion-like promi-
nences, with a few small conical spines. The derm of the dorsum bears numerous
similar spines intermingled with small ceriferous pores, the latter obscurely
triloculate {fig. 9). Length of body varying from 1*50 to 2'5o mm.

Dactylopiincs. 401

Other stages not observed ; but well-developed embryos were found in the
bodies of the females.

Habitat : In the hollow joints of young branches of Humboldtia laurifolia.
Yatiyantota, November.

At the distal extremity of each joint, between the bases of the bracts and
opposite the insertion of the leaf petiole, there is a minute passage communi-
cating with the cavity of the internode below it. This passage is enlarged by
ants of several species which form their nests in the cavities, but is not of
sufficient size to permit of the entry or exit of the full-grown Lachnodius. It is
probable that the ants introduce the young larvae and plant them on the inner
walls of the cavity, where they feed and attain their full size. From one to
three full-grown Coccids may be found in a single cavity, though not in every
joint.

The species has been found in one locality (Yatiyantota) only. Humboldtia
trees growing in the Peradeniya Gardens and other districts, although colonised
by ants, do not appear to harbour these insects.

The ants associated with Lachnodius at Yatiyantota have been determined
as Cremastogasier subnuda, Mayr., subsp. rabtila, For., var. nicevillei, For., and
Mo)iomorium floricola, Jerd.

402 Tachardiince .

CHAPTER X.
Sub-family TACHARDIIN.E.

Contains the single genus Tachardia, the characters of which will, conse-
quently, stand for those of the sub-family.

Gascardia, at one time included in this sub-family, is now known to be a
Lecaniid — allied to Ceroplastes.

Genus TACHARDIA, R. Blanchard.

Carieria, Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (5), Vol. IV. p. loi (1874).
Tachardia, R. Blanch., Zoologie Me'dicale, Vol. I. (1886).
Tachardia, Sign., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., (6), Vol. VI. p. Ixii (1886).

The genus, as originally erected by Signoret in 1874, was called
Carteria ; but that name having been preoccupied by Diesing, in
1865, for a genus of Protozoa, is now superseded by Tachardia, as
designated by Blanchard in 1886.

The species, of which some thirty have been described, have
peculiar characters that distinguish them from those of any other
sub-family. The most noticeable of these (in the adult female) are
the distinct caudal extension, carrying at its extremity the anal
orifice ; a prominent dorsal spine, situated immediately above the
base of the caudal extension ; and a pair of more or less prominent
stigmatic processes — the so-called ' lac tubes ' of earlier authors,
whose function is, however, quite unassociated with the secretion of
the resinous product known as ' lac' All these organs are described
more minutely below.

The popular name — ' Lac insects ' — by which species of this
genus are commonly known, indicates another character that is
common to all of them, namely, the production of a hard resinous
secretion (soluble in alcohol) which completely envelops them,
either in the form of separate cells or as a more or less continuous
incrustation in which the insects are embedded. The latter arrange-
ment really consists of a mass of confluent cells. The resinous cells
— or tests — when isolated, conform approximately to the shape of
the contained insects, but may be sculptured or diversely moulded
externally {e.g., cojichiferata, mimita, decorella). The cavity of each
cell communicates with the surface by three small apertures, two of
which are associated with the stigmatic processes, the third being

Tachardiince. 403

in apposition with the caudal extension and anal orifice. During
the life of the insect these apertures are occupied by tufts of
delicate white filaments emanating from ceriferous pores on the
organs concerned. The deposition of lac commences during the
larval stage, and is continued — increasing in thickness with the
development of the insect — throughout the nymphal and adult
stages.

As the insects, while still quite small, are closely imprisoned
within a rigid case of resin, it is evident that their growth must be
accompanied by a corresponding augmentation of the internal
dimensions of the cell. The final size of the adult female is many
times greater than that of the nymph or of the early adult female,
necessitating a great increase in the size of the cavity. It is a little
difficult to understand how this is effected. The probable explana-
tion is that the resinous secretion, though apparently a solid
substance, is, in reality, a viscous fluid which would respond to
slow pressure exerted by the growth of the contained insect. We
know that a very small amount of heat will make a stick of sealing-
wax (which is derived from lac) sufficiently plastic for it to bend
by its own weight or to adapt itself to the shape of any surface
upon which it may be resting. Possibly the heat of the tropical
sun comes to the assistance of the imprisoned insect by inducing
the necessary plasticity in its resinous envelope.

The male puparium is similarly constructed, but is usually of a
more or less slipper-shaped form, with the posterior aperture pro-
portionately larger and closed by a dense resinous operculum.

The form of the female insect itself varies with each species and
is affected — to a considerable extent — by contiguity, and by the
depth of the resinous deposit. In T. lacca, where the lac may
attain a thickness of seven millimetres or more, the insect is
correspondingly elongated, assuming an irregularly fusiform shape,
the mouth parts alone being in contact with the plant. Other
species are subglobular or even somewhat depressed, while others
have a symmetrical lobate form.

The antennae are usually very rudimentary, consisting merely
of more of less pronounced tubercles surmounted by a few bristles *
in conchiferata they are rather more developed, exhibiting four
distinct joints, while in minuta, though they are elongated, no
definite segmentation can be distinguished.

The mouth parts are of the usual structure, but are associated
with a pair of small but prominent post-oral lobes (situated imme-
diately behind the mouth), the function of which is not clear. They

404 TachardiincB.

may possibly represent the vestiges of anterior limbs, the insect
being otherwise completely apodous.

The spiracles, during the development of the adult insect, so
completely alter their normal positions that the two pairs can do
no longer be described as anterior and posterior. The originally
anterior spiracles may even finally assume a position considerably
behind the true posterior pair (as in albizsicE and laced). They are
always more strongly developed than those of the other pair, and,
though originally situated on the venter, are gradually carried
round to the dorsum of the insect. The normally posterior
spiracles remain small and retain their original ventral position.
Under these conditions it is more convenient to describe the two
pairs of spiracles as dorsal and ventral respectively.

Associated with the large dorsal spiracles are the stigmatic pro-
cesses. These organs have been described by some authors as
' lac-tubes,' under the impression that they are principally concerned
in the secretion of the lac. As a matter of fact, they have an
exactly opposite function, namely — to prevent the accumulation of
the secretion at the particular spots where they are situated, and to
keep open the stigmatic orifices and permit the ingress of air to the
spiracles. This they effect by the secretion of waxy filaments from
special ceriferous pores which are grouped (usually in a denser
chitinous tract) on their apices. The processes may be approxi-
mately sessile — as in albizsicg,OY greatly elongated — as in conchiferata
and lacca. They are usually soft and fleshy, with a densely chitin-
ous tract (carrying the ceriferous pores) at the apex of each ; but,
in conchiferata, the processes are completely indurated, resembling
horns. In some species the stem of the process is so thin and
delicate that, under compression, it may be flattened down and
overlooked, when the denser apical tract will appear to be sessile.

The dorsal spine is a character that is peculiar to the genus.
It occurs on the adult female of every species of Tachardia. One
species {aurantiacci) was originally described as being without this
peculiar organ ; but subsequent study has shown that it is present
on fresh examples of the insect, but has such a slender pedicel that
it is easily detached and lost. It is a conspicuous, stout, densely
chitinous spine, surmounted upon a fleshy tubercle or pedicel, and
is situated on the dorsum immediately above the base of the caudal
extension. The pedicel may be short and stout, or long and
slender. In the latter condition the spine is readily detached when
the specimens are dried, or during the process of preparation for
microscopical study. The spine is perforated by a central channel

Tachardiince. 40 5

which opens close to the apex, and associated with it are numerous
minute glandular bodies communicating with the channel by-
thread-like ducts (see PI. CLXXII.y?^. 17). The function of this
organ is a puzzle. That it Jias some special function is evident
from its structure and from the presence of the associated glands.
Its point is not sharp enough to allow of its employment as a
sting ; nor is there any indication of the special muscles that would
be necessary for its efficacy in such a capacity. Moreover its
position — boxed up within the hard resinous cell — would seem to
preclude any such use. Its absence in all but the adult stage might
suggest some association with the sexual functions, but it is difficult
to conceive why this particular genus should have acquired such a
peculiar accessory sexual organ.

The caudal extension probably comprises almost the whole of
the abdominal segments, the bulk of the body representing the
thoracic area. (It should be recognised that, in the Coccidce, the
ovaries are not confined to the abdominal area, but extend upwards
throughout the cavity of the body.) The number of visible
segments varies, but not more than two or three can usually be
distinguished. In some species this area is soft and flexible ; in
others the terminal segments m.aybemoreor less densely chitinous.
The extremity is truncate, and is surrounded by a laciniate fringe
enclosing a circular space in the centre of which is the anal orifice,
encircled by ten stout setae. The setiferous anal ring is broad, and
is composed of six distinct plates which may become confluent in
the adult insect.

With insects that exude such a copious and dense secretion, one
might expect to find definite areas of specialised glandular pores for
the purpose. But no such glands have been demonstrated. The
only pores that are noticeable are upon areas where wax is deposited,
and must be regarded as of a ceriferous nature. A series of such
ceriferous pores are to be found surrounding the base of the caudal
extension and upon its apex, around the spiracles, and on the
extremities of the stigmatic processes. Additional groups occur, in
some species, at intervals along the lateral areas. The lac appears
to be exuded from the general surface of the body. A study of the
deposition of the lac, throughout the various stages of the insects,
supports this supposition.

The adult male may be either apterous or alate, both forms
usually occurring in the same species. The antennae are normally
ten-jointed, the terminal joint tapering to a point and bearing one
or more knobbed hairs at its apex. In the apterous form the

4o6 Tachardiince.

number of antennal joints is often reduced to nine. The head
carries four prominent black ocelli. The penial sheath is long and
slender, acutely pointed. Tlie posterior extremity of the body
carries a pair of long white waxy filaments.

The female nymph differs from the early adult female princi-
pally in the absence of the dorsal spine.

The young larvae are characterised by the form and structure of
the antennae, which are six-jointed, the third very long, the fifth
with two very long whip-like hairs on one side, and the sixth
broader than the preceding segments. In all the species that I
have examined, the tarsal digitules, instead of being at the same
level, spring from two points at some distance one behind the
other.

The resinous secretion affords the commercial product known
as ' lac ' or ' shellac,' which forms the basis of sealing-wax, French
polish, and various varnishes.

The genus, though not very rich in species, is distributed over
both hemispheres. Central America (including the West Indies)
heads the list with eighteen species ; Australia comes next with
six species ; closely followed by the Indian region with five ; three
species have been recorded from Africa, and one from Java.

Synopsis of Ceylon Species.

A. Stigmatic processes rigid, densely chitinous ; antennas, three to

four-jointed CONCHIFERATA.

B. Stigmatic processes soft and pliable ; antennae rudimentary,

ia) Stigmatic processes elongate LACCA.

ib) Stigmatic processes sessile or very short.

{ay) Resinous capsule more or less spherical ,,,ALBIZZI^.

(^^) Capsule conspicuously lobed MINUTA.

Tachai'diince. 407

TACHARDIA CONCHIFERATA, nov.
(Plate CLXX).

Resinous test of adult females {figs, i, 2) globose or approximately hemi-
spherical, smooth above, with six deep depressions above the marginal area,
each surrounded by prominent radiating ridges forming a definite and graceful
shell-like pattern {fig. 2). In the older examples this sculpturing is concealed
from above by the convexity of the test. The usual three apertures are small
and widely separated, their position indicated by the presence of small tufts
of white filaments. The tests are usually isolated, but may occur in blocks of
from three to six cells. Colour bright pale castaneous, partly due to the colour
of the contained insect, the lac being semitranslucent. Diameter of isolated
tests 4 to 6 mm.

Test of early adult female smaller, less strongly convex, and darker in
colour. At this stage the sculptured areas project around the base of the test
as a series of rounded crenulated lobes (fig 3).

Male puparium (fig. 6) oblong, broadest behind, the margins obscurely
lobulate. Stigmatic orifices minute but prominent, marked by spots of white
secretion. Posterior orifice large, closed by an obscurely hexagonal operculum.
Dorsal area depressed behind the stigmatic areas, with the usual median
carina, which is continued — as an indistinct ridge — across the operculum.
Colour dark castaneous. The puparia are usually agglomerated together in
large masses, in which condition the form of the individuals is completely
obscured. Length of an isolated example 2 mm.

Adult female insect bright salmon-red (fig. 9) ; stigmatic and caudal
processes dark brown. There are white waxy patches surrounding the base
of each of the processes, and also in the six depressions that surround the base
of the insect. Form, before oviposition, trilobate in outline {figs. 7, 8), the two
stigmatic processes and the caudal process occupying the angles between
the lobular expansions. Dorsum strongly convex, produced behind into a
broadly rounded lobe, demarked from the surrounding area by deep sulci (see
fig. 8), and supporting at its posterior extremity the dorsal spine. A sharply
defined furrow extends from the base of each stigmatic process across the
under surface — passing immediately in front of the rostrum (see y^. 7), and
a short sulcus extends forward from the rostrum towards the anterior
margin. The medio-ventral area between the rostrum and the base of the
caudal process is occupied by an ovate concave space, bounded behind by a pair
of small round fleshy lobes. The stigmatic and caudal processes project out-
wards and upwards. After oviposition the abdominal segments contract, and
the body is raised up from behind. Stigmatic processes elongate and com-
paratively slender ; so densely chitinous that the characters of the secretory
area at the apex are completely obscured. The caudal process is composed
of at least four visible segments, of which the basal two are soft and flexible,
the apical two being rigid ; the terminal segment is densely chitinous and
clothed with minute adpressed spines {fig. 12), its apical margin sharply serrate

4o8 TackardiiiKT.

and with four longer spines projecting beyond the serrated fringe. Anal
ring with ten stout sets. Rostrum approximately central. Antennae com-
paratively well developed, four-jointed {fig. 15) ; situated close to and im-
mediately in front of the rostrum. Dorsal spiracles large {fig- 13) ; situated
laterally near the bases of the stigmatic processes {sQ&fig. 10) ; each spiracle
set in an area crowded with ceriferous pores and surrounded by a subcircular
or broadly pyriform chitinous plate. Ventral spiracles smaller, placed shortly
behind the rostrum, surrounded by a dense group of ceriferous pores {fig. 14).
Dorsal spine {fig. 11) slender, acutely pointed, with its base abruptly ex-
panded into a transversely flattened disc. The spine is set upon a long and
slender pedicel which is easily detached (and lost) during the preparation
of dried examples of the insect. After maceration several series of ceriferous
pores— each of which has distinct characters — can be observed (see fig. 10).
There is a submarginal series of six linear groups associated with the sub-
marginal pits, the pores trumpet-shaped when viewed in profile {fig. 16) ; four
scattered groups of small tubular pores {fig. 17) surrounding the rostrum, and
a series of crowded groups of circular pores encircling the base of the caudal
process, each group broken into irregular smaller clusters {fig. 18). Length of
extended insect (under compression) 3 to 4 mm.

The early nymphal test is stellate {fig. 5), with three rays on each side.
Increase in growth is effected by the extension of larger processes from the
intervals between the rays of the earlier stage {see fig. 4). The later nymphal
test is accordingly still six-rayed, but the direction of the rays is different,
there being now two stout conical arms on each side, with single anterior and
posterior truncate processes in the direction of the main axis of the body. The
earlier form is still traceable upon the disc of the later test. I have been unable
to follow out the subsequent transformations ; but, from the position of the
crenulate lobes on the test of the early adult female {see fig. 3) it is probable
that increase in size continues to be effected by interstitial growth.

On Mimosa sp., Anona palustris., Exccccaria agallocha, and Croton lacci-
ferum. Kandy ; Matale ; Jaffna ; Tangalla.

This species is much less abundant than 7". albizzice. The resin is con-
sidered to be superior, and is greatly valued by the lac-workers of Matale and
Tangalla, who distinguish it by the name of ' Tela-kiriya laccada.'

TACHARDIA LACCA, Kert.
(Plate CLXXI.)

Coccus lacca, Kerr, Philos. Tratts., Vol. LXXI. p. 374, 1782.
Coccus ficus, Fab., Matit. Int., Vol. II. p. 319, 1787.
Carteria lacca, Sign., An?i Soc. E?ii. Fr. (5), Vol. IV. p. 102, 1874.
Tachardia lacca, Green, Cocc. Ceyloji, Vol. I. p. 3, 1896.

Resinous tests of adult females closely agglomerated, forming an incrustation
upon the branches {fig. i, 8) varying in thickness from 4 to 7 mm. At an early
stage of development, while the individuals are still isolated, the test of the
female is of a symmetrical form {fig. 11), with a double lateral series of rounded

Tachai'diincE. 409

or bluntly pointed radiating processes, of which there are six superimposed
pairs on each side. These tests contain nymphs and the earliest adult females.
The median dorsal area is occupied by a ridge, with indications of segmentation,
which represents the larval exuvi;^. It terminates behind in an oval
operculum covering the anal aperture. The small stigmatic apertures open,
one on each side, near the anterior extremity of the median ridge. There are
usually three or more small bead- like protuberances on each side of the disc.
Subsequently, by a process of accretion, the irregularities are filled in, and the
test assumes a subglobular form, the surface of which is studded with more
or less concentric series of small rounded pustules which possibly represent
the apices of the earlier processes. In this stage the median dorsal area is
somewhat depressed. Further accretions of lac obliterate all trace of the
earlier characters, and the individuality of the tests is merged into the general
mass. In weak colonies the incrustation is thinner and not so continuous,
under which conditions the globular form of some of the tests may be retained.
A section of the incrustation (see upper end of fig. i) reveals numerous
pyriform or fusiform cells which are adapted to the form of the mature insect.
Each cell communicates with the exterior surface by the usual three
orifices which (in fresh, living material) are marked by tufts of slender white
filaments.

Male puparium small ; the form usually obscured by the coalescence of
numerous individuals ; an isolated example (see fig. 12) may be described as
roughly coffin-shaped, with the posterior extremity covered by a large oval
operculum. The covering of lac is of sufficient thickness only to render the
puparium hard and rigid. Length approximately 2 mm.

Adult female of a rich dark crimson colour, becoming blackish after death.
It attains the adult characters (recognised by the presence of the dorsal spine)
while still quite small (see fig. 10) ; but the stigmatic processes are then
practically sessile. At this period the insect rests in the normal position, with
the venter in apposition to the floor of the cell. The body, viewed from above
(see fig. 14), has a broadly rounded lobe in front and rounded tumescent
sides ; the dorsal spine occupying a median position between the stigmatic
and caudal processes, the latter process being recurved over the dorsum.
During subsequent growth the body first assumes a subglobular form and,
later, becomes greatly extended in an upward direction, until it attains a
pyriform {fig. 9) or fusiform {fig. 2) contour, with a corresponding increase in
the length of the stigmatic processes. In this later condition the caudal pro-
cess, with the dorsal spine and the two stigmatic processes, are clustered at
the upper extremity, while the lower extremity is occupied by the mouth parts.
After oviposition the ventral side of the insect, which has now assumed an
erect position, becomes slightly concave. The length and shape of the
stigmatic processes, in this species, have such a wide range of variation that
forms at opposite extremes might almost be accepted as distinct species.
They may be either comparatively short and stout, or long and proportionately
slender, with all intermediate degrees ; but the structure of the apical ceriferous
tracts, and all other essential characters, are identical in all the forms. The
truncate apex of the stigmatic process is occupied by a densely chitinous
area {fig. 5) in the centre of which is a shallow depression (the ceriferous tract)
with a sharply defined but irregularly lobate contour. This depression is
closely packed with small circular pores and exhibits — irregularly disposed

4 1 o TachardiincE.

upon its floor — from five to seven conical circular pits. At the fundus of
each pit is a single larger pore communicating with a short cylindrical duct
^fig' 6). At the base of each process is a large trumpet-shaped spiracle ijig. 4),
the orifice of which is surrounded by an irregular chain of ceriferous pores.
The ventral spiracles are of similar form and structure, but much smaller. The
dorsal spine {fig. 7) is stout, broad at the base and tapering gradually to the
apex ; there are one or more small denticulations on each side of the
basal area ; the spine is placed on the summit of a longish, slender, fleshy
tubercle. The caudal process, in this species, remains soft and pliable, and
does not exhibit any definite segmentation ; its extremity, however, is densely
chitinous and is surrounded by a laciniate fringe which is incomplete on the
venter {fig. 3) ; the ten anal setse spring from clusters of ceriferous pores on a
broad chitinous ring. An interrupted series of small globular groups of pores
surrounds the base of the caudal process. Antennas minute and inconspicuous ;
each consisting of a small chitinous tubercle, with irregularly truncate apex
bearing a few stout bristles. Mouth parts small ; but the post-oral lobes are
comparatively large and well-defined. Length of mature insect (under com-
pression) averaging 5 mm.

The nymphal insect can be distinguished from the early adult female by the
absence of the dorsal spine ; the body is more depressed and the stigmatic
processes are sessile ; otherwise the structural characters are similar to those
of the adult. The covering of lac is comparatively thin ; the individual tests
are small and of the symmetrical form described above {see fig. 11).

The adult male may be either winged or apterous. In the winged form, the
thoracic segments are broad and strongly developed, to give attachment to the
muscles actuating the long hyaline wings which have an expanse (according to
Imms) averaging 4"5 mm. The thorax, in the apterous form, is little or no
broader than the base of the abdomen and remains soft and undeveloped.
Both forms are of a bright crimson colour, and are provided — at the posterior
extremity — with a long-pointed penial sheath and a pair of slender white
filaments which are twice or more the length of the actual body of the insect.
The antennae are normally ten-jointed ; but it has been observed by Dr. Imms
that — in the apterous form — the number is frequently reduced to nine. The
head bears four prominent black ocelli, of which one pair has a ventral and
the other a dorsal aspect. Length (including penis) 175 mm.

Habitat. The list of plants upon which Tachardia lacca occurs naturally, or
upon which it has been cultivated in India, is a long one, including nine species
of Ficus, three of Dalbergia, three of Grewia, two each of Bufea, Zizyphus^
Albizzia, Acacia and Shorea, and single species of the genera Sckleichera,
Ougenia^ Xylia, Prosopus, Cajanus, Kydia, Piihecolobtum, Cassia, Diptcro-
carpus, Peniacine, Tamarindus, Garuga, Strebliis and Ccesalpinia ; but by far
the more usual host plants appear to be (in the order named) Buteafrondosa^
Zizyphus jujuba, Schleichera trijuga and Ficus religiosa.

The species is not indigenous in Ceylon, but has been introduced and
successfully established within the last few years ; but has never produced such
profuse incrustations of lac as it does in India.

My description and figures have been drawn up partly from Indian and
partly from Ceylonese examples.

Tachardia lacca is the source of the commercial shellac that is used so
largely in the composition of varnishes, French polish, sealing wax, &c. A

Tachardiince. 411

minor use in India is in the ornamentation of woodwork and in the manu-
facture of cheap bracelets and other fancy articles. It should be understood
that 'lac-work' has no connection with the 'lacquer' employed for somewhat
similar purposes in China and Japan. The latter is compounded principally
from vegetable gums.

The body of the insect itself provides a crimson dye which has now been
largely replaced by aniline extracts. It gives its name to the pigment known
as ' crimson lake.'

TACHARDIA ALBIZZI^., Green.
(Plate CLXXII.)

Tachardia albiszia^ Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. V. p. 98, 1903 {sine d&scrX
_„ „ Green, /otirn. Econ. Biol, Vol. VI. p. 32, May, 191 1.

Resinous tests of adult female {fig. i) bright castaneous when fresh, darken-
ing with age ; but usually so covered with sooty fungus as to appear black. An
isolated test {fig. 11) is subglobose, flattened beneath— where it adheres to the
stem of the plant. The usual three conspicuous orifices are arranged approxi-
mately in an equilateral triangle, on the dorsal surface ; each orifice on a
separate prominence, the posterior one larger than the other two. The three
prominences are connected by more or less distinct carinse which meet at a
point near the centre of the triangular space. In living examples, a small tuft
of white cottony filaments projects from each aperture. The surface of the
test may be smooth or granulo-rugose. When crowded together, the tests
become agglomerated into masses containing from two {fig. 13) to six or more
cells. Diameter of an isolated test 2*5 to 3*5 mm.

Male puparium {fig. 18) smaller and usually of a darker colour; of an
oblong form, rather broader in front ; with a more or less distinct medio-longi-
tudinal ridge ; surface finely rugulose. At the posterior extremity is a large
oval operculate opening, through which the perfect insect eventually makes its
escape. Length i'5 mm.

A median longitudinal section through the resinous case of the female reveals
the body of the insect occupying the anterior half of the cavity {fig. 12), with
the abdominal segments retracted and the caudal process directed upwards.
At first the insect completely fills the cell. As ovipositioii proceeds, the body
contracts, and the resulting space is closely packed with ova, the young larvte
making their exit through the posterior orifice.

The adult female insect is normally of a uniform rich crimson colour ; but
there is a variety that is of a bright gamboge yellow colour, in all stages.

The fully extended insect {fig. 15, antero-dorsal view) is roughly cordate in
form, with a prominent caudal process at the extremity of which is the anal
orifice with its ring of setae. The dorsal area is broadly rounded, and demarked
by a shallow groove from the remainder of the body. The ventro-lateral areas
are roundly produced on each side. The stigmatic processes are reduced to
small tubercles which are placed towards the posterior extremity of the dorsum.
At the base of the caudal process, situated dorsally, is a prominent fleshy

4^12 Tachardiince.

tubercle which bears at its apex the characteristic dorsal spine. The only other
feature that is noticeable, on a superficial examination, is the pair of minute
post-oral lobes, projecting from the under surface.

After maceration and compression (see fig. 23) other characters can be dis-
tinguished. The minute rudimentary antennfc— each consisting of an irregular
truncate tubercle with a few stout bristles at its apex— are situated immediately
anterior to the mouth parts. The small ventral spiracles {fig. 26) are placed
close behind the post-oral lobes, with their apertures directed outwards. The
larger dorsal spiracles are situated in a denser chitinous area, immediately
exterior to the two stigmatic processes, and are inwardly directed. Each spiracle
is associated with a scattered group of small ceriferous pores. The stigmatic
processes are mammiform, with a densely chitinous cap {fig. 16) ; in the centre
of each is a shallow depression, of an irregularly pentagonal form, in which
are numerous ceriferous pores arranged in rosette-shaped clusters ; six or
seven of these clusters are more prominent than the remainder (see fig. 27) ;
the circumference of the depression is defined by a close palisade of denser
cells. The dorsal spine {figs. 7, 28, 29) is slightly curved, stout at the base
and tapering to a more or less acute point ; there is a conspicuous tooth-like
prominence at its base, on the upper surface, and some smaller and more obscure
dentations on the under surface. The spine itself is tubular, with an obscure
orifice at its apex. There are, associated with it, numerous clavate gland cells
disposed either singly or in small groups, which lie in the fleshy tubercle that
supports the spine and communicate by thread-like ducts with the tubular
channel {s^tfig. 17). On each side of the body, immediately surrounding the
base of the caudal process, is a loose series of compound ceriferous glands (see
fig. 23), each of which consists of a compact cluster of pores {fig. 24). The
caudal process has a fleshy base and a terminal rigid segment, the distal ex-
tremity of which is furnished with a fringe of irregularly toothed and lanceolate
spines, incomplete on the ventral margin {see fig. 25). Within this fringe lies
the setiferous anal ring, which consists of a more or less confluent series of
porous plates bearing ten stout setae. Length of extended insect (under com-
pression) 175 to 3 mm. Breadth averaging 2*5 mm.

The adult male is of a rich crimson colour and may be either apterous (fig. 19)
or fully winged. In both forms there is a pair of long opaque-white caudal
filaments. In the winged form the antenna: are ten-jointed, and the notal plates
are more distinct ; the wing has a pinkish costal nervure. In the apterous
form the antennae have nine joints only, and the thorax remains soft and un-
developed. The terminal joint of the antenna (in both forms) bears two
knobbed hairs at its apex {fig. 21). There are four prominent black ocelli on
the head, two on the upper and two on the under surface. The genital sheath
is elongate, slender, and sharply pointed ; about two-thirds the length of the
abdomen. Length (from frons to extremity of genital sheath) i'^ mm. Both
forms of the male are sexually complete. Apterous males were observed to
copulate freely with the early adult females, six or seven insects being fertilised
by a single male.

The nymphal test of the female is very much smaller than that of the adult.
It is of a more or less symmetrical six-lobed form {fig. 8) ; the lateral areas
depressed ; the dorsal area with a medio-longitudinal rounded carina, termi-
nating behind at the large posterior orifice. The small stigmatic orifices are
situated on the anterior half of the test, on a level with the junction of the first

Tachardiina. 413

and second lateral lobes. There is a beak-like prominence above the anterior
extremity. Approximate length i mm.

The female nymph itself is also obscurely lobed {fig. 9), though the lobes do
not correspond with those of the test. There is a broadly rounded anterior
lobe ; a medio-lateral lobe on each side, occupying the space between the two
stigmatic areas ; and a postero-lateral lobe on each side of the prominent caudal
extension. Colour rich crimson (or, occasionally, bright yellow), each of the
anterior stigmatic areas indicated by a small patch of white secretion which
covers an irregularly perforate chitinous plate {fig. 10). Anterior spiracles
large and conspicuous ; posterior spiracles comparatively small and inconspi-
cuous. The extremity of the caudal process {fig. 10, a) has similar characters
to that of the adult ; but the anal ring is divided into six distinct plates, four of
which (the upper and lower pairs) carry two setae apiece, the remaining two
plates each bearing a single seta. Length approximately 075 mm.

Newly hatched larva {fig. 2) bright crimson (or yellow). Antenna {fig. 6)
six-jointed ; third and fourth joints longest ; fifth with two extremely long
whip-like hairs, equalling or exceeding the length of the antenna. Limbs well
developed : foot {fig. 3) with ungual and tarsal knobbed digitules, the tarsals
unequal in length, one of them springing from a point considerably behind the
other. Anterior stigmatic area with a marginal plate bearing a group of
mucronate papillae {fig. 4). Posterior extremity of body {fig. 5) with a pair of
long caudal setje springing from an outer chitinous ring bearing several smaller
setae and with some irregular dentate processes on its outer margin. Anal ring
composed of six distinct oval plates, each bearing a single longish seta.

The young insect is at first very active and quickly migrates from the older
to the younger parts of the plant. Having reached its objective, it finally
settles down and secretes a resinous covering {fig. 7), which is deposited first
in a thick rim round the margin of the body, terminating in a beak-like point in
front. There is a stigmatic orifice on each side, from each of which protrudes
a tuft of short white filaments ; a similar tuft projects from the posterior (anal)
orifice. The dorsal covering is very thin and is deposited in transverse plates
corresponding with the segments of the body : there is usually a gap between
two of the plates at a point slightly anterior to the anal orifice.

On the smaller branches of Albizzia stipulata, Filicium decipiens., Har-
pullia cupanioides, Nephelium liichi, Amhersiia nobilzs, He f nicy c Ha sepiaria,
Schleichera trijtiga, Croton lacct/erufn, Theobroma cacao., Ficiis nervosa and
Landolphia sp. Kandy ; Peradeniya ; Watagama ; Kelani Valley ; Tangalla ;
Anaradhapura. Received also from Darjiling, India, on Croton caudatum.

The colonies of insects are very heavily attacked by larvae of a moth
{Eublemma amabilis) and also by several TiniincE. Chalcid parasites, bred
from this species, have been named by Ashmead Tachardicephagus thoracicus,
and a Braconid (which is probably parasitic upon the larva of the Eublemma)
has been called Bracon greeni, Ashmead.

As noted above, there are two distinct varieties of the insect — the one
crimson and the other yellow. They are distinct in all stages, the crimson
adult producing crimson larvae, and the yellow adult yellow larvae. I have not,
however, observed any yellow males. Nor have I seen any intermediate
forms. The two colours may be confined to separate colonies, or they may be
mingled together. In a block of three cells, one of the insects was red, the
other two yellow. A pure yellow colony was observed upon Hafpu/Iia ciipa-

414 Tachardiinc^.

nioides ; but both yellow and red forms were freely intermingled upon a plant
of Nephelium litchi. The red form is by far the more common, and this form
only has been observed upon Albiszia.

Nearly allied to T. lacca, from which it may be distinguished by its smaller
size and by the completely sessile stigmatic processes. It must be admitted,
however, that there are degrees in the prominence of these processes in T. lacca
that, with a more extended knowledge of the various forms occurring in India,
may eventually provide a complete gradation between the sessile and stalked
races of the insect.

The resin of this species is the principal material employed in the local lac
industry. It is known to the Matale lac-workers as * Keppitiya laccada,' and
to those of Tangalla as ' Kon laccada.'

TAG HARD I A MINUTA, Morrison.
(Plate CLXXIII.)

Tachardia mimita, Moxrison, Philippine Journ. Sci,, Vol. XVII, No. 2,
Aug. 1920, p. 179.

The resinous case of the adult female varies— in colour — from bright
castaneous to dark reddish-brown. In old examples the colour is often
obscured by a coating of blackish fungus. The surface is minutely and irre-
gularly rugulose. The form is very characteristic, especially in isolated
examples, the free development of which has not been affected by crowding.
In such examples (see pig: 2) the case assumes a regular lobate outline. Three
main divisions are noticeable — a bilobate anterior portion, and two postero-
lateral portions, each of the latter being angularly trilobate. In the older
examples the general form is maintained, but the subdivision into smaller lobes
is more or less obscured. The usual medio-longitudinal carina is distinct, and
extends to the rounded posterior orifice which is, however, usually closed by a
thin operculum. The usual stigmatic orifices are apparently represented only
by a pair of semi-lunar cicatrices— situated close to the anterior extremity of
the median carina. All three orifices appear to be sealed up and do not emit
the curling white filaments that are so conspicuous in T. albiszicE and several
other species. In very fresh examples, a small nipple-shaped prominence is
observable on each side of, and slightly anterior to, the posterior orifice. Length
of test 175 to 2 mm. Breadth (across posterior lobes) V2^ to 175 mm.

Male puparium usually of a rather paler colour than that of the female ; of
a narrow oval form, slightly tapering behind. The posterior extremity is
turned sharply upwards and somewhat recurved. Median carina distinct. A
lateral view of the puparium is strongly suggestive of the conventional repre-
sentation of a dolphin (seeyff. 3). Length i to r5 mm.

The adult female insect (removed from its covering) is of a rich crimson
colour {fig. 4). It retains roughly the form of the case, except that the lobes
are more evenly rounded. A deep lateral cleft, on each side, marks the position
of the dorsal spiracles. The stigmatic processes are small but prominent,

Tachardiincc . 4 1 5

with truncate extremities, and have an approximately central position. The
stout caudal process projects more or less vertically from a position well within
the margin. Midway between the stigmatic processes and the base of the
caudal process is the usual dorsal spine, on a prominent tubercle. On each
side, close to the caudal process, is a small fleshy pointed tubercle which is
presumably associated with the nipple-shaped prominences in the same position
on the resinous case. After maceration in potash and compression, the lobate
form is modified and assumes somewhat the shape of a cottage loaf (see7?§. 6),
while the structural characters are more clearly revealed. The rudimentary
antennas are so weakly chitinized that, when flattened down by pressure, in a
microscopical preparation, they are extremely difficult to locate. Each antenna
{fig. 14) consists of an elongate fleshy tubercle, surmounted by three strong
bristles. They are widely separated, being placed close to, and often partially
obscured by, the dorso-lateral spiracles. The mouth parts occupy an approxi-
mately central position, and are followed by a pair of minute fleshy papillae.
The dorsal spiracles are large and conspicuous, and have assumed a dorso-
lateral position, with their orifices directed inwards. The minute ventral
spiracles are situated near the centre : one on each side of the rostral
apparatus. Both pairs of spiracles are accompanied by small groups of para-
stigmatic pores (see figs. 7, 8). The short but stout stigmatic processes are
each surmounted by a densely chitinous, irregularly ovoid or slipper-shaped
plate, which is perforated — on the outer half — by a group of from twenty to
thirty pores {,fig. 12). The dorsal spine is accuminate, moderately stout, with a
broadly expanded base, and is placed on a soft fleshy process (seeder. 10). The
processes carrying the perforated plates and the dorsal spine become so trans-
lucent—after maceration — that they may be easily overlooked, and the organs
in question may be thought to be sessile. The caudal process {figs. 10, 11) is
stout and conical. It appears to consist of three or four segments which become
increasingly dense and rigid towards the extremity. The anal orifice, the cha-
racters of which are difficult to determine, owing to the density of the surround-
ing tissues, is guarded by an irregular laciniate palisade enclosing the anal
ring, which bears ten stout sets. In some examples the setas project beyond
the extremity (_/f^. 11); in others they are completely retracted {fig. 10). A
series of eight compact clusters of minute pores is noticeable on each side at a
short distance within the margin of the body {st&fig. 6). Of these clusters the
first, fifth, sixth, and seventh are larger than the others. The pores in each
individual cluster are of two distinct sizes (seeyf^. 9). Average length of insect
(under compression) v^ mm.

The early adult female is smaller, narrower, and less conspicuously lobate ;
but all the organs being of the same size as those of the fully mature insect,
they occupy a proportionately larger area of the body and are comparatively
more conspicuous (see fig. 13). In this stage the grouped pores and dorsal
spiracles are more definitely marginal ; and an inner series of groups of small
pores is noticeable.

The female nymph is enclosed in an oblong case somewhat resembling that
of the male, but without the upturned posterior extremity. The insect itself is
narrow ovoid ; the stigmatic perforated plates sessile ; no dorsal spine ; the
marginal clusters of pores more diffiase and containing fewer pores.

The adult male (of which winged forms only have been observed -see ^^. 5)
is of a bright crimson colour; with four prominent black ocelli (two on upper

4 1 6 Tachardiince.

and two on under surface of the head) ; rudimentary eyes lateral, minute and
colourless ; wings ample, slightly dusted with mealy powder, iridescent in
reflected light ; genital sheath slender, moderately long ; caudal filaments
slender, opaque white, equal in length to the thorax and abdomen of the
insect ; antenna ten-jointed, with three small knobbed hairs at the apical
extremity. Length r25 mm.

On small branches of Flacouriia Eamonichi (Kandy) ; also on Fluggea
leucopyriis (Peradeniya).

Chalcid parasites bred from this insect were determined by Ashmead as
Marietta leopardina (Motsch).

Although I have known of this insect for more than twenty years, and have
distributed specimens under the manuscript name of lobaia, no formal descrip-
tion of the species has appeared in print until quite recently, when it has been
described {loc. cit.) from examples collected in the Philippine Islands. Ceylon
examples differ from the type only in the more elongate form of the perforate
stigmatic plates. The species occurs in S. India also, where it has been taken
on coffee, Thespesia populnea, Michelia champaca and Potigamia glomerata.

Orthesiince. 417

CHAPTER XI.
Sub-family ORTHEZIIN^.

This sub-family provides a connecting link between the
Margarodince, in which the males have compound eyes and the
females are without a setiferous anal ring, and the preceding sub-
families which are characterised by the presence of a setiferous anal
ring in the females and simple eyes in the males.

The adult males of the OrtIie::iin(E have large, lateral, moruli-
form eyes; the abdomen is furnished with a dorsal tuft of long,
slender, silky filaments. In at least one species {O. insignis) there
are three or more pairs of abdominal spiracles.

The adult females are more or less clothed with flattened waxy
plates and marginal processes. There is a strongly developed anal
ring, bearing long stout setae. Abdominal spiracles are present in
at least some of the species. There are sharply defined ceriferous
tracts, crowded with tapering spines. The development of the
antennae of the adults varies greatly in the several genera : from
three in NippoJiortJiezia, to eight (or nine) in Orthezia. The limbs
show a tendency to the suppression of the tibio-tarsal joint.

The insects are active throughout life, even during the egg-
producing period. To suit this active habit, the ovisac has a firm
nacreous covering, and is firmly attached to the insect.

The members of the sub-family have been separated into four
genera, of which one only {Orthezia) has been recognised in Ceylon.
They may be distinguished by the following characters : —

A. Antennae of adult female with eight or more joints ; tarsus more

or less distinct from tibia ..Orthezia.

B. Antennae with less than eight joints ; tibio-tarsal articulation

obliterated.

a. Eye fused to basal joint of antenna ; antenna four-jointed

(Ortheziola.)

b. Eye separate from base of antenna.

(^. Antenna three-jointed (NiPPONORTHEZlA.)

/^^ Antenna six (or seven) jointed (Newsteadia.)

4 1 8 OrtheziincB.

Genus ORTHEZIA.

Species with eight or more joints in the antennas of the adult female. Limbs
with the tarsus distinctly deniarked from the tibia, though the junction is so
close and firm that it is doubtful if there can be any functional articulation.
Other characters as given under the description of the sub-family. A single
species only is recorded from Ceylon.

ORTHEZIA INSIGNIS, Dougl

Orthesia insignis, T>oug\s.s, Journ. Qiiekett Micr. Club, p. 169 (1887).
„ „ „ Enf. Mo. Mag., Vol. XXIV. p. 169 (1889).

„ nacrea, Buckton, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. Ill, No. 3, p. 103 (1894).
„ insignis, Green, Tropical Agriculiiirist, p. 437 (1895).

Adult female [Jigs. 2, 3, 4, 12) dull olive green or olivaceous brown ; antennae
reddish brown, the apical joint blackish ; limbs reddish brown. Broadly oval ;
flattish or slightly concave above, tumescent beneath. Margin with a series of
ten white, flattish, laminate, waxy processes on each side ; the processes short
and broad on the thoracic area, elongate and tapering on the abdomen. Dorsum
with a median series of twelve pairs of smaller white processes ; the anterior
three directed upwards and forwards ; the following three pairs more widely
separate, directed upwards and outwards ; the remaining six approximate,
narrow, elongate, and directed backwards ; the dorsal surface otherwise naked,
showing distinct segmentation (see fig. 2). Under surface {fig. 4) with incom-
plete rings of white secretion encircling the rostrum and limbs ; a pair of white
processes projecting backwards from between the hind legs ; abdomen with a
broad white band across the base and a broad white submarginal zone which
eventually form the support of the ovisac. Antennae {fig. 9) moderately stout ;
eight-jointed ; tapering from the broad base to the sixth joint, sixth to eighth of
approximately equal diameter ; eighth longest, a little longer than the previous
two together ; all the joints with a few short spiniform hairs, the apex of the
eighth with a longish stout spine (see fig. 10). Eyes prominent, truncately
conical. Rostrum stout, conical, prominent, longer than broad, with a group of
short setcB at its apex. Legs long and strongly developed ; trochanter so closely
fused with the femur {sttfig. 13) that its boundaries are indistinguishable ; tibia
of same length as the femoral segment ; tarsus rather less than half the length
of the tibia ; the junction between tibia and tarsus distinct, but the two segments
are so firmly and closely attached to each other that it is doubtful if there can
be much movement between them ; claw (yf^. 14) with a distinct denticule on
the inner edge, at a distance of about one-third from the apex ; ungual digitules
simple, tarsal digitules absent or represented by two small spines ; the whole
limb with series of short spiniform hairs. Anal ring {fig. 5) with six longish
stout setae. Thoracic spiracles large ; but rather inconspicuous, being situated
near the margin of the body where they are obscured by the ceriferous tracts.
There are seven small spiracles on each side of the abdomen, of which the

Ortheziincs. 419

hindermost two pairs are approximated and situated close to the anal orifice
(see fig. 5). Uerm with large, circumscribed ceriferous tracts crowded with
stout, curved, tapering spines {fig. ii), corresponding with the areas supporting
the waxy processes. The naked areas of the dorsum are sparsely sprinkled
with small quadrilocular or quinquelocular pores. Dimensions of denuded
insect : length i"5 mm., breadth i to r3 mm.

The ovisac, which is firmly attached to and carried about by the insect,
tapers slightly from the base to the truncate extremity, whei'e there is a large
aperture through which the larva; make their escape. It is of a firm but brittle
texture and, in fully developed examples, describes a gradual curve of which the
concavity is uppermost (see fig. 3). It is longitudinally ribbed above {fig. 2) and
transversely banded below {fig. 4). In well -developed examples the ovisac
extends to a length of from 4"5 to 6 mm.

Nymph very similar to adult ; but with seven-jointed antenna". Young larva
{fig. 7) pale green, with a median series of V-shaped white waxy patches and
slight indications of marginal processes ; antennae {fi^. 8) six-jointed.

The eggs, which are carried within the ovisac, packed in a loose cottony
matter, are at first almost white. They soon deepen to yellow, then orange, and,
just before the emergence of the larva, become of a greenish tint.

Adult male (figs. 15, 16) slaty gray, dusted with greyish white powdery
matter. Wings greyish white, the nervures and costal margin brownish, A
long tuft of delicate, silky, colourless filaments springs from the dorsum of the
antepenultimate segment, extending backwards to a length equalling or ex-
ceeding that of the insect itself. Antennas nine-jointed, very long and slender,
considerably longer than the body of the insect ; the first two joints short, the
remaining seven greatly elongated ; a longish slender spine at the apex of the
ninth {fig. 20) ; all the joints clothed with short hairs. Legs long and slender;
tarsus approximately one-quarter the length of tibia, and much longer than
femur ; claw {fig. 21) slender and acutely pointed. Eyes large and prominent,
lateral, moruliform {see figs. 17, 18); a single lateral ocellus immediately
behind each eye. Halteres {fig. 19) with thickened costal margin ; a single,
longish, hooked bristle at the distal extremity. Abdomen with the dorsum
membranous ; the venter with transverse chitinous plates. Penis {see fig. 22)
large, falciform, densely chitinous. Dorsum of antepenultimate segment with a
transverse cluster of about thirty tubular pores, which give rise, in the living
insect, to the caudal tuft of filaments. Each pore, viewed in profile {fig. 23), is
seen to project above the surface of the body for about one-third of its length ;
when viewed vertically the pores have the appearance shown at figure 24, the
pattern being produced by internal ribs, which are strongest at the inner
extremity but fade out on the walls of the tube. There are four pairs of
abdominal spiracles, situated on the penultimate and preceding three segments,
and opening on to the lateral area. Membranous areas of the body with large,
circular, trilocular (occasionally quadrilocular) pores {fig. 25), arranged in
transverse groups and series on the abdomen. Length (exclusive of filaments)
2 mm.

The male insect, after the first moult {figs. 26, 27, 28) is readily distinguish-
able from the early stages of the female. It is of a pale green colour, without
waxy processes, but enveloped in loose woolly secretion. In the advanced
nymphal stage {fig. 28) the antennas are nine-jointed and are folded back along
the sides of the body ; wing-pads are apparent in this stage. It has long, well-

420 OrtheziincE.

developed legs, which it can use when disturbed, though it usually remains
quiescent beneath its woolly covering.

More or less omnivorous, but showing some preference for plants belonging
to the Natural Orders Acanthacecr, Verbenacecr, and Conipositce. Though occa-
sionally found upon outlying bushes, it has — at present — failed to establish
itself as a serious pest of either Tea or Coffee. It has found a congenial host-
plant in the common Lantana (Z. mixta) which, though not a native of Ceylon,
has become widely established throughout the island, with the result that the
insect is locally known as the ' Lantana Bug.' In flower gardens the
following plants are particularly subject to attack : — Crossandra, Jiisticia,
Thunbergia, Meyenia, StacJiytarpheta, Dtiranta^ Habrof/iaiiimis, Coleus, Salvia,
Ircsine, Cicphea, &c. Though this pest does not necessarily kill the plants, it
destroys their vitality and renders them most unsightly by reason of the thick
growth of sooty fungus that invariably accompanies its attacks. The partiality
of the insect for Lantana has led to the idea that it would prove to be an
efficient check to the extension of this troublesome weed. I have received
several applications from other countries asking for consignments of living
* Lantana bugs ' to combat the Lantana pest. I have always discouraged such
experiments. Apart from the fact that the insect does not kill the Lantana, even
when the plant is heavily infested, its polyphagous habits and its apparent
freedom from natural enemies make it a most undesirable alien to bring into
any country.

Natural enemies may possibly exist in the native country of Orthesia
insignis ; but, so far, the career of the pest in Ceylon has been unchecked by
any such causes. Birds ignore it, and I have not found a single insect parasite
— external or internal — preying upon it. I have tried to induce various species
of ladybird beetles to feed upon it, but they all preferred starvation.

The appearance of Orthesia insignis in Ceylon, dates from January, 1893,
when a serious outbreak occurred in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya.
The plague was reputed to have originated from infected plants that arrived in
a Wardian Case from Kew ; but the Kew authorities strenuously repudiated
the possibility of any such introduction. Since then, the pest has steadily
increased in strength and extended its range. Though at first confined to the
neighbourhood of Kandy, it was not many years before other districts were
invaded, and it is now widely distributed up to an elevation of about 4000 feet.

The original home of Orthezia insignis is a matter of some doubt. The
species was first described from specimens collected in the plant houses of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, where it found a congenial home. Its intro-
duction to Kew was attributed to British Guiana, where it is now known to occur
in an apparently wild condition. It has been reported from Trinidad, Jamaica,
Antigua, Mexico, Brazil, China, Mauritius, Italy, and, quite recently, has been
observed in Madeira. In the United States it has become a common green-
house pest, and it has been recognised in South Africa for at least a quarter of
a century.

There appears to be a constant succession of broods. I have examined
infected plants at all times of the year, and have always found the insects in
every stage, from the newly hatched larva to the adult female. I have kept
isolated females under observation. After the first commencement of the
formation of the ovisac, a period of three weeks elapses before the emergence
of the first larva, after which the young insects hatch out at the rate of about

OrtheziincB. 421

five a day for a period of six weeks or more ; by which time the parent is ex-
hausted and dies, and the earliest hatched larvae have commenced ovipositing
on their own account. The length of life of a single insect is therefore about
fifteen weeks ; but, as it commences to produce larvae at the ninth week, there
may be five generations within the year. This fecundity is more or less in-
dependent of the attentions of the male insects, which appear only at irregular
intervals. It is doubtful whether a generation of males is produced even once
a year. An interval of four years occurred between the first and second
observed broods. On both of these occasions the male insects occurred in
enormous numbers, hovering in the air like gnats, the silky tufts on their tails
glistening in the sunlight.

The 'Lantana bug' is one of, if not the most, resistant of all scale-bugs
towards insecticides. It is therefore a useful subject upon which to test various
treatments. An insecticide that will kill Orthezia can be guaranteed against
any scale pest. It is remarkable that the half-grown insects will often survive
treatment that has successfully destroyed the younger and older individuals.
Treatment with hydrocyanic acid gas is eftective in the case of isolated plants,
and in confined spaces such as Wardian Cases and greenhouses. The gas
treatment, however, though really very simple, rec^uires considerable care in
application and is subject to certain dangers. It cannot therefore be
recommended for general use without previous demonstration by a trained
operator. Spraying is the next best measure. But however thoroughly this
work may be done, a certain proportion of the insects will be sure to escape,
and the process must be repeated at intervals until the pest has disappeared.
I have found that mixtures of which soap is the principal component are more
efficaceous against Orthcsia than any other kind of spray. Besides killing the
insect, the soapy matter blocks the aperture of the ovisac, preventing the
emergence of the young larvae. It should be noted that the insects will remain
attached to the plant for a long time (sometimes for two or three weeks) after
they are dead. Examination with a hand lens is often necessary to determine
whether the application has been successful or not. If the legs remain rigid
and do not move when the insect is disturbed, it may be presumed to be dead.

With regard to the mode of distribution, the young larvte of all scale insects
are very easily transported from one place to another. They are minute and
active and can exist for several days without food. The young Orthezia is
particularly resistant in this respect. They may crawl on to the feet of birds,
or even on to larger insects that may be resting on the bug-infested plant, and
may be conveyed in this manner to a considerable distance before being dis-
lodged. They may be brushed off and carried away on the clothing of passers-
by. The rough cumblies worn by coolies are particularly liable to carry the
infection. Wandering cattle also are unconscious distributors of the pest. The
young insects are so light that they may be transported by wind. The con-
spicuous way in which the pest is spreading along the sides of the railway
track points to the supposition that they are carried along by the draught of
passing trains. Running water is another fertile source of distribution. An
infested plant growing on the banks of a stream or river is sure to shed some of
the insects into the water, when they may float down for miles before effecting
a landing. The interchange of garden plants is a source of danger. It must
have been in this way that the pest obtained a footing in Ceylon. This intro-
duction occurred before the establishment of a Quarantine Station at Colombo.

42 2 Ma rga rodince.

CHAPTER XII.
Sub-family MARGARODIN^.

This is a well-defined group characterised by a quiescent
encysted stage, in the female, interpolated between the active
larval and adult stages. The nymph (or nymphs — for there may
be more than one of these quiescent stages) is without any
rudiment of limbs, and the antennae — if present at all — are
reduced to the merest vestiges, comparable with the same organs
in the Diaspidina. Nothing remains but the mouth parts, and it
is doubtful if these are fully functional during the ultimate
nymphal stage. This is a remarkable divergence from the normal
procedure of development in the RhyncJiota, which belongs to the
section Ametabola, characterised by a gradual and uninterrupted
development from the larva to the adult insect. Mouth parts are
altogether wanting in the adult females of most of the genera,
vestigial in others, and fully developed in one genus only
{Stouiacoccus).

Abdominal spiracles probably occur in all the genera, though
they have not yet been recorded for Callipappus. In this character,
and in the possession of compound eyes in the males of most
of the genera, the MargavodincB show their relationship with the
MonopJdehiiicB. The males of Steingelia and Stomacocais are
exceptional in being provided with simple ocelli only. The males
of those genera in which the eyes are more highly developed
{e.g. Mmgarodes, Callipappus, Xylococcus, Kuwania) are also
distinguished by the presence of a dorsal tuft of long silky
filaments springing from the penultimate segments of the abdomen,
in which characters they are associated with the Ortheziince ;
whereas such genera as Steingelia and Stoviacoccus, in which the
eyes are of a simpler type, lack the dorsal tuft, but may carry
a pair of simple white caudal filaments similar to those found in
the males of the Dactylopiince. Ccrlostoinidia appears to fill an
intermediate position, the males of this genus having faceted
eyes, but no dorso-abdominal tuft of filaments.

Maigarodes, the type genus of the sub-family, contains species
adapted to a subterranean life. The anterior limbs in both sexes

MargarodincF. 423

are modified for a fossorial habit, and the nymphs are enclosed in a
firm nacreous test.

Callipappus has been shown by Fuller {Trans. Eiit. Soc. Lond.,
1 899, p. 436) to be particularly characterised by an ' intussuscep-
tion of several of the abdominal segments of the mature females,
in the form of a marsupium, in which the eggs are laid and
incubated.' MacGillivray {The Coccidcu, p. 94) erects a separate
sub-family for Callipappus on the supposition that the limbs are
retained throughout the nymphal stages ; but I have been unable
to discover a description of the nymphs of any single species
of the genus, Maskell expressly states that he has never met
with the earlier stages. Fuller makes no reference to them ;
while Westwood describes only the embryonic larva extracted
from the body of the mature female.

The species of the remaining genera have their habitat mostly
on the stems of various trees, the nymphal stages being passed
either within the tissues of the bark, or in dense waxy cells on
the surface. Stomacoccus is exceptional in that the nymphal stage
(of the one known species) is completely exposed.

At present, one genus only {Kiiwania) is known to occur in
Ceylon ; but it is highly probable that further search will reveal
one or more species of Margarodes, three of which have been
described from Southern India.

Key to Genera of Margarodin/e.

A. Males with faceted eyes and dorso-abdominal tufts of silky
filaments. Females with not more than two digitules on
claw.
a. Males with branched antennae. Female unknown

(Neomargarodes.)
h. Males with simple antennae.

a^. Males and females with anterior limbs fossorial

(Margarodes.)
a-. Males and females with anterior limbs normal.

a^. Abdomen of female invaginated to form a mar-
supium (Callipappus.)

h^. Abdomen of female not invaginated.

rt*. Tibiae of female with a group of knobbed sctc-e at
distal extremity KuWANlA.

424 MargarodincE.

b^. Tibiae of female without knobbed setae.

a". Antenna eight-nine-jointed ; limbs of larva

normal , (Xylococcus.)

b^. Antenna ten-jointed ; limbs of larva crab-like

(Matsucoccus.)

B. Males with faceted eyes, but without dorso-abdominal tufts.

Females with not more than two digitules on claw

(CCELOSTOMIDIA.)

C. Males with simple eyes ; without dorso-abdominal tufts.

Females with more than two digitules on claw.

a. Antenna of female eight-jointed ; buccal apparatus vesti-

gial (Steingelia.)

b. Antenna of female seven-jointed ; buccal apparatus well

developed and functional (Stomacoccus.)

MargarodiiKT, 425

Genus KUWANIA, Coekerell.
Sasakta, Kuwana, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. (3), Vol. III. p. 47 (1902).

The name Sasakia being preoccupied, Coekerell has proposed Kuwania
as a new name for the genus.

Kuwana's diagnosis of Sasakia is as follows : ' Adult female with nine-
segmented antenna^ ; body distinctly segmented, mouth-parts wanting in the
adult stage ; no digitules on claw nor on tarsus ; anal tube absent ; enclosed in
cottony secretion. Larva with six-segmented antennae, anal tube wanting.'

With respect to this description I would point out that examination of
actual specimens of K. quercus (the type species of the genus) show that the
antennae are in reality ten-jointed. The author has apparently not taken count
of the large and prominent basal joint, regarding it, presumably, as no true
joint, but as a frontal tubercle supporting the antennae. I believe this inter-
pretation to be incorrect. In a properly stained preparation of the insect it can
be seen that the process in question, though weakly chitinized, has clearly
defined boundaries, and is undoubtedly homologous with the more rigid basal
joint of the antenna in other Coccidce. The mouth-parts in K. quercus are
entirely wanting, but in zeylaiiica, which I am now assigning to this genus, the
rostral skeleton is present. The apparatus is, however, functionless, owing to
the absence of any rostral filaments. It is possible that intermediate degrees of
development of the mouth-parts may occur in other species, as is found to
be the case in the allied genus Xylococcus. Kuwana makes the absence of
digitules a character of his genus ; but the absence or presence of these
organs can hardly be regarded as of generic importance. I can, moreover,
detect on all the claws of his quercus a pair of fine simple setas occupying the
usual position of ungual digitules. Though there may be no functional anal
tube, there is a distinct bifurcated chitinous plate occupying the usual position of
the anal orifice.

The young larva of zeylanica has the unusual number of seven joints to the
antenna;.

Besides the type species— ^z^t'nz/j (from Japan), the genus at present
contains only one other species — zeylanica (from Ceylon). The insect described
under the name of Kuwania briianyiica (from England) has now been proved
to be identical with Steingelia gorodetskia (from Russia).

KUWANIA ZEYLANICA, Green.

(Plate CLXXV.)

Monophlebus zeylanieiis. Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV. p. 6 (1896).

Adult female {fig. i) bright reddish orange ; eyes black. Body {figs. 2, 3)
elongate, bluntly pointed in front, rounded behind ; moderately tumescent ;
distinctly segmented. Naked or slightly powdered with whitish meal ;

426 Ala rgarodincB.

secreting, after gestation, a mass of white woolly matter in which the eggs are
loosely embedded. Antenna {figs. 7, 8) ten-jointed, the tenth small and very
indistinctly divided from the ninth ; first and second joints stout, cylindrical ;
third with the basal half cylindrical, the apical half smaller and rounded ; the
remaining joints narrowed basally and expanded distally. All the joints have
a transverse, slightly constricted median zone, and there is a whorl of set« on
the apical half of each. Rostral apparatus completely concealed within a deep
fold, in the living insect, but conspicuous after maceration ; consisting of well-
developed tentorium and rostrum, but with no I'ostral filaments. Limbs
{fig- 4) strongly developed ; the tibia long, slightly constricted at a point a
little before the end, and with a dense terminal tuft of stout set^e the majority
of which are knobbed (seey?^. 5) ; tarsus strongly bowed ; claw {fig. 6) stout,
with three strong teeth on the apical half of the inner edge ; digitules repre-
sented by fine simple setje. Thoracic spiracles {fig. 9) trulliform (ladle-shaped),
the hollow of the bowl lined with polygonal glandular cells, the anchoring
piece (which represents the handle of the ladle) terminating in a series of hook-
like processes. Abdominal spiracles (yf^j-. 10, 11) six on each side, one pair
on each of the first six abdominal segments, opening on the venter just within
the margin ; visible, on the living insect, as a series of small punctures filled
with white secretion. The abdominal spiracles {fig. 10) are slightly smaller
than those of the thorax, and are poculiform (of the shape of a goblet), the base
of the hollow lined with glandular cells. Derm with numerous conspicuous
saucer-shaped compound pores {see figs. 10, 11, 12), each with a thickened rim
and a I'osette of either five or six translucent cells surrounding the central
aperture ; there is also a ring of minute circular cells between the rim and the
median cluster. A few, much smaller, simple pores, are scattered sparsely
around each stigmatic orifice. Each segment is encircled by a transverse series
of set£e, which are longer and stouter on the venter, more particularly so on the
abdominal segments. Anal orifice {fig. 13) minute, demarked by a semi-
circular chitinous band, and surrounded by irregularly concentric dermal folds,
on the outermost of which are six short seta3 (three on each side). Length 7 to
8 mm. Breadth 2-5 mm.

Young larva {fig. 17) elongate, tapering in front ; bright yellow, eyes black.
Antenna {fig. 18) seven-jointed, the two terminal joints largest; the seventh
with four or five long hairs on its truncate extremity. Posterior extremity
with a fringe of short hairs and a pair of longer caudal set^e. Length vt, mm.

A later larva (probably that of a male) was found within a small mass of
woolly secretion, in a crevice of the bark. It is of a very pale yellow colour ;
the antenna eight-jointed, all the joints — except the second — short and broad.
No trace of rostral apparatus. Legs with a small group of knobbed hairs at the
end of the tibia. Length 275 mm.

Nymph occupying cavities constructed in the soft inner bark of the tree (see
fig. 14), from a quarter to half an inch from the surface. The cavities are lined
with a thin deposit of greyish wax. Insect {fig. 15) long-ovate, narrower
behind, unsegmented ; yellow, the skin smooth and polished ; limbs and
antennfe absent ; rostral apparatus present, complete with functional set£e ;
eight pairs of spiracles, of which two are thoracic and the remaining six
abdominal ; anal orifice small, horseshoe-shaped {fig. 16). Derm with
compound pores (similar to those of the adult), restricted to an area extending
inwards from the margin as far as the spiracleS; irregularly scattered on the

Mai'garodincE. 427

cephalo-thorax, but aggregated into double transverse bands on the abdominal
segments {?,&^fig. 22). Length 3 mm. Breadth 2 mm.

Adult male {fig. 19) dull brown, darker above. Wings smoky grey (in some
examples almost colourless), costal area dull brown or blackish, the costal
nervure ending in a diffused fuliginous fascia. Halteres with a single hooked
bristle. Eyes dark chocolate brown, moruliform. Antennae ten-jointed, long
and slender, strongly pubescent. A sparse tuft of fine silky filaments springs
from the dorsum, near the extremity of the abdomen. Examination of a
macerated preparation shows that these filaments are produced from short
secretory ducts, arranged in two transverse rows {s^^figs. 20, 21). Each seg-
ment of the abdomen carries a transverse series of very short setae, springing
from comparatively large bases ; and, on each side, two or three compound
pores. Length 2 to 2*5 mrn.

Male nymph elongate ; pale yellow. The short wing-pads are folded along
the sides and the ten-jointed antennae turned back on each side of the head.
The insect, though possessing well-developed legs, is very sluggish. It rests in
crevices of the bark, enveloped in loose cottony secretion.

The adult females were found wandering upon the stems of Antidesma
biinius: Pundaluoya. The anterior half of the body is often thrust into a crevice
of the bark. When walking, the abdomen is slightly elevated (see yf?"- i)- When
confined in a glass tube, the insects buried themselves in the cork, forcing
their way through crevices and holes seemingly much smaller than their own
girth and — in some instances — working themselves completely through the
cork.

The seven-jointed antenna of the early larva is an unusual character. It is
possible that the larvae may differ sexually in this respect. Unfortunately, the
drawing (y^. 18) was made from the only available example of the insect in
this stage.

This insect, in general characters, conforms to the description of Kuwana's
genus Sasakia (since renamed Kuivania). The apparent discrepancy in the
number of antennal joints is explained in the foregoing notes on the genus.
But a more serious difficulty arises with regard to the mouth parts, which are
totally wanting in qtierciis (the type of the genus), but are comparatively well
developed — though functionless — in zeylanica. In the allied gtxvViS Xylococcus^
however, a similar condition has been observed, different species showing
various degrees in the development of these parts. The knobbed hairs on the
tibijE are characteristic of quercus also. The only other doubtful point concerns
the characters of the males. The male of K. quercus is unknown ; that of
zeylanica has compound eyes. But the males of the otherwise closely allied
Steingelia gorodetskia have simple eyes. If those of Ktnuania quercus should
eventually prove to be of this type, then zeylanica will have to find accommoda-
tion elsewhere — in a distinct genus.

.428 MonophlebincB.

CHAPTER XIII.
Sub-family MONOPHLEBIN^.

This sub-family, although containing the largest members of
the whole family, is perhaps less perfectly known than any other.
This is chiefly due to the difficulty of obtaining material in
sufficient abundance for really accurate study. Many of the
genera are represented in most collections by a few individuals
too often in a poor state of preservation, and the types have
largely been described from superficial characters only. With
very few exceptions the species are confined to the tropical and
subtropical regions.

The insects are provided with antennae, limbs, and buccal
apparatus in all stages. The limbs are usually robust and
•densely chitinous. Dermal pores of a complex structure are a
conspicuous feature. There is no setiferous anal ring. Abdominal
spiracles are present in all the species.

Attempts have been made to classify the genera by the number
of such spiracles ; but, apart from the fact that their position
is usually difficult to locate (owing to the presence of crowded
setae or other dermal processes), the species are not yet sufficiently
well known to justify such a classification.

I am unable to find any satisfactory generic distinctions
between MonopJilebiis, Drosicha, Llaveia, Tessarabohts, Ortonia^
Guerinia, and MonopJilebulits, and have, accordingly, included them
all in the type genus.

The characters of the two aberrant genera Stigmaccoais and
Cryptokermes are not sufficiently well known to enable me to place
them with any confidence, and they have been omitted from the
following table. It seems possible that both may be more nearly
associated with the Margarodincc than with the Motioplilebincs.
The basal joint of the antenna of Stigmacoccus is membranous, as
in Xylococciis and its allies. Cryptokermes is said to lack mouth-
parts in the adult female stage, and to secrete a long tubular
anal filament in the nymphal stage.

Monophlebiiice. 429

Synopsis of Genera.

A. Larvae with six-jointed antennae. Adult females naked, or

with mealy or woolly covering, or with fragile secretionary
appendages ; never with hard, dense, waxy appendages.

a. With a clypeus-like lobe covering the mouth parts

(Clypeococcus.)

b. Mouth parts exposed.

a)-. Dermal pores all of approximately one size and type.
Antennal joints of male tri-nodose ... MONOPHLEBUS.
h^. Dermal pores usually of two or more sizes and forms.
Antennal joints of male bi-nodose.
cv'. Adult female with a deep invagination of the venter

(Steatococcus.)
b^. Adult female without invagination of venter... Icerya.

B. Larvas with five-jointed antennae. Adult females with dense,

hard waxy appendages on the dorsum, or on the marginal
area alone.

a. Adult female with ten-jointed antennae.

a)-. Adult female without invagination of venter

Walkeriana.
b^. Adult female with invaginated venter.

rt". Entrance to invagination closed by an operculum.
cv^. Dorsum with prominent chitinous process or pro-
cesses (LOPHOCOCCUS.)

b^. Dorsum without chitinous processes

ASPIDOPROCTUS.
b". Invagination closed by lateral labiae, without oper-
culum Labioproctus.

b. Adult female with eleven-jointed antennae Nietnera.

430 Monophlebincu.

Genus MONOPHLEBUS, Burmeister.

Monophlebiis, Burmeister, //awd^.^. Ent., Vol. II. p. 80 (1835).
Drostc/ia, Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Horn., Vol. IV., Supp. p. 306 (1858).
Tessarabolus, Montr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, Vol. XI. p. 246 (1864).
Guerinia, Targ., Catalogue, p. 31, 1869.
Ortonia, Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), Vol. V. p. 363 (1875).
Llaveia, „ „ „ „ „ (5), Vol. V. p. 370 (1875).

Monophlebulus, Ckll., The Efitom., Vol. XXXV. pp. 213, 318 (1902).

Burmeister's original diagnosis of the genus runs as follows : ' Male with
many (up to twenty-five) antennal joints, contiguous, granular. Small leaf-like
halteres, simple claws ; two small fleshy tubercles at end of abdomen, beset
with a few short bristles. Female provided with antennae and limbs, antennas
eleven-jointed, body movable, slightly pilose, distinctly articulated during life/
M. atripennis is designated as the type of the genus, but the male only of this
species has been recognised.

The excessive number of antennal joints that Burmeister has attributed to
the males of Mofiophlebus is due to a misconception of the structure of those
organs. There are actually ten joints only ; but eight of these are tri-nodose.
The author has apparently counted each node as a distinct joint.

If followed strictly, this diagnosis would limit the genus to those species in
which the males are possessed of but a single pair of caudal appendages ; but
other species in which the males are provided with three, four, and five pairs
are clearly congeneric with the type. The only alternative to their inclusion
would be the erection of a separate genus for each different number of such
appendages. Similarly the insistence upon eleven-jointed antennte in the
female of Monophlebus would exclude all the Indian species, in which the
number of antennal joints is found to be eight or nine only, the former being
the more usual number.

Separate genera have, in fact, been proposed to satisfy these different
conditions. They may be summarised as follows :

I. Monophlebus, axiitrindi of 9 with 11 joints : i with i pair of appendages.

1 1 „ S unknown.
II,, 6 with 4 pairs of appendages.
II „ 6 unknown.
10 „ 6 with 2 pairs of appendages.

9 » o » 5 )) »

7 „ i unknown.

The series might be completed by inserting another new genus between
Drosicha and Monophlebulus to contain the species from the Indian Region
with eight-jointed antennas in the female, and an additional genus would be
required for those males provided with three pairs of caudal appendages.

Our knowledge of these large species is still very incomplete, and the actual
material available is meagre, some of them being represented by single

Ortonia

Llaveia

Guerinia

Tesssarabolus

Drosicha

Monophlebulus

Monophlebince. 431

examples only. Many of the species are known only from one or the other
sex. The total number of species described (or semi-described) attributed to
the seven proposed genera is thirty-six — all told. I anticipate that, with
increased knowledge, this small number even will be reduced : firstly, by the
correct pairing of males and females (at present figuring under distinct specific
names) ; and, secondly, by the reduction of others to the rank of synonyms.
Under these circumstances I prefer to regard them all as members of the
genus Monophlebus^ for which I would propose the following wider diagnosis :

Adult females large, corpulent, fleshy, usually ovoid, segments well defined ;
active in all stages, naked or farinose, sometimes concealed beneath loose
woolly or flocculent secretion, but not exhibiting definite waxy plates or pro-
cesses. Antennas with from seven to eleven joints. Eyes densely chitinized.
Legs stout, usually dark-coloured. Derm pilose, with numerous small circular
compound pores, setre not collared at the base.

Adult males relatively large. Wings ample, dusky, exhibiting two strong
nervures and two hyaline folds; membrane corrugated. Halteres spathulate,
Avith an apical row of stout hooked bristles. Antennre ten-jointed, the basal
two joints simple, the remaining eight joints more or less distinctly tri-nodose,
each node with a whorl of long hairs. Abdomen with from two to ten fleshy,
pilose appendages. Eyes large, prominent, moruliform. Ocelli relatively small,
one at the hinder edge of each eye.

The species are mostly confined to the Tropical Regions, but one {serra-
iulcc) is found in the Mediterranean Region. I record four species from
Ceylon — one known only by females, and three by males only. It is probable
that one of these males should be paired with the female ; but, at present, I
have no clue to the correct association. The species represented by females
only is referable to cofitrahens of Walker. The three males may be distin-
guished by the following characters :

A. Abdomen with a single pair of caudal appendages furcatus.

B. Abdomen with two pairs of appendages.

a. Thorax yellow and black ; tarsi strongly bowed, hal-
teres with four bristles variegatiis.

b. Thorax red and black ; tarsi relatively straight ;

halteres with five bristles qiiadricandatus.

MONOPHLEBUS CONTRAHENS, Walk.

(Plate CLXXVI.)

Drosk/ia contrahcns, Walk., Cat. Br. Mtts. Horn., Vol. IV., Suppl. p. 306 (1858).

Adult female {figs, i, 2, 3) ovate, rounded in front and behind ; convex
above, tumescent below, the segments well defined ; dorsum with two con-
centric sulci dividing it into median, submedian, and marginal areas. Colour
dull pinkish purple, thinly but closely covered with a fine whitish mealy powder.
A specimen, kept in confinement, produced a few straggling irregular white

432 Monophlebince.

filaments from the marginal area. Legs, antennae, and eyes black. Genital
orifice surrounded by a bright pinkish area, free from the mealy secretion.

Antenna {fig. 4) eight-jointed, robust ; joints one to three subcylindrical ;
four to seven narrowed at base and more or less gibbous ; eighth elongate, equal
to or longer than six and seven together.

Legs {fig. 5) robust ; tarsus of mid leg less than half the length of tibia ;
tibia considerably shorter than the combined femur and trochanter. Claw
varying in form from short and blunt {fig. 6), to long and sharply pointed
{fig. 7) ; a pair of small and simple ungual digitules ; tarsal digitules repre-
sented by slender setce.

Anal aperture {fig. 8) opening into a wide chamber with a fringe of irregular
lobes at its inner end.

Dorso-abdominal spiracles {fig. 9) large and conspicuous ; seven on each
side, the fifth pair situated approximately on a level with the anal orifice ; the
entrance of each spiracle lined with a crowded group of multilocular pores of
similar character to the dermal pores.

Derm crowded with large translucent cells, larger and more conspicuous
on the dorsum, varying in form from subciixular to irregularly ovoid, or
obscui-ely polygonal ; each cell associated with either a pore or a seta (see
figs. 9, 10).

Dermal pores distributed closely over both surfaces of the body, those on
the dorsum more sharply defined. Each pore has a strongly marked chitinous
peripheral ring, and a central orifice which may be two-, three-, or four-loculate
{fig. 10). The space between the peripheral ring and the central orifice is
occupied by a circle of from four to six rounded cells separated by sharply
defined divisions.

The whole body is densely clothed with comparatively short setos which are
broader towards the base and taper rapidly to a fine point (see figs. 9, 10). The
anal orifice is surrounded by a lax group of very much stouter setce, and some
still larger setae occur on the posterior marginal area {fig. 11).

My few examples vary in length from 10 to 14 mm., with a breadth of from
6 to 9 mm.

Other stages not observed.

Described from three examples found on the stem of Phyllanthus sp., at
Haldummulla. Single examples were found, subsequently, on unidentified
plants, at Kandy, Matale, and Wellawaya. Received also from India (Sukkur
Forest, Scind), on Tamarisk.

Closely allied to M. tatiiarindus^ Green, from which this species differs in
the presence of enlarged setre on the posterior margin and surrounding the anal
orifice.

The British Museum contains the type of Monophlebus C07itrahens — repre-
sented by a single specimen of which the antennae and limbs are imperfect. In
form and all external characters it agrees closely with my examples from
Ceylon. Signoret, in his description of the species, draws attention to the
presence on the terminal joint of the antennas of ' three hairs much longer than
the others.' In my examples the hairs vary considerably in size, but I cannot
detect any particular three of outstanding length. As such hairs are easily
detached and lost during the process of preparation, I am not inclined to
separate my insects on the strength (or weakness) of this negative character.

Walker's type is labelled as from China. Signoret's more detailed descrip-

MonophlebincE. 433

tion was drawn up from specimens received from Ceylon. It appears that the
type specimen is ex coll. Gumming, whose collection was purchased partly
from Fortune (whose material was gathered in North China) and partly from
Thwaites (from Ceylon). It seems possible, therefore, that there may have
been some confusion in the registered locality of this particular type. However,
there is nothing impossible— or even improbable — in the same species ranging
from Ceylon to China. I feel convinced, at least, that my specimens are
equivalent to contrahens as determined by Signoret.

MONOPHLEBUS FURCATUS, sp. nov.
(Plate CLXXVII.)

Adult male [fig. i) dull brick-red, pruinose ; notal plates darker ; scutellum
pale reddish brown. Wings ample, dull black, with a greyish bloom ; costal
nervure pale brown, second nervure deep black, the interneural folds white ;
minutely rugose between the nervures (see j^. 4). Halteres ( y'^^i'. 5, 6) with
six (rarely five only) stout hooked bristles at the distal extremity. Antennas
dark brown ; ten-jointed ; basal joint short (see fig. 7), with scattered short
hairs ; second joint approximately twice as long as the first, with scattered long
hairs ; other joints elongate, tri-nodose, with a whorl of long hairs on each
node. Compound eyes black, moruliform {fig. 8), the facets large {fig- 9) ; a
prominent simple ocellus above the inner edge of each eye. Legs reddish
brown ; tarsus straight or slightly curved {fig. 3), with a sharply demarked
triangular segment at its base ; rather les^ than half the length of the tibia ;
ungual digitules long and slender, simple. Caudal appendages (one on each
side) wrinkled ; with comparatively short hairs. Dermal pores {fig. 10) with a
central orifice surrounded byfour or five large translucent cells. Length (without
appendages) 4*5 to 6 mm. Expanse of wings 10 to 13 mm. Length of antennas
4'5 to 5 mm. Length of caudal processes i to r5 mm.

Taken at high elevations only : Pattipola, Pundaluoya, Maskeliya.

It is possible that this insect may be identical with Moii. atripennis of Bur-
meister from Java.

MONOPHLEBUS VARIEGATUS, sp. 7iov.
(Plate CLXXVII I.)

Adult male {fig. i) ; head and thorax yellow, eyes crimson ; mesonotal
plates shining black, with a large, lunate, clear, central space ; posterior
segments of abdomen dull crimson ; legs and antennae black ; wings deep slaty
black, dull, the interneural folds whitish. The abdomen is narrowed at the base,
widening posteriorly (see fig. 2) ; the extremity with two elongate, wrinkled,
hairy, fleshy appendages on each side. Antennas ten-jointed ; the basal joint

434 MonophlebincE.

short and stout, with a few short hairs, second joint slightly shorter than first,
with two rather confused whorls of long hairs and some scattered short hairs ;
the remaining eight joints elongate, tri-nodose, a distinct whorl of long hairs
radiating from each node. Compound eyes very prominent, moruliform,
the facets rather widely spaced (see fig. 6). There is a large ocellus at the
inner angle of each eye. Legs rather long ; tibia slender, its distal extremity
recurved almost at right angles ^fig. 3) ; tarsus very slender, strongly bowed,
sickle-shaped ; claws relatively stout, distorted into various foi'ms (seeyf^. 4) ;
ungual digitules short and simple ; no tarsal digitules. Wings ample, trans-
versely and irregularly rugose between the nervures ; membrane (except costal
area) minutely aerolate. Halteres wrinkled, each with four stout, hooked
bristles on its truncate extremity {fig. 5). Dermal pores {fig. 7) relatively large,
quadrilocular (occasionally trilocular). Length of body (exclusive of append-
ages) 5 mm. Expanse of wings 12 mm. Length of antenna 6 mm. Length of
caudal appendages i mm.

Described from a single example. Kandy, July.

MONOPHLEBUS OUADRICAUDATUS, sp. nov.
(Plate CLXXIX.)

Adult male {fig. i) dull brick red, pruinose ; mesonotal plates black. Wings
dull black, the interneural folds white ; reddish brown towards the base, the
extreme base hyaline. Legs, antennae, and eyes black. Caudal processes bright
red. Antennas ten-jointed ; basal joint stout (see fig. 7), with scattered short
hairs ; second joint narrower and slightly shorter than first, with some scattered
short hairs and two — somewhat confused — whorls of long hairs ; remaining
joints elongate, tri-nodose, with a distinct whorl of long hairs radiating from
each node. Compound eyes moderately prominent, the facets {fig. 3) strongly
convex. Wings ample ; coarsely rugose between the nervures. Halteres with
five stout, hooked bristles {fig. 2). Limbs well developed ; tarsus {fig. 4)
straight or slightly curved, about half the length of the tibia ; claw {fig. 5) long,
acutely pointed, ungual digitules small and simple, no tarsal digitules. Caudal
appendages (two on each side) wrinkled, hairy, with some longer and stouter
hairs towards their apices. Dermal pores {fig. 6) with a circular central orifice
surrounded by four opaque rounded cells. Length (exclusive of appendages)
4"5 mm. Expanse of wings ii'S mm. Length of antenna 6 mm. Length of
caudal processes 075 mm.

Described from three examples, taken at Peradeniya, October, 191 1.

Monophlebince, 435

Genus ICERYA, Sign.

Icerya, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), Vol. V. p. 351, 1875.
Crossotosonia, Douglas, Ent. Mo. Mag., Vol. XXVI. p. 79, 1890.
Proticerya, Cockerell, Psyche, Vol. VII. Suppl. i, p. 15, 1895.

The genus was erected to contain the species seychellaruni, but now ac-
commodates some twenty or more distinct species, of which the best known is
the notorious ' Fluted Scale' {Icerya ■burchasi). It is a fairly compact genus,
characterised by insects of comparatively large size, having a more or less
complete covering of mealy or powdery secretion intermingled with erect,
glassy, tubular filaments. There is usually a marginal series of compact, waxy
processes, the hindermost of which are greatly elongated and form a covering
to the ovisac. The antennas of the adult female are typically eleven-jointed,
but, in a few species the number is reduced to ten [e.g., rileyi, jacobsoni, minor),
or even nine {pilosa). The eyes are well-defined, broadly and truncately
conical. The limbs are strongly developed, densely chitinous, and usually
dark-coloured. The derm is more or less clothed with long setae, certain of
which are usually markedly longer than the others. The setas are raised on
small chitinous tubercles and their bases are often surrounded by a translucent
collar (see Plates CLXXX,yf^^ 12 ; C'LX.XX.\\,fig. 22), There are numerous
multicellular pores, usually of two or more forms and sizes. This dififerentiation
in the character of the pores reaches its maximum in such species as
seycheUarum 3iT\d pilosa. The smaller pores are apparently responsible for the
mealy secretion and the larger pores for the production of the tubular filaments.
Several of the species exhibit ventral cicatrices immediately behind the genital
aperture, and in some species (notably nigro-areolata) the cicatrices are filled
in with pigmented cells.

Nymphs very similar to adults ; but with a reduced number of antennal
joints.

Larvae with six-jointed antennse, the terminal joint largest and bearing four
or more very long, whip-like setee. Posterior extremity of the body with six
exceptionally long setae.

Adult males relatively large. The antennal joints (with the exception of
first and second) bi-nodose, each node with a whorl of long seta. Eyes pro-
minent, compound. A single ocellus on each side, close to the hinder edge of
the compound eye. Wings ample, dusky. Posterior extemity v.'ith a single
pair of wrinkled, fleshy, setose appendages.

Three species appear to be indigenous in the Island, and a fourth {piirchasi),
through some unfortunate accident, has been introduced within recent years.

Synopsis of Ceylon Species.

A. Larger dermal pores not differing markedly from the
smaller pores ; central area relatively small.
(«) Adult female without conspicuous waxy appen-
dages ; glassy filaments numerous. Ovisac large
and conspicuous purchasi.

43 6 Monophlebina:.

(J)) Adult female with conspicuous, radiating, white,
waxy appendages : glassy filaments few. Ovisac

relatively small and inconspicuous ccgyptiaca.

B. Larger dermal pores ring-shaped ; with large, clear,
central area ; diameter greatly exceeding that of
the smaller pores.
{a) Antenna of adult female eleven-jointed.

(a) Claw smooth ; larger pores conspicuously

beaded ,... seychellarum.

{b) Claw minutely serrate, larger pores not conspic-
uously beaded seychellarum nardl.

(d) Antenna of adult female six- to nine-jointed pilosa.

ICERYA PURCHASI, Maskell.

(Plate CLXXX.)

Tcerya purchasi^ Mask., N.Z. Trans. ^ Vol. XI. p. 221 (1878).

This insect, having made its appearance in Ceylon since my departure
from the Island, I have had no opportunity of examining living material. The
detailed description given below, and the accompanying figures, were made
from specimens that had been preserved in alcohol. Many of the superficial
characters of the fresh insect have consequently been lost. Under these cir-
cumstances, I have resorted to the account of the living insect given by
Maskell in his volume on the Scale Insects of New Zealand. He there
describes the adult female as being ' dark reddish brown, covered with a thin
powdery secretion of yellowish meal, and with slender glassy filaments ;
stationary at gestation, and gradually raising itself on its head, lifting the
posterior extremity until nearly perpendicular, filling the space beneath it with
thick white cotton which gradually extends for some distance behind it in an
elongated ovisac, longitudinally corrugated ; ovisac often much longer than the
insect.'

The attitude of the insect is depicted in my fig. i, which also shows the
characteristic fluted appearance of the ovisac ; but the long glassy filaments,
which gives to the living insect a conspicuously hairy appearance, have been
dissolved by the alcohol in which it was preserved. After complete denudation
the insect is seen to be strongly convex {fig. 2), rising— at the middle — into a
series of more or less prominent humps, which are accentuated by the presence
of dense tufts of stout blackish setas {see fig. 14). There are similar tufts of sets
surrounding the lateral margin of the insect, and the whole dorsal area is
thickly clothed with similar but rather shorter seta^. As in most other members
of this genus, each seta arises from a prominent tubercular base which is sur-
mounted by a translucent collar {fig. 12). Antenna {fig. 3) eleven-jointed ;
second joint cylindrical, third usually constricted about its middle, fourth to
tenth narrowed at base and expanded distally, the eleventh very irregularly
ovate. Limbs black ; well developed ; the tibia approximately as long as the
femur ; the tarsus half as long as the tibia, strongly bowed ; claw {fi^. 4)

Monophlebince. 437

strongly falcate, with two simple hair-like digitules. Derm with numerous
conspicuous pores, of two forms, more particularly crowded upon the marginal
area. The larger form of pore, as viewed from above {fii^. 5), has a circular
outline and a circular median orifice around which is a ring of (usually) nine
beads ; when viewed at an angle {fig. 6), or in profile ( fig. 8), the beads take the
form of deep fluting surrounding the orifice of the central tube, and the circular
rim is in the form of a broad funnel, so that the aperture of the pore is sunk
below the surface, or ' countersunk.' In some cases, there appears to be a
second inverted funnel below and opposed to the other (see fig. 7). Maskell
has incorrectly described and figured these pores as standing out prominently
above the surface of the body. The smaller pores (figs. 9, 10, 11), which are
by far the more numerous, are of the same general structure as the others, but
have a more oval outline and an elongated central aperture ; the number of //

beads surrounding the aperture may be either seven or eight. The larger pores
are confined to the marginal area. Abdominal spiracles three on each side;'"
one pair on each of the three terminal segments. There are three, more or
less conspicuous, oval cicatrices on the venter, posterior to the genital aperture.
Length of fully developed female, 4 to 5 mm.

Nymph similar to adult, but smaller. Antennae nine-jointed.

Young larva with six very long setK radiating from the posterior extremity
of the body. Antennas six-jointed. Derm with pores of the smaller, oval type
only.

I have not seen the adult male ; but it is described by Maskell as being
' red, with a shining, diamond-shaped black patch on the dorsal surface of the
'thorax : legs and antennas black. Wings dark brown . . . main nervure red.'

The species has a wide range of food plants in different parts of the
world, though it is as an enemy of plants of the Citrus family that it has
become notorious. In Ceylon its principal host appears to be Acacia
decurrens — a plant introduced from Australia (the original home of the 'Fluted
Scale'). But as the Acacias are always grown from seed the advent of the
pest cannot be attributed to this cause. It has also been recorded (in Ceylon)
from Casuarina, Citrus, and (very occasionally) from tea, though it does not
appear to have attacked any of these last-named plants to a serious extent.

The introduction of this notorious pest into Ceylon is somewhat of a
mystery. It was first noticed in the year i()\.6,mi&si\ng Acacia decurrens in
the district of Ambawella ; but reports received early in the following year
showed it to have extended to the Agras, Lindula, Galaha, Hewaheta, and
Peradeniya districts. The fact that, when first observed, it was already
strongly established upon the Acacias, suggests that it must have been in the
country for several years ; but I feel sure that it could not have escaped my
attention if it had been present in Ceylon before 19 12. With the strict
quarantine regulations that have been in force since early in the present
century it is difficult to understand how it could have come in unobserved.
The Pests Ordinance of Ceylon provides that every growing plant, and most
fruits (including all of the Citrus family) must be subjected to fumigation
with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, in a properly constructed Fumigatorium, at the
port of entry before being handed over to the consignee. Colombo being the
sole port of entry for ocean-going steamers it is a comparatively simple matter
to enforce this Ordinance.

43 8 Monophlebince.

Writing in February 1917 the Acting Government Entomologist reported
that the pest ' does not seem to attack tea or any other product of importance,
so far. At present the N.E. Monsoon rains seem to haye killed it off every-
where. Every specimen sent in is found to have been destroyed by fungus
disease. As for the small colony that was found at Peradeniya it seems to
have been killed out by a Coccinellid beetle that has been preying upon it. I
have only been able to find one or two specimens of the scale, and they have
had their ovisacs full of the larvae of the Coccinellid. This is not Vedalia
cardinahs, but a species of a uniform light chestnut colour.'

I understand that steps are being undertaken to introduce Vedalia cardi-
nalis, the beetle that has proved of such immense value in other countries in
keeping this pest in check. The history of the discovery and utilisation of
this natural enemy of the 'Fluted Scale' is one of the romances of Economic
Entomology. The pest, having been accidentally introduced into California
some forty years ago, found its new home so congenial, and spread and
multiplied to such an extent that it threatened to destroy the great orange-
growing industry of that country. In the absence of its proper enemies
which it had left behind in the country of its origin it was able to increase
without any hindrance. At this juncture the United States Department of
Agriculture advised the appointment of an expert to search for the natural
enemies of the insect, and selected Mr. Albert Koebele for the mission.
In Australia Mr. Koebele was successful in discovering a 'Ladybird Beetle'
{Vedalia cardiftalis) that was preying upon the Icerya, and efficiently holding
it in check in that country. He collected and transported to the United States
large numbers of the beetles, where they (and subsequent consignments) were
established so successfully that the pest was reduced to a negligible quantity,
and the threatened industry saved from ruin. From America this useful
beetle has been sent to other countries (Portugal, South Africa, &c.), into
which the 'Fluted Scale' had found its way with equally good results. We
may confidently expect that the importation and estalDlishment of the Vedalia
in Ceylon will similarly mark the decline of our newly acquired pest.

Icerya purchasi apparently claims Australia as its original home, whence
it has been introduced into New Zealand, and subsequently into South Africa,
Fiji, the Sandwich Islands, the West Indies, and the Southern States of
America. This pest has obtained a footing also in parts of Southern Europe
(Portugal, France, Italy), and recently I have received examples from the
island of Madeira. First observed and described in 1878 it has been nearly
forty years in making its way to the Indian Region. It has not yet been
recorded from the Continent of India, and if proper precautions are taken it
should be possible to exclude it.

MonopJilebifK^. 439

ICERVA ^GYPTIACA, Dougl.
(Plate CLXXXI.)

Crossotosoma (Tgypiiaciivi, Douglas, Ent. Mo. Mag.^ Vol. XXYI. p. 79 (1890).
Icerya cpgyptiaciivt., Riley and Howard, Ins. Life, Vol. 11. p. 256 (1890).
Icerya crgyptiaca, Newstead, Ent. Mo. Mag., Vol. XXIX. p. 167 (1893).
Icerya tangalla, Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV. p. 7 (1S96).

Adult female {figs, i, 4) orange red or brick red, limbs blackish, the dorsum
more or less completely covered with cushions of white mealy secretion inter-
mingled with pulverulent or granular wax. In the early adult the secretory
cushions are distinct and separate, the intermediate parts being lightly dusted
with white powdery wax, through which the colour of the body of the insect
appears of a salmon-pink tint. Later, the waxy cushions coalesce and com-
pletely cover the dorsum, with but faint traces of segmentation. Margin of
body with a complete fringe of stout, irregularly sinuate, tapering, snow-white
processes, numbering (in perfect examples) eleven on each side. Douglas gives
the number of processes as ' seven-eight ' ; but his examples were almost
certainly imperfect. The processes are very brittle and easily detached or
mutilated {st&fig. 16). Those processes emanating from the anterior half of
the body are considerably stouter than the remainder. After oviposition the
narrower abdominal processes lie closely over and conceal the ovisac.

Limbs and antennae blackish or dark brown ; the former eleven-jointed
{fig. 5), occasionally nine- or ten-jointed — by fusion or suppression of inter-
mediate joints ; terminal joint in-egularly oblong ovate, longest ; the three basal
joints broad and stout, approximately cylindrical ; the remaining joints broader
at the distal extremity. Legs large and stout ; tibia approximately equal in
length to femur and trochanter combined ; tarsus approximately half the length
of tibia, occasionally less ; claw {see fig. 13) strong and falcate ; digitules simple.
Eyes (see fig. 5) blackish, truncately conical. Thoracic spiracles large and
conspicuous, heavily chitinized. Abdominal spiracles {fig. 12) small and incon-
spicuous ; three on each side, near the extremity of the body. Derm with
numerous pores of two forms and sizes. The smaller pores (which are the more
numerous) have a trifoliate central aperture {fig. 9) surrounded by a ring of
eleven contiguous beads ; the centre, as seen in profile {fig. 10), projects above
the beaded ring. There is a crowded transverse series of these small pores, on
the venter, across the base of the abdomen on a line corresponding with the
anterior border of the ovisac. The larger pores {figs. 7, 8) have an irregular
central aperture surrounded by a double-beaded ring, the inner ring containing
seven-eight, and the outer ring fourteen-fifteen beads. Dermal seta; numerous,
varying in length and thickness, the larger setje more abundant on the marginal
area {fig. 6). Each seta springs from a prominent tubercular base surmounted
by a translucent collar {fig. 11) which appears to be closed at its distal
extremity. In the smaller setie the collar is very short and inconspicuous.
Size very variable. Average length about 5 mm., with a breadth of 4 mm. ;

440 Monophlebin(2.

occasional examples may attain a length of 6 mm., and I have observed fully
matured females measuring little more than 3 mm. in length.

Nymphal stages similar to adult, but with smaller and less-pronounced
processes. Antennas six-seven jointed.

Young larvce (,fig. 2) pale pink, thickly dusted with white meal ; legs and
antennce very pale brown. Antennae six-jointed, with long hairs. Posterior
extremity with six long radiating setae.

Adult male {fig. 14) brownish red ; the metatergal and metasternal plates
blackish. Legs and antennce dark brown. The whole body dusted with
whitish meal, which is aggregated into loose tufts on the sides of the abdomen.
Wings fuliginous, with a greyish bloom ; costal nervure reddish, second nervure
black ; interneural folds white ; membrane with minute transverse corrugations.
Eyes prominent, compound. A single prominent ocellus slightly behind each
eye. Antennas long and moderately slender ; ten-jointed, each joint (except the
basal two) with two prominent thickened nodes {see fig. 15), from which spring
whorls of long hairs. Posterior extremity with a pair of stout wrinkled fleshy
appendages, each bearing at its extremity six or seven longish setas. Total
length (including appendages) 3 mm.

An abundant and widely spread species, occurring throughout the island on
numerous plants, amongst which may be mentioned Acalypha, A?iona,
Braga7ttia, Codicpum, CuUenia, Mo?i(i}ioa, Palms, Fsidhun, Rose, Tea,
Sirobilanthes, &c. Often present in such masses as to endanger the health of
the plant, but not— at present — reported as a pest of economic importance.
Recorded first from Egypt ; but ranging throughout the Eastern Tropics.

ICERYA SEYCHELLARUM, IVcshuood.
(Plate CLXXXII.)

Dorthesia seychellarum., Westw., Gard. Chron. p. 830 (1855).

Coccus sacchari, Guer., Rev. et Mag. Zool. (2), Vol. XIX. p. 451 (1867).

Orthesia seychcllariim, Targ., Catalogue, p. ■}p (1869).

leery a sacchari, Sign., An7i. Soc. E?ii. Fr. (4), Vol. IX. pp. 90, 94 (1869).

Icerya seychellarutn, Mask., N.Z. Travis. Vol. XXIX. p. 329 (1897).

Iceiya crocea, Green, Fid. Mtis. Notes, Vol. IV. No. i, p. 7 (1896).

1 Icerya okadcr, Kuw., Biil. Ag. Exp. Sta. Japan, Vol. I. No. 2, p. 178 (1907).

Adult female orange red or brick red, obscured by a granular covering of
waxy secretion which may be either bright canary yellow {figs, i, 2) or white
tinged with yellow {fig. 4). The bright yellow colour is more usual in the
younger individuals, though it may be retained in the later stages. Interspersed
with the granular secretion are numerous long silky tubular filaments. Legs,
antenna;, and eyes black. The secretionary matter is aggregated into short
tufts or tassels, of which there is a median longitudinal series on the dorsum
and a more or less complete marginal series, the latter being duplicated on the
abdominal segments. Finally, a well-developed ovisac is produced from below

MonophlcbiiKr. \\\

the posterior extremity, which may extend to a length approximately equal to
that of the body of the insect. The ovisac is smooth below (seey?^-. 3), but is
covered above by a close series of long cylindrical waxy processes (seey?^. 4).
Antenna; {fiij;. 14) eleven-jointed, the second, third, fourth, and fifth broadly
cylindrical, the remainder narrower at their bases. Eyes prominent, bluntly
conical. Legs of the typical form {fig. 6), the tarsus strongly curved ; claw
{fiS- 7) stout and falcate, its inner edge smooth ; with two simple hair-like
digitules. Dermal setie moderately numerous, larger and stouter on the area
surrounding the anal orifice ; each seta springing from a stout tubercle which
is surmounted by a comparatively short collar {fig. 16). Derm with numerous
small beaded pores, having bilocular or trilocular apertures {figs. 12, 13),
interspersed with many large and conspicuous prominent ring-shaped pores
{figs. % 10, 11). The number of beads surrounding the small bilocular pores
varies from seven to nine. The trilocular form is less common and is sur-
rounded by eleven beads. The appearance of the large ring-shaped pores
varies in different aspects. When viewed from above {fig. 10) the aperture
appears to be encircled by a ring of from twenty to twenty-six oval beads ; but
when viewed from an angle {fig. 1 1) the beads seem to resolve themselves into
a series of flutings lining the short tube of the pore ; while, in a profile view
{fig. 9) the fluting appears to be on the outer face of the tube. The last is
probably the correct interpretation of the structure. At the point where the
ring projects above the level of the derm it is surrounded by a narrow, irregular
chitinous flange. The marginal area of the body is so crowded with pores and
setas that it is difficult to distinguish the abdominal spiracles or to determine
their exact number ; but there are at least three on each side, towards the
hinder end of the body. Length of insect (under compression) 4 to 6 mm.
Breadth y2^ to 4'5 mm.

Young larva {fig. 5) pinkish orange ; the margins partially concealed by
colourless woolly secretion ; the dorsum with three large patches of bright
yellow secretion ; extremity of abdomen with six very long seta;.

Eggs bright yellow.

On Croion, Cocciilus sp., Citrus., Acalypha, Grevillea, and Pierospermiiin
suberifoliutn. Pundaluoya, Madusima, Kandy.

ICERYA SEYCHELLARUM var. NARDl, nov.

A form found on Aiidropogon ftardtis, at Diyatalawa, may eventually prove
to be a distinct species ; but, until further material is available, I prefer to retain
it as a variety of seychellarum, from which it dififers in the following particulars :
—Claw {fig. 17) minutely serrate, longer and less strongly falcate ; ring-shaped
pores {figs. 19, 20, 21) only obscurely fluted ; small pores {fig. 18) with irregu-
larly circular aperture, surrounded by a rosette of seven beads and a well-
defined chitinous rim ; base of set;c (fiig. 22) with a deeper collar ; abdominal
spiracles {fig. 23) with a broader duct ; dermal sets proportionately stouter
and more numerous. Described from a single example which resembled,
externally, the paler forms of typical seychellaruni.

442 MonophlebincB.

ICERYA PILOSA, Green.

(Plate CLXXXIII.)

Icerya pilosa^ Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV. No. i, p. 7 (1896).

Adult female {fii^s. 6, 7, and 14) crimson, the colour almost completely
masked, on the dorsum, by a close covering of white or creamy-white meal
intermingled with erect tubular filaments ; under surface paler, only lightly
dusted with mealy powder, except on the marginal area and on a transverse
band across the base of the abdomen where the secretion is more continuous.
Rather strongly convex above ; flattish beneath. Old examples (see yf^". 14)
exhibit short mealy tufts on the margin of the abdomen and a series of long
stout mealy processes from the ventro-marginal area, covering an ovisac which
extends considerably beyond the body of the insect. There is also a brush of
fine silky filaments, projecting backwards from the posterior extremity. Im-
mediately after moulting, the body is free from any secretionary covering.
Antenna (;f^. 19) normally nine-jointed ; but the division between the eighth
and ninth joints is often incomplete, and is sometimes completely suppressed.
In some cases there is more or less fusion between joints three and four, or
four and five, and occasionally these three joints are united together ; so that
examples may be found exhibiting six, seven, or eight joints only, instead of the
normal number. Joints two, three, and four are broad and more or less cylin-
drical ; five, six, seven, eight, and (sometimes) nine are basally constricted.
Eyes prominent, with a diameter slightly less than that of the first joint of the
antenna. Legs (Ji^- 15) well developed ; tibia approximately as long as the
femoral segment ; tarsus rather strongly bowed, about two-thirds the length of
the tibia. Claw (y?«-. 16) normally acutely falcate, the distal half usually slender;
but — occasionally — laterally compressed and dilated (7?^. 17). The latter form
may occur on any of the three pairs of limbs ; I have never observed it on all
the feet of any single individual, but usually (when present) on a single foot
only. Digitules slender, simple. Thoracic spiracles (^/^. 18) conspicuous ;
enclosed in a dense chitinous plate of irregular form. I have been unable to
detect any abdominal spiracles ; but the area where they might be expected to
occur is so crowded with seta^ and large dermal pores, that their presence
would be difficult to determine. Derm closely set with stout brownish setae ;
longer and more numerous on the dorsum. The smaller seta; spring from
simple tubercles (yfi,'". 20) ; others (larger and stouter) have their bases sur-
rounded by a translucent coUar {Ji^s. 32, 23) ; an intermediate form occurs in
which the base of the seta is sunk into the supporting tubercle (yf^. 21). Ceri-
ferous pores of three distinct types are present on both the dorsum and venter,
but are more crowded on the dorsum. The largest form {Jij^. 24) consists of a
circular ring, beaded at eight regular intervals on its inner edge, and set in a
densely chitinous plate of irregular outline ; these pores are frequently asso-
ciated with one of the larger collared hairs (see X^'. 23). The second form
(^^. 26) consists of the beaded ring alone, without any surrounding plate. The
third form of pore {^^s. 27, 28) is very much smaller and is surrounded by

MonophlebincE. 443

seven contiguous beads ; there is a crowded band of these small pores across
the base of the abdomen, on the venter, defining the anterior limit of the ovisac.
The number of beads is constant for each type of pore. The larger pores are
probably concerned in the secretion of the tubular filaments, the smaller pores
providing the mealy material. There are three large subcircular ventral scars,
near the posterior extremity, with a reticulate surface which is occasionally
wholly or partly pigmented. Anal orifice surrounded by a rather dense group
of stout hairs. Length 275 to 4 mm.

Nymph {figs. 4, 5) with six-seven jointed antenna;. Derm not so closely
covered with hairs and pores ; the latter of two types only, the largest form
(that surrounded by a chitinous plate) being absent. Tarsus proportionately
longer than in the adult.

Young larva {figs, i, 2) at first pale red, deepening later to crimson ; the
colour afterwards masked by a covering of yellowish, closely curled filaments.
Antennas six-jointed, the sixth with four long whip-like hairs on the apical half
Kfig- 3)- Margin of body with a series of long setse, collared at the base ; the
last pair on each side (exclusive of the caudal setae) twice as long as any of the
others ; similar but rather smaller setae dispersed over the dorsum. Derm
with many small pores, the orifice surrounded by six contiguous beads {fig. 29) ;
a marginal series of larger pores, with 8-shaped orifice surrounded by eight
beads {fig. 30).

Egg bright orange yellow.

Male puparium {fig. 9) cylindrical, white, compact ; open at posterior
extremity. Length 7 to 8 mm.

Male nymph {fig. 10) dull purple, dusted with white meal ; limbs strami-
neous.

Adult male {fig. 11) dull purplish red, the sides of the abdomen clothed
with white woolly secretion ; limbs and antennte purplish brown. Head {fig. 12)
broad, produced in front between the basal joints of the antennas. Compound
eyes moruloid, on short lateral processes ; a prominent black ocellus at the
inner angle of each eye. Antennas ten-jointed, the two basal joints short, the
remainder elongate and bi-nodose, with a whorl of long hairs on each node.
Wings purplish grey, with a powdery bloom ; costal area brownish ; surface
minutely wrinkled. Abdomen hairy ; posterior extremity with a pair of pro-
minent fleshy appendages bearing five or six long setae {fig. 13) ; penial sheath
short ; broad at base and tapering to a blunt point. Length 2-5 mm. ; expanse
of wings 5 mm.

On a coarse grass {Spinifiex sqiuirrosiis) growing on sand along the sea-
coast : Chilaw. Received also from India (Madras).

Although normally oviparous, eggs being deposited in a well-developed
ovisac, advanced embryos may be observed in many individuals, suggesting a
partially ovovivi parous habit.

444 Monophlebmce.

WALKERIANA, Sigtu
Walkenana, Signoret, Ami. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), Vol. V. p. 390 (1S75),

The species of this genus are all of large size, broadly ovate and usually
strongly convex above. The dorsum bears symmetrical series of stout, dense,
but brittle processes which are of a chalky rather than waxy consistency. In
some species (notably in the type species— /^07-/oe;) the spaces between these
processes are occupied by fine, glassy, or silky filaments. The adult female
has ten-jointed antennic. The limbs are strongly developed, and usually dark-
coloured. The anal orifice is masked by a more or less crowded group of
long, stout setne. There are usually three or more large cicatrices on the
venter, immediately behind the genital orifice. The dermal pores are large
and conspicuous, often varying markedly in size and structure on different
areas of the body (e.g. floriger and ovilla). The ceriferous tracts are usually
outlined by a series of special pores. The derm bears numerous setje, which
are more densely crowded on the ceriferous tracts. The setc^ are of various
forms ; those on the dorsum being stout and spiniform, or sometimes ampulli-
form ; those on the ceriferous tracts often differing in form from those on the
intermediate areas. Abdominal spiracles are present, but difficult to locate.
Morrison has observed seven pairs in species that he has examined. The
development of a well-defined ovisac (as in senex) appears to be exceptional.

Adult male unknown, but probably of similar structure to the males of the
closely allied genera Aspidoprocttts and Labioproctus, in which the abdomen
terminates in a single pair of fleshy appendages, and the antennal joints are
tri-nodose.

Larva; with five-jointed antennre, the body clothed with very long, glassy,
or silky filaments.

It is probable that insects of this genus are of slow development and
relatively long-lived.

Synopsis of Ceylon Species.

A. Calcareous processes of adult female almost concealed by masses

of silky filaments floriger.

B. Processes conspicuous and exposed.

(ci) Spiniform sette of dorsum with apices blunt or slightly

expanded compact a.

ip) Spiniform sette of dorsum acutely pointed.

(a') Dermal pores not markedly differing in size ; ova con-
tained in a well-developed ovisac scnex.

(d^) Large conspicuously rosette-shaped pores intermingled

with smaller pores ; no definite ovisac ovilla.

Monophlebince. 445

WALKERIANA FLORIGER, Walk.
(Plate CLXXXIV.)

Coccus floriger. Walk., Cat. Br. Mus. Horn., Vol. IV. Siippl. p. 205 (1858).
Walkeriana floriger, Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (5), Vol. V. p. 391 (1875).
Coccus laniger, K.\rhy, Jotcrn. Lin. Soc. Loud.., Vol. XXIV. p. 175 (1891).

Adult female {fig. i) broadly oval, covered above with longish, dense,
plush-like tomentum which is concentrated — on the medio-longitudinal area —
into close, forwardly directed tufts, with some shorter and broader transverse
tufts on the abdomen. The tomentum varies in colour according to age
and exposure, and may be whitish, yellow, olivaceous, grey or brown. More
or less concealed beneath the tomentous covering are concentric series of
white, chalky, lamellar processes, often transversely banded with brown. In the
older examples the tomentum becomes dishevelled and matted. Under surface
purplish pink, thickly coated with white powdery secretion. Limbs cas-
taneous. Antennae i^fig. 3) ten-jointed, the second and tenth elongate, the
remainder short ; the distal extremity of each joint with a series of shortish
hairs, and a few similar hairs on the sides of the joints. Eyes comparatively
small, conical. Legs {fig 4) comparatively small (for the size of the insect) ;
the femur (without trochanter) shorter than the tibia ; the tarsus slightly less
than half the length of the tibia; claw comparatively slender, with simple
digitules (often missing on old examples). There are some longish hairs on
the trochanter, and a i&w short spiniform hairs on the femur. The derm
of the dorsum is densely covered with slender flask-shaped spines (spiniform
setae), those of the ceriferous tracts being smaller and with slightly dilated
tips (see fig. 8). The ceriferous tracts are demarked by series of prominent
quadnlocular pores, but have few or no pores within the defined areas. The
intermediate areas are crowded with similar but much larger quadrilocular
pores, in addition to the spines (see fig. 9). The anal orifice is masked by
a conspicuous group of long stout seta; set on a somewhat irregular but
clearly defined tract {fig. 6) which is densely crowded with small thick-
rimmed simple pores. Fig. 7 shows the peculiar structure of the bases of the
anal setce and the irregular form of the surrounding pores. The abdominal
spiracles (of which I have been able to detect five pairs only) are of simple
structure, consisting of a plain ring of dense chitin {fig. 11). The derm of the
venter is set with longish stout setae — some of them with collared bases
(see fig. 13), intermingled with large and prominent multilocular pores, each
pore having an elongate or obscurely 8-shaped central orifice within a ring
of (usually) ten bead-like cells, the whole surrounded by a broad chitinous
wall. At intervals, along each side of the abdomen, are restricted groups of
small quadrilocular pores {fig. 12). There are three sharply defined cicatrices
towards the posterior extremity of the venter. A fully grown female, with its
covering of tomentum, may attain a length of from 20 to 24 mm., with a
breadth of from 18 to 20 mm., but denudation reduces the dimensions of the
actual insect by nearly half, an average example measuring 12 by 9 mm.

446 MonophlebincE.

In the nymph {fig. 2) the tomentum is shorter and not nearly so dense,
while the chalky processes are conspicuous and strongly developed. The
antennre in this stage have eight joints only.

The young larva is coated with white meal, and secretes numerous long
colourless glassy filaments. Antennae five-jointed. Dermal characters similar
to those of the adult, but the spines and pores are smaller and less crowded
{fig. 14). There is a marginal series of long setoe, with two or three large and
strongly chitinous tubular pores at the base of each seta {fig. 15). Length
I '35 mm.

On stems of Litsca zeylanica : Pundaluoya ; and on Grevillea, Maskeliya.

The insect apparently has a life e.xtending over several years. Old
examples, with matted and discoloured tomentum, may be readily mistaken
for tufts of moss or lichen.

The species is recorded from Ceylon only. I have myself found it only on
the stems of a small group of trees on the Fernlands Tea Estate — once the
residence of Mr. Nietner, who is believed to have been the original discoverer
of the species. I think it probable that the type specimens may have been
derived from this identical group of trees. Mr. J. C. Hutson has more recently
taken the same species on the stems of Grevillea trees in the Maskeliya
district.

WALKERIANA COMPACTA, Green.

(Plate CLXXXV.)

IValkeriana cojiipacia, Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV. No. i, p. 6 (1896).

Adult female {figs, i, 2 and 3) broadly oval ; strongly convex above ;
flattish beneath. Dull pale reddish ; the colour obscured or concealed by a
thin covering of greyish white waxy secretion. Legs reddish brown : coxcTC
darker. Dorsum {fig. 2) with longitudinal series of stout, truncate, conical,
waxy 'or chalky processes which are usually of an ochreous white tint, except on
the truncate extremities, which remain dead white. In some examples the
processes are somewhat widely separated ; in others they are broader, covering
practically the whole surface of the dorsum. The median series is composed of
six paired processes on the thoracic area, followed by the same number of
broadly transverse single plates on the abdominal area. The next series,
which may be called the sub-median, consists of smaller processes and is
interrupted on the anterior part of the thorax. This again is followed by a
dorso-lateral series, with large stout processes ; a lateral, with small slender
processes ; and a marginal (which forms a radiating fringe round the body of
the insect) with large stout processes. There are some delicate silky filaments
projecting from the margin, between the processes. Ventral surface thinly
coated with whitish powder. Antenna {fig. 4) ten-jointed ; all the joints,
except the tenth, broader than long ; tenth approximately twice as long as it is
broad ; a ring of short hairs near the distal extremity and many similar hairs
on the outer side of each joint. Legs comparatively small ; tarsus rather more
than half the length of the tibia {fig. 6). Claw {fig. 7) slender ; acutely

MonophlebincE. 447

pointed and strongly falcate ; ungual and tarsal digitules represented by
very slender, simple hairs. Dorsum with numerous stout curved spines
{figs. 10, 12) which are broad on the basal half, then tapering to near the apex
which is very slightly expanded. The ceriferous tracts are raised above the
level of the intermediate areas and are characterised by a closer covering of
spines {sttfig. 12). The anal orifice is masked by a dense tuft of long stout
setcE which— in early adult examples — may extend beyond the posterior margm
of the body {fig. 9). Venter thinly clothed with stout setie, which are longest
on the frontal area {fig. 13). The dermal pores vary on different areas of the
body. Small quadrilocular pores occur, amongst the spines, on the ceriferous
tracts (see /fi/". 12). Slightly larger quadrilocular pores, mingled with others
containing six or seven translucent cells {fig. id), are found on the intermediate
areas. There is a dense cluster of large, thick-rimmed, saucer-shaped pores
{fig. 11) surrounding the anal orifice. The pores of the ventral surface are
distinctly larger and more complex. Those occurring on the frontal and
marginal areas have a well-defined trilocular central orifice surrounded by a
ring of bead-like cells varying in number from five to nine (see fig. 13). On
the median thoracic area are circular and oval pores, with a simple oval central
aperture and a surrounding ring of from five to ten cells {see fig. 14) ; while, on
the hinder edge of the abdominal segments, pores of all these types appear to
be mingled together (see fig. 15). Venter with three conspicuous cicatrices
below the genital opening {fig. 8). Dorso-abdominal spiracles small, in-
conspicuous and difficult to distinguish amongst the dense covering of spines.
Length of complete insect, with processes intact, 12 mm. Breadth, 9 mm.

Nymph very similar to adult, but smaller, and with the processes more
closely adpressed to the body. Antenna {fig. 5) short and stout ; seven-
jointed.

Larva not observed.

On the stem of undetermined tree. Kelani Valley.

WALKERIANA SENEX, Greeft.

(Plate CLXXXVL)

Walkcriana senex, Green, Ind. Mua. Notes, Vol. IV. No. i, p. 6 (1S96).

Adult female {fig. i) strongly convex ; the form concealed by a number of
stout, curved, whitish, waxy processes which are arranged in definite series,
viz., two medio-dorsal series, forwardly directed, those on the thorax larger and
more widely separated than those on the abdomen ; a dorso-lateral series,
radially directed, those on the thorax larger and stouter ; a dorso-marginal
series, of which the posterior processes are the longer ; and a marginal series
which is more or less hidden by the super-imposed dorso-marginal series, except
towards the posterior extremity where they are much longer and eventually
coalesce to form an ovisac {see figs. 3 and 4). The posterior extremity of the
ovisac is closed below by an operculum of brown earthy matter. * In many
examples the processes are beautifully and regularly banded with brown

448 Moitophlebince.

{s^&Jig. 2). Antenna {fig. 6) ten-jointed, sometimes with an incomplete hyaline
band across the tenth ; tenth longest and tapering to a bluntly pointed
extremity ; each of the first nine joints with a ring ot setJE on its anterior rim,
the tenth with scattered sette. Legs comparatively small {fig. 8). Claw
(y^c?"' 9) stout and falcate, with simple slender digitules. Derm of dorsum
clothed with longish hollow spines which are broad at the base but taper to a
sharp point {fig. 11). These spines are more concentrated and densely
crowded on sharply defined ceriferous tracts corresponding with the series of
waxy processes (see fig. 10) ; each tract circumscribed by a ring of dense,
prominent, tubular pores which — seen in profile — present the appearance shown
at figure 12. Viewed from above, the orifice of the pores varies in form at
different depths, being somewhat triangular above and cruciform or quadri-
locular below {see fig. 11). A few simpler quadrilocular pores are scattered
over the general surface, and there are a few stout seta; interspersed among the
spines. Venter sparsely clothed with similar but more slender spines. A
densely crowded band of prominent quadrilocular pores (and a few smaller
pores with stellate orifices) extends across the venter, at the base of the
abdomen (fig. 14). There are at least five pairs of abdominal spiracles, each
opening into one of the dorso-lateral ceriferous tracts, under which conditions
they can scarcely be functional. Anal aperture marked by a dense cluster of
long stout setee. In addition to the usual three post-genital cicatrices are others
on the preceding three segments. Length of old adult female, with ovisac,
including processes, 14 mm. Length before formation of ovisac, 10 mm.
Length of denuded insect 6 to 8 mm.

Eggs bright pale yellow.

Newly hatched larva {fig. 5) pinkish orange ; with median, dorso-lateral and
dorso-marginal series of small waxy cushions, and numerous extremely long,
slender, glassy filaments. Antenna {fig. 7) five-jointed, the terminal joint
longest. Derm with long, slender, acutely pointed, tubular spines and elongate
tubular pores {see fig. 15). Length i'25 mm.

On Dodofiaa viscosa. Chilaw and Putalam.

WALKERIANA OVILLA, sfi. nov.
(Plate CLXXXVIL)

Adult female {fig. i) convex ; broadly oval. The dorsum completely
covered with stout, white or greyish, curved chalky processes (often banded
with brown) ; with a few delicate glassy filaments in the interstices. The pro-
cesses are arranged in close longitudinal series, the innermost projecting
directly forwards and recurved at their tips ; the processes of the second series
are backwardly directed and sharply incurved ; the remaining series are more
irregular, the processes radiating more or less from the centre, but with a ten-
dency to curve forwards, except at the posterior extremity. The arrange-
ment of the series is often confused, and varies in almost every individual.

Antenna {fig. 4) ten-jointed ; the second joint largest, thence gradually

MonophlebincB. 449

reduced in size to the ninth, which is the smallest ; third to sixth slightly
gibbous ; each joint with a few shortish hairs towards the distal extremity.
Limbs moderately large and stout {fig. 5) ; the tarsus rather less than half
the length of the tibia, which is equal in length to the femur (without the tro-
chanter). Claw [fig. 6) stout and moderately falcate. Tarsal and ungual
digitules slender, simple. Ceriferous tracts not sharply defined, but occupying
the greater part of the dorsum ; somewhat loosely set with large, stout,
acuminate spines {fig. 13), the basal halves of which are hollow and thin-walled.
The tracts are separated from each other by narrow zones, devoid of spines, but
with a few slender whip-like setjc springing from stout collared bases. Anal
orifice masked by a crowded group of stout seta;, but without any sharply
defined surrounding tract. Venter closely set with long stout curved setae
{fig. 12). Dermal pores of several types, the largest of which are of a very dis-
tinctive character, being in the form of symmetrical rosettes, with an obscurely
three-foliate (occasionally four-foliate) central orifice, surrounded by a circle of
six (occasionally four, five, or eight) ovg.te nucleated cells (see figs. 12, 13) and
a denser outer chitinous rim which follows the contour of the circle of ovate
cells. These rosette-shaped pores occupy the intermediate zones on the
dorsum and the greater part of the ventral area. The median area of the venter
is occupied by somewhat smaller, circular or broadly ovate pores {fig. n)
which have an elongate or obscurely 8-shaped central orifice, surrounded by
a raised ring of from six to ten (usually nine) bead-like cells. The pores asso-
ciated with the anal area {fig. 10) have a subcircular central orifice surrounded
by a prominent chitinous ring obscurely beaded on its inner face. Small cir-
cular, densely chitinous pores, with quadrilocular orifices, outline the ceriferous
tracts and are scattered amongst the spines ; they also occur on the venter, at
intervals amongst the rosette- shaped pores. Seen in profile (as in fig. 13) they
appear as truncately conical bodies, with a short slender tube projecting from
the apical orifice. The dorso-abdominal spiracles, of which there are several
pairs — (I have been unable to determine the exact number)— are simple chitinous
rings {fig. 9) ; some of the rings appear to be incomplete. Length of denuded
insect 12 to 15 mm. Breadth 10 mm. With all the processes intact, my largest
example measures 25 by 18 mm. The dimensions of average examples would
be about 20 by 15 mm.

Newly hatched larva {figs. 2, 3) with numerous long, fine, silky filaments
springing from the margins of the body, but directed upwards. Antenna five-
jointed. Derm of dorsum (see fig. 8) with ceriferous tracts bearing longish
stout acute spines, each tract defined by a close series of small but prominent
quadrilocular pores ; the intermediate areas with larger, rosette-shaped pores
of which the central orifice may be either three- or four-lobate, encircled by
from four to eight (usually four) large nucleated cells. Length rs mm.

On stems of Eiigenia subavenis and Michelia nilagirica. Botanic Gardens,
Hakgala.

450 Monophlebino'.

Genus ASPIDOPROCTUS, Ne-vsf.
Aspidoproctiis^ Newslead, Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 948 (igoo).

Characters of the female as in IValkeri'aiia, from which it differs in the
presence of a deep invagination t)f the venter, closed by a stout waxy or felted
operculum.

Males of ^. tnaxiiiius (the only species of which this sex is known) are very
similar to those of MonopJihlnis. They have tri-nodose antennal joints, each
node with a whorl of long hairs ; and the abdomen terminates in a pair of
elongate, wrinkled, setose fleshy appendages.

Larvce with five-jointed antennae.

The type of the genus '\s pertittax, from Central Africa, The genus has the
distinction of containing the largest known Coccid — Aspidoproctus viaxhinis —
a comparatively gigantic species from South Africa.

The two species here described are very closely allied to each other, and may
possibly be forms of a single species. They are separable by their size and
colour only.

Female very large ; colour cinereous grey cinerea.

„ comparatively small, colour of waxy appendages white euphorbia'.

ASPIDOPROCTUS CINEREA, Green.

(Plate CLXXXVIII.)

Walkeriana ci?ierea {sine descr.), Mem. Dep. Ag: Ind., Vol. II. (2), p. 18 (1908).

Adult female {/ig. i) varying greatly in size ; the smallest examples — though
fully mature and containing eggs and young larvte in the marsupium — being
scarcely half the size of the largest. The body is strongly convex behind —
above the abdomen — but usually abruptly depressed in front. The dorsal
surface is closely covered with ashy-grey granular secretion between the widely
separated series of stout, tapering, curved waxy processes, which may be banded
either longitudinally or transversely (or both) with brown. The several series
may be distinguished as a double medio-dorsal, of which the hindermost three
or four pairs are usually coalescent ; on each side of which is a dorso-lateral
series, meeting behind at the anal orifice ; followed by a lateral overlapping a
marginal series. The processes of the last two series are usually longer than
the others. Venter of abdomen deeply concave below ; the cavity covered by a
pad of waxy matter, forming a marsupium for the reception of the young larvre.
Antennae {/ig. 3) ten-jointed ; each joint with a circlet of setae at the distal

Moiiophlebincc. 45 1

extremity and with several similar set;e on the inner side. Limbs varying in
size and proportions (seeyf»^. 4, 6), the principal difference beinj^ in the thick-
ness of the femora ; but they have all one common character, namely, the
presence of one long and several shorter seta; on the inner edge of the femur, in
addition to the usual sets on the trochanter. The claw is, normally, acutely
falcate {fig. 7) ; but, in one individual, the claws on all the limbs were short and
blunt {fig. 5). The anal ring (seefi'g. 8) is characterised by a conspicuous circle
of crowded polygonal cells, and the anal orifice is masked by a dense cluster of
longish stout seta;. The ceriferous tracts are recognisable by the more crowded
condition of the spines. They are not so sharply defined as might be expected
from the arrangement of the waxy processes. The spines on the ceriferous
tracts (fig: 9) are somewhat abruptly acute at the apex and swollen towards the
base. Exceptional forms are slightly expanded towards the apex (fig: 10),
while others {fig. 11) have the basal expansion terminating above in a more or
less distinct shoulder. The spines on the intermediate areas taper evenly
from the base to an acute apex {fig: 12). Small quadrilocular pores outline the
ceriferous tracts (see fig. 9) and are scattered amongst the spines of both the
tracts and the intermediate areas, extending also on to the venter. Larger
quadrilocular pores {fig. 14) are crowded upon the area surrounding the
abdominal concavity. These pores, seen in profile, show a delicate membranous
outward extension ( /ig. 1 5). The pores associated with the anal tract arc of a
more complex character, having two concentric beaded rings surrounding a
central oval, trilocular or quadrilocular aperture {fig: 16). The outer beaded
ring is often obscured by a thickening of the chitinous wall of the pore. Pores
with oval or obscurely triangular apertures, encircled by a single beaded ring
(fig: 17) occur on the area immediately surrounding the genital orifice. As they
recede from the genital tract these pores acquire definite trilocular or quadri-
locular apertures, while still retaining the beaded ring (fig: 18). Wherever the
derm is thicker or more densely chitinised translucent dermal cells can
be observed, in close association with the spines and pores. There is a
marked differentiation, on the venter, between the derm of the thorax and
abdominal regions. The derm on the central area of the abdomen — corre-
sponding with the marsupioid concavity — is very thin and but sparsely clothed
with small set^e and pores (see fig. 2). Some of the setae, on this area, are in
small groups of from two to five, each group arising from an irregular, slightly
prominent plate (figs. 19, 20). More rarely there are irregular tubercles bear-
ing from eight to ten seta? {fig: 21). The genital orifice occupies an approxi-
mately central position in this area. There are five small, translucent oval
cicatrices towards the posterior extremity. The derm of the thorax, on the
other hand, and of the margins of the abdomen, is thicker and more densely
clothed with pores, spines, and sette. The area immediately surrounding
the mouth-parts is densely clothed with long, stout setic, with simple abruptly
expanded bases, amongst which area few rather larger seta; arising from collared
sockets (see fig. 13). I have been unable to determine the number of abdominal
spiracles, though I have observed their occurrence in the species. As noted
above, the size of fully adult examples varies to an unusual extent, the over-all
dimensions ranging from g'5 X 75 to 22 x 14 mm.

Young larva with dorsal spines similar to those of adult. Antenna five-
jointed, the fourth joint very short, the fifth broadest. Anal ring with a double
row of elongate cells. Length averaging ri2 mm.

452 Monophlebince.

On stems of Grevillea, Citrus, Terminalia, 7y/^j'/^^/a,and unidentified jungle
trees. Kandy, Gampola, Galagedara, Passara, and Delft Island. Received also
from South India.

A form with the derm more densely clothed with spines and setce, and with
more crowded pores, may eventually prove to be distinct ; but the available
material is insufficient to determine this point.

ASPIDOPROCTUS EUPHORBI/E, Grcpj.
(Plate CLXXXIX.)
Walkeriana eicphorbicc, Green, Ini. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV. No. i, p. 6 (1896).

Adult female {fig. i, 2, 3 and 4) ovoid, narrower in front ; the abdominal
area highly convex after gestation. Colour dull reddish orange, paler beneath ;
the dorsum closely covered with greyish granular wax. Waxy processes white,
stout, curved, either truncate or pointed ; arranged as in W. cinerea, viz., a
double median series of from eight to ten pairs, directed upwards and forwards,
the posterior three or four pairs sometimes confluent ; a dorso-lateral series of
ten to twelve on each side, directed downwards and backwards ; followed by
overlapping submarginal and marginal series, the former directed downwards, the
latter directed outwards and slightly upturned at the tips. Venter with thin
whitish mealy secretion. Abdomen concave below, with a felted operculum
stretched across the cavity (see fig. 2). Median thoracic area usually with a
blackish pad (.'' congealed latex of the plant) occupying the space between the
limbs and concealing the mouth parts. Antenna {fig. 8) normally ten-jointed
occasionally eleven-jointed by subdivision of one of the median joints {^fig. 9) ;
the terminal joint with scattered hairs, the other joints each with an irregular
circlet of hairs on the distal margin. Legs {fig. 12) comparatively small ; the
inner face of femur and trochanter each with two projecting seta;, one very
much longer than the other ; tarsus approxima'ely half the length of tibia ;
claw {fig. 13) falcate ; ungual and tarsal digitules simple, slender. Abdominal
spiracles in the form of a simple chitinous ring ; at least three pairs, probably
more. Dermal characters scarcely distinguishable from those of cinerea; the
spines (yf^j'. 19, 20) slightly smaller and more slender than in that species
Ceriferous tracts ill-defined. Anal ring {fig. 11) composed of very irregularly
polygonal cells. Over all dimensions 9 mm. by 6 to 7 mm. Denuded insect 5
to 6 mm. long.

Ova bright yellow.

Newly hatched larva {figs. 5, 6) orange yellow, lightly dusted with whitish
mealy powder. Legs and antennte ochreous. Eyes black, placed on the
under surface of the head, close to the base of each antenna. Margin with a
fringe of long, delicate, glassy filaments. Antenna {fig. 10) five-jointed ; the
terminal joint largest, claviform ; the fourth joint smallest. Length i'25 mm.

Later larva {fig. 7) with loose white tufts, in series corresponding with the
processes of the adult insect.

On Euphorbia antiquoruin ; Hambantota and Habarana.

Monophlebina. 453

Very closely allied to cinerca^ of which it may possibly be merely a dwarf
form. It is a smaller and more compact insect, with pure white waxy processes.
The ventral operculum is more sharply defined, and has a conspicuous terminal
aperture for the exit of the young larva;.

LABIOPROCTUS, gen. nov.

Insects allied to Aspidoprodus^ but differing from that genus in that the
ventral invagination of the female is not closed by a secretionary operculum,
but by prominent lateral labiae.

Males similar to those of Aspidoproctus.

Larvae with five-jointed antennae.

Type L. polei.

LABIOPROCTUS POLEI, Green.

(PLATE CXC.)

Walkeriana polei, Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV., No. i, p. 6 (1896).

Adult female {fi^s. i to 4) oblong oval, the dorsum strongly convex, the sides
compressed and slightly concave (see fig. 4). Dorsum of thorax with five
longitudinal series each containing four truncate-conical processes widely
spaced, those of the median series broadest, those of the outer series small
and comparatively slender. Dorsum of abdomen without processes. There is
a complete dorso-lateral series on each side, containing about twelve
processes, which increase in length towards the posterior extremity where
they closely overlap each other, and a complete marginal series of similar
processes. The dorso-lateral is widely separated from the marginal series,
except at the two extremities, where they approach each other. All the
processes are of a dense chalky consistency, the sides ribbed, and of an
ochreous tint, the truncate extremities white. The colour of the dorsum
between the processes is dull pinkish red, with a superficial whitish bloom.
Venter, with a deep median cleft immediately behind the third pair of legs ;
its sides guarded by raised lips meeting behind to form a V-shaped
prominence {st&fig. 3). This cleft communicates with an invaginated chamber
forming a marsupium for the reception of the newly hatched larva:. Antennas
{fig- 7) ten-jointed, of normal form ; each of the first nine joints with a ring
of setJE near its distal extremity. Legs {fig. 5) normal, the femur stout, the tarsus
more than half the length of the tibia. Claw {fig. 6) stout, falcate, ungual
digitules small and very slender ; tarsal digitules equally slender, but consider-
ably longer. Spines of ceriferous tracts (seey?;^. 13) abruptly expanded on the
basal fourth ; the distal extremity rounded and slightly expanded. Spines of
intermediate areas {fig. 12) longer and stouter, tapering more evenly to the

454 Mouophlebince.

apex. The derm on the ceriferous tracts is usually more translucent than that
of the intermediate areas. The denser areas show small translucent dermal
cells. Venter with scattered spiniform seta; and a few trilocular pores. The
pores surrounding the ceriferous tracts are of two types {?>&& fig. 13), some
with quadrilocular orifices, forming the front row immediately adjoining the
ceriferous spines, and others with obscurely trilocular orifices, encircled by six
oval cells forming the outer ranks. A few pores of the c|uadrilocular type are
scattered very sparsely amongst the spines of both ceriferous tracts and inter-
mediate areas, the latter having also a few pores of the trilocular type. Pores
with simple circular or oval orifices {fig. 14) are crowded on the anal tract,
together with numerous long stout sette springing from spcketed bases.
Abdominal spiracles in the form of a deep circular ring, number undeter-
mined. Anal ring with a single row of irregular shaped cells, the passage
from the ring to the external orifice densely chitinous. Length (including
processes) 11 to 14 mm.; breadth 6"5 to 7'5 mm.; height approximately
6 mm.

Female nymph similar but smaller. Antennae eight-jointed.

Newly hatched larva {fig. 9) pale pinkish orange, the dorsum thinly coated
with white mealy secretion, and with a marginal series of very long, colour-
less, glassy filaments. Antennae (yf^. 10) five-jointed. Length approximately
I mm.

Eggs pale yellow.

Adult male (7?cr, u) blackish, pruinose, the prothorax sometimes slightly
reddish. Wings dark slaty grey, ample ; minutely transversely rugose, except
the costal area which is granulose ; with two stout and prominent black
nervures and two whitish longitudinal creases. Antennae ten-jointed, the
two basal joints short, the remainder elongate and obscurely tri-nodose ;
with many longish hairs arranged in rather indefinite whorls on the nodes.
Eyes large and prominent, with numerous facets. A rudimentary ocellus
immediately behind each eye. Abdomen setose ; the posterior extremity with
a pair of stout, fleshy, setose processes. Length 4 mm. Expanse 9 mm.

Male puparium {fiig. 8) consisting of an oblong mass of flocculent white wax,
at the anterior extremity of which can be seen the remains of the larval
exuviae. In some examples there are a few straggling white filaments on the
sides and at the posterior extremity. Length 10 to 12 mm. ; breadth 5 mm.

Nymph dull purplish grey. Length 4 mm.

On the twigs and smaller branches of Dodoncra viscosa, Psidiuni { ' Guava '),
and Eugenia rotundifoUa. Chilaw ; Kandy ; Dolosbage ; Mahintale ; Nuera
Eliya. Received also from Java, on Citrus; and from South India, on an
undetermined plant. The winged males were observed in March and April.

NIETNERA, Gen. nov.

Allied to Walkeriana, but differing, primarily, in the antennae of the adult
female which are normally eleven-jointed. The derm of the dorsum is closely
covered with short, stout spines, which are acute on the ceriferous areas, but
bluntly rounded on the intermediate areas. In the adult stage the waxy pro-

Monophlebincs. 455

cesses are mostly slender and widely spaced. The processes may be gradually
shed during subsequent growth, the oldest examples retaining a few of the
marginal processes only. Before oviposition the insects envelop themselves in
loose, white, woolly secretion. Pores saucer-shaped. Venter without in-
vagination.

Early nymphal stages more closely covered with relatively stouter waxy
processes.

Larv;is with five-jointed antennas.

Male unknown.

Type pididaliioya.

The new genus is named in honour of J. Nietner, a naturalist whose name
was closely associated with entomology, in Ceylon, during the middle of the
last century.

NIETNERA PUNDALUOYA, .t/. ^^77/.
(Plate CXCI.)

Adult female {fi_s,s. 6, 7, 8), in life," of a dull purplish grey colour, thinly
dusted with greyish white granular secretion. A marginal series of flattened,
ochreous-yellow, waxy processes. Immediately above the marginal series, on
each side of the thorax, are three longer horn-shaped processes, projecting
laterally. Shortly within the anterior margin are two strap-shaped processes,
projecting upwards and forwards ; and on each side of the abdomen is a series
of six sickle-shaped, forwardly- curved waxy processes. A pair of white curling
filaments projects from the anal area. The foregoing description has been
drawn up from two examples in which many of the processes had been broken
off. Figure 6 must be regarded as partly diagrammatic, the processes having
been restored from a comparison of the two specimens. Other examples were
found in which the processes had almost completely disappeared (see fig. 8)»
and others, again, in which there remained no trace of any processes at all.
These naked examples, when kept in confinement, concealed themselves
beneath voluminous masses of flocculent white secretion. It is probable that
the compact waxy processes are gradually shed during the final stage of the
life of the insect. The adult insect is of a short oblong form (see figs. 6 and 7),
narrower in front, rather broadly rounded behind, the segments clearly indicated,
the margin irregularly crenate, the posterior extremity with a shallow cleft ;
dorsum strongly convex and tumescent. After death, the body contracts and
assumes the characteristic form shown at fig. 8.

The antennas are normally eleven-jointed ; but in one example these organs
are asymmetrical, one of them {fig. 10) having twelve joints, and the other
{fig. 11) eleven joints only. The first three joints are larger and stouter than
the others, and approximately equal in length, the third being slightly shorter
than the other two ; the terminal joint is elongate, and approximately equal to
the third. All the joints bear stout seta; which are disposed — principally — near
the distal extremity of each segment. Legs (see fig. 17) large and stout ; the
femur with numerous small bristles ; the tarsus with two rows of bristles on the

456 MonophlebincF.

inner side ; tarsus (excluding claw) approximately half as long as tibia. Claw
{fig. 18) long, slender and sharply pointed, falcate; with two simple hair-like
digitules. Derm of dorsum closely covered with short stout spines, their
extremities bluntly rounded {figs. 19, 20) ; except on the ceriferous tracts where
there are crowded clusters of more elongate, somewhat flask-shaped, sharply
acuminate spines {figs. 21, 22). Anal aperture opening on to an area which is
devoid of spines, but crowded with circular pores {fig. 23) which vary in size,
but are all of the same structure — saucer- shaped, with a central circular orifice
(see fig. 24). Surrounding the anal area are some irregular cicatrices or
folds bearing, on their margins, stout acuminate spines similar to those on the
ceriferous tracts. Large circular or broadly ovoid pores are scattered over the
derm, sparsely on the dorsum but thickly on the venter. These pores have
elongate, bilocular (occasionally trilocular) orifices {fig. 26). The ceriferous
tracts are encircled by a row of smaller pores with quadrilocular orifices (see
fig. 28). There are six abdominal spiracles {fig. 25) on each side, opening on
the dorsum at some little distance within the margin ; the sixth pair situated
close behind the anal aperture (see fi^. 2-;^. Venter closely covered with
longish stout setce ; a few similar isolated setae, amongst the spines, on the
dorsum. Length (exclusive of processes) 675 to 7-5 mm. Breadth across
middle 475 mm.

No males, in any stage, have been observed.

Paucity of material makes the determination of the sequence of the earlier
stages difficult. No ova or early larva? have been found. In the earliest stage
observed, the dorsum is closely covered with curling white or yellow {fig. 4)
waxy filaments. In this stage the antennas {fig. 14) are five-jointed, the third
elongate, the fifth fusiform and clavate, with longish slender setae. Limbs
comparatively slender ; the tarsus more than half as long as the tibia. The
dorsum is rather closely covered with acuminate spines similar in structure to
those found on the ceriferous tracts in the later stages. These spines are
collected into irregular clusters circumscribed by a row of quadrilocular pores,
and intermingled with longish setae. There are two very simple abdominal
spiracles on each side, near the posterior extremity of the body. Length
(exclusive of waxy appendages) 2 to 2'25 mm.

What I believe to be the next stage has been identified from the exuviae only
{fig. 9), in which the dorsum is closely covered with stouter and more compact
yellowish or white processes.

Immediately after the next moult the insect appears as at figs. 2 and 3. It
is then of a dark purple-brown colour above ; pale orange beneath. The
dorsum is minutely punctured and the segments indicated by well-defined
transverse furrows. There is a close marginal fringe of white (or pinkish
orange) flattish truncate waxy processes ; a double medio-dorsal series (six
pairs) of short truncate cylindrical processes ; and a dorso-lateral series (eight
on each side) of similar, but slightly larger, processes. Three similar, but con-
siderably larger, processes are placed on each side of the thorax, between the
dorso-lateral and marginal series. All of these processes increase in length
during the subsequent growth of the insect. Antennae {fig. 13) six-jointed.
In this stage the dermal spines have become differentiated into compact clusters
of acuminate spines on the ceriferous tracts, with bluntly rounded spines com-
pletely covering the intermediate areas. Length of body 3 mm.

The succeeding stage {fig. 5) is characterised by dorsal, dorso-lateral, dorso-

MonophlebincF. 457

marginal and marginal series of forwardly curved compact waxy processes
which may be either of an ochreous-yellow or orange-yellow colour, and three
longer horn-shaped processes on each side of the thorax. The antennas {fig.
ii) are still six-jointed, but the proportionate length of the joints is different
(compare yfi.''-^- 12 and 13). Legs {fig. 15) still comparatively slender) ; but the
tarsus is reduced to rather less than half the length of the tibia. The dermal
spines covering the area between the ceriferous tracts are longer and slightly
tapered to a rounded point. Pores and setae as in the adult inse-.t, but less
numerous. Length of body 3"5 to 4 mm.

I have been unable to determine, exactly, whether there is a later nymphal
stage, intermediate between the one just described and the adult insect. But a
single individual has been observed, associated with exuviae corresponding to
the previous stage, which appears to combine characters of both the nymphal
and adult stages. The antennae are eleven-jointed, but shorter than those of
the fully mature insect, and the divisions of the antennal joints are not so strongly
defined. The legs, also, while showing a great increase in size, are still not so
large or stout as those of the adult. The dermal spines {figs. 27, 28) conform
more with those of the previous nymphal stage, the spines of the intermediate
areas being elongate and tapered to a rounded point (compare y^i/x 20 and 28).
I can detect four pairs only of abdominal spiracles in this individual. Length
of body 7 mm.

It is remarkable that there seems to be no graduation in the number of
antennal joints between the six-jointed and eleven-jointed stages.

In the nymphal stages, during life, a long slender glassy tube projects
upwards from the anal aperture.

On Li f sea, Ct?inamoi>ium, Mallotus, Loranthiis, Ewya, Psychotria, and
Vi/is sp. Pundaluoya ; Watawela ; Maskeliya ; Hakgala ; Namunakuli ;
HaldummuUa ; Randarawela ; Patipola ; Horton Plains and Nuera Eliya.
Occurring singly ; the earlier stages on the foliage, the more advanced stages
on the stems of the plants. Apparently confined to the hill districts. I have
never taken it at elevations much below 4000 feet.

APPENDIX I.

Part I. of this work was published in 1896, Part II. in 1899,
Part III. in 1904, Part IV. in 1909, and Part V. bears the
date 1922.

During the years that have elapsed since the issue of the
earlier parts, increased knowledge has necesitated various correc-
tions, emendations, and additions, which are presented in the
following notes : —

Preparation for Microscopical Study (p. 10).

During the course of years I have modified my earlier methods consider-
ably, partly as a result of my own experience, and partly from a study of
the methods of other microscopists. The process that I now employ is as
follows : —

(i) Boil the specimens in strong liquor potassic for from three minutes
upwards (according to the size of the subject).

N.B. — It is better to under-boil the specimens than to over-boil them. The
former fault can be rectified by further treatment, but, if the maceration has
proceeded too far, the objects will not take the stain properly.

(2) Remove the objects to distilled water, and put them aside for twenty-
four hours.

(3) Make a small opening on the under surface of the body, and squeeze or
wash out the contents.

(4) Transfer to glacial acetic acid for two or three minutes.

(5) Mount temporarily on a glass slip, add two drops of carbol-fuchsin ;
add one drop of dilute glycerine (to prevent evaporation of the stain) ; warm
gently, and put aside for twenty-four hours.

(6) Wash in 70 per cent, alcohol (to remove superfluous stain), transfer to
absolute alcohol, if too deeply stained immerse momentarily in phenol-chloral ;
transfer to phenol-xylol for a few minutes ; mount finally in xylol-balsam.

Synopsis of Sub-families (pp. 16, 17).

The sub-family Hemicoccimc has been abandoned, having been founded
upon a misinterprepretation of the structure of the insects referred thereto.

Idiococcince also has been abandoned, as consisting of species referable to
other sub-families.

The name Coccincc is no longer applicable to the Cochineal insects,
which are now referred to the sub-family Dactylopiimc.

The Eriococcine and Asterolecaniine groups may be conveniently separated
from the Daciylopiina; and given rank as sub-families.

A sub-family Margarodincc should be interpolated between the Ortheziime
and the MotiopJilebincc.

Aspidiotus osbeckise (p. 47).

This species is referable to oricntalis of Newstead.

460 Appendix /.

Aspidiotus latanise (p. 49).

The species here described under this name is not latania of Signoret, but
must revert to its earlier name transparens, Green (which is doubtfully distinct
from destmctoj- of Signoret).
Aspidiotus cydonise (p. 62).

The oriental examples attributed to cydoniie are referable to /afanicc of
Signoret. American authorities are of opinion that cydonice of Comstock
is a distinct species.
Aspidiotus secretus (p. 64), Aspidiotus inusitatus (p. 66).

These two species are now referred to the genus Odoiuispis.
Aonidia corniger (p. 69).

The specific name should read ' cor/ugera.'' Cockerell has proposed a
new genus [Greeniella) for this and allied species characterised by the presence
of glassy, horn-like processes on the larval pellicle.

Aonidia bullata (p. 72) should be referred to the genus Gyninaspis.

Mytilaspis (p. Tj) has to give place to Lepidosaphes of Schimer, which has
precedence over Signoret's better-known name for the ' Mussel Scales.'

Mytilaspis gloverii var. pallida (p. 85).
I now regard this insect as a distinct species.

Diaspis amygdali (p. 87) gives way to the earlier name penlagomi of

Targioni-Tozzetti.
Piorinia secreta (p. 102).

Leonardi has referred this species to his new genus Adiscofiorinia.
Chionaspis. Synopsis of Species (p. 107).

Species falling under section I. of the synopsis ('Median lobes approximate;
their inner edges in close apposition') form a sharply defined group which has
been separated from Chionaspis and referred to the genus Hemichionaspis
of Cockerell. I am, however, in agreement with Lindinger in the opinion that
Hemichionaspis is a synonym of Pimiaspis — proposed by the same author
(Cockerell) five years earlier.

The genus Phenacaspis has been proposed for another group, represented
in this synopsis under Section II. B. While agreeing that there is a more or
less natural group surrounding the type species iiysscc, its boundaries are so
ill defined — grading off in one direction into Chionaspis proper, and in the
other direction into the Aulacaspis section of Diaspis — that I prefer to leave
these species in their present position, trusting that further study may enable us
to define the limits of the group with more accuracy.

Chionaspis aspidistrse (p. no), Chionaspis these (p. 113), Chionaspis
musssendge (p. 117), Chionaspis rhododendri (p. 119), and Chion-
aspis scrobicularum (p. 121).
I now refer all these species to the genus Pimiaspis.

Chionaspis albizzise (p. 115) is a synonym of Chioii. minor of Maskell, and
must now be known as Pinnaspis iiiinor.

Chionaspis permutans (p. 130) should be referred to the genus Dinaspis, of
Leonardi.

Chionaspis biclavis (p. 152) has been removed to the genus Howardia.

Appendix I. 461

Chionaspis fodiens (p. 155).

This insect is certainly not rightly placed in the position to which I had
assigned it. I would, for the present, allow it a place in Ferris's genus Ancep-
aspis, though I appieciate the fact that it is not strictly congeneric with the
type of that genus.

It is problematical whether the male puparium, described and figured as of
this species, is correctly assigned to fodietts.
Chionaspis simplex (p. 160) is referable, more probably, to the genus

Odonaipis.
Parlatoria mytilaspiformis (p. 164) is now regarded as an exceptionally

elongate form of pro/cus.
Lecanium (p. \tj).

As pointed out in a footnote on this page (and with more detail on p. 248),
the name Lecanium has been superseded by Coccus, with a corresponding
change in the name of the sub-family. The old genus has also been sub-
divided by the erection of numerous new genera and sub-genera, the characters
of which (with a few exceptions) appear to me to be too elastic for practicable
adoption. As the name Lecamuin has never been applied to any other genus,
while Coccus is the more generally known name of the Cochineal insects, no
confusion can arise from the retention of the former name in the present work.
Lecanium subtessellatum (p. 206), Lecanium tessellatum van

perforatum (p. 207).

Examination of long series, from various host plants, has convinced me
that both of these species are referable to tessellatum of Signoret.

Neolecanium crustuliforme (p. 252).

Professor Cockerell has advised me that crustuliforme cannot be included
in his genus Neolecanium^ but that it would be referable, with more justice, to
the genus Platysaissetia.

Asterolecanium lineare (p. 336).

The name lineare being preoccupied, the name lanceolatum has been
adopted for the species here represented. (See Prefatory Note to Part I\\)

Pollinia ceylonica (p. 341).

My original description of this insect was drawn up from inadequate and
badly preserved material. Fresh material, obtained since the publication of
Part IV., reveals several characters that could not be observed in the older
specimens. There is a continuous marginal series of equidistant, simple,
circular pares, with other similar (but slightly larger) pores distributed sparsely
over the dorsum. There is a complete absence of paired (8-shaped) pores.
The ovisac bears scattered, isolated, crook-shaped, glassy filaments, but no
definite marginal fringe. The margin of the ovisac is narrowly flattened and
out-turned.

The species is clearly not congeneric with Pollinia polli/ii; and the
absence of paired pores precludes its inclusion in the genus Asterolecanium, to
which, in all other respects, it is most closely allied. I therefore propose to
erect a new genus (the characters of which will be found below) for its recep-
tion. 1 call this new genus Polea, in commemoration of the late John Pole,
who assisted me so assiduously in the collection of material for the present
work.

462 Appendix II.

POLEA, gett. nov.

Species belonging to the sub-family Asterolecaniinic and with characters
resembling those of the genus Asterolecanium. Ovisac with single (unpaired),
crook-shaped, glassy filaments. Adult female differing from species of
Asterolecanium in the complete absence of paired (8-shaped) pores. Anal ring
without setir.

Type : ceylom'ca, Green.
Pseudococcus bromelise (p. 381).

An unfortunate error occurs in the description of the limbs of this species.
In place of the words 'and approximately .... tarsus' read 'tarsus more
than half the length of the tibia.'

APPENDIX II.

A List of Species iieivly recorded and of Neiu Species described
since the publication of Parts /. to IV. of this zvork.

Aspidiotus cistuloides, Green, fourn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 342

(1905). On Cinnamomiim. Peradeniya.
Aspidiotus cuculus, (}reen. founi. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 341

(1905). \vi G.m^\.y gdXX?, oi Amorphococcus mesuce ovi Mesua ferrea. Pera-
deniya.
Aspidiotus destructor, Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4), ix. p. 120 (1869).

On various plants. Pundaluoya : Kandy.
Aspidiotus dictyospermi, Morg. Ent. Mo. Mag., xxv. p. 353 (1889).

On various plants. Watagoda : Kandy.
Aspidiotus irrepta, Ruthfd. But. Ent. Research, v. 3, p. 26 (19 14). On

Acalypha sp. Peradeniya.
Aspidiotus longispinus, Morg. Eiit. Mo. Mag., xxv. p. 352 (1889). On

Artocarpus integrifolia. Peradeniya.
Aspidiotus malleolus, Green. fou?'n. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., xvi. p. 342

(1905). Oa Mimusnps hexandra. Elephant Pass.
Aspidiotus occultus elongatus. Green. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc,

xvi. p. 345 (1905). On Grewia sp. Nuera Eliya.
Aspidiotus oreodoxae, Ruthfd. Bui. Ent. Research, v. 3, p. 260 (1914).

On Oreodoxa sp. Peradeniya.
Aspidiotus panici, Ruthfd. fourn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xxiv. p. 113

(191 5). On Panicum uncinatum. Peradeniya.
Aspidiotus pedronis, Green, fourn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 341

(1905). On undetermined tree. Nuera Eliya.
Aspidiotus phyllanthi, Green, fourn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 344

(1905). On PJiyllanthus myrtifolius. Peradeniya.
Aspidiotus pothi, Ruthfd. Bui. Ent. Research, v. 3, p. 262 (19 14). On

Pothos scandens and Loranthus sp. Peradeniya.

Appendix IT. 463

Aspidiotus quadriclavatus, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. ffisf. Soc, xvi.

9.343(1905). Ow Miirraya cxolica. Peradeniya.
Aspidiotus sacchari, Ckll. Joum. hist. Jamaica, i. p. 255 (1893). On

rhizomes of grasses. Peradeniya. Colombo.
Aspidiotus taprobanus, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 344

(1905). On PhyllaniJuts myriifolius. Peradeniya.
Aspidiotus theae rhododendri, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xiii.

I, p. 67 (1S99). On Rhododendron. Nuera Eliya.
Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides, Comst. imi Rep. Dep. Eiit. Cor?i.

U/iiv., p. 64 ([8S3). On Psidiuin sp. Peradeniya.
Odonaspis canaliculatus, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xiii.

p. 72 (1899). On Bamboo. Pundaluoya. Nuera Eliya.
Odonaspis penicillata, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 346

(1905). On Bamboo. Peradeniya.
Odonaspis ruthse, Ehrh. 2fid Bien. Rep. Com. Hort. Cat., p. 26 (1907).

On grasses. Colombo.
Aonidia crenulata, Green. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. 5^^., xiii. p. 74 (1899).

On Memecylon umbellatum. Peradeniya.
Aonidia echinata, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 347 (1905).

On Hemicyclea sepiaria. Anaradhapura.
Aonidia ferrea, Ruthfd. Bui. Eftt. Research, v. 3, p. 265 (1914). On

Mesua fcrrea. Peradeniya.
Aonidia mesuse, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. 6"^^., xiii. p. 74 (1899). On

Mesua ferrea. Peradeniya.
Aonidia perplexa, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xiii. p. 252 (1900),

Mesua fbrrea. Peradeniya.
Aonidia planchonioides, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xiii. p. 252

On Ficus sp. Peradeniya.
Aonidia pusilla, Green. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 347 (1905).

On Carissa spinarum. Elephant Pass.

Aonidia spatulata, Green. Joum. Nat. Hist. Bomb. Soc, xiii. p. -ji (1899).

On Psychotria sp. Pundaluoya.
Gymnaspis spinomarginata, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi.

p. 348 (1905). On Mesua ferrea. Peradeniya.

Lepidosaphes ambigua, Ruthfd. Bui. Etit. Research, v. 3, p. 264 (1914).

On Mesua ferrea. Peradeniya.
Lepidosaphes auriculata, Green. Trans. Linn. Soc Lond., xii. 2, p. 205

(1907). On Codiceum. Pundaluoya: Kandy : Colombo.
Lepidosaphes erythrinse, Ruthfd. Bui. Ent. Research, v. 3, p. 264 (1914).

On Erythrinx lithosperma. Peradeniya.

Lepidosaphes lasianthi, Green. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xiii. p. 250
(1900). On Lasianthus strigosus. Pundaluoya.

Lepidosaphes piperis, Green. Mem. Dep. Ag. htd., ii. 2, p. 34 (1908).
On Piper nigrum. Peradeniya.

Lepidosaphes rubrovittatus, Ckll. Proc Dav. Ac. Sci., x. p. 135 (1905).
On Hevea brasilietisis. Heneratgoda.

464 Appendix II.

Lepidosaphes vandae, Ruthfd. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xxiv. p. 116

(191 5). On Vanda spathulahi. Peradeniya.
Ischnaspis filiformis, Dougl. Ejit. Mo. Mag.., xxiv. p. 21 (18S7). On

Dracana sp. and various Palms.
Diaspis barberi, Green. Mem. Dep. Ag. Ind., ii. 2, p. 35 (1908). On

Myristica fragrans. Peradeniya.
Diaspis boisduvali. Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (4), ix. p. 432 (1869). On

OrchidacecT. Maskeliya : Peradeniya.
Diaspis flacourtise, Ruthfd. Bui. Eitl. Research, v. 3, p. 259 (1914). On

Flacourtia rainontchii. Peradeniya.
Diaspis loranthi, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xiii. p. 254 (1900).

On Loraiithus tomentosus. Pundaluoya.
Diaspis myristicae, Ruthfd. Bui. Ent. Research, v. 3, p. 260 (19 14). On

Myristica laurifolia.
Diaspis uncinati, Ruthd. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xxiv. p. 117 (191 5).

On Panicum uncinatum. Peradeniya.
Fiorinia atalantise, Leon. Redia,\\\. p. 54 (1906). On Atalantia zeylanica.

Haragama.
Fiorinia bidens, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 351 (1905).

On undetermined plant. Anaradhapura.
Fiorinia juniperi, Leon. Redia,i\\. p. 39 (1906). Onjuniperus bermiidiana,

Peradeniya.
Fiorinia odinse, Leon. Redia, iii. p. 24 (1906). On Odina Woodier.

Haragama.
Fiorinia proboscidaria, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xiii. p. 256

(1900). On Piper s^. Peradeniya.
Fiorinia rubrolineata, Leon. Redia, iii. p. 44 (1906). On Murray a

exotica. Peradeniya.
Fiorinia saprosmse gelonise, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xiii.

p. 256(1900). On Gelonium lanceolatum. Pundaluoya.
Fiorinia these, Green. Ind. Mus. Notes, v. p. 3 (1900). On Ostodes

zeylanicus. Peradeniya.
Fiorinia tumida, Leon. Redia, iii. p. 38 (1906). On Grewia sp. Pera-
deniya.
Pinnaspis alatse, Ruihfd. Bui. Ent. Reseaixh, v. 3, p. 262 (1914). On

Cassi I alata. Peradeniya.
Pinnaspis cyanogena, Ckll. The Entom., xxxiv. p. 226 (1901). On un-
determined plant. Trincomali.
Pinnaspis dracsense, Cooley. Spec Bui. Mass. Exper. Stat., p. 57 (1899).

On Hci'eii brasiliensis. Elpitiya.
Pinnaspis these ceylonica, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi.

p. 254(1905). On Tea plant. Pundaluoya.
Chionaspis cinnamomi, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 354

(1905). On Cinnamomum sp. Pundaluoya.
Chionaspis coronifera, Green. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xvi. p. 352

(1905}. On undetermined plant. Galagammuwa.

Appendix II. - 465

Leucaspis cockerelli, de Charm. Proc- Soc. Amic. Sa'., p. 33 (1899). On

various Palms. Peradeniya.
Leucaspis limonise, Ruthfd. Joiim. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, x.xiv. p. 117

(191 5). Oa. Limonia alata. Peradeniya.
Parlatoria atalantise, Green. Jotirn. Bomb. Nat. Hist, Soc, xvi. p. 350

(1905). On Atalantia zeylanica. Haragama.
Parlatoria cinnamomi, Ruthfd. Jouni. Botnb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xxiv. p. 114

(191 5). On CinnamoiiiHiH s\). Peradeniya.
Parlatoria mangiferse, Marlatt. Bui. U.S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Sec. 16, ii.

p. 28 (1908). On Euphorbia antiquorum. Elephant Pass.
Parlatoria mesuse, Ruthfd. Bui. Ent. Research^ v. 3. p. 266 (1914). On

Mesua ferrea. Peradeniya.
Parlatoria zeylanica (A), Ruthd. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xxiv. p. 113

(191 5). On Bamboo. Peradeniya.
Parlatoria zeylanica (B), Ruthfd. Jouni. Bomb. Nat. Hist. .Soc, xxiv. p.

114(1915). On Cinnamomum SY>. Peradeniya.

(Note. — Rutherford has described two completely distinct species under the
same name on two consecutive pages of his paper. To rectify this mistake,
I propose the name rittherfordi, in place oi seylajiica (B).
Parlatoria pergandei phyllanthi, Green. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc,

xvi. p. 350 (1905). On Phyllanthus myrtifoliics. Peradeniya.
Parlatoria proteas, Curtis. Gard. Chron., p. 676 (1838). On Cymbidium

bicolor. Peradeniya.
Lecanium litsese, Ruthfd. Joum. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xxiv. p. in (1915).

On Litsea longifolia. Peradeniya.
Cribrolecaniura formicarum, Green. Ann. and Mao;. Nat. Hist., 9,

viii. p. 639 (1921). In hollow branches of Stereospermum chelonioides.

Peradeniya.
Neolecanium cinnamomi, Ruthd. Bui. Ent. Research, v. 3, p. 265 (1914).

On Cinnamomum sp. Peradeniya.
Neolecanium pseudoleae, Ruthfd. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xxiv.

p. 112 (1915). On Cintiamomum sp. Peradeniya.
Pulvinaria maxima, Green. Ent. Mo. Mag., xl. p. 206 (1904). On

Peperomia. Peradeniya.
Inglisia castillose. Green. Journ. Econ. Biol.,\'\. pt. 2., p. 29 (191 1). On

Castilloa elastica. Koslanda.
Cerococcus hibisci. Green. Mem. Dep. Ag. Ind., Ent. Ser.,\\. 2, p. 19

(1908). On Teplirosia Candida. Peradeniya.
Ripersia these, Ruthfd. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xxiv. p. 1 1 1 (191 5).

On tea plant. Peradeniya.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

{Na/nes printed in italics indicate synonyms^ or such as have been superseded
since the publication of the earlier part of this work.)

ACANTBOCOCCUS, v. 347
ACLERDA, iv. 289
actiniformis, Ceroplastes, iv. 275
acuminata, Chionaspis, ii. 130
acuminatum, Lecanium, iii. 195
acutissimum, Lecanium, iii. 218
ADISCOFIORINIA, v. 460
adoiiidiiin, Dactylopitis, v. 383
i^gyptiaca, Icerya, v. 439
AKERMES, iii. 248
alatre, Pinnaspis, v. 464
albizztie, Chionaspis, ii. 115, v. 460
albizzice, Tachardia, v. 411
albospicatus, Cerococcus, iv. 30S
amblgua, Lepidosaphes, v. 463
AMORPHOCOCCUS, iv. 342
aniygdali, Diaspis, i. 87, v. 460
ANCEPASPIS, V. 461
ANOMALOCOCCUS, iv. 302
ANTECEROCOCCUS, iv. 305
aiithiirii, Lecaiiiiuii, iii. 232
antidesm;ie, Lecanium, iii, 209
ANTONINA, V. 394
AONIDIA, i. 68
aonidiformis, Parlatoria, ii. 168
APIOCOCCUS, V. 354
araucarite, Eriococcus, v. 348
arundinarite, Cliionaspis, ii. 127
arundinarite, Lecanium, iii. 220
ASPIDIOTUS, i. 39
aspidistrse, Chionaspis, ii. no
aspidistrne, Pinnaspis, v. 460
ASPIDOPROCTUS, v. 450
ASTERODIASPIS, iv. 311
ASTEROLECANIIN^, iv. 293
ASTEROLECANIUM, iv. 311
atalantire, Fiorinia, v. 464
atalantire, Parlatoria, v. 465
aurantii, Aspidiotus, i. 58
aureuni, Asterolecanium, iv. 320
auriculata, Lepidosaphes, v. 463
australis, Ceroplastes, iv. 270
azadirachtae, Lecaniodiaspis, iv. 298

bambuste, Antonina, v. 397
bambusK, Asterolecanium, iv. 328
bambusae, Eriococcus, v. 350
bambusai, Pseudantonina, v. 363
bambusK, Pseudococcus, v. 374
barberi, Diaspis, v. 464
beckii, Lepidosaphes, i. 78
begonicE, Lecaniuin, iii. 229
bicatidattis, Pseudococcus, v. 371
biclavis, Chionaspis, ii. 1 52
biclavis, Howardia, v. 460
bicruciatum, Lecanium, 214
bidens, Fiorinia, v. 464
BIRCHiPPIA, iv. 297
boisduvali, Diaspis, v. 464
BOISDUVALLIA, v. 369
borassi, Halimococcus, v. 360
braziliensis, Chionapis, ii. IIO
brevispinus, Daclylopins, v. 375
bromelix, Pseudococcus, v. 381
bullata, Aonidia, i. 72
buUata, Gymnaspis, v. 460

cajani, Ceroplastodes, iv. 285
CALLIPAPPUS, v. 423
calophylli, Lecanium, iii. 240
CALYPTICUS, iii. 177
camellicC, Aspidiotus, i. 60
canaliculatus, Odonaspis, v. 463
capparidis, Lecanium, iii. 187
CAPULINIA, v. 355
CARTER/A, V. 402
castilloLt, Inglisia, v. 465
caudatum, Lecanium, iii. 223
cellulosa, Pulvinaria, iv. 262
CERCOCOCCUS, iv. 305
ceriferus, Ceroplastes, iv. 270
cerifenis, Dactylopiiis, v. 371
ceriferum, Asterolecanium, iv. 324
CEROCOCCUS, iv. 305
CERONEMA, iv. 255

468

Index.

CEROPLASTES, iv. 268
CEROPLASTODES, iv. 2S4
CEROPUTO, V. 355
ceylonica, Pinnaspis, v. 464
ceylonica, Polea, v. 462
ceylonica, Pollinia, iv. 341
ceyloniais, Cocais, v. 358
CH/ETOCOCCUS, v. 394
chelonioides, Inglisia, iv. 2S3
chilensis, Ceroplastcs, iv. 270
CHIONASPIS, ii. 105
chirimolia, Lecaniiiiii, iii. 221
chiton, Ceraplastodes, iv. 287
cinerea, Aspidopioctus, v. 450
cingala, Parlatoria, ii. 166
cinnamomi, Chionaspis, v. 464
cinnaniomi, Neolecanium, v. 465
cinnamomi, Parlatoria, v. 465
circiilata, Diaspis, i. 60
cistuloides, Aspidiotus, v. 462
citrt, Aspidiotus, i. 58
citri, Pseudococcus, v. 375
citricola, Mytilaspis, i. 78
citriculus, Pseudococcus, v. 377
CLVPEOCOCCUS, V. 429
cocculi, Mytilaspis, i. 81
COCCUS, iii. 177, V. 248, 461
cockerelli, Leucaspis, v. 465
CCELOSTOMIDIA, v. 424
coffeit, Lecaniutn, iii. 232
COLUMNEA, iv. 268
compacta, Walkeriana, v. 446
comstocki, Pseudococcus, v. 386
CONCH ASPIN-ffi, i. 19
CONCHASPIS, i. 19
conchiferata, Tachardia, v. 407
contrahens, Monophlebus, v. 431
cornigera, Aonidia, i. 69
coronatum, Asterolecanium, iv. 327
coronifera, Chionaspis, v. 464
corymbatus, Pseudococcus, v. 379
cremastogastri, Anomalococcus, iv. 303
crenulata, Aonidia, v. 463
CRIBROLECANIUM, v. 465
crocea, leery a, v. 440
CROSOTOSOMA, v. 435
crotonis, Dactylopius, v. 380
crustuliforme, Neolecanium, iv. 252
crustuliforme, Platysaissetia, v. 461
CRYPTES, iii. 174
CRYPTOCOCCUS, v. 355
CTENOCHITON, iii. 175
cuculus, Aspidiotus, v. 462

cuneiformis, Erioides, v. 365
cyanogena, Pinnaspis, v. 464
cyanophylli, Aspidiotus, i. 51
cydoniit, Aspidiotus, v. 460
cydoniie, Aspidiotus, i. 62

DACTYLOPIIN^, v. 354

DACTYLOPIUS, v. 357
DACTYLOPIUS, v. 369
debregeasiiir, Pseudococcus, v. 3S8
delicatum, Asterolecanium, iv. 332
depressuni, Lecanium, iii. 229
destructor, Aspidiotus, v. 462
de^trtutor, Dactylopius, v. 375
DIASPIN^, i. 24
DIASPIS, i.86

dictyospermi, Aspidiotus, v. 462
dilatata, Chionaspis, ii. 148
DINASPIS, V. 460
discrepans, Lecanium, iii. 204
distorta, Aclerda, iv. 290
dracivnx', Pinnaspis, v. 464
DROSICHA, V. 430

echinata, Aonidia, v. 463
EDWALLIA, iii. 175
elongata, Chionaspis, ii. 125
elongatus, Aspidiotus, v. 464
elieagni, Chionaspis, ii. 138
ERICERUS, iii. 174
ERIOCHITON, iii. 175
EIIIOCOCCIN.ZE:, V. 345
ERIOCOCCUS, V. 347
ERIOIDES, V. 365
ERIOPELTIS, iii. 175
ERIUM, V. 355
erythrinii;, Lepidosaphes, v. 463
EUCALYMNATUS, iii. 248
EULECANIUM, iii. 24S
euphorbiiv, Aspidoproctus, v. 452
EX.ERETOPUS, iii. 175
excisus, Aspidiotus, i. 53
exercitata, Chionaspis, ii. 113
exiguum, Asterolecanium, iv. 315
expansum, Lecanium, iii. 235

fagracK, Diaspis, i. 91
ferrea, Aonidia, v. 463
ficus, Aspidiotus, i. 43

Index.

469

ficus, Coccus, V. 408-
filamentosus, Pseudococcus, v. 379
ftlicitm, Lecaniiim, iii. 232
filiformis, Ischnaspis, v. 464
FILIPPIA, iii. 175
FIORINIA, i. 93
fiorinii\;, Fiorinia, i. 94
flacourtiai, Diaspis, v. 464
flava, Chionaspis, ii. 150
flavescens, As/>idio/iis, i. 60
flavociliatum, Asterolecanium, iv. 322
floridensis, Ceroplastes, iv. 277
floriger, Walkeriana, v. 445
fodiens, Ancepaspis, v. 461
fodiens, Chionaspis, ii. 155
FONSCOLOMBIA, v. 346
formicarii, Lecaniuni, iii. 190
foimicarum, Cribrolecanium, v. 465
frontale, Lecanium, iii. 192
furcatus, Monophlebus, v. 433

galliformens, Chionaspis, ii. 158
GASCARDIA, v. 402
geloniiv, Fiorinia, v. 464
GEOCOCCUS, V. 361
geometricum, Lecanium, iii. 239
glomeratus, Phenacoccus, v, 389
gloveri, J\fyti/as/>is, i. 83
boSSYPARIA, V. 346
graminis, Chionaspis, ii. 123
greeiti, AsteroUcanium, iv. 320
ORE ENI ELLA, v. 460
GUERINIA, V. 430
GYMNOCOCCUS, v. 355

HALIMOCOCCUS, v. 359
hedyotidis, Cliionaspis, ii. 142
HEMICHIONASPIS, v. 460
HEMlCOCCnVM, V. 459
hemispharicum, Lecanium, iii. 232
herb;^, Chionaspis, ii. 132
hesperiduin, Lecanium, iii. 188
hibernaculoricin, Lecanium^ iii. 232
hibisci, Cerococcus, v. 465
humboldtia;, Lachnodius, v. 400

ICERYA, V. 435

icerj'oides, Phenacoccus, v. 391

IDIOCOCC/N.E, V. 459

indica, Antonina, v. 395
indicus, Dactylopius, v. 358
INGLISIA, iv. 282
insignis, Orthezia, v. 418
insolitus, Phenacoccus, v. 390
inusitans, Aspidioius, i. 66
inusitans, Odonaspis, v. 460
iirepta, Aspidiotus, v. 462
ISCHNASPIS, i. 38
ixora', Pulvinaria, iv. 266

J-

juniperi, Fiorinia, v. 464

kandyensis, Pseudococcus, v. 373
KERMES. V. 346
KERMICUS, V. 356
koebeli, Ceronema, iv. 256
KUWANIA, V. 425
KUWANINA, V. 355

LABIOPROCTUS, v. 453
lacca, Tachardia, v. 408
LACHNODIUS, v. 400
licvis, Calypticus, iii. 188
lanahcs, Diaspis, i. 87
lanceolatuin, Asterolecanium, v. 461
laniger, Coccus, v. 445
lasianthi, Lepidosaphes, v. 463
/afaniic, Aspidiotus, i. 62
latania, Aspidiotus, v. 460
latiri, Lecanium, iii. 188
LECANIIN^, iii. 171
LECANIODIASPIS, iv. 297
LECANIUM, iii. 177
LECANOCHITON, iii. 175
LECANOPSIS, iii. 174
LEPIDOSAPHES, v. 460
LEUCASPIS, i. 38
LICHTENSIA, iii. 174
lilacinus, Pseudococcus, v. 380
limonia, Leucaspis, v. 465
lineare, Asterolecanium, iv. 336
litsea, Chionaspis, ii. 144
litsere, Lecanium, v. 465
LLA VEIA, V. 430
longifilis, Dactylopius, v. 383
longispinus, Aspidiotus, v. 462
longispinus, Pseudococcus, v. 383
longivalvata, Protopulvinaria, iv. 254

47©

Index.

longulum, Lecanium, iii. 221
longum, Asterolecaniuni, iv. 339
LOPHOCOCCUS, V. 429
loranthi, Aonidia, i. 74
loranthi, Diaspis, v. 464

malaboda, Lecaniodiaspis, iv. 300
malleolus, Aspidiotus, v. 462
mangiferre, Ivecanium, iii. 216
niangifera?, Parlatoria, v. 465.
mangiferce, Phenacoccus, v. 393
vtarchalli, Fseudococctis, v. 371
MARGARODES, v. 423
MARGARODIN-ffi, v. 422
marginatum, Lecanium, iii. 237
maritima, Antonina, v. 396
maritimus, Pseudococcus, v. 384
maritimum, Lecanium, iii. 246
niarsupiale, Lecanium, iii. 212
INfATSUCOCCUS, v. 424
maxima, Pulvinaria, v. 465
megaloba, Chionaspis, ii. 149
MEGASAISSETIA, iii. 248
MESOLECANIUM, iii. 248
mesure, Amorphococcus, iv. 343
mesua;, Aonidia, v. 46.3
mesure, Parlatoria, v. 465
MICROCOCCUS, V. 356
miliaris, Asterolecanium, iv. 339
minor, Pinnaspis, v. 460
minuta, Chionaspis, ii. 128
minuta, Tachardia, v. 414
MONOPHLEBINiE, v. 428
MONOPHLEBULUS, v. 430
MONOPHLEBUS, v. 430
monticola, Pseudococcus, v. 378
mussrenda;, Chionaspis, \\. 117
mussa;nda.>, Pinnaspis, v. 460
myristicK, Diaspis, v. 464
mytilaspiformis, Parlatoria, ii. 164
MYTILASFIS, i. 77

N.
natdi, Icerya, v. 441

NEOLECANIUM, iii. 176, iv. 251, v. 461
NEOMARGARODES, v. 423
NEWSTEADIA, v. 417
NIETNERA, V. 454
nigrum, Lecanium, iii. 229
NIPPONORTHEZIA, V. 417
nuera-, Eriococcus, v. 349

1 O.

obscura, Aonidia, i. 76
obtusiis, Dactylopiits, v. 391
occultus, Aspidiotus, i. 56
odiniv, Eiorinia, v. 464
okadcE, Icef-ya, v. 440
oleiv, Lecanium, iii. 227
ophiorrhiza-, Lecanium, iii. 193
oreodoxa, Aspidiotus, v. 462
orientalis, Aspidiotus, v. 459
ornatus, Cerococcus, iv. 306
ornatus, Phenacoccus, v. 392
ORTHEZIA, V. 418
ORTHEZIINiE, v. 417
ORTIIEZIOLA, V. 417
OR TON/ A, V. 430
osbeckice, Aspidiotus, i. 47
osbeckia, Eriococcus, v. 353
OUDABLIS, v. 369
ovilla, Walkeriana, v. 448

pallida, Lepidosaphes, v. 460
pallida, Mylilaspis, i. 85
panici, Aspidiotus, v. 462
PARAFAIRMAIRIA, iii. 177
PARALECANIUM, iii. 235
PARLATORIA, ii. 162
parlatorioides, Pseudoparlatoria, v. 463
patellifonins, Diaspis, i. 87
peradeniyense, Lecanium, iii. 241
PEDRONIA, V. 364
pedronis, Aspidiotus, v. 462
penicillata, Odonaspis, v. 463
pentagona, Diaspis, v. 460
perfo?-a/ii/n, Lecanium, v. 461
permutans, Chionaspis, ii. 130
permutans, Dinaspis, v. 460
perplexa, Aonidia, v. 463
PHENACOCCUS, v. 388
phyllanthi, Aspidiotus, v. 462
phyllanthi, Parlatoria, v. 465
phyllococciis, Lecanium, v. 375
pilosa, Icerya, v. 442
PINNASPIS, v. 460
piperis, Lecanium, iii. 210
piperis, Lepidosaphes, v. 463
PLANCHONL-l, iv. 311
planchonioides, Aonidia, v. 463
planum, Lecanium, iii. 243
PLATINGLISIA, iii. 175
PLATYSAISSETIA, iii. 248, v, 461

Index.

471

POLEA, V. 461, 462
polei, Labioproctui, v. 453
polei, IValkeriana, v. 453
POLIASPIS, i. 38
POLLINIA, V. 461
POROCOCCUS, V. 355
pothi, Aspidiotus, v. 462
polygon!, Chionaspis, ii. 134
proboscidaria, Fiorinia, v. 464
prominens, Asterolecanium, iv. 326
PROSOPOPHORA, iv. 297
proteus, Parlatoria, v. 465
PROTICERYA, v. 435
PROTOPULVINARIA, iv. 253
PSEUDANTONINA, v. 363
PSEUDOCOCCUS, V. 369
PSEUDOCOCCUS, V. 388
PSEUDOKERMES, iii. 175
pseudolere, Neolecanium, v. 465
PSEUDOPULVINARIA, v. 346
PSEUDORIPERSIA, v. 355
psidii, Lecanium, iii. 225
psidii, Pulvinaria, iv. 264
pudibundum, Asterolecanium, iv. 323
pulchella, Vinsonia, iv. 280
pulverarius, PseudococGus^ v. 373
PULVINARIA, iv. 258
PULVINELLA, iii. 174
punctuliferum, Lecanium, iii. 205
pundaluoya, Nietnera, v. 455
purchasi, Icerya, v. 437
pusilla, A-^nidia, v. 463
putearius, Aspidiotus, i. 54
PUTO, V. 356

quadratum, Lecanium, iii. 236
quadricaudatus, Monophlebus, v. 434
quadriclavatus, Aspidiotus, v. 463

radicum, Geococcus, v. 361
rapax, Aspidiotus, i. 60
RHIZOCOCCUS, V. 346
RIIIZOECUS, V. 355
rhododendri, Aspidiotus, v. 463
rhododendri, Chionaspis, ii. 119
rhododendri, Pinnaspis, v. 460
rhodoniyrti, Eriococcus, v. 352
rimulce, Erioides, v. 366
RIPERSIA, V. 355
RIPERSIELLA, v. 355

roseus, Cerococcus. iv. 310
rossi, Aspidiotus, i. 45
rubens, Ceroplastes, iv. 273
rubrocomatum, Asterolecanium, iv. 316
rubrolineata, Fiorinia, v. 464
rubrovittatus, Lepidosaphes, v. 463
ruthae, Odonaspis, v. 463
rutherfordi, Parlatoria, v. 465

sacchari, Aspidiotus, v. 462
sacchari. Coccus, v. 440
sacchari, Jcerya, v. 440
SAISSETIA, iii. 248
saprosmae, Fiorinia, i. 96
SASAKIA, V. 425
scrobicularum, Fiorinia, i. lOO
scrobicularum, Chionaspis, ii. 121
scrobicularum, Pmnaspis, v. 460
scrobicularum, Pseudococcus, v. 375
.secreta, Fiorinia, i. 102
secretus, Aspidiotus, i. 64
secretus, Odonaspis, v. 460
senex, Walkeriana, v. 447
seychellarum, Icerya, v. 440
signiferum, Lecanium, iii. 197
SIGNORETIA, iii. 174
similis, Fiorinia, i. 98
simplex, Chionaspis, ii. 160
simplex, Odonaspis, v. 461
simplicior, Tylococcus, v. 369
socialis, Conchaspis, i. 20
SOLENOCOCCUS, iv. 305
SOLENOPHORA, iv. 305
solenophoroides, Asterolecanium, iv. 334
spatulata, Aonidia, v. 463
spinomarginala, Gymnaspis, v. 463
spinosus, Phenacoccus, v. 394
STEATOCOCCU.S, v. 429
STEINGELIA, v. 424
stellifera, Vinsonia, iv. 280
STICTOLECANIUM, iii. 248
STOMACOCCUS. v. 424
strobilanthis, Pedronia, v. 364
siibtessellatuin, Lecanium, iii. 206, v. 461
SYNGENASPIS, i. 2,7

TACHARDIA, v. 402
TACHARDIIN^, v. 402

talini, Dactylopius, v, 371
tangalla, Icerya, v. 439
taprobanus, Aspidiotus, v. 463

472

Index.

tenuis, Eriococcus, v. 351
tenuissimum, Asterolecanium, iv. 318
TESSARABOLUS, v. 430
tessellatum, Lecanium, v. 461
tessellata, Pulvinaria, iv. 260
theic, Aspidiofus, ii. 152
there, Chionas/'is, ii. 113
thea;, Fiorinia, v. 464
there, Pinnaspis, v. 460
there, Ripersia, v. 465
thespesire, Asterolecanium, iv. 331
thespesire, Pulvinaria, iv. 259
tomentosa, Pulvinaria, iv. 266
TOUMEYELLA, iii. 248
TRABUTINA, v. 356
transparens, Aspidiotus, i. 49, v. 460
transversus, Eriococcus, v. 351
trilobitiformis, Aspidiotus, i. 41
tumida, Fiorinia, v. 464
tuniidum, Asterolecanium, iv. 330
TVLOCOCCUS, v. 367

udaganire, Asterolecanium,
UHLEKIA, V. 347
uncinati, Diaspis, v. 464

319

vandre, Lepidosaphes, v. 464
varicosa, Chionaspis, ii. 146
variegatus, Monophlebus, v. 433
VINSONIA, iv. 279
virescens, Ceroplastodes, iv. 288
virgatus, Pseudococcus, v. 371
viride, Lecanium, iii. 199
vitis, Chionaspis, ii. 140

W.
WALKERIANA, v. 444

XYLOCOCCUS, v. 424

zeylanica, Kuwania, v. 425
zeylanica, Parlatoria, v. 465
zonata, Antonina, v. 399
zonatum, Lecanium, iii. 245

P'h.U.ny Stra„geways d;' Sens. Tower Street, CawMd^e Circus, London, Il'.C.a.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE ^CXXXIIL

Eriococcus araucari^.

Fig. I. Ovisac of female, from above, x 9.

2. ,, ,, from below, showing ova and shrivelled insect, X 9.

3. Male puparium, x i.

4. Insects, in situ, on Araucaria, nat. size.

5. Glassy marginal process from living larva, x 400.

6. Marginal spine, x 400.

7. Advanced larva, x 50.

8. Antenna of adult female, x 135.

9. Posterior segments of larva, x 300.

10. Early adult female, dorsal aspect, x 20.

11. Mature female, showing arrangement of spines, x 30.

12. Posterior extremity of adult female, x 135.

13. Adult male, dorsal aspect, x 30.

14. Head of male, from below, x 45.

15. Antenna of male, x 100.

16. Mid leg of male, x 280.

17. Foot of male, x 800.

0 1922 ^

^S!onBi\ iViu?^'^^'

PI. CXXXIII.

A.T;W.-W.iirh,

ERIOCOGCUS ARAUCARI^.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXIV.
Eriococcus nuer^.

Fig. I. Adult female, showing arrangement of spines, x 30.

2. Antenna, x 280.

3. Anterior leg, x 280.

4. Posterior extremity, x 135. (The sets of the anal ring have been

omitted to avoid confusion of detail).

PI. CXXXIV.

jl5,?:'?9ri ie]

vapv-HifTi

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXV.

Eriococcus bamcus^.

Fig. I. Branch of bamboo, with female ovisacs in situ, nat. size.

2. Ovisac of female, dorsal view, x 6.

3. „ ,, from below, x 6.

4. Adult female, showing distribution of dorsal spines, x 30.

5. Posterior extremity of female, dorsal viev^, x 135.

6. Antenna, x 135.

7. Mid leg, X 280.

8. Posterior extremity of adult male, x 80.

9. Young larva, x 70.

PI. cxxxv.

iE.Greeit del.

F?RWI.'Timp:

A^zVl]ith

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXVL

Eriococcus transversus.

Fig. I. Insects in siiu, in axils of leaves of bamboo, nat. size.

2. Female ovisac, anterior view, x 4.

3. „ „ posterior view, x 4.

4. „ „ lateral view, x 4.

5. Adult female, removed from puparium, lateral view, x 15.

6. „ „ dorsal view, showing arrangement of spines, x 30.

7. „ „ posterior extremity, x 135.

8. IVIid leg, X 280.

9. Antenna, x 135.
10. Young larva, x 80.

PI. CXXXVI.

EE'jyeen iel.

r?P^.TM.ri2iipr.

A-J-JWlith.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXVIL

Eriococcus tenuis.

Fig. I. Insects, in situ., on leaves of grass, nat. size.

2. Adult female (before gestation), dorsal view, x 25.

3. „ „ ventral view, x 25.

4. Pattern of dorsal spines of adult female, x 35.

5. Posterior extremity of adult female, x 140.

6. 7. Antenna; of female, x 140.

8. Part of mid leg of female, x 300.

9. Adult male, dorsal view, x 35.

PI. CXXXVII.

ilJi.GreeiidoI.

ya P.yQIUl'. uTipr.

AxVM.lizt

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXVIIL
Eriococcus rhodomyrti.

Fig. I. Leaf of Rhodomyrliis, with insects in sifu, nat. size.

2. Young larva, x about 140.

3. Claw of the adult female, x 600.

4. Male puparium, x about 12.

5. Female ovisac, x about 12.

6. Posterior extremity of early adult female, ventral view, x 200.

7. Posterior extremity of older female, dorsal view, x 140.

8. Pattern of dorsal spines of adult female, x 35.

9. Antenna, normal form, x 140.

10. „ variety from Namunakuli, x 140.

11. Part of median limb, normal form, x 300.

12. „ „ „ variety, x 300.

PI. CXXXVIII.

^v^

■KJiGreer. del

ElilOCOCCUS JlHODOMYflTl.

'^^^=

A-.'„-AV:Ut.h

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXXXLX.
ERIOCOCCUS OSBECKI/E.

Fig. I. Adult female, showing arrangement of spines, x 35.

2. Posterior extremity, x 140.

3. Antenna, x 140.

4. Mid leg, X 290.

5. Claw, X 550.

PI. CXXXIX.

??SWM.T.impr

At-y.Whti.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXL.
Dactylopius indicus.

Fig. I. Adult male, dorsal view, x about 28.

2. „ „ head, from below, x 36.

3. „ „ foot, X 175.

4. „ ,, extremity of abdomen, ventral view, x 36.

5. „ „ „ „ „ dorsal view, x 36.

6. Male puparium, x 10,

7. Terminal joints of male antenna, normal form, x 100.

8. Antenna of male, with elongated terminal joint, x 100.

9. Adult female, with covering of tomentum, x 10.
ID. ,, „ after maceration, ventral view, x 10.

11. „ „ mid leg, x 135.

12. ,, ,, antenna, x 280.

13. ,, ,, spines (and dermal pores), viewed from different

angles, x 300.

14. Larva, x about 40.

15. Fruit of Opuiitia^ with insects, nat. size.

16. Adult female, ventral view, x 10.

PI. CXL.

ELGreen dsl .

F-'?PW.M.T,impr.

DACTYLOPIUS IMICUS.

ATlJWlitV..

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXLL

Halimococcus borassi.

Fig. I. Insects on leaf of Borasstis, nat. size.

2. Puparium of adult female, showing partial secretionary covering, dorsal

view, X 70.

3. Early puparium, with nymphal pellicle, x 70.

4. Exposed puparium, side view, x 70.

5. Adult female, side view^, x 50.

6. Optical section of female, x 80.

7. Frons and antennir, x 450.

8. Posterior extremity of adult female, X 450.

9. 1 Fully grown larva, x 70.

10. Posterior extremity of ? larva, x 280.

PL CXLI.

'^^^^

E? Green del

F^PW.M.T.-imBr.

AJrlWli-lj

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXLIL
Geococcus radicum.

F\^. I. Insects, in si'/u, on roots of grass, nat. size.

2. Puparium of adult female, x lo.

3. „ with part removed to show the insect and eggs, x to.

4. Adult female, ventral view' x 17.

5. Mid leg of adult female, x 280.

6. Antenna of adult female, x 280.

7. Posterior extremity of adult female, ventral view, x 280.

8. Simple dermal gland of adult female, x 700.

g. Compound dermal gland of adult female, x yoo.

10. Cribriform organ of adult female, x 700.

11. Young larva, optical section, x 135.

12. Antenna of larva, x 500.

13. Posterior extremity cf larva, x 280.

14. Nymph, optical section, x 35.

15. Antenna of nymph, x 280.

16. Posterior extremity of nymph, x 280.

17. Compound dorsal gland of nymph, x 700,
t8. Cribriform organ of nymph, x 700.

PI. CXLII.

.-'^'
»-

.i.^

sv.^*»tt*

10. {(i/o^Soi

m0j)

i'.ESreen del.

P^P.WMTinipr

A.J.Lr.W.lith.

PI. CXLUa.

EI.Grew del

.y?PW,M:.T.impr.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXLIIL

PSEUDANTONINA BAMBUSyE.

Fig. I. Adult female, x 20.

2. Antenna (five-jointed form), and part of anterior margin, x 280.

3. „ (six-jointed form), x 280.

4. „ (three-jointed form), x 280.

5. Mid leg and superimposed patch of dermal pores, x 500.

6. Posterior extremity, x 280.

PI. cxLiri.

) o

)

i^\l t

® e ® ®

;^^

o
®

1'^^

' aftfgr, iel

F^PWMTimpr

PSEUDAMTONIM BAMBUS^E.

A.v'-J'A'iith.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXLIV.
Pedronia strobilanthis.

Fig. I. Insects on X&dS. oi Strobilanthes^ nat. size.

2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 40.

3. „ „ showing arrangement of dorsal spines, x 65.

4. „ „ posterior extremity, x 135.

5. Antenna, normal seven-jointed form, x 280.

6. „ six-jointed form, x 280.

7. Mid leg, X 280.

8. Slender spines of var. ^^;?«zVz'««, x 280.

9. Stout spines of typical form, x 280.

PI. CXUV.

n f

:-ii-

\-^\

ff' "'

•■ii--

: 11

U.'

". "n

■ 0 "■

k v\

/r .<

SSSreen del..

FEDIiONIA STROBILANTHIS.

AJ-J^«ith.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXLV.
Erioides cuneiformis.

Fig. I. Female puparia, on leaf of Eugenia, nat. size.

2. Young larva, x 35.

3. Posterior extremity of larva, x 175.

4. Puparium of adult female, x 8.

5. Old adult female, dorsal view, x 15.

6. ,, ,, ventral view, x 15.

7. Early adult female, dorsal view, 15.

8. Posterior extremity of adult female, dorsal view, x

9. Antenna of adult female, x 280.
10. Mid leg of adult female, x 280.

PL CXLV.

Siiareend"?";

T?'"F:Wl'IT,init)r

A.tlTj.W.ljth

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXLVL

ERIOIDES RIMULyE.

Fig. I. Insects on bark o{ Phyllaiithus, nat. size.

2. Young larva, x about 20.

3. Adult male, x 30.

4. Foot of male, x 150.

5. Antenna of male, x 90.

6. Adult female, dorsal view, x 15.

7. „ ,, ventral view, x 15.

8. Foot of female, x 280.

9. Early sac of female, in crevice of bark, x 13.

10. Sac of older female, from surface of bark, x 13.

11. Posterior extremity of female, dorsal view, x 135.

12. One of the spines from the penultimate segment, x 500.

13. Antenna of female, x 280.

PI. CXLVI.

4-. V // 3.N

EE.Sreen del.

¥apvv:iyr.T.impT,

A.J.J.W.litIi.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXLVH.

Tylococcus formicarii.

Fig. I. Adult female, optical section, x 30.

2. Part of anterior margin, with antenna and eye, x 280.

3. Mid leg and posterior spiracle, X 135.

4. Foot, X 280.

5. Posterior extremity, x 135.

PL CXLVII.

E.E.Green del.

FPEWMIuapr.

AJ:j.W.ht"h.

II.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXLVIIL

TyLOCOCCUS SniPLICIOR.

Fig. I. Adult female (after maceration), x 30.

2. Antenna, x 135.

3. Mid leg, X 135.

4. Anterior spiracle, x 280.

5. Posterior spiracle, x 280.

6. Frons : (a) base of antenna, (d) eye, x 280.

7. Posterior extremity of body, x 135.

PI. CXLVIII.

Ei;.5re?t- -^

"'-"'? P. Vf.MTimpr

AuV.WIitk

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXLLX.

PSEUDOCOCCUS VIRGATUS.

Fig. I. Insects on branchlets of Talinufii, nat. size.

2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 9.

3. Early adult female, ventral view, x 12.

4. Female, at period of oviposition, x 4.

5. Adult female, after maceration, x 18.

6. Antenna, x 135.

7. Mid leg, X 80.

8. Foot, X 280.

9. Posterior extremity of adult female, x 135.

10. Tubular gland, from margin of thorax, x 28

11. Adult male, side view, x 30.

12. Head of male, from above, x 60.
13- J, „ from below, x 60.

14. Anterior spiracle of adult female, x 280.

15. Posterior „ „ „ x 280.

PI. CXLIX.

Kil.Gi-'eeii del

A-J-uVVlitU.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CL.

PSEUDOCOCCUS KANDYENSIS.

Fig. I. Early adult female, dorsal view, x 12.

2. Adult female, after maceration, ventral view, x 18.

3. Antenna, x 280.

4. Mid leg, x 135.

5. Foot, X 280.

6. Glandular pores from margin of thorax, x 280.

7. Posterior extremity, x 135.

8. Anterior spiracle, x 280.

9. Posterior ,, x 280.

PI. CL.

E E.Green del.

FfPW.M-T.irnpr

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLL

PSEUDOCOCCUS PULVERARIUS.

Fig. I. Stem of grass, showing insects in sitii^ nat. size.

2. Adult female, x 30.

3, 4. Antennae, x 280.

5, Mid leg, X 280.

6. Anal segment, x 280.

PSEUDOCOCCUS PULVERARIUS BAMBUSyE.

Fig. 7. Insects on young stems of bamboo, nat. size.

8. Antenna, x 280.

9. Mid leg, X 280.

10. Posterior extremity, x 280.

PI. CLI.

vreen del

A.xj'.J.'Wilich ,

F:s3. 1—6,
„ 7—9.

vdr.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLIL

PSEUDOCOCCUS SCROBICULARUM.
Fig. I. Leaf of Ehcocarpus, with scrobicuke occupied by the insects
nat. size.

2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 15.

3. „ „ ventral view, x 15.

4. Young larva, x 50.

5. Antenna of adult female, x 280.

6. Posterior extremity, x 135.

7. Part of mid leg, x 280.

PI. CLII.

E.E.Green del.

T?.P.Y{M3'.ir::VV

AvIC.W-lifcll.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLIIL

PSEUDOCOCCUS CITRI.

Fig. I. Coffee berries, with colony of insects, nat. size.

2. Adult female, ventral view, x 12.

3. „ ,, dorsal view, x 12.

4. „ „ posterior extremity, x 135.

5. „ ,, ceriferous tract of anal segment, x 425.

6. „ „ mid leg, x 135.

7. ,, ., antenna, x 135.

8. „ ,, anterior spiracle, x 280.

9. „ ,, posterior spiracle, x 280.

10. Adult male, dorsal view, X about 25.

11. ,, ,, head, from below, x about 25.

12. „ „ foot, x about 150.

13. „ ,, antenna, x about 200.

14. ,, „ terminal joint of antenna, x about 400.

15. ,, ,, extremity of abdomen, side view, x about 50.

16. ,, „ ,, „ „ from below, x about 50.

PI. CLIII.

A.-j.'j. v'.,jit:i.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLIV.

(PSEUDOCOCCUS CITRICULUS).

Fig. I. Adult female, dorsal view, x i8.

2. Antenna, x 135.

3. Frons, eye and antenna x 135.

4. Mid leg, X 135.

5. Foot X 280.

6. Posterior extrem ty, x 135.

7. Ceriferous tracts of terminal segments, x 280.

8. Anterior spiracle, x 280.
Q. Posterior ,, x 280.

PI. CLIV.

■■■reea cl

PSEUDOCOCCOS CITBICUIUS.

AtJxWMik.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLV.

PSEUDOCOCCUS MONTICOLA.

Fig. I. Insects on bamboo leaves, nat. size.
2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 6.
^. Optical section of female, x i8.

4. Sublateral gland, x 500.

5. Tip of mentum, x 280.

6. Mid leg, x 135.

7. Antenna, x 135.

8. Anal segment, x 135.

9. Anterior spiracle, x 280.
10. Posterior ,, x 280.

PI. CLV.

F?E-WJlT.impt

A^JA''/litC>.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLVL

PSEUDOCOCCUS FILAMENTOSUS VAR. CORYMBATUS.

Fig. I. Ovisacs, on branch of ^^-^^w'a, nat size.

2. Adult female, before oviposition, x lo.

3. „ „ after maceration, x 18.

4. Antenna, x 135.

5. Mid leg, X 135-

6. Spines on marginal area of thorax, x 280.

7. Pits from submarginal area, x 280.

8. Anterior spiracle, x 280.

9. Posterior spiracle, x 280.

10. Frons, dorsal aspect, x 280.

11. Posterior extremity, dorsal aspect, x 135.

PI. CLVI.

K.GreeaiSe.

F^.PW.W.'Tivn-r

PSEUDOGOCCUS FILAMENTOSUS V3r CORYMBATUS,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLVIL

PSEUDOCOCCUS LILACINUS.

Fig. I. Insects, on branch of Cod'ucion, nat. size.

2. Early adult female, dorsal view, x i8.

3. Old adult female, x 15.

4. „ ,, after maceration, x 30.

5. Antenna (from example on Castilloa), x 135.

6. „ ,, „ Etythrina, x 135.

7. „ „ ,, Codio'iim, X 135.

8. Mid leg, x 135.

9. Foot, X 280.

10. Anterior spiracle, x 280.

1 1. Posterior „ x 280.

12. Ceriferous tracts (penultimate and antepenultimate segments) x 280.

13. Posterior extremity, x 135.

14. Ceriferous pores, x 425.

PI. CLVII.

'areeii del

PSEUDOCOCCOS IIIACINUS.

AJilWlitli.

Fig. I

3
4

5
6.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLVIIL

PSEUDOCOCCUS LONGISPINUS.

Insects on foliage of Jasmine, nat. size.
Adult female, dorsal view, x lo,

„ „ ventral view, x lo.

Antenna, x 135.
Mid leg, X 135,
Foot, X 280.
Posterior extremity, x 135.

a. Pattern of ceriferous tract on anal segment, x 425.

b. „ „ „ from near base of abdomen, x 425.
Adult male, ventral view, x 25.

Head of male, dorsal view, x 50.

a. Anterior spiracle of female, x 280.

b. Posterior „ „ , x 280.

^^A/

PI. CLVIII.

2-E.3i-eer. del

PSEDDOCOCCUS LOKISPINUS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLIX.

PSEUDOCOCCUS DEBREGEASI^.

Fig. I. Antenna, x 135.

2. Mid leg, X 135.

3. Foot, X 280.

4. Anterior spiracle, x 280.

5. Posterior spiracle, x 280.

6. Frontal ceriferous tract, x 280.

7. Posterior extremity, x 135.

PI. CLIX.

>/o Of 0^0/

EE.3reen del.

F^PVfMT.impr

AJ.J.W.litk,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLX.
Phenacoccus glomeratus.

Fig. I. Branch of TJiespesia, with mass of insects and eggs ; nat. size

2. Antenna, normal form, x 135.

3. „ form with fourth and fifth joints equal, x 135.

4. ,, exceptional ten-jointed form, x 135.

5. Foot of mid leg, x 280.

6. Posterior extremity, x 135.

PI. CLX.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXL

Phenacoccus insolitus.

Fig. I. Insects, on leaf of Cajanus, nat. size.

2. Early adult female, from Cajattus^ x 20.

3. Later adult female, from Solanuiii, x 16.

4. Diagrammatic view of dorsum, showing arrangement of spiniferous

tubercles, x 65.

5. Marginal tubercles, x 280.

6. 7. Antennae of adult female, nine-jointed form, x 135.

8. Antenna, eight-jointed form, x 135.

9. Foot of adult female, x 280.
10. Adult male, ventral view, x 30.

PI. CLXI.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXIL

Phenacoccus iceryoides.

Fig. X. Adult females (with ovisacs), nat. size.

2. Adult female and ovisac, side view, x 4.

3. ,, ,, before oviposition, dorsal view, x 12.

4. Early adult female, dorsal view, x 15.

5. Eye and base of antenna, x 280.

6. Antenna, x 135.

7. Foot, X 280.

8. Posterior extremity of early adult female, x 1315.

9. Cicatrice on venter of second abdominal segment, x 50.

PI. CLXII.

EE.Gre'STi 3. -5 1

F?P.WM.T.inipr.

PHENACOCCUS ICERYOIBES Green

A.j<rvy.imi.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXIH.

Phenacoccus ornatus.

Fig. I. Leaf of Jasmine, with insects, nat. size.

2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 6.

3. „ ,, after maceration, x 18.

4. Base of antenna and eye, x 135.

5. Spiracle, x 250.

6. Antenna, x 80,

7. Mid leg, X 80.

8. Anal segment, x 135.

PI. CLXIII.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXIV.
Phenacoccus mangifer^.

Fig. I. Adult male, x 25.

2. Head of male, from below, x 75.

3. Head of male, side view, x 75.

4. Part of Mango leaf, with insects, nat. size.

5. Adult female, dorsal view, x 15.

6. „ ,, ventral view, x 15.

7. Nymph, x 12.

8. Early adult female, x 12.

9. Empty puparium of male, x 15.

10. Adult female, after maceration, x 18.

11. Antenna, x 80.

12. Mid leg, X 80.

13. Anterior margin, with base of antenna and eye, x 135.

14. Posterior extremity, x 135.

15. Truncate spines, x 450.

16. Claw of mid leg, x 450.

Phenacoccus spinosus.

17. Claw of mid leg, x 450.

PI. CLXIV.

E£.ni-eoTi dc

J-16. PHEWACOCCUS umimE
17.

A.J.JAV.Iitli

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXV.
Antonina indica.

Fig. I. Grass plant, showing insects at base of stems, nat. size.

2. Isolated female, with sac, side view, x lo.

3. Adult female, removed from sac, dorsal view, x 10.
4- ,) ), )> ,, „ ventral view, x 10.
5, 6, 7. Different forms of antennae, x 500.

8. Posterior extremity of adult female, x 135.

9. Posterior spiracle, x 300.
ID. Newly hatched larva, x 50.

PI. CLXV.

B.E lireen del .

TfP^YMXimvv

W-J.Yv'.litli

ANTONINA INDICA Green.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXVL
Antonina maritima.

Fig. I. Adult female (under compression), ventral view, x

2. Antenna, x 500.

3. Posterior extremity, x 135.

PI. CLXVI.

o ;■

mVNk,,

f^P.WVLTimpr

AtUWIith.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXVIL
Antonina BAMCUS.K.

Fig. I. Branch uf ' Male Bamboo,' with insects in situ, nat. size.

2. Adult female, small form, dorsolateral view, x lo.

3. „ „ with dorsal pad of wax x 10.

4. ,, ,, large form, x 6,

5. Early adult female, dorsal view, x 10.

6. ,, „ ,, ventral view, x 10.

7. Young larva, x 35.

8. „ ,, abdominal margin, showing trilocular pores, x 500.

9. Antenna of adult female, x 500.

10. Anal segment of adult female, large form, x 135.

11. „ „ „ „ „ small form, x 135.

12. Early adult female, optical section, x 30.

13. „ „ „ antenna and margin of body, x 500.

14. Circular ceriferous pore from anal segment, x 500.

PI. CLXVII.

E-B.-iresn iel.

■pS'PWA^Timpi'.

PI. CLXVlIa.

t;yiV:^#^f^!^iXv^p::^>{^

KEGreen del .

P^RWM.Timpr.

AiUWlith.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXVIIL

Antonina zonata.

Fig. I. Adult females, in situ, nat. size.

2. Young larva, x 35.

3. Antenna of larva, x 190.

4. Posterior segments of larva, x 200.
3. Female nymph, ventral view, X 12.

6. „ ,, dorsal view, x 12.

7. Antenna of nymph, x 100.

8. Adult females, in situ, x 2|.

9. Adult female, side view, x 6.

10. „ „ as seen after maceration, x 6.

11. Bamboo stipule, with male puparia, nat. size.

12. Male puparium, after emergence of adult, x 3.

13. Adult male, ventral view, x 35.

14. Antenna of male, x 135.

15. Antenna of adult female, x 500.

16. Anal pit, with orifice and anal ring, x 135.

17. Anal ring, x 280.

18. Anal orifice and surrounding parts, x 280.

19. Spiracle, x 280.

20. Dermal cells, x 280.

^^- ci.xviir.

■£.t?reen dal

mmiu mm.

AJJW.hth.

PI. CLXVIIIa.

IS.

17.

19.

^ ©

€)

<g)

<^ <5N. ^

E.E.Grse!i dsl.

F^EUWlTimpr.

.4,J,J.W.lith,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXLX.

(LaCHNODIUS HUMBOLDTLl^..)

Fig. I. Branch of Humboldtia, with internodes cut open to show insects
in situ, nat. size.

2. Adult female, dorsal view, x lo.

3, 4, 5. Several forms of antenna, x 235.

6. Mid leg, x 135.

7. Posterior extremity of female, x 135.

8. Anal ring, x 500.

9. Dermal spines and pores, x 700.

PI. CLXIX.

^ Green d'sl.

F^PrWJATimpr.

AAXJ.',V.]ith

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXX.
Tachardia conchiferata.

Fig. I. Piece of A nana stem, with insects, nat. size.

2. Test of adult female, lateral view, x 5.

3. Test of early adult female, dorsal view, x 6.

4. Test of female nymph, late stage, x 8.

5. „ „ „ ,, early stage, x 14.

6. Male puparium, x 16.

7. Adult female insect, ventral view, x 5.

8. „ „ „ dorsal view, x 5.

9. „ ,, „ lateral view, x 5.

10. „ ,, ,, op'ical section, after maceration, x 8.

11. Dorsal spine and accompanying glands, x 150.

12. Caudal extremity, from below, x 75.

13. Dorsal spiracle, x 120.

14. Ventral spiracle, x 150.

15. Antenna, x 150.

16. Ceriferous pore (in profile) from one of the lateral series, x 450.

17. Pores from one of the circumoral groups, x 450.

18. One of the circumcaudal groups of pores, x 220.

E.Green del

1^1 CLXX.

\ /

Ummik CONCfilFEJIATA.

AJJ.Wlith

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXL
Tachardia lacca.

Fig. I. Piece of branch thickly encrusted with lac ; part (on right) broken,
to show the insects in their cells, nat. size.

2. Adult female, removed from cell, side view, x 8.

3. Extremity of caudal process, ventral aspect, x 135.

4. Dorsal spiracle, x 220.

5. Chitinous cap of stigmatic process, from above, x 220.

6. „ „ „ „ „ in profile, x 130.

7. Dorsal spine, x 220.

8. Branch with thin encrustation of lac, nat. size.

9. Mature adult female, removed from cell, lateral view, x 12.

10. Early adult female, „ „ „ „ x 12.

1 1. Cell of nymph (or early adult female), x 12.

12. Puparium of male, dorsal view, x 12.
13- )) ). „ side view, x 12.
14. Early adult female, dorsal view, x 12.

{Figs. 1-7 prepared from Indian material • /igs. 8-14, from material collected
in Ceylon.)

PI. CLXXI.

F-fPV.'M.?mi-pr

TACHARDIA LAGCA.

AJtl.WUfh.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXIL

TaCHARDIA AI.P.I2ZW..

Fig. I. Tests of insects, on twig o^ Albizzia, nat. size.

2. Young larva, x 50.

3- ,) „ foot, X 400.

4- ,> ,, stigmatic pLate, x 400.

5- » „ posterior extremity of body, x 400.

6. „ „ antenna, x 220.

7. Early larval test, x 35.

8. Nymphal test, x 16.

9. Nymph, removed from test, x 16.
lo- „ stigmatic plate, x 220.

\oa. „ posterior extremity of body, x 220.

II. Test of adult female, from above, x 8.

'^- )i >) » )) opened to show the insect, x 8.

13. Two conflnent tests, from the side, x 8.

14. Adult female, from behind, x 13.

15- )) „ antero-dorsal view, x 16.
16. „ „ stigmatic process, x 220.
'7- „ „ dorsal spine and associated glands, x 220.

18. Male puparium, x 25.

19. Apterous male, dorsal view, x 30,

20. ,, ,, head, from below, x 30.

21- ,» „ terminal joint of antenna, x 150.

22. „ „ foot, X 150.

23. Adult female, optical section, x 2,0.

24. Group of ceriferous pores from base of caudal process, x 450.

25. Extremity of caudal process, from below, x 135.

26. Ventral spiracle, x 220.

27. Dorsal spiracle and stigmatic process, x 220.

28. 29. Dorsal spine, x 220,

PI. CLXXIl.

"Eiiareendel.

P^PW.WTimpiv

TACHARDIA khmi\&.

AJJW.lith

PI. CLXXlla.

. '• a'ee'iidel-

F??.W,M.T.impT.

TACHARDU ALB12Z1*.

AJJ.W.litli.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXIII.
Tachardia minuta.

Fig. I. Insects, on hrRnch oi F/cicour/ia, nai. she.

2. Resinous case of adult female, dorsal view, x 12.

3. Puparium of male, side view, x 18.

4. Adult female, removed from case, dorsal view, x i;

5. Adult male, dorsal view, x 36.

6. Adult female, after maceration, opt. sect., x 30.

7. Dorsal spiracle, x 220.

8. Ventral spiracle, x 220.

9. Anterior cluster of pores, x 220.

10. Caudal process and dorsal spine, side view, x 220.

11. Caudal process, dorsal view, x 220.

12. Stigmatic processes, x 220.

13. Early adult female, opt. sect., x 65.

14. Antenna of adult female, x 220,

PI. CLXXIII.

EZ Green del.

F?P."m.CT.-mipr.

TACHARDIA MIMDTA.

M.TTMli\>h.

PI. CLXXIIIa.

E.E.Gi'eendel^

TACHARDIA MINUTA.

AuV.W.hfh.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXIV.

Orthezia insignis (female).

Fig. I. Insect on stem oi Alejema, nat. size.

2. Adult female, with ovisac, dorsal view, x 20.

3- ), ,1 „ ,, lateral v\e\v, x 8.

4- )) )) ), ,, ventral view, x 20.

5. Anal orifice and posterior abdominal spiracles, x 220.

6. Abdominal spiracle, x 450.

7. Newly hatched larva, x about 15.

8. Antenna of larva, x about 50.

g. Antenna and eye of adult female, x 80.

10. Terminal joint of antenna, x 220.

1 1. Part of ceriferous tract from margin of abdomen, x 450.

12. Adult female before oviposition, ventral view, x 25.

13. Mid leg of adult female, x 65.

14. Foot, X 280.

PJ. CLXXIV.

E£.Gi<eer, del.

F-?'PWMTi!npr.

A.J.J.W.lith.

PLATE CLXXIV (a).
Orthezia insignis (male).

15. Adult male, side view, x 15.
ID. „ „ „ „ X 1 5.

17. Head of male, from above, x 60.

18. Head, from below, x 60.

19. One of the halteres, x 120.

20. Terminal joint of male antenna, x 155.

21. Foot of male, x 220.

22. Abdominal extremity of male, x 130.

23. Tubular pores from dorsum of antepenultimate segment, x 450.

24. One of the pores, vertical view, x 900.

25. Group of ceriferous pores from latei-al area, x 450.

26. 27, 28. Successive stages of male nymph, x about 20.

PI- CLXXlVa.

"-ndsl

OflmiA IWSIGNIS.

d.^'Klll

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXV.

KUWANIA ZEYLANICA.

Fig. I. Adult female insects, on bark, nat. size.

2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 7.

3- )) „ ventral view, x 7.

4- ,1 „ mid leg, x 65.

5- M „ extremity of leg, x 200.

6- )) » claw, X 450.

7- ,> ,, antenna, x 50.

^- » " terminal joints of antenna, X 150.

9- '1 1) thoracic spiracle, x 280.

'°' "• " » abdominal spiracles, x 280.

'-• " ') compound dermal pores, x 840.

'3- !■, „ anal orifice, x 130.

14- Nymph, m s//u, in cells of bark, nat. size.

15- „ ventral view, x r i.

16. „ anal orifice, x 300.

17. Young larva, dorsal view, x 14.
iS- „ „ antenna, x 30.

19. Adult male, dorsal view, x 8.
-°- " » posterior extremity, x 130.
21 " >i dorsal pores, &c., X 450.
22. Abdominal margin of nymph, x 30.

PI CLXXV.

ill del.

F3'E'A'3TT.unpr.

KUWANIA ZEYLANICA.

AJ.J.W.luh.

Pi- CLXXVa

k'^! I

\_,

o o o'^ o

cp ^ 't^ @ 9^

E-E Qreen del

AJJ-Wlith.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXVL

MONOPHLERUS CONTRAHENS.
Fig. I. Insects on stem oi Phyllant/ms,r\?i\.. size.

2. Adult female, A'entral view, x 2.

3. Adult female, dorsal view, x 2.

4. Antenna, x 30.
5- Mid leg, x 30.

6, 7. Extreme forms of claw of mid leg, x 130.

8. Anal orifice, x 130.

9. Dorso-abdominal spiracle and surrounding area, x 220.

10. Pores and set;e from dorsum, x 450.

11. Posterior margin, with larger setre, x 130.

12. .Seta from anal area, x 450.

PL CLXXVI.

^^, '

{.■B-Gveendel

papvff/ir-inipr.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXVH;

MONOPHLEBUS FURCATUS.

Fig. I. Adult male, dorsal view, nat. size.

2. „ „ ventral view, x 6.

3. Tarsus of anterior limb, x 80.

4. Wing, X 7.

5. One of the halteres, x 14.

6. Distal extremity of halter, x 130.

7. Three basal joints of antenna, x 30.

8. Head, dorsal view, x 36.

9. Part of eye, showing facets, x 130.

10, Pores from margin of abdomen, x 450.

PI. CLXXVII.

■E-SUreeu del.

MONOPBLEBUS FUECATUS.

AJ.J.W.7itli.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXVIIL

MONOPHLEBUS VARIEGATUS.

Fig. I. Adult male, dorsal view x 6.

3. Ventral view of abdomen, x 60.
3- Tarsus of anterior limb, x 80.

4. Different forms of claw, X 220.

5. Extremity of halter, x 130.
(>. Part of eye, x 130.

7. Pores from margin of abdomen, x 450.

PI. CLXXVIII.

]\ /^C

^h^')

MONOPHLEBDS VARIEGATUS.

A-O-JiW-lith.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXIX.

MONOPHLEBUS QUADRICAUDATUS.

Fig. I. Adult male, dorsal view, x 8.

2. Extremity of halter, x 130.

3. Part of eye, x 130.

4. Tarsus of anterior limb, x 80.

5. Claw, X 220.

6. Dermal pores, x 450.

7. Rasal joints of antenna, X 30.

PI. CLXXIX.

E.E.Green del.

F??WM.Timpr,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXX.

ICERVA PURCHASI.

Fig. I. Adult female, with ovisac, side view, x 2.

2. „ ,, denuded of secretion, x 9.

3. Antenna and eye, x 80.

4. Foot of mid-leg, x 220.

5. 6, 7, 8. Different aspects of the larger dermal pores, x 450.
9, 10, II. „ „ „ smaller „ ,, x 450.

12. Base of dermal seta, x 450.

13. Dorsal tuft of set;r, x 220.

PI. CLXXX.

i.Green dol .

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXXL

ICERYA /FOYPTIACA.

Fig. I. Insects on leaf of C^^rt'zV?/^;;;, nat. size.

2. Young larva, x 13.

3. Antenna of larva, x 65.

4. Adult female, ventral view, showing ovisac, x 4.

5. Antenna and eye, x 80.

6. Marginal area of mesothorax, x 220.

7. Larger dermal pores, x 450.

^- I) ». ,, in profile, x 450.

9. Smaller dermal pore, x 450.
'o- )> „ „ in profile, x 450.

11. Base of one of the larger seta^, x 450.

12. Abdominal spiracle, x 450.

13. Foot of mid leg, x 135.

14. Adult male, ventral view, x 13.

•5- ), „ terminal joints of antenna, X 65.

16. Old adult female, dorsal view, with mutilated tassels, x 6.

PI- CLXXXI.

A.'J.JW.lifh.

PI. CLXXXIa.

ICERYA jEGYPTIAGA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXXIL

ICERVA SEYCHKLLARUJVI.

Fig. I.- Insects, on branch of Croton, nat. size.
2. Adult female, dorsal view x 5.

3- 5) ,, ventral view, x 5.

4- )) )) pale form, with ovisac, x 2.

5. Young larva, x 10.

6. Leg of adult female, x ^o.

7. Claw, x 220.

8. Marginal area, with dermal pores and seta>, x 220.

9. 10, II. Various aspects of ring-shaped pores, x 450.
12. .Small pore, with trilocular aperture, x 450.

J 3- )) ), with bilocular aperture, x 450.

14. Antenna and eye, x 80

15. Abdominal spiracle, x 450.

16. Dermal seta, x 450.

I. SEYCHELLARUM VAR. NARPI

17. Claw of adult female, x 220.

18. Small dermal pore, x 450.

19. 20, 21. Different aspects of ring-shaped pores, x 450.

22. Pase of one of the larger setie, x 450.

23. Abdominal spiracle, x 450.

CLXXXII.

i-^

y' '\

'--,«gv-i?-~

''■*afc«si«iSM|L '^

, E.Sreend.el

itf.T.iuipr.

A.J.J.Wlith.

CLXXXlIa.

F?P.V/:M,T.:rapr.

A.t.tJ.Wlitli.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXXIIL

ICERYA PILOSA.

Fig, I. Very young larva, x 17.

2. Larva more advanced, x 17.

3. Antenna of young larva, x 100.

4. Early nymph, shortly after moult, x 12.

5. Later nymph, x 8.

6. Adult female, dorsal view, x 8.

7. „ „ ventral view, x 8.

8. Female emerging from nymphal skin, x 8.

9. Male puparium and adult male, nat. size.

10. Male nymph, x 14.

1 1. Adult male, x 10.

12. Head of male, x 30.

13. Posterior extremity of male, x 30.

14. Adult female, with ovisac, x 8.

15. Mid leg, X 5c.

16. Foot, X 450.

17. Abnormal form of foot, x 450.

18. Anterior spiracle, x 220.

ig. Antenna, eye, and part of frons, x 130.

20. Simple hair, x 450.

21. Hair with recessed socket, x 450,

22. Base of collared hair, x 450.

23. Collared hair, with attached ceriferous pore, x 450.

24. Isolated large ceriferous pore, x 450.

25. Large pore seen in profile, x 450.

26. Ring-shaped pore, x 450.

27. Small pore, x 450.

28. Small pore in profile, x 450.

29. Small dermal pore of larva, x 450.

30. Marginal pore of larva, x 450.

31. Sprig oi Spini/ex, with inse(^ts, u.it. size

t^"'

PI. CLXXXIII.

y/v

ICERYA PILOSA.

k-i.iMMi\.

PI. CLXXXll!^.

pa pv^.VtTim-pr-

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXXIV.
Walkeriana floriger.

Fig. I. Adult female and nymph, on piece of bark, nat. size.

2. Early nymph, x 4.

3. Antenna of adult female, x 50.

4. Mid leg of adult female, x 30.

5. Foot of adult female, x 130.

6. Anal aperture and surrounding area, x 50.

7. Pores and bases of setas from anal area, x 450.

8. Spines and pores from ceriferous tract of dorsum, x 450.

g. Spines and pores from intermediate area of dorsum, x 450.

10. One of the pores, as seen in profile, x 450.

11. One of the abdominal spiracles, x 220.

13. Group of smaller pores from venter of abdomen, x 450.

13. Pores and setie from venter of thorax, x 450.

14. Spines and pores from ceriferous tract of young larva, x 450.

15. Marginal setic and enlarged pores of young larva, x 450.

PI. CLXXXIV.

W41KERMNA ?Lmm.

PI. CLXXXlVa.

(®)y®)'^ '^z

'.it.lv

WALKERIAM FLORIGER.

■ EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXXV.
Walkeriana compacta.

Fig. I. Adult female and exuviae of nymph, nat. size.
2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 3.
3- 5) ,, ventral view, x 3.

4. Antenna and eye of adult female, x 50.

5. Antenna of nymph, x 50.

6. Mid leg of adult female, x 30.

7. Foot, X 130.

8. Posterior extremity of venter, showing cicatrices, x g.
9- )) ., dorsum, with anal area, x 30.

10. Pores and spines of dorsum, intermediate area, x 450.

11. Pores of anal area, x 450.

12. Spines and pores of ceriferous tract, x 450.

13. Pores and setcX of venter, frontal area, x 450.

14- ,5 y, ,, ,, ,, median thoracic area, x 450,

'5- )> )) n ,! „ from margin of posterior segments, X 450.

PI. CLXXXV.

— ^"■-wS«*^\W>

E.'i.Gi'een del.

P^PW>f.T.impr

A .|,-1,V 1 . '

^:-j.''.\'l.\:in

PI. CLXXXVa.

EZ.Sreen del

F^'F.W.M.Iimpr.

WALKERIAM COMPACTA.

AJJ-Wlith

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXXVL
Walkeriana senex.

Fig. I. Adult female, side view, nat. size.

2. „ „ dorsal view, before oviposition, x 4.

3. Old female, with ovisac, from below, nat. size.

4. „ „ J, ,, side view, nat. size.

5. Young larva, dorsal view, x 6.

6. Antenna of adult female, x 50.
7- „ of young larva, x 130.

8. Mid leg of adult female, x 30.

9. Foot of adult female, x 130.

10. Part of derm of dorsum, with two ceriferous tracts, x 30.

1 1. Spines and pores from edge of ceriferous tract, x 450.

12. Pores from anal area, in profile, x 450.

13. Abdominal spiracle, x 220.

14. Pores from ti^ansverse zone on venter, x 450.

15. Margin of young larva, with spines and tubular pores, x 450.

Pi- CLXXXVI.

FfPiV-Mtii

mipp.

WlLKEiiMIA SEIEX.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXXVIL

Walkeriana ovilla.

Fig. I. Adult female, dorsal view, nat. size.

2, 3. Young larvae, x g.

4. Antenna of adult female, x 50.

5. Mid leg „ „ „ X 30.

6. Foot „ „ „ X 130.

7. Large tubular pores from frontal margin of young larva, x 450.

8. Spines and pores from dorsum of young larva, x 450.
g. Abdominal spiracle of adult female, x 220.

10. Pores from anal tract, x 450.

11. Pores from median area of venter, x 450.

12. Setae and pores from lateral area of venter, x 450.

13. Spines and pores from dorsum, x 450.

-A -7

...|

M.Sreen del.

??i?TOT.T.i

■Jpr .

PI- CLxxxvir.
3.

nimim ovilla.

AJJ.W.bth.

13.

EXGreen deJ .

PI CLXXXVII^.

F^RW.M.T.iir.pr

WALKEfllAW/. OVJLLA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXXVIIL

ASPIDOPROCTUS CINEREA.

Fig. I. Adult female, side view, nat. size.

2. Venter, after maceration, x 3.

3. Antenna, x 50.

4. Mid leg, small form, x 30.

5. Claw of mid leg, x 130.

6. Mid leg, average form, x 30.

7. Claw of mid leg, x 130.

8. Anal ring and orifice, x 130.

9. Spines and boundary pores of dorsal cerifeious tracts, x 450.
10, II. Occasional forms of spines „ „ ,, x 450.

12. Spine from intermediate area, x 450.

13. Setos from venter immediately surrounding the rostrum, x 430.

14. Pores from submarginal area of venter, x 450.

15. One of these pores, seen in profile, x 550.

16. Various forms of pores from anal tract, x 450.

17. Pores immediately surrounding genital orifice, x 450.

18. Pores from venter of abdomen, x 450.

19. 20, 21. Grouped setic from venter of abdomen, x 450.

PI. CLXXXVIII.

1 Hl.Sreetidel.

vapvfM.T.-.mpr.

ASPIDOPROCTUS CIMRM.

A.J.'J.Vf.litli.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CLXXXLX.

ASPIDOPROCTUS EUPHORBIA",.

Fig. I. Adult females on Eiipliorbia aniiqitoriim, nat. size.

2. Adult female, ventral aspect, x 3.

3. „ „ dorsal view, x 3.

4. ,, „ side view, x 3.

5. Newly hatched larva, dorsal view, x [4.

6. ,, „ „ ventral view, x 14.

7. Larva, shortly before first rrioult, x 8.

8. Antenna of adult female, normal ten-jointed form, x 50.

9. „ „ „ ,, abnormal eleven-jointed form, x

10. Antenna of young larva, x 80.

1 1. Anal ring of adult female, x 130.

12. Mid leg, X 30.

13. Foot, X 130.

14. Pores from venter of abdomen, x 450.

15. „ from base of abdomen and marginal area, x 450.

16. „ from anal tract, x 450.

17. Pores and setae surrounding genital orifice, x 450.

18. One of the setae from rostral area, x 450.

19. Dorsal spine from ceriferous tract, x 450,

20. ,, ,, ,, intermediate area, x 450.

CLXXXIX.

E.E.Green del.

'PWM.T.mir

AJJiW.htli.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXC.
Labioproctus polei.

Fig. I. Female insects, on twig of Dodoncea, nat. size.

2. Adult female, dorsal view, x 3.

3. „ „ ventral view, x 3.

4. „ „ side view, x 3.

5. Mid leg, X 30.

6. Claw of mid leg, x 130.

7. Antenna of adult female, x 50.

8. Puparia of male, on leaf of Eugenia^ nat. size.

9. Newly hatched larva, x 6.

10. Antenna of larva, x 30.

11. Adult male, dorsal view, x 12.

12. Spines of adult female, from intermediate area, x 450.

1 3. Spines and pores from ceriferous tract, x 450.

14. Pores from anal area, x 4:50.

cxc.

']\

JJ^

UBiopjonns poLgi

AtJ.J.Wlicl?

CXCrt.

(o)

©® (0)

©(0) ©

f'?RW.M.T.iranr

A-J-JWliti.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE CXCL

NiETNERA PUNDALUOYA.

Immediately after moult :
Fig. I, 2. Nymphs, nat. size.

3. Early nymph, „ x 4.

4- Nymph, earlier stage, x 4.

5. Nymph, later stage, x 4.

6. Adult female, x 4.

7- » „ after maceration, x 4.

8- „ „ after death, x 4.
9. Cast skin of nymph, x 12.

10, II. Antenna of adult female, x 50.

12. Antenna of nymph (in stage shown aiji^i^. 5),

^^' " » " ( " » ,, 3),

14- Antenna of early nymph, x 50.

15- Mid leg of nymph (as at/i^. 5), x 30.
^^- )» „ early nymph, x 30.
'7- „ „ adult female, x 30.

18. Foot

X 135-

19. Dorsal spines of adult female, x 220.
-°' )' )» 1, •, „ X 450.

21. Spines of ceriferous tract, x 220.
— " j> » „ X 450.

23. Anal area, x 130.

24. Pores from anal area, x 450.

25. Abdominal spiracle, x 220.

26. Setie and pores of venter, x 450.

27. Dorsal spines of (.?) late nymph, x 200.
^^- " V „ „ „ X 450.

CXCI.

O. Greer, del

mmiU PUNDALUOYA.

AJ.,:'.V;:;h

PI. CXCJa.

F?EW.M,T:i:apr.

M-JWlith.

»>>T

>))) >^^J

ml\

% u^ J )>

o-^

»>Y>^>#/

>J>.»a^ >>

JLJ

j&»

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "The Coccidae of Ceylon"

See other formats