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COMMERCIAL BEW EE
FISHERIES dt 6 be Ee

\ OCEAN FLOOR TO YO

VOL. 24, NO. 5 MAY 1962

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

Ee ZB fpeents Fi FE

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor

Address correspondence andrequests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in materialfrom outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

CONTENTS

COVER: A new U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) exhibit, ''Safe Shellfish,’ for
showing at health and fishery conferences. Describes the state-PHS Cooper-
ative Program for the Certification of Interstate Shellfish Shippers. Display
uses color transparency photographs of shellfish harvesting and inspection
scenes, Exhibit points out that operating controls, including sanitary sur-
veys of growing areas, policing of polluted or toxic areas, and the inspection
of shellfish plants are exercised by the states and that the PHS function is
one of developing uniform standards, continuing appraisal of state programs,
and publication of the semimonthly lists of state-approved shellfish shippers.

Page

1
6

. .Fish Protein Concentrate--A High-Quality Animal Protein, by E. R. Pariser
. .Rat-Feeding Studies to Determine Presence of Antimetabolites, Water-Soluble Vitamins, and Essential
Minerals in Raw Menhaden as Compared with Raw Haddock and Beef, by Caroline H. Kurtzman, Robert

R. Kifer, and Donald G, Snyder

Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Fishing Vessel and Gear Developments: Industrial Products:
11 Equipment Note No. 12--A New Scallop Fish Meal, Solubles, and Oil:
Trawl for North Carolina, by Joaquim B. ZO0R es United States Major Indicators, February
Rivers 1962 :
California: ailing U.S. Production, February 1962
14 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued ails U.S. Production, January 1962
14 .. Rockfish Tagging Studies Continued 22... U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles Production and
15 .. Central Valley King Salmon Spawning Run is Imports, January 1962
Down Michigan:
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: 22 .. Commercial Fishery Landings from Great
15... Size and Sex Distribution of Tuna Being Lakes Waters, 1961
Studied Nets:
16 .. Sensory Systems of Skipjack Tuna Being Zoe Synthetic Net Webbing Offers Less Resist-
Studied ance When Towed
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear
iG Department of Defense Purchases, January- Research:
February 1962 23. Trawl Instrumentation System Tested
Florida: North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:
ys Fisheries Research, July-December 1961 24 Blood Samples Collected from Groundfish
lf) <6 Oyster Bottom Leases Doubled Since: End of Oceanography:
1960 24. Newest and Largest United States Oceano-
Frozen Fish: graphic Research Vessel
19 Microwave Thawing Study Started Oregon:
Gulf Fishery Investigations: 25 Fish Commission Announces Research Agree-
20 .. Shrimp Distribution Studies ment with Atomic Energy Commission

Contents continued page II.

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COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No.5

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Oregon (Contd.):
New Crab-Tagging Method Used
Pond-Reared Silver Salmon Released
Three Million Spring Chinook Salmon Re-
leased
Splash Dam Removal Opens New Salmon
Spawning Area
Shrimp:
United States Shrimp Supply Indicators, Feb-
ruary 1962
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:
Exploratory Fishing for Royal-Red Shrimp
Continued
South Carolina;
Fisheries Biological Research Progress,
January-March 1962
Tuna:
Another Tagged Bluefin Swims Across North
Atlantic Ocean
California Ex-Vessel Prices Increased
U.S. Fishing Vessels:

First Construction Subsidy Approved
Fisheries Loan Fund Loans and Other Fi-
ancial Aid for Vessels, Jan, 1-Mar. 31;

1962
Contract to Design and Build Semiautomated
Stern Trawler-Purse Seiner
Documentations Issued and Cancelled, Feb-
ruary 1962
U.S. Foreign Trade:
Edible Fishery Products, January 1962
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under
Quota
Imports and Exports of Fishery Products,
1961
Virginia:
Marine Scientists Continue Studies of Radio-
active Wastes
Wholesale Prices,
FOREIGN:
International:
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development:
Fisheries Committee Meeting
Territorial Fishing Rights
Norway and U.S. S. R. Conclude Negotia-
tions
International North Pacific Fur Seal Com-
mission:
Report on Fifth Annual Meeting
Food and Agriculture Organization:
Site Selected for World Tuna Congress in
1962
International Northwest Pacific Fisheries
Commission:
Sixth Annual Meeting
Whaling:
Norwegians Report Sales of 1961/62 Sea-
son's Whale Oil
Atomic-Powered Marine Research Vessel
Angola:
Fishing Industry Trends, 1961
Australia:
Tuna Fishery Trends as of January 1962

March 1962

Brazil:
Japanese Fishing Vessels in Brazil to
Change to Brazilian Registry

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Contents continued page

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Burma:
Canned Fish Bids Cancelled
Canada:
British Columbia Herring Landings and Prod-
ucts, 1956/57-1961/62
Herring Oil Trends
New Brunswick Fish Meal Prices, February
1962
Dogfish Liver Subsidy Program
Chile:
Norwegian Firm Builds Reduction Plant in
Chile
Joint South African-Chilean Firm to Build
Fish Meal Plant
Denmark:
Fish Fillets and Blocks and Fishery Byprod-
ucts Exports, 1961
Fish Fillets and Blocks and Fishery Byprod-
ucts Exports, January 1962
New Modern Freezer in Skagen
Fish Salting Machine Patented
Esbjerg Fishing Vessels Must Hail Catch
Fishermen to Supply Data on Earnings
German Federal Republic:
Fish Oil Market as of March 1962
Imports and Exports of Fish Body Oils, 1961
Fish Meal Prices, March 7, 1962
Ghana:
Government Authorizes Imports of Japanese
Products
Greece:
Frozen Fish Industry
Guatemala:
Shrimp Fishing Vessel Licenses Being
Granted
Iceland:
Fishery Trends, March 1962
Utilization of Fishery Landings, January-
November 1961
Project for Common Market Fish Plant
Dropped
India:
United States Collaboration Sought for New
Fish and Shrimp Project
Italy:
Fishing Industry Association Approves
EUROPECHE Charter
Ivory Coast:
Joint Japanese-Italian Tuna Base Planned
Tuna Freezing and Storage Plant Ready for
Operation
Japan:
1962 Quotas for Frozen Tuna Exports to
United States Set
Exporters Association Proposes Over-All
Frozen Tuna Export Quota to United States
Frozen Tuna Ocean Freight Rate to United
States Reduced
Tuna Research Council Proposes Large-
Scale Tuna Research Program
Export Council Adopts FY 1962 Export Tar-
gets for Certain Fishery Products
Canners Set 1962 Canned Tuna in Brine Ex-
port Quota
Estimated Tuna Catch in Eastern Pacific
1960 Tuna Landings from Pacific Ocean
Estimated at 530,000 Metric Tons

III.

May 1962

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COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW III

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Japan (Contd.):
Tuna Ex-Vessel Prices:
February 26, 1962
March 7, 1962
Record Size Bluefin Tuna Sold for $1,000
Fishery Landings at Yaizu:
February 1962; and 1961
Trend to Establish Joint Overseas Bases to
Export Frozen Tuna to United States
Penang and Singapore Designated as Trans-
shipment Ports for Indian Ocean Frozen
Tuna
Skipjack Tuna Survey in Indian Ocean Re-
veals Fish are Small
Australian and Indian Bluefin Tuna Found to
be Identical
Tuna Fleet
Fishing Cooperative Formed for Fiji Islands
Tuna Base
Fisheries Agency's Position on Overseas
Canneries
Large Stern Trawler En Route to Atlantic
Fishing Firm Hopes to Operate Mothership-
Type Trawler Fleet in Atlantic
Twelve Trawlers Reported in Atlantic Ocean
Saudi Arabia and Lebanon Seek Joint Fishing
Venture with Japan
North Pacific 1962 Salmon Fishery Plans
Assignment of Salmon Vessels to Tuna Fish-
ing Proposed
Changes Recommended in Fishing Vessel
Construction Subsidy Program
Fish Ham and Sausage Quality Standards
Three Firms to Jointly Establish Fish Net
Plant in Africa
Estimated 1962 Canned Sardine Exports
Estimated Canned Jack Mackerel Exports
for 1962
Status of Voluntary Export Controls to West-
ern Hemisphere
Korea:
Laws Drafted to Encourage Fishing Industry
Development
Mexico:
Fish Meal Plant Granted Tax Exemptions
Brazilian Freezer-Fishing Vessel Being
Built in Mexico
Netherlands:
Import Duties on Certain Fishery Products
Changed
Nigeria:
Japanese Firm's Prospects of Nigerian Fish-
ing Base Improve
Norway:
Winter Herring Fishery Fails Again
Largest Fish Canning Plant Expanding
Trawlers May Fish in 4-6 Mile Belt of Fish-
ing Limits Zone
Trawlers Required to Increase Net Mesh
Size
Cost of Building Wooden Fishing Vessels
Philippines:
Bids Invited an Canned Sardines
South African Firms Low Bidders on Sale of
Canned Sardines to Philippines
Portugal:
Canned Fish Pack, 1961
Canned Fish Exports, 1961
Cod Fishermen's Income for 1962/63 Season
Increased

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FOREIGN (Contd.):
South Africa Republic:
Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles Prices, March
1962
. Fisheries Development Corporation Sponsor-
ing Tuna Purse-Seining Experiment
. Fishery Trends, 1961
Production of Whale Products Down in 1961
South-West Africa:
Pilchard Plants to Operate Year-Round
Eastern European Countries Turn to Fish
Meal as Substitute for Soybean Meal
Surinam:
Shrimp Industry Trends as of March 1962
Sweden:
- Import Fees Reduced on Frozen Fish Fillets
from EFTA Countries
Tahiti:
Tuna Base Planned
Taiwan:
. Two Large Tuna Vessels Built in Japan for
Taiwan
Wesis.he:
Fishing on Georges Bank inthe North Atlantic
Fishing Activities in the Bering Sea
Third Factoryship for Far East Fishing Fleet
Building Large Tuna Vessel
Fishery Catch for 1961
Whaling Fleet in Antarctic Increasing
Russians Apprehend Danish Fishing Vessels
Within Twelve-Mile Limit
United Kingdom:
New Refrigerated Van with Automatic Defrost

; . Britain's 1962 Import Quotas for Soviet Can-

ned Fish
FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Department of the Interior;
Fish and Wildlife Service:
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
. Federal Standards for Grades for Frozen
Flounder and Sole Fillets
Department of State:
International Cooperation Administration:
Gi Fisheries Grants to Foreign Countries
Department of the Treasury:
Coast Guard:
G Certain Fishing Vessel Data in Coast Guard
Files Should be Kept Up-to-Date
Bureau of Customs:
. Imports of Canned-in-Brine Tuna Under
Quota Proviso for 1962
United States District Court:
- Fishermen Are Independent Contractors for
Tax Purposes
Eighty-Seventh Congress (Second Session)
FISHERY INDICATORS:
. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
. Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings
of Fishery Products
. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings
of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution
Centers
- Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U.S.
and Alaska

. . Chart 6 - Canned Packs-of Selected Fishery

Products
Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports
RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Fish and Wildlife Service Publications

. . Miscellaneous Publications

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.c.
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing. —

Washington 25, D. C. ol. 24, No. 5

FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE--A HIGH
QUALITY ANIMAL PROTEIN 2/
By E. R. Pariser*

Fish protein concentrate or fish flour--a new high-quality animal protein product--is
potentially of economic significance to our fishing industry, political significance to our Na-
tion, and sociological significance to the world. The domestic fishing industry should be giv-
en the opportunity to produce a satisfactory low-cost fishprotein concentrate meeting gener-
al nutritional standards for worldwide use in human diets. Aiding the fishing industry to ob-
tain the know-how and technical knowledge needed to produce this new product is the goal of
the researchon fish protein concentrate at the College Park Technological Laboratory of the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

Let us examine some of the factors that make this new product so important. Let us al-
so examine what has been done and what is still needed in order to realize the goal of the Bu-
reau's research on fish protein concentrate.

NEED AND VALUE

Hunger is the biggest problem of the century. More than half of the world's total popu-
lation suffers from lack of food, adequate in quality and quantity to sustain health, growth,
and physical vigor. Progress to relieve this condition has largely been offset a the alarm-
ing and accelerating rate of population growth. :

By the year 2000, the population of Asia, Af-
rica, and Latin erica will increase by a-
bout three billion people--an addition equal to
the total world population of today. The task
we face is staggering.

Malnutrition, undernutrition, is largely
the result ofan inadequate consumption of high- |
quality animal protein which is neededto com-
plete and to balance the diets of peoples of de-
veloping nations, diets containing preponderant-
ly vegetables andcereals. Sadly enough, young
growing childrenand expectant mothers suffer
most from a lack of proteins containing suf- ;
ficient quantities and correct proportions of : : 2 ;
tae yrecuirediamino acids, | Milk; "esas, beet) Su-camse cha arc Gu Gis
chicken, and the usual fishery products all
contain high-quality animal protein, but those products are not universally available or they
cost too much,

1/Adapted from an address by Dr. G. M. Knobl, Jr., Assistant Laboratory Director, Technological Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, College Park, Md.

* Research Chemist, Technological Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, College
Park, Md.

) U, S, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO. 647

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, Vol. 5

Other sources of proteins of high quality must therefore be found--and fast. The fishery
resources of the sea are an important source. Wisely managed, the sea with its great popu-
lation of fish represents a vast reservoir of animal protein, proteins of exceptionally high
quality that can be supplied in the form of concentrated fish protein.

The above concepts are by no means new, yet today, fish represents only a minor per-
centage of the food consumed by human beings. This is the more surprising in view of the
fact that more than 70 percent of the surface of this planet is covered by oceans and seas and
that, furthermore, the sea is considered by many authorities to be, acre for acre, about as
productive as arable land,

Systematic efforts to farm the seas on a rational, industrial scale with a view of produc-
ing concentrated protein for human consumption have lagged far behind similar efforts to
harvest and utilize the fruits of the land. The time has now come, however, when we can no
longer leave this opportunity unchallenged, when old ideas have to be translated into action,
and when the pursuit of the production of concentrated fish protein has become an obligation
to mankind,

Aside from the purely humanitarian issues, the production of a satisfactory fish protein
concentrate would provide much-needed economic stimulation for our domestic fishing indus-
try. Such production would provide the all-
important diversification needed by the indus-
trial fisheries segment of our fishing indus-
try--eliminating such market conditions of
imbalanced supply and demand as was experi-
enced a short time ago in the fish-reduction
industry. The fishing industries of other na-
tions of course would eventually produce fish
protein concentrate as well. If 2 years ago
Peru had diverted only 100,000 tons of their
fish meal production into fish flour to feed
their own people, we would never have wit-
nessed--as we did--the collapse of the world
market for fish meal.

Industrial fish as well as waste products
from edible fish could be converted into fish
protein concentrates. It is estimated that over

Fig. 2 - Dehydrated protein concentrate elevators used in Marnie
UNICEF-ISESA experimental plant in Quintero, Chile. one-half of the catch of the North Pacific is

discarded at sea before the fishing vessels
dock--a protein waste that could feed thousands. In many areas, periods of glut lower the
price of the catch, and often no market is available. If however the processors were able to
manufacture fish protein concentrates during times of surplus, markets would stabilize and
a low-cost protein food for the hungry would be available.

From a biological standpoint, the manufacture of fish protein concentrate would help us
realize our goal by achieving efficient utilization of resources compatible with sustained op-
timum yield. Our fishermen would also be able to reestablish a favorable balance on our fish-
ing grounds between the predatory fish and the grazing types of fish. Many years of selective
fishing for the larger species has favored growth of smaller, less desirable kinds of fish un-
til, in many areas, the latter are now relatively overabundant.

POTENTIAL MARKET AND POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE

A fair market might exist for fish protein concentrate even in the United States--for in-
stance as a supplement to breakfast cereals and baby foods. Cookies, doughnuts, noodles,
and similar foods could almost magically be transformed into sources of good-quality pro-
tein if properly supplemented with fish protein concentrate--resulting in less parental worry
over the starch-consuming teen-ager, From another point of view, our industrial fisheries

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

alone could supply in one fishing season more than the protein needed by our entire popula-
tion during a 2-week period of a nuclear emergency.

It was estimated at the recent FAO Conference on Fish in Nutrition that 600 million peo-
ple receive the major share of global animal protein, whereas 2 billion people, mostly in de-
veloping countries, lack this important nutrient. Clearly, 2 billion people represent an im-
mense market--and one ready today.

Obviously, 2 billion people cannot continue to be denied enimal protein without the possi-
bility of dire, explosive, and politically obvious consequences2/, The other side of the coin
is just as obvious. If adequately fed, these people may turn toward the goal of economic sta-
bility that we all seek as a basis for enduring world peace.

RESEARCH ON FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE

Although many attempts have been made to develop methods to manufacture fish protein
concentrate, none of these efforts have yet met with complete success. Either these methods
are still beset with processing problems or
they have not been approved in good con-
science by nutritionists, pediatricians, FAO, i :
and the like. £ ey Zz

Also, with few exceptions, the United
States is not conducting, as other nations
are, the scientific experimental studies de-
signed to achieve a satisfactory product. For
these reasons, Congress appropriated
$50,000 for fiscal year 1962 to the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries for a research proj-
ect designed to study existing methods, and
if necessary, to improve these or to develop
new concepts for the manufacture of fish pro-
tein concentrates suitable for worldwide in- Fig. 3 - Bagged fish protein concentrate in experimental plant at
corporation into human diets. Quintero, Chile.

BUREAU PROGRAM: Our objectives are designed to specify ultimately methods that:
(1) Require low initial capitalization.

(2) Are economical in operation.

(3) Are flexible for both large-scale and small-scale operation.

(4) Are flexible enough to permit operation in those parts of the world where public util-
ities are limited.

(5) Result in the production of an end product that will be acceptable to peoples who may
have varying taste preferences, cultures, and taboos.

(6) Result in the production of an end-product that will be approved as being fully satis-
factory and suitable by world-recognized experts in the field of protein supplementation,

(7) Result in the production of a product that could be cheaply shipped to distant parts
and that could be stored for varying periods of time without quality loss, and that could be
easily incorporated into the local diets of undernourished peoples.

The project is supported, not only by some members of the United States Congress, and
the fishing industry, but is also endorsed and assisted by United Nations Agencies, such as
2/Venter turpissima pars corporis (Sallust)--the stomach is the wickedest part of the body.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 24, No. 5

the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations International Children's Emergen-
cy Fund, and the World Health Organization. It is being conducted with the support and ap-
proval of the Food for Peace and of the Freedom from Hunger campaigns and operates in co-
operation with the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutritjon for National Defense and the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition Board,

The over-all Bureau program, set up for this extended research project, consists of the
following three phases:

1 - Comprehensive Survey: To ensure that the funds allocated by Congress to this proj-
ect will be used in the most effective manner, the Bureau is conducting a general survey of
methods, used or studied, for the manufacture of fish protein concentrates for human con-
sumption. Part of this survey, which is still under way, has been completed. Labor, time,
and funds spent upon this preliminary work are insignificant compared to the labor, time, and
funds that would be required to establish, by independent experiments, the knowledge that will,
in this way, be gathered from different sources. On completion of this general survey, a de-
tailed monograph will be prepared for the United States industry. This monograph will con-
stitute a record of scientific data concerning the partial successes and failures of the differ-
ent attempts to develop a satisfactory manufacturing process.

2 - Formation of an Expert Consultant Group: As the second phase of the program, the
Bureau plans to request assembly of a panel of expert consultants who will be presented with
the findings in the monograph. The panel members will be asked to examine critically the
facts contained in the report in order to be able to assist in the further programming and
planning of the Bureau project. Experts from a wide field of scientific disciplines would be
asked to participate in this consultant group, the formation of which is considered to be an
essential condition for the success of this highly complex project. It is envisaged that the
group will meet at least once a year, after the initial assembly, to advise us on our research
program, The urgency, magnitude, and significance--both domestic and international--of our
aims are ample justifications for calling upon the foremost scientific and technical authori-
ties that this country has to offer. It is, furthermore, realized that before any method can
finally be considered as being fully successful and satisfactory, it has to be conscientiously
approved by an inter-disciplinary body of scientists such as the Protein Advisory Group of
the United Nations. Some of the members of the latter organization will participate in the
work of our panel and in this way help to assure the global approval of our work. Failure to
work in close cooperation with such a group has proved to be a great handicap in previous
trials carried out by private industry.

The survey and, it is hoped, the initial formation of the consultant group is expected to
be accomplished in 1962.

3 - Laboratory Development of a Satisfactory Process: With the assistance and advice
of the panel of experts just mentioned, the final phase of the research program will be de-
signed either to attempt to improve existing methods, or if indicated, to develop, on a labora-
tory scale, a new process or processes that when satisfactory will be turned over to the fish-
ing industry for further pilot-plant and commercial development.

Accomplishments: As already indicated, the first part of the general survey has now
been completed. During this initial phase, plants in this country, Canada, Central and South
America were studied. Although details of these studies will be published in a monograph,
let us examine two groups of facts learned--in Canada and in South America--that will indi-
cate the value of this survey approach to our research,

Canada: Scientists at the Technological Station of the Canadian Fisheries Research
Board in Halifax have been working for some time now on the problem of fish protein manu-
facture. At the moment, the Station's research program is directed towards the production
of the best fish protein concentrate that can be manufactured, irrespective of cost. Only cod
fillets are being used. The Canadian scientists hope to produce a product that might be in-
troduced on the United States market, both for use as a protein fortifier in various food prod-

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

ucts and in an attempt to compete on the casein and egg albumen markets. We should note
that the Canadians believe in a United States market--and they are preparing for it. The
careful and scientific manner in which the fish flour program is conducted at Halifax is high-
ly impressive. They are actively striving to produce a product of uniform quality.

South America: Characteristic of the independent and energetic efforts that are being
made to develop manufacturing methods is a process developed by Dr. Bertullo, a staff mem-
ber of the University of Montevideo, Uruguay. During a survey of micro-organisms associ-
ated with marine life, Dr. Bertullo isolated a new strain of yeast from a local species of fish.
He discovered furthermore that this yeast had proteolytic activity; that is, that it was capable
of breaking down proteins into amino acids. Inoculation with this yeast of a mass of commi-
nuted fish, to which a small amount of molasses had been added, leads, within about 72 hours,
to the production of a liquid mass. Bones, scales, and so on have disappeared during this
process and so has the characteristic fishy odor and taste of the raw material, which is rich
in Vitamin B19. The product appears, on the basis of present experience, to have a remark-
ably long shelf life. It is believed that this type of product may become increasingly impor-
tant, not only because it lends itself, by a process of spray-drying, to the production of a
cheap dehydrated protein (or amino acid) flour, but also because it has, so far, shown itself
to be of excellent nutritive value.

CONCLUSION

The successful, large-scale extraction of proteins from the seas for use in the human
diet is today the goal of engineers and scientists in many countries--including Soviet Russia,
Once successfully developed, the resulting product would constitute the beginning of an en-
tirely new segment of the fishing industry. It will develop as explosively as the growth of the
world population. It will rank foremost in importance with but a few other industries, capa-
ble of producing a cheap, high-quality food, available to everyone, everywhere. A most vig-
orous effort should be made for the United States to be in the vanguard on this potential ad-
vance in human nutrition,

SEAWEED CHEMICAL DERIVATIVE AS SUBSTITUTE
FOR BLOOD PLASMA

Researchers for years have been looking for a plentiful substance
whichcan be substituted for whole blood or blood plasma in the giving
of emergency transfusions to disaster or accident victims. A new dis-
covery is a chemical derived from the tiny cells of giant brown sea-
weed.

This whole blood substitute was reported by two Japanese sur-
geons of the Kyushu University Medical School in Fukuoka, Japan. Up
to this time an accident victim who lost a great deal of blood and re-
ceived no transfusion went into shock, which could prove fatal. Hasty
transfusions of whole blood or blood plasma usually prevents the rapid
drop in blood pressure which produces this shock. In emergencies,
injection of salt water or sugared water have been used for this pur-
pose. The newly discovered mixture comprising water plus the sea-
weed chemical is said to be superior to salt water or sugared water
for transfusions to prevent shock, as it does not break down in the
blood stream. (Canadian Fisherman, February 1960.)

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 24, No. 5

RAT-FEEDING STUDIES TO DETERMINE PRESENCE OF
ANTIMETABOLITES, WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS, AND
ESSENTIAL MINERALS IN RAW MENHADEN AS
COMPARED WITH RAW HADDOCK AND BEEF

By Caroline H. Kurtzman*, Robert R. Kifer**, and Donald G. Snyder***
ABSTRACT

A rat-feeding study was conducted to determine the possible presence of antimetabo-
lites other than thiaminase in raw menhaden and to evaluate the contribution of the water-
soluble vitamins and minerals in menhaden in meeting an animal's requirements for growth.
For comparison, these factors were evaluated in raw haddock fillets, which do not contain
thiaminase, and in raw beef round, It was found that the raw menhaden contained no
antimetabolites affecting growth, other than thiaminase, and contributed considerably to-
ward meeting an animal's requirements for essential minerals and for the water-soluble vi-
tamins other than thiamine, Haddock fillets contained no antimetabolites, contributed a
lower level of vitamins for growth than did menhaden, but apparently contained a higher
level or a better balance of essential minerals. Beef round probably contained no antime-
tabolite, contributed about the same level of vitamins for growth as did menhaden, but
apparently contained a lower level or poorer balance of essential minerals than did either
menhaden or haddock,

INTRODUCTION

It is known that certain raw fishery products contain the enzyme thiaminase, which de-
stroys thiamine (Lee 1948; Yudkin, 1949), This fact is important to fur farmers, who feed
large quantities of raw fish to their fox and mink. Special precautions must be taken to avoid
the effects of this antimetabolite when thiaminase-containing fish are included in the diet, or
a thiamine deficiency disease, commonly
called Chastek paralysis, may develop.
Fur farmers often alternate the feeding of
fish containing thiaminase with fish lacking
thiaminase or with other protein food. Thi-
aminase can be destroyed by cooking the
fish, since enzymes are heat labile. Never-
theless, many fur farmers prefer to feed
the fish raw.

Although a regimen of alternate daily
feeding of thiaminase-containing fish with
other high-quality protein foods is appar-
ently successful, many farmers and other
nutritionists surmise that these fish may
contain additional antiwater-soluble-vita-
min factors. If this speculation were found
to be true, further precautions during feed-
ing would be necessary.

i Also, although it is known that thia - Fig. 1 - Staff member holding black-hooded rat shows equipment
minase-containing whole raw fish will con- used in the antimetabolite study.

tribute no thiamine to the diet, little is :
known regarding the possible contributions of these fish in meeting an animal's requirements
of other water-soluble vitamins and of necessary minerals. Such information would aid in
**Formerly Biochemist, Fishery Technological Laboratory, College Park, Md., now with Food and Flavor Laboratory, Arthur D,
Little, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.

>> Animal Husbandm
0K Biochenist eaten { Fishery Technological Laboratory, College Park, Md.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 648

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

the efficient and economical formulation of animal diets with bath thiaminase and nonthia-
minase-containing fish.

Raw, whole menhaden, which contains thiaminase, represents a food source of great po-
tential value to the fur farmer. This industrial species of fish is quite abundant and should
be available to the fur farmer at a low cost compared to other fish and land-animal meat.
Menhaden apparently, in limited trials, has been successfully fed to mink under controlled
conditions (Anonymous 1960),

The object of the study reported here, therefore, was to conduct animal-feeding studies
to determine the possible presence of other antimetabolites in menhaden and to evaluate the
contribution of this species in meeting animal requirements for water-soluble vitamins and
nutritionally-important minerals, Rats were utilized in the study because of unavailability
of mink at this laboratory. The fillets of raw haddock and raw round of beef, fish and land-
animal meat supposedly containing no antimetabolites, were included for testing and repre-
sent extremes of food sources to Serve as comparisons and controls against the menhaden.,

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Groups of weaned rats of a highly inbred, black-hooded strain were fed the various diets
summarized in table 1. The rats had free access to water. The high-energy supplement and
the meat or fish were placed in separate feeding cups for free-choice selection.

Table 1 - Formulations of the Diets Fed the Various Groups of Rats

Dietary Components

B Thiamine Complete Water-
Pela kacy) Rae R pany Supplementstion Soluble Vitamin

x
x

Only3/ Supplementation4/

PS Pd PS

1/Consists of sucrose, lard, cod-liver oil (in the proportions of 80,16, and 4 parts by weight, respectively) and 0.02 grams vitamin E
per 2,000 grams of diet--as a source of carbohydrate, fat, and fat-soluble vitamins.

2/Raw and carefully ground to avoid altering any enzymes--as a source of protein, water-soluble vitamins, minerals, and energy.

3/Oral daily supplementation of approximately 10 times the daily requirement fed with tuberculine syringe (0.2 milliliters of a thia-
mine hydrochloride solution of 10 milliliters thiamine HC] in 100 milliliters of water per 50 grams body weight).

4/Oral supplementation of thiamine as above plus approximately two and one-half times daily requirement of each of the water-solu-
ble vitamins fed in the drinking water.

Menhaden were obtained in excellent condition from a boat that had been at sea off the
coast of North Carolina two days. The menhaden was frozen immediately after the boat was
docked, At the laboratory, the frozen fish were ground in a Hobart meat grinder and placed
in plastic bags for storage. Haddock fillets and beef round were purchased at a local super-
market. The packaged haddock fillets were prefrozen and were not ground for feeding pur-
poses. The fillets were stored in the original containers. The beef round was carefully
trimmed of excess fat, ground with a Hobart grinder, and then frozen. All of these foodstuffs
were held at 00 F, until shortly before the daily feedings.

Thiamine, when fed, was administered orally (table 1) to each rat rather than placed in
the drinking water. Data obtained from initial studies indicate that thiamine held in the
drinking water is destroyed.)

Four rats, two males and two females, weighing 50 to 56 grams, were randomly allotted
to each group. Not more than one litter-mate was allotted to any single group. The rats
were housed individually in cages fitted on wire screens. The temperature of the room was
maintained at 80° +20 F., and the humidity was maintained at 65 5 percent. Daily records
were kept of weights during the 4-week study, and observations were recorded of any notice-
able physiological changes in the animals.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 5

SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The data are presented in figure 2.

Diet 1 - Menhaden, HE (high energy)
Diet 2 - Menhaden, HE, By (thiamine)

Diet 3 - Menhaden, HE, vits. (all vitamins)
Diet 4 - Haddock, HE

Diet 5 - Haddock, HE, By,
Diet 6 - Haddock, HE, vits.
Diet 7 - Beef, HE

Diet 8 - Beef, HE, By ee
Diet 9 - Beef, HE, vits.

130 ]
120 Diet 3
ye

140 4

(4
jy
=

Diet 8

va i
90 Lae as Diet 7

& 100 / /

# / Py US Diet 2
S De / ——

5 a

o o

= z

0 : 5 cn 10n oes) . ~ 20 25 30 35 40
Time (days)

Fig. 2 - Gain in weight of groups of rats fed diets containing high-energy supplementation and fish or meat with and
without vitamin supplementation,

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

MENHADEN DIET: The group of rats fed the diet containing menhaden andno vitamin sup-
plementation (diet 1) beganto lose weight on the 12th day and continued to lose weight thereafter.
Characteristic symptoms of avitaminosis were noted during the testing period. These symp-
toms included loss of appetite during the second week, followed by loss of weight and loss of
muscular coordination, capillary fragility, and sensitivity to touch during the third and fourth
weeks of the study. By the fourth week, a marked difference in weight and physiological con-
dition was noted for these rats compared to those receiving the same diet but with thiamine
supplementation (diet 2) and with complete water-soluble vitamin supplementation (diet 3).
Rats gained weight slowly when fed menhaden with thiamine supplementation (diet 2) but did
not exhibit the deficiency symptoms observed with the rats of group 1. Rats fed menhaden
and all the vitamins (diet 3) gained considerably more weight than did the rats fed diets 1 and
2. The mean gain of the rats fed diet 3 was about 80 percent of that normally obtained when
rats of this colony are fed diets well balanced in nutrients.

These results indicate that raw whole menhaden (1) is thiamine deficient, as was ex-
pected, since menhaden contains thiaminase; (2) does not contain other antimetabolites detri-
mental to growth of rats; (3) contains sufficient levels of water-soluble vitamins (other than
thiamine) to permit growth; and (4) contains sufficient levels of essential minerals to permit
good growth. Results also indicate that thiaminase is the primary limiting factor for growth
of rats under the feeding conditions described.

HADDOCK DIET: Rats fed the diet containing haddock (diet 4) gained well during the
first week. Periods of loss of weight were observed during the second week. The rats lost
weight slowly during the last 2 weeks and more noticeably during the last few days of the
study. When fed the same diet with thiamine supplementation (diet 5), rats gained weight
slowly until the last 2 days when they lost weight. When all the vitamins were added to the
diet (diet 6), the rats gained considerable weight--nearly the optimum expected with rats of
this colony. This gain was markedly greater than that obtained when the rats were fed the
ae containing haddock with no vitamins (diet 4) or haddock with thiamine supplementation
diet 5).

These results indicate that raw haddock fillets (1) do not contain thiaminase or any other
antimetabolite detrimental to growth, (2) contain a level of water-soluble vitamins barely
adequate to maintain weight, and (3) contain levels of essential minerals to permit nearly
optimum growth. Results also indicate that one or more water-soluble vitamins is the limit-
ing factor for the support of growth of rats under the feeding conditions described. It was
observed that some edema and tenderness developed in the rats during the last week of the
study. The reason for this condition is not clear. The edema did not seem to be sufficiently
acute to account for much of the gain in weight of the animals. ¥

BEEF DIET: Rats fed diets containing beef with no vitamins and with thiamine supple-
mentation (diets 7 and 8) gained fairly well until about the 13th day and then gained slowly
until the last week of the study. These groups lost weight noticeably during the last 4 days
of the study. The final weight of these rats was greater than the weight of the rats fed the
menhaden with no vitamins (diet 1), and the rats gained weight somewhat better than did those
fed diets 4 and 5. Even so, they lost weight during the last 5 days of the study, as did the
rats fed diets 4 and 5. The final weight of the rats fed beef and a complete vitamin supple-
mentation (diet 9) was not as great as rats fed either menhaden or haddock with a complete
vitamin supplementation (diets 3 and 6), although the levels and ratios of high-energy supple-
ment and meat or fish consumed by the rats fed these diets were similiar. Before the loss
of weight, the growth of the group fed diet 9 was about equal to that of the group fed diet 3
but considerably less than that of the group fed diet 6.

These results indicate that raw beef round (1) probably does not contain thiaminase or
any other antimetabolite detrimental to growth and (2) contains a level of water-soluble vita-
mins sufficient to permit fair growth for a limited time. The results also indicate that one
or more of the water-soluble vitamins is primarily a limiting factor for support of growth
and that there may be an additional limiting factor for growth of rats, not definable by this

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 5

study, that is present in beef and is not present in fish. Quite possibly, this additional limit-
ing factor for growth in beef may be that the minerals necessary for growth are not present
in adequate amounts in beef and are present in adequate amounts in fish.

EFFECT ON HAIR COLOR: It was observed near the end of the study that the normally
dark brown portion of the hair of the rats fed diets 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 turned silvery grey.
The reason for this change in hair color is not apparent.

CONCLUSIONS

Results indicate that raw whole menhaden contains no antimetabolites1/ other than thia-
minase and that they contribute considerably toward meeting an animal's requirements for
minerals’ and for the water-soluble vitamins other than thiamine. Raw haddock fillets con-
tain no antimetabolites, contribute a lower level of vitamins for growth than does menhaden,
but apparently a higher level of essential minerals. Raw beef round probably contains no
antimetabolites, contributes about the same level of vitamins for growth as menhaden, but
apparently a lower level of essential minerals than either menhaden or haddock.

LITERATURE CITED
ANONYMOUS: LEE, C, F.

1960. Toxic Properties of Fresh Menhaden on Mink: Prog- 1948, Thiaminase in Fishery Products: A Review. Commer-
ress Reports of Projects Supported by the Mink Farm- cial Fisheries Review, vol. 10, no. 4 (April), pp.
ers Research Foundation, Comell University, and 7-17. (Also Separate No. 202.)

U. S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating, Na-

tional Fur News, vol. 32, no. 3 (April), pp. 16-17. YUDKIN, W. H.
1949, Thiaminase, The Chastek-Paralysis Factor. Physiolog-
ical Reviews, vol. 29, no. 4 (October), pp. 398-402.

1/For the purposes of this report, antimetabolites include only antiwater-soluble-vitamin factors.

HERRING ROE INDUSTRY GETS START IN NORWAY

Herring roe, specially salted, is a new export product of Norway. In Japan,
known as ''Kazanoko,'' it is an expensive delicacy eaten in big quantities during the
New Yearcelebrations. Last year was the first time a shipment of 220 pounds was
sent to Japan. This year, between 20 and 30 fish plants in Norway are making
"Kazanoko."

'Kazanoko"' is an old tradition in Japan. Among other things, it is supposed
to increase fertility. Thename, ''Kazanoko"' translated directly means ''more sons
and daughters,"

The salted roe is eaten without any special preparation. It is eaten especially
withrice wine. Since Japan lost most of her herring production territory, she has
turned to Norwayfor this special delicacy. But the 1961 herring failure in Norway
means that there won't be much herring roe this year.

The herring roe whichis mostly used is ''Moree Coast Eel, glass-rogn." It is
an over-ripe herring roe, soft like jelly, which used to be thrown away. The roe
is salted for three days to make it hard and solid. After three days, it is washed
and then salted again. Then it is also frozen. (The Fisherman, April 14, 1961.)

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Lal

Fishing Vessels and Gear Developments

EQUIPMENT NOTE NO, 12--A NEW

SCALLOP TRAWL FOR NORTH CAROLINA:
North Carolina fishermen recently devel-

oped a small lightweight trawl as an effec-

Fig. 1 - Cutting diagram for a 25-foot North Carolina calico scallop trawl.

tive gear for calico scallop fishing. Advan-
tages of the new trawlare: (1) It is more ef-
fective than a Georges Bank dredge on the
hard sand bottoms of the North Carolina beds;
(2) it is easily handled; (3) its initial and re-
placement costs are low; and (4) existing ves-

TOP AND BOTTOM SECTIONS HUNG ON 25 FEET
1n diameter combination wire rope

Chain: +" diameter, galvanized, proof-coil°

{ "Texas drop chains"
na Double leadline/loopchain combination

U. S,. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO. 649

sels can be converted from other trawl or
dredge fisheries to scallop trawling, quickly
and cheaply. The disadvantage that the new
trawl requires more maintenance and repair
time than do other types of scallop gear is
outweighed by the advantages. Most captains
fishing North Carolina scallop beds are using
trawls modeled after the new design.

A unigue feature of the new trawl is that
top and bottom sections are identical. When
the original bottom sections become weak-
ened, the trawl is simply turned over. Top
and bottom trawl lines are switched, chafing
gear and beckets are changed, and the origi-
nal, relatively unworn top sections become
the new bottom sections. The catch to be ex-
pected from a 25-foot scallop trawlon a good
bed ranges from 400 to 500 bushels of whole
scallops per day (24 hours). Double-rigged
boats, dragging twin trawls, have caught
1,000 bushels ina day.

TRAWL SPECIFICATIONS AND
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

The new scallop trawl (fig. 1) is built of
2- to 4-inch (stretched mesh) cotton webbing
and is hung on 25 to 28 feet of 3-inch combi-
nation hanging rope. Since the trawl is de-
signed so that it will fish with either surface
down, there is no overhang, and top and bot-
tom sections (wings, belly, and cod end) are
identical. The sections are laced together in
the manner described by Knake (1956) to
form a 2-seam net. Bellysections are short
sothat the amount of webbing exposed to wear
isas smallas possible. Heavy beckets (fig. 2)

Fig. 2 - Beckets. Four beckets are seized the complete length of
the cod end,

are used around the top section of the cod

end, instead of the usual bag rings, to pro-
vide greater strength to the trawl. Manila
or nylon rope is laced through the beckets

to serve-as a splitting strap.

TRAWL ACCESSORIES

Chafing Gear: Polyethylene rope yarns or
automobile inner tube strips are used as chaf-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

ing gear. For additional protection, a false
belly of heavy webbing is often laced over the
bottom belly of the trawl.

Texas Drop Chains, Tickler Chains, and
Double Leadlines: The Texas drop chain (fig.
3) is used to increase the scraping and dig-
ging action of the trawl. It consists of a
length of chain cut one foot shorter than the
length of the leadline and fastened to the lead- .
line at regular intervals by 2-, 4-, or 6-link

= tee
aA ~~
Se :

a fets iy
fap
é,
Ay

foes

Hn
ai,

Hi
1)

Fig. 3 - The Texas drop chain-~-a popular leadline attachment.

chain drops. The number of drops used var-
ies from trawl to trawl. Regardless of the
number used, thefirst drop is attachedat the
center of the leadline, and others are added
successively, on either side, until final bights
are formed at the ends of the chain. The
chain will stretch with use and decrease the
efficiency of the trawl unless the drops are
examined and adjusted frequently. Adjust-
ments are made to the end bights (fig. 4).

May 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Fig. 4 - Adjustments to maintain the fishing efficiency of trawls
equipped with Texas drop chains are made in the last bights of
the chain.

Other devices used, singly or in combina-
tion, to increase the scraping action of the
trawl and scare up the scallops in front of
the trawl include tickler chains and double
leadlines (fig. 5). Oneto three tickler
chains are oftenused. These arestretched

Fig. 5 - The double leadline. A device used to increase the
weight of the forward bottom portion of the trawl and to in-
crease its digging and scraping action.

across the mouth of the trawl from points of
attachment near the trailing bottom corner

of each door, Doubling the leadline, and at-
taching a loop chain, serves to increase the

weight of the leading edge of the trawl and

may serve to make the trawl tend bottom

more effectively.

Leglines, Trawl Boards (Doors) and
Bridles: Most fishermen feel that a trawl
that fishes close to the trawl boards will
catch many of the scallops that are scared
up by the boards. Short leglines between

net and boards are favored for this reason.

The size, weight, and type of boards used
with the scallop trawl depend on the size and
power of the vessel used and the personal
preferences of the user. Bracket boards

measuring 3 by 53 feet and weighing 250
pounds are used most commonly.

The complete rig (boards, trawl, and ac-
cessories) is fished from a single warp that
is connected to the boards by a 10-fathom
bridle of $-inch wire rope.

TRAWL OPERATION
AND PERFORMANCE

The trawl is set and dragged in thé usual
manner, Most of the North Carolina Vessels
drag from outrigger booms in the familiar
shrimp-boat fashion (figs.6and7), Owing to
its light weight and small size the trawlis eas-
ily handled. At the endof adrag, the splitting

Fig. 6 - Double-rigged scallop trawlers tied to the d6ck in Beau-
fort,, North Carolina, after having unloaded their ¢itches.

Fig. 7 - A single-rigged scallop trawler on the grolinds. The
trawl is dragged from the starboard outrigger boo!t,

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

strap is brought to the rail of the boat and
hooked to the hoisting tackle. The cod endis
brought aboard, and the catch is dumped on
deck. The trawl is then reset. Any scallops
that might be in the webbing above the split-
ting-strap beckets are left in the net until the
end of the next drag--or are allowed to spill
back into the water. The time that would be
consumed in making .a second lift of.the net
to shake the scallops down into the cod end,
and bring them aboard, is used more profit-
ably in making an additional drag. By limit-
ing drags to 15 minutes, the catches usually
fit well within the cod end, and little loss is
experienced.

In a series of trial drags lasting 36 hours,
a 25-foot scalloptrawlandan 8-foot Georges
Bank dredge were fished side by side onthe
hard sand bottom of the Core Bank calico
scallop bed. Localcrews handled both pieces
of equipment. The trawl consistently out-
fished the dredge--sometimes by as much as
6 to 1. Apparently many of the scallops con-
gregate in depressions in the otherwise
smooth bottom. The rigid dredges, unable
to dig into the hard sand, Beer to slide over
the tops of these depressions; whereas the
more flexible trawls follow the bottom, dip
down into the depression, and obtain the
greater catch.

LITERATURE CITED

KNAKE, BORIS O.
1956. Assembly Methods for Otter-Trawl Nets, U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Fishery Leaflet 437, 29 p.
1/Similar trials on the Cape Canaveral, Fla., beds indicate
that on softer bottoms the dredges generally outfish the trawls.

--By Joaquim B. Rivers,
Fishery Methods and Equipment Specialist,
Branch of Exploratory Fishing,
Division of Industrial Research,
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Brunswick, Georgia,

California

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

Airplane Spotting Flight 62-1-Pelagic
Fish: The inshore area from the United
States-Mexican Border to the northern end
of Monterey Bay was surveyed from the air
(January 16-18, 1962) by the California De-
partment of Fish and Game's Cessna ''182"
9042T to determine the distribution and _
abundance of pelagic fish schools. Weather

Vol. 24, No. 5

conditions were generally good throughout
the area.

Pelagic fish schools were not abundant,
but medium anchovy school groups were
found off Port Hueneme, in the northern por-
tion of Santa Monica Bay. Only one small
sardine school (Santa Monica Bay) was ob-
served during the flight.

Pair of gray whales traveling together. One just sinking with
much white water due to speed, and other blowing, with blow-
holes open.

Southbound gray whales (76 in all) were
noted throughout the survey area.

Two large groups of basking sharks were
observed, one composed of approximately 55
individuals was very close to shore in Morro
Bay and the other, composed of about 45 ac-
tively feeding individuals, was about one-
half mile north of La Jolla Point. While
these sharks are to be expected in Central
California, their occurrence as far south as
La Jolla is unusual.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 pp. 11-12.

ve OK OK OAS OK

ROCKFISH TAGGING
STUDIES CONTINUED:

M/V "N. B. Scofield" Cruise 62-S-1-
Rockfish: The California Department of
Fish and Game research vessel N. B. Sco-
field cruised (Jan. 23-Feb. 7, 1962) in the
inshore areafrom Pt.Conception to Pt, Mon-
tara and the Farallon Islands to capture blue
rockfish (Sebastodes mystinus) by hook and
line for tagging, food studies, age, and other
life history information.

The cruise was shortened by stormy
weather; excellent weather prevailed during
the remaining 13 days. A total of 1,738blue
rockfish was caught, of which 1,336 were

May 1962

tagged, 74 were preserved for special stud-
ies on freezing shrinkage and for meristic
counts, and 57 were preserved for stomach
analysis. Of the tagged fish, 14 were deliv-
ered to aquaria at Monterey and Santa Cruz
for observation. All tagged fish were de-
flated and 68 required stomach replacement;
all were anesthetized in a special solution.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 p. 12.

OK KK Ok

CENTRAL VALLEY KING SALMON
SPAWNING RUN IS DOWN:

King salmon spawning stock which used
California's Central Valley streams in 1961
numbered 256,000 fish, the California De-
partment of Fish and Game reported on
March 17, 1962. This was one of the small-
est runs on record and about half the size of
the excellent 1960 run when 482,000 kings
spawned in the same area which has an es-
timated spawning capacity of 500,000 fish.

While wide annual variations in spawning
runs such as this are not unusual, marine
resources biologists uncovered no compre-
hensive reason for this decrease while mak-
ing their 1961 salmon spawning survey.

"A drop like this one does not necessarily
endanger future salmon fishing,'' declared
the marine resources chief, "But we do feel
it is a matter of concern. Although similar
low years have occurred off and on in the
past without vitally affecting the salmon fish-
ery, the possibility of two low years inarow
could bring a considerable drop in the salm-
on stock based on those spawning years."

The annual salmon spawning stock survey
covers an area which extends from Redding
south into the San Joaquin Valley, and most
of the State's salmon are produced in that
area. It includes aerial counts of individual
spawning beds and concentrations of spawn-
ing fish. Ground observers keep a careful
count of spawned-out salmon carcasses, de-
stroying those counted to avoid duplication.

Once again the main Sacramento River
accommodated a majority of all salmon
spawners in the Central Valley. However,
only one stream in the Sacramento Valley
registered an increase. Mill Creek had
2,000 fish where 1,000 spawned in 1960.

The Nimbus Hatchery on the American
River recorded an all-time high egg take

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

from salmon, although the number of spawn-
ing salmon in the American River itself was
below that of last year.

San Joaquin Valley streams registered
several record-low spawning stocks, includ-
ing the Mokelumne, Consumnes, Merced,
Tuolumne, Stanislaus, and main’ San Joaquin
rivers, There was virtually no spawning run
in those rivers, with the exception of the Tuo-
lumne and Stanislaus.

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

SIZE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION
OF TUNA BEING STUDIED:

One of the persistent features in the size
distribution of tuna taken by long-line gear
is the predominance of males among the
larger fish. This has been especially notic-
able for yellowfin and big-eyed tuna. The
hypothesis formulated was that the dispro-
portionate sex ratio in large fish was the
result of differential growth between sexes.
This difference, if it exists, would be im-
portant in population studies for determining
maximum yield. To test the hypothesis and
to examine the sex composition of the catch,
a sampling program was initiated in April
1960 to obtain size and sex data on yellowfin
and big-eyed tuna from the Hawaiian long-
line catch. The program is being conducted
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Biological Laboratory, Honolulu.

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

A long-line vessel (sampan) of the Honolulu fleet.

Although sampling has not extended suf-
ficiently in time to determine growth rates
with great precision, the big-eyed data col-
lected over the first 12 months of sampling
(April 1960 through March1961) were ana-
lyzed to test the hypothesis. The results
show a difference in growth rate with sex,
the males growing at a faster rate than the
females.

The analyses included fitting normal
curves to the monthly weight frequencies by
the probability paper method. From the
multimodal distribution the mean and stand-
ard deviation of 4 or 5 modal groups were
calculated for each month. Evidence that
these modal groups represented year-class-
es is their progression in time, which is
such that the mean size of a modal group is
approximated by the succeeding modal group
one year later.

To estimate the ages of the year-classes
and to mathematically describe the growth
of big-eyed, a composite figure was con-
structed assuming similar growth rates a-
mong the year-classes. To estimate theage
at initial recruitment, April was selectedas
the month of peak spawning. Several fe-
males with large ovaries were observed in
the catch during early spring of 1961. By
extrapolating the progression of modal sizes
and assuming a rapid early growth, the 45-
pound fish entering the long-line fishery as
recruits in October were estimated to be 18
months old. It is possible that the rate of
growth of the small fish may be overesti-
mated.

The collection of size and sex data willbe
continued to confirm these preliminary find-
ings and to follow serveral year-classes
through the fishery. In addition, the gather-
ing of data on small big-eyed which are oc-
casionally captured by surface fishing meth-

Vol, 24, No. 5

ods will be intensified. Finally, a check will
be maintained on the gonad condition of big-
eyed to confirm the postulated spawning peak
in April. . Pei

He ok OK oe ok

SENSORY SYSTEMS OF
SKIPJACK TUNA BEING STUDIED:

The sensory systems of skipjack tunaare
being studied by the staff of the behavior
program at the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Honolulu.
In order to provide basic information for
future studies on the sense of smell, the
structure of the skipjack olfactory organhas
been examined and described,

The external openings of the olfactory
system, the nares, fit into the general
streamlining of the skipjack. The anterior
naris is a very small circular opening, only
0.01 inch in diameter on a 20-pound fish,
and is directed forward. The posterior na-
ris is an elongated vertical slit 0.7 inches
behind the anterior naris. This slit is di-
rected posteriorly, with a thin flap of skin
overlapping it anteriorly. Both of these
nares open into the olfactory capsule. The
actual sensing structure, the olfactory ro-
sette, is located directly inside the anterior
naris, and consists of 40 radially-oriented
leaves. A longitudinal passage between two
mounds of connective tissue leads to the
posterior naris. Below this passage an ac-
cessory sac extends posteriorly along the
jaw. This sac is compressed by the move-
ment of the jaw while the mouth is being
closed and is expanded when the mouth is
opened, theoretically acting as a bellows-
type pump.

Experiments were conducted to find out
how water moved through the capsule and to
see if the postulated pump was functional. .
Heads of fresh fish were placed in acurrent
of water flowing at 3, 10, or 15 feetasecond.
These currents corresponded to slow, aver-
age, and fast swimming speeds observed in
feeding skipjack at sea. (The speeds were
calculated in the Laboratory from under-
water movies taken of skipjack from the
stern viewing chamber of the Bureau's re-
search vessel, the Charles H. Gilbert.) Dye
was introduced into the current to determine
how the water entered the olfactory capsule.
In a current of 10 feet per second the same
amount of water entered the capsule whether
the mouth was opened and closed or held

May 1962

Stern viewing chamber of the Bureau's research vessel, the
Charles H. Gilbert,

stationary. Yet, in still water more entered
when the jaws were worked. Additional ex-
periments demonstrated that the posterior
naris acted as a one-way excurrent valve in
flowing water, but allowed some water toen-
ter in the absence of a current. In standing
water, with the capsule filled with dye, little
spurts of dye were ejected from the posterior
naris when the jaws were closing, whereas
almost no dye was ejected from the anterior
naris.

We conclude that a continuous stream of
water flows very slowly through the olfac-
tory capsule of a swimming skipjack, and
that an additional increment of water is
drawn in via the anterior naris when the
mouth is opened and is ejected via the pos-
terior naris when the mouth is closed,

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1962:

Fresh and Frozen: For the use of the
Armed Forces under the Department of De-
fense, substantially less fresh and frozen
fishery products were purchased in February
1962 than in the same month of 1961 by the
Defense Subsistence Supply Centers. The
decline was 37.5 percent in quantity and13.8
percent in value. Compared with the previous
month,February 1962 purchases were down
37.8 percent in quantity and 20.3 percent in
value.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW alee

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Defense Subsistence Supply Centers,
February 1962 with Comparisons

x QUANTITY VALUE

Februa
1961 [ 1962 | i961 | 1962 [i961 | 1962T 1961]

During the first two months of 1962, pur-
chases were also down 21.1 percent in quan-
tity and 3.0 percent in value as compared
with the same period in 1961. Because of
higher prices for most types of frozenfishery
products and purchases of higher-priced
products, the value of the purchases did not
drop as steeply as the quantity.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in
February 1962 averaged 72.9 cents a pound,
about 16.0 cents less than paid in the previous
month and 20.1 cents less than paid in Feb-
ruary 1961.

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Defense Subsistence Supply Centers,
February 1962 with Comparisons

Canned: A small amount of canned sar-
dines was the principal canned fishery prod-
uct purchased for the use of the Armed Forces

in February this year. For the first two
months of this year purchases of cannedfish
were up substantially as compared with the
same period of 1961 because of a large pur-
chase of canned tuna in January.

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local
purchases not included in the data given; actual total purchases
are higher than indicated because local purchases are not ob-
tainable.

Florida

FISHERIES RESEARCH,
JULY-DECEMBER 1961:

Research with funds provided by various
sources, including the Florida State Board of
Conservation and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service is being carried on by the Marine
Laboratory of the University of Miami. The
research of interest to commercial fisheries
which was reported in the Laboratory's

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

September 1961 and December 1961 Salt
Water Fisheries Newsletter follows:

Larval Shrimp: The spawning grounds of
the famed Tortugas pink shrimp are under
observation by Marine Laboratory scientists.
The shrimp spawn mainly during the sum-
mer months in water from 50 to 150 feet in
depth, but 1961 was a poor spawning year.
Young larvae collected in plankton nets for
study were only about one-fortieth as abun-
dant as in 1960.

Reasons for the spawning "failure" are
being looked for in changes in the oceano-
graphic climate of the area this year. In
1961 temperatures of the bottom layer of
water were 5°-10° F. cooler than in 1960.
Also, strong currents were present in the
area which could carry larvae from the
spawning grounds into the Straits of Florida,
where they would be swept away from the
shallow inshore nursery areas in which they
grow for some months before migrating to
the offshore spawning grounds.

Poor shrimp catches in many parts of the
Gulf and South Atlantic regions in 1961 caused
severe economic hardship in the fishing in-
dustry. These larval shrimp studies, spon-
sored by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
are part of a concerted attempt by many gov-
ernment and university scientists to discover
the reasons behind fluctuations in the catches
of commercial shrimp.

Spawning seasons and grounds of the Tor-
tugas pink shrimp continued to be mapped in
the last quarter of 1961. Few shrimp larvae
were found during the summer and fall of
1961 compared to previous years. In July
and August 1961, pink shrimp larvae were
only about one-fortieth as abundant in the
center of the spawning grounds as inthe cor-
responding months of 1960. Unusually cold
water temperatures occurred close to the
bottom where the adult shrimp live. Bottom
water temperatures in the area of heavy
spawning in 1960 were colder in 1961. Wheth-
er the lower temperatures caused the reduc-
tion in the numbers of larvae remains to be
proven.

The scientists are making a careful check
to determine whether this light spawning will
affect the success of the fishery in 1962.

Ecology of Florida Bay: The hot, dry
weather of the summer months of 1961 caused

Vol, 24, No. 5

a severe reduction in the run-off into Ever-
glades National Park. With this reduction of
fresh-water, salinity increased rapidly both
in Florida Bay and in the inner bay areas

where the water is normally brackish. This
increase in salinity has made it possible for
marine fishes to invade the inner waters.

In addition to the increased catches of
sport fish, in the third quarter of 1961 there
were large numbers of young menhaden and
anchovies in Coot Bay and eastern White-
water Bay, where they had been absent for
most of the previous four years because sa-
linity values were very low. These are es-
pecially valuable as food for larger fishes.

The increased salt content of the inner
bays has made it possible for marine algae
to re-colonize these areas to such an extent
that the bottom is becoming stabilized once
more, allowing the water to become clear.

Pink shrimp catches from June-August
1961 were lower than those reported in the
same period of 1960, but they were reason-
ably high. Unfortunately for the hungry fish,
pink shrimp in the last quarter of 1961 were
scarce in inshore waters.

Spotted Sea Trout: Over 180 sea trout
tags were returned from the Pine Island
area during the third quarter of 1961. A
total of 1,529 tags (28 percent) had been
returned by the third quarter.

The fish were tagged in January 1961 to
determine the abundance and mortalityrates
of this fish population. Catch information
returned with the tags supports earlier find-
ings which indicated that this sea trout pop-
ulation is sedentary. The tags were collected
monthly by a Marine Laboratory biologist
during trips to obtain monthly landing reports
from fish dealers.

Tags from spotted sea trout continued to
be recovered in the last quarter of 1961 from
the tagging experiments carried out as long
ago as three years, but in reduced numbers.
Over 30 percent recoveries have been made
since the large-scale tagging experiment was
carried out during January 1961 at Fort
Myers.

Fish Behavior Studies: A scientist visit-
ing from Japan in the third quarter of 1961
ended his project on the structure and func-
tion of the eyes of pelagic fishes and re-

May 1962

turned to Japan. His investigations indicated
that in open-sea fish, as in shallow-water
species, it is possible to predict the feeding
habits and habitat of a fish from a careful
examination of its sense organs, including
the eyes.

For example, surface swimmers such as
the sailfish see most clearly those objects
which are straight ahead of them, while fish
that swim considerably beneath the surface
but feed on fish swimming at the surface see
most easily objects slightly above them.

Experiments on the effects of light on the
behavior of the pink shrimp (Penaeus duo-
rarum) and white shrimp (P. setiferus) were
continued in the third quarter of 1961. Var-
ious wave lengths and intensities of light
were used and the resultant behavior eval-
uated. Preliminary evidence indicates that
the use of lights to capture shrimp may well
be possible. More work is required before
this method can be recommended with cer-
tainty, but the findings thus far indicate that
it is possible certain wave lengths of light
may attract these shrimp at certain times
of day more effectively than the odor of
fresh food fish.

Data is being accumulated on the ability
of sharks to detect and respond to low-fre-
quency sound. Much more work is needed
on this project before meaningful and useful
results can be expected, but in general it
can be said that the sense of hearing in sharks
is keener than had been anticipated.

Plans are in progress to build a facility
for studying the behavior of marine animals
at the Marine Laboratory. The building will
be equipped with apparatus for controlling
those aspects of the environment which seem
most important. In this manner, ecologists
will be able to study the effect of tempera-
ture, for example, on the settling rates of
marine organisms.

The importance of such a facility to be-
havior studies lies in the fact that labora-
tory animals do not often exhibit the behav-
ior patterns that are seen in nature. Withit
animals can be maintained under natural
conditions, as measured in the field. These
conditions can then be changed, and the ef-
fects of the change on behavior observed.

An interesting project on one aspect of
communication between fishes was in the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

last quarter of 1961. Neon gobies "make
their living'' by removing parasites from
the bodies and mouth cavities of larger fish-
es. Since they are ''bite-size'' and good to
eat, why are they not, in fact, eatenby these
large fishes? In a study of the interaction
between groupers and neon gobies it was
found that the gobies, in effect, ask permis-
sion to enter the mouth of the grouper by
touching them on the flank. If, however, a
grouper solicits the visit by holding very
still near the goby, with its mouth open, the
goby can enter with impunity without asking.
In studying these relationships, facts and
techniques are being learned which will be of
use in studying the behavior of the larger,
more difficult to keep, game andcommercial
fishes.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1961p. 28.

OYSTER BOTTOM LEASES
DOUBLED SINCE END OF 1960:

Oyster bottom leases in Florida have
doubled since the close of the 1960 calendar
year, the Director of the Florida State Board
of Conservation announced on March 20, 1962.
He said that as of December 31, 1960, there
were 58 oyster leases with a totalof 1,954.77
acres active. From January 1 through De-
cember 31, 1961, 33 leases were granted for
a total of 1,298.80 acres. Beginning on Jan-
uary 1 to and including March 13, 1962, 21
leases were granted for 918.87 acres. As of
March 1962, there were active 112 oyster
leases for a total of 4,172.44 acres.

The Gulf coast of the State had shown the
most activity and interest in the development
of leased bottoms. The oyster production
for the 1961/62 season would be the highest
in the State's history. The marketing of Flor-
ida oysters has been maintained at a steady
level this season and shipments to out-of-
state destinations were running high as of
March.

Frozen Fish

MICROWAVE THAWING STUDY STARTED:
Preliminary tests of thawing frozen fish-
ery products have been started at the Glouces-
ter Technological Laboratory of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries. A133-pound
block of whiting was thawed after 2 minutes

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

of exposure to microwave energy; this com-
pares to about 2 hours in circulating water.
The level of microwave energy to which the
product was exposed was regulated so that it
received the maximum energy until the in-
ternal temperature of the block reached 27
degrees F. Then to prevent cooking, the en-
ergy was reduced to about one-tenth of the
initial value. The cost of such a commercial
unit would be about $50,000.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 p. 17.

Gulf Fishery Investigations

SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES:

M/V “Belle of Texas” Cruise BT-18 and
"Miss Angela” Cruise MA-12: Good catches
of 12-15 count heads-on brown shrimp were
made in the 20-40 fathom range off Port Is-
abel and in the 40-60 fathom range off Terre-
bone Bay by the M/V Belle of Texas and the
M/V Miss Angela between March 20 and 28,
1962. A good catch of 21-25 count brown
shrimp was also made off Terrebone Bay in
the 20-40 fathom range. In the same depth
range (20-40 fathoms), a good catchof 15-20
count brown shrimp was made off Morgan
City. Both research vessels are operated
by the Galveston Biological Laboratory of the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in
studying the distribution of shrimp in the Gulf
of Mexico.

\
‘Lourseprawa u

in
Rew +
Orleans # (FR 30

Legend
Depth ranges 74, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 60
fathoms in each transect.

OFF: ME: 1k. 8 F6FG0:

al.
Shows the station pattern for Cruise BT-18 of the M/V Belle of
Texas and Cruise MA-12 of the M/V Miss Angela, March 20-
28, 1962.

A total of 9 statistical areas were cov-
ered. In each area one 3-hour tow was made
in each of 3 depth ranges. A 45-foot shrimp
trawl was used. Most of the catches were

Vol. 24, No. 5

brown shrimp, but there were some small
catches of white shrimp. Thelargest catch
was 54 pounds of 12-15 count heads-on shrimp
in area 21 in 20-40 fathoms. The nextlargest
catch was 48 pounds of 12-15 count shrimp in
40-60 fathoms in area 14, followedbya catch
of 42 pounds of 15-20 count shrimp in 20-40
fathoms in area 15.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1962 p. 15.

Industrial Products

FISH MEAL, SOLUBLES, AND OIL:
United States Major Indicators, Feb-
ruary ry 1962: For the first month of 1962,

Outside view of a Reedsville, Va., menhaden industrial prod-
ucts plant,

Major Indicators for U.S, Fish Meal, Solubles, and Oil,
February 1962
Item and Period 1962] 1961 1959

. (Short Tons) ...

Fish Meal Production and Imports:

Production 2/:
Aprilve aie
March, wees sce
February. .

eocecee

AR an,=Dec. 3/0
Jan,-Dec, final tot.

89,039 [257,969 [275,396] 226,299

Py prrpiesoreaa|

ian Sa eo

(Table continued on following ee

May 1962

Major Indicators for U.S, Fish Meal, Solubles, and Oil,
February 1962 (Contd. )

Item _and Period 1962 | 1961 1960] 1959 | 1958

A ialtelvanieiseh (SHOLteLOnNS) Meiers

Fish Solubles Production and Imports:
Production 4/:

ADriliatemeletetsycite
Marchtciiepeletts\sis
ReDruaryicwer ets
iANUALY A cieiettor sole
Jan.-Dec, totals

Imports:
Jey atl ois aio o.G1o
Marchi sieeve s
Bebruarysyeieis |
ANUATY Arsh sveleniis
Jan.-Dec, totals

Fish Oil Production and Exports:
Production:
ADIL Belselieilie) vie
March iaievereve te
IR EDruarys.cielerce
January... an
Jan.-Dec, ‘3/ 3/ aS
Jan.-Dec, totals

7 21,957 |
7 a7 Lartans| oataray os 008

IMarchieistereieie: «
February’...
January... 2.»
Jan.-Dec, totals ,
-

2/Does not include crab, shrimp, and miscellaneous meals.
3/Preliminary data computed from monthly data.
4/Includes homogenized fish.

5/Represents over 95 percent of the total production.

Note: Data for 1962 and 1961 are preliminary.

United States production and imports of fish
meal and solubles were up as compared to
the same month in 1961. While production of
fish oil was also up, exports were down sub-
stantially. February 1962 production offish
fish meal, oil, and solubles was greater than
in the same month of 1961.

3K ok ok Ok

U. S. Production, February 1962: Pre-
liminary data on U. S. production of fish meal,

U. S. Production 1/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles,
February 1962 (Preliminary) with Comparisons
re Tg
Meal Solubles | enized

East & Gulf Coasts. .
West Coast 2/,...

erat [ae [est] 90
Jan. -Feb. 1962 Total , 402 120 3, 220 110
an.-Feb. 1961 Total | 4,263 98 2,486 145
1/Does not include crab meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils.
2/Includes Hawaii, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico.

3/Includes condensed fish.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

oil, and solubles for February 1962 as col-
lected by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries and submitted to the International
Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers are
shown in the table.

aKioK: knot

U. S. Production, January 1962: In Jan-
uary 1962, 2,700 tons of fish meal and scrap
and 92,900 gallons of marine animal oils
were produced in the United States. Com-
pared with January 1961, this was a slight
decrease (less than 1 percent) in meal and
scrap production, but an increase of 37,800
gallons (69 percent) in oil.

In January 1962, tuna and mackerel ac-
counted for 1,600 tons or 60 percent of
the meal total, and 37,800 gallons or 41
percent of the oil production. Pacific sar-
dines contributed 455 tons (17 percent) to
the production of meal and 14,000 gallons
(15 percent) to the production of oil.

A total of 1,600 tons of fish solubles
was preduced in January 1962--180 tons
more than in January 1961. The produc-

A portion of a menhaden industrial products plant in
Reedsville, Va.

22
U.S. Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles,
January 19621/
January
Product

1962 1961

ANG WILE. yereieuel esses steve

Alaskalien slajelsiststsretaiene
Maine eves: otstoite te, fares \s)-s

PLOtal ys loka: aie sfsveFavs: we ise,’
Shellfish and marine animal
mealiand!Scrap's sis se +» 3/ 3
Grand total meal and scrap 3/ 299,039
IBISHYS OLDIES 2. tare eine 0's ios 1,597] 1,418 98,003
Homogenized condensed fish 40 11,777
suoneueneee (Gallons)iisv: sie. ss io
Oil, body:
PASTE Wileterscus\ieve)ckeievenels, « = = 6,900
Herring, Alaska ....... = cS 2g olut
Menhadent2/2sus0) etessveher evens = = 30,814,537
Sardine, Pacific... «+. 3/14,200 o 83,010
Tuna and mackerel ..... 3/37,816 | 27,853 751,590
Other (including whale) one 40,920|27,250| 1,087,610

02,936 55,103] 33,471,164

1/Preliminary data.
2/Includes a small quantity produced from thread herring.
3/Not available on a monthly basis,

tion of homogenized condensed fish amounted

to 40 tons--25 tons less than in January1961.

U.S. FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES:

Production and Imports, January 1962:
Based on domestic production and imports,
the United States available supply of fish
meal during January 1962 amounted to 28,200
tons--15,900 tons or 130 percent more than
in January 1961. Domestic production was
slightly less, but imports were 15,900 tons
greater than in January 1961. Peru contin-
ued to lead other countries with shipments
of 20,100 tons during January 1962.

The total United States supply of fish meal
in 1961 (517,000 tons) exceeded the peak
year 1959 when the quantity amounted to
nearly 440,000 tons.

The United States supply of fish solu-
bles (including homogenized fish) during
January 1962 totaled 1,900 tons--208 tons
more than in the same month of 1961.
Solubles and homogenized fish manufactured

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles,
January 1962 and Comparative Data

area es |

Item

Domestic production:
Menhaden vais a0. 7
Tuna and mackerel...
Herring, Alaska,....
Otherhtveyars stone tener

Republic of So, Africa,
Other countries .

59 1,545
28,159 516,884

secee 180

Available fish solubles ae
1,910 1,702 | 116,519

supply .... .. ad

1/ Preliminary.

2/50 percent solids, Includes production of homogenized con=
densed fish,

Available fish meal

Fish Solubles:
Domestic production2/

ecceoee

from domestically-caught fish made up 86
percent of the January 1962 supply.

oneal aad

COMMERCIAL FISHERY LANDINGS
FROM GREAT LAKES WATERS, 1961:
Michigan commercial fishermen caught
nearly 24 million pounds of fish from Great
Lakes waters in 1961, a drop of about one
million pounds from 1960. The 1961 catchat
ex-vessel was valued at $2,900,000, approx-
imately $97,000 less than in 1960 but only
$10,000 shy of the annual 40-year average.
The amount of the 1961 catch was down rough-
ly 2 million pounds from the yearly average
for 1920 through 1960.

Michigan

May 1962

MICHIGAN FISHING AREAS

ay e
LAKE SG. iS
P SUPERIOR ~s

WISCONSIN

ILLINOIS

Coa

Lake herring, chubs, carp, and yellow
perch made up 77 percent of the total in 1961:

lake herring, 7,295,000 pounds; chubs,
6,321,000; carp, 2,718,000; and yellow perch,
2,183,800 pounds.

The Lake trout catch, once an important
part of Michigan's Great Lakes total, slumped
to a new low of 214,500 pounds with the bulk
coming from Lake Superior. From 1920
through 1944, the State's commercial fisher-
men consistently took 5 to 6 million pounds
of lake trout each year. Since then, their
take has steadily waned with sealamprey
predation leaving but a small remanent of the
lake trout fishery.

Whitefish populations have suffered a
similar fate in the Great Lakes as reflected
by 1961 catches. Only 901,600 pounds of
whitefish were taken by Michigan's com-
mercial fishermen in 1961, the seventhlow-
est catch on record.

The 1961 commercial smelt catch was
the lowest since 1950, nearly 1,400,000
pounds.

Michigan's 1961 catches by waters were:
Lake Michigan, 4,328,000 pounds; Green
Bay, 2,908,300; Lake Superior, 8,060,200;
Lake Huron, 3,578,850; Saginaw Bay, 3,178,900;
and Lake Erie, 1,921,340 pounds,

ooo0q000

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

Nets

SYNTHETIC NET WEBBING OFFERS
LESS RESISTANCE WHEN TOWED:

Various net materials with approximately
equal wet-knot strengths were used for man-
ufacturing net webbing of equal mesh size
(110 mm. mesh opening) and towed in a tank
for testing ship models. The webbings were
stretched on al m*frame. The thinner net
materials made of synthetic fibers showed a
lower resistance than Manila, and the fre-
quently expressed opinion that plaited threads
have a greater towing resistance than twisted
ones was found incorrect. With greater tow-
ing speed, plaited Perlon showed a lower re-
sistance than the twisted Perlon and a still
lower one than Manila. (Deutsche Seiler-

3, 1960.)

North Atlantic Fisheries

Exploration and Gear Research

TRAWL INSTRUMENTATION
SYSTEM TESTED:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 62-2 (February
28-March 9, 1962): Testing and evaluation
trials of a trawl instrumentation system for
taking various measurements on otter trawl
and other nets while in operation were con-
ducted aboard the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel
Delaware during this cruise.

The system is comprised of several ex-
perimental devices designed primarily to
take measurements of the spread between
otter boards, between trawl wing ends, be-
tween the headrope and footrope, to measure
the depth of the trawl, the temperature of the
water, and to tell whether or not the trawl is
in contact with the bottom.

The spread distances are measured by
means of lengths of wire stretched between
the respective points and held under tension
on spring-driven reels. Data on the amount
of wire run off the reel is transmitted elec-
tronically back to the vessel where it is re-
corded as a line of dots on a moving tape.
Data from a pressure-operated potentio-
meter indicating depth and from a tempera-
ture transducer are similarly transmitted to
the vessel and recorded. A magnetically op-
erated switch indicates bottom contact by

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

illumination of a light on the shipboard re-
corder panel. The various data are trans-
mitted to the vessel through 9 electrical con-
ductors contained in the core of the trawl
warp.

The distance measuring instruments and
the bottom contact switch were found to func-
tion approximately as designed. The tem-
perature and depth devices apparently have
electronic ''bugs'' in either the transmission
or recording system that have yet to be worked
out. Some difficulty was also experienced
with the conductor-cable trawl warp.

Work on the system will be continued
aboard the 65-foot Rorqual to remedy the
deficiencies in the devices before continua-
tion of trials on the 148-foot Delaware.

poet. ae I

Wiese =

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

BLOOD SAMPLES COLLECTED
FROM GROUNDFISH:

M/V “Delaware™ Cruise 62-3 (March 15-
22, 1962): A blood type or a serological sur-
vey of haddock and other groundfish at var-
ious geographically separate areas off the
New England coast was the purpose of this
cruise of the research vessel Delaware of
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
The vessel, which sailed from Gloucester,
Mass., on March 15 and returned on March

Legend

j
Pf @ - TRAWLING AREA :
°
39* = EEE 39°
7 7a 72" vr To" 69" on 67 66° 65° oe

Cruise of the research vessel Delaware March 15-22, 1962, to
collect samples of blood from groundfish off the New Eng-
land coast.

Vol. 24, No. 5

22, 1962, covered Massachusetts Bay, Nauset,
Ipswich Bay, Georges Bank, and Browns Bank.

At 7 stations, 21 drags were made for
haddock and other groundfish. Samples of
blood were taken from haddock, cod, red
hake, white hake, cusk, wolffish, halibut, and
other species of groundfish. Biological in-
formation collected included: frozen whole
haddock for fecundity studies; cod otoliths,
scales, and measurements; frozen miscel-
laneous species for aquarium models; and
samples of cod blood for genetic studies.
There were 27 bathythermograph records
taken and 27 sets of sea bed drifters re-
leased throughout the cruise.

Serological sampling was possible aboard

ship but extensive testing and evaluation re-
mains to be completed.

DER,

Oceanography

NEWEST AND LARGEST UNITED STATES
OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VESSEL:

The newest and largest (in tonnage) United
States oceanographic research vessel, the
Eltanin, made an official visit to Washington,
D. C., the week of February 6, 1962. The ves-
sel was open for inspection and scientists
and representatives of government were able
to see one of our Nation's best equipped and
most versatile research vessels.

USNS Eltanin

The conversion of the Eltanin was com-
pleted late in 1961. She was formerlya car-
go ship, with a raked icebreaker-form bow
and a modified cruiser stern. With a length
of 266 feet and full load displacement of 3,886
tons, the Eltanin will accommodate about 32
scientists and technicians and a 47-man ci-
vilian crew of the U. S. Navy's Military Sea
Transportation Service (MSTS). The numer-
ous laboratories aboard the vessel are spa-
cious and well equipped, and quarters for the
scientists and crew are very comfortable.

May 1962

The Eltanin is really a full Antarctic re-
search station, but afloat instead of land-
based. She will be equipped not only for phys-
ical oceanography and marine biology studies,
but also for atmospheric physics research,
submarine geology, and meteorology. She will
enable scientists to do research in areas of
the world that have scarcely been explored,
let alone studied scientifically.

After a short shake-down cruise, the Els
tanin was expected to steam south to the Ant-
arctic to make a series of traverses, cross-
ing and recrossing the Antarctic convergence.
Numerous universities and private corpora-
tions will conduct studies covering many
fields. Included are: University of Southern
California will study fundamental biological
characteristics of the southern oceans; Co-
lumbia University will study plankton and
nutritional factors of the area; Lamont Geo-
logical Observatory will study the ocean cur-
rents; Texas Instruments Inc. will operate
the deep-sea winch, run the electronics and
machine shops, and make routine oceano-
graphic observations. (National Oceano-
graphic Data Center Newsletter, February
28, 1962.)

Oregon

FISH COMMISSION ANNOUNCES
RESEARCH AGREEMENT WITH
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION:

The Oregon Fish Commission has entered
into a contract agreement with the U. S. Atom-
ic Energy Commission (AEC) to study the
offshore-inshore exchange of bottom fish
stocks off northern Oregon and southern
Washington, the Commission's Director of
Research announced on March 13, 1962.

A total of $11,000 has been given the Com-
mission to initiate the first year of study.
Objectives for the first year's operation are
an intensive tagging and tag-recovery pro-
gram. The Principal Investigator will be
the Senior Biologist at the Commission's
Astoria Laboratory.

Bottom fish taken by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries research vessels dur-
ing marine ecological studies under a simi-
lar AEC contract will be tagged and released
in the study area off the Columbia River at
depths of 100 to 1,000 fathoms. The Oregon

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

commercial trawl landings at Astoria, New-
port, Coos Bay, and other ports to thenorth
and south are to be closely monitored for
tagged fish. Based on past experience, the
bulk of recovered fish, if any, will appear
in catches of Oregon trawlers since these
vessels predominate in the area.

The principal species expected to be tag-
ged are Dover sole and black cod or sable-
fish. Only species found in abundance will
be tagged to enhance the likelihood of amax-
imum number of recoveries for analysis.

"Possible duration of this study will be
six years,'' stated the Director of Research.
He pointed out that sufficient time is neces-
sary to obtain adequate recoveries and other
information from tagging, and the study could
cover a ten-year period if conditions war-
rant the additional time. Dover sole and
sablefish are both long-lived animals and
appreciable numbers of tag recoveries can
be expected for at least five years after tag-

ging.

st sle Ne v ste
mK OK OK ok ok

NEW CRAB-TAGGING METHOD USED:

A new technique in Dungeness crab tag-
ging has been introduced by Oregon Fish
Commission biologists and early this year
was being tested at the Commission's New-
port Laboratory on Yaquina Bay. The head
of shellfish investigations expects the new
method to far surpass previous tagging at-
tempts. Successful tests were made under
aquarium conditions before beginning tag-
ging operations.

Tagging and measuring crabs.

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Crabs are a particularly difficult animal
to study with respect to age determination
and growth rate. Crabs shed their shells one
or more times annually and carry no age-
determination structure within their body,
thereby making tagging the only method avail-
able for growth determination and migration-
al habits.

Previously, crabs have been marked by
several different methods, including finger-
nail polish and metal tags attached to the
shell, but success was poor because of the
shedded shells.

A splitting-line method using nylon dart
and spaghetti tags is now being used. An
insertion point on the crab's body has been
found that will keep the tag with the crab
through several successive sheddings, thus
making it possible to study growth, migra-
tion, and distribution with afar greater de-
gree of accuracy.

If fishermen return the tagged crabs back
into the sea, it would aid the biologists great-
ly with the study. ''We know the crabs are
well distributed and surviving from tags we
have received,'' said the head of the Com-
mission's shellfish investigations, ''and the
public could do us a great favor if they would
release these tagged specimens unharmed
when captured.'' By doing this, greater num-
bers of samples will be available when the
study begins in June 1962, and through these
studies the best possible management of the
resource can be obtained.

OK OK OK

POND-REARED SILVER
SALMON RELEASED:

We have just completed our most suc-
cessful year in pond-rearing silver salmon,"
observed Oregon's Fish Commission Assist-
ant Director of Hatcheries on March 14, 1962,
Ovér 420,000 yearling silvers were released
from the Fish Commission-Weyerhaeuser
Company's cooperative Millicoma Pond, an
eight-acre impoundment on the East Fork of
the Millicoma River, 25 miles east of Coos
Bay.

Silver Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Vol. 24, No. 5

The young fish were put into the pond in
May 1961, and were fed the Oregon moist
pellet diet for the following ten months. An
original plant of 588,000 fingerlings was
made, and the release figures show a 72 per-
cent survival for the yearlings, now 5 to 6
inches in length. The release last year of
82,000 silvers, and 78,000 in 1960 were from
smaller plants into the pond.

The Assistant Director also pointed out
that 75,000 of those fish were hauled from
the pond by liberation truck to the upper
South Coos River tributaries, namely Wil-
liams and Tioga Creeks, and released there.
Since removal of splash dams on that river,
the Fish Commission has annually released
salmon there so they can return as adults
and spawn naturally. ''This,' said the Assist-
ant Director, ''is one more step forward in
our program to help restore the once abun=
dant silver salmon." !

The remaining fish were released direct-
ly into the East Fork of the Millicoma River
from the pond. The fish were in excellent
condition. Some of the young fish will spend
only 7 to 8 months in the ocean and return
as jacks this fall, while those that survive
another year will return as adults in the
fall of 1963.

Eggs to perpetuate this pond-rearing pro-
ject are taken at a fish rack located on the
East Fork of the Millicoma, downstream
from the pond. A limited number of adults
are trapped and the rest allowed to move up-
stream to spawn naturally. There are 500,000
fingerlings available for planting into the
pond to begin the fourth year of operation.

It is anticipated that this large release
of yearling silvers could make a substantial
contribution to the salmon fishery in the
Coos Bay area in 1963.

3 ok ok ok ok

THREE MILLION SPRING
CHINOOK SALMON RELEASED:

The season's release of over three mil-
lion yearling spring chinook salmon into
Oregon's waters, mostly into streams of the
Willamette drainage system, was completed
in early March 1962, the Oregon Fish Com-
mission's Director of Fish Culture reported
on March 12. Spring chinook liberations be-
gan in late November 1961 and were com-
pleted for the season with a final release by

May 1962

the Fish Commission of 193,000 yearlings
into the North Santiam River during the week
of March 4-10, 1962.

In commenting on the excellent physical
condition of the fish liberated, the Director
gave much credit to the Commission's pro-
gram of feeding pasteurized ''starter'" diet
and the Oregon moist pellet, a nutritionally
complete fish ration developed cooperatively
by the Fish Commission and Oregon State
University specialists.

Ca Ey ea eur

SPLASH DAM REMOVAL OPENS
NEW SALMON SPAWNING AREA:

The blasting of a 20-foot high, 150-foot
long, and 50-foot wide splash dam by Oregon
Fish Commission personnel opened up 10
miles of new spawning area for silver salm-
on and steelhead on the Luckiamute River
near Valsetz, the Director of Engineering
announced on March 13, 1962..

The dam, built in 1903 to provide log stor-
age, had not been used for that purpose in
nearly 40 years. Debris had backed up be-
hind the timbered structure for over 300 feet
and was 20 feet deep in some places.

Two 10-case charges of dynamite were
required to loosen debris and create achan-
nel through the dam face so clearance work
could begin. The Director stated thatnature
would provide some of the stream cleaning
with the advent of spring rains and high wa-
ters, but that it was first necessary to break
up several jams behind the dam so they could
be hauled or flushed out. Chain saws and
dynamite were employed to loosen and re-
move much of the accumulated material,
with most of the large logs and a major por-
tion of the jam taken out.

The three wooden structural abutments
have now been completely removed, and for
the first time in 60 years the stream isflow-
ing in its normal channel. This is just one
of the many stream clearance projects the
Fish Commission is engaged in to provide
new spawning areas for the anadromous fish
of the State. ''Stream clearance is not the
only solution to maintaining runs of fish,"
said the Director, "but by cleaning up and
restoring these streams to their natural
state, we can establish new runs and enhance
existing productivity."

ULS

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

Shrimp

UNITED STATES SHRIMP SUPPLY
INDICATORS, FEBRUARY 1962:

Item and Period 1962 1960 | 1959 | 1958

+ (1,000 Lbs., all heads-off) . .

Total Landings, So, Atl,

and Gulf States:

Aprilia mele lacs 5,300
Marchusyerersieisse 4,714
February . aN oer

January

Quantity Se eae

Gulf States 1/:
Aprile: 306
Marchinenr vars 36

February ....0.6
TaNuaryirrtereie ice
BS ESS ers cam| il ie siete

April 30...00.
March 31ers sie
February 28 .

January 31 ....

Imports 3/:
ADI iereiehehenate
Marchi reisieieve
February .....

Pounds ai feadleg oe Ha G. a the
number of standard cases by 33.

2/Raw headless only; excludes breaded, peeled and deveined,

etc.

3/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp prod-

ucts as reported by the Bureau of the Census.

4/Not available.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962p. 38.

South Atlantic
Exploratory Fishery Program

EXPLORATORY FISHING FOR
ROYAL-RED SHRIMP CONTINUED:

M/V Silver Bay" Cruise 37 (February
19-March 6, 1962): To assist commercial
fishermen ihitiating deep-water shrimp
trawling and to assess the availability of
deep-water royal-red shrimp (Hymenopenae-
us robustus) between St. Augustine and Sa=
vannah were the principal objectives of the
16-day cruise of the exploratory fishing ves-

Vol. 24, No. 5

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

“(z9

61 ‘9 “IEW O1 6T °942q) Le ESMMID Keg FATS A/W

GL
= Sti
Sasa Taptnses sata} svavstressopeeasusey dears sets3i

(200! 4uvHI Swior)

*uorje 4s abparp doyeog - g¢
“SUOT}ES [MET] YSI—

*suor}E}s [Mex] duriys -

ev ———

denen geenySHORDSuags SSE

osy

/ a

ore
ey ork

munrurdity

Vivant ranwsri se

jGanett s2unung

s
(eat 1ey2)
fs

bet pags nese poss seas pits Mant bey Fyasase

(O+G1 Pur OFF 517542)
HYRNVAYS.
{POU 14M

May 1962

sel Silver Bay of the U. 5S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries. The vessel returned to
Brunswick, Ga., on March 6, 1962.

Trawling for royal-red shrimp was con-
ducted off St. Augustine in conjunction with
7 area shrimp trawler. Catch rates of all
vessels, including the Silver Bay, were gen-
erally comparable. Conventionally-rigged
70-foot 4-seam flat trawls with tickler chains
and 8 ft.x 40 in. chain doors were used a-
board the Silver Bay and produced catches
ranging up to 200 pounds of heads-off shrimp
per 2-hour drag, averaging about 100 pounds.

Snapper trawling explorations were con-
ducted in the 19-21 fathom depth range be-
tween Jacksonville Beach and Matanzas Inlet,
and in the 30-40 fathom depth range east
southeast of the Savannah Lightship. An 80-
100 foot roller-rigged 2-seam 43 inch mesh
nylon fish trawl with funnel flapper and 10-
foot bracket doors was fished in conjunction
with ''white line'' depth recorder tracings.
Gear damage was negligible.

Catches of mixed fish were found off
Florida with vermilion snapper (Rhombop-
lites aurorubens), red snapper (Lutjanus
blackfordi), grey snapper (Lutjanus griseus),
yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus),

grouper (Mycteroperca and Epinephelus),
red and white porgy (Pagrus and Calamus),

black sea Gee (Centropristes striatus), grey
triggerfish (Balistes capriscus), and grunt
(Haemulon aurolineatum) predominating.
Large red snapper were present at stations
in amounts ranging from 40-200 pounds per
drag. Small to large (5-16 inches) vermilion
snapper were also taken at all stations and
ranged up to 1,400 pounds per drag. Maxi-
mum catches of other species on a per drag
basis were as follows: grey snapper, 200
lbs.; yellowtail snapper, 80 1lbs.; grouper,
110 lbs.; red porgy, 840 lbs.; white porgy,
240 lbs.; black sea bass, 174 lbs.; grey trig-
gerfish, 408 lbs.; and grunt 315 lbs.

Black sea bass
(Centropristes striatus) *

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

Three drags off Georgia produced simi-
lar catches with maximum amounts on a per
drag basis as follows: red snapper, 47 lbs.;
vermilion snapper, 220 lbs.; grouper, 165
lbs.; black sea bass, 140 lbs.; and redporgy,
450 lbs.

Bottom topography in this area varied

from smooth to slightly broken.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1962 p. 26.

South Carolina

FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
PROGRESS, JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

The following is a report on the progress
of biological research by the Bears Bluff
Laboratories, Wadmalaw Island, S. C., for
January-March 1962,

Oyster Research: The greater portion of
the efforts during the first quarter have been
on the management of the oyster fishery in
the North and South Santee Rivers. The area
contains most of South Carolina's deep-wa-
ter oyster beds. For many years ithasbeen
considered polluted and closed to oyster har-
vesting. At the request of commercial oys-
termen, the State Health Department re-ex-
amined the area, and after a hearing in Feb-
ruary the area was declared open for oyster
harvesting.

Under State law these deep-water oyster
beds are not subject to lease, but the har-
vesting of oysters therefrom could be con-
trolled by the Division of Commercial Fish-
eries. The Division decided that for conser-
vation some sort of quota system would be
necessary. Consequently, Bears Bluff per-
sonnel made a survey of the area, mapping
and sampling it to determine the quantity and
quality of oysters available. The surveys
showed that there were approximately 389
acres of actual oyster beds with a harvest-
able population of large (more than 3-inch in
length) oysters of about 90,000 bushels (South
Carolina measure) or 170,000 U. S. standard
bushels.

The State's Division of Commercial Fish-
eries then issued permits to recognized oys-
termen with quotas fixed so as not to deplete
the oysters. Two fairly extensive surveys
and additional spot checks have been made
in the Santee area to determine the extent of

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

harvesting. Towards the end of Marchit ap-
peared that three areas of approximately 74
acres are reaching depletion of marketable
oysters, and Bears Bluff Laboratories will
recommend to the Division that these areas
be closed until next year. The remaining
oyster grounds still can be harvested.

Shrimp Research: Postlarval brown
shrimp began to appear in experimental
plankton tows during the first week of Feb-
ruary. The postlarvae reached peak num-
bers during February 23 to March 9, and
were continuing to enter inside waters in
some numbers as late as March 30. Although
no great abundance was evident this year,
brown shrimp have been approximately three
times as plentiful as in 1961, which was an
exceedingly poor year for that species.

LARVAL STAGES

: Sar

“yay
ADULT

Life cycle of shrimp. Spawned in the ocean, the larvae (here
greatly magnified) migrate to inshore nursery areas. As the
shrimp grow, they return to sea where they support the most
valuable of our commercial fisheries.

Although the abundance of brown shrimp

larvae this year did not approach that of 1960,

it should be pointed out that during that year
a cold spell, which occurred when postlarvae
were at maximum numbers, probably re-
sulted in a high mortality. For this reason
no comparison of the commercial prospects
for brown shrimp, based’on abundance of
postlarvae during these two years, shouldbe
made. It can be said, however, that the out-
look for the commercial catch of brown
shrimp this coming June and July is con-
siderably better than at this time in 1961,
even though the catch may still be below av-
erage.

Fish Research: Postlarval spot were
quite plentiful in plankton tows during this
quarter, being only slightly less numerous
than in 1961. This would indicate another
successful spawning and continued abundance
for this species. Flounders also appear to
have had a successful spawning this winter,

Vol. 24, No. 5.

as flounder larvae were about twice as
plentiful in plankton tows as in 1961.

Experimental otter-trawling at regular
stations continued on schedule throughout
this quarter. Survey stations now extend
from Price Creek, whichis north of Charles-
ton, to Calibogue Sound near the Georgia
line. Both croaker and spot showed con-
siderable increases in abundance inthefirst
quarter of this year as compared with 1961.
Croaker were almost nine times as numer-
ous and spot were about twice as plentiful
as last year. White shrimp were also more
abundant during the quarter than in the same
period of 1961, being about 1.8 times asnu-
merous at regular stations.

Pond Cultivation: Experimental work to
determine the possibility of stocking shrimp
ponds with large volume irrigation pumps
was continued during the quarter. A six-
inch irrigation pump was used to pump ap-
proximately 3.5 million gallons of water
from a nearby tidal creek into a one-acre
experimental pond during February 12 to
March 30. The pond had been drained and
closed off completely on February 9, and
pumping was begun as soon as postlarval
brown shrimp began to appear in sufficient
numbers. Surface water was allowed to
flow off through the pond's overflow pipes
during pumping operations.

During the same period a pond of equal
size was opened and allowed to take in wa-
ter naturally on the flood tides, for com-
parison of results of the two methods of
stocking postlarval shrimp. It was esti-
mated that about ten million gallons of wa-
ter entered the pond during the stocking
period.

These experiments were set up to deter-
mine whether or not stocking postlarval
shrimp by pumping is as practical as the
natural flooding method. The advantages
of the pumping method are that water can
be taken from a lower level in the creek
and at an earlier stage of the tide, since
the gates of the ponds are at such a level
that water can enter the ponds naturally
only on high flood tide. On the other hand,
stocking by natural flooding is economical
and convenient, and a greater volume of
water per hour can be taken into a pond.
The results of these experiments will be
known later this year when the two ponds

May 1962

are drained and harvested, and a comparison
of results is made.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1962 p. 40.

Tuna

ANOTHER TAGGED BLUEFIN SWIMS
ACROSS NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN:

A second four-months crossing of the
North Atlantic Ocean by a tagged giant blue-
fin tuna has been reported to the research
associate in charge of the tagging program
at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
according to a December 11, 1961, news re-
lease from the Institution.

As in the first crossing, reported about a
month earlier, the fish was tagged near Cat
Cay in the Bahamas and was recovered near
Bergen, Norway--more than 4,500 miles
away. The elapsed times for the crossings
were almost identical: the first fish was
tagged on June 10 and the tag was recovered
on October 6, 1961--118 days later; the sec-
ond was tagged June 1 and recovered Sep-
tember 28, 1961--a period of 119 days.

Both fish were tagged by two sport fish-
ermen participating in the tagging program:
the owner, from Wilmington, Del., and the
skipper, from Fort Lauderdale, Fla., of the
sportfishing boat Caliban II. Both tagged
fish were caught by Norwegian commercial
seiners. However, in the first case the tag
was found loose on the dock; in the second
case the tag was still in the fish, which
weighed 484 pounds. Its weight when tagged
was estimated at 500 pounds.

The scientist of the Norwegian Institute
of Marine Research in Bergen, who reported
both recoveries, wrote that the tagged fish
was of a variety known to fishermen as''long-
tailed" bluefin because it is thinner thannor-
mal. Some years the tuna catches late in the
season include such fish, which have previ-
ously been regarded as individuals that failed
in the struggle for food. However, the Nor-
wegian Institute scientist suggested, the tag
recovery might mean that the lean condition
of the fish was a result of having made the
long transatlantic crossing during the feed-
ing season.

The research associate of the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution said that more tag-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

ging of giant tuna may lead to new recover-
ies which will help evaluate the theory of

the Norwegian scientist. Of more than1,000
tagged bluefin tuna, fewer than 100 have been
giants, weighing over 300 pounds. Of those,
89 were tagged by the sportfishing boat Cal-
iban II. a
‘Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1962 p. 42.

CALIFORNIA EX-VESSEL
PRICES INCREASED:

Ex-vessel prices paid for domestic-
caught tuna landed at San Diego and San
Pedro, Calif., were increased by $10 per
ton for bluefin, skipjack, and yellowfin tuna.
Effective March 22, 1962, the new prices
per ton are: bluefin, $300, skipjack $270,
and yellowfin $310, round weight basis, at
canners' docks, The new prices were es-
tablished as a result of negotiations be-
tween tuna canners and vessel owners in
California.

This marks the sixth round of increases,
each by $10 per ton, since July 1, 1961. The
most recent previous increase was on Jan-
uary 2, 1962, for skipjack and yellowfin tuna,
and on March 9, for bluefin. Ex-vessel
prices a year earlier per ton were: bluefin
$240, skipjack $210, and yellowfin $250.

U. S. Fishing Vessels

FIRST CONSTRUCTION
SUBSIDY APPROVED:

Approval of the first construction dif-
ferential subsidy contract for building a
United States fishing vessel, as authorized
by a Federal law passed in1960(P.L. 86-
516), was announced on March 21, 1962,by
the Assistant Secretary of the Interior for
Fish and Wildlife.

Under the contract, the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries will pay $37,233, or
one-third the cost of a new $117,700 otter
trawler to be built by Harvey F. Gamage of
South Bristol, Me., for Thomas E. Larsen
of New Bedford, Mass.

To be eligible for a subsidy, a vessel
must be designed to operate in a fishery
which has received a finding of injury be-
cause of increased imports. At present,
the New England groundfish fishery is the

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

only one meeting this requirement. The
amount of subsidy that can be granted is
that equal to the difference between the cost
of construction in a domestic shipyard and
in a foreign shipyard, with a maximum lim-
itation of 334 percent of the domestic con-
struction cost,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1961 p, 22,
November 1960 p. 91.

FISHERIES LOAN FUND LOANS
AND OTHER FINANCIAL AID
FOR VESSELS, JAN. 1-MAR. 31, 1962:

From the beginning of the program in 1956 through March 31,
1962, a total of 1, 133 applications for $32, 337, 147 have been
received by the U. S. Bureauof Commercial Fisheries, the agency
administering the Federal Fisheries Loan Fund. Of the total 595
applications ($14, 120,911) have beenapproved, 389 ($10, 020, 504)
have been declined or found ineligible, 113 ($5,546,262) have
been withdrawn by applicants before being processed, and 36
($1,054,756) are pending. Of the applications approved, 235
($1,594,714) were approved for amounts less than applied for.

The following loans were approved from January 1, 1962,
through March 31, 1962:

New England Area: Frank H. Thompson, Addison, Maine,
$2,250; Alger F, Burgess, Chebeaque Island, Maine, $3,500;
Ora M, Hunt, Plymouth, Mass., $5,000.

South Atlantic and Gulf Area: Herbert M. Storter, Naples,
Fla., $27,700; Kyle Collins & G. Cecil Hartley, Tampa, Fla.,
$23,000; Cleveland D. Scarborough, Mt, Pleasant, S. C.,
$7,970; LouisE, Williams, Mt, Pleasant, S. C., $8,500; Eugene
M,. Webster and W. H. Rayburn, Aransas Pass, Tex., $17,650;
Orris A. Smith, Brownsville, Tex., $19,000; Hollis M. For-
rester, Lake Jackson, Tex., $40,000; Jaquin Cheramie & Hubert
Lafont Shrimp Co., Golden Meadow, La., $14,510; Ellis Plais-
ance, Jr. & Hubert Lafont Shrimp Co., Golden Meadow, La.,
$15,220; Harold J. Callais, Cut Off, La., $13,225; Clinton P.
Guidry, Lafitte, La., $15,780; G. A. Rogers &M. H. Plaisance,
Westwego, La., $18,750; Norman C,. Ronquille, Westwego, La.,
$17,220,

California: James N. Blum, Eureka, $7,377; J. V. Shaw,
Salinas, $9,000; Terence S, Harmidge, San Diego, $3, 870;
Mitchell M. Tyler, San Diego, $9,990; Russel E. Moody,
Vallejo, $3,000.

Pacific Northwest Area: Norman Fuller, Forks, Wash.,
$3,500; Francis E, Caldwell, Port Orchard, Wash., $4, 800;
Ray G. Knowles, Tacoma, Wash., $2,200; Robert M. Edenso,
Seattle, Wash., $5,360; George M. Jensen, Seattle, Wash.,
$7,000; RichardE, Rydman, Westport, Wash., $20,000; Ronald
W. Stedman, Westport, Wash., $11,000.

Alaska: Clancy V. Henkins, Douglas, $13, 300; Everett J.
Buchanon, Juneau, $3,000; Jack E. Crowley, Juneau, $11,500;
Philip C. Hoffman, Ketchikan, $2, 800; George H. Johnson,
Seldovia, $12,000; Trawlers, Inc., Seward, $34,000; Winston
E. Davies, Wrangell, $2,500.

In the Fishing Vessel Mortgage Insurance Program, also ad-
ministered by the Bureau, approval has been granted for the
insurance of mortgages for the following fishing vessels during
the last quarter of 1961 and the first quarter of 1962: Big Baby,
Inc., Tampa, Fla., $38,560; Thomas B, Larsen, New Bed-
ford, Mass., $40,000; Victoria Fishing Co., New Bedford, Mass.,
$71,250, The first fishing vessel mortgage was insured in
January 1961. Under the mortgage insurance program, the
Department of the Interior guarantees the lender or mortgage
holder the insured amount, Should the borrower fail to pay,

Vol. 24, No. 5

the Department pays but has legal recourse to the borrower's
assets.

In the Construction Differential Subsidy Program, the fol-
lowing construction differential subsidy was approved in
March 1961: Thomas B. Larsen, New Bedford, Mass., $34, 667.
This was the first approval in this program, The amount
approved for subsidy represents one-third the cost of a new
vessel,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1962 pp.
20, 46.

Slee sien case

CONTRACT TO DESIGN AND
BUILD SEMIAUTOMATED STERN
TRAWLER-PURSE SEINER:

The first United States effort to adopt the stern trawling
technique was announced early this year by a group of Rhode
Islanders, A contract was awarded late in January 1962 toa
firm of naval architects and builders of steel vessels of
Warren, R.I., to design and build a 76-foot semiautomated
dragger capable of being easily converted to purse seining,.

Fig. 1 - New 76-foot semiautomated stem trawler-purse seiner
rigged for stern trawling.

The vessel will be built for a new Rhode Island company
to be associated with the Warren, R.I., firm. The new firm
is headed by a group of business and civic leaders who have
taken the challenge to develop a more productive fishing ves-
sel in an effort to surpass that of foreign countries now fish-
ing off the New England coast. The vessel is scheduled to be
launched in late summer 1962,

Prime feature of the new design will be an advanced ‘‘over
the stern’’ net-handling system which will speed net hauling
and reduce hazards to the crew. Use of the European stern
ramp will make fishing easier in bad weather, allowing more
consistent catches and a shorter work week for fishermen,

‘Stern trawlers of larger size, but not as advanced in
automation, are now being operated by the Russians off our
coasts, These trawlers, most of them built in Poland, are
able to haul their nets in half the time required by United
States side trawlers which have to circle an area to haul
their nets and then undergo a complicated method of dis-
connecting fishing gear in order to get the loaded net aboard,”’
stated the President of the group designing and building the
new vessel,

The new European stern trawlers haul their nets through
a stern ramp, Though faster than existing United States

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

SEMIAUTOMATED STERN DRAGGER-PURSE SEINER

DIMENSIONS: Length over-all 76'0"; molded beam 21'6";
light draft 8'0".

RIG: Stern trawler, pilothouse control of trawling cable po-
sitioning and net hauling over stern; fitted with convention-
al European-type ramp.

PROPULSION (Main): Stem drive 340 horsepower Diesel, driv-
ing 60-inch 3-blade controllable pitch propeller developing
10, 400-pound thrust. Propeller driven through 12-inch gear
belt, 5:1 reduction, engine tandem mounted in after peak,
Engine power take-off connected by gear belt to deckwinch
and also to auxiliary water jet propulsion unit, controlled
from pilot house,

AUXILIARY POWER: 160 horsepower deck mounted Diesel
driving deck winch through torque converter, Also con-
nected to water jet propulsion unit, pilot house controlled.

RANGE: 5,000 miles; will be capable of fishing from Grand
Banks to Central American Pacific areas.

WINCH: 30" drum capacity of 1,000 fathoms of 5/8" wire,
with pneumatic controls, semiautomatic level winder and
hydraulic brake to be installed on the winch by Blount, Con-
trol will be from cab located at after end of pilot house
overlooking entire working deck,

FISH HOLD: Total 3,500 cu. ft., 220,000 pounds of fish and
ice. Vultafoam insulated, sheathed in fibreglass, metal bot-
tom.

FISH COOLING: Optional ice or mechanically -tefrigerated
salt-water mist spray.

QUARTERS: Four staterooms, each containing 2 bunks, mas-
ter stateroom, and centralized modern galley, built in mod-
erm domestic style.

vessels, they use the standard net-strapping method, The
new automated dragger will eliminate strapping and will
automatically bring in the catch clear of the stern and onto
the deck,

The new vessel will be acombination stern trawler and
purse~seiner in order for it to take advantage of whichever
type of fishing is most profitable, thus assuring peak pro-
duction throughout the whole year. It will be convertible to
either method of fishing in less than a day,

Development of the new dragger continues the program of
the Warren, R.I., firm of naval architects and shipbuilders
to construct a series of experimental fishing vessels, in-
cluding the highly successful 65-foot Atlantic tuna clipper
built for a Cape Cod firm in 1961.

Only since the successful adaptation of the Warren, R.I.,
firm’s stern drive, as on the tuna clipper, has it been pos-
sible to design a vessel combining needs of both dragger and
purse~seiner: large fish hold clear of shafting, with the abil-
ity to take heavy loads in good trim and handle a mile of
cable,

As a dragger the new vessel will handle 1,000 fathoms
of trawl cable and be capable of trawling in water as deep
as 1,200 feet on the outer edge of the Continental Shelf. It
will fish initially for deep-sea lobsters, Its stern-hauled
net-handling rig will land the net with greater safety to the
lobsters, incréasing their life in captivity and allowing them
to be brought to market in fresher condition, It will also
have the latest equipment for holding the lobsters,

In late spring and summer, when the offshore lobsters
are shedding, the vessel will be used as a purse seiner

and fish for menhaden and tuna, Because of its refrigeration
system, it will be able to range for tuna up to 150 miles off
the coast.

Among its features is a 60-inch controllable pitch pro-
peller developing a thrust in excess of 10,000 pounds and a
water jet auxiliary propulsion system designed to be an aid in
regulating position while pursing the net, The main engine, as
well as the auxiliary engine, at the option of the skipper, will
be capable of driving a water jet propulsion unit located in the
stern, Either engine can thus propel the boat in any direction,

Fig. 2 - New stern trawler-purse seiner rigged for seining.

There will be individual staterooms for the crew, one of the
first United States-rigged vessels to be so equipped,

The vessel will carry a standard size crew and if a contem-
plated processing plant is located in the Rhode Island area,
there will be an increase of 5 to 10 additional shore jobs, The
decision to build and operate a processing plant in Rhode Is~-
land to fit fishing operations will be considered when the boat
has successfully met her designer’s requirements,

One of the great hopes of the designer is that its bad weath-
er fishing ability may lead to a five-day work week for the
fishermen. More efficient deck gear plus more speed to and
from the fishing grounds may allow this.

‘At stake also is the ability of American private enterprise
to face up to a harsh competition right under our noses,’’ the
President of the Warren, R.I., firm said. ‘‘We will never out-
distance the foreign fleets on our fishing grounds, without
new designs and developments,”’

steht plemiolel iscsi ste.

DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED AND

CANCELLED, FEBRUARY 1962:

During February 1962, a total of 15 ves-
sels of 5 net tons and over were issued first
documents as fishing craft in the United
States as compared with 21 in February
1961. Also, there were 4 more documents
cancelled for fishing vessels in February
1962 than in the same month in 1961.

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - U, S, Fishing Vessels 1/--Documentations Issued
and Cancelled, by Areas, February 1962 with Comparisons

Area
(Home Port)

Issued first documents 2/
Newsenglanditctstscvelsievsietes sil, a
iidcleATIANtiC. . ecsvers e.sca.cie.¢
Chesapeake ....
South Atlantic ,
IPACifi Chapauetajatsiel olevehsierstere sie
Great Wakes Were ereieie\eie er clerers
Puerto Rico ..eceeeeecees =

LOLA epohes stevelatiatouNeisiisiets

Removed from documentation 3/:
INEwiEneland iis, y crete sue erels ¢) 0) 6
Middle Atlantic .
Chesapeake...
SOULHATLANtic {slsisiere ersrsieisie.e
DAGCITICH tele stexejetskelerel here torshe

.
e
e
.
.
.
toaomnen !
NRPAPANMH EB

Greatdeakesh iexsveye%eveielevel(eesers
ETAWAlI ews. rei eters), el eheliekeis! «)oiere

ea a a1 | sa | san |
Note: See table 2.
Table 2 - U, S, Fishing Vessels 1/--Documents Issued and

Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, February 1962

§ dieraied NUMBER) Hisvevenets

TRRPOPRPR Ow

Gress Tonnage Cancelled 3/

Osea atehete eleva veicievel eto etatel's

LO OMe ee oie vans isjelensiejesshatersteue
ZO R20 Maietalleleeey revel sist ehexeliviislce
SO=Oiiay ers jeiorisired ohasievaksi:tetionelicie
BOAO haicrehateie cletelerelisre eile) stoke
DOO uaeceliel tele le sherleliener si eisis
CO=GORp wenevatict sieve elsterenejeners. =
Ost Oponcuetoiatenetelen stakehotshstersye
LOO TOO essrerlenelle/cseileletaystesteies st
120 RTO Me avsre eksleve)eleseisvereietee

310-319 .
10-31

Ct lo oT wo)
PRRIEi Rp! BPR wo

FLOtalMnesuerewstensleretetonssebenens

1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft, A ves-
sel is defined as a craft of 5 net tons and over.

2/Includes redocumented vessels previously removed from
records, Vessels issued first documents as fishing
craft were built: 10 in 1962, 2 in 1961, and 3 prior to
1951. Assigned to areas on the basis of their home ports.

3/Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold
alien, etc,

United States, Bureau of Customs, U. S, Treasury Depart-

ment,

Vol. 24, No. 5

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY 1962:

Imports of fresh, frozen, and processed edible fish and
shellfish into the United States in January 1962 were up 1.8
percent in quantity and 2.9 percent in value as compared with
December 1961, The increase was due primarily to more im-
ports of frozen fillets (groundfish and other types), canned
sardines in oil, canned salmon, and fresh and frozen sea scal-
lops. The increases were almost offset by a drop in the im-
ports of all types of canned and frozen tuna, frozen salmon,
canned sardines not in oil, frozen frog legs, and frozen shrimp.

Compared with the same month in 1961, imports in Janu-
ary 1962 were up 4.6 percent in quantity and 22,0 percent in
value, The increase in value was due to the higher prices for
nearly all imported fishery products, The general increase
came about because of more imports of fillets other than
groundfish (including swordfish, halibut, and salmon), frozen
tuna other than albacore, tuna loins and discs, canned tuna in
brine, canned sardines in oil, canned crab meat, frozen spiny
lobsters, live lobsters from Canada, and frozen sea scallops
(from Canada), The increases were offset somewhat by de-
clines in the imports of groundfish fillets (especially blocks
and slabs), frozen albacore, frozen salmon from Canada,
canned sardines not in oil, and frozen frog legs,

In 1961 the imports of fresh, frozen, and processed edible
fish and shellfish were up 1.6 percent from the 1,010.4 mil-
lion pounds reported in the previous year, The value of the
imports was up 9.4 percent from the $304.8 reported in 1960.
Higher prices for many imported fishery products in 1961
accounted for most of the increase in value, Imports in-1961
were greater for all types of frozen fillets (including halibut,
salmon, and swordfish), frozen albacore tuna, tuna loins and
discs, canned tuna in brine, canned sardines in oil and not in
oil, frozen shrimp, and fresh and frozen scallops from Canada,
The failure of the sardine fisheries in California and Maine
was responsible for the increase in canned sardine imports.
Offsetting the increases, were less imports of frozen tuna
other than albacore (principally yellowfin), frozen salmon from
Canada, canned salmon from Japan, and frog legs from Cuba,

U.S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products, |
January 1962 with Comparisons

Quantit Value
Jan, Year Jan
1962 {1961 1961 fuses tase 1961

(Millions of Lbs.) (Millions of $)

Imports:
Fish & Shellfish:
Fresh, frozen, &
rocessed!’ ..
Exports:
Fish & Shellfish:
processed only 1/}
(excluding fresh
& frozen) ....
t/Includes pastes, sauces,

89.0|85.1 32.2 |26.4| 333.6

clam chowder and juice, and other specialties.

United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in
January 1962 were up 40.0 percent in quantity and 27,3 per-
cent in value as compared with January 1961. The January
1962 exports were greater than in the same month of 1961
because of higher exports of canned mackerel, canned salm-
on, canned sardines not in oil, frozen shrimp, and canned
squid,

Compared with the previous month, the exports in Jan-
uary 1962 were down 23,9 percent in quantity, but were up
7.7 percent in value.

Processed fish and shellfish exports for 1961 were
down 41.3 percent in quantity and 31.2 percent in value as

May 1962

compared with 1960. The following leading products were
exported in substantially lesser quantities in 1961 as com-
pared to 1960: fresh and frozen salmon (1,095,000 pounds
in 1961 and 2,849,000 pounds in 1960), canned salmon
(7,186,000 pounds in 1961 and 11,924,000 pounds in 1960),
canned sardines not in oil (7,475,000 pounds in 1961 and
20,955,000 pounds in 1960), canned shrimp (2,502,000
pounds in 1961 and 3,482,000 pounds in 1960), and canned
squid (3,433,000 pounds in 1961 and 7,530,000 pounds in
1960). There were increases in the exports of canned
mackerel (from 1,305,000 pounds in 1960 to 3,908,000
pounds in 1961) and frozen shrimp (from 2,989,000 pounds
in 1960 to 4,771,000 pounds in 1961 1/),

1/Does not include re-exports which were substantial in 1961,

Bede eases cd kes

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
could be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1962 at the 125-percent
rate of duty had not been announced as of ear-
ly March.

Imports from January 1-March 3, 1962,
amounted to 8,050,911 pounds (about 383,400
std. cases), according to data compiled by
the Bureau of Customs. During the same
period in 1961 a total of 7,475,964 pounds
(356,000 std. cases) had been imported.

Note: See p. 77 of this issue.

oe OOK OK Kk oF

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF
FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1961:

The trend toward obtaining a larger part of United States
requirements for fishery products from imports continued
in 1961. U.S. imports of several major fishery products
reached record levels, Among these were groundfish and
ocean perch fillets, scallops, spiny lobsters, shrimp, canned
tuna in brine, canned oysters, and fish meal,

In 1961, over 44 percent of the United States supply of
fishery products was obtained from foreign countries, Im-
ports supplied the major share of many fishery commodi-
ties consumed in the United States, For the first time,
imports of shrimp (round-weight basis) were greater than
domestic production,

Compared with 1960 receipts, substantial increases
were reported in imports of tuna loins and discs, canned
sardines, and swordfish. Principal items showing de-
creases from 1960 were fresh, frozen, and canned salmon,
fresh or frozen tuna, and fresh-water fillets,

United States exports of the leading edible fishery prod-
ucts of domestic origin were down one-third from 1960,
Fish oil exports declined by 15 percent. Among the other
products exported in substantially lesser quantities during
1961 were canned sardines, salmon, shrimp, and squid,
Canned mackerel and frozen shrimp were exported in
greater quantities,

Review of Imports (1961 compared with 1960): In 1961,
imports of groundfish and ocean perch fillets and blocks
increased 26 percent, This included an increase of 32 per-
cent in the quantity of blocks or slabs, Canadian shipments
of blocks and slabs increased by 24 percent, Icelandic by
49 percent, and Danish by 40 percent. Imports of fillets

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

Table 1 - U. S. Imports of Selected Fishery Products,
1960 and 1961

Commodity

sves0n (000! LDSs) sven

Groundfish and ocean perch;
Billets ee ohio
Blocksjand!slabs? << t.vefete exe

16,589
118,675

65,878
89,672

Total s.csccccvcerce 155,550

Fillets other than groundfish;
ElounderiWyajajetelsierenereioneys
Fresh-water fish...
Otherkyeeyareteratetsie

Swordfish (incl, steaks, fillets,
& ChUNKS) sae ec ees

Tuna, fresh or frozen:
AIDACOKEY Mercrejeteneteratstavere
Other than albacore ......

LOtal wee eteleleteseieseverolels

Tuna, canned in brines
IATBaCOrem wecnetel sheretievereyaye
Other than albacore ......

FLOtalupiveterstoteletelersteneters

Tuna, canned inoil,......-.

Bonito and yellowtail, canned ,

Crab meat, canned......0.
Lobster, fresh or frozen:
Northern Rie eicseysietenchaye srs
SDINYaeieveWevolisiteteligherete ds
Lobster and spiny lobster,
ChHWEsh DdododocoDDDO
Salmon:
Freshiorifrozen'eye sieie eievere

Sardines:
Gannedtinioil 7. reversieisters
Canned not in oil

Shrimp, mostly frozen, some
canned and dried ....

other than groundfish increased slightly; fresh-water fil-
lets declined by 17 percent,

Imports of frozen albacore tuna showed a small rise,
whereas frozen tuna other than albacore decreased 22 per-
cent. In total, this amounted to a 14-percent decrease in
imports of fresh and frozen tuna. Imports of tuna loins
and discs rose by 24 percent, but the quantity was much
less than the other types of tuna imported,

Imports of canned tuna in brine increased by 18 per-
cent. Japan accounted for 73 percent of the total quantity.
Canned bonito and yellowtail imports increased 5 percent;
Peru was the principal supplier of those products,

A new high was reached in imports of frozen spiny lob-
ster, Principal gains were from Brazil, Mexico, South
Africa, and the Bahamas. Imports of northern lobster
were Slightly less than during 1960,

Canned salmon imports decreased 61 percent, Im-
ports from Japan, the principal supplier, declined from
18 million pounds in 1960 to 5,5 million pounds in 1961,
Fresh or frozen salmon from Canada, the main supplier,
dropped slightly.

Norway and Portugal supplied the major share of the im-
ported canned sardines in oil, Most of the canned sardines
not in oil were imported from the Union of South Africa.
Both showed important increases,

Imports of sea Scallops~-nearly all from Canada-~in-
creased 26 percent from 1960 to 1961.

Shrimp, mostly frozen, increased 11 percent, For the
first time in the history of the shrimp fishery, the quantity
of imports exceeded that of the domestic catch. Mexico
accounted for 63 percent of total imports.

In 1961 fish meal imports reached an all-time high of
435.7 million pounds (217,845 short tons) for.a 66-percent
increase over the preceding year. Over half of the imports
were from Peru, Imports of fish solubles were also 12 per-
cent greater, d

Review of Exports (1961 compared with 1960): During
1961, exports of sardines not in oil amounted to 7,5 million
pounds, compared with 20.9 million pounds in 1960, or a de-
crease of 64 percent. Shipments to the Philippines, Ecuador,
and New Zealand declined.

Table 2 - U. S. Exports of Selected Fishery Products, |

; 1960 and 1961
Commodity 1960
$s «(1,000 Tbs) rice

EsiSH\OUS” isis tees tel boete ve tee els 122,486 143,659
Misc, fish, mostly fresh-water,

fresh or frozen .... 3,608 4,928
OYSTERS SHUCKEU Ea ereteleiete 580
Salmon:

FTESHOLVOZEM ce ccelevete enous 1,095 2,849

Canned rai ssvetencrevecstehives shous 7,186 11,924
Mackerel; canned siistere oueleus
Misc, canned fish, mostly Calif,

AUCHOVIES!ereustennts nratetebelelons 453 483
Sardines:

Gannedinotimoilse: tes siersse 7,475 20,955

Gannedhiniollevereteustenstetevexelte 185 264
Shrimp 1/:

Freshionfrozen.ci + <ls.+ + 6s 4,771 2,989

Canned worsisi ates lesa lekavene relents 2,502 3,482
Squidicanned sors Sie esrenetoue 3,433

1/ Does not include a substantial amount of re-exports o
Mexican shrimp, principally to Japan.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

Fish oil exports dropped 15 percent owing to reduction in
shipments to Sweden, the Netherlands, and West Germany.
A large gain was noted in exports to Canada and Norway.
United States exporters of fish oil met strong competition
from Peruvian fish oil in markets of Western Europe,

A decline in shipments of canned salmon to the United
Kingdom accounted for most of the 40-percent drop in
canned salmon exports,

Squid exports were about half those of 1960. Exports to
the Philippines dropped from 4,4 million pounds in 1960 to
309,000 pounds in 1961,

Exports of canned mackerel tripled in 1961 to 3.9 mil-
lion pounds, El Salvador received 802,000 pounds; the re~
mainder went to various countries in smaller amounts,

Exports of domestic fresh or frozen shrimp increased
60 percent; Japan and Canada each received about 2 mil-
lion pounds, Canned shrimp exports declined 28 percent,
(Does not include a substantial amount of re-exports,
principally to Japan.)

1
Virginia

MARINE SCIENTISTS CONTINUE
STUDIES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES:

The Atomic Energy Commission renewed
its grant to the Virginia Institute of Marine
Science by awarding an additional $20,000 for
a continued study of the role of filter-feeding
marine organisms in removing radioactive
wastes from river and bay waters, according
to the Director of the Institute. The studies
were begun in 1961 with an initial $20,000
grant.

“Our scientists are among the first t@?con-
sider the role of living organisms in remov-
ing radioactive particles suspended in the wa-
ter,'' the Institute's Director reported. ''Since
the Hampton Roads-York River area is nowa
center for atomic-powered Navy and com-
mercial vessels, and since the use of this
source of energy will grow rapidly in thenext
decade, it is most appropriate that these stud-
ies be carried out by Virginia's marine lab-
oratory."

One of the Institute's researchers in re-
cent years has conducted experiments which
indicate that oysters deposit enormous quan-
tities of organic and inorganic material on the
bottom. Through field and laboratory exper-
iments he is learning the stability of these de-
posits, of what they consist, and the size of
the particles. The other researcher on the
project is determining the amount of radio-
active material which may be tied up in these
deposits.

May 1962

Commercial growers frequently plant
300,000 oysters of the size being used in
experimental work by the Institute's re-
searchers on each acre of their oyster beds.
Calculations arrived at by the researchers
indicate that these oysters may deposit over
aton of material per acre each week during
growing seasons.

During the first months of work, the two
researchers set up equipment and conducted
many preliminary experiments to test the
reliability of the equipment.

"'tRed tide! organisms which have appeared
in great quantities in the York River during July
and early August 1961 so disrupted the feed-
ing of oysters that it took them from 7 to 10
days to resume normal feeding activities,"
one of the researchers reports. ''During the
time of 'red tides' the deposition rate byoys-
ters and other plankton feeders might be
greatly reduced," he concluded.

During the coming year, one-celled plants
will be cultivated in sea water fertilized with
radioactive chemicals in the laboratory. The
scientists will feed these plants to experi-
mental oysters and later measure the amount
of radioactive material incorporated into
their bodies.

Another laboratory project involves feed-
ing oysters mixtures of radioactive plants
and suspended silt and clay on which radio-
nuclides are attached in amounts commonly
encountered in the marine environment. The
permanence of radionuclides in the deposits
will then be determined.

Other experiments are being set up to
measure the effect of turbidity and tempera-
ture on the rate at which the deposits are
made. A controlled temperature system will
be installed to raise the temperature from
OPFEMtols0° C2(82° Foto 86° F), tempera-
tures to which oysters are subjected in the
river, during which time varying amounts of
food and suspended clays and silts can be in-
troduced.

The results of these studies financed by
the Atomic Energy Commission will help
scientists predict the outcome of dumping
nuclear wastes or the accidental release of
radioactive material into tidal waters of the
state by a nuclear reactor. If they remain
suspended in the water rather than tied upin
bottom deposits, tidal action may rapidly di-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

lute and disperse them. If, on the other hand,
they are concentratedby filter -feeding organ-
isms andtiedup in bottom deposits, they may
remain in the immediate vicinity for long
periods of time.

Wholesale Prices, March 1962

Although fishery landings in New England and other parts
of the country were seasonally heavier this March, they
were lighter than a year earlier, The March wholesale price
index for edible fishery products at 120.3 percent (using the
new base of 1957-59=100) was 0.5 percent higher than in the
previous month and 13,2 percent higher than in March 1961.

A spurt of fresh shrimp at New York City shipped from
the South Atlantic States in mid-March caused a 4,8-percent
drop in prices for that product. This decline was responsible
for the drop of 1.8 percent from February to March in the
index for processed fresh fish and shellfish, Not quite off-
setting the drop in shrimp prices was an increase of 11.1
percent in fresh haddock fillet prices at Boston because of
insufficient landings to meet the demand, Compared with
March 1961, the subgroup index was up 14.7 percent with
prices this March for all items substantially higher, Prices
were up for fresh haddock fillets by 14.7 percent, for fresh
shrimp at New York City by 17.7 percent, and for shucked
oysters by 10.8 percent.

Wholesale prices of the items under the drawn, dressed,
or whole finfish subgroup were mixed and the subgroup in-

Raw breaded shrimp on conveyor belt moving to weighing
and packaging line.

dex from February to March rose 2.7 percent, Prices of
large haddock at ex-vessel at Boston this March were up
15.5 percent as compared with the previous month. This in-
crease was offset somewhat by lower prices for whitefish
(down 3.3 percent) at Chicago and frozen western halibut
(down 0.4 percent) at New York City. More Canadian white-
fish accounted for the lower prices on that product. Com-
pared to a year earlier, March 1962 prices for the sub-
group were 7,8 percent higher with nearly all items signif-
icantly higher priced, Although this March haddock landings
at Boston were seasonally higher, they were substantially be-
low a year earlier, This accounted for the 31.5 percent high-
er ex-vessel prices for fresh haddock this March. Signifi-

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, March 1962 With Comparisons

Point of
Pricing

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification

ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) .

Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products:. .......
Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish:
Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh ....
Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz,
Salmon, king, lge, & med,, drsd,, fresh or froz,
Whitefish, L.Superior, drawn, fresh... .
Yellow pike, L, Michigan & Huron, rnd,, fresh ,

Avg, Prices 1/ Indexes 2/
($) (1957-59=100)

Feb,
1962

119.7

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):, ....
Fillets, haddock, sml,, skins on, 20-lb, tins.
Shrimp, lge. (26-30 count), headless, fresh .
Oysters, shucked, standards .......

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): ....
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-lb. pkg... .

Haddock, sml., skins on, 1-Ib, pkg... .
Ocean perch, ige., skins on 1-Ib. pkg...
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), brown, 5-lb. pk. .

Ganned/PisheryyProditctsten scenic vee eieel ne he
Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs,
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 02z.),

ASTCANS/CSite atest ote Ses
Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack,No. 1 oval (15 oz.),
O4 CanS/CSi orig cient me ene eee eh aie
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn

1/ Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the aah occurs, These ;
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery

Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices,

2/ Beginning with January 1962 indexes, the reference base of 1947-49=100 was superseded by the new reference base of

1957-59=100,
3/Recomputed to be comparable to 1957-59=100 base indexes,

cantly smaller frozen stocks in cold storage were responsible
for the higher prices (up 20.9 percent) at New York City for
western halibut. Fresh whitefish at Chicago was priced 7.1
percent higher this March than a year earlier. But with
slightly more frozen salmon on hand this year, March prices
at New York City for that product were down 1.4 percent as
compared to a year earlier,

Prices for processed frozen fish and shellfish in March
1962 were 1.2 percent higher than the previous month prin-
cipally because of higher prices for frozen haddock fillets
(up 4,6 percent), Compared to the same month last year,
March 1962 prices were up a substantial 20.8 percent. The
continued scarcity was responsible for the 36,1-percent in-
crease in the Chicago price for frozen shrimp, Lighter sup-
plies caused the frozen fillet prices at Boston to go up for
ocean perch by 11.5 percent, for haddock by 3.0 percent,
and for flounder by 2.6 percent,

The index for the canned fishery products subgroup re~
mained steady at the February 1962 level, The 1961/62
season for California sardines ended on February 28 with
the pack even smaller than that in 1960, Maine sardine
stocks continued to dwindle and demand exceeded the avail-
able supplies, Canned pink salmon stocks also were at a
low level, Canned tuna stocks were moderate and demand
was good, but there was no Significant change in prices ex~
cept that some trade discounts were reported in advertised
brands. However, the canned tuna pack in California for
the first quarter this year was 11 percent less than in the
first quarter of 1961, March 1962 prices for canned fish-
ery products were up a Substantial 11.4 percent from a year
earlier, All products in the subgroup were priced substan-
tially higher this March: canned Maine sardine prices were
up 46,4 percent, canned California sardine prices were up
34,7 percent, canned tuna prices were 10.4 percent higher,
and canned pink salmon prices were up 1.8 percent.

May 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

FISHERIES COMMITTEE MEETING:

The Fisheries Committee of the Organi-
zation for Economic Cooperation and Devel-
opment (OECD) held its third session in Par-
is, France, on March 19-21, 1962. Theagen-
da for the meeting included: (1) Study of sub-
sidies and other financial support to fisher-
ies of member countries, (2) Report on the
European market for canned fish, (3) Study
of sanitary regulations affecting international
trade in fish and fish products, (4) Market
situation for Icelandic fish products, (5)
Technical assistance programs in less-de-
veloped member countries, and (6) Work pro-
gram for Fisheries Committee in 1962 and
1963,

A. W. Anderson, formerly Assistant Di-
rector of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries and now Regional Fisheries At-
tache in Copenhagen, Denmark, is the U.S.
representative on the Fisheries Committee.

On September 30, 1961, the OECD sup-
planted the Organization for European Eco-
nomic Cooperation (OEEC), The United States

ORGANIZATION FOR
ECONOMIC COOPERA-
TION & DEVELOPMENT

A 20 NATION EFFORT TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC GROWTH
unirep stares | | ALY |
CANADA

Fig. 1 - Through cooperative actions, OECD will spur economic
growth, encourage trade, and aid lesser-developed countries.

and Canada, which were associate members
of the OEEC, are full members of the 20-na-
tion OECD. In addition to the United States
and Canada, the other members are the six
Common Market countries, the United King-
dom, Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Denmark,
Portugal, Switzerland, Austria, Greece, Spain,
Turkey, and Ireland.

Under the OECD, a Fisheries Committee
was established to carry out a program to
promote the harmonious development of fish-
eries and to iron out trade problems. This
Committee will have close links with the
OECD Trade Committee andothers concerned
with economic policies. Since September
1961, the Committee has met twice to begin
work on such major trade problems as sub-
sidies and supports, import restrictions, san-
itary requirements, and marketing practices.

ORGANIZATION FOR
ECONOMIC COOPERA-
TION & DEVELOPMENT

COUNCIL OF
MINISTERS

EXECUTIVE

COMMITTEE SECRETARIAT

DEVELOPMENT
ASSISTANCE

ECONOMIC
POUCY

TECHNICAL

ASSISTANCE ates

AGRICULTURE FISHERIES

JASGLAMY 1962

Fig. 2 - A Fisheries Committee in OECD will work closely with
other committees concerned with economic policies of member
countries.

The program of the Committee involves
confrontations and consultations between
member countries on fisheries policies, ex-
amining problems of mutual interest, study-
ing market situations for major fishery prod-
ucts, improving trade, and assisting develop-

International (Contd.):

oping countries in problems of production,
export, and distribution.

ORGANIZATION FOR
ECONOMIC COOPERA-
TION & DEVELOPMENT
FISHERIES COMMITTEE

PROGRAM OF WORK . . . 1962

yy SEEK REMOVAL OF SUBSIDIES AND
IMPORT RESTRICTIONS

PROMOTE QUALITY STANDARDS

, DEVELOP IMPROVED PACKAGING

¢ SIMPUFY SANITARY REGULATIONS

PROMOTE FISH CONSUMPTION

JANUARY 1962

Fig. 3 - The OECD Fisheries Committee will promote harmoni-
ous development of fisheries and iron out trade problems.

The over-all aim of the OECD is to a-
chieve sound economic expansion. The new
organization will stress the need for major
free world nations to consult closely in their
economic policies. It will also seek coopera-
tion to promote economic, social, and tech-
nical development in the less advanced re-
gions of the world.

In 1960, OEEC issued a comprehensive
report on''Fishery Policies in Western Eu-
rope and North America" describing the fish-
eries in each country, the tariff and support
policies, and recommending removal of many
of the barriers hampering trade in fishery
products,

TERRITORIAL FISHING RIGHTS

NORWAY AND U. 5.5. R.
CONCLUDE NEGOTIATIONS:

Officials of the Soviet Union and Norway,
on February 22, 1962, signed an agreement
on fishing rights in territorial waters-based
on the principle of reciprocity. Negotiations
on the new pact were conducted at Moscow.
The agreement is subject to approval by the
two governments.

The pact will give Soviet fishermen the
right to operate between 6 and 12 nautical
miles off the Norwegian coast, until October
31, 1970. Similar privileges were extended
to British fishermen under the British-Nor-
wegian pact of November 17, 1960.

In return, Norwegian fishermen will en-
joy special rights to operate in certain wa-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No.5

ters within the Soviet 12-mile limit, including
the Nordfargrunden fishing bank in the Var-
anger Bay area, and the Hendy banks off Cape
Niemetski. Both were important fishing
grounds for Norwegians until the Soviet Union
extended the limit of its territorial waters
shortly after World War II to 12 miles.

Two nations, Great Britain and the Soviet
Union, have so far signed pacts with Norway
to secure rights within its extended fishery
zone. Negotiations with France are expected
to start soon. (News of Norway, March 15,
1962.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1962 p. 60.

INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC FUR SEAL COMMISSION

REPORT ON FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING:

The International North Pacific Fur Seal
Commission approved continuation of its wide-
ranging program of research by scientists of
the four contracting countries and to a har-
vest of fur seals in 1962 that will be compa-
rable tolast year's take. The latter decision
reflects the success that has attended the work
of the Commission in developing and main-
taining the stocks of fur seals of the North
Pacific to levels designed to produce the high-
est sustainable yield. This action was taken
at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Commis-
sion in Ottawa, Canada, February 7-9, 1962.

Established under the provision of the 1957
Interim Convention on Conservation of the
North Pacific Fur Seals, the Commission is
composed of representatives from the mem-
ber countries of Canada, Japan, the U.S.S.R.,
and the United States. The Commissioners
are George R. Clark, Deputy Minister of
Fisheries of Canada; Masayoshi Ito, Director
of the Fisheries Agency, Ministry of Agricul-
ture and Forestry of Japan; Aleksander A.
Ishkov, Minister of the U.S.S.R. and Chief of
the Main Administration of Fish Economy of
Gosplan; and Ralph C. Baker, Chief of the Di-
vision of Resource Development, U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries. The Com-
mission meeting, which began on February
7, was preceded by a meeting of the Standing
Scientific Committee of the Commission from
January 29 to February 6.

The North Pacific Fur Seal Commission
has as its major responsibility the investiga-
tion of the fur seal resources of the North
Pacific Ocean. The objective of this investi-
gation is to determine the measures which
will make possible the maximum sustainable
yield from those resources, with due regard

May 1962

International (Contd.):

for their relation to the productivity of other
living marine resources in the area.

Under the terms of the Convention pelagic
sealing (killing of seals at sea) is forbidden
except for certain specific numbers that may
be taken pelagically by scientists of the mem-
ber countries for research purposes and the
operations of aborigines using primitive
weapons. All harvesting is done on the breed-
ing grounds under the control of the Soviet
Government on Robben Island in the sea of
Okhotsk and the Commander Islands in the
Western Bering Sea, and under the control
of the United States on the Pribilof Islands
in the Eastern Bering Sea. During 1961 the
commercial land take by the U.S.S.R. was
10,882 seals and by the U.5S., 95,974 animals.
The Convention contains a provision where-
by Canada and Japan each receive 15 percent
of the seal skins taken by the United States
commercial operations on the breeding
grounds and, subject to certain stipulations,

a similar percentage of the U.S.S.R.'s com-
mercial take on the breeding grounds.

In accordance with plans developed by the
Commission, research agencies of the four
participating countries carry out research at
sea. Research and management on the breed-
ing grounds are conducted by the United States
on the Pribilofs and by the Soviet Union on
the Commander Islands and on Robben Is-
land. The scientific investigations are con-
cerned with dynamics of the fur seal popu-
lations, distribution and migration at sea,
feeding habits, and harvesting methods.

During 1961 scientists of the four mem-
ber countries conducted extensive research-
es at sea and the results of the operations,
together with those of the U.S.S.R. and the
United States on the breeding grounds under
their respective controls, were reviewed by
the Commission. Reports on the pelagic in-
vestigations provided valuable information
on the migratory patterns and range of feed-
ing habits ofthe seals. An extensive tagging
program was conducted on the breeding
grounds as part of the scientific studies; So-
viet scientists tagged 10,472 seal pups on
Robben Island and 11,069 on the Commander
Islands, and United States scientists tagged
50,000 pups and 740 yearlings and two-year-
old seals on the Pribilof Islands. Recovery
of tags from recaptured young seals indi-
cates a certain intermingling of the herds

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

with some United States tagged seals appear-
ing on Robben and the Commander Islands
and some Soviet-tagged seals appearing on
the Pribilofs.

For some years past there has been evi-
dence of overcrowding conditions on the main
Pribilof Islands breeding grounds and as a
corrective measure, with the Commission's
approval, the United States has included in
its commercial take specified numbers of
surplus female seals. It was noted that in
spite of this female kill, together with the
loss occurring through natural causes, the
number of females is estimated to be larger
than the level calculated to be necessary for
optimum production.

Research at sea in 1962 will again begin
in February and will generally be along the
lines mentioned above. On land the scientists
will, among other matters, give attention to
the numbers of seals returning to the breed-
ing grounds, natural mortality rates, repro-
duction, and behaviour of the various seg-
ments of the herds.

The Commission noted the high degree of
co-operation that has emerged, and is being
continued, among the scientists of the four
countries.

The United States Commissioner Ralph C.
Baker was elected Chairman of the Commis-
sion, to serve through the next Annual Meet-
ing and George R. Clark, the Canadian Com-
missioner, was elected Vice-Chairman,

The next Annual Meeting of the Commis-
sion will be held in Washington, D. C., No-
vember 26, 1962. The Standing Scientific
Committee will meet for three days prior to
that date to consider the results of the year's
investigations and its report to the Commis-
sion,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 p. 32.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

SITE SELECTED FOR WORLD
TUNA CONGRESS IN 1962:

The Art Center in La Jolla, Calif., has
been selected as the site for the World Scien-
tific Meeting on the Biology of Tuna and Re-
lated Species, scheduled for July 2-14, 1962.
The meeting is sponsored by the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Na-
tions. It is being held in the United States at
the invitation of the United States Govern-

International (Contd.):

ment and with the cooperation of the State of
California and Scripps Institution of Oceanog-
raphy.

Southern California,
center of the important
United States tuna fishing
industry, is a natural lo-
cation for the meeting.
Annual landings of tuna in
that area are valued at
more than $40 million at
dockside.

The world tuna catch in 1960, produced
by fishermen of 50 nations, amounted to a-
bout 13 billion pounds. By 1970 it is pre-
dicted that the world demand for tuna will
be double this amount. Already the fleets of
the major tuna fishing nations are ranging
the world's oceans in search of these valu-
able fishes. If the maximum catch is to be
achieved and sustained in the face of in-
creasing fishing pressure, Scientific esti-
mates of this maximum sustainable harvest
must be made as quickly as possible. The
World Tuna Congress will review the status
of knowledge and recommend programs of
research, development, and management.

The meeting has attracted wide attention
among fishery scientists and tuna industry
people. Wide attendance from the United
States and foreign countries is expected.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1961 p. 61.

INTERNATIONAL NORTHWEST
PACIFIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING:

A 19-man delegation represented Japan
at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Northwest
Pacific Fisheries Commission (Japan-
U.S. 8S. R.) which convened in Moscow on
February 26, 1962. Nine members of the
Japanese fisheries delegation departed To-
kyo February 22. The delegation was headed
by Iwao Fujita, Vice President of Japan Fish-
eries Association, and also chairman of this
sixth annual meeting of the Commission. He
was accompanied by Commissioner Sunichi
Oguchi, Chief, Production Division, Fisher-
ies Agency, and fisheries experts and ad-
visers. Industry advisers left Japan early
in March,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 p. 32.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No.5

WHALING

NORWEGIANS REPORT SALES OF
1961/62 SEASON'S WHALE OIL:

According to newspaper reports, 45,000
long tons of whale oil have been sold to the
largest British buyer and user at £50 (US$140)
per long ton, which is the lowest price since
1945, The sellers are: Norway 17,000 tons,
Japan 20,000 tons, and the United Kingdom
7,000 tons. The Netherlands is said to have
been offered the same price for 5,000 tons.
(United States Embassy, Copenhagen, report
of March 12, 1962.)

ATOMIC -POWERED MARINE RESEARCH VESSEL

No recommendation on the construction of
an atomic-powered marine research vessel
by the Organization for Economic and Coop-
erative Development resulted from the Janu-
ary 25 meeting in Le Havre, France, ofa
study group of experts who visited a French
shipyard specializing in marine research
vessels, according to a report in Berlingske
Tidende, January 30, 1962. This was corrob-
orated by the Danish member (an engineer in
the nuclear reactor division of a Copenhagen
firm) of the study group.

The European Nuclear Energy Agency
(ENEA), OECD's cooperative atomic organi-
zation, established the study group in October
1961. According toa Danish member, the group
is studying three atomic-powered projects:
the marine research vessel in France, a bulk
carrier in Sweden, and a tanker in the Neth-
erlands. The group planned to visit Malmé
about February 16 to discuss the atomic-pow-
ered bulk carrier. Later it was to visit the
Netherlands in connection with the proposal
to construct an atomic-powered tanker. (Jan-
uary 30, 1962, report from the Regional Fish-
eries Attache, United States Embassy, Copen-
hagen.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 p. 35.

Angola

FISHING INDUSTRY TRENDS, 1961:

The Angolan fishing industry throughout 1961 was plagued
with low fish meal prices, small catches, poor organization,
obsolete equipment, and a shortage of credit. Only 105,183
metric tons of fish valued at US$2,131,014 were caught by
Angola’s fishing fleets during the first six months of 1961

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Angola (Contd.):

(latest figures available) compared to 152,545 tons valued
at $2,621,503 caught during the same period in 1960,

Although the quantity of exports of Angolan fishery prod-
ucts was considerably higher during the first three quarters
of 1961 than during the same period in 1960 (table 1), their
average value per ton declined from $131.80 to $121.31.

Table 1 - Angola’s Principal Fishery Exports,
January-September 1961 and 1960

January~September
1960

Commodity

Quantity Quantity | Value

Fish meal...
Bishvoily eis.
Dried fish...
anned fish. .

524
1,654
435 |

‘| 1978
i] 153367

a
A Government subsidy to fish meal exporters of $5 per
ton for machine-dried meal and $10 per ton for sun-dried
meal was withdrawn at the beginning of 1961, but other sup~
ports were continued throughout the year, such as a 44-per-
cent reduction in the price of Diesel fuel for the fishing
fleet and exemptions from export duties for fishery prod-
ucts, Some credit was also made available to the fishing
industry by the Fishing Industry Aid Fund and the Bank of
Angola to cover expenditures in connection with readying
the fleets for the 1961 fishing season, That the situation
and morale of the Angolan fishing industry remains very
poor was, however, illustrated by a recent article in the
Benguela newspaper which claimed that 90 percent of the
industry is convinced of the ‘‘hopelessness of its struggle’’
(United States Consulate, Luanda, February 16, 1962.)

Australia

TUNA FISHERY TRENDS AS OF
JANUARY 1962:

The 1961/62 tuna season on the New South
Wales south coast was over on January 7,
1962, The following week the only tuna landed
was 827 pounds at Eden. The total for the
season was estimated at 1,737 short tons.
This was 30 percent less than the 1960/61
catch. Continuous bad weather and recur-
ring storms throughout the 1961/62 tuna sea-
son hampered fishing.

The South Australian season opened on
January 16, 1962, when three vessels took
75 tons of tuna. About 12-14 vessels were
expected to fish tuna during the season of
which 5 would be from New South Wales.
Sean Fisheries Newsletter, February
1962,

Brazil
JAPANESE FISHING VESSELS IN BRAZIL

TO CHANGE TO BRAZILIAN REGISTRY:

The three large Japanese fishing companies which operate
fishing bases in Brazil for whaling, trawling, and tuna fishing,
reportedly faced the possible prospect of having to terminate
their operations in that country following the shake-up in the
Brazilian Government in the fall of 1961. The Brazilian Gov-
ernment has instituted strict foreign exchange regulations and
has demanded that the Japanese firms abide by the law which
states that one-third of the crew on foreign vessels operating
out of Brazil must be Brazilian nationals, and which calls for
the replacement of foreign vessel officers with Brazilian na-
tionals, This problem is said to have been overcome under
the arrangement whereby most of the Japanese fishing ves~
sels presently operating out of Brazil will be changed to
Brazilian registry.

Under this arrangement, the two Japanese firms, which
jointly operate 2 whaling vessels (No, 1 and No, 2 Daishin
Maru) and 4 tuna vessels out of Brazil, will switch to Bra-
zilian registry the No, 1 Daishin Maru and 2 tuna vessels
(one of 300 and the other of 320 tons gross), In addition,
they will also register, under the Brazilian flag, another 99-
ton tuna vessel not now a part of their Brazilian fleet. The
No. 2 Daishin Maru and the 2 remaining tuna vessels will
be assigned elsewhere, although the tuna vessels will con-
tinue to operate in the Atlantic Ocean,

The third Japanese firm operates 3 whaling vessels
(No. 12 Fumi Maru, No, 12 Seki Maru, and No, 15 Higashi
Maru), 9 trawlers, and 1 tuna vessel, out of Brazil. The
firm plans to recall the whaler No, 15 Higashi Maru and
the one tuna vessel, and to register under the Brazilian
flag the 9 trawlers, Originally, the Japanese firm had also
planned on transferring to Brazilian registry the 2 whaling
vessels (No. 12 Fumi Maru and No, 12 Seki Maru). How-
ever, these two vessels are presently operating on the Ant-
arctic whaling grounds and, in their place, the Japanese firm
wants to transfer two other whalers from its Kosmos whaling
fleet, which it had originally purchased from Norway.

All three Japanese fishing firms are presently reported
to be negotiating methods of handling payments involved in
the transfer of vessel registries, (Suisan Tsushin, Febru-
ary 17 and 26, 1962.)

Burma

CANNED FISH BIDS CANCELLED:

On March 138, 1962, the Burmese Govern-
ment purchasing agency offered to buy can-
ned sardine or canned saury on international
bidding. However, on March 15, the Japanese
canned foods exporters received information
that the bids were cancelled due to the Bur-
mese Government's sudden issuance of in-
structions banning canned fish imports. But
it is felt that the Burmese Government will
eventually negotiate with Japan for delivery
of canned sardine and canned saury in the
form of reparations payments.

A South African firm reportedly underbid
all other foreign firms with an offer to sell
54,000 cases of 1-lb. tall 48's1/ for 43 shil-
lings 8 pence (US$6.11 per case), The Japa-

1/Type of pack not indicated but believed to be natural.

Burma (Contd.):

nese exporters are reported to have made
bids of 57 shillings 6 pence (US$8.05) for 1-
lb. tall canned saury, 34 shillings 4 pence
(US$4.77) for 8-oz. tall (buffet style) saury,
and 58 shillin ng 4 pence (US$8.17) for 1-lb.
ovalsardines#/, (Suisan Shimbun, March 16,
1962.)

2/Japanese prices are believed to be for canned fish packed in
tomato sauce,

Canada

BRITISH COLUMBIA HERRING LANDINGS
AND PRODUCTS, 1956/57-1961/62:

Herring landings in British Columbia dur-
ing the 1961/62 season were 30.4 percent
greater in quantity than in the previous sea-
son, This season's fish meal production was
up 27.5 percent and fish oil production was
up 58.2 percent as compared with the previ-
ous season.

Season Ending

District No Nos.2?

Northem ...

aoe os

Okie. Islands
District No. 3:

Lower East Coast

Middle East Coast
| Upper East Coast
| = Coast :

Products Produced:
Bait’. 2 ee eee
Megli ane cotanene
Oily...

1/Limited operations.

i2/Less than three Companies reporting.

Source: Canadian Department of Fisheries, Vancouver, B. C.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 43.

Sen neha eo oe
>

HERRING OIL TRENDS:

Canada's herring oil price at Toronto in
January 1962 averaged 7.67 Canadian cents
a pound, This was substantially lower than
the 1961 annual average price of 8.97 cents
a pound and the 1960 annual average of 8.66
cents a pound. (The annual averages are
based on monthly average prices.)

Canada's fish oil consumption in 1961
more than doubled and represented more
than 15 percent of the total oils used in the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ritish Columbia Herring Landings and Products, 1961/62 Season with Comparisons

| Unit [Mar. 10, 1962]Mar, 18, 19611/] Mar. 12, 19601/] Mar. 14, 1959|Mar. 15, 19581/|Mar. 16, 1957

Vol. 24, No.5

manufacture of margarine and shortening.
Canadian imports of fish oil during January-
September 1961 increased substantially--the
United States supplied over 13 million pounds
and Iceland 4 million pounds. (United States
Embassy, Ottawa, report of March 1, 1962.)

kK ok ok ok

NEW BRUNSWICK FISH MEAL PRICES,
FEBRUARY 1962:

Fish-meal prices (60-percent protein)
quoted by New Brunswick producers the latter
part of February 1962 averaged about C$126
a short ton ($2.10 a protein unit) for both ex-
ports and domestic sales. The price in Feb-
ruary was 5 percent higher than in January
when fish meal sold at C$120 a short ton
($2.00 a protein unit). (United States Consul,
Saint John, N.B., February 27, 1962.)

x Ok

me OK 6

DOGFISH LIVER SUBSIDY PROGRAM:

The Canadian Department of Fisheries on
March 7, 1962, announced that the dogfish liv-
er subsidy program on the West Coast had

4,885, 307 4, oe 845 1,900; 775 3,452,762

been extended to allow for the take up of the
remaining C$12,000 left in the subsidy allo-
cation for the fiscal year 1961/1962 (ending

March 31). At the rate of 12 cents per pound
for the livers this means that 100,000 pounds
would be accepted for subsidy prior to March
31, 1962. As of March 21, a total of 55,000
pounds of livers had been delivered under this
extension,

A total of C$150,000 was earmarked by
the Government to cover the subsidy program
for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1962.
The Department had terminated the program

May 1962

Canada (Contd.):

on November 6, 1961, as it looked like all the
funds available for the program had been ex-
pended. But later it was determined that
C$12,000 had not been used.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1962 p. 46.

Chile

NORWEGIAN FIRM BUILDS
REDUCTION PLANT IN CHILE:

A Bergen, Norway, firm early this year
was constructing a fish reduction plant in
Chile, according to the January 24 issue of
Fiskaren, a Norwegian fishery trade peri-
odical.

The factory will have a capacity of 5,000
hectoliters or 465 metric tons each 24 hours,
and it is deemed a certainty that the plant
will receive raw material for operations 300
days of each year. It will be equipped with
Norwegian reduction machinery.

The Norwegian company's fishing vessel
Senior was scheduled to leave for Chile the
end of January 1962 with complete equipment
to fish for anchovies. The vessel is equipped

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

with two dories, and each dory has a power
block. The catch will be pumped from the
purse Seine into the vessel.

KOK OK OK OK

JOINT SOUTH AFRICAN-CHILEAN FIRM
‘TO BUILD FISH MEAL PLANT:

The Chairman of a South African group of
fishing companies announced in January 1962
that the investment company of the group has
made a ''most interesting and, we trust, prof-
itable investment" in the Chilean fishing in-
dustry. A 50-50 arrangement had been made
with a Chilean organization whereby a new
company has been formed,

The firm now contemplates that a fishmeal
reduction plant with a capacity of 50 metric
tons per hour will be built at Iquique in north-
ern Chile. It will start operations early next
year.

A fleet of nine fishing boats will be builtin
Chile to supply the plant with raw fish. The_
South African firm estimates the plant could
handle 360,000 tons of fish per year if oper-
ated continuously with no off-season, On six
months of operation and an 8-hour day, this
intake would be reduced to about 60,000 tons.

The South African group will send techni-
cal personnel to Chile to supervise the design
and construction of the plant (to be built by
another South African company) and to train
Chilean labor to operate it.

The South African group expects that its
1961 profit figure from its Walvis Bay can-
nery and fish meal plant will reach and pos-
sibly exceedthat of 1960. The factory achieved
its full quota of 62,500 tons of fish landed.

The cannery packed over one million cartons
of pilchards. (Report from United States Con-
sulate, Cape Town, South Africa, dated Jan-
uary 31, 1962.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1962 p. 47.

Denmark

FISH FILLETS AND BLOCKS AND
FISHERY BYPRODUCTS EXPORTS, 1961:

fe AC IE tee EE AES

Denmark exported 1,8 million pounds (50.1 percent)
more fresh and frozen fish fillets during December 1961
than in the Same month of 1960, Only 354,000 pounds,
mostly cod and related species, were shipped to the United
States in December 1961,

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Denmark (Contd.):

The fishery for plaice is the most valuable in Denmark. Many
plaice are marketed alive in fish shops, but the production of
fillets is increasing each year, reaching 24,000 metric tons in
1960.

In the year 1961, Denmark shipped 10.5 million pounds
of frozen fish fillets and blocks to the United States, mostly
cod and related species,

Almost 21,2 million pounds (42.5 percent) more fresh
and frozen fillets and blocks were exported by Denmark in
the year 1961 than in 1960,

Denmark’s Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and
Blocks and Fishery Byproducts, 1961 and 19601/

December

Jan.-Dec,

1961 1960

dione eters (LS; OOOMLDS.) ni es, sclaite

Product

1961 | 1960

Edible Products:
Fillets and blocks:
Cod and related species 1,286) 30,027
Flounder and sole.... 1,615] 26,008
HG rringy vie; ci) cheyevone: ene lo = 13,959
Other anctenssessters mielsne 2/616 1,130] 2/2,272
Total! eee, 3,517| 71,124] 49,923|

Industrial Products:
Fish meal, solubles, &
Similar products .... | 1,940] 4,670] 49,733] 42,377

}/Shinments from the Faroe Islands and Greenland direct to foreign countries not in-
cluded.
|2/Includes herring fillets.

There was a drop of 2,730 short tons (58.5 percent) in
Denmark’s exports of fish meal, fish solubles, and other
similar products in December 1961 as compared with the
same month of 1960, But exports of those products for the
year 1961 were 7,356 tons or 17.4 percent greater than for
1960.

Eth ubed ee th

FISH FILLETS AND BLOCKS AND
FISHERY BYPRODUCTS EXPORTS,
JANUARY 1962:

Denmark exported 155,000 pounds or 3.2
percent more fresh and frozen fish fillets
and blocks during January 1962 than in the
same month of 1961. Only 210,000 pounds,

Vol. 24, No. 5

mostly cod and related species were shipped
to the United States in January 1962.

Denmark's Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and Blocks
¥ and Fishery Byproducts, January 19621/

Product

(1,000 Lbs.) . .

Edible Products:
Fillets and blocks:
Cod and related species
Flounder and sole
Git o oy ob Goo o
Other wets: suet clietsleeute 36 ma

» « - « (Short Tons)... -

Industrial Products:
Fish meal, solubles, &
similar products ....- |] 3,362} 3,190
1/Shipments from the Faroe Islands and Greenland direct to
foreign countries not included.
2/Includes herring fillets.

Denmark's January 1962 exports of fish
meal, fish solubles, and other similar prod-
ucts were 172 short tons or 5.4 percent great-
er than in the same monthof 1961. The United
Kingdom and West Germany were the princi-
pal buyers.

2K OK OK OK

NEW MODERN FREEZER IN SKAGEN:

One of Europe's most modern freezers
was opened in Skagen, important fishing port
on the northern tip of Denmark, in January
1962, Unlike most freezers and cold-storage
warehouses in Denmark, it is all on one floor.
Frozen products are stacked to a height of 23
feet with fork lift trucks in storage rooms,
whose temperature is -220 F, About 2,200
short tons~--18,000 boxes of herring--can be
stored. Later modifications will permit ship-
ment by refrigerated ships as well as refrig-
erated rail cars, according to the January 17
issue of Bérsen. (Fisheries Attache, United
States Embassy, Copenhagen, February 26,
1962.)

che: ead Ete scesS

FISH SALTING MACHINE PATENTED:

A Danish fisheries exporter in Esbjerg,
I,.C.C. Dyekjaer, in February 1962 received
a patent on a machine which salts fish in one-
fourth the time normally required, according
to the February 14 issue of Vestkysten, an
Esbjerg daily newspaper. The first experi-
ments with the machine began in 1957 and
1958 in the inventor's own plant in Esbjerg.
Later it was tested in filleting plants at Nars-
sak, Julianehaab, and Godtaab in Greenland.
All have expressed satisfaction with the in-
vention.

May 1962

Denmark (Contd.):

The machine consists of a conveyer belt
which transports the fresh fish fillets under
a row of devices like hypodermic needles.
The points of the needles pierce the fillets,
injecting a saturated solution of salt brine,
which immediately salts the fish. The fish
are fully salted after piling only once. This
takes less than eight days, as compared with
21 to 28 days normally. The new machine is
expected to save space and increase produc-
tivity to a considerable degree.

Several Danish machine shops approached
were unable to take over the manufacturing
problem, so it was turned over.to a Lubeck,
West Germany, firm, a well known manufac-
turer of fish filleting and skinning machines..
This company has the praduction rights and
patent rights in foreign countries, The ma-
chine is expected to go into mass production
soon. It is believed to be especially well
suited for installation in trawlers. (Report
of February 26, 1962, from the Fisheries
Attache, United States Embassy, Copenhagen.)

38 OOK OO OK

ESBJERG FISHING VESSELS
MUST HAIL CATCH:

Beginning February 1, 1962, Esbjerg fish-
ing craft were required by the Esbjerg Fish-
eries Association to estimate their food fish
landings and report them to the harbor mas-
ter not later than 3:00 p.m. of the day prior
to landing. The quantity of each species must

A typical Danish fishing vessel. This vessel, builtin 1960, is52.3
gross tons, has a 248 hp. motor and its home port is Skagen.

be reported and it must not differ more than
20 percent from the actual landings, which
must occur prior to 9:30 a.m. The regulation
was placed in effect to aid buyers for export

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

| and the fillet plants which also buy at other

ports. It also is expected to improve working
practices at the auction hall. After the first
week's operation it appeared that the only
failures to report were due to unawareness of
the regulation or defective radiophones.

In 1961, 2,036 fishermen were registered
in Esbjerg, and 534 cutters of over 5 gross
tons, Esbjerg receives more landings than
any other Danish port, owing to its favorable
location on the North Sea on the west coast of
Jutland. The 1961 landings totaled 181,000
metric tons of which 158,000 tons was indus-
trial fish for reduction into oil and meal, for
fish and fur animal food, and for ensilage.
The remaining 23,000 tons was food fish sold
through the auction hall, (Fisheries Attache,
United States Embassy, Copenhagen, Febru-
ary 26, 1962.)

ered be eed, en

FISHERMEN TO SUPPLY
DATA ON EARNINGS:

The subcommittee established by the Fish-
eries Commission to look into the costs and
earnings of the Danish fishing Industry has
decided to send a questionnaire to 10 percent
of the Danish fishermen who operate inde-
pendently, in order to obtain concrete facts
on their earnings. The purpose is to provide
factual information for the governmental au-
thorities to use when questions of profits or
losses in the fish-producing segment of the
industry arise.

At present, neither the fishermen, who
claim they are losing money because of too
low prices, or the governmental authorities,
who point to the increased catches and record
exports, are able to make a convincing case.
Questionnaires will be sent to fishermen in
20 ports this year. Since the fishermen may
have to obtain assistance from accountants to
complete the questionnaires properly, the sub-
committee is seeking, through the Fisheries
Ministry, to pay 15 kroner (US$2.18) to fisher-
men for each usable questionnaire, The Fish-
eries Ministry official in charge of the ques-
tionnaire program States that between 250 and
300 completed questionnaires were expected
from the 20 fishing ports.

Care was being exercised to obtain re-
sponses from an appropriate cross-section
of the fish-producing industry, including pound
net and other gear operators as well as ves-
sel owners, and from those who were making,

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 5

Denmark (Contd,): IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF

FISH BODY OILS, 1961:
as well as those who were losing, money. West Germany's imports of fish body oils
The data will be for the calendar year 1962 in 1961 were 12.3 percent less in quantity
and the questionnaires will be sent to addi- than in 1960. The drop in value for the same
tional ports in years to come until all have period was 14.3 percent because in 1961 fish
been covered. (February 26 report of the oil prices declined. Two of the principal sup-
Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy, pliers of fish body oil to West Germany are
Copenhagen.) Peru and the United States. But while the

United States in 1960 supplied 27.7 percent of
the total imports, in 1961 it dropped to only
8.8 percent. On the other hand, whereas Peru
supplied 32.4 percent of the total fish oil im-
German Federal Republic ports in 1960, that country's share rose to
61.8 percent in 1961.

FISH OIL MARKET AS OF MARCH 1962:
A leading Bremen fish oil importer stated West Germany's exports of fish body oils
that sales of fish body oil continued to de- in 1961 were slightly greater (0.4 percent) in
cline late in February and early March1962. | quantity than in 1960. But the value of the ex-
The Peruvians have maintained their fishoil | ports in 1961 was down 10.9 percent because
price at $115 per metric ton (5.2 U.S. cents | of lower prices. Norway and Sweden are two

Table 1- West Germany’s 1/ Imports and Exports of Edible Fish Body Oils, 1961 and 1960

Metric
Tons

Principal Suppliers:
United States .

eo eoeeoe

Exports:
oa ae
Principal Buyers
ae
a Nawatiel sfisiiare 8, "594 5 046 1, 262 6. 7 5; 506 3, 691 “993 ile 6

1/Includes West Berlin, Data are preliminary.

a pound), c.i.f. Rotterdam, and United States of the principal buyers of oil from West Ger-
oilis quotedat $113 (5.1U.S.cents a pound), many. Norway in 1961 bought 42.7 percent of
same basis; however, very few sales are | Germany's exports of oil as compared to 57.7
transacted at these prices. percent in 1960; Sweden in 1961 bought 40.9
percent as compared to 26.3 percent in 1960.
(March 9, 1962, report from the United States
Consulate, Bremen.)

The largest British buyer anduser bought
50,000 metric tons of whale oil early this
year at about £50 per long ton (6.3 U. S.

cents a pound), c.i.f. Rotterdam. £4 ath coy Eo

Mounting pressure is exerted onoil prices
by 220,000 tons of unsold whale oil. Under FISH MEAL PRICES,

prevailing conditions, margarine manufac- MARCH 7, 1962:

turers are unwillingto pay morethan $110 a Prices reported at Hamburg Commodity
ton (5,0 U.S. cents a pound) for Peruvian oil. Exchange as of March 7, 1962, for fish meal
(U.S. Consulate, Bremen, March 9, 1962.) delivered ex-Hamburg warehouse, orc. & f.

py ig eo | West German sea port were as follows:

May 1962

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

Type of Fish Meal Protein Content (%)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Delivery

DM/Metric Ton 1/ |US$/Short Ton

South African

”

Apr. 1962
May-Dec, 1962
Mar, 1962

prompt/Mar, 1962
Mar.-Apr. 1962

1/Values converted at rate of 4,0 deutsche marks equal US$1.
Note: ‘‘Loco’’ means where and as it is at the time of sales, and all subsequent expenses to be at buyer’s account,

From February 2 to March 7 prices at
the Hamburg Exchange showed a mixedtrend,
Prices for Peruvian fish meal weakened and
were substantially lower early in Marchthan
a month earlier. On the other hand, prices
for German, South Africa, and Angolan meal
rose during that same period. (United States
Consulate, Bremen, report of March 9, 1962,)

Ghana

GOVERNMENT AUTHORIZES IMPORTS
OF JAPANESE PRODUCTS:

According to information received by the
Japan Export Trade Promotion Agency's
(JETRO) representative stationed in Ghana,
the Ghanaian Government on February 23,
1962, issued licenses permitting imports
from Japan during the first six months of
1962. The licenses issued cover applications
received as of September 15, 1961, and ap-
ply to importation of all kinds of products
from Japan.

The Ghanaian Government usually does
not publicly announce the total value author -
ized for import but investigations show that
the value of Japanese products authorized
for import may total close to GE5 million
(US$14 million). Total value of Japanese
imports authorized by the Ghanaian Govern-
ment in 1961 is estimated at Gi.14 million
($39.2 million). Imports from Japan for
1960 were valued at G#10,830,000 ($30.3
million), 1959--G#8,580,000 ($24 million),
and 1958--G#6,780,000 ($19 million).

The granting of import licenses by the
Ghanaian Government is expected to expedite
trade negotiations on Japanese canned fish

| products for export to Ghana, which had been

suspended since October 1961. However,
since the total value of imports authorized

for the 6 months period in 1962 amounts to

35 percent of the total value of imports au-
thorized in 1961, exports of Japanese canned
fish to Ghana this year are expected to be

less than 40 percent of last year's total can-
ned fish export, which amounted to between
70,000 and 100,000 cases of canned jack mack-
erel, canned sardine, and canned saury. It is
expected that the bulk of the Japanese canned
fish products to be exported to Ghana willbe fish
packed in tomato sauce in 5-ounce tall cans.

Prices of Japanese canned sardines were
recently reduced 100 yen (US$0.28) per case,
from 2,400 yen ($6.67) to 2,300 yen ($6.39).
Canned saury is pricedat 2,220 yen($6.17)
per case. Therefore, it is believed that ne-
gotiations to export canned saury will be very
difficult in view of the price differential of
only 80 yen ($0.22) per case between canned
sardine and canned saury.

Japan is expected to first export canned
jack mackerel, of which there are approxi-
mately 35,000 cases in stock, at 1,950 yen
($5.42) per case, then canned sardine, of
which there are about 25,000 cases in stock.

(Suisan Tsushin, February 28, 1962.)

Greece

FROZEN FISH INDUSTRY:

According to the Union of Hellenic Over-
seas Fishing Enterprises, Greece's total con-
sumption of frozen fish during 1961 reached
a total of 17,532 metric tons as against
12,082 tons in 1960. This considerable in-

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Greece (Contd.):

crease was due to the introduction of frozen
fish into the markets of the interior of the
country, as a result of extensive promotion
by large fishing enterprises.

A total of 7,551 tons of frozen fish was
imported during 1960. But in 1961 imports
totaled 4,844 tons. The decrease in imports
was due to: (1) the increase in production
by Greek ocean freezer-trawlers; and (2) the
smaller profit in handling imported frozen
fish since increased production reduced
prices.

During January 1962, four Greek freezer-
trawlers landed 1,430 tons of frozen fish as
against December 1961 landings of 1,930 tons
and January 1961 landings of 1,120 tons.

During the last part of 1961 and the first
part of 1962 there was a substantial price
drop in frozen fish because of the increased
production by Greek freezer-trawlers oper-
ating on the fishing grounds off the northwest
coast of Africa, The large Greek fishing
firms operating freezer-trawlers are con-
cerned about the drop in prices because it
has resulted in the curtailment of Greek fish-
ing expansion, (Alieia ''Fishing,'' February
1962.)

Guatemala

SHRIMP FISHING VESSEL
LICENSES BEING GRANTED:

An official of the Department of Hunting
and Fishing of the Guatemalan Directorate
General of Forestry states that licenses to
conduct shrimp fishing operations in Guate-
mala are currently being granted, He added
that applications for such licenses had to be
prepared on official sealed paper valued at
10 cents a sheet, and that these applications
had to correspond to the procedures set forth
in Decree 1470 of June 23, 1961. (United
States Embassy, Guatemala, report of March
9, 1962.)

VO Z 4 NOD

Iceland
FISHERY TRENDS, MARCH 1962:

Trawler Tie-Up: The Icelandic trawler
strike began March 10, 1962, as threatened.
The state mediator has entered the dispute,
which remains deadlocked. As of March 15
the trawlers were still tied up. The owners
proposed publicly a reduction in the number
of crew members and a change of watches or
shifts, with 12 hours of work followed by 6
hours of rest, instead of the present 6 hours
of work followed by 6 hours of rest. Most
owners escaped the effects of the strike tem-
porarily by having their vessels leave port
just prior to the strike.

Aid to Trawlers: On the same day that the
Government introduced a bill to aid agricul-
ture, it also proposed an important measure
to assist the trawler industry. The proposal
would be financed by an existing fisheries
catch guarantee fund which is supported by
an export tax of 1.25 percent on the catch of
the motorboats. Further financing wouldcome
from a similar export tax based on the f.o.b.
value of fish exports from the trawlers. The
estimated total of 35 million kronur
(US$813,000) per year would be increased by
a 50-percent matching payment from the Ice-
landic Treasury. A particular feature of the
bill is payment of 60 million kronur ($1.4 mil-
lion) to the Icelandic trawlers for their opera-
tions in 1960 and 1961, or 1.5 million kronur
($34,800) per trawler for the two-year period,

The critical trawler question has been hot-
ly debated. Shortly after this bill was placed
before the Althing, the Minister of Fisheries
commented that the trawlers will not be per-
mitted to operate within Iceland's 12-mile
fishing limit. The new bill is designed to
compensate them for part of their losses sus-
tained as a result of being excluded from those
protected waters. Like the bill on reorgani-
zation of the agricultural funds, this one at-
tempts to meet an emergency deficit situation
with a minimum of immediate impact on the
Treasury.

Frozen Fish Sales to U.S.S.R.: OnMarch
9, the Icelandic press announced signature of
a trade protocol by representatives of the So-
viet and Icelandic Governments calling for
sale of 18,000 metric tons of frozen fish fil-
lets to the U.S.S.R. in 1962. Of that total,
13,000 tons will be cod and 5,000 tons ocean
perch, with some substitutions permitted of

May 1962

Iceland (Contd.):

haddock, coalfish or pollock, and catfish.
(United States Embassy, Reykjavik, report of
March 15, 1962.)

wk ook ok ok ok

UTILIZATION OF FISHERY LANDINGS,
JANUARY -NOVEMBER 1961:

Gilandanealeme 194, 636

Ere SZiNGumeneiaive cstiied site eine) teil 16, 824 6,914

SAI ting Ge eaeveneiieitevievielerte)icrrs 63,450 20, 882

Breshyonwiceyn Wale io ie ketone: oe cs 4,582 998
pb A ae ade nnn A 114

Fresh on ice landed abroad .. . 28, 947 23, 852
Freezing and filleting ...... 138,561 193, 479
Salting wrerem sive veloc ehesbems: iene 67, 174
Stockfishii Pera netsiielen atic re ve 46,048

i 7,734

.
Home consumption ,

Oil and meal... 3,610

1,490
932
249 2

2K OK OK kK

PROJECT FOR COMMON MARKET
FISH PLANT DROPPED:

On January 14, the press announced that
the Freezing Plants Corporation had dropped
its long-standing plan to build a fish distribu-
tion and processing plant for the EEC area in
Holland (the European Economic Community
or Common Market area in the Netherlands).
The Export-Import Bank had already ap-
proved a loan of $250,000 for the project.
(United States Embassy, Reykjavik, January
18, 1962.)

India

UNITED STATES COLLABORATION
SOUGHT FOR NEW FISH
AND SHRIMP PROJECT:

Financial and technical collaboration was being sought
in March 1962 by a fisheries cooperative association of
Ahmadabad, India, for a commercial fisheries project it
plans to establish at Okha Port on the Saurashtra coast of
Gujarat State, India. The project envisages the employment
of five medium mechanized vessels to exploit the shrimp
resources of the Gulf of Kutch and two trawlers to carry
on offshore fishing in the Arabian Sea, In addition, two
transport launches are proposed to be bought to bring
fish landed in the adjoining fish harbors by other fish-
ermen,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

panel
CuaRay
aang Ts

¢
ae
cuss
v
Sad
BS

The project will, moreover, include the establish-
ment of fish canning, quick freezing, cold-storage,
and fish meal plants, Besides exploiting the domestic
markets in the principal cities such as Bombay and
Delhi, efforts will also be directed to export proc-
essed fish to the United States, Germany, and other
foreign countries,

It is estimated that the project will need an invest-
ment of Rs.3,200,000 (US$672,000) of which the equiv-
alent of Rs.1,568,000 ($329,280) or approximately 49
percent will be required in foreign exchange for the
purchase of trawlers, marine engines, and machinery
for the canning, freezing, storage, and fish meal plants,
The association has proposed that this foreign exchange
component be provided by the American investor, In re-
turn, he will be allotted an equivalent share in the equity
capital of a new company which will be organized to un-
dertake the project. The rupee investment, estimated
at Rs.1,632,000 ($342,720) will be raised by the associ-
ation,

The American investor will also be expected to as~
sist in obtaining the services of a fishery engineer, two
masters for the trawlers, and a fishery technologist,
He will be, furthermore, given the franchise for sales
in the United States,

The association’s paid-in capitalization is Rs.600,000
($126,000) of which Rs.450,000 ($95,000) has been sub-
scribed by the Government of Gujarat. The balance has
been contributed by fishermen cooperatives and individ-
ual fishermen, The association is mainly a marketing
organization but deals also in fishermen’s supplies. It
claims to handle nearly 28 percent of the fish caught in
Gujarat State.

Except for one joint Indo-Japanese enterprise in Bom-
bay City, there are no other commercial fishing ventures

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

India (Contd.):

on the Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts, The Gulf of Kutch
is believed to offer considerable scope for shrimp fishing.
The association is said to be one of the largest fishermen’s
cooperatives in India. (United States Consulate, Bombay,
report of March 15, 1962.)

Italy

FISHING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
APPROVES EUROPECHE CHARTER:

The Executive Committee of FEDERPESCA
(National Federation of Fishermen and Fish-
ing Companies) approved the Statute of
EUROPECHE (European Federation of Fishing
Enterprises) on February 27, 1962. It was
expected to be ratified by the Executive Com-
mittee of EUROPECHE at the end of March.
The headquarters of EUROPECHE is to be
in Brussels. EUROPECHE, which is com-
posed of national fishery organizations, will
seek to bring about agreement on common
fishery problems within the Common Market
or EEC and to keep the organs of the EEC
informed about the points of view of national
fishery organizations.

FEDERPESCA also decided to prepare a
memorandum asking the Italian Government
for relief from fiscal burdens and for finan-
cial assistance to the industry, and urging
the Government to support the ''Blue Plan,"
which involves industrialization of the fish-
ing industry, development of cooperatives,
and expansion of Italian fishing into the At-
lantic. (United States Embassy, Rome, March
9, 1962, report.)

Ivory Coast

JOINT JAPANESE-ITALIAN TUNA
BASE PLANNED:

A large Japanese fishing company and an
Italian firm (with offices in Milan) are plan-
ning to establish a joint fishing base at Abid-
jan, Ivory Coast. An application has been
submitted for approval of the venture to the
Ivory Coast Government. Upon receiving
approval from the Government, the Japanese
firm will proceed to work out details of the
proposed undertaking.

Under this plan, the Japanese firm and
the Italian firm will jointly establish a cor-

Vol. 24, No. 5

poration with a capital of US$320,000, each
company contributing 50 percent. The Japa-
nese firm reportedly will invest two 39-ton
tuna vessels, valued at $160,000, and will also
export two other tuna vessels to the joint cor-
poration, Annual tuna landings at the new base
are expected to total approximately 2,400 met-
ric tons of albacore and yellowfin tuna, which
will be sold to the French freezer company
located in Abidjan, which will then ship the
tuna to France.

The Japanese firm has received approval
of the Japanese Investment Liaison Council
for this undertaking and plans to work out de-
tails as soon as the Ivory Coast Government
permits sale of securities. (Shin SuisanShim-
bun Sokuho, March 28, 1962.)

2K Ok OK OK OK

TUNA FREEZING AND STORAGE PLANT
READY FOR OPERATION:

A new tuna freezing and storage plant at Abidjan, Ivory
Coast, early in March 1962 was ready for operation. Con-
struction was started in September 1961. The plant was
built by a large United States west coast tuna canning firm.

The main building consists of a room containing freez-
ing brine tanks, a cold-storage room measuring 80 x 100
ft., the necessary compressors in an adjacent room, and
two icesmaking machines on the roof, Outlying structures
will include a T-shaped wharf, an office building (com-
pleted), a warehouse (under construction), and a diesel oil
storage tank (was expected to be started in mid-March).
The plant will employ approximately 50 men on a perma-
nent basis and 20 to 30 ‘‘casuals’’ for stevedoring. The
operation will be similar to the same firm’s wholly owned
tuna freezing and storage plant in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

Fish will be received from various Japanese, Spanish,
and French vessels operating off the coast of West Africa,
which will dock at the inner part of the wharf, The fish will
be unloaded into the freezing brine tanks and then segre-
gated and stored by species (skipjack, big-eyed, and other
varieties of tuna and swordfish) in the storage room, Re-
frigerated carrier ships (primarily from Hamburg, Ger~-
many) will dock at the outer wharf and will pick up cargoes
of frozen tuna for Italy, Puerto Rico, and the United States,

The plant is owned by the Societe Generale Industrielle
de la Peche (SOGIP). Fifty percent of the firm’s stock is
held by the United States cannery firm and 50 percent by
a Milan, Italy, firm which is affiliated with the Discount
Bank of Israel, a Swiss bank,

Another related enterprise js the Societe Ivoirienne de
la Peche (SOIP), which is owned 50 percent by the Milan
firm and 50 percent by a Japanese fishing firm, At the
moment SOIP owns four vessels operating out of Abidjan,
but considerable expansion is anticipated. A third company
envisaged for the future will be owned jointly by the Milan
firm and Societe d’Equipment pour 1’Afrique (SEA) and will
undertake canning and distribution of the fish in the Ivory
Coast and nearby countries, This project, however, is not
expected to begin operations for several years, (United
States Embassy, Abidjan, report of March 13, 1962.)

May 1962

Japan

1962 QUOTAS FOR FROZEN TUNA
EXPORTS TO UNITED STATES SET:

The Board of Directors of the Japan Export Frozen Tu-
na Producers Association held a meeting on March 8, 1962,
and adopted the proposals it had drafted at its February 21
meeting on 1962 frozen tuna exports to the United States,
according to a translation from the Japanese periodical.
Suisan Tsushin of March 8-10, 1962, Adoption of these
proposals means that the following export production quotas
will be in effect in 1962 (April 1, 1962-March 31, 1963):

Frozen tuna exports to United States from Japan proper:
(1) Frozen albacore tuna quota - 30,000 short tons; (2) frozen
yellowfin tuna quota - 35,000 short tons; (3) tuna loin quota -
5,000 short tons,

_ Atlantic Ocean transshipments: Fishing vessels deliver-
ing their catches for transshipment to the United States will
be limited to an aggregate total of 120 fishing trips. Number
of trips each fishing vessel can make will depend on its car-
go-carrying capacity.

At the February 21 meeting, a special adjustment quota of
5,000 tons was proposed and the use of the special quota was
to be clarified at the March 8 meeting. Two days prior to
this meeting, on March 6, the committee assigned to study
this problem was unable to resolve differences regarding use
of the special quota, Some segments of the tuna industry
wanted to apply half of the 5,000 tons for transshipments
from the Indian Ocean and half for direct exports from Ja-
pan proper, while others wanted to apply all of it for trans-
shipments from the Indian Ocean, Responsibility of deter-
mining allocation of this proposed special 5,000-ton quota
was then turned over to a special committee,

At the March 8 meeting, the Board of Directors of the
Producers Association adopted the proposal of this special
committee. Briefly, this proposal calls for a transshipment
quota of 4,000 short tons for the Indian Ocean, with ship-
ments from the Indian Ocean exceeding this amount to apply
to the quota covering direct exports to the United States
from Japan proper, Fishing vessels operating in the Indian
Ocean delivering their catches at a specified base for trans-
shipment to the United States are to be limited to one trip, or
‘the equivalent of 150 tons of frozen tuna, Of the 4,000-ton
quota, the Association’s Board of Directors will control use
of 1,500 tons and determine when they can be used, Further-
more, the Association agreed not to grant increases in the
Indian Ocean transshipment quota for 1962,

Approval of transshipments from the Indian Ocean elimi-
nates the long return trip to Japan which fishing vessels had
to make and it is estimated that the cost of frozen tuna for
export to the United States will be reduced $10 to $15 per
short ton,

Considerable speculation is now going on within the Jap-
anese tuna industry as to which port in Southeast Asia will
be designated as port of transshipment. Penang is Said to
be most suitable. The joint Malayan-Japanese canning en-
terprise located at Penang presently operates a 200-ton
capacity cold-storage plant. However, there is the problem
as to whether the firms intimately connected with the Jap-
anese company, which operates the joint company in Penang,
would permit other exporters to utilize facilities at Penang,
Also, these firms are reported to have established priority
on available space on regularly scheduled freight vessels
calling at Penang.

Facilities at the port of Singapore are considered to be
inadequate, For one thing, the cold-storage plant is lo-
cated far away from the docks, besides being very small,

It is likely that ports in Sumatra and Ceylon may be con-
sidered, Until such time that a port of transshipment is des-
ignated, a scramble among exporters in selecting a port can
be anticipated,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 p. 42.

sk OK OK ok OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 53

EXPORTERS ASSOCIATION PROPOSES
OVER-ALL FROZEN TUNA EXPORT
QUOTA TO UNITED STATES:

The Board of Directors of the Japan-Fro-
zen Foods Exporters Association met on
March 8, 1962, and proposed the following
quotas of frozen tuna and frozen swordfish
for export to the United States in 1962 (April
1962-March 1963):

1. Frozen tuna export quota shall be
110,000 short tons. This quota shall be al-
located to exporters with established records
for the period April 1958 to March 1961 in-
clusive.

2. Frozen tuna loin export quota shall be
5,000 short tons. Of this quota, 4,500 tons
shall be allocated to exporters with estab-
lished records for the period of April 1959
to March 1962 inclusive; 450 tons shall be
set aside for adjustment purposes, and 30
tons held in reserve.

3. Frozen swordfish export quota shall be
6,500 short tons.

The proposals were to be submitted for ap-
proval to the special general meeting of the
Exporters Association scheduled for March
19. (Translated from Japanese periodical
Suisan Tsushin, March 9, 1962.)

Editor's Note: The basic difference be-
tween the export quotas proposed by the Pro-
ducers Association and the Exporters Asso-
ciation for allocation to their respective as-
sociation members is that the Exporters As-
sociation has one over-all export target, with-
out limiting exports of any one species of tuna.
In other words, exporters are willing to ac-
cept from producers any species of tuna avail-
able for export.

kK OK OK Ok

FROZEN TUNA OCEAN FREIGHT RATE
TO UNITED STATES REDUCED:

The Japan Frozen Foods .Exporters Asso-
ciation has been negotiating with the Pacific
Ocean Freight Conference for quite some
time concerning reduction of freight rates
for frozen tuna shipped to the United States.
As a result, the Conference recently an-
nounced its decision to provisionally reduce
frozen tuna freight rates from the present
$57.75 per short ton to $50 per ton, to be ef-
fective for the period March 15-September
30, 1962. (Suisan Tsushin, March 16, 1962.)

2k OK OK Ok

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

TUNA RESEARCH COUNCIL PROPOSES
LARGE-SCALE TUNA
RESEARCH PROGRAM:

The Japanese National Tuna Research Council, a quasi-
governmental organization established in 1961 to strength-
en bonds between existing tuna organizations through gov~
ernment and industry cooperation and to promote tuna re-
search and tuna technology, held its second meeting on Feb-
ruary 28, 1962, Members of the three technical departments
of the Council--biological research, gear research, and
technology--met jointly for the first time at this meeting.
The following research programs were adopted by the three
departments:

Biological Research: (1) Changes in tuna fishing condi-
tions in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean: Data on
changes in fishing conditions will be systematically col-
lected and compiled, and yearly changes in fishing condi-
tions in those areas will be studied, Five-year program,
Cost FY 1962 (April 1962-March 1963), 300,000 yen
(US$833). (2) Yearly changes in size composition of At-,
lantic Ocean yellowfin and albacore tuna: Yearly change
in size composition of yellowfin and albacore tuna taken
from the Atlantic Ocean will be investigated and results
combined with existing data on yearly changes in hook
rates. Based on this combined study, causes of yearly
changes in catches and in size composition will be investi-
gated, Continuous program, Cost FY 1962, 230,000 yen
($639).

Technical (Gear Research) Department: (1) Develop-
ment of fish scanner to study tuna ecology: A fish scan-
ner will be developed for use in studying tuna ecology.
One-year program, Cost FY 1962, 300,000 yen (US$833),

(2) Research on driving away killer whales by sound:
Reaction of killer whales to sound will be studied, and
based on this, methods will be devised to study their re~
sponses with the idea of either dispersing them or attract-
ing them so they can be captured and killed, Effect that
such measures will have on other fish will be investigated.
Two-year program, Cost FY 1962, 600,000 yen ($1,667).

(3) Vertical distribution of tuna and behavior of tuna long-
line gear under water as determined by means of fish scan-
ners: Fish scanners will be used to trace behavior of tuna
long-line gear under actual fishing conditions and to study
vertical distribution of tuna, One-year program, Cost FY
1962, 303,750 yen ($844),

(4) Operation ‘of tuna long-line gear: A study will be made
to improve and simplify fishing operations and to increase
efficiency and prolong durability of fishing gear, Three-year
program, Cost FY 1962, 200,000 yen ($555).

(5) Development of fish scanner for use in studying tu-
na ecology: A basic study will be made of existing fish scan~
ners with respect to supersonic wave output, emission fre-
quency, wave angle, and installation, and a special scanner
for tuna fishing shall be developed. Program commenced
March 1962 and will end March 1963, Cost, 300,000 yen
($833).

(6) Method of dispersing killer whales by sound: A
sounding device will be tested and a practical method of
driving away killer whales developed, and said method
shall then be offered to the fishing industry, Program
started March 1962 and will end March 1963. Cost,
300,000 yen ($833). -

Technology Department: (1) Research on tuna muscle ex-
tracts: Changes occurring in muscle extracts during proc-
essing or during decomposition will be analyzed and effect of
muscle extracts on flavor and ‘‘browning’’ will be studied.
Program to start June 1962 and end December 1964. Cost,
240,000 yen ($667), (2) Utilization of poor quality tuna: Utili-
zation of tuna meat of poor quality for fish sausage will be
studied: Program to start June 1962 and end August 1963,
Cost, 255,000 yen ($708).

Vol. 24, No. 5

A total of ten members attended the Council meeting, They
included key officials from the National Federation of Tuna
Fisheries Cooperative Associations, Japan Fisheries Society,
and the Fisheries Agency. They voted to grant.1,650,000 yen
($4,600) to subsidize the research program for FY 1962,
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, March 3, 1962; Shin Suisan Shim-
bun, March 5, 1962.)

HK Ok OK Kk

EXPORT COUNCIL ADOPTS FY 1962
EXPORT TARGETS FOR CERTAIN
FISHERY PRODUCTS:

The Fisheries Division of the Japanese
Agricultural and Marine Products Export
Council met on March 23, 1962, and adopted
export targets for Fiscal Year 1962 (April
1962-March 1963), according to a translation
from the Japanese periodical Suisan Tsushin
of March 24, 1962.

Japanese Export Targets for Certain Fishery
Products, FY 1962 with Comparisons

. (Metric Tons)... | . (US$1,000)..

Commodity

(In ry e.
124 000} 135,750

6 5
.. (US$1, 000) .
35,250 | 37, 832

38 OK OK OS 3K

CANNERS SET 1962 CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE EXPORT QUOTA:

The Japan Export Canned Tuna Packers
Association convened a special general meet-
ing on February 27-28, 1962, and adopted the
following proposals concerning canned tuna
in brine for export to the United States in
1962 (April 1962-March 1963):

1. The 1962 quota of canned tuna in brine
for export to the United States shall be
2,300,000 cases. Of this amount, 1,500,000
cases will be allocated to producers on the
basis of their past performance records and
800,000 cases unassigned.

2. The unassigned quota of 800,000 cases
will be released as follows: April-June
320,000 cases, July-December 320,000 cases,
January-March 1963, 160,000 cases.

3. The total export quota of 2,300,000
cases shall consist of 60 percent canned
white meat tuna and 40 percent canned light
meat tuna. Exports of canned white meat

May 1962

Japan (Contd.):

must not fall below 40 percent of total ex-
ports, and exports of canned light meat tuna
must not exceed 60 percent of total exports.

4, The following proportions of different
sizes of canned tuna in brine shall be ex-
ported:

White meat tuna:
No. 1(13-0z.) 24's ..
No. 1/2 (7-0z.) 48's

Light meat tuna:
No. 1 (13-0z.) 24's
No. 1/2 (7-0z.) 48's

The Packers Association also decided at
this meeting that exports of canned tuna to
the United States other than canned tuna in
brine and canned tuna in oil will be permit-

PBluerintyeyetepeicrevensverers
Skipjack

eooceeee

eee eeooee

'2/Includes big-eyed tuna and spearfish,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

1960 Landings of Tuna and Tuna-like Fish from Pacific Ocean by Countries

10,527
14,202

Data based on export figures and locally-consumed tuna not included,

of 5° N. latitude, and east of 110° W. longi-
tude south of 5° N, latitude) is somewhat larg-
er than some circles in Japan had anticipated.
According to the Fisheries Agency, it is not
possible to make a good estimate of the a-
mount of tuna taken by Japanese vessels fish-
ing in that area inasmuch as catch data are
not complete. However, it is estimated that
somewhere around 5,000 metric tons of tuna
are caught by Japanese tuna long-liners, most-
ly vessels in the 250-ton class, fishing in the
proposed regulatory area. (Translation of a
news item in the Japanese periodical Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, March 3, 1962.)

TK OK Ok Kk OK

1960 TUNA LANDINGS FROM
PACIFIC OCEAN ESTIMATED
AT 530,000 METRIC TONS:

A member of the Tokai University's Fisheries Research
Laboratory, whois attempting to estimate total catch of tuna-
like fish in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, calculates

94,057
121,901
14,202
71,125
191,156
107,344

ted when it is ascertained that such products
will not be cleared through United States
Customs under the same category as canned

tuna in brine. The Association also decided
to raise the check price of canned white
meat tuna in oil for export to Canada by
$0.50a case, from $8.65 a case for No. 1/2
(7-0z.) 48's, f.0.b. Japan, to $9.15 per case.
(Suisan Tsushin, February 23, and March 1,
1962.)

He 3 ok -3k ok

ESTIMATED TUNA CATCH
IN EASTERN PACIFIC:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency announced
on March 1, 1962, details of the bill being
considered by the United States Congress to
regulate the catch of yellowfin tuna in the
eastern Pacific Ocean. The proposed regu-
latory area (east of 120° W. longitude north

that 1960 landings from the Pacific Ocean totaled approxi-
mately 530,000 metric tons and from the Indian Ocean
100,980 metric tons, which included 48,676 tons of Indian
Ocean bluefin tuna.

Calculations are based on data from the Japanese Fish-
eries Agency, United States catch statistics, and data col-
lected directly from Japanese fishing vessels, Indian O-
cean catches include only those made by Japanese fishing
vessels, Pacific Ocean landings, which were grouped by
species and by country, are shown in the table. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, March 1, 1962.)

OK OK SS

TUNA EX-VESSEL PRICES:

February 26, 1962: The following ex-ves-
sel prices were paid for 210 tons of frozen
tuna and tunalike fish landed in Tokyo by a
Japanese tuna vessel, according to a transla-
tion of a news item in the Japanese periodi-
cal Suisan Keizai Shimbun, February 28,
1962.

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

Product

Yellowfin (gilled & gutted):
Special lge. (over 120 lbs.). 2...
Large (100-120 lbs.)

Medium (80-100 lbs.). ......
Small (20-80 lbs.), ..... Gucio

Fillets:
ellowfin., ..
Big-eyed .

Kok ok ok xk

March 7, 1962: The following ex-vessel
prices were paid for 568 metric tons of fro-
zen tuna and tunalike fish, including sharks,
landed in Tokyo by two Japanese tuna long-
line fishing vessels, according to a transla-
tion from the Japanese periodical Suisan
Keizai Shimbun of March 9, 1962.

ellowfin (gilled & gutted):
Large (over 100 pounds
Med, (80-100 pounds)

Sml.

Indian bluefin . 94.5 238
Yellowfin .. 117. 8-120.6 297 -304
Big-eyed 103 -106,.2} 260-268

KO OK AE A

RECORD SIZE BLUEFIN TUNA
SOLD FOR $1,000:

A large bluefin tuna landed by a Japanese
long-liner fishing in the Indian Ocean is
claimed to be the largest bluefin ever landed
by a Japanese fishing vessel. The fish
weighed 880 pounds and was sold to the
"sashimil/" trade for 360,000 yen US$1,000).
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, March 20, 1962.)
1/"Sashimi" is raw fish thinly sliced and flavored with soybean

sauce. Many different types of marine fish are eaten as
"sashimi, " but bluefin tuna "sashimi" is considered best.

me OK OK OK OK

FISHERY LANDINGS AT YAIZU:

February 1962: A total of 10,839 metric
tons of fish valued at 1,035 million yen
(US$2,.9 million) was landed at Yaizu (lead-
ing Japanese tuna fishing port) during Feb-
ruary 1962, according to a translation from
the Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai Shim-
bun of March 8, 1962, This was an increase
in landings of 1,900 metric tons and in value

Vol. 24, No. 5

of 176 million yen (US$489,000) over Febru-
ary 1961.

Yaizu Fishery Landings, Principal Species,
February 1962 with Comparisons

Average Ex-
Vessel Price

Species

(US$/Short Tons)
239°
237
222
Mackereliciencne:telyeirewleye 134

1961: Because canneries, manufacturers
of fish ham and sausage, and producers of
other traditional Japanese fishery products
are located in Shizuoka Prefecture, the fish-
ing port of Yaizu continued to hold its leading.
position, Also, Yaizu supplies fish daily to
such large cities as Tokyo and Osaka. The
value of landings at the Yaizu fish market in
1961 established the highest record since its
establishment. According to the Yaizu Fish-

Yaiz Fishery Landings in 1961 by Principal Species
Metric Tons | USSI Million
. 3

oe ec eo wo

eries Cooperative, actual landings in 1961
were valued ex-vessel almost US$31.8 mil-
lion, surpassing substantially the previous
highest record value of $28,611,000 in 1960.
This was attributed to increased tuna land-
ings, which make up the bulk of the total
landings at Yaizu. Skipjack tuna fishing in
1961 was good generally and the value of the
catch was highin spite of alowprice per ton.
In quantity, the landings in 1961 exceeded the
previous year by 7,200 metrictons. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, January 13, 1962.)

KK OK

TREND TO ESTABLISH JOINT OVERSEAS
BASES TO EXPORT FROZEN
TUNA TO UNITED STATES:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency recently affirmed its in-
tention to authorize the Japanese fisheries company, which
manages the joint Japanese- Malayan tuna fishing and canning
company at Penang, to annually export up to 6,000 short tons
of frozen tuna to the United States from the base at Penang.
This plan, which the Japanese fisheries company has been
pushing for quite some time, calls for the operation of ice-
packing fishing vessels from the Penang base, Iced tuna
landed by the vessels would then be frozen at shore facilities
at Penang for export to the United States,

May 1962

Japan (Contd.):

The Penang freezer plant reportedly has a maximum daily
freezing capacity of only five tons, so its annual production of
frozen tuna would not be more than 1,825 tons, even if the plant
operates at full capacity every day. Therefore, fresh fish
landed by the ice boats alone cannot possibly meet the annual
6,000-ton quota. Moreover, it is not likely that the vessels of
about 100 tons would operate near Madagascar, where the main
fishing grounds are located, because of the great distance,
Thus, a strong possibility exists that this 6,000-ton quota will
be filled by utilizing frozen tuna landed by clipper vessels op-
erating out of Penang, which was recently selected as a trans~
shipment base. 5

Observers feel that the Fisheries Agency cannot grant
preferential treatment only to the Japanese firm operating the
Penang base. If requests to export tuna to the United States
should be submitted to the Agency by other firms, the Agency
would also have to grant those firms permission, Thus, the
Agency’s recent action in authorizing the transshipment of
6,000 tons of frozen tuna to the United States from Penang can
be said to have started a trend towards the establishment of
joint companies overseas for the purpose of exporting frozen
tuna to the United States,

The joint company at Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, is
considered typical of joint companies established for the pur-
pose of exporting frozen tuna to the United States, This joint
company is reported to be facing difficulty in contracting for
ice boats to fish for it, since ex-vessel prices at Espiritu
Santo, in contrast to prices at Samoa, are low. On the other
hand, the Espiritu Santo base is much closer to the tuna fish~
ing grounds than the Penang base, and so the Japanese firm
operating the Penang base is expected to’ experience difficulty
in making sufficient profit to erase its accumulated deficit by
relying on catches of ice boats alone, Eventually, it will have
to rely on clipper-caught tuna for export to the United States,

Should this happen, then other firms which have established
joint companies overseas can be expected to utilize tuna
clippers at their overseas bases, Also, if the Fisheries Agency
should authorize establishment of the large tuna base planned
for Levuka, Fiji Islands, and permit that base to utilize medium
vessels without tuna fishing licenses, as presently proposed,
then it is quite foreseeable that in the near future tuna clip-
pers, as well as medium vessels without tuna fishing licenses,
will come to be utilized at joint overseas bases, (Suisan
Tsushin, March 31 & April 2, 1962.)

Me OK OK Ok oo

PENANG AND SINGAPORE DESIGNATED
AS TRANSSHIPMENT PORTS FOR
INDIAN OCEAN FROZEN TUNA:

The Japan Export Frozen Tuna Producers
Association on March 22, 1962, formally des-
ignated Singapore and Penang as ports of
transshipments for tuna caught in the Indian
Ocean, and Abidjan, Ivory Coast, as a port
of transshipment for the Atlantic Ocean.
Earlier, the Association had established a
frozen tuna transshipment quota of 4,000
short tons for the Indian Ocean.

The Japanese Fisheries Agency is some-
what concerned over the fact that the Asso-
ciation had enacted regulations which permit
transshipments from the Indian Ocean on an
expanded scale before the Agency had even
completed its opinions on this matter. The
Agency had intended to permit only the Japa-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

nese firm which operates the joint Malayan-
Japanese tuna-canning plant at Penang to
transship Indian Ocean tuna to the United
States for the purpose of putting that company
back on its feet. (Suisan Tsushin, March 23,
and 2aytoG2e) hae gen, cron,

OOK OK OK &

SKIPJACK TUNA SURVEY IN INDIAN
OCEAN REVEALS FISH ARE SMALL:

The Shizuoka Prefectural research vessel
Fuji Maru (191 gross tons) which was char-
tered by the Japan Overseas Fisheries Coop-
erative Association in December 1961 to sur-
vey the Indian Ocean waters off Ceylon, Nico-
bar Islands, and the Maldive Islands for skip-
jack tuna, was scheduled to return to Japan
after mid-March. According to the senior
member of the vessel's survey team, who re-
turned to Japan by plane, the Fuji Maru op-
erated principally in the waters off the Mal-
dive Islands except for one cruise made off
Ceylon, at which time tilapia and anchovies
were uSed in a bait-feeding experiment. Re-
sults of this test revealed anchovies to be
superior to tilapia as bait.

The currents off the Maldive Islands were
fast, thus making it impossible to approach
close to the Islands. Skipjack seemed to con-
gregate when tides were up but did not seem
to be abundant. Fish were of comparatively
smallsize. Skipjack taken off Ceylon aver-
aged about 5.7 pounds each; those off the Mal-
dive Islands about 4 pounds each.

Bait fishing was not very successful but
this may have been due to the poor quality of
the bait obtained locally, as well as bait car-
ried on board the research vessel, and the
fact that they had to be used sparingly. On
the return trip from the Maldive Islands, 309
skipjack were taken without use of any bait.

The Maldive Islands fishing fleet consists
of about 50 vessels employing hook-and-line
gear, of which 15 to 25 are powered. Others
use sails, Catches are exported to Ceylon
but fish quality appeared poor. A cold-stor-
age plant of about 3,500-ton capacity is lo-
cated on the Islands. (Shin Suisan Shimbun
Sokuho, February 28, 1962.)

KOK OK OK OK

AUSTRALIAN AND INDIAN BLUEFIN
TUNA FOUND TO BE IDENTICAL:

A technician of the Nankai-ku Fisheries
Research Institute in Yaizu, Japan, has veri-

Japan (Contd.):

fied that the species, one called Indian blue-
fin tuna and the other Australian bluefin tuna,
are the same. The two ''types'' have been
studied for three years. The data of the study
will be sent to the headquarters of the Insti-
tute and eventually will be disseminated to
the fishing industry.

Indian bluefin are caught in waters off the
west coast of Australia and off Java, and
their fishing ground was discovered in 1952.
They are mostly large fish weighing 88-221
pounds each. The fish called Australian tuna
were discovered in 1956 and caught on fish-
ing grounds off the east coast of Australia.
The fish were small, weighing 22-88 pounds
each, but the meat is of higher quality than
that of the Indian tuna. In spite of the fact
that they are segregated as Indian tuna and
Australian tuna, depending upon where they
are caught, their appearance is almost iden-
tical.

The technician began his study in Novem-
ber 1960 in order to determine whether the
two types of bluefin tuna are the same. Spec-
imens of each type measuring 4 feet 2 inches,
4 feet 9 inches, and 5 feet 5 inches were
selected from landings at Yaizu and the fol-
lowing measurements obtained: (a) the length
of the head, (b) length from the tip of the
mouth to the first dorsal, (c) length from the
tip of the mouth to the second dorsal, (d)
length from the tip of the mouth to the pelvic,
(e) length from the tip of the mouth to the end
of caudal, (f) the length of the pelvic, and (g)
the size of the eye. For three years a total
of 720 fish, 120 of each size and kind, were
compared, The maximum difference found
was very small when the same body lengths
were compared,

In the past, yellowfin and albacore were
checked by the same method and it was found
that there was only one species of yellowfin
and one species of albacore tuna.

As a result of the study, it has been es-
tablished, almost without a doubt, that the
same kind of bluefin tuna are found in the
western part of the Indian Ocean and waters
east of Australia as off the southern coast of
Australia, Judging from the size and the
quality of meat, the fish that are young and
having meat of good quality migrate to the
sea area off the east coast of Australia round
its southern coast. As the fish grow, they re-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

turn to the sea area off the Indian Ocean side
where water temperatures are higher. Also,
whenthey grow old enough to spawn, they are
believed to move to the waters off Java where
water temperatures are even higher and a-
bundant plankton is available.

The technician commented that the similar-
ity of Indian tuna and Australian tuna has al-
ways been suspected and the study has finally
confirmed this theory. If the fish are definite-
ly found to be migrating from the southern
coast of Australia, it is possible that fishing
grounds may be formed in that sea area also
and catches on the east side of Australia may
possibly affect fishing in the waters off the
Indian Ocean side of the Continent. (Transla-
tion from a February 16, 1962, Japanese peri-
odical.)

pte Ed, Eth ESS

TUNA FLEET:

Data compiled by the Japanese Fisheries
Agency on tuna vessels licensed as of Decem-
ber 31, 1961, reveal that a total of 1,301 ves-
sels were licensed to engage in tuna fishing.
Classified by types of vessels, they include
409 medium vessels between 40-100 tons
gross, 621 distant-water vessels over 100
tons gross, 6 portable-vessel-carrying moth-
erships, 215 vessels engaged in tuna fishing
on a part-time basis, and 50 vessels diverted
from the salmon fishery.

As of March 1962, there was a total of 17
portable-vessel-carrying motherships (an in-
crease of 11 vessels of that type), 621 distant
water vessels (which is the maximum allowed
for that category), and 396 medium vessels.

Extension of fishing grounds to distant wa-
ters and the economic advantages of construc-
ting larger vessels have brought about a de-
cline in the number of medium vessels. This
trend is evident because the number of medi-
um vessels engaged in tuna fishing, as per the
latest data, has declined by 226 vessels from
1957 and by 112 from 1960. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, April 1, 1962.)

Editor's Note: Vessels under 40 tons gross
do not require fishing licenses.

emislereneh Toe oe

FISHING COOPERATIVE FORMED
FOR FIJI ISLANDS TUNA BASE:

The South Pacific Ocean Fisheries Cooper-
ative, which is to manage the joint Anglo-

May 1962

Japan (Contd.):

Japanese fishing base at Levuka, Fiji Islands,
upon its establishment, held its inaugural
meeting on March 12, 1962, in Japan and e-
lected officers.

The Cooperative, which presently con-
sists of 25 members, was provisionally or-
ganized to lay the groundwork for the Fiji
Islands fishing base. The Cooperative plans
to apply for permission to form into a legal
corporation under the Fisheries Cooperative
Law in or about December of this year. It
had originally planned on commencing base
fishing operations in February 1963. How-
ever, commencement of operations is ex-
‘pected to be postponed owing to the delay in
applying for incorporation. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, March 13, 1962.)

HOOK OK OK OF

FISHERIES AGENCY'S POSITION
ON OVERSEAS CANNERIES:

The Chief, Fisheries Section, Japanese
Fisheries Agency, at a board meeting of the
Japan Canned Tuna Packers Association ex-
plainedthe Agency's attitude on developments
involving the joint Japanese-Malayan tuna-
canning company established at Penang, Ma-
laya. That firm has been given special per-
mission to export canned tuna in brine to the
United States, and it is also seeking to ex-
port frozen tuna directly to the United States.

The Fisheries Chief stated that the Japa-
nese firm which owns the Malayan Marine
Industries would like to see its Malayanfirm
engage primarily in exporting frozen tuna to
the United States, and secondarily engage in
the production of canned tuna, Other large
fishing companies have stated that they would
like to establish tuna canneries overseas but
the Fisheries Agency's policy is not to ap-
prove such construction, and the Agency has
had all large fishing companies pledge they
will not construct tuna-canning facilities
overseas, A joint tuna-fishing enterprise is
being planned for the South Pacific, but the
Agency does not intend to approve this en-
terprise if it is to include a canning plant.

The Fisheries Agency is presently con-
solidating ideas concerning tuna exports. A
rough draft concerning this subject has al-
ready been completed. Although it cannot
yet be made public, in essence, it is a plan
which seeks to increase tuna exports, and,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW a el

very likely, efforts will be made to seek the
lowering of United States tariffs on imports

of canned tuna. Also, measures are now be-
ing studied concerning high ex-vessel prices
paid for tuna landed in Japan in relation to
tuna landed at foreign ports by Japanese fish-
ing vessels, thus putting a squeeze on Japa-
nese canners. (Suisan Tsushin, March 2, 1962.)

OK OK Ae

LARGE STERN TRAWLER
EN ROUTE TO ATLANTIC:

The Japanese stern trawler Unzen Maru
(2,525 gross tons) left Japan for the Atlantic
Ocean trawl fishing grounds off the northwest
coast of Africa on March 13, 1962. Thetrawl-
er, which was completed in February 1962,
has a complement of 53 men. (Nippon Suisan
Shimbun, March 19, 1962.)

————

1 OK OK OK OK

FISHING FIRM HOPES TO OPERATE
MOTHERSHIP-TYPE TRAWLER
FLEET IN ATLANTIC:

A Japanese fishing company hopes tosend
a bottomfish mothership trawler fleet to the
Atlantic Ocean off West Africa and in Febru-
ary 1962 was sounding out the Fisheries A-
gency's view on the matter. If the Agency
should grant approval, the firm plans to un-
dertake preparations in May 1962 to dispatch
the Awazu Maru (8,000 gross tons) and6
trawlers of the 80-ton class to the West Af-
rican waters. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun, Feb-
ruary 23, 1962.)

7 OOK OK OK

TWELVE TRAWLERS REPORTED
IN ATLANTIC OCEAN:

As of the end of February 1962, Japanese
trawlers were operating in two areas in the
Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of northwest
Africa in the vicinity of the Canary Islands
and off the coast of South Africa.

Reports indicated that a total of 10 Japa-
nese trawlers were operating off the West
African Coast. The bottom fish grounds off
the South African coast were being fished by
two trawlers of one Japanese firm only--the
No. 56 Taiyo Maru (744 gross tons) and the

No. 62 Taiyo Maru (1,481 gross tons), But

they were to be joined by the No. 61 Taiyo
Maru (489 gross tons) which in February
1962 was fishing in New Zealand waters.
(Nippon Suisan Shimbun, February 26, 1962.)

EO OK OK OK

Japan (Contd.):

SAUDI ARABIA AND LEBANON SEEK JOINT
FISHING VENTURE WITH JAPAN:

The Japanese Overseas Fisheries Cooper-
ative Association held a meeting on March 20,
1962, to report on the results of fishery sur-
veys it had recently conducted in Lebanon
and Saudi Arabia. According to the Associa-
tion, both Saudi Arabia and Lebanon are seek-
ing Japanese cooperation in developing their
fishing industry.

A Saudi Arabian firm wants to establish
jointly with Japan, a cannery, freezer, cold-
storage, an ice-making plant, and a fish-meal
plant, and is seeking offers from Japan.

Lebanon is also seeking Japanese assist-
ance in developing its fishing industry and is
hoping that Japan would conduct trial fishing
operations off the coast of Lebanon.

The Association plans to contact its mem-
bers to promote these ventures and also
plans to recommend fishery promotional
measures to the Saudi Arabian Government
on the basis of its recent survey, which was
conducted during February 10-March 12,
1962, and financed by the Japanese Ministry
of International Trade and Industry. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, March 21, 1962.)

se) oie iste: peels

NORTH PACIFIC 1962 SALMON
FISHERY PLANS:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency announced
late in March that Japan plans to table at the
current Japan-U.S.5S. R. fisheries negotia-
tions at Moscow a document proposing a vol-
untary curtailment of Japan's salmon fishing
effort in the North Pacific for 1962, accord-
ing to a report from Tokyo. The proposal
calls for a 10-percent retrenchment of the
1961 salmon catcher boat fleet which oper-
ated north of 45° N, latitude and a 20-per-
cent cutback for vessels of the land-based
fleet which fished south of 45° N. Under the
plan 133 boats would be eliminated from the
1962 salmon fisheries.

Considerable opposition to the plan is be-
ing voiced by the catcher boat operators.
However, the North Pacific Mothership Fish-
eries Council has notified the Fisheries A-
gency of its decision to eliminate one moth-
ership from its fleet of 12 which operated
in 1961,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

The Sixth Annual Meeting of the Northwest
Pacific Fisheries Commission (Japan-
U.S. S. R.) convened in Moscow on February
26, 1962, and as of March 23 was still in ses-
sion. (United States Embassy, Tokyo, March
23, 1962.)

OOK OK KK

ASSIGNMENT OF SALMON VESSELS
TO TUNA FISHING PROPOSED:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency Director
on March 7, 1962, submitted a request to the
salmon industry requesting cooperation in re-
ducing operations of the salmon mothership
fleet and the Eastern Hokkaido land-based
fleet. Specifically, he recommended that the
number of catcher vessels assigned to the
salmon motherships be reduced by 10 percent
from last year's 410 vessels and the land-
based Eastern Hokkaido fleet operating south
of 45° N. by 20 percent from last year's 414
vessels,

Fishing vessels removed from the salmon
fishery are expected to be allowed to engage
in tuna fishing or bottom fishing and fall king
crab fishing in the Eastern Bering Sea. Press
reports indicate that the National Federation
of Tuna Fishing Cooperative Associations
strongly objects to this proposal. The Fed-
eration contends that the Fisheries Agency
always seems to be assigning fishing vessels
displaced from some other fishery to the tuna
fishery, which is becoming highly competitive,
and is concerned over this trend.

Speculation is going on in Japan regarding
the possibility that some of the 122 salmon
vessels which most likely will be retired
from the salmon fishery, despite the salmon
industry's objection, may sign up to partici-
pate in Japanese plans to establish a large
tuna fishing base at Levuka, Fiji Islands. The
salmon vessels are less than 100 tons gross
and fall within the range of medium tuna ves-
sels (40-100 tons). The tuna base proposed
for Levuka calls for the utilization of 65-ton
vessels.

Interest in tuna fishing developments in
the South Pacific is growing and this interest
is heightened by reports that Japanese firms
which have agreements to deliver tuna to Sa-
moa and to Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides,
have requested the Fisheries Agency that
their quotas be increased. (Translated from
the Japanese periodicals Syisan Shimbun

May 1962

Japan (Contd.):

Sokuho, March 19; Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
March 17, 1962; and other sources.

CHANGES RECOMMENDED IN FISHING
VESSEL CONSTRUCTION
SUBSIDY PROGRAM:

The Japanese Agriculture and Forestry
Ministry has negotiated with the Finance
Ministry concerning revision of the fishing
vessel construction loan program. The Ag-
riculture and Fisheries Loan Corporation, a
Government agency, has undertaken a study
of loan procedures for the fiscal year which
began April 1, 1962, andwas expected to pre-
sent the following recommendations to the
Fisheries Agency.

1. Increase vessel construction loans to
70 percent of total construction cost. Pres-
ent limit, 60 percent.

2. Establisha maximum construction
loan of 80 million yen (US$222,000). Present
limit, 60 million yen (US$167,000).

3. Increase to a maximum of 2,000 tons
the total tonnage that a vessel owner canown
in order to qualify for a loan. Present limit,
1,000 tons; in exceptional cases 1,500 tons.

Purpose of relaxing the loan requirements
is to enable fishing vessel owners to con-
struct larger steel vessels and thus improve
their economic base. The Agriculture and
Forestry Ministry hoped to implement this
new regulation from April 1, if negotiations
with the Finance Ministry proceeded favor-
ably. However, past experiences involving
such negotiations indicate that a final settle-
ment will not likely be reached until July or
August this year. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
March 6, 1962.)

SOK: oki ok, 13s

FISH HAM AND SAUSAGE
QUALITY STANDARDS:

The Japanese Agriculture and Forestry
Ministry early this year adopted quality
standards for fish sausage and fish ham in
accordance with the ‘Agriculture and Forest-
ry Products Standards Law. They became
effective on March 1, 1962. Based on the
standards, fish ham and fish sausage will be
graded and assigned scores according to col-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

or, flavor, and texture, according to a trans-
lation from the Japanese periodical Suisan
Keizai.Shimbun, February 25, 1962.

Fish Ham: Definition: Fish meat (includ-
ing whale meat and meat of aquatic animals
other than fish) seasoned with salt, or a mix-
ture consisting primarily of fish meat mixed
with pork, beef, horse meat, mutton, rabbit
meat, or poultry meat seasoned with salt, and
combined with binding meat (consisting pri-
marily of ground fish meat, to which have been
added additives such as oil, flavoring, and
starch to give it binding strength), and packed
in a casing, then sealed and steamed.

Fish Sausage: Definition: Ground fish
meat or a mixture consisting primarily of
ground fish mixed with ground pork, beef,
mutton, horse meat, rabbit, or poultry, to
which have been added additives such as oil,
seasoning, and starch for binding strength,
packed in a casing and sealed, then steamed
or boiled. Contents may be smoked before
packing in casing.

Standards: Quality will be graded ona
point system for appearance, flavor, and tex-
ture. Average score must be higher than 3.0
points and for each category a score higher
than 1 point must be scored. -

1. Appearance:

a. Contents must not be deformed.

b. Seal must be perfect.

c. Contents must not be damaged.

d. Separation must not occur between cas-
ing and content.

e. Contents must not be pressed into sealed
portion of casing.

2. Starch content: Must be less than 9 per-
cent for fish ham and less than 10 per-
cent for fish sausage.

3. Other substances: There must be none.

4, Net weight: Net weight must correspond
with weight indicated on package.

5. Label:

a. Packing date must be clearly indicated.

b. Names and addresses of manufacturer
and distributor must be shown,

c. Words and pictures must correctly de-
scribe contents and must not convey
misleading impression.

Japan (Contd.):

Grading Method: Fish ham and fish sau-
sage will be graded as follows:

COLOR SCORE:

4to 5 points - Contents are appropriately colored; pigments in
the meat used for binding purposes are not no-
ticeable; color of casing has not discolored
contents.

Coloring of contents generally acceptable; pig-
ments in binding meat almost unnoticeable;
color of casing has not noticeably discolored
contents.

3 points -

2 points - Contents excessively colored; pigments in bind-
ing meat slightly discolored and noticeable;
color of casing has noticeably discolored con-

tents.

Contents considerably discolored; color of casing
has deeply penetrated contents.

1 point -

FLAVOR SCORE:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

4 to 5 points - Contents have no peculiar odor and are delici-
ously flavored and seasoned.

3 points - Contents have no peculiar odor; flavor and sea-
soning generally satisfactory.

2 points - Contents have slightly raw or slightly scorched
odor; flavor and seasoning somewhat inade-
quate,

1 point - Contents have strong peculiar odor and have

markedly low flavor.
TEXTURE SCORE:
4 to 5 points - Contents have consistency and resilience, tex-

ture smooth; no oil or liquid separation; no
air spaces in contents.

3 points - Contents have consistency and resilience; tex-
ture fairly smooth; practically no oil or liquid
separation; small air spaces in contents.

2 points - Contents lack consistency and resilience; tex-

ture less smooth; certain amount of oil and
liquid separation has occurred; contents con-

Destination i=1be

Philippines
Wiest. Africa: on sc. msiecioniedas
EUG OD Caper Aicue mapeamercere tone nen Secale
North, Central & South America
Other countries

tain numerous small air spaces but relatively
few large air spaces,

1 point - Contents have softened; considerable separation
of oil and liquid; pack has become slimy and

contents contain numerous large air spaces.

Bw a pew po

Estimated Japanese Canned Sardine Exports for FY 1962

Can and Case Sizes

Oval 48's | Oval 96!

Vol. 24, No.5

THREE FIRMS TO JOINTLY ESTABLISH
FISH NET PLANT IN AFRICA:

Three Japanese firms were reported in
March 1962 to have concluded arrangements
with an Indian firm in east Africa to estab-
lish a joint fish-net manufacturing plant. For
quite some time one of the three firms had
been seeking such an arrangement through
negotiations with the Indian firm located in
Dar es Salaam, capital of Tanganyika. Dis-
cussions have now progressed to the stage
where the Indian firm is scheduled to shortly
senda representative to Japan to work out
final details and conclude a contract with the
Japanese firms.

The new company will be organized with a
capital of 60 million yen (US$167,000), with
two of the firms each contributing 10 million
yen (US$28,000), and the third 5 million yen
(US$14,000), and the Indian firm investing 35
million yen (US$97,000). The plant is already
equipped with 20 net-weaving machines andis
mainly manufacturing gill nets. In the near
future, the company plans to increase the
number of net weaving machines to 60 units.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, March 11, 1962.)
ESTIMATED 1962 CANNED
SARDINE EXPORTS:

The Japan Export Canned Sardine Packers
Association early in March 1962 tentatively
adopted a production quota of 1,005,000 cases
of export canned sardines for FY 1962 (April
1, 1962-March 31, 1963), according to a
translation from the Japanese periodical Sui-
san Tsushin, March 6, 1962. Export canned
sardine sales during FY 1962 are expected
to total 700,000 cases.

SsOze

D=OZ-
s| Tall 100's
In

ovis: ie) <0" 10. (65 0) 6

ESTIMATED CANNED JACK MACKEREL
EXPORTS FOR 1962:

The Japan Export Canned Jack Mackerel
Packers Association tentatively adopted a

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

Japan (Contd.): prices) applicable to commodity shipments,
excepting cotton textiles, to the United States
and the Western Hemisphere became avail-
able the latter part of 1962,

The information on the commodities af-
fected by voluntary Japanese export controls
was obtained from the Ministry of Internation-
al Trade and Industry (MITI), industry, and
export association sources. After consolida-
tion, it was finally checked with the MITI ex-
port section. Only those commodities were
included on which the existing export controls
appeared to be primarily for the purpose of
maintaining orderly marketing abroad,

Presently, Japanese exports are controlled
= : under two basic authorities: the Export Trade
Packing and washing mackerel prior to stowing it in the Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 378 of Decem-
hold, ber 1, 1949) and the Export and Import Trans-
actions Law (Law No. 299 of August 5, 1952)
with its implementing regulations. Both re-
quire that certain listed commodities receive
MITI validations for export. Many of these
items receive automatic validation or are not
otherwise controlled for the specific purpose

of avoiding unfair export practices. These
Estimated Japanese Canned Jack Mackerel Exports for FY 1962 _| *

Lbeuautal dynes Canned Te ee t= have not been considered here.

Destination 1-lb.| 8-oz.

production quota of 1,000,000 cases of canned
jack mackerel for export in FY 1962 (April1,
1962-March 31, 1963), according to a trans-
lation from the Japanese periodical Suisan
Tsushin, March 6, 1962.

Cel O28 Pall | Taut| Tall a4 MITI has classified the commodities under
Singapore & Malaya | 50] 30) 75 | 55 i -] 210 voluntary export control into two general cat-
Reacts ae oti ese oa Stisoa leon alse sas ldire tae 20 egories: (a) government imposed "voluntary"
Ceylon aio) vis Sele - - - -| 15] 15] 30 export controls and (b) voluntary agreements
pean at fa eae Bee als eae among exporters or within trade associations
New Guinea. 10 - - - =ialee Oa |e a20 to control exports, which are not required by
stat zo[-sis] | law or government regulation and are subject
only to general government approval. MITI
Be setae te validation is required for all shipments of
commodities falling under the first category
STATUS OF VOLUNTARY EXPORT and this is usually accomplished by the sub-
CONTROLS TO WESTERN HEMISPHERE: mission of validation requests through ex-

The status as of December 26 of Japanese | porters! associations. However, there ap-
voluntary export controls (i.e. quotas, check pears to be no hard and fast procedural rule

Status of Japan's Voluntary Minimum Price and Export Quota Controls on Commodities
Destined for Western Hemisphere Countries, December 1961

Commodity Vena Toroerenes tty Destination eee poLeer)
Albacore, frozen Japan Frozen Foods Exporters' Ass'n | United States and Canada | Quantity (A)
Oyster spat Exporters’ agreement United States and Canada | Price (C)
Pearls Japan Pearl Exporters' Association | All Destinations Price and quality (B)
Swordfish, frozen Japan Frozen Foods Exp. Ass'n North, Central, and Quantity (B)
South American countries
Tuna, canned Japan Canned Foods Exp. Ass'n United States Quantity and variety (A and B)
Tuna, canned in oil Japan Canned Foods Exp. ok n Canada Price )

Tuna, loinand disc, frozen | JapanFrozen Foods Exp. Ass! United States and Canada

A) Government-imposed contro] under authority of the at Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 378, December 1, 1949), Ap-
proval for export can be obtained either by direct submission of request to MITI or through association,

B) Government-imposed control under authority of the Export and Import Transactions Law (Law No. 299, August 5, 1952) and imple-
menting regulations, Controls are administered by the association with MITI approval. Exporters not members of the association
must submit export applications direct to MITI.

C) Exporter or trade association voluntary control under authority of Export and Import Transactions Law, Establishment of control ap-

proved by MITI.

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

for in some cases MITI has delegated total
responsibility for enforcing the control to
exporters! associations. Those companies
not members of associations must submit
the requests directly to MITI, Controls for
this category are exercised under authority
of either the Control Order, the Transactions
Law, or both.

With regard to the voluntary exporters!
controls, these are permitted under the
Transactions Law which established the le-
gal basis for such agreements. The export-
ers entering into such agreements need only
report to MITI on the establishment of a vol-
untary export control agreement and get its
approval. Requests for MITI validation of
individual shipments are not required on
these commodities, MITI has indicated that
its information on this latter category is far
from complete since it suspects that consid-
erably more private export control agree-
ments are made than are reported officially.

MITI has stated that ''check prices,'' as
MITI defines them, are now being gradually
eliminated. MITI regards "check prices'' as
those which it itself administers, not the ex-
porters, These are being abandoned in fav-
or of the more easily controllable quantity
checks. A considerable number of private
voluntary minimum price agreements among
exporters will probably be retained, however.
(United States Embassy, Tokyo, report of
December 20, 1961.)

LAWS DRAFTED TO ENCOURAGE
FISHING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT:
Several laws designed to facilitate and en-
courage economic development of South Korea's
fishing industry were draftedandas of Febru-
ary 1962 were under high-level consideration.
Included are laws to reduce the taxes assessed
against afisherman's gross catchandestab-
lish fisheries cooperatives. Also included
is more progressive Fisheries Law. Com-
bined taxes which formerly amounted to as
much as HW98,000 (US$75.38) for each
HW1,000,000 ($769.23) worth of catch are
reported to have been reduced to HW20,000
($15.38) effective January 1, 1962.

Korea

Vol. 24, No. 5

On October 1 the Office of Marine Affairs
was abolished, and the Bureau of Fisheries
was transferred to the Ministry of Agricul-
ture and Forestry. (United States Embassy,
Seoul, report of February 2, 1962.)

Mexico

FISH MEAL PLANT GRANTED
TAX EXEMPTIONS:

A Mexican fish meal plant in Ciudad del Carmen, Cam-
peche, has been granted (Diario Oficial of February 2, 1962)
certain tax exemptions under the Law for the Development
of New and Necessary Industries, The exemption is for
seven years and includes:

a, All import duties on construction materials for e-
recting buildings, repair shops, storehouses, offices, and
other installations necessary for the unit; machinery,
machines, equipment, spare parts, tools, safety equipment
for treating water; air conditioning equipment, and equip-
ment or machinery necessary for producing power;

b, The stamp tax; a

c. The Federal portion of the tax on mercantile income,
if applicable;

d. 30 percent reduction on income tax (Cedula II).

The plant is required to produce fish meal with a mini-
mum protein content of 60 percent. Furthermore, foreign
payments for acquiring or obtaining the use of foreign pat-
ents, trade marks or commercial names, and technical as-
sistance, whether in the form of gifts, participation in pro-
duction, sales or profits, and foreign payments in interest,
in dividends, or in any other form whether in kind, surety,
credit, or cash are limited to three percent of annual sales,
(United States Embassy, Mexico, report of April 2, 1962.)

te ste ste ste ook
Kk SK oe

BRAZILIAN FREEZER-FISHING VESSEL
BEING BUILT IN MEXICO:

A combination freezer-fishing vessel of original design
is being built in Tampico, Mexico, for use in northeastern
Brazil, Besides being a combination freezer-fishing ves-
sel, she will be a combination fishing vessel adapted to
catch spiny lobsters, shrimp, and snappers, The vessel is
scheduled for delivery the last of August 1962. She will be
70 feet long with an 18 foot beam. The main engine will be
200 hp, and the auxiliary 45 hp. The hull and house will be
steel and the deck wood,

Interesting features are: a box keel 18 inches wide by
12 inches high (containing the cooling system) to provide
greater stability when the boat grounds at low,tide; a re-
movable mast and boom aft the trawling mast for carrying
a steadying sail while snapper fishing; a special boom for
hauling lobster pots; ten handreels for snapper fishing;
freezing capacity for two tons of lobster tails daily; special
bulb on rudder to add more speed; automatic pilot with re-
mote control; radio direction finder; two radios, one 250
watts and the other 65 watts; two 100-fathom depth finders,
one recording and the other visual; and two wooden lobster
dories 18 feet long with 8 hp. inboard Diesels,

Insulation of the freezing compartment and hold will be
six inches of expanded polystyrine.

May 1962

Mexico (Contd,):

The boat will carry about 300 knocked-down lobster pots
made of galvanized wire with a plastic coating, Built to the
American Bureau of Shipping Standards, about 75 percent of
the material used to build the vessel will be Mexican made,
(United States Embassy, Mexico, report of April 2, 1962.)

Netherlands

IMPORT DUTIES ON CERTAIN
FISHERY PRODUCTS CHANGED:

The Netherlands early this year listedcer-
tain changes in import duties of selected food
products, including certain fishery products.
The changes involved imports from other

Tariff No. Description

16.04
B, Salmonidae:
I, Salmon in airtight containers
Il, Other:
a. In airtight containers

b. Not specified

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Netherlands' Import Duties for Certain Fishery Products1/

Chapter 16: Preparations of Meat, of Fish, of Crustaceans or Molluscs. |

Prepared orPreserved Fish, incl. Caviar and Caviar Substitutes:

increase its share of investment, which presently amounts to
approximately 50 million yen (US$139,000). The Japanese
firm’s officials feel that it is only a matter of time before the
Lagos enterprise is approved by the Japanese Government,
said approval hinging only on an agreement being worked out
between the Cooperative Fund and the firm,

Reportedly, the Japanese firm will share its 30 percent
investment with a Japanese steel import-export firm, with
each firm contributing an equal share of the total Japanese
investment of 50 million yen,

As soon as approval is granted, the Japanese firm plans
to commence operations, employing six trawlers (each of
approximately 100 tons gross) and expects to produce an-
nually between 6,000-8,000 metric tons of croaker and other
species for delivery to the local Nigerian market at 60,000
yen (US$167) per metric ton, The Japanese firm also plans
to construct a 500-ton capacity cold-storage plant at Lagos
and has applied for a loan of 500 million yen (US$1,389,000)
from the Cooperative Fund to finance its construction,

The Lagos base will be the first Japanese fishing venture
to be undertaken in Nigeria and, as such, has drawn consider=-
able attention, particularly since the Nigerian Government
has welcomed establishment of the joint base at Lagos since
it would promote domestic fish consumption and also reduce

—=

EEC

Third Countries
Prev. New Prev. New
Tariff | Tariff | Tariff | Tariff
apie chraiemel (Hercent)fomerierenstene

16.05
B. Other

European Economic Community countries
and third countries. Imports from the United
States fall under the "third countries" cate-
gory. (January 29, 1962, report from the
United States Embassy, The Hague.)

Nigeria

JAPANESE FIRM'S PROSPECTS OF
NIGERIAN FISHING BASE IMPROVE:

A large Japanese fishing company’s plan to establish a joint
trawl fishing base at Lagos, Nigeria, equipped with cold-
storage facilities has been held up owing to difficulties in ob-
taining a loan from the Economic Cooperative Fund, Indica-
tions are that as soon as the firm reaches an agreement with
the Cooperative Fund, the Japanese Ministry of Finance and
the Ministry of International Trade and Industry will approve
the plan. :

Present plans call for the Japanese firm to contribute 30
percent of the total capital investment and the Nigerian firm
70 percent, The Cooperative Fund fears that this ratio of in-
vestment would place the Japanese at a great disadvantage in
the event that the Nigerian firm fails to procure necessary
funds, and the Cooperative Fund wants the Japanese firm to

Crustaceans and Molluscs, Prepared or Preserved:
A. Shrimps, merely boiled and peeled, not preserved

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Nigeria (Contd.):

Nigeria’s dollar purchases, (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,
March 7, 1962.)

Norway

WINTER HERRING FISHERY
FAILS AGAIN: :

Continuing the trend which started in 1957,
the migratory winter herring schools reached
the Norwegian coast later, farther north, and
in smaller numbers than the year before.
The fishery finally got under way about
March 1, 1962, and up to March 9, when the
"large'' herring season was declared ended,
the catch hadamounted to only 27,000 metric
tons. Since March 9, after which the herring
are known as ''spring'' herring, and up to
March 15, another 34,000 tons had been
landed.

Rapidly drawing to a close in March, the
1962 winter herring catch ("large'' and
''spring'' herring combined) was expected
not to exceed a total of 70,000 tons. This
means still another year of virtual failure
for this fishery which five years ago ended
the season with a catch of more than one
million tons.

Since the fishermen had expected a very
poor winter herring catch this year, rela-
tively few took part in the fishery. The ma-
jority of those who would normally partici-
pate chose to concentrate on other fisheries.
As a result, the failure of the winter her-
ving fishery again in 1962 has caused less
financial hardship among the fishermen than
was the case in the preceding years. (United
States Embassy, Oslo, report of March 21,
1962.)

WOOK OK OK OK

LARGEST FISH CANNING
PLANT EXPANDING:

Norway's largest packer of canned fish,
including brisling and sild sardines, kippers
and herring tidbits, is building a new, ultra-
modern, integrated plant at Stavanger. When
finished, the complex of buildings willcover
almost 4 acres. A similar expansion and
modernization program is in progress at the
company's nine other canning factories else-
where in Norway.

Vol... 24) No.5

The new warehouse, equipped with lift
trucks to utilize the height, can store 200,000
cases. The fully automated labeling depart-
ment has a capacity of 220,000 cans per 9-
hour working day. The freezing department,
due to be ready in time for the next brisling
season, will have a freezing capacity of about
24 tons a day, with storage for 14 months pro-
duction at the Stavanger plant. (News of Nor-
way, April 5, 1962.)

Kk kk ok

TRAWLERS MAY FISH IN 4-6 MILE
BELT OF FISHING LIMITS ZONE:

Following a long debate, the Storting gave
its approval on January 11, 1962, to the rec-
ommendations of the Ministry of Fisheries
regarding special rights for Norwegian trawl-
ers to fish inside Norway's 12-mile fishing
limits boundary. The particular area in dis-
pute was the belt between 4 and 6 miles from
the coast. There was no question of granting
any rights inside the 4-mile limit or of deny-
ing any rights outside the 6-mile limit.

In accordance with the new regulations,
which are to be in force for a temporary pe-
riod of unspecified duration, small trawlers
(up to 300 gross registered tons) will be per-
mitted to fish in the 4 to 6 mile belt. Larger
Norwegian trawlers up to 500 g.r.t. which
have previously fished in the zone may con-
tinue to fish there, but no new concessions
will be given for vessels in this group. No
trawlers above 500 g.r.t. will be permitted
inside the 6-mile zone.

OOK KK OK

TRAWLERS REQUIRED TO INCREASE
NET MESH SIZE:

Also on January 11, 1962, the Storting
proved legislation making it compulsory for
all Norwegian trawlers, wherever they may
operate, to increase the net mesh size to130
millimeters (about 5.1 inches) in their light
trawls and to 140 millimeters (5.5 inches) in
their heavy trawls. This action was taken to
demonstrate Norway's serious concern over
the excessive catches of undersize fish inthe
North Atlantic and adjacent areas, and to set
an example for other nations to follow. At
present the international convention govern-
ing calls for a minimum mesh size of 120
millimeters (4.7 inches), (United States Em-
bassy, Oslo, report of January 19, 1962.)

OOK OK OK OK

May 1962

Norway (Contd.):

COST OF BUILDING
WOODEN FISHING VESSELS:

The Secretary of the Norwegian Boat Build-
ers Association in Oslo states that a wooden
fishing trawler, 80 feet long, over-all, fully
equipped, costs about 600,000 Norwegian
kroner (US$84,000). The vessel would cost
about 50,000 kroner ($7,000) more if made of
steel. Prices are based on vessels with 240
to 300 hp. motors. About as many trawlers
of this size are constructed of wood as of
steel. The vessels are built to specifications
of the Directorate of Fisheries and the Asso-
ciation. (Regional Fisheries Attache, United
States Embassy, Copenhagen, January 31,
1962.)

Philippines

BIDS INVITED ON CANNED SARDINES:

The National Marketing Corporation
(NAMARCO) of the Philippine Islands plan-
ned to purchase canned sardines on a bid
basis and invited foreign firms to submit
bids on March 12, 1962. NAMARCO plans to
import a total of 407,500 cases of canned
sardines.

Types of Canned Sardines Philippines Plans to Import

Can Sizes

«(Case s)e
146, 500
98, 000
127/000

3
371, 500 36, 000

Japanese exporters planned on bidding
only for the 1-lb. oval and 5-oz. tall packs.
However, reports indicated that South Afri-
can packers were planning to offer their
products 40 cents to one dollar below Japa-
nese prices. (Translated from the Japanese
periodical Suisan Tsushin, March 12, 1962.)

KK OK OK OK

SOUTH AFRICAN FIRMS LOW
BIDDERS ON SALE OF CANNED
SARDINES TO PHILIPPINES:

South African packers are reported to
have made the lowest bids for the 407,500
cases of canned sardines which the National
Marketing Corporation (NAMARCO) of the
Philippine Islands offered to buy by March
12,1962.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Bids Placed by South African and Japanese Firms
for Sale of Canned Sardines to the Philippines

Buffet Style In Brine
Bidder Ber] eee ea 5-0z. 1-Lb.
Ea ee tie Tall Tall

South Africa:
six firms
apan:

Among the Japanese bidders, one firm
made a surprisingly low bid. However, the
Japan Canned Sardine and Saury Sales Com-
pany does not recognize prices below $8.06
for 1-lb. oval packs and below $7.62 for 5-oz.
tall packs, and would be expected to refuse to
release those packs to the firm even if the
company is awarded a sale. (Suisan Tsushin,
March 14, 1962.)

Portugal

CANNED FISH PACK, 1961:

The Portuguese pack of canned fish in oil
or sauce in 1961 increased 2,687 metric tons
or 7.0 percent as compared with 1960. Sar-
dines again accounted for the bulk of the pack
in 1961 with 80.7 percent, followed by anchovy
fillets with 6.6 percent, and tuna with 5.8 per-
cent. Compared to 1960, in 1961 the pack of

Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, 1961
1961 _1960

In Oil or Sauce:

Tuna and tunalike...
eearaet fillets ....

sardines was up 4.6 percent and the pack of
anchovy fillets was up 27.2 percent. But in
the same period the pack of tuna and tunalike
dropped 18.0 percent. (Conservas de Peixe,
February 1962.)

Kok KK OK

CANNED FISH EXPORTS, 1961:

Portugal's export tonnage of canned fish
in 1961 was up 12.0 percent as compared to
1960. Sardines accounted for 82.8 percent
of the 1961 exports, followed by anchovy fil-
lets with 7.1 percent, and tuna with 4.4 per-

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Portugal (Contd.):

cent. In 1961 the export tonnage was up for
all the canned products listed separately ex-
cept canned tuna, Exports of tuna dropped
6.0 percent because the pack was down. Ex-
ports of sardines were up 10.5 percent, chin-
chards 31.8 percent, and anchovy fillets 21.3
percent.

Portugal's principal canned fish buyers
in 1961 were Germany with 18,333 metric
tons, followed by the United States with7,913
tons, United Kingdom with 7,584 tons, Italy
6,016 tons, Belgium-Luxembourg 4,616 tons,
and France 4,520 tons. Exports to the United
States were up 14.8 percent from the 6,890
tons in1960. (Conservas de Peixe, February
1962.)

Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, 1961

Jn Oil or Sauce:
Sardines...
Chinchards
Mackerel .....
Tuna and tunalike.
Anchovy fillets ..
Others... 0 ese

oe eee

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 p. 54,
May 1961 p. 60.

Motalionss. 6

COD FISHERMEN'S INCOME FOR
1962/63 SEASON INCREASED:

Portugal's cod fishermen who fish the
Newfoundland and Greenland Banks will be
receiving a provisional raise in pay this
season. The terms of their employment are
set forth in a collective wage contract now
nearly 10 years old, which has been amended
piecemeal through the years and is due fora
complete revision in 1963, A committee of
representatives of the cod shipping owners
in March 1962 was studying proposals for
the contract, to be negotiated next year with
the Casas dos Pescadores, representing the
fishermen, and Government delegates.

For the 1962/63 season the estimated in-
creases are; trawlers, officers 5 percent and
fishermen 10 percent; line fishing vessels,
officers 5 percent and fishermen 30 percent.

Specific amounts for the increases would
be misleading, because for all personnel the
pay depends in part on the catch, and in the

Vol. 24, No. 5

earnings of the line fishermen the catch is a
key factor. In the case of both officers and
men, pay is intwo parts: (1) a fixed annual
payment and (2) a variable payment, or bonus
based on the amount of the vessel's catch, and
for line fishermen only, the size of the indi-
vidual's catch. No change is being made this
season in the fixed salary payment, but bonus-
es have been increased, particularly those
payable to the most efficient line fishermen.
The increase this year might amount to as
much as 50-60 percent for the best line fish-
ermen, \

In recent seasons, the fixed wage for fish-
ermen has usually been 6,000 escudos ($210),
and their total payments per season, includ-
ing bonuses, have averaged roughly 16,000 to
17,000 escudos ($560 to $595) for line fisher-
men and about 25,000 escudos ($875) for fish-
ermen on the trawlers. It should be recalled
that the season for the line fishermen (though
their work is much harder) runs about six
months, whereas the trawlers operate for a-
bout 9-10 months. (The source for the informa-
tion was the Guild of Codfish Vessel Owners,
as reported by the United States Embassy,
Lisbon, March 14, 1962.)

South Africa Republic

FISH MEAL, OIL, AND

SOLUBLES PRICES, MARCH 1962;

The local prices of South and South-West African fish
meal and fish solubles early in March 1962 were reported
steady at the prices reported in the last quarter of 1961:
both sold at R76 (US$106.40) per short ton free on rail,
This price was fixed by the South African Government in
1956,

For export, by the end of January 1962 all estimated fish
meal production for 1962 was sold or committed, Fixed
prices were agreed on for roughly 75 percent of the expect-
ed minimum production of 200,000 short tons which will be
available for export (less about 20,000 short tons for domes-
tic consumption), It is reported that with world fish meal
prices rising and firming, there is considerable regret in-
side the South African fishing industry that so much was
sold in October and November 1961 at the lower prices then
prevailing.

The export price of fish meal sold to the United Kingdom’s
big buyers the latter part of 1961 for delivery during the per-
iod January through June 1962 was 14 shillings 6 pence ($2.03)
to 15 shillings ($2.10) per protein unit in the long ton, c.i.f,
British ports. On a basis of 65 percent protein, the dollar
price per long ton is $131.95 and $136.50 or $119.70 and
$123.83 per short ton. The United Kingdom in 1960 took
roughly 50,000 short.tons of South African fish,meal. Indi-
cations for 1962 are that British purchases will be much
higher.

The South African Fish Meal Producers’ Association early
in March was selling to the same British buyers at a slightly
higher price, for delivery from July through December 1962:
15 shillings 6 pence ($2.17) to 16 shillings ($2.24) per protein

May 1962

South Africa Republic (Contd.):

unit in the long ton, This equals for 65 percent protein to
$141.05 and $145.60 per long ton or $127.96 and $132.09 per
short ton, All prices are c.i.f. British ports,

West German buyers have agreed to take 18,000 long tons
of South African fish meal; a price was agreed upon only for
the first 6,000 tons and the price for the remaining 12,000
tons is being negotiated,

United States total imports of South African fish meal dur-
ing 1962 will consist of 10,000 short tons sold at $113 per
short ton f.o.b, U.S, rail cars,

East Germany is now reported to be taking only 30,000-
35,000 metric tons of fish meal from South Africa, compared
to 50,000 tons as previously reported.

Japan is taking 5,000 metric tons during February, March,
and April 1962 at a fixed price of $124 per metric ton c.i.f,
Japanese ports,

Israel is taking 13,000 metric tons for the whole year.

Chinese merchants in Singapore have bought 2,000 long
tons of South African fish meal at $145.60 a long ton c.i.f
Singapore. There is little doubt that this is intended for re-
sale in Malaya, which officially boycotts South African goods,

South African fish meal is sold, as a policy, on the basis
of 60 percent protein content guaranteed, but the Association
is prepared, under some conditions, to guarantee up to 65
percent, The digestibility is guaranteed at 90 percent, High-
er digestibility has been found in frequent tests.

South African fish solubles production for 1962 has all
been sold, on an estimated production of 3,300 short tons,
All of this was taken by West German buyers and one United
States buyer at prices ranging from $134.40 to $145.60 per
long ton c,i.f, ports, Presumably the lower price applies to
the West German sales, (Prices are presumed to be for
dried solubles.) ;

All 1962 South African fish oil has been committed to
buyers at home and abroad. The domestic price is now un-
der discussion; export prices are all presently being with-
held, (Report of March 5, 1962, from the United States Con-

sulate, Cape Town.)
te: Values converted at rate of Rl equal US$1.40.
2 ook ok ok Ok

FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION SPONSORING
TUNA PURSE-SEINING
EXPERIMENT:

It had been reported in September 1961 that the Fish-
eries Development Corporation of South Africa (Ltd.) was
waiting to receive permission from the Minister of Eco-
nomics to re~allocate funds to engage a tuna vessel from
a large United States west coast fish cannery firm, This
project has failed to materialize, owing partly to the price
asked by the cannery firm and partly to some opposition to
the project within the South African fishing industry,

Since that time there have been other interesting devel-
opments, A South African firm, canners of abalone and
producers of milled seaweed at Hermanus, Cape Province,
obtained the 60-foot pilchard vessel Thynnus with finan-
cial help from the Fisheries Development Corporation,
They undertook to fish for tuna with the vessel, using Jap-
anese long-line gear, for five months ending in February
1962, Some spectacular catches were made, but on the
whole the experiment was a failure, Whereas it had been
hoped to catch a minimum of five tons per week the re-
sults were reportedly nearer five tons per month,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

The Development Corporation has now taken this same
vessel under charter, but has left it in the hands of the can-
nery firm, The vessel was scheduled to enter a Cape Town
boatyard on March 15, 1962, for alterations which will en-
able it to uSe a purse Seine, This will include relocating
the deck winch and strengthening or replacing the main~-
mast boom to support a power block, The power block and
the purse seine are being imported.into South Africa. The
net will be imported all made up as there is not sufficient
know-how available locally to make it up properly,

The configuration of the South African pilchard vessel,
with its mast forward of the midships hatch and its cabin
aft makes it necessary to use the power~block and purse-
seine gear differently than it is used on United States tuna
purse seiners, For instance, no turntable will be installed,
Special consideration has also to be given to the fact that
the alterations made must still allow the vessel to be used
as a pilchard vessel during the South African pilchard sea-
son, January 1 to July 31, If the experiment with this first
vessel is successful, it will open up an alternate use for the
136 vessels of South Africa’s pilchard fleet during the re-
maining five months of each year when they are normally
idle. Consequently the alterations to be made cannot im-
pede the vessels primary mission which is still to catch
pilchards, The Thynnus is a wooden-hulled boat with a
service speed of 9 to 10 knots,

To promote the success of this experiment the Develop-
ment Corporation has obtained the services of South Afri-
ca’s top fishing skipper and winner of the 1961 Caltex
‘*Star of the Fleet’! trophy for the vessel ‘‘which in pro-
portion to registered tonnage lands the greatest tonnage .
of fish during the season, His vessel landed 8,856 short tons
of fish during the seven=months season, (United States Con-
sulate, Cape Town, report of March 5, 1962.)

We ok KK OK

FISHERY TRENDS, 1961:

South Africa Republic fishery trends in
1961 were reported in the March 14, 1962,
Rand Daily Mail of Cape Town. The article
stated:

"Though unjustified as far as other activi-
ties of the fishing industry are concerned,
anxiety about South Africa's rock (spiny) lob-
ster may lead to further restrictions on this
commodity, according to the annual report of
the Fisheries Development Corporation of
South Africa,

"The report mentions that there had al-
ready been a reduction in export quotas as a
conservation measure as a result of decreased
availability which had led to higher produc-
tion costs. A further reduction will be made
in the coming season with the same purpose
in view.

"Taking the fishing results for the finan-
cial year ended September 30, 1961, the re-
port says that the intake of pelagic fish for
South Africa and South-West Africa combined
increased from 731,239 tons in1960 to 937,544
tons in 1961. Meal production rose from
149,060 to 201,626 short tons, and oil produc-
tion from 40,113 to 58,926 long tons.

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

South Africa Republic (Contd.):

"Two features dominated the South Africa
season, namely the return of vast shoals of
pilchards to the St. Helena Bay coast and the
high quality of the pilchards landed.

"One large factory drew 85 percent of its
raw fish from waters north of Dassen Island
as compared with 22 percent in the previous

NAEIeS Gola

Ok Ok ok Ok

PRODUCTION OF WHALE
PRODUCTS DOWN IN 1961:

Although the number of whales taken by
South Africa in 1961 exceeded the number
taken in 1960, the total output of whale prod-
ucts was lower in 1961. This resulted from
an increased take of the smaller sei species
and a drop in the catch of the larger fin and
sperm whales.

In 1961, 2,026 whales were taken, com-
pared with 1,964 in 1960. The total value of
whale products was US$3,800,000 in 1961 as
compared with $4,200,000 in 1960. (United
States Consulate, Durban, February 6, 1962.)

Ki
South-West Africa

PILCHARD PLANTS
TO OPERATE YEAR-ROUND:

A result of the incursion of the Russian
fishing fleet off South-West Africa is that the
Administration of the Territory has agreed
that the six pilchard fishing factories at Wal-
vis Bay may operate year-round, according to
an article which appeared in the February
23,1962, issue of The Financial Times.

Previously they were limited to a fixed
season--usually from the end of March until
the end of November. The change is a dis-
tinct advantage for the fishing industry. Fac-
tories can now regulate their fishing and land-
ing operations as they wish, operating when
they expect the fish to be inthe best condition.
Two factories at Walvis Bay opened in mid-
February 1962; the remaining 4 preferred
to wait until mid-March when they expected
the fish oil content of the fish to be higher
and the fish in better condition,

se ook oe ook ok
oK OOK 3K OOK ok

EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
TURN TO FISH MEAL AS SUBSTITUTE
FOR SOYBEAN MEAL:

The Chairman of the South-West African Fishing Industry
early in March 1962 stated that the famine in Communist

Vol. 24, No. 5

China has seriously reduced production and consequently ex-
ports of soybean meal to Eastern European countries with

the result that those countries, especially East Germany, have
turned to fish meal as a substitute to meet their requirements,
(Previously, Red China shipped over 500,000 tons of soybean
meal’annually to Eastern European countries.) The demand
for South-West African fish meal has, as a result, increased
greatly in recent years to the point where in 1961 the South-
West and South African producers were unable to fulfill the
large number of orders from Eastern Europe, A consider-
able portion of those orders were passed on to Peru,

For 1962 the South African and South-West African fish
meal production quotas have been increased by the Interna-
tional Association of Fish Meal Exporters (meeting in Lis-
bon) from 110,000 to 160,000 tons, All of that amount has re-
portedly been sold in advance,

An article in the Financial Mail of February 23, 1962,
says that the fishing industry of South-West Africa has re-
quested the South West Africa Administration to abolish or
at least increase the pilchard catching quota for this year, so
that the producers will be able to meet the outstanding orders
for fish meal from Eastern European countries,

In 1960 East Germany bought nearly 53,000 metric tons
of fish meal from South Africa, with a value of R388,406
(US$544,000), In 1959 East Germany had not purchased any
fish meal from South Africa, Available trade statistics sug-
gest that the level of exports to East Germany in 1961 con-
tinued at about the 1960 level, Toward the end of last year
East Germany estimated its 1962 demand for fish meal at
100,000 metric tons and wished to purchase at least 50,000
tons-from South Africa, Reportedly East Germany would
buy its entire requirements for 1962 from South Africa, if
not restrained by the International Fish Meal Producers
Association,

The South-West fishing industry undoubtedly hopes that the
South West Africa Administration will act favorably on its
request for an increase in the 1962 quota for pilchards, so
that advantage can be taken of this (possibly temporary) in-
crease in demand for fish meal, at least up to the limit of the
new world market quota set for South Africa and South-West
Africa this year. (United States Embassy, Pretoria, report
of March 5, 1962.)

Surinam

SHRIMP INDUSTRY TRENDS

AS OF MARCH 1962:

During the months of December 1961-February 1962, ex-
ports of frozen shrimp from Surinam (principally to the United
States) rose sharply, This development may be attributed in
large part to the arrival in November 1961 of a new manager
to take charge of the packing plant in Paramaribo, During
those three months the Paramaribo plant packed about
290,000 pounds of heads-off shrimp, compared with 150,000
pounds during August-October 1961, and an estimated 65,000
pounds during the first quarter of 1961, Since the Paramaribo
plant has a legal monopoly ¥/ on the processing and exportation
of shrimp in and from Surinam, the fortunes of the Surinam
shrimp industry are closely bound to the operations of that
firm,

The sudden boom in Surinam’s shrimp exports is due to
the fact that the new plant manager was able to bring with him
(and subsequently attract) a number of privately-owned and
operated United States vessels to Surinam, The plant manager
who formerly managed a shrimp packing plant in British
Guiana, was also able to attract 10 to 15 vessels owned by
United States fishery interests to transfer operations from
British Guiana to Surinam, The Surinam shrimp fleet as of
March 1962 totaled 30 vessels,

In addition to the vessels mentioned and 2 or 3 others
owned by the principal shareholder (a New York City lawyer

May 1962

Surinam (Contd.):

and investor) of the Paramaribo plant, an occasional Jap-
anese trawler puts into Paramaribo to discharge its shrimp
catch, There are, according to reports, three Japanese

boats plus a mothership operating off the coast of the Guianas,

A San Pedro, Calif., marine company has shown a cautious
interest in the Surinam fishing industry. The firm is con-
sidering the possibility of establishing a fish processing plant
on the Surinam River at or near Paramaribo, A proposal has
been submitted to the Government’s Investment Committee
with a view to establishing what, if any, tax holiday and other
financial incentives the Government might be prepared to
offer if the company were to build a plant and ‘‘import’’ or
develop a fishing fleet.

For some time the San Pedro firm has had one vessel, the
Don Pedro, operating in Surinam waters, The Don Pedro is
a 200-ton shrimp trawler equipped with quick freezing and
frozen-storage facilities. The shrimp are frozen and packed
at sea and simply transshipped at Paramaribo, This mode of
operation presumably does not violate the Paramaribo plant’s
exclusive franchise, since the shrimp never ‘‘enter’’ Surinam,

A brief article in one of the local Paramaribo papers re-
ported in March 1962 that two United States firms are in the
process of building shrimp processing plants in French
Guiana--one at St, Laurent du Maroni and the other at Cay-
enne, Approximately 15 trawlers will be attached to each
plant, and;toth enterprises apparently intend to export to the
United States via Surinam, The St, Laurent freezing plant is
expected to commence operations in June and the Cayenne
factory is scheduled for completion in September, (United

States Consulate, Paramaribo, report of Marth 15, 1962.)

1/The Paramaribo firm's: agreement with the Surinam Government, originally con-
cluded in 1955 and subsequently amended, provides the firm with a "limited ex-
clusive franchise" on the exportation of shrimp. Under this agreement the Govern-

ment has bound itself not to license the export of more than 88,000 pounds of shrimp
annually by third parties.

Weg
Sweden

IMPORT FEES REDUCED ON FROZEN
FISH FILLETS FROM EFTA COUNTRIES:

The Swedish Agricultural Marketing Board
announced late in February 1962 that import
fees on frozen fish fillets of cod, haddock,
saithe, whiting, and redfish or ocean perch
imported from European Free Trade Associ-
ation (EFTA) countries, including Finland,
were to be further decreased effective March
1, 1962, and will amount to 0.27 crowns per
kilo (2.4 U. S. cents a pound).

The first gradual reduction of the import
fee on frozen fish fillets was made on July 1,
1960, when the fee was reduced from 0.45
crowns per kilo (3.9 cents a pound) to 0.36
crowns per kilo (3.2 cents a pound).

For frozen fish fillets of the same spe-
cies listed but imported from other than
EFTA countries, as well as for fresh and
chilled fillets from EFTA and other coun-
tries, the import fee remains unchanged, or
0.45 crowns per kilo (3.9 cents a pound). Re-
ported on March 2, 1962, by the United States

Consulate, Goteborg. )
<== <p (<p

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

fal

Tahiti

TUNA BASE PLANNED:

A large southern California tuna-canning
firm, which is planning on establishing a tuna
base in the South Pacific Ocean, is reported
to have concluded an agreement with a Japa-
nese trading company whereby the latter firm
would arrange to supply raw tuna to the base.
The Japanese firm reportedly has submitted
a petition to the Japanese Fisheries Agency
seeking approval of this undertaking, accord-
ing to a translation from the Japanese peri-
odical Suisan Tsushin of March 15, 1962. The
gist of the plan is:

1, A joint United States-French fishing
company would be established at Papeete,
French Tahiti, in the South Pacific Ocean,
with a capital of US$2 million. The United
States firm would contribute 80 percent of
the total investment and the French firm 20
percent,

2, The joint company will construct a
$650,000 cold-storage plant (50-ton capacity
freezer, 1,100-ton capacity cold-storage
plant, and an ice plant with a production ca-
pacity of 15 tons of ice per ge? in the City of
Papeete. a

3. The Japanese firm will arrange to
supply tuna to the base for freezing and sub-
sequent shipment to the United States firm's
packing plant in the United States.

The Japanese company hopes to contract
for over 10 Japanese tuna vessels of less than
100 tons gross to fish for the Papeete base
and is said to have already signed up more
than half of the vessels. Reportedly, estab-
lishment of the joint United States-French
fishing company has already been approved
by the Tahitian Government. Plans call for
utilizing the base as a fueling station for oth-
er large Japanese tuna vessels operating in
nearby waters as well.

Taiwan

TWO LARGE TUNA VESSELS BUILT
IN JAPAN FOR TAIWAN:

The two 500-ton-class tuna long-line ves-
sels ordered from a shipbuilding company
at Shimizu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, by a
fisheries company of Formosa, had beencom-
pleted as of mid-March1962 and were expected

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Taiwan (Contd.):

to be delivered to the Formosan company.

According to a November 1961 press report,
the two vessels are to be based at the north
Formosan port of Keelung and the Chinese

fishing firm plans to send them to the Indian
Ocean to fish for tuna. (Shin Suisan Shimbun
Sokuho, March 15, 1962, and other sources.)

U.S.S.R.

FISHING ON GEORGES BANK
IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC:

By the middle of February 1962, Soviet
fishing vessels on Georges Bank in the North
Atlantic numbered 10 factoryships of the
2,450-gross-ton Pushkin class and 4 factory-

5 Soles masa a ae SS : 6

ccs SiR ks nto

Russian drifter trawler operating on "Northern Edge" of Georges
Bank in October 1961. Gill nets are being hauled in, Large
floats attached to float line of nets visible on surface in fore-
foreground,

ships of the 2,890-ton Leskov class, as well
as 2 small trawlers. Observers report siza-
ble hauls, primarily of herring. If last year's
pattern of arrivals is followed, over 30 large
factoryships were expected to be fishing on
Georges Bank in March. (Unpublished
sources.)

KK Kk

FISHING ACTIVITIES IN
THE BERING SEA:

During February 1962 the Soviet herring
fleet, led by the fish-locating flagship Bras -
lav and two other large freezer stern-trawl-
ers (Ulianovsk and Arseniev), was operating
mainly in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands.
Approximately 100 medium trawlers were
hauling their catches to refrigerated fish
transports. They also deliver catches to
stern-trawlers, because there are not enough
refrigerated transports on hand.

Vol. 24, No. 5

Another fleet began fishing for flounder
north of Unimak Island on February 14. Ap-
proximately 40 trawlers were led by the re-
connaissance vessel Pelamida. (Unpublished
sources.)

Kok KK OK

THIRD FACTORYSHIP FOR
FAR EAST FISHING FLEET:

Pavel Chebotniagin, the third of a new se-
ries of factoryships with crab canning-equip-
ment, was launched at the Leningrad Admiral-
ty Shipyards. Like the Eugenii Nikishin and
Andvei Zakharov, it is assigned to the Soviet
Far East Fishing Fleet. The 15,000-gross-
ton vessel was expected in Vladivostok at the
end of March 1962. (Unpublished sources.)

The December 6, 1961, issue of Ekonomits-
jeskaja carried an article on the factoryship
Andrei Sakharov which was delivered from
the Leningrad shipyard about a year earlier
and also operates from Vladivostok. The ves-
sel is first and foremost equipped for catch-
ing and processing crab and ''Pacific macker-

1"' (Cololabis saira), but can also fish for
salmon and pollock.

"Pacific mackerel’ are fished for at night
with the aid of blue electric lights which at-
tract the fish. The lights are fastened several
meters from the vessel's side. When the
lights have attracted a sufficient number of
fish, they are changed to red. The fish are
blinded and are easily taken in nets, (Accord-
ing to earlier information it was planned to
catch about two million hectoliters or 186,000
metric tons of fish with the aid of electric

lights in all of the U.S. S. R.)
Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1962 p. 64.

OK KOK OK

BUILDING LARGE TUNA VESSEL:

A new 930-ton tuna vessel being built in
Leningrad will be 177 feet long with a maxi-
mum speed of 12 knots and a cruising range.
of 60 days. The net, managed by two winches,
will be the main fishing gear used, although
particularly large tuna will be killed with e-
lectric gear. :

Upon completion the vessel will be assigned
to the Soviet Pacific fishing fleet operated by
the Main Administration of Far Eastern Fish-
eries, which plans to develop a significant
tuna fishery in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
(Unpublished sources.)

OK OK OK

May 1962

U.S. S. R. (Contd.):

FISHERY CATCH FOR 1961:

The Soviet Union's fisheries fulfilled the
1961 plan with a catch of about 3.7 million
metric tons of fish, whales, and other aquatic
products. The 1962 plan calls for a total
catch of 3,937,000 tons. The catch in 1960

was 3.5 million tons (the catch of 3.1 million
tons reported previously did not include
Marine fisheries now account for

whales).

Fig. 1 - A large Russian fishery factoryship.

about four-fifths (78 percent) of the U.S.S.R.
catch, whereas only a decade ago inland fish-
eries accounted for over one-half (54 per-
cent) of the catch.

Fig. 2 - Russian trawler operating in North Pacific. Length a-
bout 70 feet.

Soviet fishing in the Northwestern Atlan-
tic began in 1957, and in the short span of
four years catches rose to 258,000 metric
tons in 1960. Fishing expansion into the
North Pacific began in 1958, and catches in
that area grew from 480,000 tons in 1950 to
860,000 tons in 1960. In 1959, the expansion
of Soviet fishing into the Central and South
Atlantic began, Antarctic whaling has also
been intensified. The principal expansion
areas during the Seven-Year Plan will be in
the Northwest Atlantic, South Atlantic, Ber-
ing Sea, and Indian Ocean. (Translations
from various monthly issues of Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1962 p. 55.

KOK KK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

WHALING FLEET IN
ANTARCTIC INCREASING:

Soviet participation in Antarctic whaling
has increased while Norwegian and British
participation has declined. A total of 67 So-
viet whale catcher boats and 4 floating fac-
tories participated in the 1961/62 Antarctic
whaling season. The Soviets operated 37
catchers and 2 floating factories in Antarctic
waters in 1959/60, and 52 catchers and 3
floating factories in 1960/61. Out of the 18
new catchers built in 1961 by Antarctic whal-
ing nations, 15 were Soviet. (Norsk Hval-
fangst-Tidende, No 1, January 1962.)

KOK OK OK Ok

RUSSIANS APPREHEND DANISH FISHING
VESSELS WITHIN TWELVE-MILE LIMIT:

In February 1962 at least two Danish salm-
on fishing cutters were apprehended by Rus-
sian authorities in the Baltic Sea, according
to Copenhagen newspaper reports. The ves-
sels were taken into port, fined for fishing
within the 12-mile limit established by the
U.S. 5S. R., and then released.

Baltic salmon are sought by fishermen
from Poland, Sweden, Finland, and West Ger-
many, as well as from Denmark. The Danes
are reported to have the best boats and gear
and to fish most intensively. The Danish
catch of salmon in 1961 (practically all from
the Eastern Baltic) amounted to 2.6 million
pounds as compared with the record catch of
3.1 million pounds in 1960. Ex-vessel prices
averaged 13.33 kroner per kg. (87.7 U.S.
cents a pound) in 1961, 8.3 percent under the
record price of 14.54 kroner per kg. (95.6
cents a pound) in 1960. (Fisheries Attache,
United States Embassy, Copenhagen, Febru-
ary 26, 1962.)

United Kingdom

NEW REFRIGERATED VAN WITH
AUTOMATIC DEFROST:

A British firm has introduced eighty 30-
ewt. (1-14-ton) vans equipped with forced-air
evaporators, and reverse-cycle defrost sys-
tem providing an operative temperature of
-5° to -10° F. (-20.6° to 23.39 C.). The pay-
load in the vans compares favorably with
heavier vans up to 3 tons, using other types
of cooling coils which take up considerable
space and impose an uneconomic weight load.

United Kingdom (Contd.):

The defrost periods are determined by a
timer at 4-hourly periods which initiates the
defrost on the time cycle and terminates an
evaporator temperature, a feature which e-
liminates unnecessary defrosting time. The
power unit assembly is arranged to avoid
taking up ''payload'' space with the compres-
sor, engine, electric motor (for depot opera-
tion), and A. C, generator (to energize evapo-
rator and condenser, fans, reversing valve,
and timer) mounted on the off-side, under-
slung between wheels, while the air-cooled
condenser and fan are mounted again under-
slung on the nearside.

The reverse cycle defrost system has
been under test by the British firm through-
out 1960 on a prototype vehicle and has suc-
cessfully demonstrated that effective defrost-
ing can be assured without temperature rise
of stored products and enabling the vehicle
to be in constant service, eliminating the
weekly ''day-off'' for defrosting other types
of cooling coils. (Modern Refrigeration, vol.
64, 1961, no. 758, p. 485.)

ok ok ok ok

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

BRITAIN'S 1962 IMPORT QUOTAS
FOR SOVIET CANNED FISH:

According to a report in the British Board
of Trade Journal (March 16, 1962), the United
Kingdom recently concluded negotiations with
the Soviet Trade Delegation on quotas for So-
viet goods to be imported into the United King-
dom for calendar year 1962, Among the con-
sumer goods for import into the United King-
dom from the Soviet Union in 1962 were the
following fishery products:

Canned'salmonwiey ciel enelanene £950,000
Cannedicrabimicat 2a ion cueccinies 450,000
Caviar (including red caviar) . 60,000

Among the British consumer goods for ex-
port to the Soviet Union were:

Value, c.i.f.
Salted herring
White fish

oe © © © © © © ©

The Board of Trade also gave notice that
their Tariffand Import Policy Division was
considering an application for removal of the
import duty on fats and oil of fish and marine
mammals, but not including sperm oil.

SOUNDS OF FRESH-WATER DRUM ;

iologie 44 (1960).

Because only sexually mature fresh-water drum produce
sounds, fishery researchers Hans Schneider and Arthur D.
Hasler (University of Wisconsin) conclude that the function
is one of communication during spawning. Their findings,
based on hydrophone recordings in Lake Winnebago, Wis.,
plus detailed study of the sound-producing apparatus in 13
species, are reportedin Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Phys-

Schneider and Hasler determined that drumming started
in early May, reached the maximum in June, then decreased
gradually until the end of August.
son in June, the first sounds were heard at about 10 a.m.
daily, increased to highest activity in the afternoon, then de-
creased until drumming ceased at sunset.
altered by changes in weather conditions.

During the spawning sea-

This rhythm was

May 1962

LE
Ze EZ.

Department of the Interior

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

FEDERAL STANDARDS FOR GRADES FOR
FROZEN FLOUNDER AND SOLE FILLETS:

Voluntary standards for grades for frozen flounder and
sole fillets have been promulgated by the U. S, Department
of the Interior, The standards were published in the

March 21, 1962, Federal Register. They will become effec-
tive on April 20, 1962,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

FEDERAL
ACTIONS 3

7 By Sit)

and fillets individually quick-frozen. The U. 8. Grade A is
the highest quality product; U, S, Grade B is acceptable in
all respects. Frozen flounder or sole fillets which do not

meet the A or B grades are considered substandard,

Firms processing the fish in accordance with the stand-
ards and under the continuous inspection of the Government
have the privilege of displaying the Department of the Interi-
or ‘‘shield of quality’’ upon the product,

This is the twelfth voluntary standard of quality promul-
gated by the Department. Standards already have been estab-
lished for frozen fish blocks, frozen fried fish sticks, frozen
raw breaded fish portions, frozen cod fillets, frozen haddock
fillets, frozen ocean perch fillets, frozen halibut steaks, fro-
zen salmon steaks, frozen raw breaded shrimp, frozen raw
headless shrimp, and frozen fried scallops,

The standards were developed by the Bureau of Com-

mercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service, in cooper-
ation with the industry and the National Fisheries Institute,
an industry trade association, Public hearings on the pro-
posed standards were held in 1961 at Seattle, Wash., San
Francisco, Calif., and Boston, Mass, As a result of re-
search and discussions, the proposed standards were pre-
pared and published in the Federal Register of January 5,
1962. No adverse criticism was received during the 30-day

period provided for comment,

The standards include flounder or sole fillets frozen in
solid blocks, with or without separators between fillets,

Title 50-—WILDLIFE AND
FISHERIES

Chapter II—Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior

SUBCHAPTER G—PROCESSED FISHERY PRODUCTS,
PROCESSED PRODUCTS, THEREOF, AND CER-
TAIN OTHER PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS

PART 274—UNITED STATES STAND-
ARDS FOR GRADES OF. FROZEN
FLOUNDER AND SOLE FILLETS *

On page 107 of the FepERAL REGISTER
of January 5, 1962, there was published
a notice and text of a proposed new part
274 of Title 50, Code of Federal Regula-
tions. The purpose of the new part is
to issue United States Standards for
Grades of Frozen Flounder and Sole
Fillets under the authority transferred
to the Department of the Interior by sec-
tion 6(a) of the Fish and Wildlife Act
of August 8, 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742e).

Interested persons were given until
February 5, 1962, to submit written com-
ments, suggestions or objections with
respect to the proposed new part. No
objections were received and the pro-
posed new part is hereby adopted with-

out change and is set forth below. This.

1Compliance with the provisions of this
standard shall not excuse failure to comply
with the provisions of the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

dustry.

part shall become effective at the begin-
ning of the 30th calendar day following
the date of this publication in the
FEDERAL REGISTER.

Dated: March 14, 1962,

Stewart L. UDALL,
Secretary of the Interior.

274.1 Description of the product.

274.2 Styles of frozen flounder and sole
fillets.

274.3 Grades of frozen flounder and sole
fillets.

274.11 Determination of the grade.

274.21 Definitions.

274.25 Tolerances for certification of offi-
cially drawn samples.

AUTHORITY: §§ 274.1 to 274.25 issued under
sec. 6(a) of the Fish and Wildlife Act of Aug.
8, 1956; 16 U.S.C. 742e.

§ 274.1 Description of the product.

Frozen flounder and sole fillets con-
sist of clean, wholesome fillets processed
and frozen in accordance with good com-
mercial practice and maintained at tem-
peratures necessary for their preserva-
tion. The fillets may be cut transversely
or longitudinally into subunits.

Nore: This standard does not provide for
the grading of units of fish flesh cut from

previously frozen fish blocks, slabs, or similar
material,

The product covered by this standard is
prepared from the following species only~
SOLE

Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus)
English sole (Parophrys vetulus)

The Department also conducts a continuous inspection
service for those who wish it. Forty processors annually
producing approximately 160 million pounds of fishery prod-
ucts participate. The Department also offers a ‘‘lot’’ inspec~
tion program, Under this program, a certificate showing
the grade of the product may be issued, but the Department’s
‘*shield’’ may not be displayed on individual packages, All
costs of product-certification services are borne by the in-

The standards as published in the Federal Register of
March 21, 1962, follow:

Gray sole (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus)

Petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani)

Lemon sole (Pseudopleuronectes americanus,
over 314 pounds)

Rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata)

Sand sole (Psettichthys melanostictus)

FLOUNDER

Blackback (Pseudopleuronectes americanus,
less than 314 pounds)

Yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea)

Dab, plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides )

Fluke (Paralichthys dentatus)

Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus)

§ 274.2 Styles of frozen flounder and
sole fillets.

(a) Style I—Solid pack, Fillets are
frozen together. Individual fillets can
be separated only by thawing the entire
package or part of the package, depend-
ing on absence or presence of separators.

(1) Substyle A. Fillets are packed into
a single solid block.

(2) Substyle B. Fillets are subpacked
with separators into smaller weight
units.

(b) Style II—Individually-quick-fro-
zen pack (IQF). Fillets are individ-
ually quick frozen. Individual fillets can
be separated without thawing.

§ 274.3 Grades of frozen flounder and
sole fillets.

(a). “U.S. Grade A” is the quality of
frozen flounder or sole fillets for which
the total score is not less than 85 points,
when the fillets are rated in accordance

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

with the scoring system outlined in the
following sections.

(b) “U.S. Grade B” is the quality of
frozen flounder or sole fillets for which
the total score is less than 85 points but
is not less than 70 points, when the fillets
are rated in accordance with the scoring
system outlined in the following sections.

(c) “Substandard” is the quality of
frozen flounder or sole fillets that fail to
meet the requirements of the U.S. Grade
B.

§ 274.11 Determination of the grade.

The grade is determined by observing
| the product in the frozen, thawed, and
cooked states and is evaluated by numer-
ical scoring. Points are deducted for
variations of quality for each factor in
accordance with the schedule in table
1. The total of the points deducted is
subtracted from 100 to obtain the score.
The maximum score is 100; the minimum
score is 0,

TanLE 1—SCHEDULE OF POINT DEDUCTIONS PER POUND OF FLOUNDER OR SOLE FILLETS AND GRADING SCORE

SHEET
Scored factors Doscription of quality variation Deduct] Deduc-
tions
1. Appearance.__..- Adversely affected by imbedded packaging material, | Slight------- 2
voids, depressions, surface irregularity, and poor ar- Moderate_-_- 4
6 rangements of fillets: Excessive_-- 10
8
& 2. Denydration....| For each inch square (deter- | Color masking, easily scraped off_---
mined by grid) of affected | Deep, not easily scraped off...-.----
area.
3: Weights=.-222--- (a) For each fillet or piece less than 1 oz., except first fillet or piece_- 5 |.
(b) For sole only: For each fillet frorn 1-2 02., except first fillet. ..--- 2
For flounder only: For cach fillet from 1-20z., except first three fillets. 2
4, Workmanship or each inch square | (a) Cutting and trimming (ragged edges, pe A See
defects. (determined by holes, tears, improper or unnecessary
grid) of affected cuts and Jace).
area, (b) Blemishes (belly lining, blood spots, Pe ee
bruises, extraneous material, fins, dis-
colored pugh marks, scales and
3 skin).
E (c) Bones (bones normally removed)..------ ba eee
3 ————
ES Sa COlOteeenaseaa== (a) Deteriorative discoloration (yellowing of fatty Slight_------ 2
portion and/or darkening of light portion). Moderate. 5
Excessive. -_- 15
(b) Non-uniformity of color (natural color differences Moderate--- 3
within package due to packing fish of contrast- Excessive. -.- 5
ing color).
6, Abnormal con- Usability and/or desirability of fillets impaired by | Moderate--- 5 (| Re
dition. abnormal conditions (jellied, milky, chalky). Excessive. -- 31
2/Texturess--eu.5 Tough, dry, fibrous, or watery for species in- | Slight------- 4
volved. Moderate--- 8
Excessive... 15
3
‘3 8. Odor and flavor-| Very good: Full typical odor and flavor of fresh fish_-------~---------
38 Good: Noticeable decrease in typical odor and flavor of fresh fish--__
Reasonably good: Lacking typical odor and flavor of fresh fish, but
not objectionable.
Substandard: Objectionable odor and/or flavor_-.------------------- i) Na Reeeee
Total deductlors eset ee a ce nae nace enemas memes non nae are ea
Score (100 minus total deduction:

Grade (100 to 85=Grade A; 84 to 70

and below

Size of sample__
Number of pack
Remarks

Actual net weight.
Size and kind of container__
Container mark or identifi
Type of overwrap--

§ 274.21 Definitions.

(a) “Slight” refers to a condition that
is scarcely noticeable but that does affect
the appearance, desirability, and/or eat-
ing quality of the fillets.

(b) “Moderate” refers to a condition
that is conspicuously noticeable but that
does not seriously affect the appearance,
desirability, and/or eating quality of the
fillets.

(ec) “Excessive” refers to a condition
that is conspicuously noticeable and that
does seriously affect the appearance, de-
sirability, and/or eating quality of the
fillets.

(a) “Bones normally removed” refers
to (1) nape membrane bones (adjacent
to visceral cavity) and to (2) radial bones
(adjacent to fins and lace area).

(e) “Determined by grid” means that
a transparent grid of 1-inch squares is
placed over the defect area, and points
are deducted (as specified in table 1) for
each square of affected area under’ the
grid, each square being counted as one
whether it is full or fractional.

(f) “Thawed state’ means that the
frozen product has been placed within
a film-type pouch and warmed to an
internal temperature of about 32° F by
immersing the pouch in running tap
water of about 50° to 70° F. Thawing
time usually takes 25 to 45 minutes for
a 1-pound package.

(g) “Cooked state” means that the
thawed, unseasoned product has been
placed within a boilable film-type pouch
and heated to an internal temperature

| of about 160° F by immersing the pouch

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1962 p. 101.

in boiling water. Cooking time usually _
ranges from 3 to 5 minutes for single
fillets and from 7 to 10 minutes for 1-
pound packages of fillets.

(h) “Actual net weight” means the
weight of the fish flesh within the pack-
age after all packaging material, ice
glaze, or other protective coating have
been removed. (“Actual net weight” of
frozen glazed fillets is determined as fol-
lows: (1) Rapidly remove excessive ice
layers or pockets with running tap water
or nozzle-type water spray. (2) Rapidly
thaw remaining surfaces of frozen fish
sufficiently with tap water or spray to
prevent refreezing free surface water.
(3) Gently wipe off all free water with
a moisture-saturated paper towel. (4)
Weigh the fish to obtain “actual net
weight’).

(i) “Abnormal condition” means that
the normal physical and/or chemical
structure of the fish flesh has been suffl-
ciently altered so that the usability
and/or desirability of the fillet is ad-
versely affected. It includes, but is not
limited to, the following examples:

(1) “Jellied” refers to the abnormal
sondition wherein a fillet is partly or
wholly characterized by a gelatinous,
glossy, translucent appearance, feels
slimy to the touch, and retains its gela-
tinous, slimy properties in the cooked
state.

(2) “Milky” refers to the abnormal
condition wherein a fillet is partly or
wholly characterized by a milky-white,
excessively mushy, pasty, or fluidized
appearance.

(3) “Chalky” refers to the abnormal
condition wherein a fillet is partly or
wholly characterized by a dry, chalky,
granular appearance and fiberless struc-
ture.

(j) “Odor and flavor” is classified as
follows:

(1) “Very good”: Fish in this category
have essentially the full, good typical
odor, and flavor of the indicated species.

(2) “Good”: Fish in this category
show a noticeable decrease of the good,
typical odor and flavor of the indicated
species, and/or may have certain less ac-
ceptable natural environmental odors
and flavors of slight intensity (iodoform-
type, phenolic-type, feed-type, etc.), but
may have no off odors and flavors.

(3) “Reasonably good”: Fish in this
category may be flat, or completely lack-
ing in the good typical odor and flavor of
the indicated species, and/or may have
certain less acceptable natural environ-
mental odors and flavors of moderate in-
tensity (iodoform-type, phenolic-type,
feed-type, etc.) but may have no ob-
jectionable odors and flavors.

(4) “Substandard”: Fish in this cate-
gory have odors and flavors that are ob-
jectionable.

Lot CERTIFICATION TOLERANCES

§ 274.25 Tolerances for certification of
officially drawn samples.

The sample rate and grades of specific
lots shall be certified in accordance with
Part 260 of this chapter (Regulations
Governing Processed Fishery Products,
Vol. 25 F.R. 8427 Sept. 1, 1960).

Vol. 24, No. 5

May 1962

Department of State
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION

FISHERIES GRANTS TO
FOREIGN COUNTRIES:

A list of financial grants by the Interna-
tional Cooperation Administration in fiscal
year 1961 to aid and rehabilitate the fisheries
of a number of foreign countries appeared in
the March 13, 1962, Congressional Record.
Senator Gruening presented the list in the
Senate for publication. The fishery projects
financed for fiscal year 1961 follow:

Agriculture and Natural Resources, Fiscal Year 1961

Area, Country, and Project

Far East:
Cambodia: Fisheries conservation . « « «22.
Republic of China: Fisheries development . ..
Indonesia: Expansion and modernization of marine
and inland fisheries. ....-+ +2202
Korea: Fisheries development (typhoon
rehabilitation) ....
ear East and south Asia:
India: Expansion and modemization of marine and
inland fisheries... 2s se cele cee ee ei ceife
Pakistan: Fisheries development. .... -
Africa:
Liberia: Fresh-water fisheries .....- eelieiielis
Somali Republic: Fisheries improvement .... »
Tunisia: Aid to commercial fisheries ..... + =
Latin America:

Department of the Treasury

COAST GUARD

CERTAIN FISHING VESSEL DATA
IN COAST GUARD FILES SHOULD
BE KEPT UP-TO-DATE:

The U. 5. Coast Guard advises that there
is certain information concerning fishing
vessels which should be kept current in the
Coast Guard files. In particular, it is sug-
gested that if a vessel owner changes the
color scheme of his vessel or vessels, he
should notify the Coast Guard of such change
for the following reason: Coast Guard pro-
cedure for locating and assisting a fishing
vessel in distress, particularly when air-
planes or helicopters are used, is to first
acquaint the crew of the rescue craft with a
description of the distressed vessel, taken
from their files. Thus, if such vessel is on
file as being painted white and trimmed in

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ii

black, and the owner has changed this color
scheme without notifying the Coast Guard,
the aircraft may pass by the stricken vessel
and continue its search for one that fits the
description on file.

A further suggestion to promote quick
recognition of a vessel from the air is to
have its name painted on top of the wheel-
house in large letters. The latter can be
quite helpful to aircraft rescue crews in
making a quick recognition of a distressed
vessel, particularly in severe weather,

BUREAU OF CUSTOMS

IMPORTS OF CANNED-IN-BRINE TUNA
UNDER QUOTA PROVISO FOR 1962:

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States during
calendar year 1962 at the 123 percent rate of
duty is limited to 59,059,014 pounds (or about
2,812,000 standard cases of 48 7-o0z. cans),
This is 3.4 percent more than the 57,114,714
pounds (about 2,720,000 standard cases) in
1961, 10.5 percent more than the 53,448,330
pounds in 1960, 12.8 percent more than the
52,372,574 pounds in 1959, 32.1 percent more
than the 44,693,874 pounds in 1958, and 29.9
percent more than the 45,460,000-pound quota
for 1957. Any imports in excess of the quota
will be dutiable at 25 percent ad valorem.

Any tuna classifiable under Tariff Act
paragraph 718(b)--fish, prepared or preserv-
ed in any manner, when packed in airtight
containers. . .(except fish packed in oil or in
oil and other substances;.. .)--which is en-
tered or withdrawn for consumption is in-
cluded.

A proclamation (No. 3128), issued by the
President on March 16, 1956, gave effect to
an exchange of notes with the Government of
Iceland to withdraw tuna canned in brinefrom
the 1943 trade agreement and invoked the
right to increase the duty reserved by the
United States in negotiations with Japan and
other countries under the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade. The quota is based on
20 percent of the previous year's United
States pack of canned tuna.

The 1962 tariff-rate quota was published
in the April 10, 1962, Federal Register by
the Bureau of Customs of the U. S. Depart-
ment of the Treasury.

Note: (1) Pounds converted to cases at 21 pounds equal 1 stand-
ard case of 48 7-oz. cans.
(2) Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1962 p. 45.

————

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

United States District Court

FISHERMEN ARE INDEPENDENT
CONTRACTORS FOR TAX PURPOSES:

Captains and crewmen working on shares
on shrimp vessels are not employees for tax
purposes, but are independent contractors.
This was the gist of a ruling by Federal
Judge David W. Dyer of the United States
District Court in Miami, Fla., inMarch1962.
The decision handed down was specifically
that captains and crewmen working on shares
on Charles Ludwig's shrimp vessels out of
Tampa, Fla., were not his employees for tax
purposes, but were independent contractors.
The Government insisted upon having a jury
decide whether Charles Ludwig was entitled
to a refund of taxes he paid by mistake over
the years. However, Judge Dyer ruled that
there was nothing for the jury to decide.
Evidently this means that fishermen are not
employees when it comes to paying employ-
ment taxes.

This decision was the same as the one in
the Crawford Packing Company case. Inthat
case the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Texas in a trial at Gal-
veston, Tex., on January 23, 1962, decided
that shrimp fishermen, working on a lay or
share basis, are not employees of the boat
owners but are independent contractors for
Federal employment tax and income with-
holding tax purposes. The Crawford Pack-
ing Company of Palacios, Tex., in a civil
suit against the United States of America
contended that the fishermen were freefrom
detailed control of their fishing activities by
the Crawford Packing Co. Judge James Noel
after a two-day hearing, ruled that the Gov-
ernment did not overcome Crawford's clear
showing that the fishermen were free from
direction and control of their fishing activ-
ities and that their earnings were dependent
solely upon their skill, initiative, weather,

and good fortune.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Sept. 1961 p. 114.

(Second Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may
directly or indirectly affect the fisheries
and allied industries are reported upon.

Vol. 24, No. 5

Introduction, referral to committees, per-
tinent legislative actions by the House and
Senate, as well as signature into lawor other
final disposition are covered.

FISHERY MARKETING ACT AMENDMENT: §, 3093
(Magnuson and Bartlett) infroduced in the Senate on
April 2, 1962, to make clear that fishermen's organi-
zations, regardless of their technical legal status, have
a voice in the ex-vessel sale of fish or other aquatic
products on which the livelihood of their members de-
pend; referred to the Committee on Commerce. This
bill would amend the Fisheries Marketing Act of 1934,
an act originally designed to provide fishermen as pri-
mary producers with the right of self-association for
cooperative improvement of their conditions. The
amendment seeks to bring the Marketing Act up to date
by relating it to the practical problems that presently
cloud the rights of fishermen to associate themselves
together, whether in unions or cooperatives, and col-
lectively bargain for a fair return on the fishharvested
Would extend bargaining privileges to organizations
composed of both employee fishermen and those who
own or have an interest in the boats or gear with which
they fish. H. R. 11159 introduced in House, April 9,
1962, similar to S. 3093; referred to the Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

FISHING VESSEL DISASTER LOANS: H. R. 10827
(Johnson) introduced in the House on Mar. 20, 1962, to
provide disaster loans to fishing vessel owners and
operators and other boat owners and operators engaged
in the seafood industry adversely affected by failure of
the seafood resource, and for other purposes; referred
to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.
Similar to other bills previously introduced in the
House.

GAME AND FOOD FISH CONSERVATION IN DAM
RESERVOIRS: H. R. 11275 (Miller) was introduced in
the House on April 12, 1962, to authorize the Secretary
of the Interior to provide financial assistance to States
in research programs to improve the conservation of
fish in reservoirs; referred to the Committee on Mer-
chant Marine and Fisheries. Similar to other bills
previously introduced.

HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE APPRO-
PRIATIONS FY 1963: Departments of Labor and
Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations for
1963 (Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Com-
mittee on Appropriations, House of Representatives,
Eighty-Seventh Congress, Second Session, on Depart-
ment of Health, Education and Welfare, Part I). It
includes funds for the Food and Drug Administration
and the training program in the fishery trades and in-
dustry.

May 1962

The House on Mar. 27, 1962, by a voice vote passed
H. R. 10904, making appropriations for the Depart-
ments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare
and related agencies for the fiscal year 1963. Included
are funds for the training program in the fishery trades
and industry, the Food and Drug Administration, and
appropriations for the water pollution program. The
latter program provides for regional laboratories lo-
cated in strategic points throughout the country to pro-
mote research and training activities and provide a
base of action for State, interstate and Federal agen-
cies cooperating to eliminate water pollution. In addi-
tion to the laboratories, the Committee's report to the
House pointed out the need for two specialized facilities
to deal with the problems of aquatic life in fresh and
marine waters. The two facilities would (1) establish
water quality criteria for protecting fish and other a-
quatic life and (2) establish criteria for a healthy phys-
ical and chemical water environment that will permit
the propagation and growth of aquatic life as well as
bare survival.

INDIAN FISHING RIGHTS: H. J. Res. 698 (Pelly)
was introduced in the House on Apr. 17, 1962, a joint
resolution regarding Indian fishing rights. Proposes
to solve the problem of treaty or nontreaty Indians
fishing off the reservation in violation of the State reg-
ulations; referred to the Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs.

INTERIOR APPROPRIATIONS FY 1963: On Mar.
21, 1962, the Senate received the House-passed bill
H. R. 10802, an act making appropriations for the De-
partment of the Interior and related agencies for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1963. Referred to the Com-
mittee on Appropriations. Included in the budget are
estimates for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
its two Bureaus--Commercial Fisheries and Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife.

MEDICAL CARE FOR VESSEL PERSONNEL: H. R.
10921 (Pelly) introduced in the House on Mar. 26, 1962,
to provide medical care for certain persons engagedon
board a vessel in the care, preservation, or navigation
of such vessel; referred to the Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce. Similar to 8. 367 introduced
in the Senate on Jan. 11, 1961.

NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES PROBLEMS: North-
west Salmon Fisheries Resources (Joint Hearings be-
fore the Senate Committee on Commerce and the House
Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee, Eighty-
Seventh Congress, 1st Session), 127 pp., printed. Re-
ports on a hearing held on October 13, 1961, at Tacoma,
Washington. Testimony was given by Washington State
personnel, fishermen, unions, and spokesmen for the
Indians.

OYSTER BROOD STOCK PURCHASES: House Re-
port No. 1449, Promoting the Production of Oysters by
Propagation of Disease-Resistant Strains (Reportfrom
the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries to accompany H. R. 7336), 4 pp., printed. Com-
mittee reported the bill favorably with amendments
and recommended passage. Contains the purpose of
the bill, background of the legislation, cost of the leg-
islation, changes in existing law and departmental re-
ports. The amendments are as follows: As amended,
the Secretary of the Interior is authorized withrespect
to those States where he finds that excessive mortality
of oysters presents an immediate and substantial threat
to the economic stability of the oyster industry in such

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79

area or region, to acquire oyster brood stock that he
believes possesses resistance to the causative agency
of such excessive mortality. The purchase of oyster
brood stock by the Secretary shall be conditional upon
the participating State or States paying one-third of the
cost. The amended title of the bill shall be "A bill to
promote the production of oysters by propagation of
disease-resistant strains, and for other purposes."

On April 3, 1962, the House passed with amendment
H. R. 7336. The bill was received by the Senate on
April 4, 1962, and was referred to the Committee on
Commerce.

OYSTER PLANTERS DISASTER LOANS: The House
Committee on Agriculture met on Mar. 22, 1962, in ex-
ecutive session and ordered favorably reported to the
House H. R. 946 (amended), to extend to oyster planters
the benefits of the provisions of the present law which
provide for production disaster loans for farmers and
stockmen. The House on Mar. 26, 1962, received the
Committee's favorable report (H. Report No. 1502) on
H. R. 946; referred to the Committee of the Whole
House on the State of the Union.

H. Rept. No. 1502, Emergency Loans to Oyster
Planters (Report from the Committee on Agriculture,
House of Representatives, 87th Congress, 2nd Session,
to accompany H. R. 946), 4 pp., printed. Committee
reported the bill favorably and recommended passage
with amendments. Contains the purpose of the bill,
need for the legislation, cost, committee amendment,
departmental recommendations, and changes in exist-
ing law. The bill would amend the emergency loan
provisions of the Consolidated Farmers Home Admin-
istration Act of 1961 to make it clear that oyster plant-
ers are included among the eligible recipients of such
loans.

On April 3, 1962, the House passed with amendment
H. R. 946. The bill was received by the Senate on April
4, 1962, and was referred to the Committee on Agricul-
ture and Forestry.

PRICE-QUALITY STABILIZATION: H. R. 10862
(Glenn) introduced in the House on Mar. 21, 1962, to
amend the Federal Trade Commission Act, to promote
quality and price stabilization, to define and restrain
certain unfair methods of distribution and to confirm,
define, and equalize the rights of producers and re-
sellers in the distribution of goods identified by dis-
tinguishing brands, names, or trademarks, and for
other purposes. Also introduced in the House on Mar.
29, 1962, H. J. Res. 679 (Glenn), and H. R. 11227 (Dent)
Apr. 11, 1962, all referred to the Committee on Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce. Similar to other bills
previously introduced in the House and Senate.

Senate Committee on Commerce on April 9, 1962,
held hearings on S. J. Res. 159. Testimony was heard
from various members of the Senate and industry per-
sonnel, The Committee resumed hearings on Apr. 19,
1962.

SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA CONVENTION: The Sen-
ate Committee on Foreign Relations met in executive
session on Mar. 28, 1962, and ordered favorably re-
ported the International Convention for the Safety of
Life at Sea, dated at London on June 17, 1960.

The Senate on April 12, 1962, adopted resolution of
ratification concerning the International Convention of

the Safety of Life at Sea (Ex. K, 87th Cong., 1st Ses-
sion). Ex. K was transmitted by the President to the
Senate on April 27, 1961, together with the report of
the Secretary of State, a copy of the final act of the
Convention held at London from May 17 to June 17,
1960, and a copy of the report of the delegation of the
United States to that Conference. The Convention, open
for signature from June 17 to July 17, 1960, was signed
by the United States on June 17, 1960, and by 39 other
Governments in that period. No House actionnecessary.

SALMON DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN CALIFOR-
NIA: S. 3184 (Engle), H. R. 11343 (Hagen), H. R. 11352
(McFall), H.R. 11356 (Clem Miller), H. R. 11357 (George
Miller), H. R. 11361 (Shelley), H. R. 11366 (Cohelan), and
H. R. 11371 (Johnson) were introduced in the Senate and
House, respectively, on Apr. 17, 1962. Would direct
the Secretary of the Interior to initiate a salmon and
steelhead development program in California. Would
authorize an anadromous fish development program in
California. This is an Administration measure, based
on joint recommendations of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and the California Department of Fish andGame,
Existing facilities of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries of
the Fish and Wildlife Service and those of the Califor-
nia Department of Fish and Game would be utilized to
the fullest extent. The Senate bill was referred to the
Committee on Commerce, and the House bills to the
Committee on Merchant Marin and Fisheries.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REORGANIZATION
PLAN MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT: The House
and Senate on Mar. 29, 1962, received from the Pres-
ident ''Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1962, Relating to

_Certain Reorganizations in the Field of Science Tech-
nology'' (House Doc. 372); referred to the Committee
on Government Operations of the Senate and the House.
"Part I of the reorganization plan establishes the Office
of Science and Technology as a new unit within the Ex-
ecutive Office of the President; places at the head there-
of a Director appointed by the President and by the ad-
vice and consent of the Senate and makes provision for
a Deputy Director similarly appointed; and trarfsfers to
the Director certain functions of the National Science
Foundation.'"' Message points out ''. . .the further steps
contained in Part I of the reorganization plan are now
needed in order to meet most effectively new and ex-
panding requirements brought about by the rapid and
far-reaching growth of the Government's researchand
development programs, These requirements call for
the further strengthening of science organization at
the Presidental level and for the adjustment of the
Foundation's role to reflect changed conditions. The
Foundation will continue to originate policy proposals
and recommendations concerning the support of basic
research and education in the sciences, and the new
Office will look to the Foundation to provide studies
and information on which sound national policies in
science and technology can be based....'' Part II of
the reorganization plan provides for certain reorgan-
izations within the National Science Foundation which
will strengthen the capability of the Director of the
Foundation to exert leadership and otherwise further
the effectiveness of administration of the Foundation.

TARIFF CLASSIFICATION RESTATEMENT IN
TARIFF ACT OF 1930: Senate Report No. 1317, Tariff
Classification Act of 1962 (Report from the Senate
Committee on Finance, Senate, 87th Congress, 2nd
Session, to accompany H. R. 10607), 12 pp., printed.
Committee reported the bill favorably without amend-
ment and recommended passage. Contains the purpose

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

of the bill, background, summary of the bill, and tech-
nical explanation of the bill, The purpose of this bill
is to provide for the adoption and implementation of
revised tariff schedules and to make certain amend-
ments in existing law necessitated by the adoption of
such revised schedules.

The Senate on April 17, 1962, passed with amend-
ment H. R. 10607 to amend the Tariff Act of 1930 and
certain related laws to provide for the restatement of
the tariff classification provisions, and for other pur-
poses,

TRADE AGREEMENTS: A message from the Pres-
ident (H. Doc. 358), Trade Agreements With The Euro-
pean Economic Community, The United Kingdom, Nor-
way, and Sweden, was received Mar. 7, 1962, in the
House and Mar. 8, 1962, in the Senate. The message
transmits copies of trade agreements with the Euro-
pean Economic Community, the United Kingdom, Nor-
way, and Sweden, including schedules signed on behalf
of the United States on Mar. 5 and Mar, 7, 1962, and
reports actions taken with respect to peril points. Re-
ferred to the House Committee on Ways and Means and
the Senate Committee on Finance,

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: On April 5, 1962, the
House and the Senate received a message from the Pres-
ident (H. Doc. 384), The Transportation System of Our
Nation. Recommendations made in the message would
affect and benefit the fishing industry. The fishery ex-
emption from I. C. C. economic regulation of motor
carriers will be continued. A policy of encouraging
less regulation of carriers and more freedom to adapt
to competitive situations was suggested. With more
competition among carriers, fishery shippers should
benefit through better rates and services. The agri-
cultural and fishery exemptions were discussed sep-
arately in the message. Heretofore, it was usual to
mention only the agricultural exemption. The President
also requested encouragement of through and joint rates
and service among the several modes of transportation.
The message was referred to the House Committee of
the Whole House on the State of the Union and the Senate
Committee on Commerce.

TRADE EXPANSION ACT OF 1962: H. R. 11102
(Blitch) introduced in the House on April 4, 1962, tore-
place the existing tariff schedules and trade agreements
provisions of the Tariff Act of 1930, and for other pur-
poses; referred to the Committee on Ways and Means.
Principle purpose is to expand foreign trade with other
nations when such trade is mutually beneficial to the
United States and other friendly nations and when itdoes
not injure United States industry or agriculture or create
domestic unemployment.

The House Committee on Ways and Means, on April
11, 1962, concluded its public hearings (which began on
Mar. 12, 1962) on H. R. 9900, the ''Trade Expansion Act
of 1962,'' to provide assistance to business enterprises
and individuals to facilitate adjustments made necessary
by the trade policy of the United States. The purpose is
to offset the impact on American businesses, especially
smaller businesses, of a more liberal national trade
policy by a broad-gauge program of adjustment assist-
ance. During the hearings testimony was heard from
members of Congress, Government agencies, and in-
dustry. The Committee was scheduled to meet in ex-
ecutive session on April 12, 1962.

TRADE POLICY EFFECTS ON UNEMPLOYMENT:
H. R. 10861 (Baker) introduced in the House on Mar. 21,

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81

1962, to assist in alleviating the effects of unemploy- their unemployment compensation payments to persons
ment resulting from Federal tariff or trade policy by unemployed because of Federal tariff or trade policy;
establishing a temporary program of supplementary referred to the Committee on Ways and Means.

grants for States which provide for liberalization of

SPRING IS SMELT TIME

"The smelt are running'' isthe springcry of people fortunate enough to live
inthe Great Lakes area, Professionals and amateurs--old and young--men and
women--join in the sport of smelt dipping.

The smelt of the Great Lakes area leave the lakes and throng into the trib-
utary streams to spawn as soon as the ice breaks up in the spring. Coming up
the rivers in unbelievable numbers, their glittering bodies darken the water.
Hundreds of people line the banks waiting to scoop them up. The dipping con-
tinues throughout the night, with bonfires and lanterns on the river banks gaily
illuminating the scene.

Not the outdoor type--if so, do your dipping at your local market. You will
find these tiny delectable fish, about 10 to 12 to the pound, either fresh or fro-
zen, just waiting to be enjoyed by you and your family.

Either way you do your dipping, the home economists of the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries suggest the following kitchen-tested recipetoaid you
in cooking your catch.

BAKED SMELT

3 pounds whole smelt, fresh or frozen 2 tablespoons lemon juice
1 teaspoon salt teaspoon grated onion
Dash pepper Zour butter or other fat,
1 teaspoon paprika melted

Thaw frozenfish. Dress fish by removing entrails. Wash and drain on ab-
sorbent paper. Place ina single layer in a well-greased baking pan. Combine
remaining ingredients and pour over fish. Bake in a moderate oven, 350° F.,
for 20 to 25 minutes or until fishflakes easily when tested with a fork. Serves 6.

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe
Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Helen Paretti, and Raie Carron

* KK KK

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
for each photograph in this issue. Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from
the Service's file and the photographers are unknown.

Pp. 1-3--E. R. Pariser; p. 14--Dr. R. M. Gilmore; pp. 20 & 21--F. B. San-
ford and C. F. Lee; p. 25--D. W. McFadden, Calif. Dept. of Fishand Game;
p. 33--Blount Marine Corp., Warren, R.I.; p. 37--J. Pileggi; p. 47--Tur-
istforeningen for Danmark's Billed-Arkiv., Copenhagen, Denmark; p. 63--
Consulate General of Japan, N. Y.; p. 72--Robert K. Brigham, Woods Hole,
Mass.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

FISHERY
INDICATORS

“CHART |- FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED S

In Millions of Pounds

TES

CUMULATIVE DATA

1 MQ. 1962 - 26.6
1 1961 - 23.4
12 Mos, 1961 - 741.3

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgS. 1962 - 10,9
2 a 1961 - 14:6
n2 1961 - 255.7

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 ngs. 1962 - 23.5]
2 4 1961 - 26.7]
12 1961 - 187.7

CALIFORNIA 1/

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mS. 1962 - 89.1
2 so 1961 - 69.5
12 1961 - 599.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

V/ONLY PARTIAL--iNCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES ANU MAKRET FISH
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 MGS. 1962 - 18.6
2 adm 961) =n 657)
2 1961 - 518.3

CUMULATIVE DATA

1962 - - 13-8
1961 - 16,3
1961 - 1,147.3

0 aE
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MS. 1961 - 29.4)
1960 - 25.7
1960 - 49.1

JAN-FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

LEGEND:
OCEAN PERCH

HADDOCK
meee = 1952 (Maine and Massachusetts)

(Maine and Massachusetts) i 1952
eacessees 1950 CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 MgS. 1962 - 24.3
3 Coe 1961 - 26.9
h2 1961 - 123.3

(eae 1/. SHRIMP , : WHITING
ates—' including Florida West Coast) (Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1962 - 12.3
2 noe 1961 - 15.0
12 1961 - 132.4

JAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT _NOV DEC
AND ARE NOT COM-

1/tA, & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS
In Thousands of Tons

PLETE.

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL

MENHADEN
(California)

(East and Gulf Coasts)

CUMULATIVE DATA
2 MQs. 1962 -
2 o
12

1961 - 5,
1961 1,147.

PILCHARD TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISK

(California)
CUMULA, IVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
3 mgs. 1962 - 30.2

1961/62 SEASON,
AUG.-FEB. = 22,3) 3, 1961 - 40.5

1960 SEASON, 2 1961 - 164.8
AUG.-DEC. - 27.1

LEGEND:

——-= 1961/62
seseeeee 1950
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

AUG SEPT OCT NOV

84 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 5

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY © <ODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND:

U. S, HOLDINGS U. S, FREEZINGS

+1962 - 27.7
Bites 1961 =p S10
1961 - 319.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS

:
:
:

~
dnsceccnszacnsecTssT TES er ae

2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N. Y. SOUTH.

GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS+

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR

MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 8

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS 2/

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA, aa

V/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET

(Fresh and Frozen) COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA
+ 1962 - 13,7

oe 1961 - 14,7
1961 - 97.3

FISH OIL
(In Millions of Gallons)

FISH MEAL
(In Thousands of Tons)
CUMULATIVE DATA
2mgs. 1962 - 4.8
2 * 1961 - 4.8
12 1961 - 289.0

86 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 5

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

MACKEREL Sth: CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

+ 1962 - 2,434.0 | 2 mgs. 1962 - 229.0
1961 - 2)732.9 2 1961 - 58.5
1961 - 10,767.0 1961 - 1,344.3

‘CUMULATIVE DATA
1961 Season,

poses AS

JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES

Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wet.

1961 SEASON
QAN. WAR SARDINES. .... 100 } drawn 33 oz.

1961 SEASON,
TOTAL 5 SHRIMP....... 48 + 5 oz.

TUNA. §.3 cts 48 #@3tuna 6&7 oz.

PILCHARDS. .. 48 # 1 oval 15 oz.

SALMON...... 48 1-lb. tall 16 oz.
ANCHOVES... 48 8

SARDINES ~ CALIFORNIA : SHRIMP - GULF STATES

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

1961/62 SEASON,
AUG.-JAN. - 469.4
1960 SEASON
AUG.-DET. - 615.9

ee ee a - PP
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY ole SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND:

eanccesese 1960 ff

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

Stmancncevocseag eR
=

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Tuna ¥
(Fresh and Frozen)

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
(in Oil and in Brine)

CUMULATIVE
2 mgs. 1962 -
2 i 12 =
12 1961 - 58.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA

CANNED S.
and

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

AEE re oe

Ia
St
Za oni

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
“© OF INFORMATION, U. S.‘°FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHING-

D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:
CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.
MNL - REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES.
SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.
SL - BRANCH OF STATISTICS LIST OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS
OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS.
SSR.- FISH. - SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERFES (LIM-
ITED DISTRIBUTION).
Number Title
CFS-2796 - Great Lakes Fisheries, 1960, Annual Sum-
mary, 13 pp.
CFS-2800 - Fish Sticks and Portions, 1961, Annual
Summary, 3 pp.
CFS-2806 - Massachusetts Landings, October 1961,
5 pp.
CFS-2810 - Frozen Fish Report, January 1962, 8 pp.
CFS-2811 - Michigan Landings, December 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2813 - Fish Meal and Oil, December 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2814 - Virginia Landings, December 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2815 - Florida Landings, December 1961, 8 pp.
CFS-2816 - New York Landings, December 1961, 5 pp.
CFS-2818 - Maine Landings, December 1961, 4 pp.
CFS-2819 - Rhode Island Landings, December 1961,
3 pp.
CFS-2820 - North Carolina Landings, December 1961,
4 pp.
CFS-2821 - Shrimp Landings, August 1961, 6 pp.
CFS-2822 - Shrimp Landings, September 1961, 6 pp.
CFS-2823 - Shrimp Landings, October 1961, 6 pp.
CFS-2824 - Alabama Landings, December 1961, 3 pp.
CFS-2825 - Minnesota Landings, December 1961, 2 pp.
CFS-2826 - Louisiana Landings, November 1961, 2pp.
CFS-2827 - California Landings, November 1961, 4 pp.

CFS-2828 - Georgia Landings, December 1961, 2 pp.

CFS-2834 - Mississippi Landings, December 1961, 2pp.
CFS-2835 - North Carolina Landings, January 1962, 3 pp.
CFS-2836 - Georgia Landings, January 1962, 2 pp.
CFS-2840 - Shrimp Landings, November 1961, 6 pp.

CFS-2841 - Texas Landings, December 1961, 3 pp.

CFS-2842 - Wisconsin Landings, January 1962, 2 pp.
CFS-2843 - Florida Landings, January 1962, 8 pp.
CFS-2845 - Fish Meal and Oil, January 1962, 2 pp.
CFS-2847 - Louisiana Landings, December 1962, 2 pp.

Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, 1961 (Revised):
SL-24 - Minnesota (Great Lakes Area), 1 p.

SL-25 - Wisconsin (Great Lakes Area), 4 pp.

SL-26 - Illinois (Great Lakes (Area), 2 pp.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

=.
i De
2

A —
Ey

SL-27 - Indiana (Great Lakes Area), 1 p.

SL-28 - Michigan (Great Lakes Area), 4 pp.

SL 29 - Ohio (Great Lakes Area), 3 pp.

SL-30 - Pennsylvania (Great Lakes Area), 1 p.

SL-31 - New York (Great Lakes Area), 2 pp.

SL-47 - Louisiana (Mississippi River and Tributaries),

1 pp.

SSR-Fish. No. 381 - Oceanographic Observations in
Bristol Bay and the Bering Sea, 1939-41, USCGT
Redwing, by Felix Favorite, John W. Schantz, and
Charles R. Hebard, 326 pp., illus., July 1961.

SSR-Fish. No. 385 - Sea Surface Temperature Month-
ly Average and Anomaly Charts Northeastern Pa
cific Ocean, 1947-58, by James H. Johnson, 58 pp.,
illus., August 1961.

SSR-Fish. No. 393 - Menhaden Eggs and Larvae from
M/V Theodore N. Gill Cruises, South Atlantic Coast
of the United States, 1953-54, by John W. Reintjes,
10 pp., illus., September 1961.

Sep. No. 644 - Machines Solve Handling Problems in
Oyster Plants.

Sep. No. 645 - Effect of Butylated Hydroxy Toluene and
Potassium Sorbate on Development of Rancidity in
Smoked Mullet.

Sep. No. 646 - Equipment Note No. 11 - A Great Lakes
Stern-Ramp Trawler.

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE
BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH

AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Number Title

MNL-66 - Japan's Agar-Agar Industry, 9 pp.

MNL-67 - Fisheries Survey Reports--Ivory Coast and
Dahomey, 6 pp.

CIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

Halibut and Troll Salmon Landings and Ex-Vessel
Prices for Seattle, Alaska Ports and British Colum-
bia, 1961-1960, 35 pp. (Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 706 Federal Office Bldg.,
Seattle 4, Wash.) Gives landings and ex-vessel
prices of troll salmon and halibut at leading United
States ports of the Pacific Coast; ex-vessel halibut
prices and landings at leading British Columbia
ports; United States and Canadian Pacific Coast

May 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

halibut landings, 1937-1961; Seattle season averages
of ex-vessel halibut prices, 1952-1961; and troll
salmon landings and receipts at Seattle and Alaskan
ports, with comparative data.

(Baltimore) Monthly Summary--Fishery Products, Jan-
uary 1962, 8pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, 103 S. Gay St., Baltimore 2,
Md.) Receipts of fresh- and salt-water fish and
shellfish at Baltimore by species and by states and
provinces; total receipts by species and compari-
sons with previous periods; and wholesale prices
for fresh fishery products on the Baltimore market;
for the month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in
elected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and

Maryland, February 1962, 4 pp. (Market News Serv-
ice, U. S, Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 5. King St.,
Hampton, Va.) Landings of food fish and shellfish
and production of crab meat and shucked oysters for
the Virginia areas of Hampton Roads, Chincoteague,
Lower Northern Neck, and Lower Eastern Shore;
the Maryland areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and
Ocean City; and the North Carolina areas of Atlan-
tic, Beaufort, and Morehead City; together with cu-
mulative and comparative data on fishery products
and shrimp production; for the month indicated.

Gulf of Mexico Monthly Landings, Production and Ship-
ments of Fishery Products, January and February

1962, 8pp., each. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Rm. 609, 600 South St., New
Orleans 12, La.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster, fin-
fish, and blue crab landings; crab meat production;
LCL express shipments from New Orleans; whole-
sale prices of fish and and shellfish on the New Or-
leans French Market; fishery imports at Port Isabel
and Brownsville, Texas, from Mexico; and sponge
sales; for the months indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, January
and February 1962, 22 pp.,each. (Market NewsServ-
ice, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10 Common-
wealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Review of the prin-
cipal New England fishery ports. Presents data on
fishery landings by norts and species; industrial-
fish landings and ex-vessel prices; imports; cold
storage stocks of fishery products in New Eng-
land warehouses; fishery landings and ex-vessel
prices for ports in Massachusetts (Boston, Glouces-
ter, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods Hole),
Maine (Portland and Rockland), Rhode Island (Point
Judith), and: Connecticut (Stonington); frozen fish-

5;ery products prices to primary wholesalers at
Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and Boston
Fish Pier and Atlantic Avenue fishery landings and
ex-vessel prices by species; for the months indi-
cated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly
Summary--December 1961, 24 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John
St., New York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries and
analyses of receipts and prices on wholesale Ful-
ton Fish Market, including both the salt- and fresh-
water sections; imports entered at New York cus-
toms district; primary wholesalers' selling prices
for fresh, frozen, and selected canned fishery prod-
ucts; marketing trends; and landings at Fulton Fish
Market docks and Stonington, Conn.; for the month
indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale

Market Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts,
Prices, and Trends, February 1962, 14 pp. (Market
News Service, U. 5. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565 W.
Washington St., Chicago 6, Ll.) Receipts at Chicago
by species and by states and provinces for fresh- and
salt-water fish and shellfish; and weekly wholesale
prices for fresh and frozen fishery products; for the
month indicated.

(Seattle) Washingtonand Alaska ae and Landings

of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fish-
eries, Monthly Summary, February 1962, 6 pp. (Mar-
ket News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
706 Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle 4,
Wash.) Includes Seattle's landings by the halibut and
salmon fleets reported through the exchanges; land-
ings of halibut reported by the International Pacific
Halibut Commission; landings of otter-trawl re-
ceipts reported by the Fishermen's Marketing Asso-
ciation of Washington; local landings by independent
vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska by sched-
uled and non-scheduled shipping lines and airways;
imports from British Columbia via rail, motor truck,
shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings; and imports
from other countries through Washington customs
district; for the month indicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary, Part

I - Fishery Products Production and Market Data,
January i865. 13 pp. (Market News Service, U S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San
Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna
and tunalike fish and other species used for canning;
pack of canned tuna, tunalike fish, sardines, mack-
erel, and anchovies; market fish receipts at San Pe-
dro, Santa Monica, and Eureka areas; California

and Arizona imports; canned fish and frozen shrimp
prices; ex-vessel prices for cannery fish; Oregon _
and Washington receipts (domestic and imports) of
fresh and frozen tuna and tunalike fish; for the month
indicated, '

AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON
Zoe DEG.
a9 = =

Abundance and Age of Kvichak River Red Salmon Smolts,

by Orra E. Kerns, Jr., Fishery Bulletin 189 (from
Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service,
vol, 61), 24 pp., illus., printed, 20 cents, 1961.

Abundance and Distribution of Eggs and Larvae and Sur-

vival of Larvae of Jack Mackerel (TRACHURUS SYM-

METRICUS), by David A. Farris, Fishery Bulletin
187 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife
Service, vol. 61), 36 pp., illus., printed, 30 cents,
1961.

Calanoid Copepods from Equatorial Waters of the Pa-

cific Ocean, by George D. Grice, Fishery Bulletin
186 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife
Service, vol. 61) 80 pp., illus., printed, 45 cents,
1961.

Distribution and Abundance of Skipjack in the Hawaii

Fishery, 1952-53, by Herbert H. Shippen, Fishery
Bulletin 188 (from Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and
Wildlife Service, vol. 61), 24 pp., illus., printed, 20
cents, 1961.

90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Early Developmental Stages of Pink Shrimp, PENAEUS
DUORARUM, from Florida Waters, by Sheldon Dob-
kin, Fishery Bulletin (from Fishery Bulletin of the
Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 61), pp.-321-349, il-

lus., printed, 30 cents, 1961.

Serological Studies of Atlantic Redfish, by Carl J. Sin-
dermann, Fishery Bulletin 191 (rom Fishery , Bul-
letin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 61), 8
pp., printed, 15 cents, 1961.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND
WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANI ZA-~
TION ISSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT
FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS OR

PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE
SHOWN.

ALGAE:

An Introductory Account of the Smaller Algae of Brit-
ish Coastal Waters, Part VII--Euglenophyceae=
Euglenineae, by R. W. Butcher, Fishery Investiga-
tions Series IV, 23 pp., illus., printed, 12s. 6d. (a-
bout US$1.75). Her Majesty's Stationery Office,
York House, Kingsway, London WC2, England.

ANADROMOUS FISH: ;
Seasonal Races Among Anadromous Fishes, by V. A.
Abakumov, Translation Series No. 353, 19 pp., proc-
essed, (Translated from the Russian, Voprosy Ikh-
tiologii, No. 17, 1961, pp. 179-190.) Fisheries Re-

search Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo,

B.C., Canada, 1961.
ANGOLA:

da Costa de Angola (Contribution to the Study of Fish
Trawling in Angola--Preliminary Charts of Trawling
Areas Along the Coast of Angola), by Pedro da Fran-
ca, Fernando Correia da Costa, and Henrique Serpa
de Vasconcelos, Notas Mimeografadas do Centro de
Biologia Piscatoria No. 24, 22 pp., 9 charts, pro-
cessed in Portuguese.
Ministerio do Ultramar, Junta de Investigacoes do
Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal, 1961.

ANTIFOULING PAINTS:

Mechanism of Antifouling Action in Shipbottom Paints,
by Charles E. Lane and Francis J. Bernard, Final
Report No, 62-1, 13 pp., processed. The Marine
Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University
of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

AQUARIUM FISH:

Studies on the Relationship Between Sexual Maturation
and Growth in LEBISTES, by Gunnar Svardson,
Translation Series No. 126, 35 pp., illus., processed.
(Translated from the German, Meddelander fran
Statens Undersoknings-Och Forsoksanstalt for Sot-
vattenfisket, No. 21, 1943, pp. 1-48.) Fisheries Re-
search Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nan-
aimo, B.C., Canada, 1959.

ARAL SEA:
The Effect of the Fishery on the Productivit

Centro de Biologia Piscatoria,

of on of Bream
Stocks of the Aral Sea, by E. A. Bervald, Translation

Vol. 24, No. 5

Series No, 354, 16 pp., illus., processed. (Trans-
lated from the Russian, Voprosy Ikhtiologii, No. 7,
1956, pp. 21-32.) Fisheries Research Board of Can-
ada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada, 1961.

BARNACLES:

Absorption and Excretion of Copper Ion During Settle-
ment and Metamorphosis of he Barnacle, BALANUS

AMPHITRITE NIVEUS, by Francis J. Bernard and
Charles E. Lane, Ii pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted
from Biological Bulletin, vol. 121, no. 3, December
1961, pp. 438-448.) The Marine Laboratory, Insti-
tute of Marine Science, University of Miami, 1 Rick-
enbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.

BELGIUM:

"La Peche Belge en 1961: 46,365 Tonnes" (Belgian
Fisheries in 1961: 46,365 Tons), by V. Van der Kim-
pen, article, La Peche Maritime, No. 1007, February
1962, pp. 81-82, printed in French. La Peche Mari-
time, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

CANADA:

Annual Report of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, 1960/61 (For the Fiscal Year Ended March
31, 1961), 193 pp., illus., printed in English with ad-
ditional introduction in French, 50 Canadian cents.
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa,
Canada, 1961. A comprehensive summary of the work
of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada and its
field stations during 1960/61. The research work of
the Board is divided into three principal branches:
research in aquatic biology with emphasis on fishery
biology, research in fishery technology, and research
in oceanography. The Board's 177-foot researchves-
sel A. T. Cameron continued to serve as a very val-
uable research “tool'' and is making possible the
gathering of information on populations of Northwest
Atlantic species of fish of particular importance to
the fishing industry. Oceanographic studies in Atlan-
tic, Arctic, and Pacific waters are described. De-
tailed reports cover activities of the Board's biolog-
ical and technological stations. A list of the publica-
tions and reports published during 1960 by the Board
is included.

British Columbia Catch Statistics, 1961 (By Area and
Type of Gear), 164 pp., illus., processed. Depart-
ment of Fisheries of Canada, 1110 W. Georgia St.,
Vancouver 5, B.C., Canada, February 2, 1962. The
eleventh annual report of fish-catch statistics for
British Columbia based on Departmental copies of
sales slips that are completed by all commercialfish
buyers operating within the Province. The report is
divided into three sections: (1) summary of landings
by district and total landed value of all fish; (2) high-
lights of catch statistics--a general review of sig-
nificant events of salmon fishing in each area and
general review for other types of fish; and (3) de-
tailed district and area monthly statistics by type of
gear. Certain economic, weather, and conservation
factors that have a bearing on the catch are also re-
viewed.

The Canadian Fish Culturist, Issue 29, November 1961,
42 pp., illus., printed. Director, Informatigi and Con-
sumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa,
Canada. Contains the following articles: ''Fish Ponds
in Canada--a Preliminary Account,'' by M. W. Smith;
"Vital Statistics of Trout Populations in New York
Farm Ponds,'' by Alfred W. Eipper; ''A Review of
Farm Trout Ponds in Southern Ontario," by H. R.

May 1962

McCrimmon; ''The Genetics of Selection in a Fish
Population,'' by L. Butler; ''Selectivity and Hybrid-
ization in Management of Fish Stocks," by S. B.
Smith; and ''The Effects of Underwater Explosions
on Yellow Perch," by R. G. Ferguson. The articles
were among the papers presented at a symposium
on ''Farm Fish Ponds as a Technique of Fishery
Management,'' at the fourteenth meeting of the Ca-
nadian Committee on Freshwater Fisheries Re-
search, under the sponsorship of the Fisheries Re-
search Board of Canada.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
“vol. 18, no. 6, December 1961, pp. 893-1178, illus.,
printed, $1.50. Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. Includes, among oth-
ers, the following articles: ''Proximate Composi-
tion of Canadian Atlantic Fish. I[I--Sectional Dif-
ferences in the Flesh of a Species of Chondrostei,
one of Chimaerae, and of Some Miscellaneous Tele-
osts,'' by D. I. Fraser, A. Mannan, and W. J. Dyer;
"On the Chemical Composition of Eleven Species of
Marine Phytoplankters,'' by T. R. Parsons, K. Ste-

phens, and J. D. H. Strickland; ''On the Pigment
Composition of Eleven Species of Marine Phyto-
plankters,"' by T. R. Parsons; ''Some Oceanographic
Features of Juan de Fuca Strait,'' by R. H. Herlin-
veaux and J. P. Tully; "Order of Succession of Dif-
ferent Types of Infraoral Lamina in LandlockedSea
Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus),'' by V. D. Vladykov
and G. N. Mukerji; "Ocean Temperatures and Their
Relation to Albacore Tuna (Thunnus germo) Distri-
bution in Waters off the Coast of Oregon, Washing-
ton, and British Columbia," by Dayton L. Alverson;
and ''Diving and Photographic Techniques for Ob-
serving and Recording Salmon Activities,’ by D. V.
Ellis.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
vol. 19, no. 1, January 1962, pp. 1-171, illus., print-
ed, $1.50, Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta-
tionery, Ottawa, Canada. Includes, among others,
the following articles: ''Physical Characteristics
and Chemical Composition of Two Subspecies of
Lake Trout,'' by Claude E. Thurston; ''The Pollett
Apron Seine,'' by P. F. Elson; ''Hydrographic and
Meteorological Factors Affecting Shellfish Toxicity
at Head Harbour, New Brunswick," by A. Prakash
and J. C. Medcof; ''Growth and Reproduction of the
Longnose Sucker, Catostomus catostomus (Forster),
in Great Slave Lake,” by Roy H. D. Harris; ''Pre-
liminary Studies on the Visible Migrations of Adult
Salmon," by D. V. Ellis; ''Radioactive Caesium as a
Fish and Lamprey Mark," by D. P. Scott; and.''Fat
Hydrolysis in Frozen Fillets of Lingcod and Pacif-
ic Gray Cod," by J. D. Wood and S. A. Haqq.

Regulations Respecting the Construction and Inspec-
tion of Fishing Vessels Exceeding Fighty Feet Reg-
istered Length (P. C. 1956--1077 of July 12th, 1956,
Amended by P C. 1956--1403 of September 13th,
1956), 43 pp., printed, 50 Canadian cents. Queen's
Printer, Ottawa, Canada, 1962.

CANNING MACHINERY:

scribed in Byulleten' zobreteniy, No. 7, 1959), p. 69,
printed. Byulleten' Izobreteniy, c/o Mezhdunarod-
naia Kniga, Moscow 200, U.S.S.R.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

CUBAN SNAPPER:

LUTIANUS AMBIGUUS, by Zeida Rodriguez Pino, Con-
tribution No. 14, 19 pp., illus., printed. Centro de
Investigaciones Pesqueras del Departamento de Pes-
ca del Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria, Playa
Habana, Bauta, Cuba, November 1961.

DOGFISH:

A Method of Determining the Age and the Composition
of the Catches of the Spiny Dogfish (SQUALUS ACAN-
THIAS L.), by S. Kaganovskaia, Translation Series
No. 281, 3 pp., processed. (Translated from the Rus-
sian, Vestnik Dalnevostochnovo Filiala Akademii
Nauk SSSR for 1933, No. 1-3, 1933, pp. 139-141.)
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Sta-
tion, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1960.

EXPORTS:

Preparing Shipments to the United Kingdom, WTIS

Part 2, Operations Report No. 62-6, 8 pp., printed,
single copy 10 cents. Bureau of International Pro-
grams, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington,
D.C. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25,
D. C.) A report giving information on the prepara-
tion of shipments for export to the United Kingdom.
It covers the preparation of shipping documents, in-
formation on labeling and marking, customs proce-
dures, and related subjects.

FISH POPULATION:

Concerning the Influence of Exploitation on the Struc-
ture of the Population of a Commercial Fish, byG.V.
Nikolsky, Translation Series No. 280, 26 pp., illus.,
processed. (Translated from the Russian, Zoologi-
cheskii Zhurnal, vol. 37, no. 1, 1958, pp. 41-56.)
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Sta-
tion, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1961.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:
Regional Fisheries Advisory Commission for the South
West Atlantic, Note by Director-General, C61 TLIM78,_
9 pp., processed. Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme diCaracalla,
Rome, Italy, November 4, 1961.

Report--Technical Committee on Fisheries (FAO Con-
ference), C 61/FI/6/Rev. 1, 15 pp., processed. Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, Novem-
ber 10, 1961.

FOREIGN TRADE:

Licensing and Exchange Controls--Brazil, WTIS Part
2, Operations Report No. 61-93, 8 pp., printed, 10
cents. Bureau of International Programs, U. S. De-
partment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)

Licensing and Exchange Controls--Ecuador, WTIS
Part 2, Operations Report No. 61-94, 4 pp., printed,
10 cents. Bureau of International Programs, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington 25, D.°C.)

FRANCE:
"Decree No. 60-1524 on the Control of Manufacture of
Canned and Semi-Preserved Fish, Shellfish and Oth-

er Marine Animals," Food and Agricultural Legisla-
tion, vol. X, no. 2, December 30, 1960, France, XVI11/2,
8 pp., printed, $1. Columbia University Press, In-
ternational Documents Service, 2960 Broadway, New
York 272 Neoyve

FUR SEALS:

"Furor over Alaskan Seals,'' article, Business Week,
no. 1693, February 10, 1962, pp. 60, 62, 64, illus.,
printed. Business Week, McGraw-Hill Publishing
Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York 36, N. Y. Dis-
cusses the cancelling of the exclusive contract for
processing Alaska fur seal skins held by a St. Louis
firm. The United States Department of the Interior
manages the seal herd on the Pribilof Islands under
the terms of a 1911 treaty, and in return takes 70
percent of the harvest. The company has had acon-
tract to process and sell all U. S. Alaskafur seal
skins for 40 years. However, this contract is to be
cancelled effective December 31, 1962.

GENERAL:

Fishing News International, vol. 1, no. 2, January
1962, 120 pp., illus., printed, single copy 6s. 6d. (a-
bout 91 U. S. cents). Fishing News International,
Arthur J. Heighway Publications Ltd., Ludgate House,
110 Fleet St., London EC4, England. Includes a-
mong others, these articles: ''Focus on Japan," by
Kozo Kitahara; ''Fish Culture and the World's Pro-
tein Needs," by B. Havinga; ''Role of Fisheries Nu-
trition in the Pacific Area," by Georg Borgstrom;
"Trading in Fish under Stockholm Convention;" ''De-
cline of British Herring Fisheries in the North Sea,"
by B. B. Parrish; ''Preservation by Antibiotics and
Penetrating Radiations. II," by H. L. A. Tarr; ''De-
termining Optimum Speed for Trawlers," by D. Bo-
gucki and J. Swiecicki; ''Production Specifications
for Concentrated Fish Protein;" 'Migrating Tuna;"
"Midwater Trawling," by A. von Brandt; ''Handling
the Catch. 2--Mechanical Unloading," by Jan. F.
Minnee; ''Ocean--Unique Stern Trawler from a French
Design," by M. Jollant and D. E. F. Vickers; "Multi-
Purpose Cod Liver Oil--Food, Medicine, and Nutri-
ent;'' and ''The Fisheries Division of the Food and
Agriculture Organization."

GHANA:

"Ghana Leads Africa with New Fishing Fleet," arti-
cle, World Fishing, vol. 11, no. 2, February 1962,
pp. 24-29, illus., printed, single copy 3s. (about 42
U. S. cents). World Fishing, John Trundell (Pub-
lishers) Ltd., St. Richard's House, Eversholt St.,
London NW1, England. Describes the first offour
tuna purse-seiners to be commissioned for the
Ghanaian Government, which will fish for tuna, hake,
John Dory, ocean perch, and other species on the
continental shelf. Technical assistance has been
rendered by United States and British interests. A
cold-storage plant is being constructed and later a
cannery will be built. The four vessels, in addition
to stern trawlers, worth nearly US$2.8 million, will
lay the foundation of a modern fishing fleet which
the Ghana Government will operate from the port of
Tema:

ICELAND:

Verzlunarskyrslur Arid 1960 (External Trade 1960),
219 pp., printed in Icelandic with contents in Eng-
lish, 35 kroner (about 80 U. S. cents). Statistical Bu-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 5

reau of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, 1961. Details
and statistical data on fishery exports are included.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS:
International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic

for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, Halifax, N. S.,
Canada, 1961. This bulletin is divided into twoparts:
Part 1 summarizes statistics on fishery landings in
the Convention Area 1952-1959; and Part 2 includes
statistical tables dealing with the fisheries in 1959.
The presentation of the basic statistical data again
has been designed to place emphasis on area and
month of fishing. Contains a summary of all land-
ings by species group, country, and statistical sub-
division; landings of cod, haddock, ocean perch, hal-
ibut, and flounder for each type of gear; landings of
each species by subarea; and fishing effort andland-
ings by country, gear, and subarea.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES:
Participation of the United States Government in In-

ternational Conferences (July 1, 1959-June 30, 1960),
Publication 7043, 270 pp., illus., printed, 65 cents.
Office of International Conferences, Department of
State, Washington, D. C. (For sale by the Superin-
tendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington 25, D. C.) Describes, among others,
the following conferences: Law of the Sea Conference
(London, Nov. 16-18, 1959); Second Conference on the
Law of the Sea (Geneva, Mar. 17-Apr. 26, 1960); In-
ternational Conference on Safety of Life at Sea (Lon-
don, May 17-June 17, 1960); Third Caribbean Fish- ~
eries Seminar (St. Maarten, July 3-9, 1959); Inter-
American Tropical Tuna Commission, Twelfth An-
nual Meeting (San Jose, Feb. 23-24, 1960); Interna-
tional North Pacific Fisheries Commission, Sixth
Annual Meeting (Seattle, Nov. 2-7, 1959)--Committee
on Biology and Research (Seattle, Oct. 19-26, 1960)--
Working Party on the Distribution of Salmon in the
High Seas (Tokyo, May 25-July 19, 1960)--Working
Party on Long-Term Research Plans (Tokyo, June
6-17, 1960)--Editorial Committee (Tokyo, June 6-17,
1960)--Ad Hoc Committee on Abstention: Scientific
Committee (Vancouver, Oct. 12-17, 1959); Interna-
tional Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fish-
eries: Tenth Annual Meeting (Bergen, May 30-June
3, 1960)--Standing Committee on Research and Sta-
tistics and Sub-committees (Bergen, May 23-June 3,
1960); North Pacific Fur Seal Commission: Third
Meeting (Moscow, Jan. 25-27, 1960); International
Council for the Exploration of the Sea: Forty-sev-
enth Annual Meeting (Copenhagen, Oct. 5-10, 1959);
and International Whaling Commission: Twelfth An-
nual Meeting (London, June 20-24, 1960). Publica-
tion of this bulletin is being discontinued with this
issue.

LAMPREYS:

The Damage Done by Lampreys to Fish Stocks, by V. A.
Abakumov, Translation Series No. 274, 2 pp., proc-

essed. (Translated from the Russian, Rybnoe Khoz-
iaistvo, vol. 35, no. 4, 1959, pp. 32-33.) Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nan-
aimo, B. C., Canada, 1960.

MARINE SCIENCE:
Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean,

vol. 11, no. 4, December 1961, pp. 483-649, illus.,

May 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

printed, single copy $2. Institute of Marine Science,
University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway,
Virginia Key, Miami 49, Fla. (For sale by Univer-
sity of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Fla.) Contains,
among others, the following articles: ''NormalStages
of the Early Development of the Flying Fish, Hir-
undichthys affinis (Gunther),"' by John W. Evans;

Charting the Marine Environment of St. John,U.S.
Virgin Islands,'' by Herman E. Kumpf and Helen A.
Randall; and ''A Checklist of the Flora and Faunaof
Northern Florida Bay and Adjacent Brackish Wa-
ters of the Florida Mainland Collected during the
Period July 1957 through September 1960," by Dur-
bin Tabb and Raymond B. Manning.

NEW JERSEY:

Annual Report of Division of Fish and Game (For the
Fiscal Year Commencing July 1, 1960, and Ending
June 30, 1961), 61 pp., illus., printed. Division of
Fish and Game, Department of Conservation and
Economic Development, Trenton,N. J. The many
and diverse activities and accomplishments cov-
ered in this report reflect broader concepts in New
Jersey fish and game management. Included, among
others, is a report on the Bureau of Fisheries Man-
agement, commercial fishing and landings for 1960
in New Jersey, fish catch by pound nets, and data on
the Hudson and Delaware River shad industries.

NORWAY:

"Fiskernes Arsinntekter i 1960'' (Annual Report on
Fishermen in 1960), article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 48,
no, 8, February 22, 1962, pp. 103-115, illus., print-
ed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektora-
tet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

"Norges Fiskerier 1961" (Norway's Fisheries, 1961),
article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 52, December 28,
1961, pp. 806-808, printed in Norwegian. Fiskets
Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen,
Norway.

"The Norwegian Canning Industry in 1961," article,
Tidsskrift for Hermetikindustri, vol. 48, no. 1, Jan-
uary 1962, pp. 11-14, printed in English and Nor-
wegian. Tidsskrift for Hermetikindustri (Norwe-
gian Canners Export Journal), Stavanger, Norway.
Gives statistical data on the canning of kippered
herring, brisling, small sild, and other products in
1961, and the quantity and value of exports. Also
discusses the EFTA agreement and the need for

Norway to become a member of the Common Market.

"Norwegian Purse-Seiners Did Well in 1961,"' article,
World Fishing, vol. 11, no. 2, February 1962, pp.
44, 47, illus., printed, single copy 3s. (about 42U.S.
cents). World Fishing, John Trundell (Publishers)
Ltd., St. Richard's House, Eversholt St., London
NW1, England. When the winter herring fishery
failed, Norwegian purse-seiners diverted their ef-
forts to catching capelin, fat and small herring, and
cod. Landings for most species except winter her-
ring.during 1961 exceeded those of previous years.

"Rapport om Makrell- og Habrannundersokelser med
£/f Peder Ronnestad i Skagerak-Nordsjoen, 4-30
October 1961™ (Report on Mackerel and Shark In-
vestigation of the Peder Ronnestad in Skagerak-
North Sea, October 4-30, 1961), by Arne Revheim,

article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 48, no. 6, February NOG2F
p. 74, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang,
Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway

"'Smasild- og Feitsildtokt med f/f G. O. Sars i Tiden
30 August til 28 September 1961'" (Small Herring and
Fat Herring Cruise of the Research Vessel G. O.
Sars during the Period August 30-September 28,
1961), by Olav Dragesund and Per Hognestad, arti-
cle, Fiskets Gang, vol. 48, no. 1, January 4, 1962,
pp. 6-9, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang,
Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

"Stortralernes Lonnsomhet i 1960" (Profit from Op-
erating Large Trawlers in 1960), article, Fiskets
Gang, vol. 47, no. 51, December 21, 1961, pp. 783-
797, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang,
Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

"Transport av Levende Fisk i Bronnbater"' (Transpor-
tation of Live Fish in a Vessel Provided with a Tank
Containing Sea Water), by F. Kjelstrup-OlsenandG,
Sundnes, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 47, no. 49, De-
cember 7, 1961, pp. 760-761, illus., printed in Nor-
wegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Rad-
stuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

sOCEANOGRAPHY:

Geological and Geophysical Progress Report, Janu-
ary 18, 1962 (Unpublished Manuscript), 5 pp., proc-

essed National Oceanographic Data Center, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Oceanographic Cruise Report USC & GS Ship EXPLOR-
ER, 1960 (Seattle, Washington, to Norfolk, Virginia,

February 2-April 27, 1960), 162 pp., illus., printed,
$3. Coast and Geodetic Survey, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., or any U. S. De-
partment of Commerce Field Office. Contains data,
including charts, maps, and illustrations, obtained
during the February-April 1960 oceanographic ex-
pedition of the USC & GS ship Explorer, together
with results from analyses of those data.

"Oceanography in Latin America," article, Nature,

vol, 193, no. 4817, February 24, 1962, pp. 731-732,
printed. Nature, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth
Ave., New York 10, N. Y.

Progress Report on Bathythermogram Problems, Jan-
uary 18, 1962 (Unpublished Manuscript), 7 pp., pro-

cessed. National Oceanographic Data Center, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Quality Control Procedures--Physical and Chemical
Data (Unpublished Manuscript), 7 pp., processed.
National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington,
D.C

Tentative Plans for NODC Bathythermograph Produc-
tion (Unpublished Manuscript), 7 pp., processed. Na-
tional Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, D. C.

OREGON:

Research Briefs, vol. 8, no. 1, August 1961,79 pp.,
illus., printed. Fish Commission of Oregon, 307
State Office Bldg., Portland 1, Oreg. Contains among
others, articles on ''The Oregon Trawl Fishery for
Mink Food--1948-1957,"' by Walter G. Jones and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 5

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

George Y. Harry, Jr.; ''Biological Observations and
Results of the 1960 John N, Cobb Exploratory Shrimp
Cruise Off the Central Oregon Coast," by Lael L.
Ronholt and Austin R. Magill; ''Sixth Progress Re-
port on Salmon Diet Experiments,'' by Russell O.
Sinnhuber and others; ''Seventh Progress Report on
Salmon Diet Experiments,'' by Duncan K, Law and
others; "Occurrence of the California Halibut in Or-
egon Waters,’ by Charles D. Snow and Raymond N,
Breuser; ''Two Diseases New to Adult Pacific Salm-
on,'' by James W. Wood; and "Chinook and Silver
Salmon Spawning Together," by Raymond N. Breu-
ser.

OYSTERS:

"Direct Observation of Spawning in the Blacklip Pearl
Shell Oyster (Pinctada margarififera) and the Thorny
Oyster (pengy lus sp.),” by J. S. Bullivant, article,
Nature, vol. 193, no. 4816, February 17, 1962, pp.
700-701, illus., printed. Nature, St. Martin's Press,
Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New York 10,N. Y.

PARASITES:

The Parasite Fauna and the Species Relationships of
the Kamchatka Azabach, ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA
infrasp. ASABATCH Berg 1932, by A. Kh. Akhme-
rov, Translation Series No. 283, 4 pp., processed.
(Translated from the Russian, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, vol. 94, no. 5, 1954, pp. 969-971.) Fish-
eries Research Board of Canada, Biological Sta-
tion, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1960.

Zoogeographical Analysis and a Hypothesis of the
Origin of the Helminth Fauna of the Vertebrates of
Sakhalin, by A. I. Krotov, Translation Series No.
334, 13 pp , processed. (Translated from the Rus-
sian, Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, vol. 39, no. 4, 1960,
pp. 481-489.) Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Biological Station, Nandimo, B. C., Canada, 1961.

PHILIPPINES:

The Philippine Journal of Fisheries, vol. 6, no. 1,
January-June 1958, 105 pp., illus., printed. Agri-
cultural Information Division, Department of Agri-
culture and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Phil-
ippines. Includes, among others, these articles:
"The Propagation of the Grey Mullet in Northern
Luzon Brackish-Water Fishponds,"' by GuilermoJ.
Blanco and Pascual A. Acosta; ''Kapis (Pearl Oys-
ter) Farming at the Tidal Flats of Bacoor Bay, Lu-
zon,'' by Guillermo J. Blanco; ''Socio-Economic
Problems Affecting the Production, Processing and
Distribution of Fisheries Products," by Jose C. de
la Cruz; and ''Research Activities on Marine Fish-
eries Biology in 1957," by Klaus Tiews.

PORTUGUESE MAN-OF-WAR:

Fishers of the High Seas,'' by Charles E. Lane, ar-
ticle, Ciba Journal, no. 19, Autumn 1961, pp. 32-35,
illus., printed. Ciba Journal, Ciba Limited, Basle,
Switzerland. Compares the structure of the Portu-
guese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) with a mod-
ern whaling operation. This brightly colored in-
vertebrate has many long, inconspicuous tentacles
dependent from its lower side. These tentacles
are covered with stinging cells with which the prey
is paralyzed, after which it is entangled and killed,
then conveyed to the digestive organisms of the an-
imal. Concludes the author ''thus we see that the

most elaborate, sophisticated techniques invented by
man for the capture of elusive marine mammals
were antedated by millions of years by methods and
equipment which the most primitive multicellular an-
imals evolved under the irresistible drive of natural
selection and adaptive survival."

SALMON:

Annual Fish Passage Report, North Pacific Division,
Bonneville, The Dalles and McNary Dams, Columbia
River, Oregon and Washington, 1960, 64 pp., illus.,
processed. U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland,
Oreg., 1961.

(Translated from the Russian, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
No. 7, 1957, pp. 70-71.) Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Can-
ada, July 1961.

The Functional Importance of the Pre-Spawnin,

~ Changes in the Skin of Salmon (as Exemplified by
the Genus ONCORHYNCHUsS), by A. I. Smirnov, ‘
Translation Series No. 348, 14pp., processed. (Trans-
lated from the Russian, Zoologicheskii Zhurnal Aka-
demiia Nauk SSSR, vol. 38,no. 5, 1959, pp. 734-744.)
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Sta-
tion, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1961.

Local Stocks of Pink Salmon in the Amur Basin and

Neighbouring Waters, by R. I. Eniutina, 8pp., illus.,
processed. tiransiaied from the Russian, Voprosy
Ikhtiologii, no. 2, 1954, pp. 139-143.) Fisheries Re-

search Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo,
B. C., Canada, 1960.

Spawning Grounds of Sockeye Salmon (ONCORHYNCHUS

NERKA Walb.)--A Review of Their Geomorphology,
Temperature Conditions and Hydrochemistry, by

E. M. Krokhin, Translation Series No. 344, 31 pp.,
illus., processed. (Translated from the Russian,
Voprosy Ikhtiologii, No. 16, 1960, pp. 89-110.) Fish-
eries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station,
Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1961.

SEAWEEDS:

"Seaweed Technology,'' by E. Booth, article, Nature,
vol. 193, no. 4813, January 27, 1962, pp. 331-332,
printed. Nature, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth
Ave., New York 10, N.Y. The fourth International
Seaweed Symposium was held at Biarritz, during
September 18-25, 1961, and was attended by more
than 220 scientists and industrialists from thirty-
four countries. The various interests in algology,
algal chemistry, and seaweed utilization were all
evident at this Symposium, but in contrast with pre-
vious symposia, the botanical section was unusually
well represented. Infact, almost two-thirds of the
papers presented were on taxonomy and the culture
of algae or their distribution, while the other papers
were almost equally divided between pure chemistry
and the various facets of the industrial utilization of
seaweeds.

SHRIMP:
''Forsoksfiske etter Reker pa Helgelandskysten"' (Ex-
perimental Fishing for Shrimp on the Helgeland
Coast), by Odd Selvag, article, Fiskets Gang, vol.47,

May 1962

no, 3, January 19, 1961, pp. 56-58, illus., printed
in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet,
Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

"Over 43 Years of Co-Operative Shrimping,"' article;
World Fishing, vol, 11, no. 2, February 1962, pp.
35-36, illus., printed, single copy 3s. (about 42 U.S.
cents). World Fishing, John Trundell (Publishers)
Ltd., St. Richard's House, Eversholt St., London
NW1, England. Discusses the operations ofa More-
cambe, England, shrimp-fishing cooperative and its
use in recent years of a German shrimp-peeling
machine, which can perform the work of 10 women.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Finding New Produgts for Small Manufacturers, by

James F, Mahar and Dean C. Coddington, Manage-
ment Research 5ummary, 4 pp., processed. Small
Business Administration, Washington 25, D. C., Jan-
uary 1962. A summary ofareport, titled''New Prod-
uct Development--Reducing the Risk.'' The condi-
tions essential to successful new-product develop-
ment include: (1) surplus management capacity,
(2) awareness of the firm's sales potential, (3) good
financial condition, (4) budgeting of time and money
to be used for new-product development, (5) a clear
definition of the areas of interest, and (6) acreative
atmosphere,

Reducing Management Waste, by Harvey C. Krentz-

man, Management Aid for Small Manufacturers No.
136, 4 pp., processed, Small Business Administra-
tion, Washington 25, D. C., January 1962. Reducing
management waste can be achieved by: (1) being
aware of why the business exists, (2) organizing and
delegating responsibilities and authorities to accom-
plish the company's goals, (3) keeping the company
in touch with the future, (4) establishing daily, week -
ly, or monthly goals for the top supervisors, (5)
keeping top supervisors informed on company goals
and progress, (6) guiding top supervisors around the
pitfalls of management waste, and (7) evaluating pe -
riodically the daily procedures and systems used to
avoid management waste.

Retirement Plans for Small Business, by Morton R.
Gould, Management Aids for Small Manufacturers
No. 135, 4 pp., processed. Small Business Admin-
istration, Washington 25, D. C., December 1961. A
leaflet on retirement plans for small business. In
summary, the author states that ''Small business-
men are finding a growing interest in retirement
plans. This interest is growing because the United
States population is living longer, because of busi-
ness competition, and because of the personal and
business advantages to be gained through the use of
such, plans.'' The leaflet discusses the types ofplans
that can be used, pointing out the general advan-
tages of each.

Small Suppliers and Large Buyers in American In-
dustry, by Samuel Paul, Sidney C. Sufrin, and Mar-
ion A. Buck, Management Research Summary, 4
pp., processed. Small Business Administration,
Washington 25, D. C., October 1961. A summary of
a report, titled ''Business Relations Between Small
Suppliers and Large Buyers.'' Steady flow of busi-
ness, assurance of payment without friction, size
of order, and prestige value are the most benefi-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 95

cial aspects of doing business with large buyers, ac-
cording to the small suppliers who took part in the
study. Suggested changes included improvement in
bureaucratic practices, better timing of orders and
delivery improvements, in technical relations, and
consideration for small suppliers' problems.

Specialized Help for Small Business, by David R. Mayne,
Small Marketers Aid No. 74, 4 pp., processed. Small
Business Administration, Washington 25, D. C,, De-
cember 1961. Small businessmen in increasing num-
bers are finding that outside assistance can be of
real dollars-and-cents benefit in solving certain man-
agement problems. They are using such experts to
help analyze and solve various management, opera-
ting, andtechnicalproblems, This leaflet discusses
when and when not to use consultants. It highlights
some specific financial savings small companies
have made as the result of outside help, advice, and
guidance.

Using a Combination Export Management Firm, by
Richard G. Lurie, Management Aids for Small Man-

ufacturers No. 137, 4pp., processed. Small Busi-
ness Administration, Washington 25, D. C., March
1962. Discusses the services which combination ex-
port management (CEM) firms offer manufacturers.
Gives suggestions on the advantages of those serv-
ices and how to select and locate a CEM firm thatis
best-suited for a particular company. In summary,
the author states that ''Small businessmen some-
times feel that they could sell abroad, but don't en-
ter export markets because they aren't familiar
with overseas selling. Or, in other cases, they can-
not afford to set up an export department to handle
the specialized details of foreign trade. Many of
these men are solving these problems by using a
combination export management firm,"

SOUTH AFRICA:

''Tunnies and Marlins of South Africa," by F. H. Tal-
bot and M. J. Penrith, article, Nature, vol. 193, no.
4815, February 10, 1962, pp. 558-559, illus., printed.
Nature, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Ave., New
Yiork, JOR. Near

SOUTH PACIFIC:

"Better Barramundi Catches for Papuan Fishermen,"
by A. M. Rapson, article, South Pacific Bulletin, vol.
12, no, 1, January 1962, pp. 46-47, illus., printed,
single copy 30 cents. South Pacific Commission,
G.P.O. Box 5254, Sydney, Australia. Barramundi, or
giant perch, is an excellent eating fish often foundin
abundance in Papuan waters, This article briefly re-
views the extensive experiments being carried out
with mesh nets and fish traps to improve barramundi
catches by Papuan fishermen.

Fisheries Development in the Cook Islands,'' by Ron-
ald Powell, article, South Pacific Bulletin, vol. 12,
no. 1, January 1962, pp. 50-53, 60-61, illus., printed,
single copy 30 cents. South Pacific Commission,
G.P.O. Box 5254, Sydney, Australia.

"Islanders Learn Modern Fishing Methods at SPC-
FAO Centre,'' by Pierre Lusyne and Louis Devambez,
article, South Pacific Bulletin, vol. 12, no, 1, Janu-
ary 1962, pp. 24-26, illus., printed, single copy 30
cents. South Pacific Commission, G.P.O. Box 5254,

Sydney, Australia, A subregional Fisheries Train-
ing Center for Pacific islanders from Melanesian
territories was held under the auspices of the South
Pacific Commission and the Food and Agriculture
Organization from August 23 to November 6, 1961,
at Tulagi, British Solomon Islands. The twofold pur-
pose was to train fishermen in the construction and
operation of improved fishing gear, and in the oper-
ation of mechanized fishing craft.

SPAIN:

"La Conserva Espanola en los Mercados Europeos'
(Spanish Canned Products in European Markets), by
Alevin, article, Industria Conservera, vol. 27, no.
270, December 1961, p. 309, printed in Spanish. In-
dustria Conservera, Calle Marques de Valladares,
41, Vigo, Spain.

"La Industria de Conservas de Pescado en Galicia y
su Proyeccion Exportadora'' (The Canned Fish In-
dustry in Galicia and Its Export Possibilities), ar-
ticle, Industria Conservera, vol. 27, no. 270, De-
cember 1961, pp. 310-312, printed in Spanish., In-
dustria Conservera, Calle Marques de Valladares,
41, Vigo, Spain

TRADE LISTS:
The Bureau of International Business Operations,

U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.,

has published the following mimeographed trade
lists. Copiesmay be obtained by firms inthe United
States from that office or from Department of Com-
merce field offices at $1 a copy.

Boat and Ship Builders, Repairers and Chandlers--
India, 17 pp. (December 1961). Lists the names, ad-
dresses, and size of boat builders, and types of ves-
sels (including fishing craft) built by each firm.

Boat and Ship Builders, Repairers and Chandlers--
The Netherlands, 27 pp. (December 1961). Lists
the names, addresses, and size of boat builders, and
types of vessels (including fishing craft) built by
each firm.

Canneries and Frozen Foods--Producers and Ex-
porters--Austria, 11 pp. (january 1962). Lists the
names and addresses, size of firms, and types of
products handled by each firm. Includes producers
and exporters of canned fish and anchovy paste.

Canneries and Frozen Foods--Producers and Ex-
porters--Chile, 7 pp. (January 1962). Of the ap-
proximately 70 food canners in Chile, 27 can fish
and shellfish. Sardines, tuna, bonito, and salmon-
like fish are the principal canned fish products. A
wide range of shellfish is processed, including black
and white mussels, crabs, sea urchins, shrimp,
clams, andlimpets. In 1959 exports of canned shell-
fish to the United States amounted to approximately
$120,000 and to Great Britain $43,000. Lists the
names and addresses, size of firms, and types of
products handled by each firm.

Fishing Industry Plant and Equipment--Importers,
Dealers, and Manufacturers--Republic of South Af-
rica, 20. pp. (January 1962). Lists the importers,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 5

dealers, and manufacturers of fishing industry plant
and equipment, size of firms, and type of equipment
handled by each firm. Imported equipment for the
fishing fleet and fish-processing plants consists of
marine and industrial Diesel engines, fishnets, pumps,
floats, generators, radio telephones, radar, echo-
sounders, engineroom fittings, life-saving equipment
and protective clothing, weighing machines for wet
fish and for fish meal, can seamers and syrupers,
can labelers, carton packers, fork-lift equipment,
stainless steel tubing, twin screw fish-mealpresses,
centrifugal oil separators, process-control instru-
ments, and outboard motors.

TRAWLERS:

"Une Nouvelle Serie de Chalutiers Polonais de 61 m"
(A New Series of Polish Trawlers of 61 Meters), ar-
ticle, La Peche Maritime, No. 1007, February 1962,
pp. 97-99, illus., printed in French. La Peche Mari-
time, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

TRAWLING:

"La Peche par L'Arriere'' (Stern Trawling), article,
La Peche Maritime, No. 1007, February 1962, pp.
93-96, illus., printed in French. La Peche Maritime,
190 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France.

TUNA:

Age Determination of the Pacific Albacore of the Cal-
ifornia.Coast, by Robert R. Bell, 11 pp., illus., print-
ed. (Reprinted from California Fish and Game, vol.
48, no. 1, January 1962, pp. 39-48.) Department of
Fish and Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento 14,
Calif.

UNITED KINGDOM:
"Les Problemes de la Peche Britannique"' (British
Fishery Problems), article, La Peche Maritime,
vol. 41, no. 1006, January 1962, pp. 54-58, illus.,
printed in French, single copy 17 NF (about US$3.50).
La Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussmann, Par-
is, France.

VOLGA DELTA:

Availability of Sticklebacks as Food for the Preda-
cious Fishes of the Volga Delta, by K. P. Fortuna-
tova, Translation Series No. 331, 19 pp., illus., pro-
cessed. (Translated from the Russian, Zoologic-
heskii Zhurnal, vol. 38, no. 11, 1959, pp. 1689-1701.)
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Sta-
tion, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1961.

WORLD TRADE:

The following printed World Trade Information Serv-
ice Reports, published by the Bureau of International
Programs, U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington, D. C., are for sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.

Establishing a Business in Sudan, Economic ReportNo.
62-1, WTIS Part 1, 8 pp., illus., 15 cents, January
1962.

Import Tariff System of Libya, Operations Report No.
62-1, WTIS Part 2, 2 pp., 10 cents, January 1962.

APeTE yds,
Tie |

' a
ie

ny)

TRUE FISH STORY ON
TEMPORARY SHORTAGE OF MAINE SARDINES

ee ee) ge

Why Are Maine Sardines
In Such Short Supply?

Because of a critical scarcity of fish, in areas where they could
be harvested, the industry was able to produce only 675,000
cases during the entire 1961 season vs. an average of 2,250,-
000 cases for the previous 20 years. Virtually every cannery
was affected and this was the only truly major shortage to hit
the industry since 1938.

Why Is The Supply Situation
Of A Temporary Nature?

The odds are with 90 years of history which has never seen two
really poor fish years in a row. Scientists and others have not
been able to find any evidence of why the fish will not be back
in their old haunts in 1962, As an example consider the 659,-
000 case pack in 1938 which was followed by a whopping 2,-
171,000 cases in 1939. The industry is betting on it.

What Were The Reasons
For The Scarcity Of Fis?

The best answer appears to be a temporary, and not unusval,
change in the ocean currents jn the Gulf of Maine. Scientists
can see no biological connections and are writing it off as a quirk
of nature. There were thousands of acres of fish offshore but
there was seldom the right combination of wind, tide and tem-

peratures to bring them in where they could be taken.

When Can You Expect Adequate
Supplies To Again Be Available?

In order to help alleviate the shortage the State of Maine has
authorized winter and early spring packing and this should help
some. However normal major production should start in late
May with Maine sardines rolling out of the factories to the trade
in hundreds of carloads by mid-June. We hope you will reserve
plenty of shelf space for stocking this high profit item again.

THE MAINE CANNERS LOOK FOR ANOTHER
BANNER PRODUCTION SEASON IN 1962 AND HOPE THAT
THE TRADE WILL BEAR WITH THEM DURING THIS
TEMPORARY PERIOD OF SHORT SUPPLY!!!

pa,

This Advertisement Run For The Information Of All Concerned By The

tz . ARDINES MAINE SARDINE COUNCIL

we CAUGHT AND GANNEDN

15 GROVE STREET
AUGUSTA, MAINE

An Official Agency Of The State Of Maine

Wace RUB

9 69
=
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=

COMMERCIAL BE W FEC:
FISHERIES tee bo ue

VOL. 24, NO. 6 JUNE 1962

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C.

eth

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD L, MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR

STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY
jaa z DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF
CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor

Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

mS
CONTENTS

COVER: A California tuna purse-seiner--the Nautilus.
This is the largest purse-seiner in the world. Con-
verted from a Navy mine layer, it is 180 feet inlength.

Page
i . .Fishery Tariff Concessions in the 1960-61 GATT Negotiations, by Salvatore DiPalma
Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
California: Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program:
7 .. Midwater Trawling for Salmon Fingerlings 19 .. Midwater Trawling and Escapement Behavior
Continued of Pelagic Fish Studied
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: Gulf Fishery Investigations:
7 .. Tuna Blood Types Being Studied for Sub- 19 .. Estuarine Program
population Identification 20 .. Shrimp Fishery Program
8 .. Tuna Studies in Pacific Continued by M/V 22 .. Industrial Fishery Program
Charles H. Gilbert 22 .. Shrimp Distribution Studies
Columbia River: Hawaii:
10 .. Salmon Test Fishing in Columbia River 22 .. Yield of Skipjack Tuna Fishery This Year
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Expected to be Below Average
11 .. Department of Defense Purchases, January- Industrial Fishery Products:
March 1962 U.S. Fish Meal and Solubles:
Gear: 23) osle Production and Imports, January-February
12... Construction of a Fish Weir, by Robert K. 1962
Brigham Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles:
Ae fe Patents Issued for New Trawl Door and Net DA ars U. S. Production and Foreign Trade, Febru-
Float ary 1962
Florida: Dh AS ite Imports and Exports, January 1962
Wy A06 Firm Increases Production of Clams ZO United States Major Indicators, March1962
Georgia: 25ehewe U. S. Production, March 1962
Iara hs Fishery Landings, 1961 2. Glia is U.S. Production, 1961
Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear Maine Sardines:
Research: PARE es c4 Canned Stocks, April 1, 1962
16 .. Exploratory Fishing Operations in Southern 27... Research Suggests Canned Maine Sardines
Lake Michigan Promote Healthier Arteries
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations: Marketing:
17... Research Vessel Siscowet Program for 1962 28 .. Edible Fishery Products Marketing Pros-
17... Lake Michigan Fishery Survey for 1962 Sea- pects, Summer 1962
son Michigan:
17... Lake Erie Fish Population Survey for 1962 28 .. Lake Superior Waters Closed to Commercial
Season Begins Lake Trout Fishing
ie} bo Chemical Treatment for Lake Superior Nautical Charts:
Streams to Eradicate Sea Lamprey 29 .. Atlantic Supplemental Charts Show Coastline

Changes Caused by March Storm
Contents continued page II.

Page

37
39
39
39

41
42

42
42
43

46
46

46
47
47
47

or ‘ey je fe

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
New York:
Fishery Landings, 1961
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:
Biological Data on Sea Scallops Collected
North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear
Research:
Vertical Opening of Otter Trawls Studied
North Carolina:
Fishery Landings, 1961
North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:

Survey of Deep-Water Marine Fauna off

Mouth of Columbia River Continued
Oceanography:
Tropical Atlantic Cooperative Investigations
Scheduled to Begin in 1963
Pollution:
Fish Killed by Water Pollution in 1961
Shrimp:

United States Supply and Disposition, 1959-61

United States Shrimp Supply Indicators,
April 1962

South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:

Shrimp Tagged in Gulf of Mexico Area

South Carolina:
Fishery Landings, 1961
Trout:

Shortage of American-Produced Rainbow

Trout Predicted
Tuna:

Albacore Catch Prediction by U. S. West
Coast Fishermen South of International
Border

United States Fisheries:

Trends in 1961

Packaged Fishery Products Production, 1961

Canned Fishery Products, 1961

Fish Sticks and Portions Production, Janu-
uary-March 1962

U.S. Fishing Vessels:

Documentations Issued and Cancelled, March

1962
U.S. Foreign Trade:

Edible Fishery Products, February 1962

Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under
Quota

Virginia:

Chesapeake Bay Flounder Migration Studies

Oysters and Radioactive Waste

Fishery Landings, 1961

Wholesale Prices:
Edible Fish and Shellfish, April 1962

FOREIGN:

International:
UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission:
Consultative Committee Meets in Paris
Nordic Contact Committee for Fisheries:
Establishment of Committee
Atomic-Propelied Marine Research Vessel
Canada:
Dogfish Liver Subsidy Program for 1961/62
Ended
British Columbia Fishery Trends, 1961
Denmark:
Fish Fillets and Blocks and Fishery Indus-
trial Products Exports, February 1962
Shark Industry and Export Market

Page

Contents continued page

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Fiji Islands:
Latest Developments on Tuna Base Proposed
by Japan
Iceland:
Utilization of Fishery Landings, 1960-61
Fishery Landings by Principal Species, 1960-
61
Ireland:
Fish Farms to Produce Rainbow Trout for
Export
Italy:
Duty-Free Frozen Tuna Import Quota Set
Import Duty on Fish and Shellfish Meal Re-
duced
Japan:
Lowering of United States Tariff on Canned
Tuna Imports Sought
Fifth Sale of Canned Tuna in Brine for Ex-
port to the United States
Exports of Canned Tuna in Oil, FY 1961
Frozen Tuna Exports in FY 1961
Frozen Tuna to be Exported to Czechoslo-
vakia
Japanese Fisheries Agency Designates Pe-
nang and Singapore as Tuna Transshipment
Bases
Press Comments on United States Proposal
to Regulate Eastern Pacific Tuna Fishery
Tuna Landings at Yaizu, March 1962
Tuna Imports from Okinawa
Japanese Salmon Federation's Views on Tri-
partite North Pacific Fisheries Convention
Canned Jack Mackerel Exports, FY 1961
Japanese Fishing Company to Send Large
Trawlers to Atlantic Ocean
Fish Meal Operation off Angola and Mozam-
bique Planned by Japanese Firm
Regulations for Bottomfish Fishing in Bering
Sea
Herring Fishing in Shelikof Strait, Alaska
Export Quotas Recommended for Canned Fish-
ery Products, FY 1962
Mexico:
National Consultative Fishery Commission
Announces Fishery Development Program
Nigeria:
Tariff on Fish Imports Raised
Fisheries Research Vessel
Pakistan:
Japan to Send Fishery Survey Team to Paki-
stan
Peru:
Fish Oil Production and Exports Reach New
High in 1961
Exports of. Marine Products, 1960-61
Spain:
Fish Canning Industry Trends
Vigo Fisheries Trends, January-February
1962
Tahiti:
Second Application for Tuna Base Submitted
to Japanese Fisheries Agency
U.iS..5.) Re:
Soviet Fishing Activities in Bering Sea,
March 1962
Soviets Purchase More Frozen Fish from
Iceland

Il.

June 1962

Pag

for each photograph in this issue.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CONTENT (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):
U.S. S. R. (Contd.):
.. Soviet Fishing on Georges Bank in North At-
lantic, March-April 1962
.. Murmansk is Principal Fishing Port and
Processing Center
.. Oceanographic Research Activities
.. Tuna Exploratory Fishing Survey in Indian
Ocean Ended
.. New Vessels for Soviet Far East Fisheries
.. Production of Canned Fish Increasing
United Kingdom: .

Fishery Loans Interest Rates Revised
FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Department of Commerce:
Coast and Geodetic Survey:
Ships of Tomorrow May Demand a New-
Look in Navigational Charts
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:
ee Public Hearing on Standard of Identity for
Fish Flour
Department of the Interior:
Department Urges Approval for Fishing Ves-
sel Disaster Loans
.. Tropical Pacific Yellowfin Tuna Conserva-
tion Legislation Endorsed
.. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Established
American Fisheries Advisory Committee:
New Members Named by Interior Secretary

Pag

FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Department of the Interior (Contd.):
Fish and Wildlife Service:
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:
ae Proposed Revision of Fisheries Loan Fund
Procedures
Treasury Department:
Coast Guard:
ais Additional Help on Bering Sea Fishery Pa-
trol
White House:
.. Conference on Conservation
. . Eighty-Seventh Congress (Second Session)
FISHERY INDICATORS:
.. Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
.. Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings
of Fishery Products
.. Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings
of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution

Centers
Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U.S.
and Alaska
. . Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
Products

.. Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports
RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
. . Miscellaneous Publications

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Helen Paretti, and Raie Carron

ok ok OK

KOK

Photograph Credits: Page by page, the following list gives the source or photographer
Photographs on pages not mentioned were obtained from

the Service's file and the photographers are unknown,

Pp. 12-14--Robert K. Brigham, Woods Hole, Mass.; pp. 23, 25, 26, 31, 34,
35, and 44--F, B. Sanford and C. F. Lee.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 2a;1D iG:
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

(ln a

June 1962 Washington 25, D. C.

FISHERY TARIFF CONCESSIONS IN THE 1960-61
GATT NEGOTIATIONS

By Salvatore DiPalma*
SUMMARY

The United States has concluded, for the most part, the largest and most complex tariff
negotiations in the 28-year history of the Trade Agreements Act. The negotiations were held
under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Concessions
were exchanged by the United States with other countries on commodities with a total trade
value of several billion dollars. Duty rates on a wide range of industrial, agricultural, min-
eral, and fishery products will be reduced as a result of the negotiations.

The tariff conference, which opened in Geneva in September 1960, was the fifth in a se-
ries of multilateral meetings held since 1947 for the purpose of exchanging reciprocal con-
cessions on tariffs. It was convened at United States initiative and was open to all GATT
members, 35 of which participated in the negotiations. Concessions obtained and granted by
the United States in 18 months of tariff bargaining were officially announced on March?7,
1962, by the U. S. Department of State.

The United States received duty concessions from other countries on fishery commodi-
ties with a United States export trade value of $11.7 million in 1959, or: 27 percent of the
$44.2 million of fishery products exported that year. On the other hand, the United States
gave duty concessions with an import trade value of $18,500,000 in 1959, or 5 percent of the
$366.5 million of fishery products imported. Since negotiations with several countries have
not as yet been formally concluded, a few additional concessions (not included in this report)
may ultimately change the total trade figures slightly.

Among the fishery products on which the United States granted duty reductions were fro-
zen Swordfish; wolffish or ocean catfish fillets; canned sardines skinned or boned valued over
30 cents per pound; canned anchovies; canned smoked oysters; pearl essence; and a number
of pickled, salted, and smoked items, including groundfish, herring, and mackerel. As for
the concessions obtained by the United States from other countries, the European Economic
Community (EEC or Common Market) gave a binding of the free rate on menhaden oil, and a
reduction of the duty rate on frozen salmon from 16 to 10 percent, on canned salmonfrom 20
to 18 percent, and oncanned pilchards from 25 to 20 percent. Rates of the member countries
of the Common Market will gradually adjust to these levels; complete adjustment is expected by
about 1970, Canada gave a reduction from 10 to 5 percent on-the duty rate of both fresh or
frozen and canned shrimp, and the United Kingdom from 10 to 8 percent on canned tuna.

A full listing of the fishery items on which the United States granted or received tariff
concessions is shown in table 1 and table 2, In addition other countries will reduce a num-
ber of their duties on imports of fishery products. United States exports of fishery products
should benefit from these lower rates which resulted from negotiations between other GATT
members. Details on these reductions are expected to become available soon.

** Trade and Tariff Specialist, Branch of Foreign Fisheries and Trade, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Washington, D, C

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO, 650

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol.

24, No.

Table 1 - Principal Tariff Concessions Granted by the United States on Fishery Commodities at 1960-61 GATT Tariff Conference

not elsewhere specified; "n.s.p.

and The Netherlands),

not specifically provided for; "EEC" - European Economic Community (Belgium, France, W. Germany, Italy, Luxembourg,

. Schedule A Rate of Duty A Country's
Rane Statistical July 1, 1958 eneva Tas Agreement Negotistea 11959 Imports
Class (1959) Tae Intermediate Final Into U. S.
US$1,000
5 2260 260 Salts derived from vegetable oils, animal oils,
fish oils, animal fats and greases, n.e.s. or
from fatty acids thereof . . Perera er A 123% 11% 10% United Kingdom
{41 | 0941 700 | Isinglass . 2... ewes tee ete eee = 21% 19% 17% United Kingdom 39
52 0803 000 | Whale oil, sperm: crude ...........-. 1¢ gal. 0.75¢ gal__| 0.5¢ gal on ons
0803 500 Whale oll ins pits cite: sic oie si etels > eifele eleteie 2.5¢ gal.t 2.25¢ gal.t 2¢ gal.t+ Norway
1.25¢ per 1.125¢ per 1¢ per
lb. IRC. lb. IRC. lb. IRC.
finer 6 Onioaene MB 72 21000 mae [WA er pristaistsusisisiesisidsladel sastetsieteSsesiev.eela L070 9% [So
66 Pearliessence aicieiseheieisrs aria tate esr eke ome e117 10% 9% cee aaa
717(a Fish, fresh or frozen; whole, or beheaded,
or eviscerated, or both: Japan 650
0055 500 Swordfish) froZen lie ste wists elere covets taveleis 1.5¢ per lb. 1¢ per lb. 0.75¢ per lb. | )Peru 102
717(b Fish, fresh or frozen; filleted, skinned,
boned, sliced, or divided, n.s.p.f.:
0060 450 Wolffish (sea catfish) ..... atenevarcteroes 1.5¢ Ib. 1.25¢ Ib. 1¢ Ib. Norwa 543
Fish, dried and unsalted:
0062 000 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock, and cusk ..... 5/8¢ Ib. 0.4¢ lb. Bes lb. Norway 420
718(a Fish, in oil or in oil and other substances:
0063 800 Sardines, skinned or boned, valued over
(part) S0¢iper’poundl is eeaicteievensiecenshevenehotate om oT 27% 24% Portugal 1,814
0064 300 Anchovies, valued over 9¢ per poundl/ 15% 133% 12% Portugal 1,863
0066 200 Antipasto, valued not over 9¢ per pound? 22% 20% 173% EEC -
0066 300 Antipasto, valued over 9¢ per pound! 123% 11% 10% EEC 180
718(b) Fish, not in oil or in oil and other substances
in airtight containers weighing, with contents,
not over 15 pounds each:
0067 300 Fish cakes, balls, and pudding .........- 5% 4% 3% Norway 9
0067 600 Herring, smoked or kippered or in tomato
sauce, packed in immediate containers weigh-
ing, with contents, more than 1 pound .... 10% 9% 8% United Kingdom 230
719 Fish, pickled or salted (except in oil, etc., and
except in airtight containers, weighing, with
contents, not over 15 pounds each):
(2) Cod, haddock, hake, pollock, and cusk,
neither skinned nor boned, etc.:
0069 000 Not more than 43 percent moisture by weight . 0.5¢ Ib. 0.35¢ lb. 0.2¢ lb. Canada 2,636
0069 200 More than 43 percent moisture by weight . 0.25¢ lb. 0.225¢ Ib. 0.2¢ Ib. Canada 1,494
(3) 0069 900 Cod, haddock, hake, pollock, and cusk,
Skinned:or boned! /aisvaie to vlene!eysns jel sisi elaneiw 1.25¢ Ib. Téuib: 0.75¢ lb. Canada 2,008
(4) Herring (include sprats, pilchards, and ancho-
vies); inbulk or incontainers, weighing, with
contents, more than15 pounds each:
0070 100 In containers containing each not more than 3/8¢ per lb. 0.25¢ per lb.| 0.1¢ per lb.
10 pounds of herring, net weight....... net weight net weight net weight EEC 219
0070 400 In containers containing each more than 10 0.25¢ per lb. 0.18¢ per lb. | 0.1¢ per lb.
pounds of herring, net weight ........ net weight net weight net weight Norway 1,809
Mackerel:
0072 000 In bulk or in containers weighing, with
contents, more than 15 pounds ....... 0.5¢ Ib. 0.3¢ lb. 0.2¢ Ib. Norway 259
0072 200 In containers (not airtight) weighing with
contents not more than 15 pounds each .. 123% 11% 10% EEC 77
720(a Fish, smoked or kippered, not in oil, etc., and
not in airtight containers weighing, with con-
tents, 15 pounds or less each:
Herring:
(2) 0075 100 Whole or beheaded, hard dry-smoked .... 5/16¢ lb. 0.2¢ Ib 0.1¢ Ib. Norway 130
0075 400 Eviscerated, split, skinned, or divided ... 1.25¢ 1¢ 1b. 0.9¢ lb Canada 62
Cod, haddock, hake, pollock, and cusk:
0075 500 Whole, or beheaded, or eviscerated, or both 1¢ lb. 0.75¢ lb. 0.5¢ Ib Canada 143
0075 600 Filleted, skinned, boned, sliced, or divided . 1.5¢ lb 1 Canada 336
Fish: pasteiand fishisaucetaletsiatesatenstersi eens 89
0079 590 Other fish roe for food purposes, boiled and
ha packed in airtight containers ......... 73 5 Norway
721e 0081 100 Smoked oysters in airtight containers ..... 4 Japan
(part)
r 775 1250210 | Soups, soup rolls, soup tablets, or cubes, etc. EEC
1250 250 Pastes, balls, puddings, hash, andsimilar mix- Switzerland
tures of vegetables, meats, or fish, n.s.p.f. .. EEC
1519(a Fur seal skins, dressed:
0737 600 Whole skins, not dyed.........-.-- Norway 24
0737 605 Tails, paws, pieces, etc., not dyed .... Norway S
0737 620 Wholevskins dyed) 072)2-oie%e 1640's «teers Norway 12
0737 625 Tails, paws, pieces, etc., dyed . 2 Norway
1537(a 0990 240 Whale bone manufacturers .....-+-+++-++-> EEC
1558 1190 800 Dog food unfit for human consumption:
Other manufactured, n.s.p.f. etc. ....... 9% 8% Canada 2/
1558 Marine glue pitch ©. oes ees ess 18% 16% United Kingdom 1
1/Including weight of immediate container.

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

Table 2 - Principal Tariff Concessions Obtained by the United States on Fishery Commodities at 1960-61 GATT Tariff Conference

Tariff ; ey Rate of Dut U. S. 1959 Exports to
EES Negotiating Countr

03.01 Aex 1
03.01 C

03.02 Al exc
03.02 AII ex b
03.02 ex B

Salmon}ifreshforjirozeny jens cet ee ese seers eve
Fish livers androes, fresh or frozen......
Salmon, whole, headless, or in pieces, salted.
Salmon fillets, salted .... eee eeeseeree
Smoked salmon ........ eee cee reece

15.04 ex B Menhaden Oil .....eeeeeecccevcees oe
16,04 B Cannedisalmoneisic wi she enelelene)etelaieiole! sre!)
16.04 ex E Cannedipilchards 2s. 1efajeiejje) siens).eheievielsretelsy<
16.05 ex Cannedishrimpmrrcyeverssetcrsieteyetsispelsnsiiete ae
16.05 ex Canned iSquidiys: occtevereterer sreravenshencietelteit fee

32.09 AI ‘Pearl essence ....seer.cesee

25% but not less
than 700
schillings per

than 800
Pep eercNic et scr Chic CG cD schillings per
100 kgs

Fresh or frozen shrimp
Canned shrimp .....

05.13
United Kingdom 16.04 ex D
United Kingdom 32,09 B2

Natural sponges, .
Canned tuna .......

50 francs per 40 francs per
100 kgs. 100 kgs

the meantime, individual duty rates of member countries of the EEC will gradually adjust to full rates. The
Italy, Luxem! 9 d the Netherlands.

1/Rates bound (guaranteed) against increase.
2/Trade data not reported separately.

3/U. S. export data included in $224,000 shown for first salted salmon item,

Note: Duty rates on items shown for EEC will not become fully effective until about 1970. In
EEC of "Common Market" includes the following countries: Belgium, France, W, Germa

BACKGROUND

The Tariff Act of 1930 established the basic rates of duties and the general rules to be
applied to the importation of products into the United States. In 1934, Congress passed the
Trade Agreements Act, authorizing the President to conclude trade agreements with other
countries. In return for reductions by other countries in their restrictions on United States
goods, the President was given authority to modify United States tariffs.

The Department of the Interior has participated in the development of trade agreements
only since 1951. The President, by executive order, provided for Interior membership inthe
interdepartmental Trade Agreements Committee. At that time, duties on fishery products in
most cases had already been reduced by 50 percent from their 1930 levels, and in some cases
by as much as 75 percent.

The role of the Department of the Interior in the field of international trade was strength-
ened by the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956. Among other things, the Act provided for repre-
sentation at negotiating conferences and for authority to participate in the solution of foreign
fishery trade problems, Within that framework, the Department has played a constructive
role in representing the interests of the fishery industries in the implementation of the Gov-
ernment's foreign trade policies.

The tenth renewal of the President's authority to negotiate changes in duties under the
Tariff Act of 1930 was passed by the Congress in 1958. The authorization granted extends
to June 30, 1962. The President was given authority to reduce United States duties either
(1) by not more than 20 percent; or (2) by not more than 2 percentage points in ad valorem
rates or its equivalent in the case of specific duties; or (3) to 50 percent ad valorem, or its
equivalent in the case of specific duties. During the 1960-61 negotiations, the bulk of reduc-
tions were in the ''not more than 20 percent'' category, although the other alternatives were
also used where appropriate.

Public notices concerning United States intention to participate in the 1960-61 negotia-
tions were issued on May 27, 1960, and November 22, 1960. Attached to each notice was a
list of the products under consideration for a possible concession. The notices provided for
the submission of written briefs and the holding of public hearings. Interested parties were
given the opportunity to present their views to the appropriate Government bodies concern-
ing the desirability of granting concessions on listed products. In addition, each notice solic-

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 6

ited the views of interested parties on the desirability of seeking concessions in the tariffs
of other countries.

The GATT negotiations in Geneva were conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the
United States and other GATT members negotiated with the European Economic Community
to achieve a set of concessions in the common external tariff of the EEC which would match,
in trade coverage and duty level, previous concessions in the separate tariffs of the EEC
countries (Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands),

The Treaty of Rome which established the European Common Market provides that the
tariffs for the member states shall be gradually replaced by a commonexternal tariff (CXT).
Article XXIV:6 of the GATT states that the new external tariff of any customs union shall not
be higher, on the whole, than the general incidence of the duties applied by constituent mem-
bers before the union was formed.

The United States and other GATT members reviewed the individual CXT items with the Euro-
pean Economic Community to ascertain that their proposals were inconformity with GATT rules.
For example, in the individual EEC countries, the original national duty rates on canned pil-
chards were 20 percent in the Benelux countries (Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg),

25 percent in France and West Germany, and 30 percent in Italy. The original proposed rate
for the common external tariff of the EEC was 25 percent ad valorem. The United States
made a case for a lower rate and the EEC acquiesced with a new rate of 20 percent ad
valorem.

In the second phase of the negotiations, the United States, EEC, and other participating
GATT countries exchanged tariff concessions with one another. A member could meet in
separate negotiations with any member which so agreed. The United States negotiated with
the EEC, the United Kingdom, Japan, Norway, Portugal, and a number of other countries.
The concessions exchanged by any two members in such separate negotiations also apply
to imports from all GATT members.

The negotiation conducted between the United States and the United Kingdom illustrates
this bilateral approach. Concessions were exchanged on a list of commodities with a total
trade value of nearly $200 million in 1959. On the lists of concessions which were exchanged
were duty reductions on canned tuna by the United Kingdom and on canned herring by the
United States. These lower rates of duty will apply equally to imports from any other GATT
countries.

During the conference, negotiations were also conducted among GATT countries incases
where previous concessions granted by a member had been withdrawn. In such cases, the af-
fected countries would renegotiate and try to agree on satisfactory compensatory concessions
for the withdrawnitem. Negotiations were also held with several countries, including Portu-
gal, which desired to become members of the GATT.

The agreements reached during the negotiations are scheduled to be put into effect onthe
part of the United States by Presidential Proclamation. Under the terms of the agreements,
however, the date on which the reductions come into force is left for subsequent determina-
tion. It is expected that members will mutually agree to apply the new duty rates on July 1,
1962.

The United States reductions are to be staged generally in the minimum period author -
ized. Where the reduction is to be not more than 20 percent or 2 percentage points, the duty
will be cut in two stages, each by one-half of the amount, one year apart. The first cut in
duty rates is expected to become effective around July this year.

The reductions in duties granted by the EEC are in terms of the common external tariff
which will become fully applicable about 1970. During the interim period, the individual na-
tional external tariffs of each member country will move gradually toward the final rate.
This means that the tariffs of the individual EEC countries will be either increasing or de-

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

creasing as those countries either bring their present tariffs up or down to the announced
Common Market external tariff.

Reductions in duties granted by non-EEC countries to the United States are expected to
be put into effect for the most part inone stage, that is, into full effect this year.

TARIFF CONCESSIONS GRANTED BY THE UNITED STATES

During the second phase of the negotiations, the United States granted tariff concessions
on fishery products to a number of countries. A concession was usually made to the country
or countries that had contributed the major share of the United States imports of a particular
product. Many of the duty rates which will be reduced by the United States were already ata
low level.

CANADA: The United States granted Canada concessions on fishery products which have
a larger total dollar value than the total value in concessions giventoany other country. Most
of the duty reductions granted to Canada were on various types of pickled, salted, dried, or
smoked groundfish (cod, haddock, hake, and cusk). The concessions will further reduce the
present low United States duty rates on those products.

NORWAY: Concessions were granted Norway ona variety of fishery products. Reduced
rates of duty were given on wolffish or ocean catfish fillets; fish cakes, balls, and pudding;
and on certain pickled and salted herring and mackerel items.

PERU: Concessions were granted to Peru on crude sperm whale oil and on frozensword-
fish. The whale oil concession was also granted to Norway and the swordfish concession to
Japan. In 1959, Peru supplied United States whale oil imports valued at $802,995, and Norway
$518,129 worth. Peru supplied United States frozen swordfish imports valued at $101,576,
and Japan $649,595 worth.

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY: The EEC received concessions on certain pickled
and salted herring and mackerel, canned antipasto, and several other items.

JAPAN: In addition to several fishery concessions shared with other countries, Japan
obtained a duty reduction on canned smoked oysters.

UNITED KINGDOM: The concession on certain canned herring granted to the United
Kingdom includes the well-known British product ''Marshall Herring."

PORTUGAL: The United States, in negotiations with Portugal, granted reductions in the
duties on canned sardines, skinned or boned and valued over 30 cents per pound, and on can-
ned anchovies.

TARIFF CONCESSIONS OBTAINED BY THE UNITED STATES

During the negotiations the United States obtained direct concessions from other coun-
tries on a number of fishery products. Exports of United States menhaden oil and shrimp
should benefit most from the concessions received.

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY: Concessions were obtained from the EEC in
both phases of the conference. During the first phase, the United States obtained a free bind-
ing on menhaden oil. This binding specifically guarantees to the United States a free duty on
menhaden oil. Since menhaden oil is currently the principal United States fishery product ex-
ported, and the EEC is the principal market, the concession has considerable importance.
Reduced duty rates were obtained on canned salmon, frozen salmon, and canned pilchards.
Rates were bound (guaranteed) on canned shrimp and canned squid. During the second phase,
the EEC granted reductions on cured salmon products.

CANADA: The Canadian duty rate on both fresh or frozen and canned shrimp was re-
duced from 10 percent to 5 percent ad valorem. In 1959, United States exports of shrimp to
Canada were valued at $3,289,592.

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No.6

UNITED KINGDOM: The United States obtained a reduction from 10 to 8 percent ad va-
lorem in the United Kingdom duty on canned tuna. In addition the United Kingdom granted re-
ductions on natural sponges and pearl] essence.

OTHER COUNTRIES: Switzerland granted a duty reduction on canned shrimp, and Aus-
tria on pearl essence, Portugal granted a reduction in the duty on canned squid to less than
one-third of the existing rate.

PACIFIC SALMON CAUGHT IN SCOTTISH WATERS

An unusual fish was caught in a bag-net at the Altens salmon fishing station on
the Kincardineshire coast just south of Aberdeen, Scotland, on July 16, 1960. It was
identified as Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum), the pink or humpback salmon, of
which the natural distribution is along the Pacific coast of North America and Asia
from the Bering Straits to the Sacramento River and Peter the Great Bay.

The fish caught at Altens was 20.5 inches long over-all with a girth of 13} inches,
and it weighed 4 lbs. 2 0z. This species is at once distinguishable from either the
Atlantic salmon or the sea trout by its deeper body, its more pointed snout, and the
presence of coarse oval black spots on the tail. Its color is a bright blue and its
scales are very small and even more delicate than those which commonly occur on
the earliest grilse of the season. Dissection showed that the fish was a male with en-
larged testes though the kype and hump that develop at the spawning period were not
evident.

The pinkor humpback is one of the six species of the genus Oncorhynchus which
are commonly known as the ''Pacific salmon.'' They spend part of their life in the sea
and part inthe streams where they spawn anddie. Unlike Atlantic salmon, pink salm-
on all spawn as two-year-old fish and all die after spawning. The adult salmon mi-
gratefrom the sea to the streams during the summer and early autumn and spawn in
the lower reaches of the rivers. When the eggs hatch in the spring the tiny fish are
already silvery without the spots and parr marks of the Atlantic salmon fry, and go
straight to salt water so that nearly the whole two years' life-span is spent in salt-
water feeding and growingrapidly. Most pinks weigh 4 or 5 pounds though a few weigh
asmuchas10 pounds. They are caught commercially by gill-netting, purse-seining,
and trolling.

Since 1956 the Russians have transferred very large numbers of Pacific salmon
eggs, chiefly pink salmon, from Sakhalin Island north of Japan to the rivers of the
Kola peninsula. Up to the middle of September 1960, they have had records of the
returnof some 75,000 fish to the rivers of the Kola peninsula. There have also been
reports of recaptures on the Norwegian coast, chiefly in the north but extending as
far south as Bergen, andinIceland. Several thousand Pacific salmon have been caught
on the Norwegian coast but in Iceland the catches have been much smaller--probably
less than 50 altogether. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that the pink salmon
caught at Altens originated from one of the rivers of the Kola peninsula. (Scottish
Fisheries Bulletin--No. 14, March 1961.)

June 1962

———

California

MIDWATER TRAWLING FOR
SALMON FINGERLINGS CONTINUED:

M/V “Nautilus” Cruise 62-N-Ic and 62-
N-id-Salmon: Midwater trawl operations in
the Carquinez Strait area to capture marked
salmon fingerlings on their seaward migra-
tion were continued by the California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game research vessel
Nautilus (February 4-8, 18-22, 1962). Any-
lon midwater trawl with 25-foot square open-
ing was used,

Trawling inCarquinez Strait was conducted
between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. and each tow was
for 20 minutes. All tows were alternated be-
tween upstream and downstream, and between
the north shore, center, and south shore of
the channel.

A total of 95 tows was completed in the
Strait during this cruise yielding a catch of
92 wild king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawy-
tscha).

King salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Other species appearing in the catch in
significant quantities consisted mostly of
Sacramento smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys)
1,984fish, striped bass (Roccus saxatilis
1,923fish, surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus)
1,127 fish, northern anchovy (Engraulis
mordax) 1,065 fish, American shad (Alosa
sapidissima) 362 fish, Pacific herring (Clupea
pallasi) 169 fish, three-spined stickleback
(Gasterosteus aculeatus) 104 fish, and king

salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) 92 fish.

gees | RENDS Soe

EDEVELOPMEN

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

TS= oe

M/V ''Nautilus'' Cruise 62-N-1le and 62-
N-If Salmon: Midwater trawling for salmon
fingerlings in the Carquinez Strait area was
continued (March 6-9, 18-22, 1962) by the
Department's research vessel Nautilus.

Trawling was conducted between 8 a.m.
and 3 p.m. and each tow was for 20 minutes.
All tows were alternated between upstream
and downstream, and between the north shore,
center, and south shore of the channel.

A total of 98 tows completed in the Strait
during this cruise yielded a total catch of
112 king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).
Three of these fish were mark recoveries:

2 from a release in the American River on
January 5, 1962, and 1 from releases in San
Pablo Bay made after March 8, 1962.

Other species appearing in the catch in
significant quantities consisted mostly of
Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) 5,033 fish,
Sacramento smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys)
2,798 fish, striped bass (Roccus saxatilis
1,890 fish, American shad (Alosa sapidis-
sima) 520 fish, northern anchovy (Engraulis
mordax) 201 fish, surf smelt (Hypomesus

pretiosus) 170 fish, splittail (Pogonichthys
macrolepedotus) 119 fish, king salmon (On-
corhynchus tshawytscha) 112 fish, and white
croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) 103 fish.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1962 p. 12.

=>)

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

TUNA BLOOD TYPES BEING STUDIED
FOR SUBPOPULATION IDENTIFICATION:
In the past ten years blood typing tech-
niques utilized for humans, and later domes-
tic animals, have found increasing applica-
tion to the problem of subpopulation identi-
fication in fish. This is because blood or
serological characters are deemed to be
under regular genetic control and hence

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

free from modification due to the environ-
ment of the animal.

The staff of the Subpopulations Program
at the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
Biological Laboratory at Honolulu has been
developing blood-typing reagents for four
species of tuna: the albacore, big-eyed, skip-
jack, and yellowfin. By application of sophis-
ticated techniques, tests have been developed
with these reagents that will detect different
and discrete blood systems within the tuna.
The ultimate application of these techniques
is to use them on large samples of bloods
from different areas to ascertain the frequen-

cy of occurrence of the various blood systems.

If the frequencies in samples from one area
differ statistically from those of another area,
it may be assumed that two genetically dif-
ferent and reproductively isolated populations
have been sampled.

This aim was realized for skipjack tuna
during a cruise of the Bureau's researchves-
sel Charles H. Gilbert in waters around the
Marquesas, Tuamotu, and Society Islands.
During the period from September 29 to De-
cember 4, 1961, blood samples from 780 skip-
jack caught in those waters were tested.

Comparison of the data from those tests
and similar tests with the same reagents run
against skipjack taken in local Hawaiian wa-
ters, shows the occurrence of 2 of the 6
phenotypes in the Marquesan skipjack to be
very different from the frequency of occur-
rence of the same two phenotypes in all the
other areas sampled,

From such comparisons we are able to
conclude that in the areas sampled repro-
ductive isolation exists and that at least two
genetically different subpopulations have been
sampled.

%
%
%
4
%

TUNA STUDIES IN
SOUTH PACIFIC CONTINUED
BY M/V "CHARLES H. GILBERT":

Cruise 55 (January 15- -April 3, 1962):
The South. South, Pacific (Ocean, in area ‘bounded by
latitude 5° and 25° S., longitudes 167° E, and
160° W. (waters of New Caledonia, Fiji, El-
lice Islands, Tonga, and Samoa) and waters
adjacent to Christmas Island, was where the
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re-
search vessel Charles H. Gilbert operated
for almost three months this year. Theves-

Vol. 24, No. 6

sel departed Honolulu, Hawaii, on January
15, 1962. The vessel fished long line, made
plankton net tows and midwater hauls in
selected areas on initial leg of cruise to
Noumea, New Caledonia, from January 16

to February 4. At Noumea, vessel scien-
tific staff consulted with scientists of the
Institut Francais d'Oceanie on the coopera-
tive cruise of the Orsom III, Resumed
cruise southeastward to 172° 30' E., thence
northeast to Suva, Fiji, from February 9 to
February 16. Loaded additional bait at Suva
and resumed cruise northeastward to 10°43'S,,
178°46' E., from February 20 to February
25. Continued cruise on southeast leg to
Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu Island, Tonga, from
February 25 to March 3. Resumed cruise

to Pago Pago, American Samoa, from March
9 to March 15. Refueled and loaded addi-
tional bait at Pago Pago. Made bait survey
on island of Tutuila on March 16 and 18. Re-
sumed cruise from Pago Pago to vicinity of
Christmas Island from March 19 to March
28, and fished two long-line stations on March
28 and 29, The vessel returned to Honolulu
on April 3.

One of the objectives was to assess the
sexual maturity of long line-caught albacore
in the general area of New Caledonia, Fiji,
Tonga, and Samoa in order to define the
spawning of the South Pacific albacore. The
22 long-line stations fished within that area
produced 49 albacore, 36 yellowfin, 14 big-
eyed tuna, 3 skipjack, 17 spearfishes, 46
sharks, and 51 miscellaneous fishes. The
albacore, 16 females, 32 males, and 1 un-
sexed, were generally large adults; the
smallest measured 87 cm. Fifty percent of
the females had spent ovaries-and the other
50 percent had ovaries that were either im-
mature or in the early stages of develop-
ment. None had ripe or near-ripe ovaries,
indicating that the fish had already spawned.

A second objective was to collect blood
and serum samples from tunas, marlins,
and sharks for sero-
logical studies. Blood
samples were collected
from albacore, yellow-
fin, big-eyed, and skip-
jack tuna, blue marlin,
sailfish, and short-
nosed spearfish. In
addition to those spe-
cies, blood samples
were obtained from
dolphin, barracuda,

Collecting tuna bloodsample.

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

and wahoo. Blood serum samples were taken
from all the above species as well as from
great blue, white-tip, and silky sharks.

To collect larval and juvenile forms of
tunas and tuna-like fish by plankton tows,
trawl hauls, and night-light fishing was a
third objective. A total of 127 surface and
140-meter oblique plankton tows, 2 mid-
water trawl hauls, and 26 night-light collec-
tions were made in order to obtain larval
and juvenile tunas. Gross examination of
plankton samples at sea indicated that few
larval tuna were taken by the plankton nets.
No tuna or tuna-like juvenile was taken ei-
ther in the trawl or by night-light fishing.

To attempt artificial fertilization and
shipboard rearing of larval and juvenile
scombrids was a fourth objective of the
cruise. In the absence of running-ripe tuna
eggs, an attempt was made to fertilize arti-
ficially big-eyed eggs in the most advanced
stage of development found. The eggs were
transparent and measured up to 0.9 mm. in
diameter. However, the attempt was unsuc-

SAMOA

nee ISLANDS — UM
@ => @
rl ews ‘omy PAGO PAGO
e 4 istanps © (Om ©
e @ S {
e (he \ q
3 . \ ;
NEW Psu (* TONGA ° ee '
® ISLANOS @ »- Long-line station (num -
f°. \ ber of albacore caught.
ae pte a L v- Night-light station.
ners A Petey e- Plankton station.
e

8- Trawl station,

180°

Charles H. Gilbert Cruise 55 (Jan. 15-Apr. 3, 1962).

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

cessful, probably owing to lack of sufficient
milt and insufficent maturity of the eggs.

In order to capture young tuna alive in the
plankton net, a plastic cylinder 17 inches long
and 3 inches in diameter, containing twelve
2-inchholesinthe anterior half, wasused at
the cod end, instead of the usual sock made
of nylonnetting. The plastic cod end was used
on nearly all of the surface tows. Although
no young tuna was taken, it was shown that
this device could catch small fish and hold
them alive until they were transferred to
the aquarium.

In the absence of young tuna for shipboard
rearing, the young of other species of fish
taken at night-light stations were used in or-
der to test the design and capability of the
aquarium. Keeping the more pelagic forms,
such as dolphin and marlin, alive for any
length of time was not possible, because they
did not learn to feed upon the food offered
them. Young holocentrids and goatfish, how-
ever, fared very well.

To tag and release viable albacore was a
fifth objective. Owing to the small numbers
of albacore taken on the long line and the
premium ' placed on data for serological and
ovarian studies, no albacore were tagged.
However, approximately 25 percent of the
albacore landed during the cruise were con-
sidered to be viable.

During the cruise tuna and shark speci-
mens were collected; drift bottles were re-
leased at regular intervals between Hawaii
and latitude 5° S. en route to and from the
survey area, Total bottles released: 1,680;
yellowfin sperm samples were collected for
the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commis-
sion; stomach contents of 84 fish, and gonad
samples of 3 albacore and 2 big-eyed tuna
were preserved in 10-percent formalin.

In addition, during the cruise the ther-
mograph and barograph were operated con-
tinuously; weather observations, totaling
218, were made four times daily and trans-
mitted to the Weather Bureau; bathyther-
mograph casts (245) were made and a sur-
face salinity sample was obtained with each
BT cast; two lures were trolled during
daylight hours at cruising speed (the catch
comprised 1 skipjack, 3 yellowfin, 4 dol-
phin, and 1 wahoo); and 124 surface fish
schools and bird flocks were sighted, 65 of
them within the survey area (of the latter,

Vol. 24, No. 6

13 were identified as skipjack, and 52
were unidentified).

During the stopover at Pago Pago, a bait
survey was conducted around the island of
Tutuila.

An albacore sampling program was es-
tablished at the cannery in American Samoa
with the cooperation of the Department of
Agriculture, Government of American Samoa,
and the tuna company. The sampling will
consist of measuring the length and weight
and determining the sex of 50 randomly-
selected albacore from each load brought to

the cannery by Japanese long-liners.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, February 1962 p. 16.

Columbia River

SALMON TEST FISHING
IN COLUMBIA RIVER:

"How many spring chinook will move up
the Columbiathis year? Whenwill the peak
of the run occur?'' These are among the
questions Oregon Fish Commission biologists
and their counterparts in the Washington De-
partment of Fisheries are seeking to answer
as the twoagencies started the fourth year of
cooperative test fishing in the Columbia Riv-
er. Data obtained will help answer these and
many other questions bearing on the proper
management of the Columbia River anadro-
mous fishery resource.

Oregon started the test fishing on March
15 and Washington on March 27. It consists
of a run-sampling gill-netting program de-
signed to gather information on which will
be based the commercial seasons in the
Columbia River. Oregon technicians fished
in the vicinity of Woody Island, some 15
miles upriver from Astoria, and the Wash-
ington technicians fished in the Corbett area,
below Bonneville Dam. Fishing continued
every other day until late April.

The Oregon Fish Commission contracted
with an Astoria commercial fisherman to
provide the vessel and gear and to conduct
the actual fishing operations under supervi-
sion on the Agency's Lower Columbia River
technical staff, Salmon taken in the nets
were marked with a plastic dart-type tag
and released.

June 1962

Washington used a circular plastic tag,
the so-called Peterson-disc type, to mark
fish taken in their
Corbett area netting.
Fishermen can ren-
der a service to con-
servation if they will
inform the appropriate
state agency of the
date and location of
any tagged fish taken.

Peterson-disc type tag.

Spring chinook salmon of the Williamette
River stock, for the most part, pass up the
Columbia into the Williamette before the
commercial season opens. However, a con-
siderable fluctuation in fish runs necessi-
tates a continuing program of sampling so
that fishery biologists remain currenton any
significant changes. ''The information gained
from test fishing operations represents a
big return on a small investment,'' according
to the Director of Research of the Oregon
Fish Commission.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

Fresh and Frozen: For the use of the
Armed Forces under the Department of De-
fense, a greater amount of fresh and frozen
fishery products was
purchased in March
1962 by the Military
Subsistence Supply
Agency than in the
previous month--the
; quantity purchased

was up by 78.9 percent
and the value of the purchases was up 36.5
percent. This shows that lower-priced fish-
ery products were purchased in March than
in February because the value did not in-
crease in the same proportion as the quan-
tity. Compared with the same month a year
earlier, purchases in March 1962 were up
24.2 percent in quantity but the value wasup
54.6 percent. This shows that in March this
year some of the purchases consisted of
higher-priced products than in the same
month of 1961.

During the first three months of 1962,
purchases were down 7.3 percent in quan-
tity, but the value of those purchases wasup

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11

12.8 percent as compared with the same
period of 1961. Again this shows that pur-
chases in the first quarter of 1962 consisted
of some higher-priced products than was the
case in the same period of 1961.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fish-
ery products by the Department of Defense
in March 1962 av-
eraged 55.6 cents
a pound, 17.3 cents
a pound less than
the previous month,
but 10.9 cents a pound more than in the
same month of 1961.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Defense Subsistence Supply Centers,
March 1962 with Comparisons

aiewetsnei($15000)

1,084 | 701 | 2,874 | 2,547

Canned: A substantial amount of canned
salmon was purchased in March this year
for the use of the
Armed Forces. For
the first quarter of
this year purchases
of canned tuna and
canned salmon were
substantially greater
than in the same period of 1961, but pur-
chases of canned sardines were down. The
decline in the purchases of canned sardines
was no doubt due to the short packs of both
Maine and California sardines during the
1961 season,

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Defense Subsistence Supply Centers,
March 1962 with Comparisons

QUANTITY VALUE

015

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local
purchases not included in the data given; actual total purchases
are higher than shown because local purchases are notobtainable,

CORRECTION: Under this section on p. 17 of the May 1962
issue, the second paragraph should have read: "Prices paid
for fresh and frozen fishery products by the Department of De-
fense in February 1962 averaged 72.9 cents a pound, about
16.0 cents more than paid..."

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Gear

CONSTRUCTION OF A FISH WEIR:

A weir is a type of fixed entrapment gear.
It consists of fences of brush or other non-
textile materials constructed so as to inter-
cept schools of feeding or migrating fish.
These fences form successive enclosures
(the heart, pound or bowl, and pocket) into
which the fish are voluntarily directed by a
fence (the leader). A weir is generally built
each year in the same location since it is
permanently fixed to the bottom. Fish are
removed from weirs by seines or other de-
vices.

Weirs are a popular means of fishing for
sardines in Maine. But they are also used to
catch other types of fish.

The photographs in this article show the
building of an inshore fish weir at Barnstable
Harbor, Mass.

The fish weir in this particular location
was first erected in 1886 by Benjamin Lovell,
the same year his grandson and present owner,
Shirley D. Lovell, was born. It is put up in
the early spring inside Barnstable Harbor
near the Sandy Neck lighthouse, and is taken
down in the late fall.

LEADER

LEADER WING

Fig. 1 - A sketch showing the layout and construction of a typical
fish weir.

Vol. 24, No. 6

Large and small herring and sand launce
are the first fish to be taken from this weir,
followed later in the season by flounders,
striped bass, menhaden, squid, andmackerel.
The unwanted dogfish is usually heavily abun-
dant during the latter part of the season.

Many species of Southern fish find their
way to the trap, in large and small schools.
These include jacks, dolphins, leather jackets,
bonito, needlefish and, for some years now,
one or two Atlantic salmon.

Fig. 2 - Putting in small trees for the shore leader, Using a
water jet, driven by a small gasoline-powered pump on the
skiff at left, a hole is dug 4 feet deep in the sand and the
trees inserted 2 feet apart.

Fig. 3 - Setting one of the heart poles. Water temperature
during this early spring operation averages 35-39 degrees F.
Summer temperatures will go up into the 70's.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 651

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

The net is Fig. 7 - Tieing wire to the shore leader. Collecting debris dur-
then raised to a height of about 20-feet. The wider mesh (top, ing the change of tide, the leader becomes a barrier directing
right) is out of water at high tide. The bowl is hung first, fol- the fish towards the bowl.

lowed by. the heart. Leaders and the flaking are set as time

and low tide permit. Last step is the building of the gate.

Sas

a a ee ey
Fig. 6 - Raising the twine that forms the heart from the flaking

to the top of the poles. Work on the weir is done at low tide Fig. 9 - The seine net is set out inside the bowl.
which usually lasts no longer than 2 hours. Barnstable Harbor
has a 9- to 12-foot tide.

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Fig. 10 - A mixed catch in the seine. Pictured is the 1-inch size mesh used for
the larger fish such as flounder and striped bass. A -inch mesh is used forthe
smaller sand launce and herring.

_ ae
ae
he

Fig. 11 - Bailing striped bass from the seine to the skiff. One side of the bowl
has been lowered and tied to the stem of the skiff.

Fig. 12 - A mixed catch made by a weir.

Vol. 24, No. 6

Fig. 13 - Unloading a mixed catch of striped bass, flounder, and menhaden
at the wharf.

--Robert K, Brigham, Photographer,
Biological Laboratory,
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Woods Hole, Mass.

KKK ROK

PATENTS ISSUED FOR NEW
TRAWL DOOR AND NET FLOAT:

U.S. patents have been issued for a new
type trawl door and a new type float for fish-
ing nets, according to the April 1962 issue of
Products List Circular, U. S. Small Business
Administration, Washington, D. C.

The inventor claims the trawl door(Patent
No. 3,007,274) is designed to keep the wings
of the trawl net open and to maintain itself in
a stabilized position at all fishing depths,
also to reduce friction and drag as it is towed
through the water, thus reducing power to
tow; and is a hollow "turtle-back" shape hav-
ing openings therein for permitting the water
to flow through as the net is towed. That the
interior of the hollow door is further provid-
ed with stabilizing plates having openings
therein which tend to maintain the door on
even keel. That the trawl door is hollow and
open to the surrounding water and operates

June 1962

efficiently at any depth because it partakes
the same density.

The inventor claims the float(Patent No.
3,007,273) is designed to maintain a high
opening of the net at normal trawling speeds
and to reduce to a minimum the required
towing power for dragging the net along the
bottom in deep water. That the float tends
to lift the net higher when the speed is in-
creased, thus enabling more fish to be caught.

The inventor of both is G. K. Eggertsson
of Winthrop, Mass.

Florida

FIRM INCREASES
PRODUCTION OF CLAMS:

The President of a Placida, Fla., oyster
firm reported on April 26, 1962, that it had
shipped more clams out of Florida during
March and April than were produced in the
entire State in the previous two-year period
(1960-1961). He said that the amount shipped
does not even scratch the surface as far as
the firm's production is concerned.

Florida's Director of Research stated
that the supply of clams in Florida has not
been exploited since World War II. He said
that the State has almost unlimited stock and
that new methods of cultivation along with a
more rapid growth rate in Florida could
easily make the State the number one clam-
producing area of the world. Research of
hatchery management and cultivation point
to a great future for the clam industry.

2 The Director of the State's Boardof Con-
servation added that with the knowledge of
the clam stock, a stepped-up marketing pro-
gram for the seafood willbe started. He said
that every effort is being made to increase
the retail sales volume of Florida fishery
products.

Georgia

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Total landings of fish and shellfish at
Georgia ports in 1961 amounted to 20.5 mil-
lion pounds--7.4 million pounds or 27 per-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

cent below 1960. The greatest dropoccurred
in the shrimp fishery with only 6.8 million
pounds (heads-on) or 65 percent of the pre-
vious year's catch. The poor shrimp season
and resulting decrease in fishing pressure
brought about a general decline in landings of
all finfish caught incidental to shrimpfishing.

The winter of 1961 was cold and wet with
temperatures below normal during January
and early February. Oyster-shucking plants
were not constructed to operate inextremely
cold weather and operations were curtailed
during the coldest days.

Shrimp landings (4.1 million pounds, heads-
off) were the lowest recorded since 1952, and
were 2.1 million pounds below 1960. How-
ever, the ex-vessel price was only $204,000
less than in 1960 and averaged 58.5 cents per
pound (heads-off) as compared with 41.6 cents
received in 1960.

Catch of blue crabs made by a Georgia trawler.

The catch of hard crabs was the third
best year on record with landings of 12.3
million pounds--a decrease of 3.5 million
pounds compared with the record year 1960.
This decrease is believed to be the result of
reduced fishing effort due to a drop in de-
mand rather than the non-availability of
crabs,

The third best shad season since 1929 was
experienced by the fishermen with landings
of 404,000 pounds. Compared with 1960, this
was a drop of 129,000 pounds. There was a
decrease in the number of fishermen oper-
ating in the coastal rivers as high waters
discouraged fishing activities.

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Oyster production declined from 231,000
pounds of meats in 1960 to 158,000 pounds in
1961. Only four previous years (1938, 1956,
1957, and 1958) had a lower production. No
oysters were canned by Georgia firms dur-
ing 1961.

Great Lakes Fisheries
Exploration and Gear Research

EXPLORATORY FISHING OPERATIONS
IN SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN:

M/V “Kaho™ Cruise 1: The new 65-foot
Great Lakes exploratory fishing and gear
research vessel Kaho of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries completed its first
cruise of the 1962 season on April 18, 1962,
after conducting exploratory fishing opera-
tions in southern Lake Michigan during the
months of February, March, and April. The
objectives of the three-phase cruise were to
determine the bathymetric and seasonal dis-
tribution of various fish stocks and the avail-
ability of the fish species to standard Gulf
of Mexico-type fish trawls. Unusually severe
ice conditions hampered early cruise efforts.

A total of 57 drags were completed in
various depths ranging from 9 to 45 fathoms.
Best catches of chubs (Leucichthys sp.)
were made off Port Washington in 19 to 41
fathoms of water where catch rates ranged
from 42 to 918 pounds per hour. Significant
catches of chubs were obtained as follows:
180-380 pounds per hour in 25-40 fathoms
off Benton Harbor; 200-472 pounds per hour
in 20-40 fathoms off Ludington; and 610-724
pounds per hour in 35-40 fathoms off Mani-
towoc. Smelt (Osmerus mordax) were caught
in amounts of 350 pounds and 459 pounds per
half-hour drag at 30 fathoms off Manitowoc
and 20 fathoms off Port Washington, respec-
tively. Although other species were caught,
none were taken in amounts greater than 100
pounds per trawl tow.

A standard 50-ft. (headrope) Gulf of Mex-
ico-type trawl net was used for all drags.
Of the several door types fished, 7'x 30"
bracket-rigged doors with 60-ft. dandyline
gear were most satisfactory. Gear damage
occurred only off Milwaukee at 20 fathoms.

In cooperation with the U. S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare's Public
HealthService, bathythermograph(BT) rec-

Vol. 24, No. 6

Manitowoc
# Ludington

Sheboygan ag

Wt Saugatuck

f~ Benton Harbor

Legend;

{- Trawl Drag
4@- Hydrographic Station
—+- Snag Encountered

- Station Group

Lake Michigan explorations M/V Kaho Cruise 1 (February 20-
April 18, 1962).

ordings were obtained from the deepest area

of Lake Michigan off Frankfort, Mich., ontwo
occasions. The BT temperature profiles are
being used in a study of conditions affecting
the extent and distribution of domestic and
industrial waste. This information will also
be used in Bureau studies to determine the
influence of these conditions on reproduction,
growth, and distribution of commercial spe-
cies of fish.

Samples of the bloater chub (L. hoyi) were
collected for analysis of feeding habits by
the Bureau's Biological Laboratory in Ann
Arbor.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1962 p. 17.

June 1962

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

RESEARCH VESSEL "SISCOWET"
PROGRAM FOR 1962:

During 1962 the U. S. Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries research vessel Siscowet will
be used almost entirely in studies of young
lake trout in Lake Superior. The special
emphasis on lake trout was brought about by
encouraging signs of reduction in sea lam-
prey predation and the increased survival of
legal-size fish shown by the 1961 commercial
catch. The need to follow closely changes in
the lake trout population is considered most
critical at this time.

A study of the
abundance and
distribution of
lake trout Wao
in western : sae? r =

Lake Superi-
or will be de-
voted to the
annual assessment of spawning populations
of lake trout in the Apostle Islands region.
Information will be gathered on the success
of various stocking experiments, the survival
of plantings made in recent years, the abun-
dance of native lake trout in the juvenile pop-
ulation, and the seasonal distribution of the
young trout. Otter trawls and experimental
gill nets will be used to collect the data.

During the environmental studies at pre-
selected limnological stations, special em-
phasis will be placed on the environmental
requirements of young trout.

Data will be collected in Keweenaw Bay
and at Isle Royale on the contribution of
hatchery-reared lake trout to the native pop-
ulation and on the relative abundance of lake
trout as compared to previous years.

Other operations will be devoted to the
collection of material on the life history of
whitefish and various aspects of the life his-
tory and distribution of various coregonids
(whitefish species).

me ook ook ok os

LAKE MICHIGAN FISHERY
SURVEY FOR 1962 SEASON:

The main objective in 1962 of the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial fisheries research

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

vessel Cisco will be to study the early life
history of chubs. The Cisco will operate in
Lake Michigan with Saugatuck, Mich., as
home port. Few chubs have been collected
as fry or fingerlings in the past, mostly be-
cause relatively little fishing has been done
at midwater levels, where the young chubs
live. Emphasis this year will be onmidwater
fishing with trawls, large-mesh plankton
nets, and possibly small-mesh gill nets.

A second objective will be to study fish
distribution in the area where the thermo-
cline touches the lake bottom--generally at
depths of 10 to 15 fathoms in Lake Michigan.
Past experience has shown that catches may
differ widely with little change in depth in
that zone, probably because the temperature
changes are so great. Studies in this area
should yield information on temperature pref-
erences of fish of the various segments of
the population,

Material for the serological study of chubs,
which is being conducted by a graduate stu-
dent at the University of Michigan, will be
collected during each cruise. Preliminary
processing of some of the material will be
done on the Cisco. The Laboratory's pri-
mary interest in the study is in the possible
development of a more positive method for
the identification of the various species of
chubs.

The Bureau has entered into an agreement
with the U. S. Public Health Service (PHS) for
the use of the Cisco for collection of limnol-
ogical data in Lake Michigan for two 15-day
cruises during the spring. The Cisco's reg-
ular vessel crew will be used, but the PHS
will furnish the scientific staff. One or two =
staff members of the Bureau's Ann Arbor
Biological Laboratory will also be aboard to
act in an advisory capacity. The PHS will
make collections and observations for the
study of water chemistry, currents, bottom
fauna, plankton, and bacteria.

sie mickes ise ook

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION
SURVEY FOR 1962 SEASON BEGINS:

M/V “Musky II’ (March 1962): The 1962
field operations of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries research vessel Musky IL
on Lake Erie were begun on April 1. The
1962 activities will be similar to those in
1961. The fishery unit stationed at Sandusky
and the Limnological staff from the Bureau's

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Ann Arbor Biological Laboratory will again
conduct closely related studies in a coordi-
nated program.

A study of the variability in trawl catches
in a given area within a short period of time,
begun in 1960, will be continued at the Bono
and East Harbor stations during the spring,
summer, and fall. On 3 consecutive days in
each season, two 10~minute hauls will be
made with a standard bottom trawl at eachof
three depths, during the morning, afternoon,
and evening (total of 54 tows at each station
during each season). Collections during the
series and during regular bimonthly trawling
at East Harbor and Sandusky Bay will provide
material for life-history studies of various
species,

Intensive sampling with fry nets and ex-
perimental trawls will be made during the
spring to determine localities and dates of
spawning of several species, and to estimate
spawning success.

Extensive collections of fish, bottom fauna,
and plankton will be made, and water temper-
ature, transparency, and chemistry will be
determined at seven index stations originally
established in the western basin in 1958.

Special studies will be undertaken to ob-
tain more knowledge of the effect on fish of
the severe depletion of dissolved oxygen
which occurs in the central basin. Emphasis
will be placed on the effect of this oxygen de-
ficiency on fish distribution, food habits, be-
havior, and survival.

The semiannual sampling of the major
species in the commercial catch will con-
tinue as in previous years. The spring sam-
pling was expected to be under way by late
April.

Commercial operations in March were
slow to start in Ohio and elsewhere, in spite
of the official opening of the fishing season.
Extensive ice in all parts of the lake re-
stricted the activities to a small amount of
gill-netting. Catches were reported to be
mediocre, considering the amount of effort
expended,

HOOK OK Ok

CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR
LAKE SUPERIOR STREAMS TO
ERADICATE SEA LAMPREY:

The continuing battle against sealamprey
by chemical treatment will be waged this

Vol. 24, No. 6

year in 32 lake trout streams tributary to

Lake Superior and the St. Marys River, the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries re-
ports.

Under a permit issued recently by the
Michigan Conservation Department, the Bu-
reau hopes to re-treat 24 Lake Superior
streams. It also plans to make its first
chemical attack on the lamprey in 6 Lake
Superior streams and 2 tributaries to the
St. Marys River where studies reveal the
presence of young sea lamprey.

Perforated hose used to introduce chemical into stream.

Chemical treatments were scheduled to
get under way in late April, starting in
streams of the western upper peninsula.

By the end of June, this work was scheduled
to be completed in Carlton,Creek and Big
Munuscong River, Chippewa County; Au
Train River, Alger County; Boston-Lilly
Creek, Pilgrim River, and Gravaraet River,
Houghton County; and Iron River, Marquette
County.

Treatment of CarltonCreek and Big
Munuscong River will match work already
completed by Canada in its streams along
the north channel of the St. Marys River.

Of the streams listed for treatment ‘this
spring, all but the Au Train and Iron Rivers
are new to the lamprey control program. Three
Mile Creek and Dead Sucker River, Luce Coun-
ty, and Otter River, Baraga County, are also
due for initial treatment during the year.

Since 1958 when the chemical war on sea
lamprey began, 75 Lake Superior streams

June 1962

have been treated, 52 of them in Michigan.
Latest survey results show that the program
has reduced considerably the rate of fresh
lamprey scarring on lake trout in different
areas of Lake Superior.

During 1961, treatments were made in 33
lamprey-producing streams along the north
shore of Lake Michigan. Surveys nearing com-
pletion in April 1962 point up the production of
sealamprey in 53 other Lake Michigan streams.

Lamprey control efforts will be continued
in the Lake's northern streams during 1962
if they will not interfere with work plans for
the Lake Superior tributaries, Scope of the
Lake Michigan program will also depend on
whether there are further encouraging signs
of lamprey reduction at electrical barriers
in Lake Superior streams this spring.

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

MIDWATER TRAWLING
AND ESCAPEMENT BEHAVIOR
OF PELAGIC FISH STUDIED:

M/V Oregon Cruise 71: To complete
measurements of performance on three dif-
ferent experimental midwater trawls and six
types of otter boards, and to continue motion
picture studies of the reaction of pelagic sar-
dine-like fish to midwater trawling gear in
the Mississippi Delta area were the principal
objectives of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Oregon.
The cruise was conducted in nine intermittent
phases between January 18 and April 3, 1962.

A total of 61 stations was completed inthe
Mississippi Delta area, most of which were
devoted to gear mechanics studies. A total
of 12,700 feet of motion picture film was ex-
posed using remote-controlled underwater
cameras placed inside the trawl and along
the headrope. Heavy turbidity severely af-
fected most of the footage, but fair to excel-
lent results showing gear performance and
reactions of several species of fish within
the net were obtained on 3,300 feet. In gen-
eral, the most abundant species, thread her-

ring (Opisthonema oglinum), butterfish (Por-

onotus triacanthus), and razorbellies (Haren-
la pensacolae) were found to concentrate

heavily in the body and throat of the trawl.

There they showed remarkable tenacity and

endurance in maintaining their relative posi-
tion within the trawl, swimming vigorously

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

forward, and not becoming disoriented in
even the most turbid water. Endurance de-
terminations will require detailed studies of
the films, but in general the movement of
fish back through the net toward the cod end
seemed slight at towing speeds of 4 knots or
less. The few observations at faster speeds
indicated some disorientation. Anchovies
(Anchoa hepsetus) appeared to be quite pas-
sive and displayed no discernible escape-
ment reactions,

Several hundred feet of film were exposed
in small cameras mounted on the headrope
and upper wings. The complete absence of
fish in the camera fields indicates that most
fish enter near the footrope. However, no
cameras were mounted on the footrope owing
to frequent encounters with the bottom during
haul-back.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Nov. 1961 p. 23.

Gulf Fishery Investigations

Some of the highlights of studies con-
ducted by the Galveston Biological Labora-
tory of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries during
January-March 1962:

ESTUARINE PROGRAM: Ecology of West-
ern Gulf Estuaries: Scheduled field work
continued during the first quarter of 1962 in
the three study areas of Clear Lake, Offats
Bayou, and Trinity Bay. Some difficulty was
experienced in obtaining samples on schedule
from Trinity Bay because of inclement weath-
er

The dominant species of fish, such as the
croaker, anchovy, spot, and menhaden, oc-
curred in expected numbers, but there wasa
delay of a couple weeks in the occurrence of
young menhaden in quantity, possibly due to
the effects of the extended freeze in January.
Two groups of organisms, differing in their
occurrence from 1961, include postlarval
shrimp and very small (8-12 mm.) flatfish.

Postlarval shrimp (probably brown shrimp)
first occurred in the Trinity Bay samples on
March 2, which is somewhat earlier thanlast
year. The distribution of postlarval shrimp
was also interesting: the Cross Bayou sta-
tion in the northwest corner of Trinity Bay,
farthest from the pass at Galveston, produced
approximately five times as many post-

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

larval shrimp as each of the two stations in
the southern part of Trinity Bay.

Effects of Engineering Projects: During
the quarter 56 appraisals were made of en-

gineering projects potentially affecting es-
tuarine fishery resources, under the present
system of coordination with the Branch of
River Basin Studies; only three did not in-
volve Texas estuarine waters, The majority
resulted from the more than 85 Corps of En-
gineers public notices and letters received
during the quarter, and screened to deter-
mine which projects could materially affect
estuarine and marine fishery resources.
Sampling at 12 stations in Trinity Bay was
continued through January on a weekly basis,
when conditions permitted, in connection with
a study of the effects of the Wallisville and
Livingston Dam Project (CE) uponbay fauna.

Research relative to the Colorado River
Special Study was initiated in February, and
10 stations were established in Matagorda
and East Matagorda Bays, the Intracoastal
Waterway, and the lower Colorado River to
determine the effects of proposed consump-
tive water usage upon marine fishery re-
sources. Sampling at each station includes
both surface and bottom salinity and temper-
ature measurements and a trawl haul for
biological specimens. An additional station
at Parker's Cut, between the Colorado River
and the eastern arm of Matagorda Bay, was
established for sampling only salinity and
temperature, since the depths are too irreg-
ular for trawling. Additional data are being
recorded for meteorological conditions and
for salt wedge intrusions into the river and
into Parker's Cut.

SHRIMP FISHERY PROGRAM: Migra-
tions of Pink Shrimp: A mortality experi-
ment involving pink shrimp on the Sanibel
grounds was begun on March 19, 1962, using
the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries ex-
ploratory fishing vessel Silver Bay. Shrimp
ranging from 20 to 53 mm. carapace length
were marked with fast green FCF. A total
of 2,496 shrimp was released in 26 releases,
using the underwater release box. As of
March 27, 1962, two marked shrimp were
recovered. As a part of the recovery phase,
a series of experiments will be conducted to
estimate the number of stained shrimp re-
captured but not discovered on the shrimp
vessels or in the heading houses.

Shrimp Spawning Populations: Stained
sections of ovaries from an additional 400

Vol. 24, No. 6

brown shrimp, Penaeus aztecus, were ex-
amined during the quarter. As observed in
earlier collections, females taken from
deeper waters generally had more advanced
ovaries. Of the brown shrimp ovaries taken
from September through December 1961 at
74- and 15-fathom stations, less than 27 per-
cent had advanced beyond the developing
stage. More than half the brown shrimp
from the 25-fathom stations were in the yel-
low or further advanced stages, and 16 per-
cent of those taken in 45 fathoms were ripe
or spent.

Shrimp Larval Studies: An illustrated
key to larval Penaeidae (genus only) was
completed. Including only forms known to
occur in the northern Gulf, the key treats
protozoeal, mysis, and postlarval stages,
and is now being tested through use in the
laboratory.

Continuing attempts to differentiate spe-
cies of Sicyonia larvae found in the plankton
samples reveal slight morphological dif-
ferences in the protozoeal stages but none
in the mysis stages.

At the end of the first quarter, ripe spec-
imens of brown shrimp and Trachypeneus
were obtained in experimental hauls by the
M/V Silver Bay midway between New Orle-
ans and Galveston. Immediately after being
brought into the laboratory, representatives
of both species released large numbers of
viable eggs. Trachypeneus eggs began to
hatch soon thereafter, whereas, none of the
brown shrimp eggs survived.

During the quarter 43 plankton samples
collected during October, November, and
December 1961 were examined for penaeid
larvae.

In July, August, and September of 1961

“penaeid larvae were distributed over the

entire sampling pattern. This distribution
did not persist through the ensuing 3 months,
however. Nauplii and protozoea occurred
at the 73-fathom stations only until October,
while mysis and postlarvae persisted until
the end of November. At the 15-, 25-, and
45-fathom stations, all stages of penaeid
larvae were encountered. The majority of
protozoea and mysis larvae occurred at the
15- and 25-fathom stations while most post-
larval shrimp were encountered at the 25-
fathom stations.

The relative abundance of penaeidlarvae
decreased markedly at all stations in late

June 1962

November and December, reaching a low
comparable to that of January 1960.

“They're gcin
= Lers rides: = =

A drift bottle and seabed drifter study was
initiated in February in order to supplement
the current meter and temperature/salinity
measurements made at each monthly station.
In February and March, 1,384 drift bottles
and 702 seabed drifters were released at
stations located from the mouth of the Mis-
sissippi River to Brownsville, Texas. At the
end of March, 3 percent of the drift bottles
and less than 1 percent of the seabeddrifters
had been recovered. From the initial drift
bottle recoveries, it appears that there is a
strong, westerly surface current. Due tothe
meager recoveries of seabed drifters very
little can be said at this time concerning bot-
tom currents.

inks, and flourescent dyes and pigments as
primary or secondary marking agents were
initiated during the quarter.

Of the eight inks tested on small white
shrimp (70-100 mm.), Bates numbering ma-
chine inks--green, blue, and black--showed
the most promise. The inks are easily seen
in the branchial region of the shrimp up to
43 days after staining. The ''control"' shrimp,
injected with sterile double-distilled water,
showed significantly less mortality than the
stained shrimp.

A second experiment still in progress and
using the same species and size range of
shrimp, indicates Sanford numbering machine
inks--red, blue, and black and two fluorescent
pigments, Day-Glo blaze orange and neon
red--also have possibilities as secondary
marks.

An experiment using fast green with Rho-
damine B, a fluorescent dye, as a secondary

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

mark, showed the latter dye to have almost
completely disappeared 5 days after staining.

Publicity was completed for the offshore
marking experiments commencing on March
30. Posters describing the program and re-
covery kits were distributed from Browns-
ville, Tex., to Bayou LaBatre, Ala.

Commercial Catch Sampling: Sampling
of the size and species composition of com-
mercial shrimp landings continued at the
Port of Galveston, Additional sampling sta-
tions were established at Aransas Pass,
Texas, and Morgan City, La. The biologist
at Aransas Pass covers landing activities at
the neighboring ports of Fulton Beach and
Rockport, while the biologist at Morgan City
collects information from the ports of Ber-
wick and Patterson.

Landings during the first quarter were
scattered and below average in quantity,
primarily because of weather.

Sampling and recording procedures have
been standardized, and a small tape record-
er was tested and is now used for rapid re-
cording of shrimp measurements during un-
loading and processing at the docks. Addi-
tional data are being obtained from allcom-
mercial species on the tail length and total
length relationship.

A total of 11,900 shrimp of three species
was measured during the quarter--9,500
brown, 2,200 white, and 200 pink shrimp.

Bait Shrimp Fishery: Final tabulation
disclosed that bait shrimp production in the
Galveston Bay area totaled 731,200 pounds
in 1961 compared with the previous year's
total of 943,400 pounds.

Most of the bait shrimp retailed in the
Galveston area during the first quarter of
1962 originated offshore in the Gulf of Mex-
ico, Matagorda Bay, or Sabine Lake.

Postlarval Shrimp Survey: Semiweekly
monitoring of postlarval shrimp moving into
Galveston Bay continued during the quarter;
the greatest number (1,220) were sampled
on February 26. Great variations in num-
ber between sampling periods appeared to
be related to fluctuations in temperature.
Following rapid drops in temperature, very
few postlarvae were collected, and on two
occasions great numbers of dead postlarval
shrimp were noted.

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

INDUSTRIAL FISHERY PROGRAM: Atlan-
tic croaker, spot, and sea trout continued to
dominate landings which fell slightly below
17 million pounds in the first quarter of 1962,
a 25-percent drop from production during the
corresponding quarter a year earlier.

Monthly indices of collective abundance of
fish supporting the upper Gulf's industrial
trawl fishery were computed from statistics
of 290 vessel trips covering the period Octo-
ber 1960-March 1961. The average catch per
tow by smaller vessels operating east of the
Delta ranged from 0.32 ton (Feb.) to 0.75 ton
(Oct.), and decreased 42 percent during the
first quarter this year. Catches per unit of
effort of large vessels (over 60 feet long)
fishing west of the Mississippi Delta varied
between 0.38 ton (Oct.) and 1.00 ton (Dec.),
and decreased steadily from December
through March. The over-all average for
the 6-months period was nearly equal inboth
areas.

Continuing analysis of data secured during
1961 in sampling operations off western Lou-
isiana and eastern Texas indicates that con-
centrations of fish having commercial poten-
tial are greatest in nearshore waters (to 20
fathoms) during summer months, and in deep-
er shelf waters (20-50 fathoms) in winter.

Cursory investigation of food preference
in the more abundant species disclosed that
shrimp constituted the major if not the pri-
mary element in the diets of most. Several
kinds of shrimp were represented among the
fish-stomach contents, but noncommercial
species greatly outweighed those of commer-
cial importance.

Note:

See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec, 1961 p. 32.

HK OK OS oe ok

SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES:

M/V “Belle of Texas” Cruise BT-19 and
"Miss Angela” Cruise MA-13: Only moder-
ate catches of shrimp were made by the re-
search vessels M/V Belle of Texas and the
M/V Miss Angela between April 18-27, 1962.
Both of the vessels are operated by the Gal-
veston Biological Laboratory of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries in studying
the distribution of shrimp in the Gulf of Mex-
ico.

A total of 9 statistical areas were covered.
One 3-hour tow was made in each of 3 depth
ranges in each area, A 45-foot shrimp trawl

Vol. 24, No. 6

Legend:
Station Pattern for Shrimp Program.

Depth Range - 7}, 15, 25, 35, 45, and
60 fathoms in each trangect

Shows the station pattern for cruise BT-19 of the M/V Belle of
Texas and cruise MA~13 of the M/V Miss Angela, April 18-
275n1962%

was used. Most of the catches consisted of
brown shrimp, but there were a few catches
in which white and pink shrimp were found.
The largest single catch was 31 pounds (all
brown) of 12-15 count shrimp in 20-40 fath-
oms in area 14, This same area yielded 6
pounds of 12-15 count brown shrimp in the
40-60 fathom range and 1 pound of 12-15 and
15-20 count shrimp in the 0-20 fathom range.
The catch in area 15 consisted of 21 pounds
of 15-20 count brown shrimp in the 20-40
fathom range, 22 pounds of 12-15 countbrown
shrimp in the 40-60 fathom range, and 4
pounds of 21-25 count white shrimp in the 0-
20 fathom range.

Hawaii

YIELD OF SKIPJACK TUNA
FISHERY THIS YEAR EXPECTED
TO BE BELOW AVERAGE:

Since 1959 annual predictions for the skip-
jack tuna fishery, in terms of above or below
average catch, have been made to the Hawai-
ian fishing industry by the Honolulu Biologi-
cal Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries. Such predictions are of
considerable value to the industry, for changes
in skipjack availability result in total annual
landings ranging from 6 to 14 million pounds.
The prediction can usually be made bythe end
of March and therefore is well ahead of the
peak fishing months of June and July.

The forecast is based on an empirical re-
lationship between annual landings and an

June 1962

oceanographic index derived from weekly
sea water surface temperatures at Koko Head
on the island of Oahu. Since adequate data
first became available in 1951, it has been
found that better than average landings fol-
lowed when the initial heating at Koko Head
occurred before the end of February and
poorer than average landings followed when
initial heating occurred during March. There
have been no exceptions to this relationship.

This year, the initial heating occurred in
March and it is therefore believed that avail-
ability of skipjack to the Hawaiian fishery
will be somewhat below average.

nee een AE TNS ae a

es ee

The initial heating index can best be ob-
tained from the Koko Head heating curve
showing the monthly rate of change of sur-
face temperature. The shape of this curve,
as well as the time of initial heating, reflect
oceanographic conditions or ''the oceano-
graphic climate" in the Hawaiian region. The
sequence of observations is now sufficiently
extended that years with similar oceano-
graphic climates can be recognized.

Two groups of years are easily identifi-
able from the shape of their heating curves.
The years within each group had similar
skipjack catch rates. The years 1954, 1959,
and 1961 were marked by early heating, fol-
lowed by a period of cooling and another ma-
jor period of heating; skipjack catch rates
were the best of the past decade. Bycontrast,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

the years 1955 and 1960 were characterized
by late initial heating, followed immediately
by the major heating period and lacking the
intervening cooling period; skipjack catch
rates during those years were all lower than
average. Recognizing these patterns, it is
believed that the oceanographic conditions
for 1962 will be similar to those of 1955 and
1960, and on the basis of similar catch rates,
we add to the 1962 forecast of below average
landings, that the catch rates will probably
be similar to those of 1955 and 1960.

As important as these forecasts based on
the empirical associations between oceano-
graphic conditions and the availability of fish
are, it is even more important for long-range
benefits to gain an understanding of the sig-
nificance of these associations. To this end,
on the basis of the oceanographic climate and
certain hypotheses regarding skipjack occur-
rence, it is believed that the center of skip-
jack availability will be displaced northwest-
ward along the Hawaiian Island chain during
1962. Records of catch locations for 1955
and 1960 show a trend in this direction. [If it
is possible to do so, it is planned to test this
hypothesis during the coming summer and
thus add to our understanding of this valuable

resource.

Industrial Fishery Products

U. S, FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES:

Production and Imports, January-February 1962: Based on
domestic production and imports, the United States available
supply of fish meal for the first 2 months of 1962 amounted
to 49,000 tons--20,300 tons or 71 percent above the same

A typical menhaden purse -seiner operating outof Reedville, Va.

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

U.S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, January-February
1961-62 and Total for 1961

19621/ | 1961
eye (SHOLtMEONS) veien steteis
IFish Meal and Scrap:
Domestic production:
Menhadenter.s. ss srsile tai = = 247,551
Tuna and mackerel, .. 2,928 2,880 21,243
Herring, Alaska..... = = 3,810
Othe Meek en atareus, fo omeute 1,870 1,946 38,661
Total production... 4,798 4,826 311,265
Imports:
Canadas. eueitre. 6: sues. in bsp sit 3,898 38,218
IPODGUMevetieve: ieviacelte 1s) oie, 35,231 17,334 151,439
Chilewe cyacyouetel <j tener LL oi, 1,061 12,074
Angolati'? sate itetens = S 1,543
So. Africa Republic .. 2,000 1,486 13,026
Other Countries. .... 101 96 rie |
Total imports..... 44,246 | 23,875 217,845 |
Available fish meal supply 49,044 28,701 529,110
Fish Solubles:
Domestic production 2/ | 3,114 2,985 111,254
Imports: ui
Ganddateics\ sisrere ev enehe 208 194 1,001
So, Africa Republic .. = 180 1,351
i 2 = 4,387
Other Countries..... ,314 |seees? |
Total imports .... 25a | 374% 31) 63739
[Available fish solubles
BUDD lyse inienere stone tern ine 3050 3,359 | 117,993
1/Preliminary.

2/50 percent solids, Includes production of homogenized condensed fish.

Product

Fish Meal and Scrap
Alewife scccccccccccecccccccvce
Herring:

Alaska pccccecvceccccsccccccce
Maine seccoecccccccvccsc0cccce
Menhaden2/ geececcccccccccscces
Sardine, Pacific eoeeeccoee
Tuna and mackerel 2cccecccecee

Fish solubles @eeeooeeeoeaoeooeoeoonoeaoonooe@
Homogenized condensed fish

Oil, body:
Ale’ OOO HOO OUBOOODOODHDOODO
Herring:

Si fictncgeeiabeke ite Tana Mae eo

Alaska
Memhaden'2/ocsevare stars aaiarccoletovelnvelorie
Sardine, Pacific ,

Table 1 - U.S, Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, February 1962 with Comparative Data
1961 a 1961 1961

Vol. 24, No. 6

period of 1961. Domestic production was slightly less, but
imports were nearly 20,400 tons greater than in the 2-
months period of 1961, Peru continued to lead other coun-
tries with shipments of 35,200 tons during the first 2 months
of 1962--slightly more than twice the quantity imported in
the same period of the previous year.

The total United States supply of fish meal in 1961 of
529,100 tons exceeded the peak year 1959 when the quantity
amounted to almost 440,000 tons,

The United States supply of fish solubles (including ho-
mogenized fish) during January-February 1962 totaled
5,600 tons--2,300 tons more than during the same period
in 1961. Solubles and homogenized fish of 3,100 tons manu-
factured from domestically~caught fish made up 55 percent
of the 2 months supply in 1962,

fe opie ieee oe

FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES:

U.S, Production and Foreign Trade, February 1962: In
February 1962, 2,100 tons of fish mea meal and scrap and 49,100
gallons of marine animal oils were produced in the United
States. Compared with February 1961, this was a decrease
of 1 percent in meal and scrap production, but an increase
of 4 percent in oil,

In February 1962, tuna and mackerel accounted for 1,300
tons or 62 percent of the meal total, and 34,700 gallons or
71 percent of the oil production,

There were 1,500 tons of fish solubles produced in Feb-
ruary 1962--54 tons above the same month of 1961. The

(Short: Tons)/< ‘00 c:sielelslcicleie'enelete

June 1962

<4 co S

View of menhaden reduction plant at Reedville, Va.

production of homogenized condensed fish amounted to 90
tons--a Slight gain compared with February 1961.

Imports and Exports, January 1962: Imports of fish
meal and scrap in January 1962 (25,400 tons) were 167
percent greater than in January 1961, and imports of fish
solubles (273 tons) were up 25 percent. Exports of fish
oils and fish-liver oils in January 1962 amounted to 509,300
pounds compared with 13,4 million pounds in January 1961.

Table 2 - U, S, Foreign Trade in Selected Industrial Products,
January 1962 with Comparative Data

ec ccece ADUOMt TONS). occce-
Imports:
Fish meal and scrap ceo
Fish solubles ..ccc0 eco

ecceccee « (GallOnS) seccces

Whale oil, sperm (crude and
refined)), cccccecscsssc

ccccccee (POUNMS) seecccee

Exports:
Fish and fish liver oils , .| 509,259 18,448,795 |122,485,721
Whale and sperm Oil... = 1,205,674

3 Ea es! 33

United States Major Indicators, March
1962: For the first two months of 1962,
production and imports of fish meal and
solubles were up as compared to the same
months in 1961. Production of fish oil and
exports were also up.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

Major Indicators for U.S, Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles,
! and Oil, March 1962

Item and Period 1962 | i961 | 1960 | 1959 | 1958

sb ih

Neenear nets eared (OhOVtwlons) esas, cee
Fish Meal:
Production 1/:
Mayenne nalts 32,922| 17,194] 25
Nore Saag. Gatosblleee 6,179} 5,076] 6
Manchwen) anemia 2s 700l) -2a751|\in2f955\au2
DANS MED eects teteten USO Ole eal 4 Oli lad:
Jan,-Dec, prelimi-
Naryatot.(2i/jesn ele | ie 289,039 /257,969/275,396|226,299
Jan.-Dec. final tot.| - 311,265 |290,137/306,551|/248,140

Imports:

WEN AAU B Bice al 'G = 24,753| 9,496] 16,329] 8,949
AD ili ucmcielomme ante iia 19,060] 10,397) 17,654] 11,758
Main chi ipe ween er ettenitel |e 20,458] 18,652] 16,719] 7,233
February . -/18,158] 14,344] 8,081] 19,463) 11,219
JaNUar yl gels 8,571] 19,700

7,696
Jan.-Dec. totals 217,845 [131,561 132,955]100,352

w
io
ny
wo
Ee
ko
k
en
ao
hs

eer: w(short Dons) ei) vce.
Fish Solubles:
Production 3/:
WERNER biG o-olop aD =
‘Apnilvaastecrene
Manchyceueneiien sis
Janene Dsvsalemouts
Jan,-Dec. totals

12,667| 7,370| 18,639| 9,351
2,539} 2,870] 6,987] 3,619
: 2,462} 2,382] 1,371
3,114| 2,651] 3,509] 4,124] 2,518

111,254] 98,929|165,359 |130,177

BR
eal)
wo
for)
i)
i)
tw
wo
a

Imports:
Mayhew. cacedisizeiten sete >|] lis: 283 59| 4,874) 1,405
Jyorpilirng ayo G- olor 220 134) 1,622 45
WEIS ht coon] & 135 87 410 84
February. .... .| 2,249 155) 1,875 398 149
| Mae J aniiaryiesi sure tgied’s i 273 219 214 954 473
Jan.-Dec. totals. .| - 6,739] 3,174] 26,630] 14,567
ener jo) (i O0O!Gallons) io. ate

Irish Oils:

Production:

WEN Be iSe a ospen Ollie 4,367| 1,768] 2,604] 2,166
ENey at) a yectinsd. 6 a 439 248 436 200
March, 47 63 66 42 84
Viava le Dewsmeameeets 6 143 98 105 102 95

Jan.-Dec. prelimi-
nary tot, 2/.... =

Jan.-Dec. totals 2/ | - 34,416] 27,886] 24,978] 22,028
Exports:
NIB arate cate et vectra |i 426 324, 1,455 293
ADT we ewensif oy seiiel gies |e 980 761} 1,116 254
Man chiraniausnsisile aponl | tata 753 421 600} 1,664
Hebruagy es soseaneieleucsoo 2 eda): 1h liey 999} 1,038
WANUAT Yi Wewietettelliere 6 13793 276) 898 825
Jan.-Dec, totals .. | - 16,331} 19,155 19,264] 12,539

[I/Does not include crab, shrimp, and misc. meals.

j2/Preliminary data computed from monthly data. Fish meal production reported currently
comprised 86 percent of the annual total for 1958, 90 percent for 1959, 89 percent for
1960, and 92 percent for 1961, Fish oil production reported currently accounted for
over 95 percent of the total production each year,

|3/Includes homogenized fish.

Note: Data for 1962 and 1961 are preliminary,

Sle ale cle oe ok
Ee fe Bet

U. S. Production, March 1962: Prelimi-
nary data on U. S. production of fish meal,
oil, and solubles for March 1962 as collect-
ed by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries and submitted to the International As-
sociation of Fish Meal Manufacturers are
shown in the following table.

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

U.S. Production 4/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles,
March i962 (Preliminary) with Comparisons

Jan.-Mar, 1962 ....
Jan.-Mar. 1961...

1/Does not include crab meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils.
2/Includes Hawaii, American "Samoa, and Puerto Rico,
3/Includes condensed fish,

U. S. Production, 1961: The production
of industrial fishery products by 170 plants
in the United States, American Samoa, and
Puerto Rico in 1961 was valued at $74.5
million to the processors.

Final data for 1961 shows that production
of fish scrap and meal amounted to 311,000
tons valued at $32 million to the processors.
This was 21,000 tons more than in 1960 and
exceeded the previous record established in
1959 by nearly 5,000 tons. Menhaden meal
accounted for 80 percent of the total produc-
tion of fish meal.

Production of fish and fish-liver oils in
the United States and Puerto Rico totaled
nearly 35 million gallons. The production
was 23 percent above that of 1960 but be-
low the record 40 million gallons produced

Vol. 24, No. 6

Cookers used to process fish at a menhaden plant in Reed-
ville, Va.

in 1936. Menhaden oil established a new
record and accounted for 91 percent of the
1961 production. ;
The yield, during 1961, of homogenized
condensed fish (nearly 12,000 tons) was about
2,000 tons above that of the previous year.
Production of fish solubles (100,000 tons)
was about 10,000 tons larger than in 1960.

Maine Sardines

CANNED STOCKS, APRIL 1, 1962:

Distributors' stocks of Maine sardines
totaled 148,000 actual cases on April 1,
1962--119,000 cases or 45 percent less than
the 267,000 cases on hand April 1, 1961.
Stocks held by distributors on January 1, 1962,
amounted to 193,000 cases, and on November
1, 1961, totaled 202,000 cases, according to
estimates made by the U. S. Bureau of the
Census.

Canners' stocks on April 1, 1962, totaled
only 45,000 standard cases (100 33-o0z. cans),
a decline of 461,000 cases (91.0 pereene) as
compared with April 1, 1961. This reflected
one of the shortest packs in recent yearsfor
1961. Stocks held by canners on January 1,
1962, amounted to only 144,000 cases andon
November 1, 1961, totaled 221,000 standard
cases.

The Maine Legislature authorized a 1962
season of 13 months--December 2, 1961-

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributors! and Canners' Stocks, April 1, 1962, with Comparisons
Type 1961/62 Season 1960/61 Season 1959/60 Season
4/1/62 [1/1/62 |11/1/61| 7/1/61 | 6/1/61] 4/1/61] 1/1/61] 11/1/60 | 7/1/60 | 6/1/60 | 4/1/60
233 277 172 197; 252
1,029 1,258 359 235 Sof,

Distributors! 1,000 actual cases 148 193 202
Canners' 1,000 std. cases 2/ 45 144 221
may contribute towards the prevention of

i/Table, represents marketing season from November 1-October 31.
arteriosclerosis.

2/100 37-02, cans equal one standard case.

January 1, 1963. The 1961 season was from
April 15 to December 1, the usual legal pack-
ing season for canned sardines in Maine. But

as of the end of March 1962 the extended sea- Dr. T. F. Kelley of Bio-Research Consult-
son had not yielded very much. The pack ants, Cambridge, Mass., reported this find-
December 2, 1961,to April 7, 1962, was only ing in a paper on recent research conducted
15,541 standard cases. And as of April 30, by his organization.

1962, there were no indications of an early

spring run of sardines. What sardines were He said that in the work, carried on inlab-
landed were caught by purse seiners in off- oratories and hospitals, 62 patients with high
shore waters. But the industry was still serum cholesterol ate one can of Maine sar-
looking forward to anormal pack for 1962. dines a day ranging from one week to six
Heavy landings were not expected until the months.

end of May.

"It was found that their total serum lipids
Shipments from April 15, 1961, to Aprill, | or fats decreased significantly during these

1962, of 1,087,000 cases were substantially periods," he stated.
less than the 1,794,000 cases shipped in the
same period a year earlier. The drop in Dr. Kelley further explained that the bene-
shipments was due almost entirely to the ficial effect can be explained to some extent
small 1961 pack. by the ingestion of polyunsaturated fats con-
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 p. 21. tained in Maine sardines.
He OK KOK Ok "Tf a recent statement by the American
Heart Association that reasonable substitu-

RESEARCH SUGGESTS tion of polyunsaturated fats for saturated
CANNED MAINE SARDINES fats is recommended as a possible means of
PROMOTE HEALTHIER ARTERIES: preventing arteriosclerosis and decreasing

A researcher told the Federation of the the risks of heart attacks and strokes, is
American Society for Experimental Biology valid, the present observations suggest that
in Atlantic City on April 16, 1962, that fre- a similar effect may be achieved to some
quent substitution of a can of Maine sardines, | extent by substituting one can of Maine sar-
for other calories in the diet, produces a dines a day for a portion of the diet," he
desirable effect on the blood of humans that added.

The Maine Sardine Council Chairman
hailed the findings as a significant develop-
ment for the State's big sardine industry.

"We have always known that Maine sar-
dines were a highly nutritive and healthful
food and this further supports our contention
as did animal feeding experiments at Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology last year,"
he said.

In the latter experiments animals fed a
diet of sardines showed a much lower choles-
terol level than those ona diet of a well known
household type of saturated fats. (Maine Sar-
dine Council, Augusta, Maine, news release
of April 16, 1962.)

——

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Marketing

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS MARKETING
PROSPECTS, SUMMER 1962:

Consumption of fishery products during
1961 in the United States reached almost 11
pounds per capita, an increase of about one-
half pound over the rate in 1960. During the
summer of 1962, it is expected that the per
capita consumption rate will be up seasonal-
ly and should continue at about the year-
earlier rate during the remainder of 1962.

Retail prices went up a little during the
first quarter of 1962 and averaged 4 percent

above a year earlier. They were expected
to continue at that level during the second
quarter.

Supplies of edible fishery products be-
come more plentiful with the beginning of
fishing operations in most segments of the
industry during the late spring months.
Commercial landings, which are already on
a seasonal upturn, will reach a peak during
June or July.

Total stocks of edible fishery products
were at the low point of the year early this
spring but will experience a gradual build-
up with increased fishing activity during the
summer. Holdings of frozen edible fishery
products at the beginning of April were al-
most 20 percent lower than in April 1961.
Packers' stocks of canned products were
also lower than last year at that time and
they will continue to decline seasonally until
the 1962 canning season is well under way
in early summer,

Imports of edible fishery products during
the first two months of 1962 were 4 percent
higher than those in the same period a year
earlier, and are expected to continue high
during the first half of 1962.

Vol. 24, No. 6

This analysis was prepared by the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Department
of the Interior, and published in the Depart-
ment of Agriculture's May 1962 issue of The

National Food Situation (NFS-100).

Michigan

LAKE SUPERIOR WATERS CLOSED TO
COMMERCIAL LAKE TROUT FISHING:

Final approval was given early in April
1962 by the Michigan Conservation Commis-
sion to the closing of commercial lake trout
fishing in Michigan's Lake Superior waters.
The restriction, another step toward bring-
ing back the lake trout fishery of the upper
Great Lakes, went to the State's Governor
with the request that it be made effective June
1 of this year.

Wisconsin and Minnesota were scheduled
to follow suit with similar restrictions. The
states' joint effart to protect low lake trout
populations from commercial fishing pres-
sure was triggered by signs that chemical
treatment of streams had made a significant
cut in Lake Superior's sea lamprey.

This improvement in the lamprey picture,
coupled with the ban on commercial fishing,
will give impetus to natural reproduction in
Lake Superior by an age class of lake trout
due to reach maturity during 1962. Without
the restriction, the commercial lake trout
fishery of Superior would soon have been
doomed to a total collapse, according to the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

A controlled lake trout harvest of about
40,000 pounds per year will still be made
from Michigan's Lake Superior waters. Pur-
pose of this is to continue studies on sea
lamprey numbers, lake trout stocks and their
natural reproduction, and other vital data.

This controlled harvest for assessment
work will be done under arrangements made
by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service whose
services will be contracted by Michigan's
Conservation Department.

June 1962

Nautical Charts

ATLANTIC SUPPLEMENTAL CHARTS
SHOW COASTLINE CHANGES
CAUSED BY MARCH STORM:

A total of 27 supplemental charts showing
changes in the storm-lashed Atlantic coast-
line during the week of March 6, 1962, have
been published by the Coast and Geodetic
Survey, U. S. Department of Commerce, it
was announced on April 13, 1962. This com-
pletes the series of preliminary chart sup-
plements intended to warn the mariner and
chart user of shifted shorelines, shoaled
channels, and other dangers.

The emergency supplements called ''chart-
lets" by the nautical chart trade, were com-
piled directly from new aerial photography.
The preliminary series are simple outlines
showing alterations in the shoreline. Subse-
quent editions to be issued later in 1962 will
include hydrography and aids to navigation.
Ultimately the basic nautical charts of the
Coast and Geodetic Survey will be revised to
reflect the changes,

The chartlets are printed in black ink on
thin white paper at the same scale as the
basic chart. They may be placed over the
basic chart to compare exact shoreline
changes.

The 27 preliminary chartlets and their
basic chart of reference are available free
of charge to the chart-using public from au-
thorized nautical chart agents of the Coast
and Geodetic Survey.

New York

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Total landings of fish and shellfish in the
Marine District of New York during 1961
amounted to 123.6 million pounds valued at
$9.1 million. Compared with 1960, this was
a drop of 14 percent in quantity, but a gain
of 5 percent in value. The decline in quan-
tity was the result of a decrease in landings
of whiting, unclassified fish used for animal
food, and scup or porgy. The catch of yel-
lowtail flounders registered the major in-
crease.

Striped bass landings in 1961 were the
highest annual commercial catch for the last

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

ne ie “ a —
ae a re SI

Unloading a trawler at the Fulton Fish Market dock, New York
City. Fish are packed in ice for shipment.

16 years. The heavy run of that species was
attributed to a very large year-class that
were too small for the market during the pre-
vious year. Haul seines took the majority of
the catch. The greatest landings of striped
bass occurred in November.

New York City is the State's major fishing
port. Total landings of 11.7 million pounds
at that port's Fulton Fish Market showed a
drop of 1.3 million pounds as compared with
1960. Scup, the principal species, was down
1.3 million pounds, butterfish was down
400,000 pounds. Because of the short supply,
there was an improvement in the price of
both of those species.

Menhaden landings in New York State in
1961 were approximately the same as in 1960,
with only a small increase in value.

Hard clams are the most important spe-
cies in terms of value in the State. The 1961
production was up. The value per bushelav-
eraged lower forthe year.

Oyster production continued at a low level
and dropped 22,000 pounds below 1960, while
the value increased $163,000.

The bay scallop production during 196]
maintained a high level with a slight drop
compared with the previous year's peak
catch.

‘North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

BIOLOGICAL DATA ON
SEA SCALLOPS COLLECTED:
M/V “Charlotte™ Cruise 5: In order to

obtain live scallops for laboratory tank ex-

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

periments, to observe gonad development of
seascallops, and to obtain scallops for length-
weight data, the vessel Charlotte chartered
by the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
operated 4 to 5 miles offshore of Barnstable,
Mass., on April 7,1962. The sex and condi-
tion of gonads of about 50 scallops were de-
termined; 1 bushel of live scallops was culled
from the total catch.

It was found that gonad development was
proceeding normally to stage 6. One bushel
of live scallops was brought back to the Bu-
reau's Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole,
INTER ie ed:

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Commercial Fisheries Review, Jan. 1962 p. 25.

ak ¢ @

North Atlantic Fisheries iain
and Gear Research

VERTICAL OPENING OF
OTTER TRAWLS STUDIED:

M/V Delaware Cruise 62-4: To deter-
mine the relationship of the door-end-stud
length and the vertical opening of a standard
No. 41 otter trawl was the principal objec-
tive of the March 29-April 6, 1962, cruise
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
exploratory fishing vessel Delaware. Meas-
urements were also taken to show the effect
of various numbers of standard aluminum
ball floats attached to the headrope and of
lightweight dacron top legs as compared with
wire legs.

-———-

Vessel Towing Speed
13] 210 r. p.m. = 3.24 knots

6, 9, & 12 = Door-end stud

(in feet)

Headrope Height

46
Number of 8" floate

ee Height Data Delaware Cruise 62-4.

Vol, 24, No. 6

Vertical openings of the trawl were meas-
ured by means of an echo-sounder transducer
mounted on the headrope of the trawl and a
bottom contact indicator light. Both instru-
ments were connected to indicators in the
vessel's pilothouse by a "'third wire" elec-
tric cable.

When the footrope was on bottom, as in-
dicated by the contact switch and light, the
distance to the bottom as sounded from the
transducer mounted on the headrope indi-
cated the vertical opening of the trawl.

Door-end-studs of 6-, 9-, and 12-foot
lengths were tested on the same No. 41 trawl
under identical conditions. The following
modifications were made to the trawl while
testing each of the three stud lengths: (1)
the number of floats was increased from 36
to 56, by groups of 10; (2) dacron (preten-
sioned) rope was substituted for top wire
legs; (3) the lower wings were cut freefrom
the sweep sections of the footrope.

A total of 25 tows were conducted in an
area 3 miles by 3 miles on Stellwagen Bank.
Each tow consisted of four runs made with
and against the tide at 210 r.p.m. (average
speed 3.24 knots) and at 190 r.p.m. (average
speed 2.92 knots).

The tests showed that the No. 41 otter
trawl achieved an opening ranging from 8.5
feet to 13.5 feet. Highest headrope openings
were attained with the lower wing cut free
from the footrope sweeps and with the great-
est number of floats (56) attached to the head-
rope,

Most significant findings of the cruise
were: (1) the length of door-end studs did
not appear to affect the opening of a No. 41
otter trawl; (2) increasing the number of
floats increased the headrope height within
the limitations of the netting; (3) dacron top
legs helped to increase the headrope opening
provided maximum opening had not already
been reached through the use of floats; and
(4) varying the towing speed between 3.24 and
2.92 knots did not affect headrope height.

Analyses of the data obtained indicated
that the dimension of the No, 41 trawl netting
sections restrict the headrope height to 13.5
feet. Higher opening of the trawl will require
further modification of the trawl or use of a

trawl of different design.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Nov. 1961 p. 25.

June 1962

North Carolina

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Fish and shellfish landings in North Car-
olina during 1961 amounted to 276.6 million
pounds, 20.8 million pounds (8 percent) above
1960. The production of food finfish was
about 1 percent less than in the previous year.
Shellfish landings declined 9 percent as com-
pared with 1960.

Fig. 1 - A small vessel used for catch!ng industrial fish, Beau-
fort, N. C.

The catch of menhaden and thread herring,
used in the manufacture of fish meal, oil, and
solubles, was 11 percent greater than in 1960.
Lower landings of croaker, mullet, spot, and
striped bass accounted for most of the de-
crease in the finfish production. Failure of
the shrimp run was chiefly responsible for
the drop in shellfish landings.

Fig. 2 - Menhaden net boats and dock unloading system at a
pet food plant, Beaufort, N. C.

Otter-trawl fishing in outside waters was
somewhat better than in 1960. The poor
shrimp season mayhavebeen partly respon-
sible since many of the large shrimp trawl-
ers converted to fish trawls earlier in the
fall than usual. Beach net fishing was not as

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

good as in the previous year. This fishery
appeared to be decreasing in importance.

Landings of sea bass, which amounted to
only 41,000 pounds in 1959, totaled 635,000
pounds in 1961, up sharply compared with
the 126,000 pounds landed in 1960. This fish-
ery seemed to be spreading to other south-
ern areas and some of the dealers were op-
timistic regarding its future as a substitute
for fisheries which were declining in im-
portance.

Menhaden landings increased 16 percent.
More vessels operated and only the bad
weather during the latter part of the season
prevented much greater landings. The price
of menhaden oil was depressed in 1961, due
to a loss of some of the export market, but
the price of meal was somewhat better than
in 1960.

The catch of hard blue crabs was 6 per-
cent greater than in 1960. However, the
crab market was poor during most of the
year--resulting in low returns. Activity in
the soft blue crab fishery was light, although
11 percent more soft shell crabs were pro-
duced than in 1960. The 1961 oyster produc-
tion was practically the same as for the pre-
vious year. Landings of bay scallops in-
creased 54 percent above 1960, while the
catch of calico scallops dropped 80 percent.

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

SURVEY OF DEEP-WATER
MARINE FAUNA OFF MOUTH
OF COLUMBIA RIVER CONTINUED:

M/V “John N. Cobb” Cruise 53: The
fourth in a Series of cruises designed to
monitor deep-water marine fauna at stations
established along a track line southwest of
the mouth of the Columbia River was com-
pleted on March 23, 1962, by the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory
fishing vessel John N, Cobb. This cruise
was also designed to extend the track line
into deeper water off the Columbia River
and to establish stations west of Destruction
Island suitable for future resurveying. Asin
previous cruises, commercial otter-trawl
nets were used for the survey.

A total of 17 stations at depths from 50 to
550 fathoms were successfully trawled off

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

the Columbia River. Regions surveyed off
Destruction Island at depths greater than 75
fathoms were characterized by rough bottom
which caused considerable damage to nets.
One successful haul was completed at 200
fathoms in this region.

Samples of fish and shellfish were col-
lected for the Atomic Energy Commission
and delivered to the Laboratory of Radiation
Biology at the University of Washington Col-
lege of Fisheries for radiological analyses.
Additional samples of Dover sole and sable-
fish were collected for study by the Bureau's
Technological Laboratory in Seattle.

The Bureau-Oregon Fish Commission co-
operative study of Dover sole migrations was
continued, with release of 244 tagged fish
caught at depths from 100 to 425 fathoms,

Dover sole
(Microstomus pacificus)

Commercial species of fish encountered
off the Columbia River were the same as
those taken in previous cruises, including
sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), Dover sole
(Microstomus pacificus), English sole (Par-

ophrys vetulus), petrale sole (Eopsetta jor-
dani), turbot (Atheresthes stomias), hake
(Merluccius productus), and several species
of rockfish. Some Dover sole and sablefish
were found throughout the depth range fished.
Largest sablefish catches ranging from 800
to 1,036 pounds per hour tow were caught at
depths between 250 and 425 fathoms. The
largest number of Dover sole were taken at
the 200-fathom station. Good catches of 1,000
to 1,600 pounds per hour of ocean perch (Se-
bastodes) were made at stations from 125-
175 fathoms. Very few hake were taken dur-
ing the survey.

{ Sablefish
(Anoplopoma fimbria)

Vol. 24, No. 6

Catches of invertebrates increased in
deeper water. Half of the total catch at the
550-fathom station consisted of inverte-
brates (starfishes and heart urchins), Male
and female tanner crabs (Chionoecetes tan-
neri) were taken at the 350- and 375-fathom
stations in contrast to previous cruises
where they were found to occupy separate
depth ranges. Egg-carrying females slight-
ly outnumbered males.

The 200-fathom hauls off Destruction Is-
land yielded 12,000 pounds of sablefish, most-

ly of subcommercial size,

The John N. Cobb left Seattle April 16,
1962, for 8 weeks of exploratory trawling
for bottomfish in the Gulf of Alaska. The
vessel was expected to return to Seattle
June 8, 1962, from Cruise 54. The area of
operation was to be Cape St. Elias to the
general vicinity of Portlock Bank. The pur-
poses of Cruise 54 were to determine the
relative abundance and sizes of bottomfish
and shellfish encountered in the area. Oto-
liths (ear bones) and scales were to be re-
moved from commercial species of fish so
that their ages can be determined. Halibut
caught on the survey was to be tagged and

A fully-exposed dart tag lying beside one that has already been
applied, and also a tag inserted into the hollow needle by
which the tags are inserted in the halibut.

returned to the water to provide informa-
tion on migration and growth. Sonic equip-
ment was to be used to survey the bottom.
A commercial otter-trawl net was to be
towed over grounds indicated by the sonic
gear as being trawlable. Catches made by
the net were to be examined to assess the

commercial fishing potential of the region.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Feb. 1962 p. 33,

Apr. 1962 p. 20.

June 1962

Oceanography

TROPICAL ATLANTIC COOPERATIVE
INVESTIGATIONS SCHEDULED
TO BEGIN IN 1963:

Cooperative investigations of the tropical
Atlantic Ocean from South America to Africa
are set to begin in January 1963, coordinated
by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries.

Proposed by the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries and accepted and sponsored by
the Interagency Committee on Oceanography,
this program will explore the equatorial At-
lantic, one of the last remaining ocean areas
with large stocks of underdeveloped food re-
sources and what appears to be an enormous
fishery potential. These fishery resources,
so valuable as protein food, are sorelyneeded
by peoples of West Africa and other parts of
the world who lack, to a crippling degree,
protein in their diet.

Although some research and exploration
have been conducted by other nations in the
tropical Atlantic, the Bureau's program will
be a major fishery and oceanographic re-
search project. It is now under considera-
tion for submission to the Inter-governmen-
tal Oceanography Committee as a United
States-sponsored international program.

A review of what already is known about
the area shows a lack of general knowledge
about changes in the aquatic plant and animal
life of the area as affected by currents, tem-
perature, and other physical environmental
factors. Therefore, the first year's work
will be oceanographic research of a general
descriptive nature, studying the complex sur-
face currents, variances of water tempera-
ture, salinity, weather observations, nutrient
content, the role of the Equatorial Undercur-
rent, and related topics. Pelagic fishery
surveys will be carried out during 1964 and
1965, using results from the 1963 studies
for experimental design of later work.

Cooperating in these investigations will
be several universities, the U. 5S. Weather
Bureau, the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,
and the U. S. Department of the Navy. Re-
search vessels from Argentina and Brazil
may participate, and expressions of interest
have been received from Britain and France,

Anticipating the need for additional staff
and facilities to carry on the greatly ex-
panded work of the Bureau of Commercial

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

Fisheries' Washington, D. C., Biological
Laboratory in this new program, the Labo-
ratory moved May 1 to larger quarters in
Building 74, Naval Weapons Plant. The Lab-
oratory was previously located at 734 Jack-
son Place in Washington.

The program has been designated as the
Tropical Atlantic Investigations and the first
two synoptic or general surveys as EQUA-
LANT I and EQUALANT IL,

EQUALANT I, Jan.-Mar. 1963.

EQUALANT I will take place January-
March 1963. As of March 1962, the ships
committed to the survey include the Chain
and Crawford of the Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution, Explorer of the U. S.
Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Geronimo
of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
The Oregon of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries and the Ombango of the Pointe-
Noire Laboratory may be used. An Argen-
tine vessel will participate in the survey
also.

EQUALANT II, July-Sept. 1963.

For HQUALANT II, covering July-Sep-
tember 1963, the only vessel definitely com-
mitted is the Geronimo of the Bureau of

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Commercial Fisheries. However, Argentina
and Brazil will cooperate in this phase as
will the Pointe-Noire Laboratory, the Agri-
cultural and Mechanical College of Texas,
and the University of Rhode Island.

a7)

Pollution

FISH KILLED BY WATER
POLLUTION IN 1961:

A total of 15 million fish were reported
killed by water pollution in the United States
in 1961, the U. S. Public Health Service's
Division of Water Supply and Pollution Con-
trol announced on April 23, 1962. The new
report shows that agricultural poisons led
all known sources of fish kills during 1961,
followed by industrial wastes. A totalof 444
individual kills are represented in the sum-
maries, many of them attributed to more
than one source. The totals by categories
follow:

Agricultural poisons: 75 reports account-
ing for 5.6 million fish killed; industrial
wastes: 150 reports accounting for a totalof
2.9 million fish killed; mining operations: 19
reports accounting for 1.1 million fish killed;
other sources: 60 reports accounting for a
total of 184,000 fish killed; domestic sewage:
52 reports accounting for 162,000 fish killed;
and 79 unknown source reports accounting
for 5.8 million fish killed.

The previous year's report, released on
June 30, 1961, showed a total of 286 reports
received from 36 States and a total of 6.3
million fish killed. Industrial wastes ledas
source of kills followed by agricultural poi-
sons in that report.

Only five states did not report any fish
kills, either because they did not occur or
were not of significant amounts.

Total river mileage affected in the 1962
reports when given was 1,700 miles; in ad-
dition, 50 miles of lake and bay shore lines,
and 6,000 acres of lakes, reservoirs, and

bays.
go

SIS

Vol. 24, No. 6

Shrimp

UNITED STATES SUPPLY AND
DISPOSITION, 1959-61:

With the sharp drop in landings in 1961 in
the Gulf and South Atlantic States, the avail-
able supply in 1961 was substantially below
1960. If it had not been for the substantial
increase in imports of shrimp, the 1961 sup-
ply would have been even less.

Bucket unloader used for unloading shrimp from trawlers,
Tampa, Fla.

249, 452
197, $15

240, 182
186, 202

Headless 4/.
Meat, raw 4/
Meat, cooked 4/
Breaded

57,730
3,298
43,000

56,670
6, 330

24, 000 42, 680

3/Reported by the United States Bureau of the Census as "shrimp
and prawn," which includes fresh, frozen, cooked, dried,

canned, etc., as follows: 1959--106,555,000; 1960--
113,418,000; and 1961--126, 268,000 pounds. The equiv-
alent heads-on weight was computed.

4/May include small quantities of fresh products.

5/Not available.

6/These totals do not add and are less than actual totals because

~ products frozen more than once have been eliminated.

Note: Shrimp data were compiled from figures assembled by the
U. S. Tariff Commission and the Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries Market News Service offices. To convert the weight of
heads-on shrimp to heads-off, divide by 1.68.

HOOK OK KOK

June 1962

UNITED STATES SHRIMP SUPPLY
INDICATORS, APRIL 1962:

«+ +» (1,000 Lbs,, Heads-Off), ...

Total Landings, So, Atl.
and Gulf States:
JUNE We levee elcl ete
Ma Yesuatenelet oleic
ADDI Fe sucketevoin's
Jan.-Mar,.....

Jan,-Dec,’... 3

Quantity canned,
Gulf States 1/:
UWS. 6 Goobo. 00
MEM bh aOU DOS
ADYilySetersierslere
Jan.-Mar.....-+
Jan.-Dec,....

12,427) 14,547] 10,241

March 31 .....
January 31....

Imports 3/:
May ..sseevee
APTil swe ceeee
March os. see
Jan-Mar, ....
Jan,-Dec, . 4...
1/Pounds of headless shrimp determined by multiplying the
number of standard cases by 33.
2/Raw headless only; excludes breaded, peeled and deveined,

etc.

3/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp

products as reported by the Bureau of the Census.

4/Not available.

Note: Data for 1962 and 1961 are preliminary. March 1962
data estimated from information published daily by the New
Orleans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp

to heads-on weight multiply by 1.68.

South Atlantic Exploratory
Fishery Program

SHRIMP TAGGED IN
GULF OF MEXICO AREA:

M/V “Silver Bay” Cruise 38 (March 14-
April 13, 1962): To stain and tag shrimpfor
mortality and migration studies was the pri-
mary objective of the 31-day cruise of the
exploratory fishing vessel Silver Bay of the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The
tagging was done for the Bureau's Biological
Laboratory at Galveston, Tex. The vessel
returned to Brunswick, Ga., on April 13, 1962.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

Approximately 2,500 pink shrimp were
stained and released off Sanibel Island, Fla.
A total of 2,431 stained and 1,632 tagged
brown shrimp were released between Gal-
veston and Aransas Pass, Texas. Postlarval
penaeid shrimp and ripe brown shrimp were
collected off the Louisiana coast.

South Carolina

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

South Carolina landings of fish and shell-
fish during 1961 amounted to 19.2 million
pounds--5 million pounds less than in 1960,
The production of finfish was 1.6 million
pounds greater than in 1960, while landings
of shellfish dropped 6.6 million pounds. Most
of the 1961 over-all decline was due to a
disastrous drop in landings of shrimp, one of
the mainstays of the economy of the com-
mercial fisheries of that State.

Bee ee ae

Unloading shrimp from a trawler at Pt. Royal, S. C.

Weather conditions were generally favor-
able for all fishing during the year, except
in September, when there were severaldays
of high winds and rough seas. In July, the
rainfall was in excess of normal recordings
for that period,

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The catch of food finfish increased 1.5
million pounds (30 percent) above 1960. This
increase was due primarily to the poor shrimp
season, as the shrimp vessels turned to fish-
ing for finfish to take the place of income
usually derived from shrimp fishing. Com-
pared with the previous year, the 1961 land-
ings of flounder increased 74 percent; king
whiting, 65 percent; spot, 27 percent; and
sea bass, from 29,000 pounds to 324,000
pounds. The tremendous gain in sea bass
was attributed to more extensive use offish
pots during the latter part of the year.

Landings of shrimp dropped from 8 mil-
lion pounds (heads-on) in 1960 to 3.9 million
pounds in 1961. There was an increase of
approximately 7 cents per pound in the ex-
vessel price of shrimp--compensating in
only a very small measure for the greatly
reduced landings.

The 1961 production of hard clams in-
creased 12 percent compared with 1960. The
price held good throughout the year, and there
was a ready market for all that couldbe taken,
Landings of hard crabs dropped from 7.1
million pounds in 1960, to 4.7 million pounds,
or 34 percent. The oyster fishery hada good
year, but production was about 3 percent be-
low that of the previous year. South Carolina
oysters were in demand and brought good
prices. With the advent of the new wage and
hour law, most of the shucking plants laid off
large numbers of shuckers.

Trout

SHORTAGE OF AMERICAN-PRODUCED
RAINBOW TROUT PREDICTED:

The increase in demand for American-
produced rainbow trout has created short-
ages in many portion sizes, states the U. S.
Trout Farmers' Association. The Associa-
tion is the official legal organization repre-
senting a large number of American trout
producers located throughout the nation,

One leading United States trout producer
reported an increase of over 70 percent in
sales volume during March 1962. The As-
sociation predicts additional increases in
demand due to the fact that more and more
eating establishments and food outlets are
vigorously promoting quality fishery products
and other low fat, polyunsaturated main

Vol, 24, No. 6

dishes. Modern processing, high quality
feeds, and rapid shipping--coupled with
close proximity to the ultimate consumer--
are a few of the factors that have made
American-produced rainbow trout popular.

Rainbow trout's high popularity stems
from the variety of ways it can be prepared
and because it lends itself to a variety of
enticing menu descriptions. Another reason
for rainbow trout's growing popularity is
that the dining public has discovered that
trout are the original ''all American fish."
Being native to the United States, these col-
orful and fighting game fish helped to feed
our country's forefathers as they moved
West. A rainbow's coloring actually depicts
our Nation's favorite and historic colors as
it is characteristically blue on top with sil-
very white underneath and red stripes or
side markings. (April 10, 1962, news re-
lease from the U. S. Trout Farmers! Asso-
ciation.)

Tuna

ALBACORE CATCH PREDICTION
BY U. 8S. WEST COAST FISHERMEN
SOUTH OF INTERNATIONAL BORDER:
This year United States west coast com-
mercial fishermen will catch 18.0 million
pounds of albacore tuna from waters south
of the International Border between Mexico
and the United States, and 5.7 million pounds
of bluefin tuna in waters off California. This
prediction was made by the San Diego Bio-
logical Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries. It was based on
shore temperatures averaged for January
through April 1962, and water temperatures
and salinities taken in April by the Califor-
nia Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries investiga-
tions off the Baja California and southern
California coasts.

The albacore fishery is expected to range
as far south as Guadalupe Island in June and
July. Bureau scientists have not yet founda

June 1962

Guadalupe
Isleng

Benitos
island

Cross-hatched region delineates the area expected to produce
about two-thirds of albacore catch in June and July 1962.

means to predict total west coast albacore
and bluefin landings.

Since 1945, the albacore catch south of
the border has ranged from zero to 26.7
million pounds. The bluefin catch off Cali-
fornia for the same period has fluctuated
from below a million pounds to 15.6 million
pounds.

During the past year the ocean to the west
of Baja California and southern California
has continued to cool from abnormally high
water temperatures in the years 1958 and
1959, This year, temperatures are up to
2° F, cooler than the long-term mean, where-
as in 1958 and 1959, temperatures were as
much as 6° F, warmer than the long-term
average. The years 1958 and 1959 were noted
for the complete failure of the southern alba-
core fishery.

Historical catch records show an inverse
relationship between the albacore catchfrom
south of the International Border and the blue-
fin catch from California waters. We believe
this relationship is due to differences in re-
sponse by the two species to the oceanic en-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

vironment. In''cold'" years albacore move
farther south than usual, resulting in high
catches south of the border. In ''warm'' years
bluefin move to the north, giving high catches
from California waters. Since this isa''cold"
year the center of the bluefin population is
expected to remain to the south; we estimate
that a below-average bluefin will be taken
from California waters.

The estimates of catch may be subject to
considerable error because as yet ithas not
been possible to correct for substantial chang-
es in fishing effort and to anticipate changes
that may occur in the ocean environment after
the forecast has been made. During the pre-
ceding three weeks prior to May 15, the ocean
appeared to be warming at a rate faster than
normal. This may cause the albacore fore-
cast to be somewhat high and the bluefinfore-
cast somewhat low.

In May 1961 the Bureau Laboratory at San
Diego issued its first forecast for the alba-
core fishery in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
The staff predicted that 10.0 million pounds
of albacore would be taken from waters south
of the International Border between Mexico
and the United States and that the fishery
would begin farther south than it had in the
preceding three years. A preliminary report
from the California Department of Fish and
Game stated that 8.4 million pounds of alba-
core were taken from that region in 1961.

dee

United States Fisheries

TRENDS IN 1961:

Per capita consumption of fish in the
United States increased to 10.9 pounds in
1961, a half pound more than in the previous
year. This increase was divided equally be-
tween ''fresh and frozen" and canned items.

The supply of domestically-produced
fresh and frozen products declined substan-
tially, even though the annual harvest was
the Nation's second largest--5.2 billion
pounds. Imports were up sharply due to in-
creased receipts of groundfish fillets and
blocks, and shrimp. Both edible and non-
edible imports established records.

The total amount paid to United States
fishermen and vessel owners amounted to
$358 million--nearly $4 million more than

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 6

Apparent Civilian Per Capita Consumption of Fishery Products (Edible Weight), Calendar Years, 1935-39 and 1947-49 Averages,
1959-61 and Preliminary for 1962, with Percentage Comparisons

1962 as a Percentage of

Commodity

1/Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.
2/Excludes canned food products containing small quantities of fish, such as clam chowder, etc.
3/Not available,

in 1960, but $15 million less than the record
$373 million paid in 1958, The average price
per pound was 6.94 cents, a low figure due to POUNDS
the record catch (2.3 billion pounds) of low- 175
priced menhaden.,

MEAT & POULTRY

e
o
oom

SSS

BILLION POUNDS MILLION PERSONS

4.0 U. 8. POPULATION | pom 160

ww
-

ee
U. S. FOOD FISH CATCH

3.5

2.5

40 45 50 55 60
: Fishery products waged on edible werent, meat on

and on ready -to-cook weight.

20 Fig. 2 - tae States = capita consumption of fishery
products compared to meat and poultry, 1930-1961.

FOOD FISH IMPORTS

0
1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960

cee
Fig. 1 - Relationship of United States population to food fish
catch and imports, 1935-61.

January

February

San Pedro, Calif., was the leading United
States fishing port in 1961 with respect to
both quantity and value of fishery landings.
At that port landings amounted to 416 million
pounds, with an ex-vessel value of $36 mil-
lion. Pascagoula, Miss., was in second place
with 354 million pounds; followed by Lewes,
Del., 303 million pounds; Reedville, Va., 290
million pounds; Cameron, La., 252 million
pounds; and Empire, La., 246 million pounds,
All but San Pedro were entirely or prin-
cipally menhaden ports. New Bedford, Mass.,

March
April

May
June

July

August

Million
pounds

occupied second place in value of landings Plee ae ces States monthly catch and utilization of fish and
, .

with $15 million; followed by Boston, Mass.,

$10 million; San Diego, Calif., $8 million;

and Gloucester, Mass., $6 million, catch--Japan (16.4 percent), China (Mainland)
(13.3 percent), Peru (9.4 percent), U.S.S.R.
(8.1 percent), and the United States (7.5 percent),

The 1960 world catch amounted to a re-
cord 83.2 billion pounds. Five countries ac-
counted for well over 50 percent of the total aot fod RES

June 1962

PACKAGED FISHERY PRODUCTS
PRODUCTION, 1961:

The production of fresh and frozen pack-
aged fish fillets and steaks in the continental
United States during 1961 amounted to 158
million pounds valued at nearly $52 million
to the processors. Compared with 1960, this
was an increase in production of 5 million
pounds and of $3 million in value. It was es-
timated that 449 million pounds of round fish

were required to produce the 1960 production,

New England

Middle Atlantic

Great Lakes

Chesapeake, South
Atlantic, and Gulf [ete

Pacific

Million
Pounds 0

10 20 30 100 110

IL.

United States production of packaged fish, 1960-61.

Haddock fillets (38 million pounds) and
Atlantic ocean perch fillets and steaks (37
million pounds) were the leading items pro-
duced in 1961 and accounted for 48 percent
of the total volume and 42 percent of the to-
tal value. Other important items produced
during 1961 were flounder, cod, halibut, and
pollock steaks and fillets.

KK OK OK

CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1961:

The pack of canned fishery products in
the United States, American Samoa, and
Puerto Rico during 1961 amounted to 33 mil-
lion standard cases (1 billion pounds) valued
at $424 million to the packers. Compared
with 1960, this was a 4 percent decrease in
production, but an increase of 9 percent in
value,

The 1961 pack for human consumption
was 48 million pounds and $41 million higher
than in 1960, The gain in both quantity and
value was due largely to record packs of
tuna and crab meat, and to increased packs
of canned salmon, mackerel, and oysters.
The value of two items--canned salmon
and tuna--accounted for 72 percent of the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

Ie Million cases Million cases

—Tonlaeninlaalnalan Galan aniaai ental
—
i 12

=== - Salmon pack

1941 1945 1950 1955 1961

United States pack of tuna and salmon, 1941-61.

total value of canned fishery products to
the packers.

The packs of Maine and Pacific sardines,
shrimp, and animal food were less than in
the previous year.

Sei isiel si oR

FISH STICKS AND PORTIONS
PRODUCTION, JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

The United States production of fish sticks
during the first quarter of 1962 amounted to
20.7 million pounds, while the production of
fish portions totaled 18.4 million pounds.
This was a gain of 253,000 pounds (1 percent)
in fish stick production and 3.4 million pounds
(22 percent) in the production of fish portions
as compared with the first quarter of 1961.

[Million pounds

L Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.

U.S. production of fish sticks and portions combined, 1960-1962. ,

May June July Aug.

Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Cooked sticks (19.5 million pounds) ac-
counted for 94 percent of the totalfish stick

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 1 - U.S, Production of Fish Sticks by Months and Type,
January-March 1962 1/

January... cee ene
IEDEUALY cieveivieleiale
Mar Chim eneieis sieisls

Total 1st Qrr, 19621/
Total 1st Qtr. 1961 .

al Preliminary.

Table 2 - U, S, Production of Fish Sticks by Areas,
January-March 1962 and 1961

T4961 2/

1962 1/

Atlantic Coast States
Inland & Gulf States .
Pacific Coast States .

otal ciielslelesess 20,669

spelelevetexe’stone(( O00MZDS site eualerohavern’s

January .oseves 5,471
REDriatyicreterelese 5,925
IMarchivenenaeshenets 5,526
Aprile stavenetevecens 4,855
MaVieieuvoieiotetetels 4,229
MING epevenyetetale ete 4,702
a) ULVixe tej cnenayesevekce 4,574
AUGUST is: atte. eiererere 4,358
September ..... 5,328
OCtODENFs: reves isce 5,485
November ..... 5,091
December's sis.6 = 5,467

otal sieisveress 61,011
‘1/Preliminary, 2/Revised,

production, while the remaining 1.2 million
pounds (6 percent) consisted of raw sticks.
A total of 17.8 million pounds of breaded
fish portions (of which 14.9 million pounds
were raw) and 574,000 pounds of unbreaded
portions was processed during the first quar-
ter of 1962.

Vol. 24, No. 6

Table 4 - U, S, Production of Fish Portions by Months and
Type, January-March 1962 1/

Grand
Month Cooked Unbreaded | Total

afetel cetera steer (L;000/IsDSs)iewereielenelonetelieke
5,102

January ....
February ...
March ...../1

Table 5 - Production of Fish Portions by Areas,
January-March 1962 and 1961

1961.2/

Atlantic Coast States
Inland & Gulf States
Pacific Coast States

1/Preliminary,

2/Revised,

Table 6 - U, S, Production of Fish Portions by Months,
1958-1962

Month 19621/ | 19612/| 1960 1959} 1958

o srejoveravie,,syon4(l 000 LeDSs)ererenanchoteneuels

PANUALY i sicher es shiere
@Druany ie) ee lee
Marchincnit cine ioheucke
VAD TLe rotetesevenorene
MEM SiG one O

September .....
OCtobersaieteveterets
November......
December .....

Total .....+
i/Preliminary. 2/Revised,

The Atlantic Coast led all areas inthe pro-
duction of both fish sticks and portions with
16.4 and 10.9 million pounds, respectively.
The Inland, Gulf, and Pacific Coast States
produced the remaining 4.3 million pounds
of fishsticks and 7.5 millionpounds of fish
portions.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 p. 24.

June 1962

U. S. Fishing Vessels

DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED AND
CANCELLED, MARCH 1962:

During March 1962, a total of 19 vessels
of 5 net tons and over were issued first doc-
uments as fishing craft as compared with 44
in March 1961. There were 44 documents
cancelled for fishing vessels in March--the
same as in March 1961.

Table 1 - U. S, Fishing Vessels / --Documentations Issued
and Cancelled, by Areas, March 1962 with Comparisons

Issued first documents 2/:
New England 30.) 2...
Middle Atlantic ...... 5
Chesapeake...
South Atlantic
Gultetatereacheke
PACITICH Se uenete
Great Lakes ,
Puerto Rico

New England ..
Middle Atlantic
Chesapeake ..
South Atlantic

Gaultier neneiess peters) ate | LO 1
aAcificienerstedenete maetene sere pelo
Great Lakes ... ofle) “ei Te¥tesiei
Hawailigecmemensbe ls wiishieheife eine

ww
i]
NOWWRAON

»
wo
rs
oo

PROtalWeeW clei stictieuletiasiatte

1/For explanation of footnotes, see table 2,

| 120

Table 2 - U. S, Fishing Vessels!/ --Documents Issued and)

Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, March 1962 |
Issued2/ uh Cancelled?/

Gross Tonnage

Mets ere (NUMbET) newest

PIrwrFiVNNNAN

PRR MRRP EN! pMwwhro

=
is
oO
'
ra
»
©

4
fo]
+
»
=
rar
©
>
|

1/Includes both commercial and sport fishing craft. A vessel is defined as a craft of 5
net tons and over.

2/Includes redocumented vessels previously removed from records. Vessels issued first

~ documents as fishing craft were built: 9 in 1962, 2 in 1961, 1 in 1960, and 7 prior
to 1951. Assigned to areas on the basis of their home ports,

3/Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold alien, etc.

Source: Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the United States, Bureau of Cus-

toms, U.S. Treasury Department.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
FEBRUARY 1962:

Imports of fresh, frozen, and processed edible fish and
shellfish into the United States in February 1962 were down
5.5 percent in quantity and 10.6 percent in value as com-
pared with the previous month, The decline was due prima-
rily to smaller imports of frozen fillets (groundfish and other
types), canned tuna in brine, canned sardines, canned salmon,
fresh and frozen sea scallops, spiny lobster, and shrimp.
The decline was offset partially by more imports of fish
blocks, frozen tuna, and frog legs,

Compared with the same month in 1961, imports in Feb-~
ruary 1962 were up 1,5 percent in quantity and 7.5 percent
in value. The general increase came about because of more
imports of fillets of groundfish (mostly ocean perch and fish
blocks), frozen tuna other than albacore, tuna loins and discs,
canned sardines in oil, live lobsters from Canada, and shrimp.
The increases were offset somewhat by declines in the im-
ports of fillets other than groundfish, frozen albacore, frozen
salmon from Canada, canned tuna, canned sardines not in oil,
canned crab meat, canned lobster meat from Canada, and
canned oysters,

In the first two months of 1962 the imports of fresh, fro-
zen, and processed edible fish and shellfish were up 3.0 per-
cent in quantity and 14.7 percent in value as compared with
the same period the previous year, The increase in value was
due to the higher prices for nearly all imported fishery prod-
ucts, Imports in January-February 1961 were greater for
frozen fillets (especially fish blocks and ocean perch), frozen
tuna, tuna loins and discs, canned tuna, canned sardines in oil,
frozen shrimp, fresh and frozen scallops from Canada, and
lobster and spiny lobster.

U.S, Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
February 1962 with Comparisons
Quantity Value

Feb. Jan,-Feb.| Feb. Jan,-Feb.
1962/1961 1962] 1961 1962/1961] 1962/1961

.. (Millions of Lbs.,)..]. . (Millions of $)..

Item

Imports:

Fish & Shellfish:
Fresh, frozen, &
processed 1/ ,.| 84,0] 82.8 |173.0 |167.9]28.8 |26.8 |61.0 |53,2

xports:
Fish & Shellfish:
Processed only 1/

(excluding fresh
& frozen)... ..i[) 2.9] 4:4|) 6.4)" 6.9] 1.3]-1.9

[Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other specialties.

3.0

aes

United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in
February 1962 were down 33.6 percent in quantity and 31.6
percent in value as compared with February 1961, The
drop was due to smaller exports this February of canned
mackerel, salmon, and sardines not in oil, frozen shrimp,
canned shrimp, and shucked oysters,

Compared with the previous month, the exports in Feb-
ruary 1962 were down 16.8 percent in quantity and 7.1 per-

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

cent in value principally because of smaller exports of
canned mackerel,

Processed fish and shellfish exports for the first two
months of 1962 were down 7.2 percent in quantity and 10,0
percent in value as compared with the same period of 1961.
The following products were exported in substantially less-
er quantities in 1962: canned salmon, canned sardines not
in oil, canned shrimp, and shucked oysters,

epee bere k ES

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

United States imports of tuna canned in
brine during January 1-March 31, 1962, a-
mounted to 14,180,044 pounds (about 675,200
std. cases), according to data compiled by
the Bureau of Customs. This was 19.9 per-
cent more than the 11,822,619 pounds (about
563,000 std. cases) imported during January
1-April 1, 1961.

United States imports of tuna canned in
brine during January 1-April 28, 1962, a-
mounted to 17,049,225 pounds (about 811,900
std. cases). This was 13.0 percent more
than the 15,083,873 pounds (about 718,300 std.
cases) imported during January 1-April 29,
1961.

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1962 at the 123-percent
rate of duty is limited to 59,059,014 pounds
(about 2,812,000 std. cases of 48 7-oz. cans).
Any imports in excess of the quota are duti-
able at 25 percent ad valorem.

CHESAPEAKE BAY
FLOUNDER MIGRATION STUDIES:
Biologists from Massachusetts, New York,
New Jersey, and Virginia, with the New Jer-
sey Department of Conservation acting as
host, met at the New Jersey State laboratory
at Island Beach on April 13 to consolidate
their findings about the migrations of floun-
der in the Middle Atlantic area. An Asso-
ciate Marine Scientist of the Ichthyology De-
partment of the Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Gloucester Point, discussed the
movement of flounders from the time they
hatch in the ocean until they are caught by
fishermen.

Virginia

"We have collected eggs and larvae of
flounders over the continental shelf from

Vol, 24, No. 6

November to March for three years," the
scientist reported, ''and have followed the
migration of young fishes into Chesapeake
Bay, up the rivers, and their return to the
ocean.'' Small flounders no more than an
inch in length are found in the shallow waters
of the York River during late spring.

A graduate student of the Virginia Insti-
tute and associated with the Ichthyology De-
partment has been determining the age of
flounders in the commercial catch since
October 1961. Age is determined by care-
fully examining the ear stones called oto-
liths. Each year's growth adds a concentric
ring similar to the growth ring on a tree.

The head of the Department of Ichthyology
of the Virginia Institute has been processing
catch data for the past six years in order to
learn trends of the fishery. Another member
of the same department has been collecting
sport fishing records on the flounder catch.

A crew from the Ichthyology Department
has been making monthly surveys for the
past several years to gain information about
the presence, abundance, and distribution of
flounder and other fish in the Chesapeake
Bay, and has traced their migration into
Chesapeake Bay.

The symposium was called to gather to-
gether all regional workers who are inter-
ested in the problem and to summarize in-
formation which has been gathered. In this
way, answers to some questions can be found
which an individual state could not obtain be-
cause their facilities do not reach beyond
state boundaries.

It is hoped that serious gaps in the present
knowledge of the flounder will soon be filled
in, and that the meeting will be mutually ben-
eficial to representatives of all of the states.

HOOK OK AK

OYSTERS AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE:

At a meeting of the Atlantic Estuarine
Research Society held at Morehead City,
N. C., the weekend of April 14-15, an Asso-
ciate Marine Scientist at the Virginia Insti-
tute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point,
pointed out that one acre of oysters may
deposit a ton, dry weight, of silt, clay, and
suspended matter in a week's time. Thisis
equivalent to five tons wet weight.

"Should fission particles be present in
the waters, they would be attached to clay,

June 1962

silt, and other suspended material," the sci-
entist stated. "Oysters, barnacles, clams,
tunicates, and copepods all ingest this mate-
rial and eventually deposit it on the bottom."
The scientist and his research assistant at
the Institute gave a joint paper entitled, ''Bio-
deposition by Filter Feeding Marine Organ-
isms as a Process in Concentrating Radio-
active Wastes into Bottom Deposits.'' The
paper states that there are many sources of
radiation contamination such as, disposable
low-level wastes from experimental uses
(hospitals, therapeutic uses, etc.), nuclear
power plants, maritime reactors, fallout
from nuclear testing, and the possibility of
contamination from nuclear accidents.

"What would be the ultimate fate of radio-
active materials once introduced into marine
waters?" the scientist asked. The labora-
tory work he is doing is under the direction
of the head of the department of basic ecology-
pollution at the Institute. They are concerned
with the absorption (sticking) of radionuclides
to suspended materials in the water, especial-
ly clay. Work completed thus far indicates
that the higher the salinity the lower the ab-
sorption of fission products, Apparently ra-
dioactive material is not stripped off of clay
particles as it passes through the digestive
tract of marine animals. One of the next
problems to be attacked is to learn how per-
manent the sediments of the deposits from
these marine animals are.

A graduate student at the Virginia Insti-
tute gave a paper on the age and size of
Urosalphinx cinerea, the screw borer or
oyster drill, at the onset of maturity in the
lower York River. He reported that these
smooth oyster drills are sexually mature
when only half an inch long, Few drills grow
to be more than one inch long in the York
River. On the Eastern Shore of Chesapeake
Bay they frequently reach a length of two
inches and are highly destructive tooysters
in the high salinity waters throughout Vir-
ginia.

The membership of the Atlantic Estuarine
Research Society consists of 166 scientists
who conduct research in marine waters along
the Atlantic Coast.

* He OK OK OK

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Landings of fish and shellfish at Virginia

ports during 1961 amounted to 400.8 million

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Menhaden

Blue Crabs

Alewives

Oysters

Scup or
Porgy

Sea Bass |

Other

Million
Pounds 9

Fig. 1 - Virginia landings of certain species, 1961.

pounds valued at $20.5 million. Compared
with 1960, this was a gain of 9 percent in
quantity, but a drop of 2 percent in value.
The catch of menhaden accounted for 72 per-
cent of the 1961 total catch, while oysters
accounted for 52 percent of the total value.

The virtually constant $20 million value
of the Virginia catch in recent years could
be offered as proof that Virginia's fisheries
have been static for a good many years.
There may be noteworthy changes occurring
within individual fisheries, but they seldom
qualify as major trends. There has been
some automation over recent years as inthe
cases of menhaden fishing and unloading and,
to a lesser extent, in oyster steaming, On
the whole, handwork remains essential through-
out the industry. Wages have risen slowly
over the years, and a laborer might count on
a moderate livelihood only if employment was
steady.

Fishery employment--both afloat and
ashore--was a little below the previous year's
total, but the total working time was less than
last year.

The drop in the oyster landings which be-
gan in 1960, continued at an accelerated pace
into 1961. However, as the year progressed,
the decline tapered off, and the total landings
were only about 7 percent below 1960. De-
spite the lower landings, a price rise re-
sulted in oyster fishermen and vesselowners
realizing nearly $600,000 more than in the
previous year.

Seed oysters are an important part of the
Virginia fishing industry. The 1961 catch
of seedoysters from public grounds amounted

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

POTOMAC ERA

VIRGINIA

Fig. 2 - Virginia fishing areas.

to 1.5 million bushels and added nearly $1.3
million to tongers' income.

Hard crab landings were near an all-time
high. The winter-dredge and the summer-
pot fisheries were both quite productive.
More than 45 million pounds valued atnearly
$2 million were landed. Soft crabs and peel-
ers were also in good supply.

After the depressing factors that slowed
down the menhaden industry the previous
year, the 1961 season returned almost to
normal, Even so, one of the five processing
plants remained closed. The total menhaden
catch for reduction was 277.3 million pounds.
The adversities of a highly competitive mar-
ket compelled at least one processor to in-
vestigate new products, with the result that
a plant food made from solubles was success-
fully placed on the market. Other products,
such as pet food and fish flour, or fish pro-
tein concentrate are under serious consid-
eration by industry members.

Hard clam fishing changed very little
from the previous year. The soft clamfish-
ing remained dormant. Clam fishing in Vir-
ginia lacks the sharp ups and downs that be-
set so many other segments of the fisheries.
Production and prices of hard clams held
fairly steady.

Wholesale Prices

EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH,
APRIL 1962:

The usual seasonal increase in landings occurred in April
throughout the country and prices declined seasonally 1.2

Vol. 24, No. 6

percent from March, But the April 1962 wholesale price in-
dex for edible fishery products (fresh, frozen, and canned) at
118.9 percent of the 1957-59 base was 17 percent higher than
in the Same month of 1961, There wasn’t a single fishery
product included in the index that didn’t bring higher prices
this April than in the same month a year earlier,

Seasonally heavier landings of fish in.New England ports,
principally haddock, were responsible for the drop of 2.2
percent in the drawn, dressed, or whole finfish subgroup in-
dex from March to April.. But-prices for the subgroup this
April still were 23,9 percent higher than in the Same month
of 1961, A drop of 26.1 percent in the ex-vessel price of
large haddock at Boston was almost offset by the substantial-
ly higher prices for halibut and fresh-water fish. The Jewish
holiday trade and the fact that supplies were light caused the
higher prices for the more popular fresh-water varieties like
whitefish and yellow pike. The market was strong throughout
most of April for all the products in this subgroup.

Prices for processed fresh fish and shellfish dropped 2.3
percent from March to April, Seasonally heavier supplies
were responsible for the 25-percent drop in the price of
fresh haddock fillets at Boston. In the same period shucked
oyster production was light as dealers processed just enough
to satisfy the limited end-of-season demand, and prices re~
mained steady at the March level. But compared to a year
earlier, prices this April for all the products in the subgroup
were up 17.5 percent. Prices for fresh haddock fillets were
up 41.5 percent, fresh shrimp at New York City up 26,1 per-
cent, and shucked oysters at Norfolk up 7.0 percent,

Breaded shrimp is packed in cartons prior to freezing in a shrimp-
breading plant located in Brunswick, Ga. Packed boxes on
center belt conveyor are carried to weigher.

Frozen fishery products moved well in April, Markets
were Steady to firm for most of the major products, and
some shortages were reported for halibut, ocean perch fil-
lets, and whiting, Small quantities of new-season halibut
helped to alleviate the shortage slightly for that product,
Markets continued strong for frozen shrimp as supplies
remained short, The frozen processed fish and shellfish
subgroup index for this April was down ‘0.9 percent from
March because prices dropped for fillets of haddock and
ocean perch; but prices for shrimp were slightly higher.
The April index for the subgroup was 21,8 percent higher
than in the same month of 1961, with prices up 2.6 percent
for frozen flounder fillets, up 3.1 percent for haddock fil-
lets, up 13.9 percent for ocean perch fillets, and up 36.8
percent for frozen shrimp at Chicago,

Canned fishery products prices remained at the same
level from February through April. But the index for the
subgroup this April was 10.5 percent higher than a year
earlier, Compared to April 1961, prices this April were
up 1.8 percent for canned pink salmon, up 10,4 percent for

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, April 1962 With Comparisons

Point of Avg, Prices 1/ Indexes 2/
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit $ 1957-59=100

ALL FHISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) .

Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products:, . ...... 117.2 | 119.4 | 118.5
Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: ...... 5 119.1 | 121.8 | 118.6

Haddock, Ige., offshore, drawn, fresh ....

Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd,, fresh or froz,

Salmon, king, lge, & med,, drsd,, fresh or froz, .| New York
Whitefish, L, Superior, drawn, fresh . . . . . »| Chicago
Yellow pike, L.Michigan & Huron, rnd,, fresh , .] New York

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):, .....
Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-lb, tins.
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), headless, fresh
Oysters, shucked, standards ......

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): ...
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-lb, pkg. . .
Haddock, sml,, skins on, 1-1b, pkg.

Ocean perch, lge,, skins on 1-Ib, pie.. P

Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), brown, 5-1b, pkg. .

GannediFisherysProductss 3) oi. ve) sre te ee este
Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs. .
Tuna, It. meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 o2z.),
ASV Cans Coteau tietr ake cic licce ine weiner s
Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack, No. 1 avail (15 02.),
Sie VE CET Sea eee ete
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn
(328/4/02,),,L00\cans/cssi oe ele es
1/Represent average prices for one day (Monda
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service “Fishery

Products Reports’’ should be referred to for actual prices,

2/ Beginning with January 1962 indexes, the reference base of 1947-49=100 was superseded by the new reference base of
1957-59=100.

3/Recomputed to be comparable to 1957-59=100 base indexes,

canned tuna, up 16.7 percent for California sardines, and mestic landings of yellowfin tuna in California curtailed the
up 46,4 percent for Maine sardines, The canned tuna pack pack of light meat tuna, Through April the pack of Maine
this year was only slightly less than last year at the end of sardines was very light and the available stocks had practi-
April, but less light meat and more white meat was packed cally been sold out by the end of April. The 1961/62 season
the first four months of this year, A substantial drop in do- pack for California sardines was again a small one,

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

F FOREIGN

: ;

International

UNESCO INTERGOVERNMENTAL
OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION

CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE
MEETS IN PARIS:

The consultative committee of the UNESCO
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commis-
sionmetin Paris, France, April 10-12, 1962.
The meeting was attended by a United States
delegation.

The consultative committee was estab-
lished at the First Session of the Intergov-
ernmental Oceanographic Commission inOc-
tober 1961 for the purpose of working with
the Bureau and Secretariat of the Commis-
sion in the development of the Commission's
program during the period between Sessions,

NORDIC CONTACT COMMITTEE FOR FISHERIES
ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMITTEE:

Nordic fisheries matters will be coordinated by a Nordic
Contact Committee in the future, if member governments
approve one of the recommendations made by the Nordic
Council at its 10th session in Helsinki March 17-23, 1962.
The proposal by the Danish Government which was adopted
without change reads:

‘“The Council recommends to member governments
that a permanent Nordic Contact Committee for Fisheries
Matters be established. The purpose of this Committee will
be to follow developments and to consider concrete problems
concerning fishing in the Nordic countries as well as prob-
lems of marketing between two countries or in third coun-
tries, In addition, the Committee should be able to consider
other problems of common interest which arise. The Com-
mittee should consist of representatives of the Government
authorities in the Nordic countries and a corresponding num-
ber of representatives of the fishing organizations, The
Committee should assemble whenever an initiative to this
effect is presented by representatives of the Government
authorities or fisheries organizations in one of the coun-
triese.7

In its report on the Danish proposal the Economic Com-
mittee of the Nordic Council stated that the purpose in es-
tablishing this permanent fisheries committee was to pro-
vide a forum for continued contact among the Nordic coun-
tries on fisheries questions, It said that such a committee
would bridge the gap between the biennial Nordic fisheries
conferences and make the work of these conferences more
effective,

In other fisheries matters, the Nordic Council post-
poned consideration of a joint Finnish-Icelandic-Nordic-
Swedish Government proposal regarding cooperation in
fisheries problems and a proposal from the 8th session
(1960) regarding fishing limits. (United States Embassy,
Helsinki, report of March 28, 1962.)

ATOMIC-PROPELLED MARINE RESEARCH VESSEL

The proposed nuclear-propelled marine
research vessel, to be built in France, was
discussed at a recent meeting in the Hague,
along with proposals for a Swedish bulk car-
rier and a Dutch tanker, by an Evaluation
Group on Nuclear Ship Propulsion established
by the European Nuclear Energy Agency
(ENEA) of the OECD. The marine research
vessel was reported to be 361 feet in length
with 7,000 shaft h.p. The Danish expert on
the study group said at the Hague there was
discussion as to whether the vessel shouldbe
constructed to withstand ice, the opinion be-
ing that if this were done it could not be con-
structed with a well. The vessel is designed
by shipbuilders in LeHavre, France, design-
ers and constructors of the French marine
research vessel Thalassa.

Proposals for the three types of vessels
are being referred to an ENEA Study Group
for Nuclear Ship Propulsion which will
choose only one of the three to be built
(April 6, 1962, report fromthe Regional Fish-
eries Attache, United States Embassy, Co-
penhagen.)

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 42,
March 1962 p. 35.

Canada

DOGFISH LIVER SUBSIDY PROGRAM
FOR 1961/62 ENDED:

~~ Canada's 1961/62 dogfish liver subsidy
program on the West Coast was terminated
on March 31, 1962. Total deliveries under
the extended subsidy program, which was
reintroduced on March 6, amounted to
81,600 pounds. This brought total purchases
of dogfish livers in the 1961/62 fiscal year
(ending March 31) to 1,228,500 pounds, and
the total subsidy payments to C$147,421.

The Canadian Department of Fisheries
on March 7, 1962, announced that the dog-
fish liver subsidy program had been extended

June 1962

Canada (Contd.):

to allow for the take up of the remaining
$12,000 left in the subsidy allocation for the
fiscal year 1961/1962.

A total of C$150,000 was earmarked by
the Government to cover the subsidy pro-
gram for the fiscal year ending March 31,
1962. Under the program, 12 cents per pound
was paid for dogfish livers. The Department
had terminated the program on November 6,
1961, as it looked like all the funds available
for the program had been expended.

Mefiicaistcrn kc uk

BRITISH COLUMBIA
FISHERY TRENDS, 1961:

In comparison with the 1960 season, Can-
ada's British Columbia fishing industry in
1961 enjoyed a banner year. The landed val-
ue of all fish and fish products for the first
ten months of 1961 was 45 percent higher
than for a like period in 1960. However,
as 1960 was an extremely poor year for the
industry, the increase was not quite so sig-
nificant. An excellent salmon run was large-
ly responsible for the increase in the total
landed value.

Halibut landings in 1961 dropped from
those in 1960, but brought higher prices; the
landed value of the catch was higher than
that of 1960. Canadian prices were general-
ly higher than those in United States ports.

The price weakness in herring oil and
meal continued to depress that segment of
the industry, although herring landings in
1961 were up over those of 1960. The her-
ring fleet, unable to sail for most of 1960
due to overproduction and poor prices, re-
sumed fishing in late 1960.

For the first seven months of 1961, ex-
ports through British Columbia customs
ports of fish, marine animals, and fish prod-
ucts were valued at C$10 million dollars, a
drop of $1.5 million from the same period in
1960. A drop in exports to the United King-
dom was largely responsible for the decline.
(United States Consulate, Vancouver, report
of March 22, 1962.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

Denmark

FISH FILLETS AND BLOCKS AND
FISHERY INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
EXPORTS, FEBRUARY 1962:

Denmark's exports of fresh and frozen fillets and blocks
during the first two months of this year were 9.6 percent or
almost 1.1 million pounds greater than in the same period of
1961. The exports of cod and related species dropped 15.3
percent, but flounder and sole fillets were up 15 percent
and herring fillets were up 89.3 percent. During the first
two months this year exports to the United States of fresh
and frozen fillets and blocks of 1.6 million pounds (mostly
cod and related species) were down 8,2 percent from the ex-
ports of almost 1.8 million pounds in the same period of 1961,

Denmark’s exports of fresh and frozen fish fillets and
blocks during February 1962 were up 14.5 percent or 0.9 mil-
lion pounds, Of the total exports, almost 1.4 million pounds
(mostly cod and related species) were shipped to the United
States in February. The United States was the leading buyer
in February followed by the United Kingdom,

Denmark’s Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and
Blocks and Fishery Industrial Products, February 19621/

Jan,~Feb,

February
Product

1962
pieteteroteth OOO LDS:) rc coher
Fillets and Blocks:
Cod and related species .| 3,538
Flounder and sole.... ./1,601
Henningrisnerencabeneneene|toscoo

Othe neipenenencdekeiovene

HeeKedeter +: (OHLOTt CONS) eye) sr susus

Industrial Products:
Fish meal, fish solubles,
and similar products. .| 3,470 | 1,992 6,852 5,182

|1/Shipments from the Faroe Islands and Greenland direct to foreign countries not in-
cluded,

Denmark’s exports of fish meal, fish solubles, and similar
products in January-February 1962 were up 32.2 percent or
1,670 tons from the same two months a year earlier,

During February 1962, Denmark exported 74,2 percent or
1,478 metric tons more meal, fish solubles, and similar prod-
ucts than in the same month of 1961. The principal buyers
were West Germany and the United Kingdom,

pads beter aed ten

SHARK INDUSTRY AND EXPORT MARKET:

There is no domestic market for sharks and dogfish in
Denmark because they are not favored as a food fish, Prac-
tically all of the Danish catch is exported, fresh or frozen,
to other European countries,

Although Denmark is not a market for sharks or dogfish,
there is a Small annual catch for export, either fresh or
frozen, A small amount of dogfish is smoked for local con-
sumption,

Herring shark and piked dogfish catches brought average
ex-vessel prices of 3,39 kroner per kilo (22,3 U.S, cents a
pound) and 0.86 kroner per kilo (5.7 cents a pound), respec-
tively, in 1961, The export value of herring sharks in 1961
averaged 3,68 kroner a kilo (24,2 cents a pound) for fresh
and 4,12 kroner a kilo (27,1 cents a pound) for frozen,

The Danish market uses sharks or dogfish as food only in
insignificant amounts, so there is little chance a substantial
market could be created in that country,

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Denmark (Contd.):

Herring Shark
or Porbeagle1/

425 1,4

GS 2 2 « o

andin,
xports
5 sae 378 | 1,401
West Germany 15 48
Z 25

Frozen--to:

tal ya gretverie se

1/Lamna cornubica.

2/Acanthias vulgaris.

eee countries not available in 1961, but in 1960 Belgium
Luxembourg, Switzerland, and Sweden imported almost 4 tong
from Denmark,

4/Quantities of piked dogfish exported were so small they were
lumped in an "Other" category and unavailable as to amount
or value.

Herring sharks are taken in the North Sea and Skagerrak
mostly by vessels fishing with long lines, Dogfish are taken
incidentally in trawls and Danish seines, There is a fishery
for mackerel sharks in the Northwest Atlantic off the New
England and Canadian coasts by a Faroese company utilizing
three vessels, The sharks are frozen on board and sold in
Italy under a current contract amounting to about $580,000.
(Report of April 5, 1962, from the Regional Fisheries Attache,
United States Embassy, Copenhagen.)

ee
Pas)
Rss

Fiji Islands

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS ON TUNA BASE PROPOSED BY JAPAN:

Japanese Diet member Tetsuzo Matsuda’s plan to estab-
lish a large tuna fishing base at Levuka, Fiji Islands, was
severely criticized by the Japanese fishing industry when
it was first publicized, the Japanese periodical Shin Suisan
Shimbun of April 23, 1962, reported, Criticism was directed,
for example, at Matsuda’s plan to utilize 60-ton vessels and
to exempt those vessels from licensing requirements. How-
ever, the Japanese tuna industry now seems to be much less
critical of the Matsuda Plan, and this can be ascribed to the
announcement made by Minister of Agriculture and Forestry
Kono that the 80-odd fishing vessels displaced from the
salmon fishery this year would be diverted to tuna fishing in
the South Pacific Ocean,

Reportedly, Diet member Matsuda, who is presently
serving as advisor tothe South Pacific Ocean Fisheries
Cooperative Association, which is scheduled to manage
the tuna base at Levuka when it is established, is willing
to stake his political future on the success of his plan,
and was scheduled to depart for the Fiji Islands on April 27
to conduct further discussions with Fijian authorities.

The Japanese periodical pointed out that it is not yet
known whether the Fiji Islands tuna base plan includes oper-
ation of displaced Japanese salmon vessels, and, if so, wheth-
er those vessels are to be exported to the Fiji Islands, in
which case they would not be subject to Japanese fishery laws.
The only control the Fisheries Agency would then be able to
exercise over them would be to designate port of landing and
to regulate export quotas.

The periodical added that the large United States tuna
packers have become interested in the Matsuda Plan, United
States tuna packers are searching for new sources of tuna
and are Said to be seeking tuna bases in the South Pacific

Vol. 24, No. 6

Ocean and in Southeast Asia, and one of thenf has already ap-
proached Japanese industry members for complete details of
the Matsuda Plan,

Apparently, tuna exports to the United States from the Fiji
Islands base, if established, are to be handled by an Osaka
trading firm whose executive director was formerly an offi-
cial of the Fisheries Agency and more recently was connect-
ed with a marine products trading firm, The Osaka trading
company is a dry goods specialty firm and has maintained an
office in the Fiji Islands since the end of World War II,

A large Japanese marine products trading firm is also re-
ported to be involved in the Matsuda Plan, and a large United
States tuna packer reportedly is seeking arrangements with
the marine products firm and the Osaka trading company to
purchase tuna landed at the Levuka base,

In the final analysis, reported the Shin Suisan Shimbun,
the Matsuda Plan seems to have gained momentum aS a re-
sult of a series of developments, beginning with an acute
worldwide shortage of tuna, which the commercial firms
were quick to sense and to act upon, and a strong demand for
tuna in the United States, In this connection, the problem of
diverting to some other fishery the many Japanese fishing ves-
sels to be displaced from the salmon fishery this year served
to focus attention on the South Pacific tuna fishery,

Iceland

UTILIZATION OF FISHERY LANDINGS, 1960-61:

Oil and meal
Freezing) “s:‘s
Salting

225, 673
25, 259
68, 068

6,797
114

103, 547
9,771
21, 834
1,286

Fresh on ice landed abroad ...
Freezing and filleting .. .
Salting
Stockfishy sie eties
Home consumption
Oiland meal .
Shellfish for:
Freezing: Lobster .
Shrimp .
Canning (shrimp
1/Whole fish.
2/Drawn fish.

sk Ss sle le gle
Teter ca cn

FISHERY LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL SPECIES, 1960-61:

. « (Metric Tonsl/). .
243, 396

eo 2 6 © © © © © © © © ©

Wolffish (catfish) ......-.
Cuskye anne tetel eters
Ocean perch. ...
Halibut ......

Fleming Gs16 eters
Shellfish: 5-16) 6) io.
Others a.

EUG taleiramsulemren tune emews

1/Except for herring which are landed round all fish are drawn
weight.

oo0oo0oo0000

June 1962

lreland

FISH FARMS TO PRODUCE RAINBOW
TROUT FOR EXPORT:

Fish farms on an extensive scale to pro-
duce rainbow trout for export are being set
up near Cahirciveen, Kerry County, Ireland,
by a businessman of Skagen, Denmark, who
has wide interests in the Danish fishing in-
dustry.

Announcing the new Kerry industry, the
Industrial Development Authority said in
Dublin that a new firm is completing a hatch-
ery on the Finglas River in Kerry and ex-
pects to have the first fish farm on the Com-
eragh River completed ahead of schedule by
mid-summer 1962,

In addition, Kerry farmers will be en-
couraged to set up their own trout farms and
sell the fish to the new company in Cahirci-
veen to process for export. A cold-storage
plant for trout and salt-water fish will also
be built at Renard Point, Cahirciveen.

A Danish fishing expert has been in Ire-
land for some time working on the project.
The Danish businessman said he chose Kerry
as its clear fresh streams were particularly
suitable for raising trout. (The Fishing News,
March 23, 1962.)

Italy

DUTY-FREE FROZEN TUNA
IMPORT QUOTA SET:

The Japanese Foreign Ministry's special
envoy stationed in Italy reports that Italian
tariff regulations on frozen tuna imports re-
portedly have not yet been formally docu-
mented. However, according to information
he has obtained from Italian officials, frozen
tuna imported into Italy on and after January
1, 1962, will be admitted free of duty up toa
total of 25,000 metric tons, of which Japan's
quota will be 14,000 metric tons. Imports
over and beyond the 25,000-ton quota will be
dutiable at the rates of 7.5 percent for tuna
used for canning purposes and 20.1 percent
for tuna sold to the fresh fish trade.

Of the total duty-free import quota of 25,000
tons, the 11,000 tons which remain after de-
ducting Japan's allocation of 14,000 tons may
partly be allocated to Japan should the quan-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

tity of frozen tuna exports to Italy by other
countries be very small. (Suisan Keizai Shim-
bun, April 10, 1962.)

ered Wes cky pica

IMPORT DUTY ON FISH AND
SHELLFISH MEAL REDUCED

The Italian Ministry of Finance, in Circu-
lar 5472 of December 23, 1961, reduced the
import duty to 5 percent ad valorem for con-
signments from all sources for flour and
meals of fish, crustaceans, or molluscs, not
for human consumption (subheading No,
23.09-B of the new Italian tariff), according
to the British Board of Trade Journal of
March 16, 1962.

Japan

LOWERING OF UNITED STATES
TARIFF ON CANNED TUNA
IMPORTS SOUGHT:

The Japan Canned Tuna Packers Association submitted
a request on April 15, 1962, to the Japanese Fisheries
Agency Director that prudent measures be taken to seek the
lowering of United States tariff rates on canned tuna im-
ports, According to Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai Shim-
bun of April 26, 1962, the Association contends that Japa-
nese exports of frozen tuna to the United States can be ex-
pected to increase in the future because a catch limit of
83,000 tons of yellowfin tuna would be placed on the east-
ern Pacific yellowfin fishery if the United States Congress
acts favorably on a bill being considered, and this quota
falls far short of United States domestic demand for tuna,
However, imposition of a high tariff on imports of canned
tuna by the United States is stifling expansion of Japanese
exports of that product, the Japanese periodical reported,

Several moves have been made by Japan to seek the
lowering of United States tariffs on canned tuna imports,
This matter was submitted for Government consideration
by the Japanese tuna industry at the recent conference on
export promotion measures (Agricultural and Marine
Products Export Council meeting held on March 20), and
the Japanese Government is expected to take some kind
of action on the industry’s recommendation, It was also
discussed in fall of 1961 between Japanese Agriculture
and Forestry Minister Kono and United States Secretary
of the Interior Udall at the Japan-United States Economic
Trade Council meeting held at Hakone, Japan, Also, Kono
wrote a letter to Secretary Udall in an effort to promote
exports of canned tuna to the United States,

Minister Kono had hoped to discuss promotion of Japa-
nese canned tuna for export to the United States at the
May meeting of the Japan-United States Economic Trade
Council, but the United States is reported to hold some
differences of opinion concerning the placing of this sub-
ject on the agenda, Thus, reaction of the Japanese Govern-
ment to industry’s latest request to seek the lowering of
the United States tariff on canned tuna imports is being fol-
lowered attentatively by the Japanese tuna industry,

sle sie sle ste sk
TK 3k OK OK 3K

Japan (Contd.):

FIFTH SALE OF CANNED TUNA IN BRINE
FOR EXPORT TO THE UNITED STATES:

The Japan Canned Foods Exporters Asso-
ciation announced early in April 1962 that a
total 230,000 cases of canned tuna in brine for
export to the United States was to be offered
at the fifth canned tuna sale, consisting of
130,000 cases of white meat tuna and 100,000
cases of light meat tuna. Deliveries were to
be completed by June 15, 1962.

Japanese Sales of Canned Tuna In Brine For Export to U. S., 196
Sale Number
(1,000 Cases)...

Product

Tuna:

130 | 100
70 80

Export prices were the same as for the
first four sales--$9.95 per case (No. 3, 7-0z.,
48's) f.o.b. Japan for white meat tuna and
$7.70 per case (No. 3, 7-oz., 48's) f.o.b Japan
for light meat tuna. (Suisan Tsushin, April
12, 1962.)

Kk kk OK

EXPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN OIL, FY 1961:

Japanese canned tuna in oil approved for export in fiscal
year 1961 (April 1961-March 1962) to countries other than
the United States and Canada totaled 1,513,395 actual cases,
according to data compiled by the Export Canned Tuna Pack~
ers Association. This was an increase of 429,579 cases over
FY 1960 (April 1960-March 1961), when exports totaled
1,083,816 cases; and 36,279 cases over FY 1959, when ex~
ports totaled 1,477,116 cases,

White meat tuna comprised 20 percent of total exports,
amounting to 306,617 cases, Light meat tuna totaled
1,206,778 cases, or 80 percent, of which yellowfin com-
prised 145,500 cases, or 10 percent; big-eyed 762,766

Exports of Japanese Canned Tuna in Oil, FY 1961 with
Comparisons

Principal Countries
of Destination FY 1961 FY 1960 Hy g9o9
... (No, of Actual Cases),...
West Germany 660,025 438,906 484,808
206,535 151,754 160,385
122,670 62,999 85,863
87,581 63,573 36,918
58,759 53,197 92,360
54,662 18,489 105,135
48,240 - -
45,494 70,260 114,744
44,914 - -
38,239 o
27,391 =
23,386 =
22,602 -
18,426 =

15,337

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

cases, or 50 percent; and skipjack 298,512 cases, or 20
percent, (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 13, 1962, and
Suisan Tsushin, April 24, 1961.)

sk os! a

mK OS

FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS IN FY 1961:

Data compiled by the Japan Frozen Foods Exporters As-
sociation reveal that frozen tuna approved for export in FY
1961 (April 1961-March 1962) to the United States and
Canada totaled 93,730 short tons, compared to 76,591 tons
in 1960 (April 1960-March 1961). Exports of frozen tuna
loins totaled 4,500 short tons, of which albacore loins made
up 1,257 tons, yellowfin loins 3,066 tons, and other tuna
loins 177 tons,

Frozen tuna approved for export to Europe in FY 1961
totaled 33,855 metric tons, or 6,185 tons less than in FY
1960, (Suisan Tsushin, April 5, 1962.)

Table 1 - Japanese Frozen Tuna Exports to the United
States and Canada, FY 1961 with Comparisons
Direct

ee |
Shipments shipments Total

FY 1961] FY 1960] FY 1961/FY 1960] FY 1961} FY 1960

Species

7,912
17,375 | 45,624 | 44,309

Albacore .

Table 2 - Japanese Frozen Tuna Exports to Europe and Africa,
FY 1961 with Comparisons

Country of
Destination

22,414
11,364

VUBSOSIAVIAN elleiolenetenc tolehcnelene atone
Czechoslovakia sis sic's sss oe sles obs
Tunisia sc

606
732

OK ee OK
FROZEN TUNA TO BE EXPORTED
TO CZECHOSLOVAKIA:

Two Japanese trading firms recently con-
cluded an agreement with a Czechoslovakian
Government agency to export to Czechoslova-
kia 600 metric tons of frozen albacore and
big-eyed tuna, to be delivered by mid-April
1962. The frozen tuna were to be delivered
to the port of Hamburg at $340 per metricton
for albacore and $310 per metric ton for big-
eyed tuna. Of the total shipment of 600 tons,
one of the Japanese firms handled 400 tons
and the other firm 200 tons. (Shin Suisan
Shimbun Sokuho, April 6, 1962.)

June 1962

Japan (Contd,):

Editor's Note: In April 1961, two other
large Japanese fishing companies initially
entered into an agreement with Czechoslova-
kia to export a total of 1,050 metric tons of
Atlantic Ocean frozen tuna, marking the be-
ginning of tuna trade between Japan and
Czechoslovakia. Price of that shipment was
at $285 a metric ton, species unidentified,
delivery Hamburg, and in payment Japan was
to receive barter goods. Deliveries were
completed by early fall, and in September
1961 Czechoslovakia sought to import addi-
tional tuna.

Export statistics compiled by the Japan
Frozen Foods Exporters Association reveal
that in FY 1961 (April 1961-March 1962),
frozen tuna exports to Czechoslovakia totaled
1,776 metric tons, and Czechoslovakia now
ranks as the third largest European import-
er of Japanese frozen tuna,

HOOK Ok KOK

JAPANESE FISHERIES AGENCY
DESIGNATES PENANG AND SINGAPORE
AS TUNA TRANSSHIPMENT BASES:

On April 18, 1962, the Japanese Fisheries Agency offi-
cially designated the ports of Penang (Malaya) and Singapore
as transshipment bases for Indian Ocean-caught tuna, Ear-
lier, on March 22, the Export Frozen Tuna Producers As-
sociation had designated these two ports as transshipment
bases, The Agency also announced that it had approved
the application of the Japanese company, which operates
the joint tuna packing plant located at Penang, to land at
Penang 6,000 short tons of fresh tuna for freezing and
transshipment to the United States, It also authorized a
quota of 4,000 short tons of Indian Ocean frozen tuna for
transshipment to the United States from either Penang
or Singapore. No limits are being placed on landing tu~
na at Penang or Singapore for shipment to Japan,

Following the announcement by the Fisheries Agency,
a number of tuna vessels were reported to be making
preparations to depart for Penang, which they would use
as a base port to fish in the Indian Ocean. They include
the vessels Seiju Maru No. 8 (800 gross tons), Zuiho
Maru No, 11 (180 gross tons), Rompe Maru No, 1
(240 gross tons), Kinei Maru No. 3 (226 gross tons),
and the Tenjin Maru, Hoko Maru No. 32, and the
Kotoshiro Maru, the last three vessels being under
200 tons gross each, The Seiju Maru is to serve asa
freezership (freezing capacity, 22 metric tons per day),
and ice~carrying fishing vessels based at Penang are to
deliver their catches to the Seiju Maru or to the Penang
base, which has a unit capable of freezing 7.5 metric
tons per day. Fresh tuna which cannot be handled by
either the Seiju Maru or the Penang cold~storage plant
are to be processed for canning by the packing plant at
Penang.

Reportedly, the Japanese firm operating the Penang
plant will soon apply for a loan of about 100 million yen
(US$277,780) from the Overseas Economic Cooperative
Fund to enlarge the company’s cold-storage facilities at
Penang. Present holding capacity of the cold-storage

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

MALAYA. |
AND SINGAPORE

plant is about 200 metric tons, The company hopes to in-
crease the holding capacity an additional 150 metric tons,
to 350 metric tons, The company does not immediately
plan to enlarge its 7,.5-ton capacity freezing unit, although
it plans to do so in the future when the necessity arises,
(Suisan Tsushin, April 20; Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,
April 19, 1962.)

2 OK ok ae ok

PRESS COMMENTS ON UNITED STATES
PROPOSAL TO REGULATE
EASTERN PACIFIC TUNA FISHERY:

Two United States Government represent-
atives were in Japan early in April 1962 to
explain to the Japanese Government and the
Japanese tuna industry the proposal of the
United States to regulate the Eastern Pacific
yellowfintuna fishery. The United States
proposal is a result of recommendations by
the International Inter-American Tropical
Tuna Commission, The two United States
representatives were Donald R. Johnson,
California Area Director, Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, U. S. Department of the
Interior, and Fred Taylor, Deputy Special
Assistant for Fisheries and Wildlife to the
Under Secretary, Department of State.

The news stories which appeared in the
Japanese press reporting in substance the
meetings held between the two representa-
tives of the United States Government and
Japanese Government and industry officials
follow in part. In two instances the Califor-
nia Area Director disagrees with the press

Japan (Contd.):

reports and this has been indicated in the
proper place in the following translations of
the Japanese press reports.

The following is a translation of the article
in the Japanese periodical Suisan KeizaiShim-
bun of April 3, 1962:

In connection with the proposed United
States legislation to regulate the yellowfin
tuna fishery in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, the
Japanese Foreign Ministry and the Fisheries
Agency held a question-and-answer meeting
on April 2 in the conference room of the For-
eign Ministry with United States fishery rep-
resentatives who were dispatched to Japan by
the United States Government.

At this meeting, the United States repre-
sentatives presented the most current United
States plan to regulate the yellowfin tuna fish-
ery in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and explained
its contents to the Japanese representatives.
American thinking behind the proposed legis-
lation was sought at this meeting, and the
United States representatives were asked to
explain points that were not clear to the Japa-
nese,

In February, Director Ito and Mr. Uchi-
mura of the Japanese Fisheries Agency at-
tended the Ottawa conference of the Interna-
tional North Pacific Fur Seal Commission
and brought back with them the draft of the
proposed Eastern Pacific Ocean yellowfin
tuna regulation. The United States, after sub-
sequent study of the proposal, revised its con-
tents and on March 30, produced a final plan,
details of which were disclosed to the Japa-
nese Government representatives on April 2.,
By request of the United States representa-
tives, the Japanese Government is withhold-
ing public announcement of the details of the
current United States regulatory measures,
the reason being that the final plan reported-
ly has not yet been explained to the American
tuna industry.

Japanese observers believe that the rea-
son for withholding announcement is that the
United States plan for yellowfin tuna regula-
tion may have been considerably revised
since the proposal was initially announced.
In view of the fact that the proposed regula-
tion has been progressively strengthened up-
on each re-examination, observers feel that
the final regulatory plan may contain further
restrictions, such as extension of the area of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

catch regulation, adjustment of the following
year's quota if overfishing occurs in any one
year in the regulated area, and restrictions
on imports from non-cooperating countries.

The proposed regulatory area so far dis-
closed embraces the waters from the Ameri-
can mainland westward to 120° W. longitude
north of 5° N, latitude and from the mainland
westward to 110° W. longitude south of 5° N.
latitude, the boundary north of 5° N, latitude
being provisional. Judging from earlier an-
nouncements made about somewhat adjusting
the boundary off the southern California coast,
it can be assumed that this boundary was
changed in the current plan.

Concerning the catch quota, there seems
to have been no changes made in the plan to
limit 1962 landings to 83,000 tons. However,
some changes may have been made concern-
ing adjustment of catch quota next year if the
1962 catch exceeds the quota set at 74,600
tons for the open season and up to 8,400 tons
as incidental catch after the season closes
around October 16. Regulation of yellowfin
tuna imports from cooperating countries and
restrictions on tuna imports from noncooper-
ating countries were probably also clarified
during the meeting.

Originally, the United States proposal to
regulate the yellowfin tuna fishery was re-
quested by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission in view of the ''necessity of con-
serving yellowfin tuna stocks in the Eastern
Pacific Ocean.'' A bill has already been sub-
mitted to the U. S. Senate Committee on
Commerce.

Japan has been requested to submit catch
statistics for the proposed area of yellowfin
tuna regulation and to cooperate in the regu-
latory program. The Foreign Ministry and the
Fisheries Agency will likely get together as
soonas possible with the Japanese tuna indus -
try to examine the proposed United States tuna
legislation in order to determine Japan's atti-
tude toward this matter, which Japan will prob-
ably communicate to the United States some-
time during April. If Japan does not cooper-
ate inthis program, it willface severe import
restrictions on tuna, which will hurt Japan
since it annually exports 100,000 short tons of
tuna to the United States. Opinions are being
expressed in some quarters that it would be
better for Japan to cooperate in the yellowfin
tuna regulation proposed by the United States
inasmuchasit seems that the catch quota with-
in the regulatory area is not going to be allo-

June 1962

Japan (Contd.):

cated according to countries and any one coun-
try can land as much tuna as it can until the
quota is reached.

In part, the Japanese periodical Suisan
Keizai Shimbun of April 4, 1962, carried the
following news story:

The two United States representatives, who
are meeting with Japanese Government lead-
ers, fishery scientists, and tuna industry rep-
resentatives for 2 to 3 days, have given the
following explanations regarding the substance
of the yellowfin tuna regulations and the United
States! thinking on this subject:

1. Scope of the regulatory area was de-
termined by the U. S. Department of the In-
terior based on the advice of the Inter-Ameri-
can Tropical Tuna Commission. The regula-
tory area will extend from the American main-
land west to 125° W. longitude north of 15°N.
latitude, then east along 15° N, latitude to
120° W. longitude, then south to 5° N, lati-
tude, east to 110° W. longitude, south to15°S,
latitude, east to 95° W. longitude, and south
along 95° W. longitude. This is the real regu-
latory area and the Department of the Interi-
or intends to make no further changes. The
regulatory area heretofore understood by Ja-
pan embraced the area from the American
mainland west to 120° W. longitude north of
5° N. latitude and from the mainland west of
110° W. longitude south of 5° N, latitude.

This area was selected on the basis of scien-
tific views held by the International Tropical
Tuna Commission and willbe referred to as the
tuna resources investigation area. From the
administrative standpoint, this area would be
difficult to regulate, so the U. S. Department
of the Interior made changes, (Editorial Com-
ment: The last sentence should read, ''De-
partment of the Interior proposes to make
changes,'' according to the California area
Director.)

2. Total yellowfin catch quota for 1962 in
the regulatory area will be 83,000 tons, of
which 74,600 tons can be taken during the
open season. The season will close as soon

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

as this quota is reached, No individual catch
quota will be assigned to any fishing vessel.
After the season closes, a total of 8,400 tons
of yellowfin tuna will be allowed to be taken
incidentally to other tuna, but the incidental
catch of yellowfin tuna must not exceed 15
percent. In this case, landing permits to be
issued by the United States Government must

be presented by fishing vessels and their
catches will be inspected to make certain that
their yellowfin tuna catch does not exceed 15
percent. If fishing vessels observe the 15
percent catch regulation, even if their ag-
gregate yellowfin catch exceeds 8,400 tons,
adjustment will not have to be made in the
quota for the following year. (Note: Japan
had originally thought that quota adjustments
would be made the following year.) (Editori-
al Comment: ''Japan's original idea, in this
case, was correct. They were told that since
the quota was being set to reduce fishing in-
tensity on a population of marine animals,
failure to reduce the catch in a certain year
would tend to be followed by recommenda-
tions for more restriction in future years,"
according to the California area Director.

3. The United States cannot definitely
state when the yellowfin tuna fishing season
will open or close. However, assuming the
season opens in January, it will probably
take until September to attain the 74,000-
ton catch limit. Fishing vessels are re-
quested to provide catch statistics on yel-
lowfin tuna taken in the regulatory area to
the International Tropical Tuna Commission.

4, With respect to the handling of tuna
imports from cooperating countries and ap-
plication of import restrictions on noncoop-
erating countries, no change has been made
in the previously established policy of re-
quiring certificates of origin to determine
whether the yellowfin tuna were taken from
within the regulatory area.

5. The United States has already ex-
plained the contents of the proposed yellow-
fin tuna regulations to such countries as
Mexico, Peru, and Colombia.

The Japanese periodical Suisan Tsushin of
April 5 states that the Japanese tuna industry's
attitude towards the United States proposal to
regulate the Eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna
fishery can generally be summed up as fol-
lows:

1. Japan does not completely share the
theory expounded by the United States that
tuna resources are declining. In particular,
the American theory that the yellowfin stocks
within the proposed regulatory area are dif-
ferent from stocks outside the proposed regu-
latory area is viewed with skepticism by many
Japanese scientists, including Dr. Nakamura,
Director, Nankai Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory. In contrast to the Japanese view

Japan (Contd.):

that yellowfin stocks migrate over extensive
distances inan east-west direction, the United
States claims that the yellowfin tuna migrate
in a north-south direction.

Many in the industry feel that possibly
joint scientific investigations should be con-
ducted by Japan and the United States to deter-
mine whether regulations are necessary. Dis~
cussion should then be held on regulatory
methods when these researches prove that
regulations are necessary.

2. As for the method of regulating the
Eastern Pacific yellowfin fishery, in theory
it is difficult to accept the idea of not re-
stricting the use of purse-seine gear, which
are considered most improperly suited for
conserving yellowfin resources, and to regu-
late use of long-line gear in the same man-
ner as purse-seine gear. This view is shared
by a fair number of industry people in Japan.
(Editorial Comment: The Japanese view is
based on the fact that long line-caught yellow-
fin tuna on the average are larger insize than
purse seine-caught yellowfin tuna.)

3. There is some question concerning the
legality of demands being made to apply the
yellowfin regulations to countries which are
not members of the Inter-American Tropical
Tuna Commission. Views are being express-
ed that it is only proper that the regulatory
methods should first be studied on an equal
basis by all countries to be affected by the
regulations, and regulations then drafted.

4, From the practical standpoint, the two
points stressed by the United States, trans-
mission of catch data and withholding of in-
cidental catch of yellowfin tuna to less than
15 percent during the closed season, are not
damaging at all to Japan. Thus, rather than
be compelled to observe complicated arrange-
ments, like filing certificates of origin, it
would be wiser to serve notice to the United
States of Japan's intention to actively coop-
erate with the United States proposal. This
view is widespread within the industry.

rat ae eee
TUNA LANDINGS AT YAIZU,
MARCH 1962:

A total of 10,758 metric tons of fish val-
ued at 1,154 million yen (US$3.2 million) was
landed at Yaizu, leading Japanese fishing

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

port, during March 1962. This was an in-

Vol. 24, No. 6

crease in landings of 22 percent and an in-
crease in value of 23 percent over the same
month last year. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun,
April 6, 1962.)

Yaiz Fishery Landings, Principal Species, March 1962

295
295
305
325
245

Indian bluefin.
Big-eyed ...
Yellowfin. ...
Albacote ...

icy csi, pple w Dice oe

TUNA IMPORTS FROM OKINAWA:

The first delivery of foreign-caught tuna
ever to be landed at the Japanese tuna port
of Yaizu was expected to have taken place on
March 30, 1962. On that date, the Okinawan
carrier vessel No. 1 Ryusui Maru (95 gross
tons) delivered about 25 metric tons of yellow-
fin tuna, with the shipment to be processed
through customs and handled as imports.

According to officials of the Japanese firm
handling the shipment, additional tuna would
likely be imported from Okinawa, which has
about three tuna vessels, if the trial shipment
proved successful. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
March 30, 1962.)

JAPANESE SALMON FEDERATION'S VIEWS
ON TRIPARTITE NORTH PACIFIC
FISHERIES CONVENTION:

The Japanese National Federation of Salmon Fisheries
Cooperative Associations (NIKKEIREN) considers the prob-
lem of revising the Japan-United States-Canada North Pa-
cific Fisheries Convention as vitally affecting the Japanese
salmon fishing industry. The statement points out that the
Convention ‘'expires this year.’’ (Editor’s note: The Con-
vention does not automatically expire, but may be termi-
nated by any party upon one year's notification.)

The Federation also mentions the Japan-Soviet North-
west Pacific Fisheries Convention, which ‘‘expires four
years hence,"’ as vitally affecting the Japanese salmon in-
dustry,

On April 16, 1962, NIKKEIREN was to convene a meeting
of its nine member associations to determine the position it
should take with respect to the revision of both conventions,
The Federation represents fishermen engaged in the North
Pacific mothership-type salmon fishery,

NIKKEIREN feels that the present Japan-United States-
Canada Fisheries Convention is an unfair obligation forced
upon Japan by the United States and would like to see this
Treaty terminated, and the provisional abstention line at
175° W, longitude eliminated to permit Japan to fish in the
waters to the east of that line, It claims that the provisional
abstention line was established by the United States not to
conserve Salmon resources but to keep out Japanese fishing
vessels. As such, abstention based on this principle is not
recognized by international law, NIKKEIREN fears that Ja~

June 1962

Japan (Contd.):

pan’s failure to negotiate for removal of the provisional ab-
stention line at the expiration of the tri-~partite Convention
will exert an extremely adverse effect on negotiations to be
held with the Russians, when the Japan-Soviet Fisheries
Convention expires ‘‘four years hence,’’ at which time the
Soviet Union can certainly be expected to take advantage of
Japan’s acceptance of the abstention principle to press for
concessions that would virtually destroy the foundation of
Japan’s salmon fishing industry. NIKKEIREN believes that
Japan’s recognition of the present abstention line and con-
tentment with being forever shut out from the waters to the
east of 175° W. longitude would mean that Japan voluntarily
abandons the principle of freedom of the high seas,

In studying the revision of the tri-partite Convention,
NIKKEIREN hopes to adopt a policy that strongly reflects
the opinion of salmon vessel owners, and to cooperate with
the Government, as well as with various interested domes-
tic organizations, to determine the best possible course to
follow.

The Suisan Keizai Shimbun adds that signatories to the
tri-partite Convention are expected to open negotiations this
fall concerning renewal of the Convention, The Japanese
Government is now Studying the position it should adopt, now
that Japan is in a position where it can withdraw from the
North Pacific Convention if it wishes, although the Japanese
Government has not yet formulated any definite plan, Even
if Japan should withdraw from the Convention, it probably
would be most difficult for Japan to negotiate a new Conven-
tion which would provide for the elimination of abstention
lines and would permit Japanese vessels to fish in waters
east of the present abstention line, as urged by NIKKEIREN.

In concluding international agreements on fisheries, his-
torical fishing rights are always considered, Views are be-
ing expressed that, since Japanese fishing vessels do not
have records of having fished in the area east of the present
abstention line during the prewar and postwar period, the
Japanese Government will find it difficult to take up this prob4
lem despite the criticism that can be expected from its fish-
ing industry.

The Japanese periodical further states that changes have
taken place in fishing conditions in the Northern Waters
(Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea, and the North Pacific Ocean) since
the Convention came into being; one new, unforeseen develop-
ment being the entry into the fishery of trawler fleets belong-
ing to the Soviet Union, which is not a party to the Conven~
tion. In view of this development, it is not inconceivable that
the Japanese Government may press for a new Convention,
and the Government is expected to vigorously assert Japan’s
position in that case, (Translation from news item in Japa~
nese periodical Suisan Keizai Shimbun of April 15, 1962.)

iy SOR ets oy en
bros SES pe

CANNED JACK MACKEREL
EXPORTS, FY 1961:

A total of 756,406 cases of canned jack
mackerel was approved for export in fiscal

FY 1961

No. of

Japanese Canned Jack Mackerel Exports,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

(Principal Countries or

Areas of Destinations Actual Cases

266, 110
205, 470
64, 962
48, 314
27, 565
24,933
19,976
7,055
3,952

Indonesia

New Guinea
BOrneOpretieiieirel sites’
Middle & Near East
Europe... wie} ie =tieliehie
North, Central: Wotson enerice .

year 1961 (April 1961-March 1962), according
to data compiled on April 10 by the Japan Can-
ned Sardine and Saury Sales Company.

Canned jack mackerel consignments to the
Canned Sardine and Saury Sales Company for
export in fiscal year 1962 (April 1962-March
1963) totaled 76,867 cases, as of April 9.
(Suisan Tsushin, April 11, 1962.)

OK OK OOK OK OK

JAPANESE FISHING COMPANY TO SEND
LARGE TRAWLERS TO ATLANTIC OCEAN:

A large Japanese fishing company took de-
livery of its new stern trawler Oe Maru (2,525
gross tons) on April 28, 1962, Following a
three-day trial fishing operation in nearby
Japanese waters, the Oe Maru was scheduled
to depart for the trawling grounds off north-
west Africa on May 9.

The Oe Maru is the fifth stern trawler
built by the Japanese fishing company. An-
other large 2,500-ton stern trawler belonging
to that company was scheduled to be launched
on May 8. Completion date for that newest
vessel is late July.

Another large fishing company, which had
dispatched its 1,500-ton trawler Daishin Maru
No. 10 to the Atlantic Ocean off northwest Af-
rica, planned to dispatch another 1,500-ton
trawler (Daishin Maru No. 11) to those same
waters in May. This second firm planned to
sell its products to such European countries
as Italy and Greece, as well as to ship back
some of its Atlantic Ocean catch to Japan.
Sales for that company are to be handled by
a Japanese trading firm. (Suisan Tsushin,
April 30; Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, April
28, 1962.)

He OK OK OK OK

FISH MEAL OPERATION OFF ANGOLA
AND MOZAMBIQUE PLANNED
BY JAPANESE FIRM:

A Japanese firm, which operated the
14,000-ton fish-meal factoryship Renshin
Maru off the coast of Angola, Africa, in 1961
plans to conduct fish-meal operations off
that coast again in 1962. The firm plans to
operate one fish-meal factoryship off Angola
between June and October and later send to
the same area the fish-meal factoryships
Renshin Maru and Kinyo Maru, when those
two vessels return from the eastern Bering
Sea bottomfish grounds in the fall. The Kinyo
Maru is also scheduled to operate off the
coast of Mozambique in the Indian Ocean.

Japan (Contd.):

Mozambique, which like Angola, is also a
Portuguese colony, reportedly has extended
an invitation to the Japanese firm to conduct
fish-meal operations off its coast. (Suisan
Tsushin, April 30, 1962.)

nite Seaiccoiart Fede
ok Sk ok! ok! ok

REGULATIONS FOR BOTTOMFISH
FISHING IN BERING SEA:

In line with its plan to establish a licens-
ing system for the mothership-type long-line
and gill-net fishery, the Japanese Fisheries
Agency officially announced on April 5, 1962,
the partial revision of regulations governing
mothership-type fisheries. At the sametime,
the Agency announced regulations governing
the licensing of mothership-type long-line
and gill-net fishing vessels and procedures
for assignment of fishing areas.

Sea.
loaded from a lighter.

Licensing Policy for Mothership-type
Long-Line and Gill-Net Fishery:

1. License will be validfor a period of
one year.

2. Restrictions may be imposed on the
number of fishing fleets, fishing areas, fish-
ing gear, fishing method and catch when nec-
essary to conserve resources, regulate fish-
ery, or implement international fishery trea-
ties.

3. Provisions of Item 2 may not apply to
special undertakings, such as surveys and
investigations.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 24, No. 6

4, Other conditions and restrictions may
be added as necessary.

Procedures for Regulating Mothership-
type Bottom-Trawl, Long-Line and Gill-Net
Fisheries in Bering Sea:

1. Fishing areas shall be divided into
Areas A, B, C, D, E, and F, as in 1961.

2. Based on this area division, fishing
areas shall be assigned as follows:

a. Mothership-type bottom trawl fishery:
(1) Fish meal factoryship - Areas D and E,
(2) Fish meal-oil factoryship - Area F.

(3) Freezer factoryship - Areas A, B, C, D, and F. Fac-
toryships which previously operated in Area E may
be licensed to operate in Areas D and E,

Mothership-type long-line and gill-net fisheries, Moth-
ership fleets operating long lines and gill nets are au-
thorized to operate in Areas A, B, and C. However,
mothership fleets operating bottom trawls in combina-
tion with either long lines or gill nets may be authorized
to operate in Areas A, B, C, D, andF.

Composition of the fishing fleets shall
be as follows:

Generally, the number of catcher vessels assigned to
motherships shall be on the same scale as last year.

b. The number of catcher vessels which exclusively fish
either long lines or gill nets and which are assigned to
motherships may exceed the limit set in Item "a" only
when the additional vessels to be employed are salmon
vessels, which have been retired from the salmon fish-

ery.
c. Portable vessels may be carried by motherships at the

ratio of two portable vessels for each catcher vessel as-
signed to a mothership.

Generally, only long-line and gill-net catcher vessels
with previous fishing records or salmon vessels with-
drawn from the salmon fishery shall be granted licenses.

Area and catch restrictions shall be the
same as those enforced in 1961, and are as
follows:

Area restrictions: (See map.)

Catch restrictions:

1. Incidental catches of halibut (except
those taken in areas to the west of 175° W.
longitude) and salmon shall be released im-
mediately upon capture.

2. Operations conducted for the purpose
of catching king crabs shall be prohibited.
When incidental catches of king crabs are
high, fishing vessels will move away from
those areas,

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

® ry
: Pa
Closed Area Cape s F)
Navarin * Q
: ry
Cape U 0
Olyutorski 0 ‘ 2
g = a 8
M U 4 0
: ’ ’ ‘
; 5 ‘ 4
a 4
i ‘ ee
q ¢ 8 ik
i ; 5 $
: § r oe
55 Pept eee ree oot ee tas Nee ea col anive acticatiestl ant eflcebaniweler ted, as
{ a t 6 PS aletll $
t t OF : : 4
t a g Cape Sarichef
t ‘ q nae ¢
Ch sot eae ‘ rend ’ : ¢
q 3 coer ger ish Beg t §
e : o. 1° py va 8 r 9 6 a
% bal ry r q 0 '
: ° t r)
8 8 g
MOO Ma! Shak 180° ’ 170° W. a 160° W.

(Reproduced from the Fishing Industry Weekly, No. 302, February 1961.)
Bering Sea Fishing Areas:

Area A: Area between 170° E, longitude and 175° E. longitude.

Area B: Area between 175° E. longitude and 180° longitude.

Area C: Area between 180° longitude and 1759 W. longitude.

Area D: Area between 175° W. longitude and 170° W. longitude.

Area E: Area east of 170° W. longitude.

Area F: Triangular area formed by the line drawn from Cape Navarin south
to Aleutian Islands along 180°, then east along Aleutian chain to
Cape Sarichef, Unimak Island, and back to Cape Navarin.

Area Restrictions:

Bottom trawling will be prohibited in the following areas.

Bristol Bay: Area formed by the line connecting the points 56° N.-164° W.,
56°20! N.-163° W., 57910' N.-163° W., and 58°10! N.-160° W., and lying be-
tween 160° W. longitude and 164° W. longitude and the Alaska Peninsula.

Russian Coast: Area lying between the Russian coast and the line drawn from

Cape Olyutorski and Cape Navarin and between meridians 17/30 °F hand
177° E,

Japan (Contd.):

3, Catch of immature herring under 21
centimeters (8.3 inches) in length shall not
exceed more than 10 percent, of the total
catch of herring per trip. Should immature
herring make up more than 10 percent of a
trip, fishing must be terminated immediately
in the area and vessels must change fishing
grounds,

Following the announcement of the regula-
tions to regulate the Bering Sea fishery for
bottomfish as a licensed fishery, the Fish-
eries Agency made public supplementary pro-
visions concerning operations of long-line
and gill-net fishing vessels which operate
independently in the Northern Waters (includ-
ing the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering
Sea).

According to the supplementary provisions,

for the time being, long-line and gill-net fish-
ing vessels planning to operate in the North-
ern Waters within the area north of 5090 N.
latitude and east of 170° E. longitude must
obtain approval of the Minister of Agricul-
ture and Forestry, unless such vessels are
to engage in the mothership-type fishery.
Independently-operating fishing vessels re-
quiring approval from the Minister of Agri-
culture and Forestry include the following
vessels, which shall be authorized to operate
in fishing areas A, B, and C:

1. Vessels which operated in the Northern
Waters in 1961, as well as vessels construct-
ed to replace them.

2, Catcher vessels which previously en-
gaged in the mothership-type fishery which,
after replacement of those vessels, seek to
operate as independent vessels.

3. Survey and research vessels, as well
as training vessels.

The Fisheries Agency is presently study-
ing regulations governing activities of the
large stern trawlers operating independently
in the Northern Waters and reportedly hopes
to control their operations as well. (Suisan
Tsushin and Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,
Japanese fishery periodicals, April6, 1962.)

KK ok kK

HERRING FISHING IN
SHELIKOF STRAIT, ALASKA;
A Japanese fishing fleet began early in

April 1962 to fish for herring in the waters

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

south of the Alaska Peninsula. This informa-
tion was made public by the Japanese Fisher -
ies Agency on April 4. The Japanese fleet is
identified as the No. 31 Banshu Maru fleet,
according to the Japanese periodical Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, April 5, 1962.

The Banshu Maru fleet, consisting of the
mothership Banshu Maru (1,500 gross tons)
and 4 fishing vessels, 2 of which are purse-
seine vessels (No. 1 Hayabusa Maru Maru, 104 gross
tons; No. 2 Hayabusa Maru, 180 gros gross tons),
were fishing for mature herring in the Shelikof
Strait, which lies between Kodiak Island and
the Alaska Peninsula. Production objective of
the fleet is 3,000 metric tons of herring roe,
of which there is a tremendous shortage in
Japan. Price of this product in Japan is quoted
at 1 to 1.5 million yen per metric ton or
US$1.26-1.85 a pound. (Herring roe is con-
sidered a delicacy in Japan and used mainly
for the New Year's trade. In Los Angeles,
herring roe sold for around $6 per pound in
January 1962.)

Reportedly, the Fisheries Agency plans to
gradually authorize other Japanese firms to
operate herring fleets in this general area
should the experimental fishing being con-
ducted by the Banshu Maru fleet prove success-
ful. The Agency plans to give careful consid-
eration to the condition of fish stocks and to
international developments in authorizing ad-
ditional operations in those waters.

7K OK OK Ok

EXPORT QUOTAS RECOMMENDED FOR
CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS, FY 1962:

The Japanese Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI) held a meeting
with the Canned Foods Export Committee of
the Agricultural and Marine Products Export
Council on March 20 to study the FY 1962
(April 1, 1962-March 31, 1963) canned foods
export target, and tentatively set the export
goal at 15.3 million cases (US$157.3 million)
as compared to the estimate of 14,2 million
cases ($143.2) for the previous fiscal year.
The export target is not final and was prob-
ably adjusted somewhat during the meeting
of the Agricultural Products Export Promo-
tion Council scheduled about April 17. While
the export goal will basically remain un-
changed, the Canned Foods Export Commit-
tee is expected to recommend some changes,
according to the March 26, 1962, issue of the
Japanese periodical Shin Suisan Shimbun.
The Committee presented the following rec-
ommendations to MITI:

June 1962

Japan (Contd.):

1. In an effort to ensure a supply of raw
materials for canning purposes, the Govern-
ment should: (a) Exercise greater degree of
administrative leadership to promote collec-
tive bargaining between suppliers of raw ma-
terials and packers of export canned foods.
(b) Revise the law so that export income ex-
emption can be extended to cover suppliers
of raw materials. (c) Study ways and means
of securing a fish supply for packing pur-
poses. (d) Encourage packers to cultivate
crops for canning purposes on a contract
basis.

2, Can prices be reduced.

3, Publicity activities in foreign coun-
tries be stepped up and Government subsidy
increased to cover such expenses.

Export Quotas Recommended by the Japanese
Canned Foods Export Committee

Rina
FY 1962 | FY 19614/

- (In US$1,000). . |. .(In 1,000 Cases). .
3, 888
1, 639
513
343
537
613
1,629
1/Figures for FY 1961 are estimates since the fiscal year extends
to March 31, 1962.

4, Steps be taken to forestall movements
in foreign countries aimed at restricting im-
ports.

5. Loans with which to pay for shipment
of goods be granted to joint sales companies
under the same loan condition applicable to
buyers.

6. Goods on which substantially high tar-
iffs would be imposed through application of
the EEC common tariff not be exported.

7. The Government conduct negotiations
with the United States for reducing United
States import duties on canned tuna in oil
from 35 percent to 12.5 percent ad valorem,
and on canned crab from 22.5 percent to 10
percent.

8. The Government cooperate in negoti-
ating with Southeast Asian countries, partic-
ularly Indonesia and Egypt, to expand their
import quotas of canned sardine, canned
saury, and canned mackerel.

SDALAAABAAA

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

Mexico

NATIONAL CONSULTATIVE FISHERY
COMMISSION ANNOUNCES FISHERY
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM:

The President of the Mexican National
Consultative Fishery Commission, on April
6, 1962, announced his fishery development
program to the press. This program, as re-
ported, has six major objectives: (1) Con-
structing fishing vessels in Mexican shipyards;
(2) acquiring large fishing vessels from for-
eign sources; (3) modernizing marine fishing
methods; (4) installing canneries; (5) indus-
trializing marine products; (6) elevating the
standard of living of the fishermen.

During the course of arriving at these ob-
jectives, the following were expected: (1)
Doubling of the present fish catch which was
worth about US$61 million in 1961; (2) tri-
pling local consumption of fishery products;
(3) increasing revenue from the fisheries
which, in 1961, from severance and export
taxes yielded about $4 million; (4) increasing
fishery exports whose 1961 value was about
$39 million; (5) granting of credits for buying
vessels, nets, refrigeration equipment, and
industrial plants; (6) creating a distributing
organization for fishery products in the con-
suming centers of Mexico; (7) doubling of
private investment in the fisheries which now
amounts to about $80 million.

The Commission report was scheduled to
be submitted to the Secretary of Industry and
Commerce for approval. (United States Em-
bassy, Mexico, report of April 11, 1962.)

Nigeria

TARIFF ON FISH IMPORTS RAISED:

On March 30, 1962, Nigeria announced a
drastic tariff increase on fish and other food
imports to protect its domestic industries,
as well as to increase revenues to enable
Nigeria to carry out its Six-Year Economic
Development Plan (April 1962-March 1968),
According to a Nigerian official trade bulletin
dated April 6, the import duty on fresh fish and
other food products has beenraisedto 50 per-
cent ad valorem from the previous 20 percent.
(Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, April 7, 1962.)

FISHERIES RESEARCH VESSEL:
Nigeria has acquired a fisheries research
vessel built by a British shipyard. Built for

Nigeria (Contd.):

the Nigerian Federal Fisheries, the vesselis
70 feet over-all, 62 feet 3 inches between per-
pendiculars, with a moulded breadth of 19
feet and depth of 10 feet 5 inches.

Accommodation is provided for a crew of
15 and for two scientists. Fish hold capacity
is 1,000 cu. ft. and fuel oil capacity 12 tons.

Main propulsion units are two Diesels
each of which develop 120 b.h.p. at 1,000
r.p.m,. and drive two 45-inch diameter man-
ganese bronze propellers to give the vessel
a speed of 9} knots.

Deck machinery includes a belt-driven
winch with a capacity for 300 fathoms of 2-
inch wire; a hydrographic survey winch; a13-
ton derrick for handling the stern-trawl gear;
and a 1-ton derrick for hoisting the auxiliary
boat. The 15-foot auxiliary boat is carried
on chocks immediately aft of the wheelhouse.
Also, 10-man inflatable liferafts are carried
on either side of it. (The Fishing News,
British periodical, March 23, 1962.)

Pakistan

JAPAN TO SEND FISHERY
SURVEY TEAM TO PAKISTAN:

The Japanese Overseas Fisheries Coop-
erative Association was reportedly planning
to send a fisheries survey team to Pakistan
in mid-April 1962 at the request of the Pakis-
tan Industrial Development Corporation, a
Government agency. The request was orig-
inally made to the Japan Plant Cooperative
Association, but in view of Pakistan's earn-
est desire to develop its fisheries jointly
with Japan, a decision was made to dispatch
a fishery survey team. The consultant team,
consisting of three members, was to examine
shore facilities and conduct coastal and off-
shore water surveys for approximately 40
days. If the survey proves promising, Pakis-
tan is expected to seek Japanese assistance
in developing its fishing industry. (Shin
Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, April 7, 1962.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

Peru

FISH OIL PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS
REACH NEW HIGH IN 1961:

Peruvian fish oil production in 1961, at the preliminary
figure of 121,253 short tons, reached a new high and was
nearly 2-1/2 times the 1960 level of production.

Most of Peru's fish oil production is exported as crude
or inedible oil and the rapid rise in production was reflect-
ed in a Similar increase in exports, Total exports of fish
oil as registered by the Callao Customhouse reached a rec-
ord 112,772 tons in 1961, almost three times the exports in
1960,

Data on 1961 exports by destination are not available. Of
the total fish oil exported in 1960, however, about 43 percent
went to the Netherlands, 30 percent to Western Germany, 21
percent to Denmark, and the remaining 6 percent to other
West European countries,

The export price of fish oil averaged S/2.84 per kilogram
in 1961 (about 5 U.S. cents per Ib.), S/ 2.83 per kg. in 1960
(about 5 cents per lb,), and S/ 2.61 per kg. in 1959 (about 4
cents per lb.),

The apparent total domestic consumption increased from
8,952 tons in 1959 to 9,370 tons in 1961, Of those totals,
3,086 tons in 1959 and 3,638 tons in 1961 were consumed in
edible form for making margarine and shortening.

Peru's Fish Oil Supply and Distribution, 1959-1961

19612/ 19601/

Stocks January 1. .
Production

Distribution:

Apparent consumption .
Stocks December 31. .
Total distribution. .
1/Preliminary.,

2/Revised.

127, 442 53, 829

Production and exports of fish oil are expected to in-
crease Sharply in 1962, The domestic use of fish oil for edi-
ble purposes is expected to show further increases,

Peruvian fish oil production and exports increased in the
summer-fall of 1961, An incentive to exports was an admin-
istrative action by the Government to change the antiquated
basis for determining the export tax. It was formerly based
upon unrealistically low production costs resulting in an ex-
port duty which precluded Peruvian fish oil producers from
competing effectively in world markets, Increased production
was largely due to better use of existing equipment, although
there were Some additional installations of machinery.

Domestic consumption of fish oil to supplement edible oil
supplies from other sources is increasing. Local edible oil
processing mills were paying better prices in October 1961
than could be obtained abroad for Peruvian fish oil. The for-
eign price had been from 10 to 15 percent above the local
price, but that was not the case in October 1961.

There is at present no marketing organization for fish
oil, although the possibility of establishing such an organi-
zation appeared to be under consideration as of October

(1961. If it should be established, it might be handled by the

Consorcio Pesquero del Peru,

Peru’s exports of fish oil for the first six months of 196"
totaled 54,690 metric tons, valued at 153.9 million soles

June 1962

Peru (Contd.):

(US$5.7 million), compared with exports for the same period
of 1960 of 13,130 metric tons, valued at $33.2 million soles
($1.4 million).

KKK KK

EXPORTS OF MARINE PRODUCTS, 1960-61:

Exports of principal marine products by
Peru during 1961 were substantially greater
than in 1960. Meal and oil exports were up
considerably. (United States Embassy, Lima,
report of March 30, 1962.)

ece eee eee ee es ee eesese se ose ee ee

Sperm oil. .... TOO ABD CA eioteveteselahe x
Fertilizer (guano)
Whale meal...
UE

Spain

FISH CANNING INDUSTRY TRENDS:

The first quarter of 1962 was a period of
seasonally reduced activity for the Spanish
fish-canning industry as is normal between
the end of one sardine season in December
and the beginning of the next in April. For
lack of canning species--e.g., sardines, bo-
nito--the factories concentrated on speciali-
ties prepared in small quantities, such as
shellfish, principally to keep the regular
plant personnel employed.

However, exports of canned fish were
maintained at a high level, following a trend
begun in 1961. From the Vigo zone alone
exports were: 915 metric tons valued at
US$607,156 between January 20-February 20,
1962; 975 tons at US$635,397 between Novem-
ber 20-December 20, 1961, and 924 tons at
US$620,651 between September 20-October
20, 1961. While there are no comparable
figures available, it is estimated that exports
in January-February this year were 50 per-
cent more than those in the same two-months
period of 1961 and, moreover, they have
maintained the high level of the second half

Peruvian Exports of Principal Marine Products

October-December 1961 1961
Marine Products Qty. Value 1. Value

ecco ecce ee

eecoe oes es eee ee see oe ee eee eee oe

.0.D, Values converted at rate of 26.81 soles equal US$1.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

of the year when exports are always higher
because of the backlog accumulated during the
peak of the packing season.

The new metal can factory is well under
way, although its opening scheduled for Feb-
ruary 1962 has been postponed for some
months. The original investment totals
44,000,000 pesetas (US$733,000) with 55 per-
cent belonging to three Galician groups and
45 percent to a French firm which has made
arrangements for technical advice with a large
United States can manufacturer.

Metric |Million

The installations consist of a mechanical
shop and a container mill equipped with 3
automatic belts for handling 225 cans per
minute, and 5 automatic belts, plus related
machinery. Production at the outset is esti-
mated at 80 million units per year with ex-
pansion plans for two more belts, bringing
the total annual production to 150 million
units. Number of employees will total about
500 persons, between administrative, techni-
cal, and plant personnel, (United States Con-
sulate, Vigo, report of April 5, 1962.)

Eee te

VIGO FISHERIES TRENDS,
JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1962:

- Fish unloaded at Vigo port during January 1962 amounted
to 3,453 metric tons with an ex-vessel value of 50,718,579
pesetas (US$845,000) as compared with 3,679 tons at
49,849,117 pesetas ($831,000) in January 1961, In February
3,751 tons were unloaded valued at 44,373,811 pesetas
($740,000) against 3,645 tons at 48,394,323 pesetas ($807,000)
in February 1961. Sardines were very scarce, with only 38
tons landed this January as against 293 tons in January 1961.
This is the usual seasonal low point for this species. The
seasonal decline began in October 1961 when 5,097 tons were
landed, and landings dropped to 2,152 tons in November, and
78 tons in December 1961, Due to the great abundance of
sardines at the peak of the season (May-September) during
the past three years (1959-1961), the customary conservation
fishing ban lasting from February 15 to April 15 has been
lifted on a trial basis,

In the middle of January, ten fishing boats set out from
Vigo for Newfoundland for the cod fishery season, They
plan to use the system of ‘‘dragging in pairs’’ which has

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Spain (Contd.):

given good results in recent years. The vessels, with a total
carrying capacity of about 3,000 tons of wet salted cod, will
return to port in late April or early May.

The cod fishery firm in Vigo has suspended its operations,
which have turned out to be unprofitable in competition with
the more modern plant in La Coruna, The four cod trawlers
which comprised its fleet have been sold to a firm in Huelva
for 40,000,000 pesetas ($667,000). Of this amount, about
10,000,000 pesetas ($167,000) will go to pay up naval credits
on the vessels, over a period of 10 years, After repairs in
Vigo, it is understood that the vessels will take part in the
Newfoundland cod fishery or in fishing off West Africa where
the new owners have other vessels fishing, The Vigo cod
fishery facilities are reportedly to be sold to a firm in La
Coruna or El Ferrol, each of which has its own cod fleet.

A Vigo fishery firm has purchased the vessel Habana for
conversion to the first Spanish floating fishery factoryship,
It will be used to transport catches of its fleet operating in
South Africa and along the coast of South America, The
same company’s freezer-equipped vessel Andrade returned
to Vigo from South African waters, unloading about 250 tons
of frozen hake, At present the vessels Lemos and the Pambre
(the third of a planned fleet of six freezer vessels to be built)
are fishing in South African waters which are considered more
fruitful and economical,

The new Law for the Renovation of the Spanish Fishing
Fleet grants a concession of 4 billion pesetas ($66.7 million)
for the modernization of the fleet between 1962 and 1971, dis-
tributed as follows: 400 million pesetas ($6.7 million) each
for the years 1962, 1966, 1967, and 1968; 500 million pesetas
($8.3 million) for 1963, 1964, and 1965; and 300 million pesetas
($5.0 million) for 1969, 1970, and 1971, Credits will be
granted for 80 percent of the cost of building at an annual in-
terest of 4 percent with amortization terms of 20 years for
those using steel hulls and 12 years for wood, Preferential
treatment will be given to those submitting plans with modern
installations and equipment. The law has been well received
among fishing circles, even though some believe that the allot-
ments for the initial period should be larger in order to give
greater impetus to building. (United States Consulate, Vigo,
report of April 5, 1962,)

Tahiti

SECOND APPLICATION FOR TUNA BASE
SUBMITTED TO JAPANESE
FISHERIES AGENCY:

Japanese press reports indicate that con-
siderable attention has been focused on de-
veloping new tuna bases in the South Pacific
Ocean area. An article in the Suisan Tsu-
shin of April 25, 1962, stated that a large
Japanese fishing company and a large United
States tuna packer are planning to establish
a tuna base in Tahiti together with a French
firm, and that the Japanese firm had already
submitted a petition to the Japanese Fisher-
ies Agency to seek approval of the project.

According to the petition, the three com-
panies, which would share equally in the in-

vestment, would construct a 2,000-ton capac-

ity cold-storage plant. Eventually, from 35
to 50 tuna vessels of under 200 tons gross

Vol. 24, No. 6

would be contracted to deliver their catches
to the base, but initially about 25 vessels
would be employed in the first year of opera-
tion. Tuna landed at the base are to be frozen
and exported to the United States and France,
as well as brought back to Japan.

The Japanese firm plans to assign to the
Tahiti base tuna vessels which already have
valid tuna licenses but would give preference
to the utilization of fishing vessels displaced
from the salmon fishery this year.

The application submitted by the Japanese
firm to build a joint tuna base at Tahiti is the
second one of its kind. In mid-March, a Japa-
nese trading company submitted an application
to the Fisheries Agency to establisha tuna base
at Tahiti together with another large United
States tuna packer and a French firm. The
scale of that project appears to be somewhat
smaller, calling for the construction of a
1,100-ton capacity cold-storage plant and the
utilization of a smaller tuna fleet. (Suisan
Tsushin, April 25, and March 15, 1962.)

U.S.S.R.

SOVIET FISHING ACTIVITIES IN
BERING SEA, MARCH 1962:

About 150 to 200 Soviet vessels were fish-
ing in the Bering Sea for flounder, ocean
perch, and herring as of early April 1962,
Over 100 of those vessels were operating in
the area north of the Pribilof Islands, in outer
Bristol Bay, and northeast of Unimak Island.
Four factoryships, 80 trawlers, 20 refriger-
ated transports, several tankers, tugs, and
cargo vessels were sighted during April. The
floating base ship Orochen and about 30 ves-
sels were fishing for flounder. The large
stern-trawlers Ulianovsk and Baikal were
exploiting a newly-developed ocean perch
fishing area.

Typical Russian factoryship operating in the Bering Sea.

June 1962

WSy i SauRs (Contd:):

Soviet winter herring fishing in the Bering
Sea was concluded early in April with catch-
es exceeding the 1962 quarterly plan by 50
percent. When the herring dispersed for
spawning, the Soviet fishing fleet shifted to
ocean perch. The feasibility of ocean perch
fishing was discovered during the recent ex-
ploratory fishing of the medium-size trawler
Karaga. (Unpublished sources.)

Selo irstamievsi ee

SOVIETS PURCHASE MORE
FROZEN FISH FROM ICELAND:

The U.S.S.R. has signed a trade agree-
ment with Iceland for the purchase of 18,000
metric tons of frozen fillets in 1962, of which
13,000 tons will be cod, and 5,000 tons ocean
perch or other groundfish. This will be a
sizable increase over the 7,500 tons of Ice-
landic frozen fish imported by the U.S.S.R.
in 1961.

The Soviets agreed to increase the price
for cod fillets to £145 per ton (18.4 U.S.
cents a pound) from the #128 per ton (16.2
cents a pound) in 1960. (United States Em-
bassy, Reykjavik, March 15, 1962.)

Neste ky ae

SOVIET FISHING ON GEORGES BANK IN
NORTH ATLANTIC, MARCH-APRIL 1962:
By mid-March 1962, the Soviet fishing
fleet, now in its second year of operation on
Georges Bank, numbered about 50 vessels.
Among these were 17 large stern-trawlers
of the Pushkin (2,450-gross-tons each) and
Leskov (2,890 tons each) classes. About 10
medium trawlers of the Okean class (500
gross tons each) were also sighted. The
rest of the fleet was composed of small
trawlers (250-gross-ton SRT's) and supply
tenders. Sizable hauls of herring were taken
in a large area 60 to 180 miles east of Cape
Cod, Some groundfish was also caught.

By the beginning of April 1962, the picture
changed rapidly. Many new smaller vessels
have arrived in the area, while several large
stern-trawlers left. Over 100 Soviet vessels
as of mid-April 1962 were fishing on Georges
Bank, thus approaching the peak number of
Soviet vessels attained in late 1961 when an
estimated 110 vessels were inthe area. Last
year at the same time Soviet fishing vessels
had not yet arrived on Georges Bank. (Un-
published sources.)

%* OK OK OK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 63

MURMANSK IS PRINCIPAL FISHING
PORT AND PROCESSING CENTER:

The Murmansk Fish Combine has grown
from a small operation in the 1930's to han-
dle about 700,000 metric tons, or 20 percent
of the 1960 U.S.S.R. catch. From this catch,
the Combine produced 300,000 tons of frozen,
salted, and smoked fish, plus 15 millionunits
of canned fish. Only the canning operation is
substantially mechanized; filleting, weighing,
and other work is still done by hand. Further
mechanization is planned.

The 1965 goal is 340,000 to 350,000 tons
of fishery products (excluding canned fish),
For supplies of fresh and frozen fish, the
trend is towards relying more on factory
trawlers. The Combine sells its products to
a state marketing organization (RYSBYT) for
distribution locally and to various parts of the
U.S.S.R. (Unpublished sources.)

kk KK

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES:

The research vessel Voieikov returned to
Viadivostok in March 1962 after a 3-months
voyage to the North and Central Pacific. Dur-
ing the Voieikov's seventh expeditionary trip,
hydrometeorological conditions in the Pacific
Ocean were studied. The 350-ton Soviet
oceanographic vessel Akademik Vavilov re-
turned to Odessa from its 4-months voyage
to the Mediterranean Sea. The purpose of
this expedition was to study biological con-
ditions in the Mediterranean Sea during the
winter. Eleven scientists participated in the
expedition. (Unpublished sources).

sk OOK Ok kK ok
TUNA EXPLORATORY FISHING
SURVEY IN INDIAN OCEAN ENDED:

The Soviet tuna fishing clipper Nora and
the fishing vessel Ekvator returned late in
1961 from a five-months exploratory fishing
trip to the Indian Ocean, This expedition,
which was organized by the Far East Fishing
Administration, caught 140 metric tons of
tuna near the coasts of Ceylon, Maldive Is-
lands, Chagos Archipelago, and Sumatra.
Analysis of the results indicates good pros-
pects for tuna fishing in the central Indian
Ocean, confirming data obtained by the re-
connaissance ship Vitiaz on another voyage.
A similar expedition of two vessels was ex-
ploring in the Atlantic Ocean off Paramaribo,
Brazil, at the end of 1961.

This year the Far Eastern Fishing Ad-
ministration plans to start fishing commer-

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

USS. RaContds):

cially for tuna in the South Pacific. The So-
viet Seven-Year Plan calls for 20,000 metric
tons of tuna landings in 1965. (Rybnoe Kho-

ziaistvo, November 1961, and other sources,
NEW VESSELS FOR SOVIET

FAR EAST FISHERIES:

During the latter part of March and early
April 1962, five large ships were completed
for delivery to the Soviet Far East fishing
fleet which fishes in the Bering Sea and Bris-
tol Bay.

Arman, a giant mothership (17,140 full-
load displacement tons) of the B-62 Severod-
vinsk class was built in Poland. On its voy-
age to Vladivostok, the vessel was to tow
small floating docks.

Barabash, a freezer trawler of the Maia-
kovskii class, was completed in Nikolaev on
the Black Sea. This 3,170-gross-ton and
279-foot vessel was proceeding to Vladivos-
tok with its crew of 102.

The Evron and Khanke, two refrigerated
vessels of the Bratsk class, were launched
in Stralsund (East Germany). The 2,495-
gross-ton vessels are 269 feet long and 43
feet wide, have an average speed of 11 knots,
and are equipped with modern radio-naviga-
tion equipment.

The 5,500-gross-ton refrigerated trans-
port Eggersheld of the Sevastopol class was
on its maiden voyage from Leningrad to
Viadivostok. This new vessel was making
the trip via the Antarctic in order to trans-
port products of Soviet whaling operations.
(Unpublished sources.)

KKK Ok Ok

Vol. 24, No. 6

PRODUCTION OF CANNED
FISH INCREASING:

In 1961, Soviet production of canned fish

was 760 million standard cans (350 grams or
about 12.3 ounces each), which exceeded the
1961 plan by 28.4 million cans. The 1961 pro-
duction compares favorably with outputs of
632 million cans in 1958 and of 700 million
cans o 1959. (Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, January
1962.

United Kingdom
FISHERY LOANS INTEREST

| RATES REVISED:

The British White Fish Authority announced
that, as a result of a change in the rates of
interest charged to them by the Treasury,
their own rates of interest on loans made as
from April 7, 1962, will be as follows:

Fishing vessels of not more than 140 feet,
new engines, nets and gear: on loans for not
more than five years, 53 percent, no change;
on loans for more than five years, but not
more than 10 years, 6 percent, no change;
on loans for more than 10 years, butnotmore
than 15 years, 6£ percent, no change; on
loans for more than 15 years, but not more
than 20 years, 62 percent, no change.

Processing plants: on loans for not more
than 15 years, 73 percent, decrease 4 per-
cent; on loans for more than 15 years, but
not more than 20 years, 74 percent, nochange.

The rates on loans made before April 7
are unchanged. (Fish Trades Gazette, April
21; 1962.5)

June 1962

Si A

Department of Commerce

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY

SHIPS OF TOMORROW MAY DEMAND
A NEW-LOOK IN NAVIGATIONAL CHARTS:

With the rapid advancement of marine electronics, and
the modern design of ships, involving new concepts of speed
and propulsion, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (C&GS)
has awarded a $22,000 contract for a study to determine
whether or not nautical charts are meeting the needs of the
modern mariner, it was announced on March 26, 1962,

The contract, one of the first projects negotiated by the
Survey’s Office of Research and Development, was awarded
to Reed Research, Inc. of Washington, D. C. It is expected
to be completed within 6 months,

“‘We believe that our nautical charts are the best our pro-
fession can produce and are considered the world’s standard,’’
commented the C&GS Director. ‘‘But what about tomorrow
with the increasing tempo of development of scientific navi-
gational instruments and systems such as Satellite navigation,
We cannot afford to become complacent in the face of today’s
dynamic progress,’’

The study will be approached in two phases, The first will
be a survey of chart-users, both present and future, to deter-
mine their ultimate needs in nautical charts, The second
phase will be an examination of the current state of the nau-
tical charting art, including a literature survey, personal
contacts, and discussion with organizations and individuals
faced with similar problems in related fields. A major part
of the work in phase two will be an attempt to ascertain the’
type and scope of chart detail needed by chart users in the
years to come,

The information assembled in the study will be invaluable
in determining if the present long-range program for chart
modernization is compatible with what the chart-user wants.
A thirty-year program to modernize the 830 published nau-
tical charts was begun in 1957, An accelerated program
would provide for the compilation, reconstruction, or main-
tenance of 10-18 additional charts in fiscal year 1964,

Although the chart user will be asked to suggest basic
changes in the nautical chart format, the Coast and Geodetic
Survey has an obligation to maintain certain engineering and
professional standards that cannot be subjected to public poll,
The chart is an instrument on which navigation problems
are to be developed and solved, and such standards as type
of projection, precise positioning, and interpretation of de-
tail will continue to be the cartographers responsibility.

What the chart user will be asked, however, is what
topographic detail should be depicted on the chart? Should
roads leading to marinas and docks be shown? Should charts
of similar scale be ‘‘butted’’ together rather than overlapped,
as they are now? Can these charts be just as useful if they
are printed on lightweight paper, and folded?

Looking into the future, some chart-makers believe that
the traditional ‘‘sounding’’ may eventually be replaced on the
chart with ‘‘bottom contours.’’ Ships equipped with electronic
depth recording equipment, for example, can navigate ‘‘by
ear,’’ using ‘‘bottom contours,’’

Y FEDE
AGTIONS

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

RAL 4

Reconstruction and maintenance of nautical charts is a
continuous process~~and a costly one, Coastal features are
constantly being altered by the wind, tides, and other natural
forces, aS well as the work of man, The destructive Atlantic
coast storms in March 1962, for example, may require that
as many as 80 C&GS nautical charts be revised to show
changes wrought by tides and waves,

Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

PUBLIC HEARING ON STANDARD
OF IDENTITY FOR FISH FLOUR:

A public hearing on a definition and stand-
ard of identity for fish flour or fish protein
concentrate was announced by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration in the Federal Reg-
ister of April 28,1962. The hearing will start
atlOha sme ( Den). wunerhe. LO6ANiim the
North Building, Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. A pre-
hearing conference of interested parties will
be held at 10 a.m. on June 12.

The hearing will cover points in a regula-
tion published last January 25 which would
have required that fish flour be made from
edible, cleaned fishafter discarding the heads,
tails, fins, viscera and intestinal contents.
The January 25 order has been stayed pend-
ing the outcome of the hearing.

Persons who filed formal objections and
requested the hearing were: Senator Paul H.
Douglas of Illinois; Harold Putnam, on behalf
of VioBin Corporation, Monticello, Ill.; Vin-
cent A. Kleinfeld of Bernstein, and Alper, on
behalf of Gulf Menhaden Co., Cameron, La.;
the members of Industrial Products Division,
National Fisheries Institute, Inc., Washington,
D. C.; the members of Virginia Fishermen's
Association, Reedville, Va.; and Fish Prod-
ucts Co., Lewes, Del.

Following are the issues on which testi-
mony will be taken at the hearing:

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

1. Whether the inclusion of heads, tails,
fins, viscera, and intestinal contents of fish
would result in a finished product that is
filthy or otherwise unfit for food as defined
in section 402(a) (3) of the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

2. Whether it would promote honesty and
fair dealing in the interest of consumers to
promulgate a standard of identity for fish
flour prepared from whole fish, including
heads, tails, fins, viscera, and intestinal con-
tents.

3. Whether the restriction of raw materi-
al for fish flour to ''edible species of fish"
was proper.

4, What processing steps are required
for manufacturing fish flour that is defatted,
odorless, and tasteless, and has the neces-
sary storage stability and bacterial count,
and whether the process employs any food
additive that is unsafe (whether or not heads,
tails, viscera, and intestinal contents are in-
cluded).

5, What name is proper (whether or not
heads, tails, fins, viscera, and intestinal
contents are included),

6. Whether the requirement for a mini-
mum of 70 percent protein is proper, or
whether a lower figure should be set.

7. Whether the requirement of a maxi-
mum of 6 percent moisture is proper, or
whether a higher figure should be set.

8. Whether the standard of identity as
issued on January 25, 1962, will promote
honesty and fair dealing in the interest of
consumers.

The notice of hearing said an examiner
will be appointed to conduct the hearing and
the appointment will be announced in the Fed-
eral Register at a future date, After tenn
hearing, the examiner is required to file a
report together with suggested findings, con-
clusions and order, and to certify the entire
record of the proceedings to the Commis-
sioner of Food and Drugs for action,

Vol. 24, No. 6

Department of the Interior

DEPARTMENT URGES APPROVAL FOR
FISHING VESSEL DISASTER LOANS:

Passage of a Congressional measure to
provide disaster loans to fishing vessel own-
ers and operators has been urged by the U.S.
Department of the Interior ina letter to
Chairman Herbert C. Bonner of the House
Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

The bill would, in effect, extend the prin-
ciple established for agricultural disaster aid
to the fish food production industry. The Sec-
retary of the Interior would be authorized to
make loans to fishing vessel owners and op-
erators when he finds that fishery production
failure or resource disaster arising from
natural causes has created a need for credit
not available from commercial sources.

Assistant Secretary of the Interior Frank
P. Briggs suggested several amendments to
pending legislation--H. R. 9375--to assure
judicious use of the authority granted.

One of the suggested amendments is to
change the procedure set forth in this bill for
financing the proposal. The Department rec-
ommended that the present fishery loan au-
thority in section 4 of the Fish and Wildlife
Act of 1956 be amended to include the provi-
sions of the proposal. No increases in ap-
propriation authorization is believed neces-
sary to carry out the purposes of the bill, As-
sistant Secretary Briggs' letter said. He
added that such a step would promote uniform-
ity in present fishery loan procedures and
would avoid transferring money from a De-
partment of Agriculture revolving fund, as
the pending legislation provides.

Another change suggested by the Depart-
ment of the Interior would limit eligibility
for loans to those adversely affected by a re-
source disaster estimated to continue no longer
than 18 months. The Assistant Secretary's
letter also stated that production failure or
resource disaster must be temporary and that
restoration of the fishery resource be fore-
seeable and impending. He said he did not be-
lieve that the program should be used to
"Shore-up' financial difficulties of fishermen
whose income depend upon an eroding or fad-
ing resource and that an attempt to so use it
would be an injustice both to the fishermen
and the national economy.

KOK OK OK OK

June 1962

TROPICAL PACIFIC YELLOWFIN TUNA
CONSERVATION LEGISLATION ENDORSED:

Endorsement of proposed Federal legislation to regulate
the yellowfin tuna fishery in the eastern tropical Pacific
Ocean was announced on May 1, 1962, by the Department of
the Interior, e

A pending Congressional bill (S. 2568) to amend the Tuna
Convention Act of 1950 to include conservation regulations
is based on the recommendations of the Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission, an investigative body estab-
lished by the Tuna Convention of which the United States,
Costa Rica, Panama, and Ecuador are members,

Scientific evidence collected over the past decade by the
Commission's staff concerning exact measurements of com-

Pacific Yellowfin Tuna

(Neathunnus macropterus)

mercial yellowfin tuna catches in relation to the abundance
of the fishery stocks, their natural reproduction, and mor~
tality rates indicates that unless the fishery is regulated at
once the yield of yellowfin tuna from the eastern tropical
Pacific may be seriously reduced.

In a letter to Senator Warren G, Magnuson, Chairman of
the Senate Committee on Commerce, Assistant Secretary of
the Interior Frank P. Briggs stated, ‘‘We believe that our
Government should cooperate fully with the Commission’s
recommendations, If the Commission’s recommendations
are carried out, our domestic fishery as well as the fishery
of the other participants to the convention will benefit ma~
terially by preventing damage to the resource and the main~
tenance of maximum SsuStained yield.”’

The Department’s Fish and Wildlife Service said that in
1950 the yellowfin tuna seemed to be an inexhaustible re-
source and this might have held true for many years except
for recent developments in fishing techniques and gear,

In the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries marine biologists explain, oceanic factors
make purse Seining possible, and the advent of nylon fishing
nets and mechanized power blocks to handle the nets made
purse seining practicable, greatly increasing efficiency.

The old tuna bait boats, which took three or four months to
bring home a load of fish, have been replaced or converted
to purse seiners which often can bring home a payload in 30
days, The result was a total catch last year of about 120,000
tons of yellowfin tuna--an amount estimated to be more than
the maximum sustainable yield, Tuna Commission biologists
believe the catch dipped into the stocks last year and that
such continued utilization can mean only a severe decline in
the resource, affecting fishermen, boat owners, docks, can-
ners, and consumers,

The measure now in Congress proposes a quota limiting
the 1962 catch to 83,000 tons--74,600 tons during the yellow-
fin season and 8,400 tons incidental to the skipjack season
which follows, The quota would be set annually by the Tuna
Commission, and provision also is made for import restric-
tions on all yellowfin tuna except from countries with regu-
lations meeting the conservation requirements,

KK ok kk

BUREAU OF OUTDOOR
RECREATION ESTABLISHED:

Carrying out President Kennedy’s instructions regarding
the coordination of Federal outdoor recreation programs,
Secretary of the Interior Stewart L, Udall on April 2, 1962,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

signed an order establishing a Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
in the Department,

President Kennedy announced that Dr, Edward C. Crafts,
of Chevy Chase, Md., would be appointed Director of the
new Bureau, Crafts, a career Federal employee, is now
serving as Assistant Chief of the Forest Service of the De-
partment of Agriculture,

The Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commis-~
sion recommended the creation of the Bureau in its Janu-
ary 31 report, and President Kennedy in his special message
on conservation, transmitted to Congress on March 1, said
the recommendation would be adopted,

In the message, President Kennedy said: ‘‘This bureau
will carry out the planning functions already assigned to the
Department of the Interior and will administer the program
of Federal assistance to State agencies, . .This new bureau
will serve as the focal point within the Federal Government
for the many activities related to outdoor recreation.”’

In the same message, the President called for legislation
to establish a program of matching grants for the develop-
ment of state plans for outdoor recreation,

In recommending a new bureau for outdoor recreation,
the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission-~-a
blue-ribbon commission composed of outstanding conserva~
tionists and members of congress~~said:

‘‘There are now more than 20 Federal Agencies with
programs involving some aspect of outdoor recreation, A
similar multiplicity is found among state agencies, While
the programs of these agencies are generally well planned
in themselves, little thought is given to the over-all develop-
ment of outdoor recreation throughout the Nation,

‘There is at present no focal point for coordination of
recreation policy, planning, programs, or management,
Over-all responsibility for initiating and guiding a national
effort in outdoor recreation has never been explicitly as-
signed... .After consideration of all possibilities, the rec-
ommendation for a new bureau in the Department of the In-
terior is made as the most likely to be accepted,”’

Secretary Udall created the new Bureau under the author-
ity conferred on him by Reorganization Plan No, 3, approved
by the 82nd Congress in 1950,

Besides administering the current state cooperative serv-
ices under 1936 legislation and the proposed state assistance
program on which legislation will soon be submitted, the new
Bureau will assist the Secretary in carrying out his Federal
outdoor recreation coordination responsibilities, sponsor and
conduct recreation research, conduct recreation resource
surveys, develop a nationwide recreation plan, and dissemi-~
nate outdoor recreation information.

Secretary Udall said a nucleus organization is being
formed and a number of the functions of the Park Service’s
Division of Recreation Resource Planning are being trans~
ferred to the new Bureau, The new Bureau will coordinate
recreational planning, rather than carry out land-manage-
ment functions of existing agencies,

ne 3k ok Fe

AMERICAN FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE

NEW MEMBERS NAMED BY
INTERIOR SECRETARY:

Appointment of six new members of the American Fisk-

eries Advisory Committee was announced on April 4, 1962,
by Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall, They replace
former members who had served the maximum of two con-
secutive three-year terms,

The American Fisheries Advisory Committee has 20
members, It was organized in 1955 in accordance with pro-
visions of the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act for the betterment of

the domestic commercial fishing industry, Members are
selected from the ranks of active members of the industry
for the purpose of making recommendations and advising the
Secretary on technological, biological, economic, marketing,
and educational problems of the domestic fisheries,

The committee meets once or twice a year, depending up-
on circumstances, Its most recent meeting was at Galveston,
Tex., December 7 and 8, 1961, Matters discussed included
the development of deep-water fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico,
a long-range shrimp research program, marketing opportuni-
ties in several prairie States, and comparative fishing vessel
construction costs,

Various fishery research programs are financed by the
Saltonstall-Kennedy funds which represent an amount equal
to 30 percent of the duties paid on the imports of fish and
fishery products, The programs are conducted by the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service,

The six new members are: George J. Davidson, Boston
Fish Pier, Boston, Mass,; Louis Fischer, Fischer’s Sea
Foods, Cocoa, Fla.; John A. Mehos, Liberty Fish and Oyster
Company, Galveston, Tex.; Anthony Nizetich, Manager, Fish-
ermen’s Cooperative Association, San Pedro, Calif,; Einar
Pedersen, Seattle, Wash,; and Daniel H. Smith, Smith Broth-
ers Fisheries, Port Washington, Wis,

The continuing members are: William P, Ballard, Presi-
dent, Ballard Fish and Oyster Company, Inc., Norfolk, Va.;
Ralph E, Carr, President, Mid-Central Fish Company,
Kansas City, Mo.; Harold F, Cary, assistant to the President,
Van Camp Sea Food Company, Long Beach, Calif.; Chris
Dahl, Kayler-Dahl Fish Company, Petersburg, Alaska; Ray
H, Full, President, Kishman Fish Company, Vermilion, Ohio;
David H. Hart, Cape May, N.J.; H.R. Humphrey, Jr., Presi-
dent, Standard Products Company, Inc., White Stone, Va.;
Leon S, Kenney, President, Pinellas Seafood Company, St.
Petersburg, Fla.; E, Robert Kinney, President, Gorton’s of
Gloucester, Gloucester, Mass,; John S, McGowan, Executive
Vice President, Bumble Bee Seafoods, Inc., Astoria, Oreg.;
James McPhillips, Vice Chairman, Southern Industries
Corporation, Mobile, Ala.,; Arthur H. Mendonca, President,
F.E. Booth, Inc., San Francisco, Calif.; J. Richards Nelson,
Madison, Conn,; and Lawrence W, Strasburger, Metairie, La,

The retiring members are: Lawrence C, Calvert, Presi-
dent, San Juan Fishing and Packing Company, Seattle; John W.
Lewis, Morgan City, La.; Donald P, Loker, Vice President,
Star-Kist Food, Inc., Terminal Island, Calif.; Moses B. Pike,
General Manager, Holmes Packing Corporation, Eastport,
Maine; Harry F, Sahlman, Sahlman Sea Foods, Fernandina
Beach, Fla.; and Arthur S, Sivertson, Sivertson Brothers
Fisheries, Duluth, Minn,

EK OK OK OK

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

PROPOSED REVISION OF FISHERIES
LOAN FUND PROCEDURES:

Proposed standards for underwriters
furnishing insurance on collateral--princi-
pally fishing vessels--used in obtaining loans
from the Department of the Interior Fisher-
ies Loan Fund were published in the Federal
Register of May 11, 1962. Other changes,
primarily for the purpose of clarification,
also are proposed.

The purpose of the revision is to provide
for procedural changes necessitated by trans-
fer of certain acts formerly performed by
the Small Business Administration to the De-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

partment of the Interior, to clarify the mean-
ing of several sections, and to provide pub-
lished standards that insurance underwriters
furnishing insurance on property serving as
collateral for a fisheries loan fund must meet.

Because of the numerous changes, it is
proposed to revise all of Part 250 referring
to Fisheries Loan Fund procedures. The
part includes sections on definition of terms;
purposes of the loan fund; interpretation of
loan authorization; qualified loan applicants;
basic limitations; applications; processing of
loan applications; approval of loans; interest;
maturity; security; books, records, and re-
ports; insurance required; and penalties on
default.

The Fisheries Loan Fund was created by
the Federal Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 to
finance assistance to the fishing industry to
bring about a general upgrading of both fish-
ing vessels and fishing gear.

Interested persons had until June 10, 1962,
to submit their written comments, sugges-
tions, or objections on the proposed changes
to the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

Treasury Department

COAST GUARD

ADDITIONAL HELP ON BERING SEA
FISHERY PATROL:

Increased efforts will be made in patrol-
ling the fisheries of the eastern Bering Sea
this year, the Department of the Interior re-
ported on April 9, 1962.

At the request of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, the U. S. Coast Guard has
agreed to expand its Alaskan patrol. The
Coast Guard informed the Bureau that the
cutters Winona (Port Angeles, Wash.), Wa-
chusett, and Klamath (both stationed inSeat-
tle, Wash.), assisted by Coast Guard planes,
will enforce international and United States
fisheries regulations, The areas to be cov-
ered are the eastern half of the Bering Sea,
Bristol Bay, the area immediately south of
the Aleutian Islands, and the Gulf of Alaska,

The patrol will be in addition to the annual
Bering Sea Patrol, which has been carried
out by the Coast Guard since 1867. This year's
Bering Sea Patrol will be conducted by the

June 1962

Coast Guard icebreakers Northwind (Seattle,
Wash.) and Storis (Kodiak, Alaska).

The expanded Alaskan Patrol by the Coast
Guard will permit the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries vessel John R. Manning (Juneau,
Alaska) to increase its patrol efforts for pro-
tecting the halibut fisheries of the northern
Pacific Ocean.

The increased enforcement activities re-
sult from numerous complaints received by
the Bureau of alleged violations relative to
the taking of salmon, halibut, whales, fur
seals, and, in some instances, the use of il-
legal equipment in the areas to be patrolled.

White House

CONFERENCE ON CONSERVATION:

President Kennedy and Vice President
Johnson were the principal speakers at the
White House Conference on Conservation in
Washington, D.C., on May 24-25, 1962. Pres-
ident Kennedy spoke at 11:30 a.m., on Fri-
day, May 25, and Vice President Johnson
sounded the conference keynote.

The conference, held in the State Depart-
ment Auditorium, brought together for the
first time conservation spokesmen from
throughout the country and Federal, state,
and Congressional conservation authorities
for a discussion of ''Conservation for the
Sixties."

The program included four panel sessions,
two featuring Federal cabinet officers, one
composed of the members of Congress, and
one of state Governors. A question and an-
swer period was part of each panel session.

Panel speakers from the Federal agen-
cies, each discussing aims and objectives of
their agencies in ''Conservation for the Six-
ties,'' were Secretary of the Interior Stewart
L. Udall, Secretary of Agriculture Orville L.
Freeman, and Robert C. Weaver, Adminis-
trator of the Housing and Home Finance
Agency, Abraham A, Ribicoff, Secretary of
Health, Education and Welfare, and Elvis J.
Stahr, Secretary of the Army. Moderator of
the morning session was Laurance S. Rocke-
feller, Chairman of the Outdoor Recreational
Resources Review Commission. Gilbert F.
White, Chairman of the Department of Geog-
raphy at the University of Chicago, was the
afternoon moderator.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Following the conclusion of the executive
department panels, Senator Clinton P. Ander-
son of New Mexico, Chairman of the Senate
Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, took
over as moderator of the panel on ''Conserva-
tion and the Congress." Participating with
him were Senators John Sherman Cooper of
Kentucky and Hubert H. Humphrey of Minne-
sota and Representatives Wayne N. Aspinall
of Colorado and John P. Saylor of Pennsylva-
nia. Senator Cooper is a member of the Agri-
culture and Forestry and Public Works Com-
mittees, and Senator Humphrey is a member
of the Appropriations Committee. Aspinall is
Chairman of the House Interior and Insular
Affairs Committee and Saylor is ranking mi-
nority member of the same committee.

Friday morning, May 25, prior to the
President's address, was devoted to a panel
of State Governors.

(Second Session)

Public bills and resolutions which may di-
rectly or indirectly affect fisheries and allied
industries are reported.
Introduction, referral to
committees, pertinent
legislative actions, hear-
ings, and other actions
by the House and Senate,
as well as signature into
law or other final dispo-
sition are covered.

AID BY FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS TO FISHERIES:
The Fishing Industry, A Report on Foreign Govern-
mental Protection of Fishing Industries ainst Com-
petition from Imports, Committee Print 87th Congress,
Ist Session, Prepared at the Request of the Committee
on Commerce, United States Senate, by the Legislative
Reference Service of the Library of Congress), 16 pp.,
printed. A wide range of measures have been taken by
governments to encourage their fishing industries. In
the OEEC countries, various types of loan assistance
and subsidies for the construction of fishing vessels and
processing plants are provided, Some quantitative re-
strictions against fishery imports still exist, but they
are gradually disappearing. In this report there are
charts showing the custom duties on fishery products in
various countries. Short summaries of the fishery im-
port duties and regulations of the different foreign coun-
tries are given.

ANTIDUMPING ACT AMENDMENT: S. 3284 (Javits)
was introduced in the Senate on May 10, 1962, to amend
certain provisions of the Antidumping Act, 1921; re-
ferred to the Committee on Finance, Would amend the
Antidumping Act of 1921, to make it more effective in

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

preventing Soviet bloc exports from disrupting free
world markets.

EXEMPT TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL
AND FISHERY PRODUCTS: The Senate and the House
on May 1, 1962, received an executive communication
from the Secretary of Commerce, transmitting a draft
of proposed legislation, a bill toexempt certain carriers
from minimum rate regulation in the transportation of
bulk commodities, agricultural and fishery products, and
passengers, and for other purposes,

S. 3243 (Magnuson) introduced in the Senate on May
3, 1962, to exempt certain carriers from minimum rate
regulation in the transportation of bulk commodities,
agricultural and fishery products, and passengers, and
for other purposes; referred to the Committee on Com-
merce. The bill exempts carriers from minimum rate
regulation by the Civil Aeronautics Board, the Federal
Maritime Commission, and the Interstate Commerce
Commission in the transportation of bulk commodities
and certain agricultural and fishery products. The ex-
emption from minimum rate regulation provided would
apply to all carriers subject to regulation by the Inter-
state Commerce Commission, Such exemption applies
to (1) bulk commodities, (2) agricultural and fishery
products, and (3) passengers, The exemption from min-
imum rate regulation for the transportation of certain
agricultural and fishery products (specified in sec. 203(b)
of the Interstate Commerce Act) now available only to
motor carriers and freight forwarders would be extend-
ed under this section to all carriers subject to the Inter-
state Commerce Act. The proposed bill defines "prop-
erty consisting of ordinary livestock, fish (including
shellfish), or agricultural (including horticultural) com-
modities (not including manufactured products thereof)
shall not be deemed to include frozen fruits, frozen ber-
ries, frozen vegetables, wool tops, andnoils, or wool waste
(carded, spun, woven, or knitted), and shall be deemed
to specifically include cooked or uncooked (including
breaded) fish or shellfish when frozen or fresh (but not
including fish and shellfish which have been treated for
preserving, such as canned, smoked, pickled, spiced,
corned, or kippered products."

H.R, 11583 (Harris, a companion bill toS. 3243, was
introduced in the House on May 3, 1962, referred to the
Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

FISH AND WILDLIFE LEGISLATION: 1962--Mis-
cellaneous Fish and Wildlife Legislation (Hearings be-
fore the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Con-
servation of the Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries, House of Representatives, 87th Congress,
2nd Session), 141 pp., printed. Contains hearings on
H.R, 2722, to direct the Secretary of the Interior to
establish a research program in order to determine
means of improving the conservation of game andfood
fish in dam reservoirs; H.R. 6529, to provide for the
establishment of a new fish hatchery in the eastern
part of the State of Tennessee; H.R. 7336, to authorize
the Secretary of the Interior to make loans to certain
producers of oysters, and for other purposes; andH.R.
8371, to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to es-_
tablish, construct, equip, operate, and maintain a fish
hatchery in DeKalb County, Tennessee,

FISHERY MARKETING ACT AMENDMENT; H.R.
11562 (Pelly) and H.R. 11573 (Zelenko) were introduced
in the House on May 2, 1962, and H.R. 11606 (Tollefson)
on May 3, to make clear that fishermen's organizations,
regardless of their technical legal status, have a voice
in the ex-vessel sale of fish or other aquatic products

Vol. 24, No. 6

on which the livelihood of their members depends; re-
ferred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries, Would amend the Fisheries Marketing Act of
1934 to extend bargaining privileges to organizations
composed of both employee fishermen and those who
own or have an interest in the boats or gear with which
they fish. Similar to other bills previously introduced.

INTERIOR APPROPRIATIONS FY 1963: Interior
Department and Related Agencies Appropriations for
1563 (Hearings before a Scbcommittes of the Commit-
tee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 87th Con-
gress, 2nd Session on H.R. 10802), 1446 pp., printed.
Included is the testimony for funds for the Fish and
Wildlife Service: the Commissioner's Office and its

two bureaus, Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and Com-
mercial Fisheries,

The Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Ap-
propriations met in executive session on May 1, 1962,
to consider H,R. 10802, making appropriations for the
Department of the Interior and related agencies for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1963, and for other purposes.
Funds for the Fish and Wildlife Service and its two Bu-
reaus are included in this bill.

The Senate Committee on Appropriations met inex-
ecutive session on May 9, 1962, to consider H.R. 10802,
The Committee, on May 10, 1962, met in executive ses-
sion, and ordered favorably reported with amendments
H.R. 10802.

S. Rept. No, 1450, Interior Department and Related
Agencies Appropriation Bill, 1 May 10, 1962,a re-
port from the Senate Committee on Appropriations, to
accompany H.R. 10802), 39 pp., printed. The Commit-
tee recommended funds for Interior Department for fis-
cal year 1963 be increased over the amount included in
the House bill.

For the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries under man-
agement and investigations of resources, the Committee
recommended an appropriation of $15,981,500, which is
$1,381,500 more than the House allowance and $768,500
more than the budget estimate. For management and
investigations of resources the appropriation for 1962
was $12,550,000 (includes $400,000 in Supplemental
Appropriation Act of 1962); budget estimate, 1963,
$15,213,000; House allowance $14,600,000. Includedin
the Committee recommendation is the full amount of
the budget estimate for research of fish migration over
dams and $56,500 of the $113,000 reduction imposed by
the House on funds for travel, supplies and materials,
and equipment. Also included is: (1) $350,000 for in-
creased biological research on shrimp in the Gulf of
Mexico, (2) $125,000 for an accelerated program on re-
search and development of shrimp gear, and (3)
$350,000 for a program of Atlantic herring research.

In addition to the amount indicated, the Committee con-
curred with the House allowance of $300,000 for pur-
chase of foreign currencies to be used for research
contracts in foreign countries. A recommendation of
$8,473,000 for construction activities was made. This
includes $413,000 of the $514,000 disallowed by the
House for fixed equipment to be built into the fishery
laboratories to be constructed at Seattle, Wash., and at
Ann Arbor, Mich. The amount also includes $160,000
to purchase land and accomplish land fillingnecessary
in connection with construction of the Shellfish Research
Center at Milford, Conn., authorized by Public Law 87-
173. The Committee concurred with the House allow-
ance of $750,000 for subsidy payments for fishing ves-
sels constructed in U. S. yards. The Committee also

June 1962

,concurred with the House allowance of $600,000 for
general administrative expenses. The Committee rec-
ommended $1,998,000 for the administration of the
Pribilof Islands, the same as the House allowance; and
a limitation of $250,000 (same as House allowance) on
administrative expenses for the fisheries loan fund.

For the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, the
appropriation for 1962 under management and investi-
gation of resources was $23,315,650; budget estimate,
1963, $26,572,000; the House allowed $26,500,000; the
Senate Committee recommended $27,436,000, with in-
creases earmarked for a number of different activities.
Committee recommended $8,033,800 for construction
of fish hatcheries, wildlife refuges, and fish and wild-
life research facilities as compared to the House al-
lowance of $4,900,000 and the budget estimate of
$4,086,000. The increase provides for hatchery con-
struction, expansion of research facilities, moderni-
zation and improvement of fish hatcheries, etc. The
Committee concurred with the House allowance of $7
million for migratory bird conservation. The Com-
mittee recommended $1,331,000, the full amount of the
budget estimate and $81,000 more than the House al-
lowance, for general administrative expenses.

For the Office of the Commissioner of Fish and
Wildlife, the Committee approved $364,000, the same
as the amount allowed by the House, the budget esti-
mate, and the 1962 appropriations.

MEDICAL CARE FOR VESSEL PERSONNEL: The
Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee of the
Senate Committee on Commerce on May 2, 1962, helc
and concluded hearings on S. 367, to provide medical
care for certain persons engaged on board a vessel
in the care, preservation, or navigation of such ves-
sel. Testimony was received from various Federal
agencies and industry.

OCEANOGRAPHY: Study of the Effectiveness of the
Committee on Oceanography of the Federal Councilfor
Science and Technology (Hearings before the Subcom-
mittee on Oceanography of the Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries, U. S. House of Representatives,
87th Congress, 2nd Session), 222 pp., printed. Contains
hearings held February 28, March 1 and 2, 1962. Testi-
mony was given by Government agencies and research
groups.

PRICE-QUALITY STABILIZATION: H.R, 11778 (May)
Federal Trade Commission Act, to promote quality and
price stabilization, to define and restrain certain unfair
methods of distribution and to confirm, define, and equal
ize the rights of producers and resellers in the distribu-
tion of goods identified by distinguishing brands, names,
or trademarks, and for other purposes; to the Committe
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Similar to other
bills previously introduced.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OFFICE: H. Res. 595
(Anderson) was introduced in the House on April 11, 1962,
disapproving Reorganization Plan Number 2 of 1962; re-
ferred to the Committee on Government Operations.

Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1962, Office of Science
and Technology--National Science Foundation (Hearing
before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Govern-
ment Operations, House of Representatives, 87th Con-
gress, 2nd Session), 50 pp., printed. Contains the hear-
ing held on April 17, 1962, on the President's Reorgan-
ization Plan No. 2 of 1962, which would establish in the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

eel

Executive Office of the President the Office of Science
and Technology, and H. Res. 595, that the House of Rep-
resentatives does not favor the Reorganization Plan
Numbered 2 of 1962, Statements were presented by Gov-
ernment personnel and interested persons.

House Report No. 1635, Approving Reorganization
Plan No. 2 of 1962 (Office of Science and Technology--
National Science Foundation)--April 19, 1962, Report
from the Committee on Government Operations to ac-
company H. Res, 595, 12 pp., printed. Committee re-

ported unfavorably on H. Res. 595 and recommended
that the resolution do not pass. The report containsa
summary of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1962, which
would establish in the Executive Office of the President
the Office of Science and Technology. The report con-
tains H. Res. 595, its purpose, analysis of the plan, and
general statements of the various agencies interested in
the plan. The committee stated that ''the plan is a rea-
sonable exercise of the President's powers under the
Reorganization Act and would be beneficial to the Gov-
ernment."

The House on May 17, 1962, by a voice vote, rejected
H, Res. 595, to disapprove Reorganization Plan No. 2 of
1962 (to establish in the Executive Office of the Presi-
dent the Office of Science and Technology). The effect
of the rejection of the resolution is that the plan is ap-
proved. Under the Reorganization Act, unless either
the House or the Senate disapproves a Reorganization
plan of the President by resolution within a specified
time, the plan goes into effect. ‘Reorganization Plan
No. 2 of 1962, Relating to Certain Reorganizations in
the Field of Science Technology (House Doc. 372)," es-
tablishes the Office of Science and Technology as a new
unit within the Executive Office of the President; places
at its head a Director appointed by the President and by
the advice and consent of the Senate and provides for a
Deputy Director similarly appointed; and transfers to
the Director certain functions of the National Science
Foundation. The principal function of the new Office is
to coordinate and evaluate the research and development
programs of the various Federal Government agencies
in order to eliminate duplication. The Director of the
new office will be conferred certain functions now per-
formed by the National Science Foundation in order to
enable the Director to advise and assist the President
in achieving coordinated Federal policies for the pro-
motion of basic research and education in the sciences
and the authority to evaluate scientific research pro-
grams undertaken by agencies of the Federal Govern-
ment. Also, the plan provides for certain reorganiza-
tions within the Foundation to strengthen the position of
Director in that agency.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMISSION: The
Senate Committee on Government Operations held hear-
ings on May 10, 1962, on S. 2771, to establish a Com-
mission on Science and Technology. Testimony was re-
ceived from various Government agencies and interested
persons outside the Government. It was announced that
future hearings would be held on this bill for which no
dates were set. The Committee recessed subject to
call.

TARIFF CLASSIFICATION RESTATEMENT IN TAR-
IFF ACT OF 1930: The House on May 10, 1962, con-
curred with the Senate amendment to H.R. 10607, to
amend the Tariff Act of 1930 and certain related laws
to provide for the restatement of the tariff classifica-
tion provisions, and for other purposes, The bill was
cleared for the President.

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

TECHNOLOGICAL LABORATORY LAND IN MARY-
LAND: S. 3019 (Beall) introduced in the Senate on
March 19, 1962, to provide for the conveyance of cer-
tain real property of the United States to the State of
Maryland; referred to the Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs. Property affected is the site of the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Lab-
oratory at College Park, Md.

TRADE AGREEMENTS EXTENSION ACT OF 1962:
H.R. 11708 (Davis) was introduced in the House on May
10, 1962, to extend the authority of the President to
enter into trade agreements under section 350 of the
Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, and to provide for use
of that authority so as to expand United States exports
and to establish the conditions for fair competition be-
tween imported articles and articles of domestic pro-
duction; referred to the Committee on Ways and Means.

TRANSPORTATION ACT OF 1962: The House and
the Senate on May 1, 1962, received an executive com-
munication from the Secretary of Commerce, trans-
mitting a draft of proposed legislation, a bill to pro-
vide for strengthening and improving the national trans-
portation system, and for other purposes.

S. 3242 (Magnuson) introduced in the Senate on May
3, 1962, to provide for strengthening and improving the
national transportation system, and for other purposes;
referred to the Committee on Commerce. The billem-
powers the regulatory transportation agencies to sanc-
tion experimental freight rates, and modifications in
existing systems of service, classification, and docu-
mentation; prohibits common carriers subject to the
Interstate Commerce Act from discriminating as to
service or rates in the transportation of vehicles or
containers tendered by shippers or carriers; declares
it to be in the national interest that through service and
joint rates, fares and charges between carriers of all
modes of transport be encouraged and promoted and

Vol, 24, No.6

authorizes the Federal Maritime Commission to par-
ticipate with the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Interstate
Commerce Commission in joint boards for the review of
such rates; authorizes the Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion to enter into cooperative agreements with the states
for enforcement of the economic and safety laws and reg-
ulations of the States and the Federal Government concern-
ing highways transportation.

H.R. 11584 (Harris), a companion bill to S. 3242, was
introduced in the House on May 3, 1962, referred to the
Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

TUNA CONVENTION ACT OF 1950: On April 27,
1962, Senator Engle (for himself and Sen. Magnuson)
submitted, by request, an amendment in the nature ofa
substitute for’S. 2568, a bill to amend the act of Sep-
tember 7, 1950, to extend the regulatory authority of the
Federal and State agencies concerned under the terms
of the Convention for the establishment of an Inter-A-
merican Tropical Tuna Commission, signed at Wash-
ington, May 31, 1949, and for other purposes. The sub-
stitute bill was referred to the Committee on Commerce.
The substitute bill provides authority for the United
States to enact conservation regulations in order to re-
spond to the Commission's recommendations for anan-
nual yellowfin tuna catch quota for the Convention area
in the Eastern Pacific. It now changes a number of sec-
tions of S, 2568. The Inter-American Tropical Tuna
Commission was originally conceived as an investiga-
tory body. But with recent development of new fishing
techniques and gear, namely purse seining with nylon
nets and power blocks, the productivity of the U. S. tuna
fleet has increased rapidly, particularly as regardsyel-
lowfin tuna, and certain conservation regulations are
needed.

The Senate Subcommittee of the Merchant Marine and
Fisheries Committee met on May 23, 1962, to consider
S. 2568.

This type of equipment
consists of a largemetal
bar to which areattached
numerous lines closely set
together. To each linethere
is affixed several barbless
hooks. When the gear is
dragged over the bottom,the
hooks catch betweenthe
shells of thefresh-water
mussel lifting the animal
from the bottom. It is only
usedin inland waters where
fresh-water mussels are
taken commercially.

copy, 40 cents.

CROWFOOT BAR

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

FISHERY
INDICATORS

~~ CHART |- FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES |

In Millions of Pounds

MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND LEGEND ce NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

ame 196)

CUMULATIVE DATA teeeereee 1960
CUMULATIVE DATA
MQs 1962 -
1961 - i 2 MPS. 1962 - 18.6
2 1961 - 16.7

N2 1961 - 518.3

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 MS. 1962 - 16.
3 1961 - 22. 4 mgs. 1962 -

12." 1961 - 255. 4 4 1961 -
12 1961 - 1,147,

0 =
JUAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

OHIO

CUMULATIVE DATA

« 1962 - CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 -

2 MS. 1962 -
2 4 1961 - --
1961 -

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

OREGON

CUMULATIVE DATA

7 MQS. 1961 - 29,4
24 | hi7 ate tee O60 K@ 125507,
12 1960 - 49,1

3 mgs.
pai

pos a
eraT

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

U/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES ANO MARKET FISH
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS,

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

74 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 6

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND:

HADDOCK

OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)

(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs, 1962 - 31.4
4, 1961 - 32.6
12 1961 - 132.2

4 MOS. 1962 - 37.6
4 4 1961 - 39,9

12 1961 - 123.3

JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR _APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP
(Gulf States—’ including Florida West Coast)

CUMULATIVE DATA

WHITING
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1962 - 23,4
44 1961 - 29.1
12 1961 - 133.0)

4 MQS. 1962 - --
Cer 1961 - 2.
12 1961 - 86.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/LA. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-
Pl

iete In Thousands of Tons —

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(California)

MENH/.DEN
(East and Gulf Coasts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs, 1962 -
oan 1961 -
12

4 QS. 1962 - 16,2
» 1961 - 11.0
12 1961 - 70.7

ia
5 J

PILCHARD
(California)

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

CUMULA\ IVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1962 - 43.5
4 1961 - 50.7
12 1961 - 164.9

1961/62 SEASON,
AUG.-FEB. - 22,3
1960 SEASON,
AUG.-DEC. - 27.1

AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS |
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND:

1962 U. S, FREEZINGS
1961
1960

U. S. HOLDINGS

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs. 1962 - 62.8
4 , 1961 - 62.6

12 1961 - 319.6

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

0 3
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
U/MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT 2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N, Y, SOUTH,

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS= 4

GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HOLDINGS—

JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Y JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
S/OH1O, INO., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO., N, DAK., NEBR. & KANS, 4/ata., MISS., LA., TEX., ARK., KY., & TENN.

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

% Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products

COMMERCIAL FISHERIE REVIEW

| CHART 4 -

RECEIPTS au)

AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

mgs. 1962 - 55.0
1961 - 50.9

1961 - 164.6

ee
9 me

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND O!RECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE

4 mgs. 1962

Scart Rage ttt

NS AS:

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

- 19,3
- 19,1
=392.5

FISH MEAL
(In Thousands of Tons)

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 MQS. 1962 -
3, 1961 -
12 1961 - 28

7.3
7.6
9.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

CHICAGO

LEGEND:

——=— 1961

a 1962

eoeeas seer] O50)

Vol. 24, No.

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS 2!

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2/AS REPORTED BY PLANTS IN METROPOLITAN AREA.

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

BOSTON

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

FISH OIL
(In Millions of Gallons)

DATA

CUMULATIVE

3 mgs. 1962 - 0.2
3 cr 1961 - 0.2
12 1961 - 33.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

3/
TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA MACKEREL ~ - CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA seeeeeeees 1959 CUMULATIVE DATA

+ 1962 - 3,420.0 3 mgs. 1962 - 268.2
1961 - 3,495.1 ah 961 = 78.5
1961 - 10,764.3 12 1961 - 1,378.4

te)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 SEASON
3 MQS. 1962 - -- i
3 Ser = 13.6 TOTAL 3,212.0
12 0" 1961 - 73.1 1960 SEASON,
- TOTAL 2,648.8

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

STANDARD CASES
CUMULATIVE DATA

2/ :
eS Sage Bi ; Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wgt.
1961 SEASON, It

JAN. APR, SARDINES
19€1 SEASON, jaigeaeys Se

TOTAL

SHRIMP iitelecs a

UNA ei telced #3 tuna 6&7

PILCHARDS... #1 oval 15

SALMON...... 1-lb. tall 16
ANCHOVIES... ° 8

LEGEND:

——- 1961/62 SHRIMP - GULF STATES

CUMULATIVE DATA srsnoneenlooU/6l CUMULATIVE DATA

1961/62 SEASON, 1961/62 SEASON,
AUG.-JAN, - 419.1 AUG. -APR. - 250.2
1960 SEASON 1960/61 SEASON,
AUG.-DEC, - 615.9 AUG.-APR, = - 391.9
1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA

Sle pm 2 oe oe,

ee ee
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 6

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

GROUNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS ed FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH

Sa = e161 (Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA sesececess 1960 CUMULATIVE

3 MgS. 1962 - 48.2 3 Ms. 1962
3, 1961 - 48.4
12 1961 - 195.1 12

UAN FEB NAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA
3 mgs. 1962 - 18.8 3 mgs. 1962 - 14,9
3 1961 - 19.5

3, 1961 - 14,4
12" 1961 - 79.2 12 1961 - 53.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC SANTEE SA AE A eg Sele Ee

1
Tuna Y SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

2 mgs. 1962 -
2, 1961 -
12 1961 - 43.6

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 HQS. 1962 - 71.0
3, 1961 - 54.9
12 1961 - 197.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
J/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS.

U, S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

CANNED SARDINES
(in Oil and in Brine)

(in Oil and not_in Oil
CUMULATIVE DATA

3 MgS. 1962 - 13.5
3 1961 - 11.2

12 1961 - 42.5

CUMULATIVE DATA

3 MQS. 1962 - 16.7
3, 1961 - 15.2
12 1961 - 69.0

JAN FEB 2 APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

June 1962

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
OFFICE OF INFORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLHFE SERVICE, WASHING-
TON 25, D. C. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

CFS - CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.
SEP.- SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES RE-
VIEW.

Number Title
CFS-2808 - Frozen Fish, 1961, Annual Summary, 14pp.
CFS-2829 - South Carolina Landings, 1961, Annual Sum -

mary, 5 pp.

CFS-2830 - Massachusetts Landings, November 1961,
5 pp.

CFS-2831 - Virginia Landings, 1961, Annual Summary,
10 pp.

CFS-2832 - North Carolina Landings, 1961, Annual
Summary, 8 pp.
CFS-2833 - Maine Landings, January 1962, 4 pp.
CFS-2837 - Michigan Landings, January 1962, 2 pp.
CFS-2838 - South Carolina Landings, January 1962,
2 pp.
CFS-2839 - Frozen Fish Report, February 1962, 8pp.
CFS-2846 - Alabama Landings, January 1962, 2 pp.
CFS-2849 - New Jersey Landings, January 1962, 3 pp.
CFS-2851 - New York Landings, January 1962, 4 pp.
CFS-2852 - Mississippi Landings, January 1962, 2 pp.
CFS-2853 - Virginia Landings, January 1962, 3 pp.
CFS-2854 - Georgia Landings, February 1962, 2 pp.
CFS-2858 - Georgia Landings, 1961, Annual Summary,
8 pp.
CFS-2859 - South Carolina Landings, February 1962,
2 pp.
CFS-2861 - Packaged Fishery Products, 1961, Annual
Summary, 5 pp.
CFS-2863 - Industrial Fishery Products, 1961, Annual
Summary, 9 pp.
CFS-2865 - Fish Meal and Oil, February 1962, 2 pp.

Sep. No. 647 - Fish Protein Concentrate--A High Qual-
ity Animal Protein.

Sep. No. 648 - Rat-Feeding Studies To Determine Pres-
ence of Antimetabolites, Water-Soluble Vitamins,
and Essential Minerals in Raw Menhaden as Com-
pared with Raw Haddock and Beef.

Sep. No. 649 - Equipment Note No. 12--A NewScallop
Trawl for North Carolina.

CIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part I - Fishery Products Production and Market

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79

aes

Bae

Data, February 1962, 14 pp. (Market News Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg.,
San Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of
tuna and tunalike fish and other species used for can-
ning; pack of canned tuna, tunalike fish, sardines,
mackerel, and anchovies; marketfish receipts at San
Pedro, Santa Monica, and Eurekaareas; California
and Arizona imports; canned fish and frozen shrimp
prices; ex-vessel prices for cannery fish; Oregon
and Washington receipts (domestic and imports) of
fresh and frozen tuna and tunalike fish; for the month
indicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary, Part
fl - Fishing Information, January, February, March
1962, 10 pp. each, illus. (U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, P. O. Box 6121, Pt.
Loma Station, San Diego 6, Calif.) Contains sea-sur-
face temperatures, fishing and research information
of interest to the West Coast tuna fishing industry and
marine scientists; for the months indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale Mar-~-
ket Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Receipts,
Prices, and Trends, March 1962, 14 pp. (Market
News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565
W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at Chi-
cago by species and by states and provinces for fresh-
and salt-water fish and shellfish; and weekly whole-
sale prices for fresh and frozen fishery products;
for the month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in
Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and
Maryland, March 1962, 4 pp. (Market News Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 S. King St., Hamp~
ton, Va.) Landings of food fish and shellfish and pro-
duction of crab meat and shucked oysters for the Vir-
ginia areas of Hampton Roads, Chincoteague, Lower
Northern Neck, and Lower Eastern Shore; the Mary-
land areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City;
and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort,
and Morehead City; together with cumulative and
comparative data on fishery products and shrimp
production; for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Monthly Summary, March 1962,

“22 pp. (Market News Service, U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10,
Mass.) Review of the principal New England fishery
ports. Presents data on fishery landings by ports
and species; industrial fish landings and ex-vessel
prices; imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery prod-
ucts in New England warehouses; fishery landings
and ex-vessel prices for ports in Massachusetts
(Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown,
and Woods Hole), Maine (Portland and Rockland),
Rhode Island (Point Judith), and Connecticut (Ston-
ington); frozen fishery products prices to primary

wholesalers at Boston, Gloucester, and New Bed-
ford; and Boston Fish Pier and Atlantic Avenue fish-
ery landings and ex-vessel prices by species; for
the month indicated.

(Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings

News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 706
Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle 4,
Wash.) Includes Seattle's landings by the halibut and
salmon fleets reported through the exchanges; land-
ings of halibut reported by the International Pacific
Halibut Commission; landings of otter-trawl re-
ceipts reported by the Fishermen's Marketing As-
sociation of Washington; local landings by indepen-
dent vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska by
scheduled and non-scheduled shipping lines and air-
ways; imports from British Columbia via rail, mo-
tor truck, shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings;
and imports from other countries through Washing-
ton customs district; for the month indicated.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE
SHOWN.

ALGAE:

"Algae Feeding in Humans," by R. C. Powell, E. M.
Nevels, and M. E. McDowell, article, Journal of
Nutrition, vol. 75, September 1961, pp. 7-12, print-
ed. Journal of Nutrition, American Institute of Nu-
trition, 36th Street at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

"Nutritional Value as Protein of Some of the Nitrog-
enous Constituents of Two Marine Algae, Chondrus
crispus and Laminaria digitata,'' by B. A. Larsen
and W. W. Hawkins, article, Journal of the Science
of Food and Agriculture, vol. 12, July 1961, pp. 523-
529, printed. Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture, Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Bel-
grave Square, London, SW1, Engiand.

""Paper-Chromatographic Separation of Chlorophylls
and Carotenoids from Marine Algae,'' by S. W. Jef-
frey, article, Biochemical Journal, vol. 80, August
1961, pp. 336-342, printed. Biochemical Journal,
Cambridge University Press, Bentley House, 200
Euston Rd., London NW1, England.

"A Study on a New Acidic Compound Isolatedfrom
Volatile Portion of a Green Alga, Ulva pertusa,"' by
Teruhisa Katayama and Tetuo Tomiyaina, article,
Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu Uni-
versity, vol, 9, January 31, 1950, pp. 271-274, print-
ed. Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fu-
kuoka, Japan.

ALGINIC ACID:

"Alginic Acid, Its Compounds, Their Properties and
Possibilities of Usage,'' by H. Maass. Chemical
Abstracts, vol. 55, August 7, 1961, 15835f, printed.
American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW.,
Washington, D. C.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

AQUATIC ORGANISMS:

A Bibliography: Effects of External Forces on Aquat-

~ Organisms, by Frank J. Schwartz, Contribution No.
168, 85 pp., printed. Chesapeake Biological Lab-
oratory, Solomons, Md., January 1961.

AUSTRALIA:

Fishing and Whaling, Australia, Statistical Bulletin
No. 7, 21 pp., illus., processed. Commonwealth
Bureau of Census and Statistics, Canberra, Aus-
tralia. This is the seventh of a series of annual
statistical bulletins dealing with the fishing and
whaling industry. Statistics relate to the year 1960-
61 for general fisheries, to the 1960 season for pearl-
shell and trochus-shell fisheries, and to the 1961
season for whaling, with comparative data for the
previous four years. The bulletin is divided into
four parts. Part I deals with general fisheries in-
cluding those for fish, crustaceans, and molluscs
(edible products). Part Ilincludes fisheries for pearl
shell and trochus shell (inedible products). Part III
covers the operation of the whaling industry in Aus-
tralia and Norfolk Island. Part IV shows particulars
of oversea trade in the products of fishing and whal-
ing.

The Implications of the Introduction of European Carp
into Victorian Waters, 119 pp., processed. Fisheries
and Wildlife Department, Victoria, Australia, Feb-

ruary 1, 1962. This review was prepared as Depart-
mental evidence to be presented before the State De-
velopment Committee which was requested by the
Government of Victoria, to inquire into matters as-
sociated with the introduction of European carp into
Victorian waters. It covers the influence of carp on
fresh-water fisheries, including competition for space
and influence of feeding by carp on the environment
and on other fish; and the influence of European carp
on wildlife. It discusses the propagation of Euro-
pean carp and whether or not it should be discour-
aged or completely prohibited, and whether or not
all European carp, wherever occurring in Victoria,
should be destroyed. Draft is included of the leg-
islation which would meet the situation if the nec-
essity for the destruction of European carp is ac-
cepted. Other questions concerning the introduction
of European carp into Victorian waters are alsodis-
cussed.

AUSTRIA:
Seenschutz (Lake Protection), by Georg Beurle and

others, 96 pp., printed in German. (Reprinted from
Osterreichischen Wasserwirtschaftsverbandes, vol.
43.) Springer-Verlag, Wien, Austria.

BACTERIOLOGY:
Bacteriological Studies of Commercial Shellfish Op-

erations on the Gulf Coast, by M. W. Presnell and
C. B. Kelly, Technical Report F61-9, 55 pp., illus.,
printed. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Cen-
ter, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1961.
Describes the results of bacteriological examina-
tions of water, oyster, and bottom-deposit samples
collected simultaneously in four representative com-
mercial shellfish-producing areas on the Gulf Coast.
The general objectives were to determine: (1) oys-
ter/water coliform relationships in natural environ-
ments; (2) degree to which Gulf Coast shellfish and
shellfish waters complied with current recommended
bacteriological criteria; and (3) potentialof bottom
deposits as contributors to the coliform content of
water and oysters.

June 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS:

"Comparative Biochemical Data for Some Fresh-Wa-
ter Invertebrates and Fish,'' by A. V. Ananichev,
article, Biokhimiia (Biochemistry), vol. 26, July-
August 1961, pp. 16-26, printed. Biokhimiia (Bio-
chemistry), Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mos-
cow, U.S.S.R.

BIOCHEMISTRY:

"Biochemical Studies on the Growth and Maturation
of Fish. XI--Content of Molybdenum and Nickel in
the Liver of Tuna and Marlin,"' by Tadao Morio and
Akimi Suzuki. Chemical Abstracts, vol. 55, May 15,
1961, 9703g, printed. American Chemical Society,
1155 16th St. NW., Washington, D. C.

"Biochemical Studies on the Liquefaction of Fish Body.
I--On Basic Conditions for the Liquefaction; ll--On
the Effectiveness of 'Solubilized Fish' to the Growth
of a Plant, Lemna paucicostata Hegelm,"' by Tetuo
Tomiyama and others, article, Science Bulletin, vol.
13, November 1951, pp. 297-312, printed inJapanese
with English summary. Science Bulletin, Faculty of
Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.

"Comparative Biochemical Studies on Cytochromes
and Related Substances of Invertebrates. I--Cy-
tochrome Components and Electron Transfer in
Fresh-Water Mussels," by Kiyozo Kawai, article,
Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 29, May 1961, p. 427,
printed. Journal of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biochem -
istry, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo University, Bunyo-
ku, Tokyo, Japan.

BYPRODUCTS:

"The Recovery of Fish By-Products in the Interior,"
by E. Kraack, article, Fischereiforschung, vol. 3,
no. 7, 1960, p. 24, printed. Institut fur Hochsee-
fischerei und Fischverarbeitung, Rostock-Mari-
enehe, E. Germany.

CALIFORNIA:

The Marine Fish Catch of California (For the Year

1960), Fish Bulletin No. 117, 47 pp., illus., printed,
California State Fisheries Laboratory, Terminal
Island, Calif., 1961. A summary of the 1960 land-
ings of fish, mollusks, and crustaceans in Califor-
nia by commercial fishing vessels or shipped into
the State for processing. Statistical data cover an-
nual landings and shipments, 1916-1960; landings
and shipments of leading species by pounds and val-
ue; licensed commercial fishermen; number of fish-
ing vessels by length; origin of shipments; origin
of commercial fish landings; and monthly landings
and shipments, statewide and by areas. Also in-
cluded are data on value and quantity of annual land-
ings by areas; value of landings by ports and areas;
sport catch, 1951-1960; and live bait catch. It also
contains a listing of common and scientific names
of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks in the 1960 com-
mercial catch.

CANNING:
"Canning of Frozen Sea Perch,'' by A. L. Petelina,
S. A. Artjuhova, and K. I. Volkova, article, Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, no. 10, 1960, pp. 64-66, printed in Rus-
sian, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, VNIRO Glavniproekta,
pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, Russia.

CHEMICAL CHANGES:

"Changes in the Recalcification and Fibrinolysis
Times in Atherosclerotic and Normal Subjects Aft-
er Single Ingestion of Saturated and Unsaturated An-
imal Fats," by Jerzy Gajewski. Chemical Abstracts,
vol. 55, July 10, 1961, 13619d, printed. American
Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington,
DIG:

CHEMISTRY:

"Alterations in Glycogen, Glucose, and Lactate in
Rainbow and Kamloops Trout, Salmo gairdneri,
Following Muscular Activity," by E. C. Black and
others, article, Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, vol. 17, July 1960, pp. 487-500,
printed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, West
Block, Ottawa, Canada.

"Glycogen Content in the Flesh of Fish, Crustaceans,
and Mollusks," by P. V. Kizevetter. Chemical Ab-
stracts, vol. 55, May 15, 1961, 9704g, printed, Amer-
ican Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washing-
ton, 4D"GC;

"Studies on the Physiological Chemistry of Phospho-
rus Compounds in Fish Muscle. IV--On the Sea-
sonal Variation of Phosphorus Compounds Content;
V--Quantitative Differences of Phosphorus Com-
pounds in Muscle of Fish Reared in Different Water
Temperatures,'' by Tomoo Nakano, articles, Bul-
letin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
vol. 27, February 1961, pp. 147-149, and vol. 27,
April 1961, pp. 357-363, respectively, printed. Jap-
anese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shi-
ba-Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

COD:

"Nucleotide Degradation in Frozen Cod (Gadus cal-
larias),'' by N. R. Jones and J. Murray, article,
Biochemical Journal, vol. 80, August 1961, pp. 26P-
27P, printed. Biochemical Journal, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, Bentley House, 200 Euston Rd., Lon-
don NW1, England,

COLD STORAGE:

"Storage of Frozen Fish Glazed by the Addition of
Antioxidants," by R. R. Perepletchik and E. I. No-
vikova, article, Technology of Fish Processing (Is-
rael Program of Scientific Translations, 1960, pp.
135-141). (Translated from the Russian Trudy
VNIRO, vol. 35, 1958, pp. 152-158.) Trudy VNIRO,
Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

CONSUMPTION:

Method of Preparing Fish for Consumption, by L. K.
Anderson, P. E. Jann, and E. H. Carruthers, U.S.
Patent 2,954,298, September 27, 1960. U.S. Patent
Office, Washington 25, D. C.

CONTAINERS:

"Polybags and Plastic 'See-Through' Containers Used
By More Fish and Seafood Packers," article, Quick
Frozen Foods, vol. 24, September 1961, pp. 111-114,
printed. Quick Frozen Foods, E. W. Williams Pub-
lications, Inc., 82 Wall St., New York 5, N. Y.

CRUSTACEANS:
"Humane Killing of Crustaceans," article, Science,
vol, 135, no, 3503, February 16,1962, pp. 587-593,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

printed. American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, 1515 Massachusetts Ave. NW.,
Washington 5, D. C. A number of letters are pub-
lished here which comment, both pro and con, ona
recent article in which the author advocates the hu-
mane killing of crabs in the home and on a commer-
cial basis,

DECOMPOSITION:

"Chemical Indexes of Decomposition in Ocean Perch,"
by Fred Hillig, L. R. Shelton, Jr., and J. H. Lough-
Agricultural Chemists, vol. 44, August 1961, pp.
488-493, printed. Association of Official Agricul-
tural Chemists, P. O. Box 540, Benjamin Franklin
Station, Washington 4, D. C.

"Chemical Indexes of Decomposition in Pollock and
Whiting," by Fred Hillig and others, article, Jour-
nal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chem -
ists, vol. 44, August 1961, pp. 499-507, printed. As-
‘sociation of Official Agricultural Chemists, P. O.
Box 540, Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington 4,
DIC

DENMARK:

Fiskeriaarbogen, 1962 (The Fisheries Yearbook,
1962), vol. 69, December 1961, 797 pp., illus., print-
ed in Danish, 12 kroner (US$1.74). Iver C. Weilbach
& Co., Amaliegade 30, Copenhagen, Denmark. A
comprehensive collection of information on navi-
gation, fishery rules and regulations, inspection,
etc., primarily for Danish fishermen. Itisissued
annually by the Ministry of Fisheries about the first
of the year, and should not be confused with the Min-
istry's annual Fisheries Report. The major sec-
tions of the Yearbook cover tables for navigation,
courses, and distances; regulations for sailing,
lights, harbors, radio, etc.; laws and regulations on
the fisheries; register of fishing vessels; laws and
regulations on vessel inspection, construction, equip-
ment, etc.; vessel inspection and quarantine regula-
tions; accident insurance, etc.; loans to fishing ves-
sels and the industry; hunting regulations; instruc-
tions regarding shipwrecks and accidents; fishery
organizations--names and addresses; miscellaneous
data on fish names, market sizes, conversion tables
of length, area, weight, etc.; and problems of cur-
rent interest: ''Fish and Fishing Conditions in
Greenland Waters" & ''Requirements for Fishingin
Greenland."

EXPORTS:

Preparing Shipments to Mexico, WTIS Part 2, Opera-
tions Report No. 61-88, 12 pp., printed, single copy
10 cents. Bureau of International Programs, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., re-
vised February 1962. (For sale by the Superinten-
dent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington 25, D. C.) A report giving infor-
mation on the preparation of shipments for export
to Mexico. It covers the preparationof shipping
documents, information on labeling and marking,
customs procedures, and related subjects.

FACTORYSHIP:

"A Floating Fish Cannery," by S. S. Vershinin, ar-
ticle, National Lending Library Translations Bul-
letin, vol. 4, no. 2, February 1962, pp. 153-162,
printed, 4s. (about 56 U. S. cents). (Translated

from the Russian, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 7, 1961,
pp. 17-22.) NLL Translations Bulletin, Her Majes-
ty's Stationery Office, P. O. Box 569, London S.E.1,
England. Discusses the need for floating fish can-
neries in U.S.S.R. in view of the development of the

' fisheries, and the construction of a series of these
vessels under the seven-year plan. Describes inde-
tail the functions of the first vessel of the series
Andrei Zahkarov which was built in 1960. The can-
nery is divided into the following sections by func-
tions: receipt and storage of fish, sorting, washing
and packing, closing and sealing, the autoclave sec-
tion, and the section for preparing the canned goods
for sale. The waste from production is treated ina
special byproducts plant.

FATTY ACIDS:

"Egg Lipids of a Carp, Cyrinus carpio. I--Fatty Oil
from Carp Egg; Il--Lecithin from Carp Eggs," by
Hisanao Igarashi, Koichi Zama, and Muneo Katada,
articles, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientif-
ic Fisheries, vol. 26, March 1960, pp. 326-329, vol.
26, November 1960, pp. 1128-1130, respectively,
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kaigan-
dori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

"Studies on the Action of Fish Components. III-The
Antibiotic Action of Methyl Esters of Unsaturated
Fatty Acids,'' by Yukio Tomiyasu and Masamichi
Toyomizu, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 18, no. 12,1953, pp.
683-686, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, c/o Tokyo University of Fisheries, Shiba-kai-
gandori 6-chome, Tokyo, Japan.

FISHERIES RESEARCH:

Experts Engaged in Fisheries Research in the Coun-
cil's Area (Appendix to Report of the 49th Meeting
of the International Council for the Exploration of
the Sea, Copenhagen, October 1961), 14 pp., printed.
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea,
Charlottenlund Slot, Charlottenlund, Denmark, March
1962. A list of experts engaged in fisheries research
in the Council's area by name, title, address, and
subject under Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Nor-
way, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United King-
don, and U.S.5S.R.

FISHERY OCCUPATIONS:

Training Programs for Fishery Occupations, OE -84025,
61 pp., printed, single copy 20 cents. U.S. Depart-

ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington,
D. C., 1961. (For sale by the Superintendent of Doc-
uments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton 25, D. C.) This publication provides information
for the organization and operation of a training pro-
gram for fishery occupations. Included is material
to aid the vocational educator in establishing con-
tact with agencies concerned with manpower devel-
opment for the industry. Increased emphasis on
training for the fishing industry stems from the chal-
lenge of international competition for the market, as
well as utilization of new equipment, new processes,
and new techniques in the location of fish, in ship-
board refrigeration and preservation, in processing
on shore and afloat, and in packaging for distribu-
tion. Legislation in the interest of the fishing in-

June 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

dustry provides for vocational education in the trade
and industrial and the distributive occupations of the
fishing industry. Although this publication does not
make suggestions relating specifically to distribu-
tive education, some of the basic information and
procedures could apply to this field of training as
well.

ed. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, West
Block, Ottawa, Canada.

"Effect of Various Oils and Fats on Serum Cholesterol
in Experimental Hypercholesterolemic Rats,'' by R.
Nicholayson and R. Ragard, article, Journal of Nu-
trition, vol. 73, 1961, p. 299, printed. American In-
stitute of Nutrition, 36th Street at Spruce, Philadel-

FISH FLOUR: phia 4, Pa.

Fish Flour Technological Developments in South Af-
rica, by G. M. Dreosti, R. P. Van der Merwe, and
J. J. Dreyer, Paper No. R/V.2/3, printed. (Paper
presented at the FAO International Conference on
Fish in Nutrition, Washington, D. C., September
19-27, 1961.) Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations, Viale delle Terme diCaracalla,
Rome, Italy, 1961.

"Effects of Ethyl Arachidonate, Cod-Liver Oil, and
Corn Oil on the Plasma-Cholesterol Level. ACom-
parison in Normal Volunteers," by K. J. Kingsbury
and others, article, Lancet, vol. 1, 1961, p. 739,
printed. Lancet, Ltd., #7 Adam St., Adelphia, Lon-
don, W.C, 2, England.

"Pilot Plant Unit for the Continuous Methanolysis of
Glyceride Oils," by P. M. Jangaard and F, A. Van-
denheuvel, article, Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, vol. 39, August 1961, pp. 172-174, print-
ed. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, The
Chemical Institute of Canada, 18 Rideau St., Ottawa
2, Ontario, Canada.

FISH MANAGEMENT:

North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board (Annual Re-
port and Accounts, 1961), 83 pp., illus., printed, 5s.
6d. (76 U. S. cents), Her Majesty's Stationery Of-
fice. York House, Kingsway, London WC2, England,
February 1962. A complete report of the activities
of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board dur-
ing 1961. The section on Development and Research
includes information on new fish devices designed
by the Board's Research Laboratory, and the Appen-
dix contains statistics on fish movements at vari-
ous dam sites.

"Studies on Antimicrobial Action of Oxidized Fish Oil.
IV--On the Mode of Antimicrobial Action of Oxidized
Fish Oil and the Reversal Substances; V--Copolymer
Formation from Oxidized Fish Oil and Protein," by
Masamichi Toyomizu, articles, Bulletin of the Jap-
anese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 27, Feb-
ruary 1961, pp. 182-187, and vol. 27, April 1961, pp.
323-326, respectively, printed. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

FISH MEAL:

The Effect of Fish Meal on the Hatchability of Hens'
Eggs (Thesis submitted to the University of Reading
for the degree of Master of Science, 1959-60), by
R.S. Martin, Registrar, University of Reading,
Berks, United Kingdom. FISH POPULATIONS:

Fitting a von Bertalanffy Growth Curve by Least

quares (Including Tables of Polynomials), by Pat-

"Effect of Supplementing with Methionine, Cysteine

and Derivatives of Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid
on the Nutritive Value of Herring Meal Protein," by
L. R. Njaa, article, Journal of the Science of Food

London SW1, England.

"Nutritive Quality of Fish Meal To-day," by R. Berg-
lund, article, Feedstuffs, vol. 33, April 1, 1961, p.
14, printed. Miller Publishing Co., 2501 Wayzata
Blvd., Minneapolis 5, Minn.

"Trials With Rancid Herring Meal Fat,’ by B. Lak-
sesvela, article, Meldinger SSF, p. 7, January 1961,
printed. Sildolie og Sildmelindustriens Forsknings-
Institutd, Damsgard, Bergen, Norway.

Value of Menhaden Fish Meal as a Protein Supple-
ment to Practical Swine Diets. I,'' by R, R. Kifer
and E. P. Young, article, Journal of Animal Science,
vol, 20, 1961, p. 938, printed. American Society of
Animal Production, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colo,

FISH OIL:

"Dietary Marine Fish Oils and Cholesterol Metab-
olism. III--The Comparative Hypocholesterolemic
Activities of Fish Oil and Vitamin A,'' by J.D. Wood
and J. Topliff, article, Journal of the Fisheries Re-
search Board of Canada, vol. 18, 1961, p. 377, print-

rick K. Tomlinson & Norman J. Abramson, Fish Bul-
letin No. 116, 70 pp., illus., printed. California De-
partment of Fish and Game, 987 Jedsmith Dr,., Sac-
ramento 19, Calif., 1961. Data presented in the re-
port is useful in studies of fish population dynamics
and for the practical assessment of the status of ex-
ploited stocks and the effects of fisheries regula-
tions.

FISH SKINNING:

Fish Skinning Apparatus, by L. Saville, British Patent
875,452. British Food Manufacturing Industries Re-
search Association Abstracts, vol. 14, Abstract 1672,
p. 433, October 1961.

FISH TRAPS:

La Nasa Antillana (The West-Indian Fish Trap), by
Rene J. Buesa Mas, Contribution No. 15, 26 pp.,
printed in Spanish. Centro de Investigaciones Pes-
queras, Departamento de Pesca, Instituto Nacional
de Reforma Agraria, Playa Habana, Baiita, Cuba,
January 1962.

FISH WASTE:

"Studies of the Preservation of Animal Offals. III--
Chemical Preservation of Fodder Fish and Fish Of-
fal with Potassium Metabisulphite,'' by K. Nehring
and I. Schroder, article, Fischereiforschung, vol. 3,
no. 7, 1960, p. 17, printed. Institut fur Hochseefische -
rei und Fischverarbeitung, Rostock-Marienehe, E.
Germany.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:

Costs and Earnings Investigations of Primary Fish-
ing Enterprises tA tudy of Concepts and Defini-
tions), by K. E. Ovenden, FAO Fisheries Study no.
10, 73 pp., printed. Food and Agriculture Organiza-
tion of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme diCar-
acalla, Rome, Italy, 1961. This study is concerned
with the principal concepts of the elements of pri-
mary fishing economies, with the definition of terms
commonly used in costs and earhings studies, and
with the application of those definitions to practical
work. It covers the concept of the fishery enter-
prise; concept of a fisherman; assessment or eval-
uation of gross earnings; cost of supplies and serv-
ices; remuneration of the crew; rent; depreciation;
provision and servicing of capital; needfor supple-
mentary statistics; methodology in the conduct of
enquiries; and an analysis and presentation of data.

FREE ZE-DRYING:

"Preeze-Dry Process Offers New Field for Refrig-
eration," by M. Scott Cassel, article, Industrial
Refrigeration, February 1961, pp, 14-15, 25, print-
ed. Industrial Refrigeration, Nickerson & Collins
Co., N. Waller Ave., Chicago 44, Ill.

"Industrial Freeze-Drying of Foods," by E. Ettrup
Petersen, article, Kulde, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 30-32
and no. 4, pp. 43-44, 1961, printed in Danish. Kulde,
Udgivet af Dansk Koleforening, 3 Baldesgrade, Co-
penhagen-K, Denmark.

"Symposium on Freeze-Drying of Foodstuffs (Bor -
ough Polytechnic, London, 19th and 20th October
1961), article, Bulletin de l'Institut International du
Froid, vol. 41, no. 6, 1961, pp. 1596-1599, printed —
in English and French. Institut International du
Froid, 177 Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris 17©,
France.

Traite de Lyophilisation (Handbook of Freeze-Dry-
ing), by L. Rey and others, 1960, 416 pp., illus.,
printed in French. Hermann, 115 Boulevard Saint-
Germain, Paris 6©, France.

FREEZING:

"The Freezing of Sea-Products in France," by A.
Benezit, article, Revue Generale du Froid, vol. 38,
no. 1, January 1961, pp 25-30, printed in French.
Association Francaise du Froid, 29 Boulevard,
Saint-Germain, Paris 6©, France.

"Quick-Freezing on Board Fishing-Boats," by G.
Gianesi, article, Freddo, vol. 15, no. 1, January-
February 1961, pp. 1-10, illus., printed in Italian.
Il Freddo, Associazione Frigoriferia Italiana, Via
Donatello 8, Milano, Italy.

"Rigor and Freezing Changes in Fresh-Water Fish
in Relationship to Post-Mortem Time," by W. Part-
mann, article, Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft,
vol. 11, no. 2, 1960, pp. 81-105, illus., printed in
German. Archiv fur Fischereiwissenschaft, Gus-
tav Wenzel & Sohn, Braunschweig, Germany.

FRESHNESS OF FISH:

"Studies of Method of Estimating Freshness of Fish.
I--Estimation of Freshness by Determining the Cat-
alase Activity of the Gill," by Tetsuo Tomiyama,
Yasuo Yone, and Katsumi Ide, article, Bulletin of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 16,
no. 12, 1951, pp. 17-21, printed. Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, 6 chome, Shiba-kaigandori,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

FROZEN FISH:

"Studies on Frozen Fish. I--Denaturation of Pro-
teins; II--Some Chemical Changes Occurring dur-
ing Frozen Storage," by P. L. Sawant andN. G. Ma-
gar, article, Journal of Food Science, vol. 26,no. 3,,
May-June 1961, pp. 253-257, illus., printed. The
Garrard Press, 510 N. Hickory St., Champaign,
Ill.

FROZEN STORAGE:

"Freezing and Storage of Clup in an Alginate Jelly,"
by G. C. Konokotin and L, I, Zujkova, article, Ryb-
noe Khoziaistvo, no. 10, 1960, pp. 67-70, Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, VNIRO, Glavniproekta, priGosplanie
SSSR, Moscow, Russia.

HAWAII:

Annual Report Fiscal Year 1960-1961 of the Division

of Fish and Game, 24 pp., illus., printed. (Reprint-

‘ed from Report of the Department of Agriculture and
Conservation, State of Hawaii. Department of Agri-
culture and Conservation, Division of Fish andGame,
Honolulu, Hawaii. The program of the Division of
Fish and Game is aimed toward the development and
management of the State's fish and wildlife resources
to accrue maximum suStained benefits to the public.
This publication discusses the notable advances which
were made in the exotic game bird, game mammal
and fish introduction programs as well as in thefish
and wildlife research programs during the reporting
period. Included are statistical tables presenting
data on fish landings, fish catches by species, fish-
ing and game licenses, permits and sales, fish and
game violations, arrests, etc.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS:

(North Pacific Fur Seal Commission) Proceedings of
the Fourth Annual Meeting, January 30-February 4,
1961, Tokyo, Japan, 39 pp., processed. Secretary,
North Pacific Fur Seal Commission, Department of
the Interior, Washington 25, D. C., January 1962.
The North Pacific Fur Seal Commission was estab-
lished in January 1958, during a meeting held in
Washington, D. C. The Commission was organized
pursuant to the Interim Convention on Conservation
of North Pacific Fur Seals, signed in Washington,
D. C.,on February 9, 1957, by the Governments of
Canada, Japan, the U.S.S.R., and the United States.
The Convention came into force on October 14, 1957.
This report contains a summary of the proceedings
of the Fourth Annual Meeting, a repert of the Stand-
ing Scientific Committee, a list of participants at-
tending the meeting, administrative report of the
Secretary to the Fourth Meeting, and summaries of
fur-seal investigations during 1960 and plans for
fur-seal investigations during 1961.

ISRAEL:

Fishermen's Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 10 (30), December

1961, 48 pp., illus., printed in Hebrew. Fishermen's

Bulfetin, P.O.B, 699, Haifa, Israel. This bulletin
cgntains, among others, the following articles: ''Fish-
ing with Lights During the Year 1961," by A. Ben-
Tuvia; ''Factors Affecting the Size of Demersal Fish

June 1962

Stocks in the Eastern Mediterranean," by E. Gilat;
"The Maiden Voyage of the Fishing Vessel Daguite

Il," by Z. Fried; ''The Largest German Stern-Trawl-

er Burgermeister Smidt,'' by J. Bejerano; ''Exper-
imental Long-Line Fishing Off the Israeli Coast,"
by R. Paldi; and ''Experimental Trawl Fishing inthe
Eastern Mediterranean," by A. Tzur.

KELP:

"California's Marine Plant Resources--Kelp," by
John L. Baxter, article, California Ocean Fisheries
Resources to the Year 1960, pp. 5-7, printed. Cal-

ifornia Department of Fish and Game, 722 Capitol
Ave., Sacramento, Calif., 1961.

LIBERIA:

Annual Report on the Operation of the Department of
Agriculture and Commerce, Fiscal Year 1960-1961,
by Stephen Tolbert, 67 pp., processed. Department
of Agriculture and Commerce, Monrovia, Liberia.
Contains a summarization of progress within the
three main Divisions of the Department (Agricul-
ture, Commerce, and Labor) and presents the re-
flection of the problems, the nature of their think-
ing in respect to the solution of these problems, and
the extent to which planned solutions are being im-
plemented. Information and statistics on the fish-
eries of Liberia are included in the section on the
Division of Agriculture. These data cover fishpro-
duction for the years 1956-1960, classification of
fisheries, licenses issued, and total fish landed dur-
ing the year.

LIVER OIL:

"Lowering of Serum Cholesterol Level in Rats by
Intraperitoneal Cod-Liver Oil," by Fredrik C. Gran
and Ragnar Nicolaysen. Chemical Abstracts, vol. ©
55, October 30, 1961, 22617g, printed. American
Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington,
DiC:

MARINE AIDS:

List of Lights and Other Marine Aids, vol. I--Atlan-
tic Coast, St. Croix River, Me., to Little River,
S. C., CG-158, 593 pp., illus., printed, $3.50; vol.
IIl--Atlantic and Gulf Coast, Little River, S. C., to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Davis and Alan D, Ansell; ''Freezing Resistance in
Some Northern Fishes,'' by Malcolm S. Gordon, Ben
H. Amdur, and P. F. Scholander; ''Gametogenesis
and Spawning of the European Oyster, O. edulis, in
Waters of Maine," by V. L. Loosanoff; and "The
Polychaete Ceratonereis tridentata as a Pest ofthe
Scallop Aequipecten gibbus,™ by Harry W. Wells and
Mary Jane Wells.

Proposed Marine Biological Laboratory," by James
E. Rice, article, Alabama Conservation, vol. 32,no.
7, December-January, 1961-62, pp. 14-15, illus.,
printed. Alabama Department of Conservation, 64
No. Union St., Montgomery 4, Ala. Discusses the
need of a Marine Biological Laboratory in Alabama
in order to increase the present limited anderratic
production of shrimp and oysters and to train skilled
personnel in this field of science.

MARKETING:

Marketing of Fish in India, 1961, 3rd edition, 228 pp.,
illus., printed, 7Rs. or lls. (about US$1.50). Direc-
torate of Marketing & Inspection, Ministry of Food
& Agriculture, Nagpur, India. Contains detailed in-
formation on production, utilization, cost of mar-
keting, and prices of fish in India for the period 1951
to 1957. Also gives data on marine fish catches, and
imports and exports for 1958 and 1959. The report
also furnishes information about the measures be-
ing taken by the Government of India to improve the
economic conditions of the fishermen, increase fish
production, and organize fish trade along proper
lines.

"The Marketing of Quick-Frozen Fish," by A. Kiener,
article, Revue Generale du Froid, vol. 38, no. 1,
January 1961, pp. 37-41, printed in French. Asso-
ciation Francaise du Froid, 29 Boulevard, Saint-
Germain, Paris 6©, France.

MASS MORTALITY OF FISH:

"Poisoned Fish," article, New Scientist, vol. 11, Au-
gust 24, 1961, p. 467, printed. New Scientist, Har-
rison, Raison and Co., Ltd., Cromwell House, Ful-
wood Place, High Holborn, London WC1, England.

Rio Grande, Texas, and the Antilles, CG-160, 507
pp., illus., printed, $3. Superintendent of Docu-

MINK RATIONS:
"The Need for Supplementary Dietary Fat by Breeding

ments, Government Printing Office, Washington 25,
D. C., 1962 These volumes list the lights and oth-
er marine aids to navigation maintained by or un-
der authority of the U. S. Coast Guard on the At-
lantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States, includ-
ing the United States West Indies. The first vol-
ume covers the First, Third, and Fifth Coast Guard
districts, and the second volume covers the Seventh
and Eighth Coast Guard districts. These lists are
intended to furnish more complete information con-
cerning aids to navigation than can be conveniently
shown on charts. They are not intended to be used
in navigation in the place of charts and coast pilots.

MARINE BIOLOGY:

The Biological Bulletin, vol. 122, no. 1, February
1962, 184 pp., illus., printed. Marine Biological
Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. The bulletin con-
tains, among others, the following articles: ''Sur-
vival and Growth of Larvae of the European Oys-
ter, O. edulis, at Lowered Salinities,"' by Harry C.

Mink Fed Rations Containing Codfish Products," by
D. W. Friend and E. W. Crampton, article, Journal
of Nutrition, vol. 34, August 1961, pp. 397-400, print-
ed. Journal of Nutrition, American Institute of Nu-
trition, 36th Street at Spruce, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

NAVIGATION:
United States Coast Pilot 5--Gulf Coast, Puerto Rico,

and Virgin Islands (Fourth Supplement), 23 pp., print-
ed. U.S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Ge-
odetic Survey, Washington 25, D. C., January 1962.
Changes reported to C&GS from date of edition
through Notice to Mariners 1 of January 6, 1962.

NET -HAULING MACHINE:
"Mechanization of Hauling Danish Seine," by V. M.

Kirillov, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, 1959,
pp. 62-64, printed in Russian. Rybnoe Khoziaistvo,
VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow,
U.S.S.R.

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE,

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

NETS:

"The Measurement of Shapes of One-Boat TrawlNets
Operated in Midwater Layer and the Catch Results
with the Aid of the Depth Telemeter Trially Manu-
factured,"' by C. Hamuro and K. Ishi, article, Tech-
nical Report of Fishing Boat No. 14, pp. 57-206,
printed. Fishing Boat Laboratory, Fisheries Agency,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 1960.

NORWAY:

"The Fecundity of Plaice from the Coasts of Norway,"
by T. B. Bagenal, article, Journal of the Marine Bi-
ological Association of the United Kingdom, vol. 42,
no. 1, February 1962, pp. 105-112, printed, 28s.
(US$4.75). Journal of the Marine Biological Asso-
ciation of the United Kingdom, The Syndics of the
Cambridge University Press, Bentley House, 200
Euston Rd., London, NW1, England.

""Lodda og Loddefisket'' (Capelin and the Capelin Fish-
ery), by Dag Moller and Steinar Olsen, article, Fis-
kets Gang, vol. 48, no. 3, January 18, 1962, pp. 27-
36, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Fis-
keridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

"Rapport fra Storjetokt med F/F 'Thor Iversen,' 2.
August - 7. September 1961" (Report on Tuna on the
Cruise of the Thor Iversen, August 2- September 7,
1961), by J. T. Hamre, article Fiskets Gang, vol.
48, no. 4, January 25, 1962, pp. 46-47, printed in
Norwegian. Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet,
Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

Rapport fra et Tokt med Fransk Forskningsfartoy
'Thalassa' pa Norske Kystbanker og ved Bjornoyai
Tiden, 31. Oktober til 16. November 1961'' (Re-
port on a Cruise of the French Research Vessel
Thalassa to the Norwegian Coast near Bear Island
from October 31 to November 16, 1961), by Ulf Lie,
article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 48, no. 2, January 11,
1962, pp. 17-18, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fis-
kets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Ber-
gen, Norway.

"Smatralernes Lonnsomhet 1960" (Small Trawler
Earnings, 1960), article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 48,no.
9, March 1, 1962, pp. 126-131, printed in Norwegian.
Fiskets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10,
Bergen, Norway.

"Tralernes Fiske I 1960" (Trawler Fishing in 1960),
article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 48, no. 7, February 15,
1962, pp. 86-92, illus., printed in Norwegian. Fis-
kets Gang, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10,
Bergen, Norway.

NUTRITION:
"Animal and Vegetable Fats as Human Foods," by
H. M. Sinclair, article, Proceedings of the Nutri-
tion Society, vol. 20, no. 2, 1961, pp. 149-156, print-
ed. Nutrition Society, Cambridge University Press,
200 Euston Rd., London NW1, England.

"Fish Hydrolyzates in the Nutrition of Young Chicks,"
by P. Carda Aparici and C. Barros Santos. Chem-
ical Abstracts, vol. 55, October 30, 1961, 22514c,
printed. American Chemical Society, 1155 16th
St. NW., Washington, D. C.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 24, No. 6

BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OCEANOGRAPHY:

Fertilite et Production Vegetale des Oceans (Fertil-
ity and Production of Ocean Plants), 10 pp., illus.,
printed in French. (Reprinted from Science et Na-
ture, no. 48, November-December 1961.) Office de
la Recherche, Scientifique et Technique, Outre-Mer
24, Rue Bayard, Paris 8©, France.

"Use of Aviation Parachutes for Deep Sea Current
Measurements," by D. N. Filippov and others, arti-
cle, Meteorolgiia i Gidrologiia, vol. 5, 1961, pp. 42-
43, printed in Russian. (Translation available on
loan only to approved borrowers from Reeper, Science
Museum Library, London, SW7, England.) Meteorol-
giia i Gidrologiia, Moscow, U.S.S.R,

OCTOPUS:

"Pharmacologically Active Amines and Their Biogen-
esis in the Octopus," by William J. Hartman and oth-
ers. Chemical Abstracts, vol. 55, May 29, 1961,
10721c, printed. American Chemical Society, 1155
16th St. NW., Washington, D. C.

OXIDATION:

Oxidation of Fish Lipids, by H. S. Olcott, Paper No.
R/Il.3/2, 9 pp., printed. (Paper presented at the FAO
International Conference on Fish in Nutrition, Wash-
ington, D. C., September 19-27, 1961.) Food and Ag-
riculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale
delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 1961.

POISONOUS FISH:

"They're Tracking Poisonous Fish," article, Pacific
Islands Monthly, vol. 32, no. 8, March 1962, pp. 73-
74, printed. R. G. Craib, Pacific Publications P/L,
Box 1455, San Francisco 1, Calif,

PRESERVATION:

La Conservacion del Pescado con Antibioticos y por
Irradiacion" (The:Preservation of Fish with Anti-
biotics and by Irradiation), article, Industrias Pes-
queras, vol, 36, no, 836, February 15, 1962, p. 59,
printed in Spanish. Industrias Pesqueras, Policarpo
Sanz, 21-2.°, Vigo, Spain.

QUALITY:

"Simple Chemical-Color Test on Seafoods Determines
Product Quality Condition," article, Quick Frozen
Foods, vol, 24, August 1961, pp. 105-106, printed.
Quick Frozen Foods, E. W. Williams Publications,
Inc., 82 Wall St., New York 5, N. Y.

RADIATION PRESERVATION:

pp., processed, 75 cents.
Food Science and Technology, Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass. (Available
from the Office of Technical Services, Department

of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.)

Outline of Projects to Determine the Feasibility of
Radiation Preservation of Marine Products, by
processed, $2, Department of Food Technology,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
39, Mass. (Available from the Office of Technical Serv-
ices, Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C.)

June 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

RED SEA:

"Some Toxic Fish of the Red Sea,'' by B. Flaschen-
trager and Mahmoud M. Abdalla. Chemical Ab-
stracts, vol. 55, June 26, 1961, 12672a, printed. A-
merican Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Wash-
ington, D. C.

REFRIGERATION:

"Liquid Nitrogen Boomed as In-Transit Refrigerant,"
by Jack L. Mischou, article, Food Engineering, vol.
33, August 1961, pp. 67-69, printed. Food Engineer-
ing, Chilton Company, Chestnut and 56th Sts., Phil-
adelphia 39, Pa.

Refrigeration Engineering (A Source Book of Soviet
Literature 1923-1955), by D. N. Prilutskii, 294pp.,
printed (translated from Russian), single copy $3.00.
State Publishing House for Books on Trade, Moscow,
U.S.S.R., 1956. (For sale by the Office of Technical
Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.). Thisisa''Source-book" for the So-
viet journal Kholodil'naya Tekhnika (Refrigeration
Engineering) which is U.S.S.R.'s principal periodi-
cal publication dealing with problems of technical
production and use of refrigeration in the U.S.S.R.
This is the only bibliographical work in the field of
Soviet refrigeration and should, therefore, be of
great benefit to scientific and engineering technical
workers in this field. The ''Source-book” indicates
articles on the problems of the technique of produc-
tion, the use of cold, and the design and technical
operation of refrigerating plants that have been pub-
lished in various journals. Divided into these three
parts (each includes an independent index of au-
thors): Technical operation and design of refriger-
ating plants; refrigeration industry, refrigerated
transport of food products, and the use of refriger-
ation in various branches of the national economy;
and the technique of refrigeration, and air condi-
tioning.

RIGOR MORTIS:

"New Methods of Measuring the Rigor Mortis," by
G. Nemitz, W. Partmann, and D. Scharra, article,
Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und
Forschung, vol. 112, 1960, pp. 261-272, printed in
German. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-Untersu-
chung und Forschung, J. F. Bergmann, Leopold-
strasse, 175, Munich 23, Germany.

SARDINES:

pbaceruments on Preservation of Oil Sardines (Sar-
dinella longiceps) by Quick Freezing,'' by A. G. Vas-
avan, P. Gangadharan, and V. Padmanabhan, arti-
cle, Food Science, vol. 10, no. 4, April 1961,p.114,
printed. Food Science, Central Food Technological
Research Institute, Mysore, India.

SEAWEED:

"Chemical Studies on Volatile Constituents of Sea
Weed. I--The Fractionation of the Volatile Con-
stituents of Ulva pertusa K,'' by Teruhisa Katayama
and Tetuo Tomiyama, article, Bulletin of the Japa-
nese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 17, 1952,
pp. 122-127, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

"Decomposition of Alginic Acid by Micro-Organisms.
IV--On the Vibrio-Type Bacteria, Newly Isolated from
the Decaying Laminaria;" and "'V--On the Alginase
of Vibrio sp. SO-20 Strain," by Yoskiaki Ando and
Katsuhiro Inoue, article, Bulletin of the Japanese

Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 27, April1961,
pp. 339-341, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

SHARKS:

"Shark Meat Flour,'' by S. A. Haq and S. Mahdihassan,
article, Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial
Research, vol. 3, no. 4, 1960, p. 213, printed. Pak-
istan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research,

3/4/D/VI, Nazimabad, Karachi, Pakistan.

SHRIMP:

"Shrimp Research in Louisiana," by Lyle St. Amant,
article, Louisiana Conservationist, vol. 14, no. 3,
March 1962, pp. 2-4, illus., printed. Louisiana Wild
Life and Fisheries Commission, Wild Life and Fish-
eries Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orleans 16, La. The
economy of the shrimp industry is closely geared to
the annual production and, therefore low production
years result in drastically poor economic conditions
in the industry resulting in heavy financial burdens
throughout the shrimp and allied industries. Since
present knowledge of shrimp biology and ecology is
such that expert management is not possible, the
next best approach is a system of predicting annual
shrimp production in time for the industry to gear
itself to bad years. This article discusses the in-
tensified shrimp research program that is now be-
ing maintained at a high level in Louisiana and the
necessity for its expansion as funds, personnel, and
equipment become available.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Getting Money for Long-Term Growth, by Neil H.
Jacoby, Management Aid for Small Manufacturers
No. 138, 4 pp., processed. Small Business Admin-
istration, Washington 25, D. C., March 1962. Aleaf-
let offering pointers on getting money for long-term
growth. Getting capital for long-term growth is one
of the problems of an expanding company. Small
businessmen in increasing numbers are solving this
problem by getting equity capital from small busi-
ness investment companies. The leaflet points out
that there are more than 500 small business invest-
ment corporations in the United States and small
businessmen are urged to select one that best suits
their needs. It then suggests steps that should help
owner-managers in their negotiations with the small
business investment corporations.

SPOILAGE:

"Spoilage of Un-Iced Prawns and its Assessment by
Objective Standards," by N. K. Velankar andothers,
article, Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research,
vol, 20 D, no. 5, May 1961, pp. 189-191, printed.
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Old

Mill Rd., New Delhi 2, India.

STEELHEAD TROUT:

An Evaluation of the Status of the Columbia River Sum-
“mer Steelhead Run, 39 pp., illus., printed. Fish Com -
mission, Portland, Oreg., January 16; 1962.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 6

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM

SWEDEN:
Svensk Fiskerimassa (Fishery Fair in Sweden), 151
pp., printed in Swedish. Svensk Fiskerimassa,
Stampgatan 38, Goteborg C, Sweden.

TAIWAN:

Fisheries of Taiwan, 21 pp., processed. Taiwan Fish-
eries Bureau, Taipei, Taiwan, July 1961. Contains
sections on classifications of fisheries of Taiwan;
fisheries production and value; fishing craft; fishing
population and fishermen associations; fish species;
fish markets; ice making, cold storage and freezing;
processing; education and research; and trade. Also
includes statistical tables on annual fisheries pro-
duction, status of fishing crafts, and fishing popula-
tion during the period 1940-1960; fisheries produc-
tion by species for 1960; and fishery trade from
1950-1960.

TOXINS:

"Marine Biotoxins. I--Ciguatera Poison: Some Bio-
logical and Chemical Aspects," by Donald W. Hes-
sel, Bruce W. Halstead, and Norman H. Peckham.
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 55, September 4, 1961,
17917g, printed. American Chemical Society, 1155
16th St. NW., Washington, D. C.

"Observations on Ciguatera-Type Toxin in Fish," by
A. H. Banner and others. Chemical Abstracts, vol.
55, September 4, 1961, 17917f, printed. American
Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington,
D. C.

TRANSPORTATION:

Reducing Transportation Costs, by Arthur E. Gogol,
Management Aids for Small Manufacturers No, 139,
4 pp., printed. Small Business Administration,
Washington 25, D. C., April 1962. In summary, the
author states that ''Some small businessmen pay too
much for transportation because, in many cases,
they are not always aware of what is involved in this
expense item. Often they fail to realize the impact
that various aspects of their operations have on the
cost of inbound and outbound shipping.'' This report
provides a checklist which owner-managers may
find useful in analyzing their transportation expenses
and the impact which operations, such as purchasing,
receiving, storing, packaging, warehousing, and cus-
tomer service, have on this cost item, It suggests
that a system or a continuing program be used for
cutting transportation costs. Such a system should
give owner-managers (1) a continuing awareness of
transportation costs, (2) personal control over these
costs, and (3) the ability to plan and compute trans-
portation costs.

TRAWLING:

"Chalut de Fond ou Pélagique 4 Volonté tel est Le
Chalut 'Grouselle''' (Bottom or Mid-Water Trawling
at Will with the ''Grouselle'’ Trawl), article, France-
Peche, no. 56, November 1961, pp. 125-126, illus.,

printed in French. France Peche, Service Abonne-
ment, Boite Postale 179, Lorient (Morbihan), France.
Describes the newly perfected ''Grouselle" trawl, a
net with a very large opening capable of operating
on the bottom or in midwater. The special char-
acteristic of the gear is that a trawler operating it
on the bottom can, at will, and with no alterations
raise it to any required depth and just as easily re-
turn it to the bottom; stability and very-wide net open-
ing are maintained by the simple adjustment of the
warps.

TROUT FARMING:

"Commercial Trout Farming in U.S.A.,'' by John W.
DeWitt, article, U. S. Trout News, vol. 6, July-Aug-
gust 1961, pp. 4-5, printed. U. S. Trout News, U.S.
Trout Farmers Association, 110 Social Hall Ave.,
Salt Lake City 11, Utah.

TUNA:

"Novos e Graves Problemas Para a Industria Algarvia
de Conservas de Atum'' (New and Grave Problems in
the Algarve Tuna Canning Industry), article, Conser-
vas de Peixe, vol. 16, no. 191, February 1962, pp. 7-8,
printed in Portuguese. Conservas de Peixe, Sociedade
Astoria, LDA., Requeirao dos Anjos, 68, Lisbon, Por-
tugal.

TURTLES:
Turtles, by Lois and Louis Darling, 64 pp., illus.,
printed. $2.75. William Morrow & Co., 425 Fourth
Ave., New York 16, N. Y. A book for children.

UNDERWATER TV:

"Underwater Television," article, Shipbuilding Equip-
ment, vol. 3, 1960, pp. 8-9 printed. Shipbuilding
Equipment, Edward Hulton Ltd., 30 St. Bride St.,
London EC4, England.

VITAMIN A:

"Studies on the Mechanism of Consumption and Accum-
ulation of Vitamin A in Fish,'' by Yarokuro Yamamura,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific |
Fisheries, vol. 26, May 1960, pp. 496-499, printed.
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

WHALES:

"The Biological Value of Whale Meat," by W. Kiecke-
busch, E. Krug, and K. Land. Chemical Abstracts,
vol. 55, October 16, 1961, 12413a, printed. American
Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington,
DiC:

YUGOSLAVIA:

Stocarstvo I Ribarstvo, 1960 (Stockbreeding and Fish-
eries, 1960), Statistical Bulletin No. 222, 43 pp.,
printed in Yugoslay and English. Stocarstvo I Rib-
arstvo, Savezni Zavod za Statistiku, Federativna
Narodna Republika Jugoslavija, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE HELPS ASSURE PROPER OPERATION OF OUTBOARD MOTOR
Fitting out your outboard motor for the spring will give you a trouble-free season if you check out a few basic points before your first
launching. Followthe instructions in the owner's manual to insure that the motor is ready to perform at its best from the start of the season,

With the motor either on a boat or a stand, check the lower unit first. Following the instructions in the owner's manual, remove the pro-
peller nut, drive pin, and propeller.

Fig. 3 - After a winter of storage, a general cleaning of the out-
board motor's powerhead is desirable. After the spark plugs are
removed, the flywheel should be rotated by hand. This removes
excess cylinder oil and coats the cylinder walls.

Fig. 1 - Propellers should be checked for nicks or bent blades, Fig. 2 - Spring fitting out of outboard motors should include the

A slightly off-pitch propeller can seldom be detected by casual draining and refilling of the gearcase with the proper lubri-
observation, but can seriously affect the performance of an out- cant according to the manufacturer's specifications, Use of
board motor, Suspected prop damage should be checked with the incorrect lubricant may cause serious damage to the
marine dealers, motor.

Check the propeller for nicks or bent blades. If the nicks are minor they can easily be re-
paired at home or by having your marine dealer check the pitch and blade area on a pitch block.
A slightly off-pitch propeller can rarely be detected by casual observation, but will affect the
performance of your motor. Next place a lightcoat of grease on the propeller shaft before re-
placing the propeller. Replace the drive pin and install a new cotter pin.

Fig. 4 - Check the spark plugs carefully, If they are clean and

the porcelain around the center electrode is a light brown
Then drain and refill the gearcase with the proper lubricant according to the manufacturer's color, the plugs are all right, It's a good idea to keep an extra
recommendations. pate spark plugs in the boat and check for proper gap before in-
stallation,

Fig. 6 - One of the most important functions in the spring fitting
out of a motor is applying the proper lubricant to all recom-

mended grease fittings. Use of the lubricant specified by the Fig. 7 - Final preparation in the fitting out of the engine for a
engine manufacturer is essential to the proper operation of the season of service is cleaning the motor and touching up
motor. scratched areas with matching paint,

The powerhead will require a little servicing if the motor was prepared properly for off-
season storage. A generalcleaning of the powerhead, however, is desirable. After removing
the spark plugs, slowly rotate the flywheel by hand. This not only removes any excess oil
from the cylinders, but coats the cylinder walls properly.

f i ’ NG Check the spark plugs carefully. If they are clean and the porcelain around the center
10 Oa oped toraue OF epacks plugs is cssential, when|sithing the electrode is a light brown color, the plugs are all right.
equipped to properly tighten spark plugs.

It's usually a goodideatokeep an extra set of new spark plugs. Make sure they are spec-
ified for use in your motor by the engine manufacturer andcheck for proper spark-plug gap before installing.

Proper torque for spark plugs is as important as the proper tightening of screws, bolts, nuts, and studs throughout the entire motor. The
manufacturer's specifications should be fully complied with.

One of the most important functions, andone many owners neglect, is applying the proper lubricant to all recommended grease fittings. If
the correct grease is not used, serious damage to the motor can result.

The final preparation is cleaning the motor and touching up scratched areas with matching paint.

Boat owners unfortunate enough not torun out of gas as the nose of their boat touched dock for the previous season should forget about using
old gas for a new season,

The outboard motor fuel tank should be cleaned inside and out, and all gum, varnish, and residue should be removed. Gasoline left inthe
tank for a long period of time (several weeks) will cause difficult starting and can lead to spark plug failure.

Should any questions of difficulties arise about the condition of the motor during fitting out, take the motor to the dealer.

--Ernst Ott, Outboard Marine International, S. A.
Nassau, Bahamas,

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FISH NUTRITION

Here is a well rounded story on the nutritive qualities of fish.

The average American eats only about 10 pounds of fish a year, according to the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Japanese and the Scandinavians eat four times as much.
Only about 50 percent of all the fish caught in the United States is used for food.

Nutritionally speaking, fish have much in their favor:

1. Mostfishare 18-20 percent protein, about the same as meat and the protein is of a
very high quality.

2. Most varieties are low in fat--less than 1 percent--thus being moderately low in
calories. Fish such as cod, haddock, ocean perch, flounder, and sole supply only about 80
calories (1 gram of fat and 18 grams of protein) for every 3- to 33-ounce serving.

3. The varieties with more fat in them have an important characteristic. Fish oil is
ahighly unsaturated oil andcompares favorably with some vegetable oils in its ability, under
certain conditions, to lower the level of cholesterol in the blood. Moderately fat fish (2-5
percent), suchas trout, pickerel, catfish, bluefish, halibut, swordfish, supply about 125 cal-
ories per serving. The so-called high fat fish (8-15 percent) are still fairly modest in cal-
ories. Mackerel, salmon, sardines, pompano, herring, averagefrom 180 to 200 calories for
each serving. These ''fat'' fish also have a considerable amount of vitamin A.

HIGH
in PROTEIN

AS ea ys

—

4, Shellfish--oysters and clams in particular--are good sources of iron.
5. Fish with soft bones which you can eat such as sardines and canned salmon are high
in calcium and fluorine, the tooth decay-preventing mineral nutrient.

In spite of all these attributes, asanation, we aren't much interested in fish. The chief
problems seem to be:

1. Many people think fish must be fresh to be enjoyed. Better freezing methods are
making it possiblefor the Middle West in particular to have a steady supply of high-quality
fish.

2. Fish has been designated in most minds as ''Friday" food.

3. Unless fish is prepared with care and imagination, it can be pretty dull stuff. The
flavor is monotonous. But fish prepared with a judicious use of herbs and a gentle touch is
a real gourmet delight.

Fish makes nutritional sense. And economy is a factor; many types of fish will fit
almost any budget.

S/T
Uy if RURL n re hrs
AIL EBX Fi SHES

COMMERCIAL BE WEE LAS
FISHERIES fee. 8 GUE

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retany:is wn

a i \ nN i " it

VOL. 24, NO. 7 JULY 1962

FISH and WILDLIFE SERVICE
United States Department of the Interior

Washington, D.C.

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR
DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor

f Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement.

The Bureau is not

responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in material from outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

CONTENTS

Page

COVER: Lake Michigan trawler McGinty (a former Gulf of Mexico shrimp
vessel) now engaged in the new trawl fishery developing inthe Great Lakes.
Bulk of the catch made by trawlers fishing in the Great Lakes consists of
alewife and chub, used at present mostly for the animal food market. A
typical one-hour catch of about one ton is being lifted aboard the trawler.

1 . .Chicago Receipts of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products, and Wholesale Market Trends, 1961, by G. A.

Page

167 .=.

TG Fears

Albano

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS:
Air Freight:
Fresh Pacific Salmon Shipped to New York
City by Air Freight
Alabama:
Fishery Landings, 1961
Alaska Fisheries Exploration and Gear Re-
search;

Program for Exploratory Bottom Fishing,

1962
Alaska Fisheries Investigations:

Salmon Fry Migrations

Western Alaska King Crab Catch, First
Quarter 1962

Herring Fishery

California:

Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued

Dover and Petrale Sole Tagging Studies

Halibut Age-Weight-Length Relationships
Studied

Midwater Trawling for Salmon Fingerlings
Continued

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations:

Study of Ocean Currents in Central Pacific

Conservation:

Ocean Food Resources Mentioned by Presi-
dent Kennedy in Address to White House
Conference on Conservation

Fishery Firm Receives One of Seven Interior
Department 1962 Conservation Service
Awards

Page

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TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products:
Department of Defense Purchases, January-
April 1962
Florida:
Fisheries Research, January-March 1962
Fishery Landings, 1961
Fur Seals:
Prices for Alaska Seal Skins Set New Record
at Spring Auction
Great Lakes Fisheries Exploration and Gear
Research:
Seasonal Distribution Studies of Commercial
Fish Stocks in Lake Erie Continued
Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:
Lake Erie Fish Population Survey
Great Lakes:
Yearling Lake Trout Planted in Lake Superior
Industrial Products:
Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles:
Major Indicators for U. S. Supply, April 1962
U. S. Production, April 1962
U. S. Production, March 1962
Imports and Exports, February and March
1962
Maine:
Fishery Landings, 1961
Maine Sardines:
Canners Await Arrival of 1962 Runs of Fish
Maryland:
Fishery Landings, 1961

Contents continued page II.

Page

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28...
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46..

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Massachusetts:
Fishery Landings, 1961
New Law for Imported Products
Michigan:
Lake Trout Egg Surplus Expected
National Fisheries Institute:
Annual Convention in New Orleans
New Jersey:
Fishery Landings, 1961
North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear
Research:
Midwater Trawl Gear Tested
Midwater Trawl Tested in Fishing for Ocean
Perch
North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:
Distribution and Abundance of Sea Scallops on
Georges Bank Studied
North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:
Marine Fauna Off Columbia River to be
Sampled
Oceanography:
First Folio of North Atlantic Marine Environ-
ment Serial Atlas
Oregon:
Silver Salmon Fry Released in Luckiamute
River
Pollution:
Resistance of Fish to Refinery Wastes to be
Studied
Rhode Island:
Fishery Landings, 1961
Sharks:
Tagging Program on Tropical Pacific Species
Shrimp:
United States Shrimp Supply Indicators, May
1962
Sport Fishing:
Skin Divers Take Marine Fish Census
Storm Damage:
Atlantic Coast Area Damaged by High Tides
Turtles:
United States Navy Plants Green Turtles in
Caribbean
U. S. Foreign Trade:
Edible Fishery Products, March 1962
Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under Quota
U. S. Fishing Vessels:
Documentations Issued and Cancelled, April
1962
Vessels:
New Research Vessel Launched for Fish and
Wildlife Service
Virginia:
Study of Effects of Industrial Hot Water Dis-
charges on Marine Environment
Washington:
Another Salmon Fish Farm Goes Into Produc-
tion
Wholesale Prices, May 1962
FOREIGN:
International:
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission:
Standing Committee on Research and Sta-
tistics Meets

Page

46305.
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FOREIGN (Contd.):
International (Contd.):
International Northwest Pacific Fisheries
Commission:
Japan-Soviet Fishery Negotiations Dead-
locked on Salmon Regulatory Area Issue
Japanese Send Top Official to Moscow in
Attempt to Break Deadlocked Fishery Talks
Japanese and Soviets Reach Agreement on
North Pacific Salmon Areas and Catch
Quotas
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Com-
mission:
Sockeye and Pink Salmon Studies
Three Nations Studying North Pacific Salm-
on Migrations
Europeche:
New Organization Made Up of European Fish
Producers! Organizations
European Economic Community:
Second Acceleration in Timetable for Estab-
lishment of Customs Union
European Trade Fairs:
United States Food-Processing Industry
Invited to Sell at Trade Fairs
Oceanography:
Indian Ocean Expedition
Latin America Oceanography and Marine
Research
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission:
Meeting for 1962
Aden:
Fisheries Department Trying to Develop
Fishing Industry
Angola:
New Fishery Enterprise Planned
Australia:
Canned Tuna Imports
Brazil:
"Manjuba"’ or Anchovy Fishery of Southern
Brazil, by Hitoshi Nomura
British Guiana:
Fishery Trends, 1961
British West Indies:
Barbados Fishing Industry
St. Vincent Fishery Landings, 1961
Canada:
Nylon Gill Nets for Cod Fishing Perform
Well
Gill-Net Instructions Included in Prince
Edward Island Fishermen's Courses
Government Supplies Bait-Holding Units for
Newfoundland
Colombia:
Licenses for United States Commercial
Fishing Vessels
Denmark:
Fish Fillets and Blocks and Fishery Indus-
trial Products Exports, March 1962
Fourth International Fisheries Trade Fair
Dominica:
Tuna Fishing Season
Ecuador:
Proposed Decree Would Restrict Fishing by
Tuna Purse Seiners off Coast

Contents continued page II.

Vol. 24, No. 7

_gy

July 1962

Page
61
61
62
62

62
63

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COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW III

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Faroe Islands:
British Ready to Discuss Fishing Limits
with Danes
Fiji Islands:
Final Arrangements for Proposed Tuna Base
Construction of Tuna Base
France:
Tuna Industry, 1961
Frozen Tuna Imports Authorized |
Fishery Trends, First Quarter 1962
German Federal Republic:
Fishing Trawlers Recruiting MeninIreland
Plastic Containers for Unloading Fish at
Dockside
Ghana:
Japanese Tuna Vessels Dispatched to Ghana
Greenland:
Shrimp Canning and Exports
Guatemala:
Shrimp Fishing Expanding at Pacific Coast
Ports
Guinea:
Fishery Trends
Honduras:
Shrimp Landings Decline in 1961
Iceland:
Fisheries Trends, April 1962
Exports of Fishery Products, 1960-61
Exports of Selected Fishery Products, Jan-
uary-February 1962
Exports of Fishery Products, January-March
1962
Herring Season Good
Herring Exported to Norway for Reduction
Utilization of Fishery Landings, January 1962
Indonesia:
Japanese Negotiations to Establish Tuna Base
Continue
Italy:
Plans ’Reported to Restrict Frozen Tuna Im-
ports
Ivory Coast:
Japanese Tuna Vessels to be Placed Under
Ivory Coast Registry
Jamaica:
Tuna Landed in November-December 1961
Japan:
Pack and Shipments of Canned Tuna in Brine
for Export to United States
Canned Tuna,in Brine Export Prices Raised
Canned Tuna in Brine Fifth Export Sale to
U. S. Exceeds Quota
Canned Tuna in Brine Market Survey in Mid-
western United States
Tuna Landings at Yaizu, April 1962
Prospects for Skipjack and Albacore Tuna
Fishing off Japan
Skipjack and Albacore Fishery Trends, May
1962
Summer Albacore Tuna Season Starts
Summer Albacore Tuna Landings as of Mid-
May 1962
Frozen Tuna Prices Reported Firm
Adjustments Proposed in Frozen Tuna Export
Quotas to Europe and Africa
Atlantic Tuna Fishery Trends, First Quarter
1962

Page

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FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.):
Atlantic Ocean Tuna Fishing Improves
Tuna Mothership Fleets Scheduled to Depart
for Fishing Grounds
Catches by Tuna Mothership Fleets in the
Pacific Ocean, 1961
Tuna Mothership Regulations Under Study
Japanese Recover American-Tagged Albacore
Tuna j
Tuna Vessel Size Classification to be Elimi-
nated
Loans Proposed for Construction of Tuna
Vessels
Firm Plans Tuna Fishing from American
Samoan Base
Japanese-United States Tuna Meeting Pro-
posed
Fisheries Agency Views on Use of Small Tuna
Vessels at Overseas Bases
Tuna Federation Opposes Tuna Vessel Ton-
nage Increase
Year-Round Tuna Fishing Licenses Granted
to Former Salmon Fishing Vessels
Fisheries Agency Considering Plans to Au-
thorize Displaced Salmon Vessels to Fish
for Tuna
Government Issues Regulations on Displaced
Salmon Vessels Planning to Fish Tuna
Salmon Fleet Begins Fishing in Waters South
of 45° N. Latitude
Composition of Salmon Mothership Fleet
Salmon Industry Restrictions on Use of Gill
Nets by Mothership Fleets
Salmon Industry's Views of North Pacific
Fisheries Convention
Firm Expanding Fish Meal Operations off
Angola
Exports of Principal Canned Fishery Prod-
ucts, 1961
Exports of Selected Fishery Products, 1961
Japanese Firm Seeks to Operate Trawler in
North Atlantic
Government to Protest Seizure of Fishing
Vessels off Alaska
Fishing Activities in Bering Sea
Japanese Minister Discusses Kelp Utilization
with Premier Khrushchev
Fishing Companies Interested in Building Fish
Sausage Plants Abroad
Republic of Korea:
Firm Obtains Loan to Build Six Tuna Vessels
Italian Proposal to Expand Korea's Fishing
Fleet
Fishing Cooperatives
Malagasy Republic:
Fishery Agreement with Republic of China
Being Considered
Malaya:
Frozen Tuna Transshipments to United States
from Penang Base
Ex-Vessel Tuna Prices at Penang
Mauritania:
Spiny Lobster Industry
Mexico:
Shrimp Landings, 1961
Morocco: ’
Fishery Trends, First Quarter 1962

Contents continued page IV

Page

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NOs.
102) 34

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):

Netherlands:
Final Results of Antarctic Whaling Expedition
‘ Nicaragua:
Shrimp Industry Trends, First Quarter 1962
Shrimp and Lobster Fishery Trends on At-
lantic Coast
Norway:
Fish-Freezing Plants Sales, 1961
Three-Nation Firm to Take Over Fish Freez -
ing Plant in North Norway
Prohibition Urged on Foreign Fishery Land-
ings and Processing
Firm to Produce Fish Flour
Herring and Cod Fisheries Trends
Peru:
Fish Oil Industry Trends
Fish Meal and Oil Industry Trends, First
Quarter 1962
Philippines:
Joint Japanese-Philippine Tuna Enterprise
to be Formed
Poland:
Marine Fisheries Trends
Portugal:
Canned Tuna Industry
Saudi Arabia:
Fisheries Potential
South Africa Republic and South-West Africa:
Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery Trends, March
1962
Fish Meal and Oil Industry, 1960/61 Season
South Africa Republic:
Pilchard-Maasbanker Fishery, January 1962
South-West Africa:
Pilchard-Maasbanker Catch Quota for 1962
Increased
Spain:
Frozen Tuna Exports to Italy
Canned Tuna Industry
Vigo Fisheries Trends, First Quarter 1962
Tahiti:
Progress of Tuna Base Plan
Taiwan:
Tuna Fishing Vessels Added to Fleet
U.S.S:R::
Soviet Fishing on Georges Bank in North At-
lantic, April and May 1962
Herring Fishing in North Atlantic
Fishing in South Atlantic off South-West
Africa
New Vessels for Atlantic Fisheries
Research on Pacific Herring Migrations
North Pacific Salmon Study
Fishing Activities in Bering Sea, April 1962
New Freezer-Trawler Fishing in Bering Sea
Fish Production for Human Consumption
Fisheries Developments-in Far East

Page
FOREIGN (Contd.):
U.S.S.R. (Contd.):
104... Far East Canned Fish Pack
104... Saury Fishery in Far East Being Expanded
104). Number of Men Whaling in Antarctic In-
creased
104.. Four Fish-Freezing Motherships to be Built
in Denmark
104... Soviet-Vietnamese Cooperation in Fishery
Research
104... Oceanographic Activities in Northern Euro-
pean Seas, 1962
United Arab Republic (Egypt):
105... Status of Fisheries
United Kingdom:
105... Fishing Limit Zone of 12 Miles May be
Adopted
105... Electronic Thawing of Frozen Fish
FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:
LOT.3 Hearing Examiner Designated for Public
Hearing on Standard of Identity for Fish
Flour
LOW se Public Hearing Postponed on Standard of
Identity for Fish Flour
Department of the Interior:
Fish and Wildlife Service:
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
TOG ors New Fees for Fishery Products Inspection
Services
LOSMe Processor Accountable for Removal of
USDI Shields from Mislabeled Fishery
Products Packages
Department of State:
109... Trade Agreement Concessions Effective July
1, 1962
White House:
110.. President Puts Into Effect Results of 1960-61

GATT Negotiations
110 .. Eighty-Seventh Congress (Second Session)
FISHERY INDICATORS:
115... Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
116... Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
117... Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings
of Fishery Products :
118... Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings
of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution

Centers

118... Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U.S.
and Alaska

119 .. Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
Products

120.. Chart 7 - U. S. Fishery Products Imports

RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
121... Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
124 .. Miscellaneous Publications

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
Price 60 cents (single copy). Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

cannti
watt

July 1962 Washingto Vol. 24, No. 7

CHICAGO RECEIPTS OF FRESH AND FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS,
AND WHOLESALE MARKET TRENDS, 1961
By G. A. Albano*
SUMMARY

Receipts of fresh and frozen fish and shellfish at Chicago in 1961 amounted to slightly
more than 78 million pounds. The 10-percent drop from the previous year was largely con-
fined to fresh-water fish receipts which were lower for a number of lake and river species.
The 1961 Great Lakes production probably would surpass the previous year, but this was only
because of increased industrial fish landings. With few exceptions, the commercial food fish
catch from the Great Lakes was expected to be lower for most of the higher-priced spe-
cies, with the slack taken up or exceeded by
several varieties not presently used as food
fish.

Frozen salt-water fishreceipts in1961 at
Chicago were lower for halibut, several vari-
eties of domestically-produced groundfish
fillets, whiting, and sablefish, but were up for
a number of species including fresh and fro-
zen red snapper, and frozen fillets and steaks
of swordfish. The lower receipts of certain
frozen ocean fish varieties was partly due to
a drop in 1961 landings coupled with the in-
creased trend toward prepared and semipre-
pared fishery products and specialties that
gain more consumer acceptance each year.

Receipts of selected shellfish products
at Chicago held up well in 1961. Despite the
drastically reduced 1961 shrimp landings,
receipts of frozen raw headless shrimp drop-
ped only slightly from the previous year be-
cause of increased receipts of the imported
product. Receipts of frozen breaded and other

5 ? Fig.
processed shrimp at Chicago reached a new Lakes fresh-water fish as well as salt-water fishery products. For
record high in 1961. fishery products, it is the gateway to the Midwest.

Fresh-water fish receipts of nearly 33 million pounds in 1961 dropped 12 percent from
the previous year. Leading species were whitefish, chubs, buffalofish, and yellow pike which
ranked in about the same order as the previous year. Receipts were lower for practically
>* Supervisory Market News Reporter, Fishery Market News Service, Division of Resource Development, U. S. Bureau of Commercial

Fisheries, Chicago, Ill.
Note: Information on receipts of fishery products is based on data collected daily by the Chicago Fishery Market News Service Office
from wholesale dealers (including smokers) and from other distributors in the Chicago area,

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 652

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No.7

all of the more choice fresh (iced) lake fish varieties, including lake trout, whitefish, and yel-
low pike. The year's receipts of those preferred and generally higher-priced species, how-
ever, did not decline as much as those of the coarse fish, which as a group dropped 20 per-
cent from 1960. Receipts were much lower thanthe previous year for both carp and sheepshead
varieties that now find much less consumer preference at Chicago. Buffalofish receipts of
more than 4 million pounds dropped only slightly from the record high arrivals of 1960. Re-
ceipts of that species were unusually heavy in 1960, and while in the forefront during 1961,
were displaced by chubs which were surpassed only by whitefish, a perennial favorite that
still stands out as the mainstay of fresh-water fish supplies at Chicago.

Table 1 - Receipts of Fresh and Frozen Fish and Shellfish at Chicago, 1961-60 and Changes from 1960

Fresh-Water Fish Salt-Water Fish Shellfish, Etc.
1,000 Lbs. % of Total | 1,000 Lbs. % of Total 1,000 Lbs. % of Total | 1,000 Lbs.

1961 32, 670 42 21,993 28 23, 450 30 78, 113 100
1960 37,012 43 25, 635 29 24, 380 28 87,027 100
hange from 1960 ~4, 342 =12 =14 - 930 -4 -8,914

FRESH-WATER FISH

Chicago receipts in 1961 of a group of low- to moderately-priced lake fish, including chubs,
herring, andsmelt, were up from the previous year. The increase was principally due to larg-
er receipts of chubs (more than 5 million pounds for the year, about 20 percent more than in
1960 and exceeding Chicago's receipts of that species for each year since 1957. The bigger
increase in the 1961 chub receipts was in
deliveries from Michigan Lake Huron
shippers, and a somewhat larger quantity
from the Illinois commercial fishery.
Despite the very good year in chub re-
ceipts, the fresh product was very scarce
during the early months of 1961 when fish-
ing was poor, and frozenstocks were near-
ly depleted. Low supplies and strong de-
mand by smokers then resulted in the
highest wholesale prices in severalyears.
Fresh chub prices dropped sharply in the
following months when landings started to
improve.

Receipts of 1.6 million pounds of cat-
fish were only slightly below 1960 arriv-
als. Receipts from Midwest-producing
areas during 1961 were less than the pre-
vious year, but increased substantially
from southern shippers who accounted for
Fig. 2 - Iced domestic and Canadian fresh-water fish stacked up inside a about 70 percen of the total catfish SUD
wholesale fish house in the Chicago Fulton Market area. plies received at Chicago. Receipts of

catfish during 1961 were especially good
from shippers in Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia, who have been supplying the Chicago
market to a greater extent than formerly. The demand for catfish in the Midwest ranged from
very good to excellent during a good part of 1961, with wholesale prices often equal to, or ex-
ceeding, those of the most choice lake fish varieties.

While fresh-water fish receipts were lower for a number of the more familiar lake and
river varieties marketed as round, drawn, or dressed fish, there were moderate to good in-
creases for frozen brook trout, frozen fillets of lake trout, whitefish, and yellow perch, fro-
zen smelt and sturgeon, and iced white bass from Lake Erie. Fishery receipts from Lake
Erie production were of no great significance in 1961 and iced finfish supplies were largely
carp, sheepshead, white bass, smelt, and some catfish. Canadian supplies originating from
that Lake were very good for frozen smelt and yellow perch fillets, but were down substan-

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

tially for round yellow perch. There were virtually no Lake Erie yellow pike available on the
Chicago wholesale market.

Total receipts of round yellow perch from all sources compared favorably with 1960,
but this was only because of increased supplies from Lake Michigan production and sizable
gains in supplies from Canada's northern lakes, The demand and market conditions for round
yellow perch and fresh or frozen fillets of that species were strongest during the early part
of the year when wholesale prices were at their highest level because of extremely low sup-
plies. Prices for round perch declined during the spring months when supplies increased,
but again climbed to the higher level in midsummer when Great Lakes landings were light.
Market conditions for frozen yellow perch fillets were very strong from the beginning of the
year through August because of the scarcity of raw fish for filleting. Wholesale prices for
any available stocks of frozen yellow perch fillets were unprecedently high throughout that
period, but a sharp break occurred in September when lower-priced round fish were available
for processing,

Table 2 - Chicago Fishery Products Receipts by Principal Species for 1961 and Percentage Change from 1960

Change
from 1960

Species Quantity

Species

Fresh -water fish: Salt-water fish:
[Brook trout, frozen . Codwiresht/M ita a wiles supnetsce
(Buffalofish, fresh filletsstrozen\es chem ereseun ts -19
Flounder & sole, freshty/cus! 5 vejieitelustts -38
fillets, frozen ah eieliss H2
Fish ssticks pinozenin sires sits, atest sits -10
Haddock yifresh'l!/5 2 asi iske icvelerientietie ee
. fillets, frozen. c/di-s) ee «> -22
6 Halibut; frozen! 7s. 61 sxe 16 (e aoe -13
3 S Fines stks., & portions, pee ne -18
enominee, fresh . 6 Mackerel fresh) sje, 16 oi\'eiie) tel al emrenie -30
ickerel, fresh ... . . ETOZET Weep euieyiolicics) ee pey a +119
frozenl/ . o : Ocean perch fillets, frozen ...... -16
Rock bass, fresh .. oO ood Pollock fillets; frozen; ws, 6 6 s1s616 122 -52
SAtlGersmireshivveveile! sitet chien es 0 6! fe) 16 Sablefish'; “frozen sis wiietiat eins (a ayienie 356 -20
frozen lim emenel een (clic ts Salmon, fall, frozen .....-++-- 521 +14
Sheepshead, fresh ......ce00-. King aiteSuiucwe..e. shove sueite 26 -33
smeltamiresh car cmemcmcnemene lich icutenne ie ETOZED er elilengebienienienier ie 428 -24
LTOZEN TB oweletielkeivets/fsiie/ tsi 6 PINKS TLOZENGs Jeinie) el, vivsisetistiis 6 -82
Suckers, fresh O-c-O oon. 6 O64 Silversitreshictiehe te./a) veleleee 11 -39
Stnfish sire Shigmyemtamteelcentette Wer elles? 0 £TOZEN Mewelistewie deu.sis 973 +24
Tullibee, freshWeueisiisicue msi cieil elie fillets & steaks, frozen aerec 64 -63
iretbasstreci hs okays st, Seavbass @ieaha incense, Sete 12 -25
itetishwireshiansmemer em ct eene cite Snapper;preditfreshive leq; js: cs: ete\- cies ifeAs) +3
frozen liieemetcsivet e usike tise PLOZEDIL/Mfadeuvedenieenretrs 356 +21
ellowsperchsfreshisis serene, « (eile Swordfish, fillets & steaks, frozen .
frozenl/,...... Whiting (H & G & fillets), frozen ..
ellowspike eireshy -.iler sitet ole)! 6 Wolffish fillets) frozen 7. /o161 «! cnierie
ETOZENILY/ Mbelses elie) fefielke .
Othertmirecshvayspememelueweniomelis cine :
ATOZEN Meigs MieWoliallatedislietis A
Shellfish, etc.: Shellfish, etc. (Contd. ):
(Clams, hard (in shell) ....... Scallops ¥Mrozens sewelle, cise sl eae ee
GSrabstesoftretresh@cms iter telcaeieh leis Shrimp, raw, headless, frozen ....
Dungeness (cooked), froz. breaded, ‘ete.), frozen’". 4...
Crablmeat aireshiscmsnetisictsstisitscs Spiny lobster tails, frozen. ......
Suid erro zene etetter ts rel are) eitacemans
Others pireshi le eice rene: lolvelsihenel elie sie
frozen... 2+ eUigiligine 394
Grand Total Fenster tered

Fresh and frozen yellow pike receipts at Chicago in 1961 amounted to slightly more than
3 million pounds, a 14-percent drop compared with 1960. The year's receipts of iced yellow
pike were not much lower than in 1960, but there was a sharp drop in receipts of imported
yellow pike fillets which was in part offset by a larger quantity of frozen drawn or dressed
fish. Receipts of the iced product were quite substantial from Minnesota shipping points--
Red Lake and the International Lakes region. Then there was nearly one million pounds from

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 24, No. 7

Manitoba shippers--about the same quantity as the previous year--and good receipts fromthe
Province of Alberta. The greatly reduced Lake Erie yellow pike landings were seenin the ex-
tremely light arrivals from Detroit wholesalers, and from Ohio and Ontario shippers. The
upper peninsula provided little or no supplies of yellow pike during the year other than mere-
ly token deliveries that were far below the 1960 receipts from that area.

Yellow pike supplies at the Chicago market were readily available throughout the greater
part of the year. Wholesale prices were high during the winter months but dropped to moder-
ate levels with the appearance of seasonal supplies. Wholesale selling prices were especial-
ly low in June when market supplies were heavy, and declined even more during the fall months
when supplies reached glut proportions.

SALT-WATER FISH

Fresh and frozen salt-water fish receipts of 22 million pounds in 1961 dropped for a
number of species because of a decline in landings during the year, Landings in 1961 were
lower for halibut, ocean perch, and whiting. Consequently receipts of those species at Chica-
go dropped. Frozen halibut again ranked as the principal species in that group at Chicago,
followed by frozen ocean perch fillets, salmon, whiting, and various other frozen groundfish
and other fillets both from domestic and foreign suppliers, Chicago has traditionally been a
distribution center for frozen ocean fish fillets from New England, Canadian, and overseas
suppliers. In 1961, however, Northwest packers of halibut, salmon, and sablefish shipped
more Pacific ocean perch fillets and fillets of sole to Chica-
go. Receipts of frozen flounder and sole fillets were upfrom
the previous year, standing out as a fishery product that was
more readily available at low to moderate prices throughout
most of the year, while other species of fillets were subject
to periods of relative scarcity.

Frozen fish sticks, and fish portions in particular,
were an important part of the Chicago supplies for the
institutional trade during 1961. Thedemand for fish por-
tions processed from species including halibut, swordfish,
and red snapper, as well as from the various spe-
cies of groundfish, has increased to the extent where fre-
quently portion-control fishery products are preferred to
regular fillets. Frozen groundfish fillets and halibut stocks
were low at the beginning of 1961, and this resulted in in-
creased sales of fish portions.

Supplies of most varieties of frozen salmon were much
more abundant in 1961 as compared with the very light
Northwest landings and low supplies of the previous year.
The demand for frozensalmon at Chicago, however, Bick 3 =" Podion oF insidardstince eee
was especially light during the early months of the es es firm in Chicago. 2
year because of strong resistance to very high wholesale
prices. Receipts of all varieties of frozen salmon in 1961 amounted to 2 million pounds which
were about the same as in 1960. Much more frozen chum and coho salmon was received, but
receipts were lower for frozen king (chinook) salmon and all varieties of the fresh product.
The high 1960 frozen salmon prices at Chicago carried into 1961, but started to drop shortly
after the beginning of the year, Prices continued their downward decline through the first
half of the year. Wholesale selling prices for some varieties of frozen salmon dropped as
much as 25 percent by the end of the first six months of 1961, a complete reversal of the
strong and price-spiralling market during the same period the previous year. There was
more buying interest in the last half of 1961 when market conditions improved to be a rela-
tively steady level, and then firmed up considerably in the latter months of the year.

SHELLFISH

Chicago's shellfish receipts for the year were dominated by frozen shrimp and spiny
lobster tails which combined accounted for 80 percent of the total 1961 receipts in that classi-

~~ y\

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

fication, Other leaders in that group included frozen sea scallop meats, fresh and frozen oys-
ter meats, oysters in the shell, hard clams, and substantially increased receipts of frozen
squid and live lobsters. New England suppliers provided the bulk of the live lobsters mar-
keted at Chicago during the year. Receipts of that product from that region were more than
double those in 1960, but were considerably lower from suppliers in the Canadian Maritime
Provinces. But no doubt some of the live lobsters received from New England actually orig-
inated in Canada, The 1961 receipts of frozen scallop meats held near the one million pound
mark, the same as in 1960. New Bedford landings of sea scallops during the year were even
greater than in 1960--a banner catch year. Market conditions for that product were at a much
more Steady level during 1961. Wholesale selling prices at Chicago were lowest in July-Au-
gust but did not drop to the lows of the same months in 1960 when market conditions for fro-
zen sea scallops were nearly demoralized because of heavy supplies.

The notable increase in frozen squid receipts from West Coast shippers brought 1961
receipts up to nearly 0.5 million pounds. This was over 100 percent more than in 1960 and
about the same as the 1959 receipts which were the highest in five years,

Market conditions at Chicago for other selected shellfish products were invariably strong
during 1961, and wholesale selling prices for some items were believed at an all-time high.
These included oysters which were in very short supply because of low production, spiny lob-
ster tails which were even higher priced than in 1960 when preferred sizes were marketed at
record high prices, and frozen shrimp. Because of low supplies, market conditions for fro-
zen Shrimp became progressively stronger during the last half of 1961 when wholesale sell-
ing prices were not far from the very high levels that prevailed in the years previous to1959,

METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION

Truck transportation of fresh and frozen fishery products into the Chicago area during
1961 greatly outstripped other carriers, Rail express and rail freight carload arrivals of
fresh and frozen fishery products for the year declined to 240 cars as compared with 320
carloads in 1960, The bigger and more pronounced drop was in car shipments from the Prov-
ince of Alberta--only 19 cars in 1961 as against 78 in 1960 and 211 in 1959, The transition
from rail express carload transportation to truck hauling of iced fresh-water fish was mas-
sive in the two-year period since 1959, Trucks hauled 85 percent of the more than 5 million
pounds of fresh-water fish received at Chicago from the Province of Alberta during 1961.

Table 3 - Chicago Fishery Products Receipts “ Methods of Transportation, 1961

Fresh-water . Gldeodeouc olosned 24, 686 7,294 690 32,670

Salt-water 13, 858 33 120 "3 8,015 86 ot 993

Shellfish, etc. 22,435 37 356 4 659 vL 23, 450
IBy Origin:

Domestic , , 49,131 81 7,021 90 1,975 a1 58, 127

Importedi/ . . 11, 848 19 749 10 7 389 79 19, 986

1/Includes ''in bond" shipments GeaeE British Columbia of United States-caught fish landed in that Province, and also Alaska fish.

In 1961, rail freight continued as the traditional method in transporting frozen fishery
products from the Northwest. A total of 209 carload shipments were made to Chicago from
that region during the year. These were composed of frozen halibut, salmon, sablefish, and
other species landed in the Pacific Northwest. Carloads from Arizona, consisting of Mexican
west coast frozen shrimp, were up from the previous year--7 cars as against 5 cars in1960.
The bulk of the frozen shrimp shipped to Chicago through Arizona, however, was hauled by
trucks. Five carloads of frozen fishery products, mostly groundfish fillets, were received
from Nova Scotia in 1961 as against only one carload the year previous.

RECEIPTS BY MONTHS

Total monthly receipts at Chicago were at their peak in August when 8.5 million pounds
were reported. The August receipts were outstanding for fresh-water fish--Canadian white-

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

fish, yellow pike, chubs, and buffalofish. Frozen salt-water fish receipts also were at a high
level in August when ocean perch fillets, halibut, and whiting were relatively heavy. Monthly
receipts again were substantial in October when fresh-water fish arrivals were near the 3-
million-pound mark, and shellfish products receipts in that month were the highest for the
year. Receipts were lowest in April because of extremely light frozen salt-water fish de-
liveries, and generally light fresh-water fish and shellfish products arrivals.

LAKE TROUT

Fresh and frozen lake trout receipts (including fillets) of 1.3 million pounds in 1961 did
not decline to the same extent as the previous years, Fresh iced lake trout receipts were
lower from all Lake Superior shipping points, and there was a drop in arrivals of the iced
product from Canada's northwest lakes. The 1961 lake trout receipts from Canada of fro-
48n dressed, drawn, and fillets, however, were up 20 percent from the previous year. This
offset to some extent the more marked 30-percent drop in receipts of iced lake trout.

Chicago's lake trout receipts were extremely light during the first half of 1961. The
local wholesale market was practically bare of any variety of lake trout during that period,
and the small supplies of Canada~produced fish that were available commanded fancy prices.
Market supplies improved slightly in July when wholesale prices were still maintained at the
higher level, Lake trout became more readily available in August-September when receipts
were quite good for both iced fish and the frozen products. Wholesale prices for lake trout
remained at the upper level
during the greater part of the

Table 4 - Lake Trout and Whitefish Receipts at Chicago, 1951-61

Lake Troutl/ | Whitefish1/ year with the average price for
Total Percentage of Totals Percentage of domestically -produced fish from
ear Receipts Arrivals from: Year Receipts Arrivals from: Takers : fot A
[Quantity | U. S.| Canada| | Quantity_| U.S. | Canada| Lake Superior higher than in
1,000 Lbs. 1960. The demand at Chicago
% 1,000 Lbs s
7,064 for iced lake trout from Canada's
Bore northern lakes was exceptional-
8, 900 ly good in 1961. Wholesale mar-
8, 069 ket prices were highest during
Ce the first quarter of the year,
9° 710 and continued strong throughout
9/014 the summer months, Prices for
10, 179 the Canadian product dropped

9,774

10-year
Average - average 8,578
1952-61 1952-61

1 /Includes fresh, frozen, fillets, etc.

briefly in September but did not
decline to the extent as in the
same month the previous year.

WHITEFISH

The 1961 receipts of fresh and frozen whitefish (including fillets) at Chicago amounted
to more than 7 million pounds. The year's receipts comprised about one-fifth the total 1961
fresh-water fish arrivals. Whitefish continued to rank as the principal fresh-water fish va-
riety marketed at Chicago. Canada-produced fish from the northwest lakes accounted for 88
percent of Chicago's total whitefish receipts while domestic Great Lakes shippers supplied
the remainder. The percentage of receipts of domestically-produced whitefish was up
from the previous year as a result of very good Great Lakes catches which turned out to be
the best since 1957. In the first 11 months of 1961, United States Great Lakes whitefish land-
ings totaled more than one million pounds, 36 percent more than landings in the full year of
1960. Whitefish landings for the period increased substantially at all lakes except Lake Erie.
The increase in whitefish landings at Lake Michigan was especially large--about 200 percent
more than in 1960. The 1961 iced whitefish receipts from domestic shippers of the Upper
Peninsula of that State increased 40 percent from the previous year. Receipts of that spe-
cies from Minnesota suppliers, however, were only half of those in 1960 because of the cur-
tailed fall season at Red Lake.

Whitefish arrivals at Chicago, while quite good at the start of 1961, were somewhat er-
ratic during the first four months of the year. Winter fishing in Canada provided moderate

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

to good supplies until April-May when receipts were the lowest for the year. Receipts started
to pick upin June when Canadian summer fishing operations got under way, and reached ahigh
point in August-September when whitefish arrivals were the largest for the year.

Market conditions for Great Lakes whitefish were consistently strong during most of the
year. Wholesale prices remained at the upper level but did not reach the Jewish Holiday high of
1960. The more abrupt price break for Great Lakes whitefish came in December 1961 when
market prices were sharply reduced for a brief period. But prices again climbed to the higher
level as the year closed. Prices for Canadian whitefish were somewhat lower than in1960,
but with wide variations which are not unique in the marketing and price structure of that product.

HALIBUT

Frozen halibut receipts at Chicago in 1961 continued to lead the salt-water fish group.
The year'sreceipts of 6.4 million pounds (including fillets, steaks, and portions) declined from
1960 mainly because of the relative shortage of supplies from Northwest packers before the
startof the 1961 Pacific halibut fishing season, and also because of the increasingly strong demand
for fresh and frozen halibut in other parts of the country. Chicago's receipts during the year
were lower for frozen dressed halibut from United States shippers, but increased substantially
for Canada-produced fish shippedfrom British Columbia. Receipts of frozen halibut fillets and
steaks were about the same as in 1960, but with some
increase for frozen halibut portions which are now
stockedby the majority of Chicago distributors.

Receipts of frozen halibut averaged one-half
million pounds for each month during the first qua-
rter of 1961, but dropped sharply in April (just be-
fore the new fishing season began in the North Pa-
cific) when receipts were the lightest in several
years. Inventories were then virtually depleted,
and anumber of Chicago distributors were com-
pletely out of supplies. Newseasonal supplies
accounted for greatly increased frozen halibut
receipts in June when volume for that month
climbed to nearly one million pounds. Monthly
receipts were more evenly spread out during
the last half of the year when they averaged bet- —-
ter than one-half million pounds for each month. Fig. 4 - Unloading halibut with a cargo net from a fishing
Market conditions for frozen halibut were steady vessel docked at Seattle, Wash.
to firm in1961. Exceptfor abrief decline in
June, wholesale prices at Chicago advanced steadily until the year closed, averaging about
15 percent higher than in 1960.

SHRIMP

The United States shrimp industry in 1961 was faced with a number of problems includ-
ing very low landings, natural disasters, and diminishing inventories. A newer development
was the purchase of United States frozen shrimp by foreign buyers. The 1961 frozen shrimp
receipts at Chicago, however, were not greatly affected by these developments. The year's
total receipts of all frozen shrimp amounted to more than 15 million pounds--only one-half
percent less than in 1960. A 4-percent drop in receipts of the raw headless product in 1961
was offset by the same percentage increase in receipts of breaded and other processed
shrimp (total receipts of those products were 6 million pounds), Receipts of raw headless
shrimp from Texas were only 5 percent below the previous year but were down sharply from
Louisiana shipping points. The gap was filled by a 35-percent increase in receipts of Mexi-
can west coast shrimp shipped through Arizona and California ports of entry.

Frozen shrimp receipts at Chicago by months were generally heavy at the beginning of
1961 when they averaged about 1.5 million pounds for each month through March. The April
receipts fell off sharply to the low point for the year. The flow of supplies into the Chicago

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 24, No. 7

market was moderate during the summer months, but again slumped in September when the
effects of hurricane Carla were felt. Gulf Coast shrimp landings were up briefly thereafter
resulting in October receipts at Chicago of nearly 2 million pounds. Monthly receipts of
breaded and other processed shrimp averaged well over one-half million pounds a month and
jumped to nearly twice that amount in August.

Market conditions for frozen shrimp at Chicago were mostly steady during the first half
of 1961. There were signs of some uncertainty because of heavy inventories carried through
March, but the effects were not significant and price fluctuations were small. The shrimp
supply and market situation commenced changing swiftly about July when warehouse stocks
started their rapid decline, and wholesale prices advanced to very high levels the remainder
of the year.

BLUEFIN TUNA SWIMS 4,500 MILES IN 119 DAYS

A bluefin tuna of about 400 pounds was tagged at Cat Cay, Fla., on June 10, 1961, and
recaptured on October 6, 1961, by a commercial seiner off Bergen, Norway; a distance of
about 4,500 miles along the steamer routes. This amazing feat indicates that the tuna
Swam atan average speedof almost 40 miles per day, provided the fish started out the mo-
ment it was releasedoff Florida and was caught the moment it arrived off Norway, and al-
so provided that the tuna was keeping on a compass course with which not even the toughest
second mate could find fault!

The bluefintuna was tagged by the captain of the sportfisherman Caliban II. The cap-
tain together with his associate who is president of the International Game Fish Associa-
tion) tagged 89 giant tuna in the cooperative game fish tagging program of the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution.

A second tagged bluefin was recaptured off Bergenafter 120 days of freedom. This fish
was taggedon June 1, 1961, also off Cat Cay and was estimated then at 500 pounds. At re-
capture on September 28, 1961, the fish weighed 484 pounds.

The Ocean Research Institute at Bergen, Norway, which reported both recoveries,

stated that this late season there were many giant tuna in lean condition in the catches. In
other late seasons the commercial catches also are occasionally mixed with very big tuna
inbadcondition, The fishermen call these fish ''long-tailed tuna." The Institute speculated
that these fish must be lean after their Atlantic migration during the feeding period. This
second recovery seems to indicate that the first fish was not an isolated straggler.

Of the 1,000 bluefin tuna that have been marked through the fall of 1961 less than 100
were inthe ''giant'' class (over 300 lbs.). Of the others, two 18-pound fish marked off
No Mans Landin1954 and 1957 were recaptured in the Bay of Biscay by French commercial
fishermen in1959 and weighed then about 150 pounds. One small tuna tagged off Chatham,
Mass., in August 1957, was recaptured off Gloucester in August 1959. Another one tagged
320 miles off Ocean City, Md., on May 24, 1959, was taken commercially off Provincetown,
Mass., on August 20, of the same year. Ofinterest also is the fact that of the 6 bluefin tuna
originally tagged by sportfishermen, 4 were caught by commercial fishermen.

The return of the large bluefinfrom Norway may indicate a migration during the sum-
mer, whereas the tuna migrations generally are believed to take place in the spring and
fall. Together withthe returns from the Bay of Biscay it also indicates more strongly that
western and eastern Atlantic tuna indeed domingle. (Oceanus, December 1961, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution.)

July 1962

Air Freight

FRESH PACIFIC SALMON SHIPPED
TO NEW YORK CITY BY AIR FREIGHT:
Air-freight speed, a newly-developed con-
tainer, and a gelatin refrigerant are now put-
ting fresh Pacific salmon on the New York
City market up to eight days faster than other
methods of transportation. It also shows that
an eastern market exists for ''ocean-fresh"
shipments--even at 10- to 15-percent higher
prices. The cost of air freight was reported
as about $17 a hundredweight as compared to
$13-15 a hundredweight for rail express in
less than carload lots, depending on the
weight of the shipment.

The ''flying fish" plan was developed by
an executive of a Burbank, Calif., airline.
He first solved the problem of a fish con-
tainer by using a laminate with a rigidcore
of foamed polystyrene. Waterproof, light in
weight, and self-insulated, the container is
sized for palletization and also serves as a
convenient sales unit. Although inexpensive
enough to throw away, it is durable enough
to survive a number of trips if desired.

To overcome the bulk and the melting
problems of ice, the airline simply elimi-
nated ice entirely. In its place, a gelatin
material frozen in polyethylene bags to a
temperature lower than ice, but not low
enough to freeze the fish was used.

On Monday, May 14, 1962, the daily''Fish-
ery Products Report" of the New York Mar-
ket News Service of the U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries showed the following whole-
sale prices for fresh red king salmon from
California: for fish shipped by air express,
large some $1.10, medium some 95 cents, and
smallsome 85 cents a pound; for fish shipped
by rail express, large some $1.05 and medi-
um some 90 cents a pound.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

=!REN DSS

= AND

E DEVELOPMENTS &

a St}

Alabama

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

The Alabama commercial catch of fish
and shellfish in 1961 amounted to 8.5 million
pounds valued at $2 million ex-vessel. Com-
pared with the previous year, this was adrop
of 30 percent in quantity and 34 percent in
value. The 1961 shrimp catch was the lowest
since 1949. Shrimp (heads-on), red snapper,
mullet, blue crabs, oysters, and groupers
comprised 92 percent of the year's total
catch.

Shrimp trawler docked at Bayou La Batre, Trawl net is hung up
to dry to prevent deterioration,

A marked decrease in shrimp landings
(down 3.6 million pounds) was primarily re-
sponsible for the 1961 over-all drop. Fail-
ure of the shrimp crop and heavy oyster
mortality placed the fishing communities in
a serious economic condition. Due to a
shortage of landings of prinicpal species,
shore facilities operated at a minimum,
drastically reducing the earnings of plant
employees. By the end of the year Federal
aid was sought to alleviate the situation.

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Blue crab landings totaled 838,000 pounds--
up 68 percent compared with 1960. Increased
effort was expended in that fishery due to the
scarcity of shrimp and oysters. The crab
meat market was weak during most of the
year with processing plants operating on a
small margin of profit.

Oyster production (508,000 pounds of meats,
valued at $162,000) dropped 661,000 pounds
and $155,000 below 1960. This sharpdecline
was primarily attributed to heavy mortality
due to an influx of fresh water from flooded
upstate areas in February.

The catch of fresh-water and salt-water
finfish amounted to nearly 3.6 million pounds
valued at $628,000 ex-vessel. This was a
gain of nearly 10 percent in quantity com-
pared with the previous year. Red snapper
(1.8 million pounds) accounted for 50 percent
of the total finfish landings and 75 percent of
the finfish value. Mullet was next in volume,
accounting for 25 percent of the catch, In-
cidental catches of croaker, king whiting,
white sea trout, and spot by shrimp trawlers
registered substantial gains compared with
the previous year.

Alaska Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

PROGRAM FOR EXPLORATORY
BOTTOM FISHING, 1962:

Proposed plans for exploratory fishing
for bottomfish and.other marine fish and
shellfish were announced in April 1962,
Four different cruises will be made with a
chartered vessel by the staff of the Juneau
Exploratory Fishing and Gear Research
Base of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries. Explorations are expected tobe-
gin July 1 and continue until late November.
The Bureau's Auke Bay Biological Research
Laboratory will participate in the cruises.
Scientists from the Alaska Department of
Fish and Game are also expected to be aboard.

Two separate six-week cruises are pro-
posed in waters between Prince William
Sound and Kodiak Island during July, August,
and September. Work anticipated during the
fall season includes two cruises in South-
eastern Alaska.

Vol. 24, No. 7

Although general catch information pri-
marily of interest to the commercial fishing
industry is the major goal of the summer ex-
plorations, king crab data will be the main
objective of the first survey, and shrimp data
of the second survey.

The fall cruises suggested are prelimi-
nary to surveys that may later determine
available quantities of commercial species.
The third cruise of the year is planned as a
trawl inventory of fish, the fourth as asurvey
to find where and how to catch commercial
quantities of octopus, a halibut bait imported
from Japan and now in diminishing supply.

This will be the third year of operation
for the Bureau's Alaska Exploratory Fishing
and Gear Research Base. In 1960, a single
35-day cruise with the Astoria, Oreg., trawl-
er New Hope was made west of Craig, Alaska.
In 1961 two cruises with the chartered trawl-
er Tordenskjold, lasting four months, re-
sulted in surveys of waters from Cape Spen-
cer to Cape St. Elias and in Lower Cook Inlet,

a
Alaska Fisheries Investigations

SALMON FRY MIGRATIONS:

In Auke Creek near the Biological Re-
search Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, the pink salmon fry
migration was nearing its peak in April 1962,
and red and coho salmon fry migration had
begun by the end of April. Fry migrations of
all species were later this year than in 1961.

At Little Port Walter, sampling was com-
pleted of pre-emergent fry from the spawn-
ing areas, Over 6 million pink salmon fry
survived the adult run of 30,000 fish last
fall, representing an excellent winter sur-
vival. The largest fry migration in the 22-
year history of the station was expected.
Ten percent of the predicted migration had
been counted by April 24, with about 160,000
fry migrating that night. Herring moved into
the estuary and were feeding on pink salmon
fry. It appears that predation by herring
may be a major factor in the survival of
Little Port Walter pink salmon.

In early April, Karluk Lake had an ice
covering of only 13 inches and alltributaries
entering the lake were free of ice. The fry

July 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW dha

Enumerating pink salmon fry on their outmigration at Sashin
Creek, Little Port Walter, in Southeastern Alaska,

counting stations at Grassy Point and Meadow
Creek were set up on April 5 and April 7,
respectively. Average nightly catches for the
first five nights of fry trapping were 137 fry
at Grassy Point and 153 at Meadow Creek.
Results of staining and recovery tests indi-
cated that the traps were taking from 14 to
23 percent of the migration, The fry migra-
tion at Grassy Point was earlier and of a
greater magnitude this year than in 1961,
probably due to warmer weather,

A pink salmon, tagged June 19, 1961, near
Unimak Island of the Aleutian Chain by biol-
ogists of the Auke Bay Laboratory, was re-
captured near Pakacha River in East Kam-
chatka, U.S.S.R., on August 8, 1961.

3 ok ok oe ok

WESTERN ALASKA KING CRAB CATCH,
FIRST QUARTER 1962:

The Alaska Department of Fish and Game
reported that the king crab catch for Western
Alaska (Peninsula, Chignik, and Aleutians)
totaled 5,562,000 pounds for the first three
months of 1962, compared with 3,697,000
pounds for the same period in 1961. This

Fig. 1 - Kodiak king crab haul, showing large average size of
king crab.

was an increase of nearly 2 million pounds
for the 1962 period. All of this increase was
in the Aleutian area where 4,885,000 pounds
were taken, Last year the catch for that area
for January-March was 1,993,000 pounds.

Fishing effort in the vicinity of Adak has
increased threefold over the 1961 season as
vessels from the Peninsula-Chignik area
moved out to take advantage of the excellent
fishing. This change in fishing effort has
been reflected in the decline in landings for
the Peninsula-Chignik area. Last year the
total for that area through March was
1,704,000 pounds; this year it was 677,000
pounds.

King crab were still available in the Pen-
insula-Chignik area in commercial quantities,
but severe weather conditions and lack of ef-
fort are believed responsible for the lower
catches. As of early April 1962, the Aleutian
Islands fishery was not operating due to the
soft-shell condition of the crabs. Fishing
was expected to pick up again in July at Ka-
chemak Bay. The fishery picked up due to
improving weather conditions, but the
molting season of the crabs began in April

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

Fig. 2 - Method of tagging king crab for research purposes.

and this was expected to cause a tempo-
rary slump in the fishery there also.

Sickness okies

HERRING FISHERY:

The herring arrived at Indian Point, near
Juneau, Alaska, assuring a good supply for
halibut bait and for local sport fishing. In
addition, herring caught near the Sitka area
were landed in Juneau. By State law, only
one herring reduction plant (at Washington
Bay) will be permitted to operate this year.

California

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Alaska” Cruise 62-A-1-Pelagic
Fish: The Gulf of California from Mazatlan
north to George's Bay on the mainland side;
San Felipe south to Cape San Lucas on the
Baja California side; and the Pacific coast
of Baja California from Cresciente Island to
Cedros Island were surveyed (February 19-
March 29, 1962) by the California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game research vessel
Alaska, The objectives were (1) to obtain
sardine samples from the Gulf of California
for blood genetics and morphometric studies
in order to distinguish the relationships of
Gulf sardines to those on the Pacific Coast;
(2) to sample Pacific mackerel and jack
mackerel for age studies; and (3) to collect
miscellaneous species and data requested
by other investigations.

GULF OF CALIFORNIA: Sardines were
collected throughout most of the Gulf. They
ranged from newly-hatched larvae to large
adults exceeding 200 mm. Nine samples of
adults and juveniles and 10 samples of post-
larval fish were netted. Sardine larvae were
unusually abundant: of 29 samples containing
clupeoid larvae most were tentatively identi-
fied as sardines. Sardines were attracted to
the ship at night with a 1,500-watt light and
then captured with the blanket net. Larvae
were collected with a dip net.

U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
personnel conducted serological tests on six
samples of fish ranging from 85 to 200 mm.
standard length. Those tests established that
Gulf sardines constitute the third known, dis-
tinct, non-interbreeding, subpopulation. The
other two subpopulations, designated as
"northern" and ''southern,'' occur off Cali-
fornia and Baja California, Mexico.

The "Gulf" subpopulation was distinguished
by the frequency with which a particular blood
type (C+) showed up in standard tube aggluti-
nation tests. The C+ phenotype mean fre-
quency was 18,0 percent for Gulf fish com-
pared to 5.9 percent for the adjacent ''south-
ern'' stock and 13.9 percent for ''northern"
sardines.

Information was obtained on sardine sizes
and distribution in the Gulf. The relatively
numerous samples collected over such a
widespread area indicates a larger andmore
widely-distributed population than inferred
from previous data.

Pacific mackerel, collected on seven
stations, were all preserved for study ashore.
No jack mackerel were captured or observed.
Small samples of several anchovy species
were collected in the southern Gulf.

An 8-ft. beam trawl was fished when time
and bottom topography permitted. Depths of
10 to 50 fathoms yielded a variety of fish and
invertebrates which were preserved for study
ashore. A 25-fathom long beach seine was
used for selected shoreline collections.

Three sets with deep-water traps were
unsuccessful. One trap failed to return to
the surface; one, an apparent delayed return,
was subsequently recovered by Mexican citi-
zens; andno catch was made with the third.

July 1962

Annotated fathograms were made over
sparsely sounded areas of the Gulf using a 0
to 6,000 fathom range EDOdepthfinder. All
data were delivered to the U. S. Navy Hydro-
graphic Office, Wilmington, Calif.

Approximately 1,300 feet of 16 mm. color
movies and numerous still photographs were
taken of cruise activities.

pea surface temperatures ranged from
70° FB. (21.1° C.) at Palmas Bay to 57.2° F.
(14.0° C.) at Point San Fermin with most
below 64° F. (18.05° C.). Good weather pre-
vailed in the Gulf during most of the cruise.

PACIFIC COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA:
Special effort was made to delineate the
geographical boundary between the ''Gulf"
and the ''southern" subpopulations of sar-
dines. Adverse weather prevented work in
the area between Cape San Lucas and Cres-
ciente Island. Sardines were collected on 3
of the 17 night-light stations north of there,
however. One sample netted off Cresciente
Island was blood-typed and found typical of
the ''southern'' subpopulation.

A special albacore trolling track was
made near Guadalupe Island. Although sea-
surface temperatures were favorable rang-
ing between 60, SonF (6 GC.) and .66.2° F.
(19° C.), no fish were caught.

Two exploratory beam trawl tows for
hake were made off northern Baja Califor-
nia without results.

Airplane Spotting Flight 62-2-Pelagic
Fish: The area from the United States-

Mexican Border to Point Piedras Blancas,
Calif., was surveyed from the air (February
21-22, 1962) by the Department's Cessna
"182" 9042T to determine the distribution
and abundance of pelagic fish schools. Good
weather prevailed throughout the area.

Between Long Beach and Point Piedras,
Calif., 319 anchovy schools were counted:
253 off Cambria Pines, 56 in Estero Bay,
and 10 south of Pt. Mugu.

Between Long Beach and the United States-
Mexican Border, 5 sardine schools were ob-
served between Newport and Oceanside. A
few deep, small, unidentified spots were seen
between Del Mar and Oceanside and some
dim spots off La Jolla Pt. were probably jack
mackerel or Pacific mackerel.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

About 50 basking sharks, average length
estimated at about 20 feet, were observed
one mile off La Jolla Pt. There were four
skin divers among them. Two of the divers
were swimming up to the sharks or inter-
cepting them and grabbing their dorsal fins.
A grabbed shark would give the diver a brief
ride before shaking him off. The other two
divers seemed to be photographing the sharks,

Airplane Spotting Flight 62-3-Pelagic
Fish: The survey to determine the distribu-

tion and abundance of inshore pelagic fish
schools was continued (March 19-22, 1962)
by the Department's Cessna ''182" 9042T
from Santa Cruz, Calif., to the United States-
Mexican Border. Scouting conditions were
only fair because of partial cloudiness.

Seven schools of what were probably Pa-
cific mackerel were seen off Santa Monica
and 15 anchovy schools were off Port Huene-
me, Thirty-one gray whales were counted
heading north.

Between Santa Monica and the United
States-Mexican border, 35 anchovy schools
were seen, all off Santa Monica. Thirteen
gray whales were observed going north.

No fish schools were sighted from Pt. Sal
to Santa Cruz, but an 8-ft. shark was just
outside the surf at Oceano. The return trip
was over Santa Monica at 7,000 feet. From
that height, the anchovy schools in the bay
were plainly visible. Some 50 anchovy
schools, 7 Pacific mackerel schools, 56

gray whales and 1 shark were sighted.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 14.

Sec oe eso.
DOVER AND PETRALE SOLE
TAGGING STUDIES:

M/V N. B. Scofield” Cruise 62-S-3-
Trawl: The coastal waters between Eureka,
Calif., and Mack Arch, Oreg., were surveyed
(April 4-May 3, 1962) by the California De-
partment of Fish and Game research vessel
N. B. Scofield to tag Dover and petrale soles
(Microstomus pacificus and Eopsetta jordani),
and to collect and preserve incidental spec-
imens for other investigations. A 400-mesh
Eastern-type otter trawl of 43-inch mesh was
used throughout the trip.

A total of 2,396 Dover sole were tagged
and released in 45 to 136 fathoms. Over 90
percent were trawled in 70-125 fathoms.

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Petrale sole
(Eopsetta jordani)

Some 441 petrale sole were tagged and re-
leased in 41 to 124 fathoms. Over 75 percent
had been taken in 50-74 fathoms. Tags used
were the vinyl spaghetti-type. The tagging
was a joint operation with the Oregon Fish
Commission,

Primary objective of the program, which
was coordinated by the Pacific Marine Fish-
eries Commission, is to obtain information
on movements of the fish. This is part ofa
coastwide plan to determine if separate
stocks of Dover and petrale sole exist along
the Pacific coast, as a background to man-
agement programs for those fish which ac-
count for more than $1 million annually to
the commercial fishing industry.

Since it is essential that the fish tagsfind
their way back to the biologists for this pro-
gram to be successful, a one dollar reward
will be paid for each of the tags returned to
the Department of Fish and Game.

Several tags from both species were re-
covered by commercial vessels before the
cruise was completed. Information obtained
from these and other returns will add to the
knowledge of population structure and sea-
sonal distribution.

Longnose Skate
(Raja rhina)

Deep-water skates (Raja sp.) were col-
lected for Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Vol. 24, No. 7

and invertebrates were saved for the Allan
Hancock Foundation.

Live invertebrates and fish were deliv-
ered to Marineland of the Pacific, San Pedro,

and the Shipwreck Aquarium, Eureka.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1961 p. 21.

He OOK OK OK OK

HALIBUT AGE-WEIGHT-LENGTH
RELATIONSHIPS STUDIED:

M/V "N. B. Scofield” Cruise 62-S-2-
The California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game research vessel
N. B. Scofield cruised (February 26-March
22, 1962) off the mainland coast of California
from Seal Beach (Los Angeles County) to
Naples (Santa Barbara County) --principally
off Ventura in 11 to 15 fathoms. Objectives
of the cruise were (1) to secure a sample of
California halibut stratified by sex andlength
for determining age-weight-length relation-
ships; (2) to determine the temperature pro-
file on the trawling grounds; and (3) to secure
a collectionand/or a record of the fish, mol-
luscs, and crustaceans found in association
with halibut.

California halibut (left eyed)
-, (Paralichthys californicus)

A very satisfactory sample of California
halibut was secured by trawling. The nets
were an Eastern-type not specifically adapted
for halibut. An estimated 1,000 halibut were
caught. The otoliths and one of the pre-oper-
cular bones were removed from about 500 of
the fish.

Male halibut predominated in the catch of
fish up to 20 inches. Males and females were
in equal numbers between 20 and 223 inches,
but females outnumbered males in the larger
sizes: as much as 21 to 1 for fish longer
than 35 inches.

Temperature profiles taken with a bathy-
thermograph at the beginning of each trawl
showed that readings were about the same
from top to bottom. Evidence of a thermo-
cline was almost nonexistent.

July 1962

Day-to-day temperatures varied about 2°,
ranging between 51° and 53° F.

Trawls varied from 1 to 3 hours duration,
Fish found in association with halibut were
saved for Laboratory examination.

1K 6 OK OK OK

MIDWATER TRAWLING FOR
SALMON FINGERLINGS CONTINUED:

M/V “Nautilus” Cruise 62Nig and 62Nih
Salmon: The midwater trawl operations of
the California Department of Fish andGame
research vessel Nautilus were continued
(April 1-5, 15-19, 1962) in the Carquinez
Strait to capture marked salmon fingerlings
on their seaward migration. A nylon mid-
water trawl with 25-foot square opening was
used,

Trawling in Carquinez Strait was conduct-
ed between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. and each tow
was for 20 minutes. All tows were alter-
nated between upstream and downstream, and
between the north shore, center, and south
shore of the channel.

A total of 114 tows was completed in the
Strait during the cruise yielding a total catch
of 257 king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyts-
cha), Forty-nine of the salmon were marked
recoveries previously released in San Pablo
Bay and at Rio Vista, Coleman Hatchery into
Battle Creek, and Nimbus Hatchery into the
American River.

Other species appearing in the catch con-
sisted mostly of Pacific herring (Clupea pal-
lasi)--54,980 fish, northern anchovy (En-
graulis mordax)--7,849 fish, Sacramento
smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys)--2,167 fish,
striped bass (Roccus saxatilis)--1,492 fish,
American shad (Alosa sapidissima) --934
fish, king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawyts-
cha)--257 fish, mudsucker (Gillichthys
mirabilis)--189 fish, staghorn sculpin (Lep-
tocottus armatus)--137 fish, jacksmelt (At-
herinopsis californiensis)--100 fish, split-
tail (Pogonichthys macrolepedotus) --79 fish,
pipefish (Syngnathus griseo-lineatus) --61
fish, and surfsmelt (Hypomesus pretiosus) --
45 fish.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1962 p. 7.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations

STUDY OF OCEAN CURRENTS
IN CENTRAL PACIFIC:

A study of ocean currents in the central
Pacific Ocean by means of drift bottles was
started in January 1961 by the U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora-
tory in Honolulu. This long-term study was
designed to provide information on the changes
which take place in the currents with season,
and from year to year. Such information is
vital to an understanding of conditions in the
ocean itself, and of the effects of ocean cur-
rents on the abundance and distribution of
important commercial fish species and the
organisms which provide their supply of food.

During 1961 the Laboratory's research
vessel, the Charles H. Gilbert, released
about 8,000 drift bottles in five cruises. As
of April 1962 about 5 percent of those bottles
have been found, most of them on islands of
the Hawaiian chain. This rate of returns is
similar to that obtained in drift bottle studies
in coastal areas of the United States and is
surprisingly high considering the size of the
inhabited coastline of the Islands in relation
to that of the three million square mile area
in which most of the bottles were released.
The pattern of drift bottle returns shows in-
teresting changes in the current patterns
near the Hawaiian Islands at different times
of the year. During the winter months, most
of the bottles which came ashore were those
released to the south and west of the Islands.
Very few of the bottles dropped to the east
and north of the Islands were recovered, In
spring the bottles were carried somewhat to
the west, but the major movement was still
toward the north, Later in the year, the pat-
tern of recoveries showed a pronounced west-
erly movement, with few recoveries from the
south,

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Although most of the recovered bottles
traveled relatively short distances, inalarge
number of cases the bottles had been carried
for distances of over a hundred miles, at
speeds of about 10 miles per day or more.
The record for distance, in the returnsfrom
the Hawaiian Islands, was 540 miles traveled
between a release point south of French Frig-
ate Shoals and the recovery at Lisianski Is-
lands, in the leeward group of the Hawaiian
chain; the bottle was recovered 58 days after
release, and was carried at a minimum speed
of 9 miles per day. The longest distance
traveled by any of the drift bottles released
by the Honolulu Laboratory was about 1,800
miles, from the release point near the Equa-
tor at the international date line, to New Ire-
land in the Bismarck Archipelago; this bottle
traveled at a speed in excess of 27 miles per
day over this distance,

An interesting and significant observation
is the fact that, in many cases, several bot-
tles from a single release have traveled con-
siderable distances to wash ashore close to-
gether at about the same time. For example,
11 out of 40 bottles from one release in the
western Pacific late in 1961 were found on
Maiana Island, in the Gilberts, after travel-
ing almost 300 miles. This implies that
there is surprisingly little dispersion in the
open ocean due to turbulent mixing, or that
there is a mechanism, such as convergence
of the surface waters, which tends to keep
the drift bottles together as they move with
the currents. In either case these findings
are of interest to the physical oceanographer,
but features such as large-scale surface con-
vergences are of interest to the biologist and
the fisherman as well, since they provide a
possible mechanism for the concentration of
plankton and forage organisms which tend to
attract commercially-important fish species.

In the near future, the results obtained
from drift bottles will be augmented by the
use of drift cards released near the Hawaiian
Islands from aircraft. Test releases of drift
bottles from an airplane showed that more
than 20 percent of the bottles break when hit-
ting the water. As a result, releases from
aircraft will consist of cards, similar to those
now used inside bottles, but enclosed in plas-
tic envelopes weighted along one edge, so that
the cards will float in a vertical position and
not be unduly influenced by the winds. Results
for aircraft releases of drift cards near the
Hawaiian Islands at intervals of about one
month and the Charles H. Gilbert releases

Vol. 24, No. 7

of drift bottles at greater distances should
add greatly to the meager knowledge of the
surface currents in the central North Pacific.

Conservation

OCEAN FOOD RESOURCES MENTIONED
BY PRESIDENT KENNEDY IN ADDRESS
TO WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE

ON CONSERVATION:

The value of ocean food resources was
mentioned in the address of President Ken-
nedy to the White House Conference on Con-
servation on May 25, 1962, at Washington,
DG:

In part, the President said: ". . .In addi-
tion, we can make the most extraordinary
gains in getting food from the ocean depths
in the next 10 or 20 years. This question of
oceanography has also occupied the attention
of the Congress and this Administration, how
we can double the amount of protein whichis
available to people around the world. This
is a whole new area of conservation, unknown
to those who preceded us but which is now
coming into public understanding, as a re-
sult of your efforts and the efforts of others,
and which can make the most profound dif-
ference to the lives of people who live rather
listlessly because of inadequate proteins.

"So harnessing science to conservation is
going to be the great contribution of our
dayima ae

FISHERY FIRM RECEIVES ONE OF
SEVEN INTERIOR DEPARTMENT 1962
CONSERVATION SERVICE AWARDS:

Among the seven recipients of the 1962 Conservation
Service Awards of the U. S, Department of the Interior
was the Smith Research and Development Corporation
Lewes Del., a subsidiary of a large menhaden fishery
firm on the East Coast. In addition to that firm, a for-
mer United States Senator, a former governor, a citizen
member of the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review
Commission (ORRRC), two other leading conservation-
ists, and one other private corporation were presented
awards on May 25, 1962, in the Department’s auditorium
in Washington, D. C., by Interior Department Secretary
Stewart L. Udall, The awards are made annually to pri-
vate citizens and organizations for outstanding achieve-
ment in furthering the objectives of natural resource con-
servation programs,

Secretary Udall told Otis Smith, President of the Smith
Research and Development Corporation, that his company
‘thas rendered distinguished service in the cause of con-
servation, For a number of years, the Corporation has

July 1962

striven to preserve the inshore environment which is es-
sential to preserve some of the most valuable of our At-
lantic fish and wildlife species, In 1961, you made avail-
able to the Department your Scientific research vessel,
the Cape May, and assumed all maintenance and operating
cost, making possible the first systematic hydrographic
survey of the continental shelf along the coast of New Jer-
sey.’’

Also honored for impressive contributions in the field
of conservation were: Honorable Joseph C, O’ Mahoney of
Wyoming, who served in the Senate for 25 years; Honor-
able Percival P, Baxter, former governor of Maine;
Joseph W. Penfold, ORRRC member and conservation di-
rector of the Izaak Walton League; Don G. Fredericksen,
Gooding, Idaho; M. D. Bryant, San Angelo, Texas; and the
Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma.

Secretary Udall also presented a special plaque to
Laurance S, Rockefeller, chairman of the Outdoor Rec-
reation Resources Review Commission, for his continuing
outstanding contributions to conservation. Rockefeller re-
ceived the Department's Conservation Service Award in
1956,

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-APRIL 1962:

Fresh and Frozen: For the use of the
Armed Forces under the Department of De-
fense, more fresh and frozen fishery prod-
ucts was purchased in April 1962 by the
Military Subsistence Supply Agency than in
the previous month--the quantity purchased
was up by 18.1 percent but the value of the
purchases was up only 3.4 percent. This
shows that lower-priced products were
bought in April than in March because the
value did not increase in the same propor-
tion as the quantity. Compared with the same
month a year earlier, April 1962 purchases
were up 20.9 percent in quantity and 13.5
percent in value.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Defense Subsistence: Supply Centers,
April 1962 with Comparisons

an. -Apr.

1961 | 1962 1962 | 19611 1962 | 1961
; Se wemeeenan (1s O00) ic eetrs
1,121 | 988 | 3,995 ]3,535

During the first 4 months of 1962, pur-
chases were up only 0.3 percent in quantity
but 13.0 percent in value as compared with
the same period in 1961. Evidently the
greater increase in value is due to higher
prices and the purchase of more higher-
priced products.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17

April 1962 averaged 48,7 cents a pound, about
6.9 cents less than the 55.6 cents paid in
March 1962 and 3.2 cents less than the 51.9
cents a pound paid in the same monthof 1961.

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Defense Subsistence Supply Centers,
April 1962 with Comparisons

an. -Apr. April an.-Apr.

CONTA (NOOO NLDA) erie
563 |1, 297| 3, 676 |2, 662
- 2 2.

1/Less than $1,000.

Canned: Tuna was the principal canned
fishery product purchased for the use of the
Armed Forces during April this year. In
the first 4 months of 1962, purchases of can-
ned tuna and salmon were substantially
greater than in the same periodof1961. But
purchases of canned sardines were down
because of the short packs of both Maine and
California sardines during 1961. Purchases
of the three principal canned fishery prod-
ucts (tuna, salmon, and sardines) in the
first 4 months of 1962 were up 71.3 percent
in quantity and 120.7 percent in value as
compared to the same period in 1961. The
higher value this year is accounted for by
the purchase of more canned salmon,

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local
purchases not included in the data given; actual total purchases
are higher than indicated because local purchases are not ob-
tainable.

Florida

FISHERIES RESEARCH,
JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

Research on fisheries with funds provided
by various sources is being carried onby the
Marine Laboratory of the University of Mi-
ami. The research of interest to commer-
cial fisheries which was reported in the Lab-
oratory's March 1962 Salt Water Fisheries
Newsletter follows:

Larval Shrimp: The spawning habits of
the Tortugas pink shrimp are being studied
under a contract with the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries, Landings of Tortu-
gas shrimp were over 10 million pounds in
1961 and were valued at nearly $5 million
ex-vessel. This fishery, thus, provides the
basic natural resource for an important

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

segment of the economy in fishing towns from
Key West to Fort Myers.

Few shrimp larvae were spawned during
the first three months of 1962. However,
this corresponds with the usual low in spawn-
ing during the winter months.

The numbers of larvae reached a seasonal
low in November. In December and January
numbers of larvae were also low, but were
slightly increased over November as a re-
sult of the presence of larvae at certain in-
shore stations. Bottom water temperatures
declined to a low of 68°-72° F. in January.
Numbers of larvae and also water tempera-
tures increased in February and March. By
April, large numbers of postlarvae had sur-
vived their first 3 weeks of life and were
entering the nursery areas along the coasts
of South Florida. Over 1,300 were collected
there in a single 30-minute haul with aplank-
tonimet.

The growth rates of pink shrimp held in
aquaria for 8 months have been slow during
the recent winter period. These shrimp were
captured when they were only { inch in length;
they grew to over 3 inches in length by April
1962. In recent months they molted about
every 3 weeks. The body of a shrimp is cov-
ered by a hard outer skeleton which must be
shed periodically so that growth can take
place.

Ecology of Florida Bay: The prolonged
drought in south Florida has had a marked
effect on the salt content of the normally
brackish-water bays, ponds, and creeks of
southern Everglades Park, Marine condi-
tions as of April extended far up the chan-
nels of the Shark, North, Watson, Roberts
and East rivers. Salt kills of fresh-water
bass and sunfish were reported in the upper
reaches of the Shark River channel. The in-
crease in salt content permitted re-entry of
larvae of many species of marine fish and
invertebrates into the Coot Bay-Whitewater
Bay areas that had largely disappeared dur-
ing the heavy rainfall period 1958-1960.
Large numbers of juvenile shrimp, eels,
anchovies, and spotted sea trout were col-
lected in the plankton nets during the first
three months of 1962.

Early in March, abnormally high tides
brought about by a severe storm forced salt
water far into the fresh-water zone, withap-
preciable salt recorded at Mahogany Ham-
mock, Paurotis Pond, and Nine-mile Bend.

Vio le2 4 INiokG

The salt intrusion due to the high tides crossed:
a belt of land approximately 15 miles in width
all across the southern border of the Park,
At Paurotis Pond large numbers of Carolina
marsh clams, averaging about 1.5 inches in
diameter, were killed by salt water approxi-
mately half the strength of sea water. Nor-
mally the water in Paurotis Pond is fresh.

It may be expected that the drought will in-
crease in severity through May, and with
higher temperatures of spring increasing the
evaporation rate, salt content of Florida Bay
waters will increase. In past drought periods
the salt content of Florida Bay off Flamingo
has risen to double the strength of sea water.
At that level, many animals are forced to
move offshore to the normal salinity of the
Gulf of Mexico.

Spotted Sea Trout: Itis bad enough (from
the point of view of the fish) that some fish are
tagged once by biologists to study their behav-
ior, butone seatrout was taggedtwice. During
1960 a biologist from the Marine Laboratory
tagged a sea trout near Fort Myers with an
internal plastic tag. About a year later the
same fish was caught again by a commercial
fisherman hired to catch fish for tagging.
Because the internal tag can not be found un-
less the fish are gutted, another cut was made
in the body wall and the trout was tagged and
released once more. A commercial fisher-
man caught the unfortunate fish for the third
time about a year after the second tagging.
He turned in the two tags and collected a
double reward for the single fish. The trout
had been recaptured only a few miles from
where it had been tagged in the beginning.

Fish Behavior Studies: The National Sci-
ence Foundation has awarded a grant of
$200,000 to the Institute of Marine Science
for construction of a new fish behavior lab-
oratory. This facility will enable scientists
to study marine animals under conditions in
which the various environmental factors can
be controlled. It is expected that the facility
will attract many visiting scientists from
this and other countries since it will be the
only laboratory of its kind in the country.

Precooked Frozen Shrimp Coated with
Starch Gel: Work is continuing to determine
quality changes of precooked frozen shrimp
coated with a starch gel. Sensory tests and
bacteriological analyses were performed
after one month of frozen storage at -20° C.
(-4° F.). Results of bacterial analyses re-
vealed no bacterial growth since initial pre-
paration.

July 1962

Effect of Freezing on Fish: Enzyme anal-
yses for active amylase are being performed
to determine the effect of freezing on fish.
After one month of storage there appears to
be no destruction of the amylase. Active hy-
drolysis was observed after incubating the
samples at 370 (oA (98.1 6° F.) for 24 hours,
whereas at 25° C. (77° F.) for the same pe-

riod of time negative hydrolysis was observed.

Tests will be made following each month of
storage.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 17.

OK OK ok

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Fish and shellfish landings at Florida
ports during 1961 amounted to 190.2 million
pounds with a value of $25.7 million ex-ves-
sel. Compared with 1960, this was aslight
drop in both quantity and value.

SLEEEE T r Slaw r T ——

Shrimp
(heads-on)

Menhaden|::

Spanish B
mackerel

Groupers

Million n 1 :
Pounds 9 8 16 24 32 40 50

Florida's catch of certain fish and shellfish, 1961 and 1960,

The shrimp fishery experienced a poor
season compared with 1960. A total of 42.1
million pounds of shrimp (heads-on) was
landed at Florida ports during 1961--a de-
cline of 9.2 million pounds from the previous
year, and a drop in value of $800,000. The
average ex-vessel price in 1961 rose to
slightly over 32 cents per pound (heads-on),
or about 54 cents per pound (heads-off). De-
spite the reduced landings in 1961, shrimp
was still caught in greater quantities and
brought higher value ex-vessel than anyother
species of fish or shellfish.

Oysters were taken in record quantities
(3.3 million pounds of meats) with a value of
nearly $1.5 million--a gain of 1.3 million
pounds and $557,000 above 1960. Demand
and prices were good most of the year. Sev-
eral new oyster firms began planting and
cultivating oysters on both Florida's east and
west coasts.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

A good catch of menhaden occurred in
1961--36.3 million pounds. This was an in-
crease of 5.1 million pounds above the pre-
vious year. There was a strong demand and
good prices for fish meal and solubles.

Although blue crab production was down 1
million pounds compared with 1960, there
were still 24.6 million pounds landed. This
was the second highest blue crab production
year in Florida's history--exceeded only by
1960, The reduced production was the result
of more than usual cold or unfishable weather
in the winter months.

Spanish mackerel

Black mullet ranked third in landings dur-
ing 1961 with 35.6 million pounds--2.7 mil-
lion pounds below last year. Spanish mack-
erel (7.1 million pounds) dropped over 571,000
pounds below 1960, while the catch of group-
ers (6.6 million pounds) was up 452,000
pounds.

Fur Seals

PRICES FOR ALASKA SEAL SKINS SET
NEW RECORD AT SPRING AUCTION:

The spring 1962 auction sale of U. S. Gov-
ernment and other foreign-produced fur seal
skins was held at St. Louis, Mo., on April 12-
13, 1962. The attendance at the sale by fur
dealers, brokers, and manufacturers was the
best in many years; some 71 were present,
including participants from Canada, Denmark,
Great Britain, and Italy. The prices received
for conventionally-processed Alaska seal
skins established a new record--a grand av-
erage for all sizes and grades of $106.80. A
new high was also established for Lakoda
processed seal skins (natural sheared)--an
average price of $44,33 was received for all
sizes and grades.

Sales for the United States-owned seal
skins totaled $2,027,346. The average price
for 16,996 conventionally-processed seal
skins sold for the account of the United States

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

was $106.42, an advance of 27.7 percentover
the fall sale in 1961. Average prices re-
ceived for the various types of skins were:
Black, $108.00 (up 21 percent); Kitovi, $101.23
(up 26.3 percent); and Matara, $107.42 (up
37.4 percent). The average price of $44.33
received for 4,664 Lakoda or shearedfemale
skins represents an advance of 11 percent
over the price received in the fall of 1961. A
small number of low-quality sheared female
skins withheld from earlier auctions were
disposed of at this sale for an average price
of $13.57 per skin.

The fall auction of seal skins has tenta-
tively been scheduled for October 25-26,
1962,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, December 1961 p. 29.

Great Lakes Fisheries
Exploration and Gear Research

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION STUDIES
OF COMMERCIAL FISH STOCKS
IN LAKE ERIE CONTINUED:

M/V_“Kaho™ Cruise 2: Four weeks of
exploratory trawl fishing in Lake Erie were
completed on May 20 by the U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries exploratory fishing
vessel Kaho. The objectives of the cruise
were to continue studies of the bathymetric
and seasonal distribution of various fish
stocks and their availability to standard-type
bottom trawls.

Recent addition to the Bureau's Great Lakes research fleet is the
exploratory fishing and gear research vessel Kaho.

Vol. 24, No. 7

A total of 63 drags was completed (20 in
the eastern basin, 27 in the central basin,
and 16 in the western basin) at depths rang-
ing from 3 to 32 fathoms. No commercially-
significant quantities of smelt were taken,
nor were other species taken in commercial
quantity except for several moderate catches
of yellow perch in the western basin. The
normal seasonal inshore movement for spawn-
ing probably accounted for the general lack of
fish concentrations in trawlable areas,

= T alee aes 1
as° @° ai? 20° 70°

M/V Kaho Cruise 2, Lake Erie explorations.

The eastern basin was found to be nearly
devoid of fish in trawlable areas except for
a several-mile-long heavy midwater concen-
tration recorded on the echo-sounder in the
deepest area of Lake Erie near the junction
of the international and New York-Pennsyl-
vania boundries. Gill nets set over much of
the 5- to 10-fathom depth range'in the east-
ern basin precluded sampling in otherwise
trawlable areas. Bottom conditions in waters
shallower than 7 fathoms were generally un-
suitable for trawl fishing.

In the central basin, smelt catches of 130
pounds per hour were taken off Fairport,
Ohio, at a depth of 13 fathoms; and 150 pounds
ae 73 fathoms off Lorain, Ohio. Shallowareas
in the central basin were also generally not
suited for trawling because of rough bottom
conditions or the presence of gill nets and
trap nets.

The western basin yielded significant
catches of yellow perch: 220 pounds per
hour at 7-fathom depths east of Kelleys Ise
land; 410-480 pounds per hour at 53 to 8
fathoms east of South Bass Island; 130-140

July 1962

pounds per hour at 5 fathoms west of Middle
Bass Island; and 160-380 pounds per hour at
depths of 33 to 5 fathoms west of the Middle
and West Sister Islands.

Stomachs of 363 smelt from 10 areas
were examined for content and eggs were
present in 2 specimens. Most of the yellow
perch taken in the western basin had com-
pleted spawning while perch from the other
basins had not. Nearly all perch caught
ranged in size from 7.5 to 8.5 inches and
averaged 8.0 inches.

Surface temperatures ranged from 37.89 F,
in the eastern basin to 76.5° F, inthe western
basin. Bathythermograph profiles revealed
the water temperature to be homothermous
in all areas visited except in the island area
where a double thermocline existed.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1961 p. 26.

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION SURVEY:

M/V “Musky ID pril 1962): Operations
of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Musky II began in early
April with visits to limnological and fishery
stations at Sandusky Bay, Sand Point, East
Harbor, Cedar Point, and east of KelleysIs-
land. Overnight sets of 300 -foot lengths of
experimental gill nets (33 - to 5- inet mesh)
were made at the latter two locations. Many
sheepshead, and a few yellow perch, yellow
pike (walleyes), carp, and white suckers
were taken. Catches in two drags of a bot-
tom trawl made at each of those stations av-
eraged about 632 fish per tow in the openlake
and 357 in Sandusky Bay. Principal species
were yellow perch, spot-tail shiners, emer-
ald shiners, and sheepshead,

Yellow perch

Yellow perch of the 1959-year-class con-
tinue to be the dominant species and age
group. Especially large concentrations were
found at the 8- to 10-foot depth in the East
Harbor area. Males predominated; females

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 21

were more scattered and restricted largely
to deeper waters offshore. These 3-year-
old perch now range, from about 6.6 to 9.3
inches in length; males average about 7.4
inches and females about 8.0 inches.

Unusually warm weather during April in-
creased water temperatures from 38° to a
high of 55° F, at the end of the month (ap-
proximately 9° higher than on the same date
in 1961). Yellow pike spawning was all but
completed by the end of April and yellow
perch were fast approaching peak spawning
activity.

Spring sampling of the commercial catch
was begun at the major ports along the south
shore. Sufficient scale collections were taken
from the majority of the species desired,
with the exception of blue pike. Commercial
operators caught large numbers of perch, but
many were undersize. Landings of yellow
pike were considerably less than in April
1961.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1962 p. 17.

Great Lakes

YEARLING LAKE TROUT PLANTED
IN LAKE SUPERIOR:

Nearly 1,760,000 yearling lake trout were
released in Lake Superior during late May
and early June in a continued effort to reju-
venate that Lake's sagging lake trout fishery.
This spring's plantings were the largest
made since the lake trout restocking program
was Started in 1959 under direction of the
Great Lakes Fishery Commission.

State and Federal hatcheries in Michigan
increased the number to 920,000 yearlings
as compared with 560,000 last year. Ontario
contributed 583,550 young lake trout to the
rehabilitation program, while Wisconsin add-
ed another 256,000.

Latest lamprey control studies provide
an encouraging note for lake trout survival
under the stepped-up planting schedule. A
sizable drop in the rate of fresh lamprey
scarring on lake trout in different areas
of Lake Superior has been reported. Also,
only 88 lampreys had shown up at electrical
weir barriers in Lake Superior streams
through the end of April. A year ago,

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Sea lamprey electrical barrier.

about 1,185 of those eel-like predators had
been captured at the same barriers.

Michigan's plantings include 94,400 year-
lings reared at that State's Conservation De-
partment's Watersmeet Hatchery. They were
set free offshore from Ontonagon. Another
70,000 lake trout were planted near White-
fish Bay from the Department's Harrietta
Hatchery.

The spring schedule also called for plant-
ing 125,000 young troutin the Apostle Islands
area where another release of that size will
be repeated this fall. The Marquette-Munis-
ing area was due for a shoreline planting of
314,500 yearlings in late May or early June;
another 315,500 trout will be turned loose at
a Lake Superior site not yet determined.
Stock for the plantings will come from the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service hatchery at
Pendills Creek.

Approximately 97,000 lake trout were
trucked from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service hatchery at Charlevoix late in May
for release in Lake Michigan. This was the
last in a series of experimental plantings to
learn more about the distribution, move-
ments, and survival of hatchery trout in that
Lake. (Michigan Department of Conserva-
tion, May 17, 1962.)

Vol. 24, No. 7

Industrial Products

FISH MEAL, OIL, AND SOLUBLES:
Major Indicators for U.S. Supply, April
1962: For the first three months of 1962,

Major Indicators for U,S, Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles,
and Oil, April 1962

Item and Period 1962} 1961 | 1960

eccccccess (SHOLt TOMS) ssesce

ie?)

ish Meal:
Production 1/:
JUNE o 000 ce cee

May seccccvecece
April

53,162] 44,293] 52,006] 30,949

7,000} 6,179| 5,076] 6,810] 5,143
7,556 7,146] 7,345] 6,518

aks 039 }257,969|275,396 216,510
P= _ [ftl,265 290,157}506,551 248,140

Imports:

JUNE. ceoececccs

2458 16
| Jany-Feb. o eee o/44,246] 23,875] 16,652| 39,163] 18,915
|__Jan-Dec, totalse «| = | 217,845 |131,561)132,955

Fish Solubles:
Production 3/:

JUNC stelsisieerelel «

MaVisvarateleverevers e

April

1] 6,506[ 3,889

137

JUNC, seccsccec
May sijesieielielsl ots

ADE irercuele: eliente
March 308 135 410
[_Jans-Feb, 2022 «| 2022] 374] 2,089/ 1,357

374
- 6,739] 3,174) 26,630 | 067 |

Production:
JUNE, eocvesc ec
May eo cecccce
eet

26,690] 24,418] 21,625

JUNC's ss cooee s
Mayieteedionteliesslicte
ADIT sromeiet creel (6
March ,

1/Does not include crab, shrimp, and misc, meals,
3/Preliminary data computed from monthly data, Fish meal
~ production reported currently comprised 86 percent of the
annual total for 1958, 90 percent for 1959, 89 percent for
1960, and 92 percent for 1961,

3/Includes homogenized fish,

Z/Preliminary data computed from monthly data, Represents

~ over 95 percent of the total production,
Note: Data for 1962 and 1961 are preliminary,

July 1962

In some instances spotter planes are used in the Gulf of Mexico
to spot schools of menhaden and to direct the setting of the
purse seine. This bell-shaped loudspeaker helps to maintain
radio contact between the spotter plane and the purse boats
that set the net.

fish meal production was down, solubles

production was up, and fish oil production

was slightly less than in the same period
of 1961.

He ck sk ok He

U. S. Production, April 1962: Preliminary
data on U.S. production of fish meal, oil, and
solubles for April 1962 as collected by the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and
submitted to the International Association
of Fish Meal Manufacturers are shown in
the table.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

U. S. Production 1/ of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles,
April 1962 (Preliminary) with Comparisons

Region Solubles

1,000
Gallons ass ShOreyhOns) ei
April 1962:

East & Gulf Coasts. . 486

West Coast2/),.... 43

Jan. -Apr. 1962 Total

Jan.-Apr. 1961 Total

1/Does not include crab meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils.
2/Includes Hawaii, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico.
3/Includes condensed fish.

Seerepiner aioe

U. S. Production, March 1962: During
March 1962, 2,500 tons of fish meal and scrap
and 42,400 gallons of marine-animal oils
were produced in the United States. Com-
pared with March 1961, this was a decrease
of 9 percent in meal and scrap production
and 34 percent in oil.

In March 1962, tuna and mackerel ac-
counted for 1,600 tons or 64 percent of the
meal total, and 31,200 gallons or 74 percent
of the oil production, ‘

There were 1,800 tons of fish solubles pro-
duced in March 1962--583 tons below the same
month in1961, The production of homogenized
condensed fish amounted to 100 tons--a de-
cline of 78 tons compared with March 1961.

During the first three months of 1962,
meal and scrap production amounted to 7,300

Discharge end of hot-air dryer in an Empire (La.) menhaden
products plant. Screw conveyor is used to transport the scrap.

Heaps of scrap meal in the warehouse of an Empire (La.) men-
haden products piant. When fishing is good, large quantities
of scrap accumulate. This scrap is ground into fish meal.

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

Table 1 - U.S, Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, March 1962 with Comparative Data

March Jan,-Mar.

Product
19621/ 1961 1962 1/ 1961 =

Sicceielereie'c. el ore eveieie! oiere) (COLONEL: LONS) lo eitevelelc/ersjeisieleleneaie

Fish Meal and Scrap:
SublicrringsAlaskavelolecicielersie/elerecisieiaie
Menhaden 2/., ,ccccccccccccccece
Sardine, Pacific eeoeseersreeeenee
Tuna and mackerel gcocccccccccce
Unclassified ..cccccccsccsccsece

Total suas maaeaen once an eae 2,495 2,751 See
Shellfish and marine animal meal and scrap 3/ so
Bich cclubleses Asus cneeeme vee 100,551

230 °078

Homogenized condensed fish ..cecccccce 11,690

Oil, body;

Herring, Alaska eeecvrcecevre eee eeen
Menhaden 2/ gecccccccccccccsccce
Sardine, Pacitic cisceccccccsccveos
Tuna and mackerel ,cccccsesccccee . 162,509
Other (including whale) .e.ccccccecce 11,197 15,167 62,944 13,549 1,477,042

FLOLAL O1l sig, aleie\e4ie/e, 0) e610 ore .0/ajalevele 42,379 64,007 185,749 174,297 34,408,805

1/Preliminary data.
2/Includes a small quantity produced from thread herring.
3/Not available on a monthly basis.

727,517
91,355,570
86,16

tons--an increase of 18,400 tons compared
with the same period of 1961.

tons--252 tons below the same period of
1961; the marine-animal oil yield totaled
185,700 gallons--a gain of 11,500 gallons.
Exports of fish and fish-liver oils a-
mounted to 21.6 million pounds in Febru-
ary and 19.2 million pounds during March
1962. A total of 41.3 million pounds of
fish and fish-liver oils was exported dur-
ing the first three months of 1962--up
4,8 million pounds as compared with 1961.

Selasiey (sie olan

Imports and Exports, February and March
1962: Imports of fish meal and scrap totaled

ia 18,800 tons during February and18,500 tons
in March 1962. Imports during the first
three months of 1962 amounted to 62,800

Table 2 - U, S, Foreign Trade in Selected Industrial Products, February and March 1962 with Comparative Data

February

14962 1961 L

é 0.6.06 aie'a'e'e\ele 0.010 0.010101 0-0.cjejeve, \(SONTiL ONS) ¢.0ie:c10\6ie0.0\5101¢10'soie\e\clorele slejelenee

Product

Imports: i
Fish meal and scrap ooo. 18,528 20,458 62,774 44,333 217,845
Fish solubleS eeeeee cee 308 135 2,830 509 6,739

Sel clateveisleievereleictalese sie eo eueteres 1(COLOUS)hs.e1clejere eieleteleleieicleioreicisieletelerelelefene

Whale oil, sperm (crude
and refined) seceeesece

275,556 718,998 | 1,026,497 | 7,807,625

140,408 | 665,260

Sreleleleve\eisie;e1a\eije e'wis\e's e.0:0iolelereol(k OWNUS) \e7evere ete :eieie'eiele/o se) elec) elelejsieielelolotene

36,549,073 | 122,485,721
1,928 | 1,205,674

Exports:
Fish and fish-liver oils ..
Whale and sperm Oil. oe.

1/Preliminary data,

21,646,639
68,273

19,167,132
2,923

5,644,202 | 41,323,080
85,178

17,456,076

July 1962

Maine

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Landings of fish and shellfish at Maine
ports in 1961 amounted to 198 million pounds
valued at $19 million. Compared with 1960,
this was a drop of 96.7 million pounds or 33
percent in volume, and $1 million or 5 per-
cent in value.

Fig. 1 - Baiting a lobster pot aboard a New England lobster boat.

Sea herring (54.5 million pounds) was
nearly 98 million pounds below the produc-
tion in 1960. Ocean perch (77.4 million
pounds) accounted for a decrease of almost
1 million pounds. These two species made
up 67 percent of the year's total catch.
Landings of Maine lobsters (20.9 million
pounds) dropped 3.1 million pounds below
1960, while whiting (14.1 million pounds)
landings increased 3 million pounds.

Knox County led all counties in produc-
tion with 76.1 million pounds. Cumberland
County was second in volume with 74.5 mil-
lion pounds, and Hancock County third with

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

Knox

Cumberland = :

Hancock

Washington
Lincoln

Sagadahoc

York

Million
Pounds 0

SEA SCALLOP FISHING

an ri n 1
5 10 15 206172 77

Fig, 2 - Landings at Maine ports by counties, 1961.

18.2 million pounds. Washington County ac-
counted for 12.5 million pounds, while Lin-
coln, Sagadahoc, and York Counties contrib-
uted 9.4, 5.7, and 1.6 million pounds, re-
spectively.

Million Pounds
72 ener fete see a | eal ae

24h

ATLANTIC OTTER TRAWL

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.

May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.

Fig. 3 - Landings at Maine ports by months, 1960-1961.

Landings in August were the highest of
any month during the year with 34.3 million
pounds. July was the second highest month
in production with 27.3 million pounds. Sep-
temper followed with 25.9 million pounds,
and October with 21 million pounds.

More than one-half of the 1961 catch was
taken by otter trawls--101.6 million pounds.
The remaining 96.4 million pounds were
taken by several other types of gear.

Imports of Canadian sea herring through
Maine ports during 1961 amounted to 43.5
million pounds--41 percent below 1960. Im-
ports during the months of August, July, Sep-
tember, and January totaled 26.1 million pounds
or 60 percent of the total imports in 1961.

BSOO

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Maine Sardines

CANNERS AWAIT ARRIVAL
OF 1962 RUNS OF FISH:

With total production of only 15,541 cases
of canned sardines from December 1, 1961,
to April 7, 1962, and
the lowest inventories
in the history of the
industry, Maine sardine
canners are awaiting the
expected 1962 heavy
runs of fish.

If the average pattern for the past 14
years materializes, the tiny herring were
expected to arrive in the inshore areas of
Maine the latter part of May, although a
full moon phase starting on the 19th was
expected to delay good fishing conditions
somewhat. The fish usually keep near the
bottom in deep water during periods of
light.

A total of 31 plants are in readiness for
packing and the industry is in urgent need
to replenish its stocks and to regain the
shelf space that it has lost in several hun-
dred thousand stores as a result of the crit-
ically short pack of 679,000 cases in 1961.

The Maine Legislature in a Special Ses-
sion last fall extended the official April 15
to December 1 season to permit year-round
canning on a temporary basis, but this has
not been successful. Windy weather and
rough seas for most of the winter andearly
spring have handicapped the fishermen de-
spite efforts to fish.

If history is any criteria, there is no in-
dication that the 1961 short pack should be
repeated, according to the Executive Secre-
tary of the Maine Sardine Council. He said
that the industry had never had two critical-
ly bad fish years in a row since it was es-
tablished in 1872.

Previous to 1961, the last such year was
1938 when production was less than 600,000
cases. However, the following year saw
plenty of fish and a banner packof 2,250,000
cases.

Holdings of canned Maine sardines by
wholesalers and multi-unit retail organiza-
tions were down 45 percent from last year
on April 1 and canners' inventories were
down 91 percent. =

Tat
S

Vol. 24, No. 7

Maryland

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Landings of fishery products at Maryland
ports during 1961 amounted to nearly 66.5
million pounds valued at $12.8 million. Com-
pared with 1960, this was a drop of 4 percent
in volume and 8 percent in value. Lower
catches of oysters, alewives, fluke, spot,
croaker, soft clams, and blue crabs were
mainly the cause of the decline.

Blue crabs

Oysters

Striped
Bass

Soft clams

en cage

ndustria = =

Use rw
ie ct :

Alewives

Pounds 0 3 6 9 12727, 30

Maryland landings of certain species, 1961 and 1960.

Oyster production continued downward in
1961--1.4 million pounds below 1960. The
1961 calendar year oyster yield was the low-
est for which data are available for Maryland.

Hard blue crab production of 26.7 million
pounds dropped nearly 2 percent below 1960.
Ex-vessel prices averaged $3 to $4 per bar-
rel for ''picking'' crabs. Prices were lowall
season due to a good supply and lighter de-
mand. Soft blue crab production dropped 3
percent below last year.

The 1961 soft clam catch (4.7 million
pounds of meats) was 877,000 pounds below
1960. This was the first year the catch
dropped since the fishery began in Maryland
10 years ago. The fishery is still suffering
from a limited market. The State can pro-
duce more clams than can be sold. Ex-ves-
sel prices averaged $3 per bushel in most
areas,

Hard clam production rose considerably
during 1961, due mostly to the passage of a
bill allowing the use of clam scrapes in Worces-
ter County. The 1961 productionof this item
was 285,000 pounds of meats above 1960.

July 1962

The finfish catch amounted to 21.4 mil-
lion pounds in 1961--a gain of only 200,000
pounds as compared with 1960. Lower catch-
es of alewives, spot, fluke, and croaker were
offset by increased landings of striped bass,
white perch, shad, and menhaden. The ale-
wife catch (2.4 million pounds) and croaker
catch (48,000 pounds) were the lowest of any
year on record in Maryland. The previous
low years were 1945 with 2.5 million pounds
of alewives, and 1904 with 166,000 pounds of
croaker. The spot catch (9,500 pounds) was
the second lowest on record, exceeded only
by the years 1897 and 1908 when only 3,000
pounds were reported. There were record
high catches of striped bass, white perch,
and cod. Striped bass landings (5.4 million
pounds) were1 million pounds above the pre-
vious record high year of 1960. The cod
catch of 789,000 pounds was 243,000 pounds
above the previous record year of 1960. The
active cod fishery is relatively new to Mary-
land, having started in 1959 when, in the ab-
sence of dragger fish, some vessels fished
with long lines. In 1961, there were 24 ves-
sels engaged in long-line fishing.

——— Z

Massachusetts

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Landings by fishing craft at Boston,
Gloucester, New Bedford, and other Massa-
chusetts ports in 1961 amounted to 431.6
million pounds valued at $32.9 million. These
landings dropped 12.3 million pounds or 3
percent in quantity, but were up $1.1 million
or 3 percent in value as compared with 1960.

Fig. 1 - A scallop fishing vessel docked at New Bedford, Mass.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

During 1961, receipts at Gloucester com-
prised 38 percent of the total poundage and
18 percent of the total value. Boston was
second in volume with 27 percent and value
with 29 percent. New Bedford ranked third
in volume with 23 percent, but first in value
with 45 percent. Landings at other Massa-
chusetts ports made up the remaining 12 per-
cent in quantity and 8 percent in value.

Fig. 2 - Unloading a small dragger at the State Pier in Glouces-
ter, Mass.

Landings in July were the highest of any
month during 1961 with 62.2 million pounds.
August was the second highest month with
60.9 million pounds, followed by May with
40.2 million pounds, October with 40.1 mil-
lion pounds, and September with 37 million
pounds.

Mens: eck nok

NEW LAW FOR IMPORTED PRODUCTS:

A law regulating the sale, offering for sale,
and advertising the sale of imported goods,
including fish and fishery products, was en-
acted on March 12, 1962, by the Massachu-
setts State Legislature. The law is ''Chap.
206, An Act Further Regulating the Sale or
Offering for Sale and Advertising the Sale of
Imported Goods, Fish and Fish Products."

Sellers of foreign goods, including scal-
lops and fish and fish products, must now
display in a conspicuous place, in letters at
least as large as the figures indicating the
price of the goods to be sold, a sign marked
"Imported Goods.'"' Likewise, goods having
an individual price marking must bear either
the words ''Imported Goods" or show the
country of origin.

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Similar controls are placed on advertis-
ing; but in this instance, newspapers andra-
dio and television stations furnishing an ad-
vertising medium for sale of goods or fish
and fish products by another are not subject
to penalty.

Violations are punishable by fine and/or
imprisonment--$50-100 for the first offense
and $50-500 or imprisonment for one month
or both for each subsequent offense.

Michigan

LAKE TROUT EGG SURPLUS EXPECTED:
In a report of the meeting of the Lake
Trout Rehabilitation Committee at Milwau-

kee, Wis., on March 6 and 7, 1962, it was
brought out that the expected production of
lake trout eggs at Michigan hatcheries will
exceed the number that can be handled at
existing State and National Fish Hatcheries
in 1962 and 1963. It is estimated that Mich-
igan State hatcheries at Marquette and Har-
rietta will produce 8 million lake trouteggs
in 1962; and even with a stepped-up rearing
program at all participating State and na-
tional hatcheries, a surplus of 3 millioneggs
is expected.

iy
Say aN

Fig. 1 - The eggs are taken from the female, fertilized
with the sperm or milt from the male, and transferred
to the hatchery.

Original plans for the construction of the
Jordan River, Mich., National Fish Hatchery
anticipated the completion of facilities in
time to absorb the 1963 increase in lake trout
egg production. Apparently, the egg produc-
tion program is one year ahead of schedule,
and the completion of the Jordan River hatch-
ery may be delayed until 1964 if adequate
construction funds are not included in the
1963 appropriation. The 1963 budget, as

Vol. 24, No. 7

Sse

Fig. 2 - As the yolk sacs are absorbed, the young trout
swim up from the bottom of the troughs and are fed
diets of packinghouse byproducts; later, livestock feeds
are added.

passed by the House of Representatives on
March 20, 1962, included $101,000 of the
$467,000 needed to complete the hatchery.
It has been estimated by the Michigan De-
partment of Conservation that there will be
a surplus of 8 million lake trout eggs in the
fall of 1963 if the Jordon River National Fish
Hatchery is not in operation,

by
National Fisheries Institute

ANNUAL CONVENTION IN NEW ORLEANS:

The Seventeenth Annual Convention of the National
Fisheries Institute (NFI),the trade association of the
United States fishing industry, was held at the Roose-
velt Hotel, New Orleans, La., April 27 through May 1,
1962. It was attended by about 700 producers, proc-
essors, and distributors of fishery products, involving
consumer purchases of one billion dollars a year.

On April 27, the NFI Industrial Products Division
met. The discussions centered around the 1962 fish
meal, oil, and solubles production; the depressed fish
oil market; and the standard of identity for fish pro-
tein concentrate as proposed by the U. S. Food and
Drug Administration. On the same day there were ex-
ecutive and other committee meetings, including a
Processed Shrimp Committee meeting. At the Shrimp
meeting, the principal discussions were on a revision
of the breaded shrimp standard; a proposed grade
standard for frozen raw, peeled and deveined shrimp;
and the pending standard of identity for breaded shrimp
to be issued by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration.

The First General Session of the Convention, a
Small Business Luncheon, and a Small Business Clinic
were held on April 28. On Sunday, April 29, there were
meetings of other local and national association groups
and committees. Also, there was a meeting on Public
Relations where the fishing industry's two major pro-
motion programs were discussed: ''National Fish in
Seafood Parade" (the fall promotion) and "It's Fish
in Seafood Time" (the Lenten promotion).

The Second and Third General Sessions of the Con-
vention took place on Monday, April 30.

July 1962

On Tuesday, May 1, the Seafood Radiation Pasteur-
ization Committee met.

Among some of the other fishery associations that
met during the convention were: the National Shrimp
Breaders Association; the Board of Directors of the
Shrimp Association of the Americas; the American
Seafood Distributors Association; the Halibut Associa-
tion of North America; and the Board of Directors of
the National Shrimp Congress.

The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Market
News Service set up a temporary office together with
a teletype. Each day the Convention was in session,
information was received over the teletypewriter on
current landings, receipts, prices, and market trends
as transmitted by the Fishery Market News Service
Field Offices throughout the country. A total of 1,200
visitors stopped at the temporary office to obtain in-
formation.

"The fishing industry should adopt principals, not
policies,'' Dr. Noah Langdale told members of NFI in
his address on April 30 at a general luncheon. Speak-
ing on the subject of ''Ethics and the Business Man,"
the speaker outlined the five elements of business--
materials, money, machines, markets and man--and
stressed the importance of good individual and collec-
tive motive as being essential to the continued prog-
ress of the industry. Langdale is President of Georgia
State College.

Fishing Industry Seeks Greatly Expanded Sales:
At the First General Session of the Convention on

April 28, plans were revealed for greatly expanded
sales during the next few years. Basing their opti-
mism on the fact that 85 percent of the fishery prod-
ucts now available in retail stores were not even on
the market ten years ago and also the fact that the per
capita consumption of their products took a spurt up-
ward in 1961 for the first time in ten years, the fish-
eries group was talking of still more new processing
methods. Some were predicting that the nextten years
would see as radical changes as the past ten when pre-
cooked and portioned products made their appearance.

The keynote of the group's outlook was sounded by
Harvey H. Bundy, Jr., Boston, President of the Insti-
tute, in his opening speech.

"For the first time in the last ten years, there has
been a substantial improvement in the per capita con-
sumption of fish and seafood in the United States. When
this is superimposed on the normal population increase
and the resulting increase in our sales, it foretells
substantial growth for our industry," he said.

"A significant factor in this increased consumption
has been a growing recognition of the healthful quali-
ties of our products. Medical authorities, like Dr.
Fredrick Stare, Director of Public Health, Harvard
University, have indicated that we Americans would
be well advised to increase the amount of fish and sea-
food we consume,"' Bundy said.

He calledfor more Liberal tariff regulations and Fed-
eral subsidies to enable the American seafood producers
to compete with overseas fishing boatbuilders. He also
indicated that the industry is encouraging the develop-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

‘ment of a national fisheries center in Washington and

is asking governmental permission to sellfishflour as
a food for human consumption. Presently such flour can-
not be offeredfor sale for human consumption under
rules of the Federal Food and Drug Administration.

Fishery Products a Dynamic and Profit Opportunity:
A national shipping executive called on the fishing in-

dustry to allot more funds for expanded nutritional and
medical research programs on fish and fish products
for a healthier America and a healthier economy for
the industry. In an address on April 28 at the First
General Session of the Convention, he emphasized that
these expanded nutritional research projects must be
well planned, well sponsored, and when completed and
analyzed ''the whole industry must support them in pro-
moting them to the public.'' He also called upon repre-
sentatives of the fishing industry and the industry itself
to increase their advertising budgets to sell more of
their products to meet the ''increased competition for
the food dollar."

Government Aid For Small Business: ''We are eager
to help small firms of your industry,” John E. Horne,
Administrator of the U. S. Small Business Administra-
tion (SBA), told members of the Institute on April 28
at a luncheon preceding a Small Business Clinic.

In outlining the services of the SBA, he emphasized
those which the fishing industry could take advantage
of: (1) financial assistance to small businesses through
direct Government loans in which banks and SBA par-
ticipate; (2) indirect financial assistance to smallfirms
through privately owned, but SBA-licensed, investment
companies; (3) loans to businesses which have been
damaged or destroyed by natural disasters, or have
suffered because of displacement by Federally-financed
projects; (4) help to small business in obtaining a fair
share of Government purchases; and (5) assistance to
small businesses in overcoming management problems.

"In its lending program,'' Horne reminded his audi-
ence, ''SBA does not compete with private lending in-
stitutions. Before we consider an application, a busi-
nessman must show he is unable to obtain financing
from a private institution."

In helping small firms with management problems,
SBA provides personal counseling, issues a variety of
helpful publications, and acts as co-sponsors of man-
agement courses for businessmen.

The speaker alsotold ofan SBA-sponsored research
study nowunder way at the University of Miami of spe-
cial interest to the shrimp industry. This study is aimed
at improving the operation of the small fisheries for
shrimp in the Atlantic and Gulf coast areas by exploring
the technical and economic feasibility of utilizing scrap
fish, as well as large quantities of other usable material,
that is now being wasted.

The luncheon talk by the SBA Administrator was fol-
lowed by a Small Business Clinic. Panel members and
those present discussed the problems of the small fish-
ery firm.

Month-Long National Promotion to Feature Seafood
Plate Contest: Plans for an industry-wide fisheries

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

promotion throughout the entire month of October, fea-
turing a hotel and restaurant Seafood Plate Contest
with 13 valuable prizes, were announced on April 29by
the Fish and Seafood Promotions Division of NFI,.

Five fishing industry leaders participated in a panel
presentation at an open meeting during the convention,
at which plans were outlined and reports of results of
the promotional work during the past year were given.

"We have charted a course for the 1962 Fish 'n Sea-
food Parade, which gives it greater scope, greater ap-
peal and a more direct tie-in with every segment of our
industry,'' said the Chairman of the 1962 Fish 'n Sea-
food Parade in presenting the plans for an expanded
fall promotion. 'In the past, the Parade has been a
one-week promotion, After careful consideration, our
committee decided to extend the promotion throughout
October. This expansion of the period will enable us
to avoid the variable dates of the promotion from year
to year; the uncertainty of fresh fish supply in any one
week; the conflict with variable dates of religious hol-
idays and the conflict with individual promotions of the
big chains,

"| .we have decided to sponsor a Seafood Plate
Contest for owners, managers, and personnel of res-
taurants and mass-feeding operations. Participants
will be asked to submit seafood plates of their own
creation, bearing in mind appetite appeal, inventive-
ness, practicality, and flavor, Entries will be judged
in three categories: (1) portions of fish; (2) fillets,
steaks and other fish; (3) shellfish. Winners will be
selected by a panel of editors of restaurant and other
mass feeding magazines.

New Processing Methods and New Fishery Products:
This was the subject on April 30 of the Second General
Session of the Convention.

On the subject of fish protein concentrate, attention
was called to the role that it could play in relieving
the hunger that affects two-thirds of the world's pop-
ulation. It was pointed out that such a fish protein con-
centrate can contribute significantly to the problem of
world food shortage and will boost our local fisheries
industries by providing them with a new multimillion
dollar outlet and creating new markets, both in this
country and abroad,

A representative of the Atomic Energy Commission
(AEC) discussed the goals desired and the problems to
be solved by government, educational and industrial
researchers in the radiation préservation of fish and
shellfish. The objective of the program, he stated, is
"to double or even triple the storage life of fresh sea-
foods by exposing them to low doses of radiation from
radioistope or machine sources, and then storing at
refrigerated temperatures, This process might be
termed 'radiopasteurization.' .. .Since seafood isso
desirable for its vitamins and high protein content as
well as for its high degree of palatability, researchers
must study the effect of radiation on the protein, fatty
acid, and vitamin content of the radiopasteurized fish.
Present results indicate that they will contain adequate
amounts of these essential nutrients. Initial studies
also give expectation that correct radiation levels will
extend the refrigerated storage life of fishery products
to several times that of unirradiated products without
significantly affecting desirable odor, texture, or fla-
vor.

Vol. 24, No. 7

Citing the results of a market study by the U. S. De-
partment of Interior's Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
the AEC representative stated that "initial consumer
resistance and the cost of an appropriate educational
program were given as the main disadvantages.'' How-
ever, many of those interviewed during the study--
processors, distributors, home economists, food editors,
and other business and food specialists, ''reported that
they were impressed by the prospects of preservation
of fishery products through radiation but preferred to
withhold final judgment until the results of further re-
search are known."

Outlining experimental work now in progress, and
future program plans of the AEC, Dr. Aebersold ex-
pressed confidence that ''the use of radiation to extend
the shelf life of fish will be used commercially and with
benefit to the housewife, producer, processor, anddis-
tributor."'

Frontiers in Fisheries: The Under Secretary of the
U. S. Department of the Interior, the principal speaker
at the Second General Session on April 30, told the Con-
vention that the manufacture of an economical fishflour
or fish protein concentrate can be a valuable answer to
the world's hunger problem and a boon to the United
States fishing industry--once the processing flaws are
worked out and mass production started. Carr said
that this fish protein concentrate is highly nutritious
and can be easily transported and stored. If it can be
produced cheaply enough it can be both a blessing to
humanity and can give a real boost to this country's
domestic fishing industry.

Carr said that fish are the only readily available
source of inexpensive animal protein in sufficient quan-
tities to remedy widespread malnutrition and undernu-
trition in the world which is caused by protein deficiency
in diets.

"Fish ean supply these diet deficiencies in the form
of concentrated protein," the secretary said, ''Wisely
utilized and managed, the sea with its vast fish popula-
tions represents an almost unlimited reservoir of high
quality protein."

He emphasized also that mass production of a satis-
factory fish protein concentrate in the form of fish flour
"would provide a tremendous economic stimulation for
the United States fishing industry.'' He said it would
also provide a market for the great quantities of fish
which are inadvertently caught with the more valuable
varieties and now discarded at sea because there are
no markets for them.

Carr pointed out that if fish processors were able to
manufacture fish flour, periods of surplus in the fish-
ing industry and fish markets would tend to stabilize
"and starving individuals the world over would benefit."

The Under Secretary mentioned that the United States
might very well be a market for this fish protein con-
centrate--as a supplement to breakfast cereals andbaby
foods. In addition, he said that cookies, doughnuts,
noodles, and other foods could be transformed into im-
proved quality protein foods when supplemented by fish
flour.

"In the event of a nuclear emergency, United States
fisheries alone could supply in one fishing season more
than the protein required to sustain the entire United

July 1962

States population during the crucial days immediately
following such an emergency," Carr said.

In regard to the European Common Market and its
effect on the United States fishing industry, Carr said
he believed it is-possible that changes in buying habits
brought about by higher standards of living in the Com-
mon Market may have beneficial effects on total trade--
including the fish trade.

"A greater use of edible fishery products may be
among the favorable effects of a high consumer income,'
he said.

Resolutions Adopted: The Convention adopted the
following resolutions:

1. CONFIDENTIALITY OF BUSINESS REPORTS
TO GOVERNMENT: ".. .the proper Legislative Com-
mittees of the Congress be urged to immediately sched-
ule public hearings and take whatever action is neces-
sary to protect the confidentiality of business reports
to Government."

2. NEED FOR FISHING VESSEL LEGISLATION:
"|, .Whereas, the laws of the United States prohibit
the purchase of vessels from abroad and require that
fishing vessels be constructed in foreign yards, thus
making it impossible for the United States industry to
economically compete on the high seas, and.. .be it
resolved that the seriousness of the United States high
seas fishing vessel situation be brought to the atten-
tion of the President of the United States and the Con-
gress of the United States, together with an appeal for
immediate necessary Executive and Legislative action,''

3. LEGISLATION TO AUTHORIZE A NATIONAL
FISHERIES CENTER AND AQUARIUM: ".. .the Na-
tional Fisheries Institute make an urgent appeal to the
Honorable Jennings Randolph, Chairman of the Senate
Subcommittee on Public Grounds and to the Honorable
Dennis Chavez, Chairman of the Senate Committee on
Public Works, to expedite action on said legislation;
and be it further resolved that the National Fisheries
Institute request the President of the United States to
take such executive action as may be necessary to
recommend immediate adoption of pending legislation
to authorize a National Fisheries Center and Aquarium
in the nation's Capital."

4, CONTENTS OF FISH BLOCKS, FISH STICKS,
AND FISH PORTIONS: ". . .it is the sense of the Na-
tional Fisheries Institute. . . that the termsfishblocks,
fish sticks and fish portions are proper only when they
are composed solely of substantially whole fillets and/
or pieces of fillets but not of ground, flaked, minced,
comminuted of finely chopped fish flesh.

"Items made from the latter have a definite place
as food but not as material for sticks or portions which
have been generally accepted by the consuming public
and understood to be made from larger sized sections
of fish fillets.

"It is suggested that clearly distinguishable names
be used for products processed from this other mate-
rial

5. FROZEN FOODS WEEK: ".. .the National Fish-
eries Institute actively cooperate with the National
Frozen Foods Association in the promotion of National

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Frozen Foods Week during May of each year and that
the staff of National Fisheries Institute utilize its com-
munication media to advise its members of the dates
and promotional activities and possible tie-ins with
National Frozen Foods Week each year."

6. TITLE OF DIRECTOR EMERITUS: ". . .WHERE-
AS, Captain John G. Murley, of Fairhaven, Massachu-
setts, was one of the original members of the National
Fisheries Institute and has served continuously on the
Board of Directors from Region I since the beginning
of the organization, thus making an outstanding contri-
bution to the success of the organization; therefore, be
it resolved that the title of Director Emeritus be con-
ferred upon Captain John G. Murley."'

7. PROPOSED REGISTRATION OF EXEMPT AND
PRIVATE CARRIERS: ". . .the National Fisheries In-
stitute. . . vigorously oppose legislative efforts to di-
rectly or indirectly narrow the effectiveness of the
fishery exemption (for motor carriers), including the
proposed registration requirements, but reaffirm its
support for maximum enforcement of I.C.C. safety reg-
ulations affecting all highway users, such enforcement
to be continued by the Federal, State and Local regula-
tory bodies presently responsible therefor."

8. EXTENSION OF MOTOR CARRIER EXEMPTION
TO RAILROADS: ". . .the National Fisheries Insti-
tute. . . reaffirm its support for the preservation of
Section 203 (b) (6) of the Interstate Commerce Act which
makes possible the expeditious and flexible distribution
of the fishery industry's highly perishable products
without burdensome administrative regulation, and to
further support the President's recommendations for
the equalization of competition between rail and motor
carriers serving the fishery industry."

New NFI Officers: Louis Vitale of Pasadena, Calif.,
was elected President of the National Fisheries Insti-
tute at the closing session of the Convention. He suc-
ceeds Harvey H. Bundy, Jr., Gloucester, Mass., who
becomes Chairman of the Board. The new President
assumes his new duties on September 1, 1962.

Other officers elected were: Louis Goldstein, Phil-
adelphia, Pa., President-elect; Palmer Olson, Seattle,
Wash., Secretary; Thomas C. Thomas, Wilkes-Barre,
Pa., Treasurer; and Sidney H. Cohen, Boston, Mass.,
Treasurer-elect.

New General Manager for NFI: "No foods have a
greater future than fish and shellfish. I am, therefore,
looking forward with great enthusiasm to my work with
the National Fisheries Institute," said F. P. Longeway,
Jr., newly-appointed General Manager of NFI. Longe-
way succeeds Charles E. Jackson, who is retiring.
Longeway further stated that he felt the increase of one-
half pound per capita of fishery products during 1961
was indicative of the importance of the industry.

"The great variety of seafoods and many methods of
their preparation add infinite interest to American men-
us," he said. ''Fish and shellfish are generously en-
dowed with food values of-the highest quality, and their
fats are of the polyunsaturated type, which counteract
the harmful effects of saturated fats, number one sus-
pect in heart disease and hardening of the arteries.
Therefore, I welcome the opportunity of being of serv-
ice to the industry which represents foods which mean

so much to the health and well-being of our country."

32 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

New Jersey

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Landings of fish and shellfish at New Jer-
sey ports during 1961 totaled 397 million
pounds with a value of nearly $11 million.
Compared with 1960, this was an increase of
6 percent in quantity and 13 percent in value.
The catch for industrial use was up 22.6 mil-
lion pounds, while that for food increased 1.2
million pounds.

NEW YORK

|
i
i}
\
\
,

In 1961 fish (principally menhaden) and
shellfish used for industrial products amounted
to nearly 331 million pounds, while the quan-
tity used for food totaled over 66 million
pounds. Surf clam meats and scup or porgy
made up 61 percent of the edible items. Other
important food species were fluke, whiting,
cod, butterfish, hard clams, lobsters, oysters,
and hake.

Compared with 1960, the 1961 catch of
surf clams was up 14 percent--a record
year for this species. Landings of striped
bass were more than triple the quantity
landed in the previous year. As a result
of the opening of oyster seed beds which
had been closed for 3 years, the oyster

Vol. 24, No. 7

Surf clam
meats Salat iat

Scup or
porgy

Fluke

Whiting

Cod

Butterfish

0 3.5 7.0 10.5 14.0 23.0 26.5
In Millions of Pounds |

New Jersey's catch of certain fish and shellfish, 1960 and 1961.

catch was up in 1961. The catch of cod and
sea bass was lower than in 1960 by 33 per-
cent and 32 percent, respectively.

and Gear Research

MIDWATER TRAWL GEAR TESTED:

M/V "Rorqual” Cruise 62-1 (April 18-
May 25, 1962): The Bureau's 65-foot re-
search vessel Rorqual has undertaken ex-
plorations with midwater-trawl gear similar
in design to that used by the Bureau's vessel
Delaware.

Initial effort carried out in Massachusetts
Bay waters was devoted to testing of equip-
ment which included combination electrical-
conductor/towing-warp, the use of which
eliminates the need for a "third" wire. to
the depth-sounder transducer mounted on
the headrope of the net.

After the gear had been satisfactorily
tested the operation was devoted to scout-
ing for fish schools and sampling.

Location of fish was accomplished by the
use of sounding equipment continuously op-
erated from the vessel. Upon reception of
traces indicating concentrations of fish,
sets were made to sample the fish. Her-
ring were taken in each of the 5 midwater-
trawl tows completed.

Scouting transects were made in depths
from 15 to 55 fathoms along the southwest-

July 1962

Catch of 4,000 pounds of sardine-size herring taken during a one-
hour midwater-trawl tow in Cape Cod Bay.

ern Maine coast from the Isles of Shoals to
Casco Bay. No significant signs of fish were

seen and no fishing was done at that time.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 23.

We ste sle slo sle
be Get te beer

MIDWATER TRAWL TESTED
IN FISHING FOR OCEAN PERCH:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 62-5: To testthe
effectiveness of the midwater trawl in taking
schooled ocean perch during the nighttime
when the fish come off the bottom was the
principal purpose of the May 7-18, 1962,
cruise by the U. 5S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries exploratory fishing vessel Dela-
ware. Particular care was taken to record
the action and operation of the net under deep
water conditions.

Scanning and scouting operations were
conducted until fish concentrations were found
Fishing was conducted in the vicinity of Wild-
cat Knoll, 30 miles northeast of Province-
town, Cape Cod, and in Western and Eastern

Holes, 15 to 20 miles southeast of Cape Sable,

Nova Scotia. Toward the end of the cruise,
operations were shifted to more shoal areas

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 33

on Georges Bank and off Nauset Beach for
additional net performance tests.

In general, fish behavior was not condu-
cive to successful midwater trawling. Dur-
ing the mornings, the fish gathered 2 to 5
fathoms above the bottom before settling. In
the evenings, the fish rose 2 to 3 fathoms
above the bottom and dispersed. The periods
when off-the-bottom schooled fish were avail-
able were not longer than 25 minutes, At-
tempts to take
fish during those
times were not
particularly suc-
cessful as the
slow towing speed
necessary to keep
the net so close
to the bottom
allowed the fish to easily go under the net;
this was clearly indicated by the headrope-
mounted sounder transducer. Ocean perch
were readily taken when the net was experi-
mentally dropped to the bottom; this gear,
however, is not designed to replace standard
ocean perch bottom trawls and would not for
long withstand conditions encountered in bot-
tom trawling.

Modifications which will result in being
able to tow the net more rapidly and at re-
quired depths are necessary before the mid-
water trawl can be successfully used for fish-
ing ocean perch under conditions encountered,

Several good tracings of herring schools
occurred during the cruise but catches by the
midwater trawl were small. The waters
where good fish tracings occurred were gen-
erally abundant in Euphausid shrimp. Most
catches included at least $ to 20 pounds of
these small crustaceans and many of the
tracings made by the echo-sounder were at-
tributed to them.

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE
OF SEA SCALLOPS ON
GEORGES BANK STUDIED:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 62-6 (May 26-
June 6, 1962): To collect data on the distri-
bution and abundance of sea scallops on Geor-
ges Bank for comparison with similar data
collected previously was the purpose of this

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Legend:
AREA OF OPERATION-ZZ

Sea scallop survey on Georges Bank by the research vessel
Delaware, May 28-June 8, 1962.

cruise by the research vessel Delaware of
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Live scallops and clapper shells caught with
a 10-foot standard dredge with a 2-inchring
bag were measured from 163 stations. A
total of 184 10-minute tows were made. Also,
5 additional 5-minute tows were made at de-
signated stations with a 30-inch Digby dredge
with a 3-inch meshliner. Special collection
of meat samples and shell samples were
brought back to the laboratory for detailed
study. Live scallops were returned to the
laboratory and placed in specially designed
tanks for aging and spawning studies. Hydro-
graphic information was collected at each
station and at hourly intervals while steam-

ing. This 10-day cruise ended on June 6,

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1961 p. 25.

7) PWF

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

MARINE FAUNA OFF COLUMBIA
RIVER TO BE SAMPLED:

In order to sample fauna and bottom sub-
strate in the region southwest of the mouth
of the Columbia River at depths of 50 to
1,000 fathoms, the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, in cooperation with the Atomic
Energy Commission, has chartered the Uni-
versity of Washington research vessel M/V
Commando. The vessel left Seattle, May 14,
1962, and will return June 15, 1962.

Vol. 24, No. 7

The area of operation will be south of the
Astoria Canyon and west-southwest of Tilla-
mook Head, Oregon, in 50 to 1,000 fathoms of
water.

Primary purposes of the cruise are: (1)
to monitor stations established during pre-
vious cruises for distribution and abundance
of demersal fishes and invertebrates; (2) col-
lect samples of the fauna for analysis by the
University of Washington, Laboratory of Ra-
diation Biology; and (3) to conduct experi-
mental trawling at depths greater than 600
fathoms.

Electronic navigational equipment will be
used as aids in locating stations and trawl-
able bottom. A standard otter trawl will be
used to depths of approximately 500 fathoms,
and a Gulf shrimp trawl will be employed in
deeper areas. A Van Veen bottom grab will
be used to sample the substrate for inverte-
brates at various Stations.

TT Peas cA

Oceanography

FIRST FOLIO OF NORTH ATLANTIC
MARINE ENVIRONMENT SERIAL ATLAS:

The first folio of an unusual atlas project
designed to aid the work of oceanographers
and other scientists dealing with the sea was
published in May by the American Geograph-
ical Society.

The project--a Serial Atlas of the North
Atlantic Marine Environment--was begun two
years ago by the Society in cooperation with
other scientific institutions, following atwo-
year preparation period. The atlas is of a
type never before attempted in this country--
an effort to present a picture of the sea asa
whole. It is to be published like a journal, in
separate folios. Each folio will consist of a
map or series of maps constituting a study
of a particular aspect of the ocean, whether
physical, biological, chemical, or geological.

In time, oceanographers should have a
comprehensive range of studies in all dis-
ciplines. The atlas will thus provide simul-
taneously a medium for the publication of
rapidly accumulating information about the
sea and a guide for future research.

The first of the atlas folios, a study of sea
surface temperatures in the western North

July 1962

Atlantic, is the work of a meteorologist with
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
It consists of 55 maps, 12 of which analyze a
great volume of observations collected by
commercial vessels at sea. The other 43
maps are interpretive. They show how the
material can bring out detailed, month-to-
month patterns of difference in the sea sur-
face temperature. The study is expected to
be a valuable contribution to environmental
research.

Other folios in preparation include astudy
of the distribution of more than 130 species
of fish off Georges Bank; a study of seatem-
perature at a depth of 656 feet; and a studyof
Spisula polynyma, a species of clam.

The atlas project is financially supported
by a grant from the National Science Founda-
tion, and by industrial companies and indi-
viduals. Cooperating institutions include the
Royal Society of Canada, the Food and Agri-
culture Organization, U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, the Woods Hole Oceanographic In-
stitution, and the International Council for the
Exploration of the Sea.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1962 p. 23.

Oregon

SILVER SALMON FRY RELEASED
IN LUCKIAMUTE RIVER:

The release by the Oregon Fish Commis -
sion of 105,000 silver salmon fry this spring
into the waters of the upper Luckiamute Riv-
er near Valsetz was announced on May 9 by
the State's Fisheries Director. The libera-
tion followed the removal earlier in the year
of an old splash dam that had long kept from
production several miles of prime spawning
gravel in the upper reaches of the stream.

The dam was constructed in 1903 to facil-
itate removal of logs from the woods with the
now -outmoded "splashing" technique wherein
logs were periodically flushed downstream
from a collection point behind the structure.
Building of the Valley and Siletz Railroad
rendered the dam obsolete. It remained a-
cross the stream, however, and during the
nearly 40 years since it was last used, a
monumental mass of debris had built up be-
hind the structure. The barrier measured
some 300 feet in length and was as much as
20 feet deep in places.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 35

After a concerted attack on the dam and
the jam behind it, a Fish Commission crew
succeeded in breeching the barrier, and the
stream began flowing in its normal channel
for the first time in 60 years.

Stages of development of silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

from eyed egg to feeding fingerling.
normal size.

Approximately twice

Many miles of once-productive spawning
stream have been taken out of use by poor
logging practices and other land-use activi-
ties conducted without due consideration for
maintaining good stream conditions. The
Luckiamute project is part of the Fish Com-
mission's efforts to restore salmon and steel-
head production to the fullest extent possible in
Oregon's remaining anadromous fish spawn-
ing areas.

The young fish will stay in fresh water
for approximately one year, then migrate to
the ocean. The fall of 1963 will see some of
the early returning jacks back up the river,
but most of the fish surviving the rigors of
ocean life and the two-way river migration
will come back as spawners in the fall of
1964,

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Pollution

RESISTANCE OF FISH TO
REFINERY WASTES TO BE STUDIED:

A study on the life history, behavior, and
methods of handling fish to measure their
resistance to refinery wastes will be con-
ducted by a professor of zoology, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater. This was one of
a total of 40 research grants (totaling $647 ,000)
made to 40 college and university scientists
by the U. S. Public Health Service's Division
of Water Supply and Pollution Control in a
continuing effort to find better technological
ways to purify the Nation's water sources
and supply.

Another grant to an assistant professor
of oceanography, Cornell University, Ithaca,
is for a study of the processes involved in
the distribution of oxygen in coastal waters.
Continued growth and urbanization of coastal
regions has resulted in a mounting utiliza-
tion of tidal waters for dispersal and oxida-
tion of organic pollutants. Serious oxygen
depletion with a marked accumulation of de -
caying organic matter in the water occurs
in many heavily polluted estuaries, damag-
ing fisheries and recreational uses, as well
as proving a public health hazard.

Rhode Island

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Landings of fish and shellfish at Rhode
Island ports during 1961 amounted to 83.4
million pounds valued at $3.2 million ex-
vessel. Compared with 1960, this was a
gain of 14.1 million pounds, but a drop of
$651,000. The catch used for food was down
10 percent, while that used for industrial

Scup

Whiting

Butterfish

Hard Clams |*

Yellowtail):
Flounders F

Blackback |:is05:
Flounders =

Fluke

Million
Pounds 9 1.4 2.8 4.2 5.6 7.0

Rhode Island's landings of certain fish and shellfish, 1961-1960.

Vol. 24, No. 7

Scup
(Stenotsnnis! chrysops)

tye

5 oan:
7 ft ae

purposes, principally fish meal, was up 43
percent.

During 1961, scup led all edible items
with 7.1 million pounds. Whiting was next
with 5 million pounds, and butterfish third
with 2.9 million pounds. Hard clams, yel-
lowtail and blackback flounders, and fluke
followed. Those seven items comprised 86
percent of the 1961 total edible production.

The majority of the 1961 production was
taken by otter trawlers--51 million pounds
or 61 percent of the year's total landings.
Purse seines accounted for 22.7 million
pounds or 27 percent, while the remaining
9.7 million pounds or 12 percent were taken
by other types of gear.

Landings were highest during August with
16.5 million pounds. Fish for industrial use
made up 88 percent of the August landings.
June was second with 12.9 million pounds,
followed by July with 12 million pounds.

A
Sharks

TAGGING PROGRAM ON
TROPICAL PACIFIC SPECIES:

As part of its program of research on
sharks, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries Biological Laboratory, San Diego,
this year started a tagging program on trop-
ical Pacific species of sharks.

Fishermen should be on the lookout for
the strap tags attached to the dorsal fin
of sharks. A reward of
one dollar will be paid
for the return of tags
to the Laboratory with
information on date and
location of capture.

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

Shrimp

UNITED STATES SHRIMP SUPPLY
INDICATORS, MAY 1962:

Item and Period 1962] 1961] 1960] 1959 | 1958

«+ «(1,000 Lbs., Heads-Off),....
Total landings, So. Atl, and Gulf States:
MIL sereneh overstenenerels 10,477] 21,746] 17,493] 13,457
RUNG Hetatiel siehelleleleite
ME OO Goo Un DO
all cADE se veterele/ aie
Jans-DEC I oie «, sis

Quantity canned, Gulf States
eULYsaveuelele level eierene =
RUNG wratevereicteretalene -
MEM “GoGo opDDOO 1,600} 1,316
Jialsr ADI siitsrsyecciee 9
Rane DEC eleteletate 2

Frozen inventories (as of end of each mo,)2/:
Tube Cope sane 2,671, 7,077
RIUNEISO ee rtiolete « 19,416
Mayioliisrarsharereiets
ADYIMGO Ne ier etersvere
aNvaryrsL esis alee

Imports 3/;
AIL YAtokevalarsvevelerats

dis God oo nGOD

MEW oto aacuche

FADE Weueterohensccneteds

JEUHI Ne loa pinion

pan sp DEC MMenshekene rte

1/Pounds of headless shrimp determined by multiplying the
number of standard cases by 33,

2/Raw headless only; excludes breaded, peeled, and deveined,
etc,

8/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp
products as reported by the Bureau of the Census,

4/Not available,

Note; Data for 1962 and 1961 are preliminary, May 1962 data

estimated from information published daily by the New Orle-

ans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp to

heads-on weight multiply by 1.68.

Sport Fishing

SKIN DIVERS TAKE
MARINE FISH CENSUS:

Salt-water fish along all coasts of the United States were
tallied in an underwater census, the Department of the In-
terior announced. The census, known as the Memorial Day
Fish Count, began May 26, 1962, and lasted through June 3.
It consisted of identifying, counting, and recording salt-
water fish by 70 census teams in 16 coastal states, The
teams varied from 3 to 15 persons and included men, wom~
en, and teenagers.

The census takers were 400 skin-diver volunteers of the
American Littoral Society, an organization of amateur under-
water naturalists, with headquarters at Sandy Hook, N. J. The
program is coordinated by the Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory
of the U.S, Fish and Wildlife Service’s Bureau of Sport Fish-
eries and Wildlife.

Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory and a local American Littoral
Society team cooperated in a New Jersey coast survey.

Divers listed as many of the United States marine fish as
they could find during the nine-day period, In a pilot study
held last summer, 24 test teams counted 23,000 fish of 93
species, These ranged from one-inch long angelfish to
twelve-foot tiger sharks,

The American Littoral Society seeks to encourage under-
water study of shore life by direct observation of fish and
other marine animals, assist members in solving problems
of a scientific nature, foster public information about shore
life and public awareness of needs for conservation action,
and act as ‘‘eyes’’ for marine Scientists,

For years, marine biologists have been troubled over their
inability to make simultaneous observations of the distribution
and abundance of fish over their entire range, which, in some
cases, may be thousands of miles along the coast, The planned
fish counts will help fill this gap and answer such questions as
where migratory fish come from, where they go, and where
their centers of abundance are, Further study of the data col-
lected during the census is expected to give some clues on
why fish distribution and abundance are patterned the way they
are,

The Director of the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife hailed the skin divers’ efforts as ‘‘a fine example of
the growing interest of our people in conservation activities,’’

The present fish count will be followed by two others later
in the year--one on the Fourth of July and another on Labor
Day.

Storm Damage

ATLANTIC COAST AREA
DAMAGED BY HIGH TIDES:

High tides and strong winds hit a large
portion of the Atlantic Coast March 6-8, 1962,
and caused much damage to property andsome
damage to shellfish resources in coastalbays.
Some Bureau facilities were damaged. Sev-
eral fishing vessels were lost at sea, andcon-

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

tour shifts along the coast caused many nav-
igation problems. The coastalareas of North
Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New
Jersey, and New York all suffered some
damage from the storm. The damage to fish-
ing vessels, equipment, docking facilities,
and shore plants was not as heavy as had
been reported immediately after the storm.
But the full effect of the storm on shellfish
resources, like oysters and clams, will not
be known for some time.

The U. S. Interior Department's special
task force on Atlantic Coast storm damage
made an aerial survey on March 28 of the
hard-hit beaches of New York, New Jersey,
Delaware, and Maryland. The task force
continued its aerial reconnaissance the next
day over the Virginia and North Carolina
coasts. The Coast Guard furnished the air-
craft and flight crew.

Governors of all six States cooperated in
the study. The Department launched the study
at the request of Chairman Clinton P. Ander -
son of the Senate Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs Committee. The New Mexico
Senator said the Federal study was neededto
help States plan for future protection oftheir
coastalareas, andtosave some of their beach
areas under public ownership.

Losses due to the storm to Interior De-
partment installations were estimated at
more than $3.5 million. Virtual loss of two
National Wildlife Refuges in Virginia and
North Carolina and serious damage to nine
other refuges resulted. Loss was assessed
at approximately $2 million. Some damage
also was suffered by the Department's fish-
ery laboratory at Franklin City, Va. Re-
storation of all areas is under way.

Fish and Wildlife Service officials said
that the sport and commercial varieties of
finfish did not suffer serious loss from the
storm. Concern was felt regarding shell-
fish resources because of extensive silting,
but no extensive damage was reported by
the shellfish industry as of early April1962.

The Coast and Geodetic Survey, U. S. De-
partment of Commerce, in mid-March mo-
bilized a special land-sea-air task force to
begin a resurvey of the storm-ravaged At-
lantic coastline from Long Island to South
Carolina. Work to re-map the coastline with
new aerial photography was begun on March
13. Preliminary examination of this photo-

Vol. 24, No. 7

graphy confirmed the belief that existing
charts are now obsolete in areas of radical
shoreline change.

The Coast and Geodetic Survey has given
high priority to updating its charts, particu-
larly in those areas of ship channels and ma-
rine commerce. A series of little ''chartlets"
have been issued. These are intended tosup-
plement existing nautical charts until new
chart editions can be issued later this year.
But basic hydrographic surveys will also be
ordered for most of the affected states to
learn what has happened to channel depths
and the ocean floor.

Reports indicate that the photography re-
vealed some very prominent alterations in
the shoreline complex. The Hatteras photos,
for example, show new inlets connecting the
Atlantic Ocean and Pamlico Sound. Much of
the land around Ocracoke Island is gone, and
definite changes have been noted in the bar-
rier islands along the Virginia-Maryland
shoreline.

The most significant changes were delin-
eated in the 18 ''chartlets'' to supplement reg-
ular Coast and Geodetic Survey nautical charts.
Eight of these areas were given top priority.
They are: Ocean City, Md.; Absecon Inlet, N. J.;
Beaufort Inlet, N. C.; Cape Fear, N. C.; Lookout
Bight, N. C.; Little Egg Harbor Entrance, N. J.;
Chincoteague, Va.; and Ocracoke, N. C.

Oceanographers of the Survey believe that
when the ocean completely "settles down'' and
the sand begins to adjust to a new level, that
further changes will be apparent in the shore-
line. This process, they say, may take a year
or so, anda survey of selected coastal areas
will be required again at that time.

In Maryland there was some damage to
the fisheries and beach resorts. Ocean City
in Maryland was extremely hard hit. The
majority of the Maryland fishing fleet came
through without too much damage, except for
one vessel which was washed ashore on As-
sateaque Island (the captain and one crew
member were drowned). Two other vessels
engaged in the cod long-line fishery were sunk
at the dock, but were quickly raised for re-
pairs.

Fishing communities along the Maryland
portion of Chincoteague Bay were hampered
by high waters. A packing plant at George
Island Landing was about demolished with

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

July 1962

Z9GT ‘ET Your - AYdersojoydg jo ayeq

*syrUNIT [BOYS MON
*utiojs Aq poytsodap pues jo sytulrT
: ep Jo sydei6oi0yd uroiy sutjaloys MeN ————_
co Oe aan aah Sircions “313 OOE ale auTTa1oys

sien Wwous mOy -———

VNITOUVO HLYON ‘SVUALLVH AdVO

40 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

$25,000 damage. Other plants along the Bay
were flooded and equipment was water dam-
aged.

In Chincoteague, Va., all 11 of the oyster -
packing houses were water-logged and dam-
aged. A large number of the boats used in
dredging oysters were gone. The loss in
production before things returned to normal
and costs of repairs were estimated atacon-
servative $500,000. Other oyster sections
hard hit were Greenbackville, Va., and George
Island Landing and Taylor's Landing in Mary-
land. In the latter port 7 or 8 packing houses
were closed after the storm for some time.
The storm hit almost at the peak of the oyster
season in the Virginia and Maryland areas.
Shucking and shipments were stopped for sev-
eral weeks by health authorities because of
the danger of pollution. Some of the public
oyster grounds in the area were covered by
sand; the same was true for private oyster
grounds in the Northampton and Accomack
counties area.

In the Hampton Roads area of Virginia,
the biggest loss was in pond nets and equip-
ment. Some nets and the supporting poles
were swept away entirely. All others were
damaged to some degree. The largest pond
nets were located off Buckroe Beach and
Grandview. Some of the pound nets werere-
paired, but others were discarded as not
worth repairing. Crab-picking plants in the
area were idle for more than a week after
the storm because of the lack of crabs. Most
dockside facilities were under water for sev-
eral days and some damage was reported to
those facilities.

Turtles

UNITED STATES NAVY PLANTS

GREEN TURTLES IN CARIBBEAN:
Between 20,000-30,000 green sea turtle

hatchlings were deposited throughout the

Caribbean Ocean area in September 1961 by

a United States Navy seaplane.

The objective is to replenish the rapidly-
diminishing population of green turtles (Chel-
onia mydas), which has been the mainsource
of meat for natives of the area for centuries.
At the same time, the Navy will study the
migration habits of the green turtle, which
is considered to have superior navigational
abilities the same as the salmon.

Vol. 24, No. 7

The planting operation was a cooperative
venture of the Navy and the Caribbean Con-
servation Commission (CCC), a non-profit
institution, and was under the direction of a
professor of the University of Florida,
Gainesville, who is also the director of the
contract research project from the Office of
Naval Research (ONR).

The freshly-hatched turtles were trans -
ported in plastic bags by a Navy Grumman
seaplane from the green turtle hatchery op-
erated by the CCC at Tortuguero, Costa Rica,
about 50 miles north of Limon, one of the few
areas in the Caribbean where green turtles
are still plentiful. The baby turtles were
flown to British Honduras; Cartagena, Co-
lombia; Barbados, Grenada, and St. Lucia in
the Windward Islands; Antigua and St. Kitts
in the Leeward Islands.

Full grown green sea turtle.

The operation is based on the theory that
green turtles return to their spawning
grounds three years later to lay their eggs,
similar to the return of the salmonto spawn.
It is hoped that by transplanting the baby
green turtles just after they have been
hatched, the turtles will accept their new
location as their spawning ground and re-
turn there to lay their eggs rather than to

July 1962

Tortuguero where they were hatched. If the
turtles return to the various places in the
Caribbean where they were planted, then
natives of those areas will be provided even-
tually with an abundant supply of meat for
the first time in many years, solving a crit-
ical problem of protein deficiency.

Scientific research will be served by ob-
taining knowledge of whether turtles use cer -
tain clues to navigate for distances up to
thousands of miles out to sea and back tothe
place from where they first enter the sea or
whether they use other clues to return tothe
place where they were hatched. ONR has
also under consideration a research study
to determine how baby green turtles, which
are spawned far inland and usually behind
dunes, unerringly find their way to the sea
which they have never seen. This would
throw more light on their navigation mech-
anisms.

The Navy also plans to develop a system
of marking baby green turtles, which are
about the size of a half-dollar, so that as
they grow to their huge adult size they can
be located and identified periodically through-
out their migration period.

ONR's study of green turtles is part of a
broad, long-range program in biological ori-
entation through which the Navy hopes to
improve its navigation and long-range detec-
tion devices by learning how birds and ma-
rine animals can navigate with remarkable
accuracy over long distances to reach des-
tinations over routes they have never trav-
eled before.

U. S. Foreign Trade.

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
MARCH 1962:

Imports of fresh, frozen, and processed edible fish and
shellfish into the United States in March 1962 were up 22,4
percent in quantity and 15.6 percent in value as compared with
the previous month, During that period there were greater
imports of cod fillets, haddock fillets, swordfish, canned salm-
on, frozen and canned tuna, canned sardines, canned spiny lob-
ster, and frozen Sea scallops, But imports were down for fro-
zen shrimp, frozen frog legs, ocean perch fillets, fillet blocks
and slabs, and sea catfish fillets,

Compared with the same month in 1961, the imports in
March 1962 were up 22.8 percent in quantity and 20,2 percent
in value, This March there were more imports of frozen cod
and flounder fillets, sea catfish fillets from West Germany,
canned salmon (from Canada and Japan), frozen tuna (from Ja-
pan, Ecuador, Peru), canned tuna (from Japan), canned sar-
dines, and frozen scallops from Canada, Imports dropped off
for frozen haddock fillets, blocks and slabs, canned crab meat

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products,
March 1962 with Comparisons

1962 [1961] 1962 [196i [1962 ]1961[1962 [1961

« » (Millions of Lbs.) . J . (Millions of $) . .

rts:
Fish & Shellfish:
Fresh, frozen, &
_processed 1/ . . |102,9] 83.8/275.9|251.7| 33. 3|27.7|94. 3|80.9
rts:
Fish & Shellfish:

processedonly 1/
3.7, 1.7] 10.1 153} 1.0

(excluding fresh

& frozen

1/Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other
specialties,

(from Japan), spiny lobster tails (from South Africa), shrimp
(from Mexico), and frozen frog legs (from Cuba),

In the first three months of 1962, imports were up 9.6 per-
cent in quantity and 16,6 percent in value as compared to the
Same period in 1961, The greater increase in value was be-

cause of the higher prices which prevailed the first part of
this year for nearly all imported fishery products, This year
there were more imports of blocks and slabs, sea catfish fil-
lets, canned salmon (from Japan and Canada), frozen tuna
(mostly from Japan and Peru), canned tuna (from Japan),
canned sardines, frozen shrimp, and frozen scallops,

United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in
March 1962 were up 117.6 percent in quantity and 30.0 per-
cent in value as compared with March 1961. The increase
was due to greater exports this March of canned mackerel,
salmon, sardines not in oil, and squid (principally to Greece).
Because of the scarcity on the United States market, exports
were down for frozen shrimp, canned shrimp, and canned oys-
ters.

Compared with the previous month, the exports in March
1962 were up 27.6 percent in quantity, but the value was the
same. The lower-priced products like canned mackerel and
squid were exported in greater amounts in March, with some
increase in the exports of frozen and canned salmon and canned
sardines. Exports of canned shrimp, frozen shrimp, and
canned oysters dropped in March.

Processed fish and shellfish exports for the first three
months of 1962 were up 17.4 percent in quantity, but the val-
ue was the same as in the same period of 1961. The follow-
ing products were exported in substantially greater quantities
in 1962: canned mackerel, frozen salmon, and canned squid;
but exports dropped for canned sardines not in oil, canned
shrimp, and canned oysters. Since most of the increase in
exports January-March this year was in the lower-priced
products, there was no change in value.

be Se es Sd

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

United States imports of tuna canned in
brine during January 1-June 2, 1962, amounted
to 22,325,162 pounds (about 1,063,100 std.
cases), according to data compiled bythe Bu-
reau of Customs. This was 11.4 percent
more than the 20,035,659 pounds (about
954,100 std. cases) imported during January
l=June-3, 1961.

U. S. Fishing Vessels

DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED
AND CANCELLED, APRIL 1962:

During April 1962, a total of 39 vessels
of 5 net tons and over were issued first doc-
uments as fishing craft, as compared with
35in April 1961. There were 22 documents
cancelled for fishing vessels in April 1962
as compared with 25 in April 1961.

Table 1-U,S, Fishing Vessels 1/--Documentations Issued
and Cancelled, by Areas, April 1962 with Comparisons

Area Total
(Home Port) 1962]1961] 1962 | 1961 | 1961

oie ee) oceve(NUIMDEL) a raver s6i-5

Issued first documents 2/:

New England...

Middle Atlantic ,

Chesapeake ....

South Atlantic ..

Gull Se ecters

ACHICraaneveletters

Great Lakes ....

Puerto Rico 6. os

Removed from documentation 3/;
New England....
Middle Atlantic .
Chesapeake....
South Atlantic ..
PACH I CHP erere sree
Great Lakes ,..
HAWAII ezere, siecle

tRovArPostnpn

oe es
a cn © 00

ay
twoornnwe
woor

i/ For explanation of footnotes, see table 2,

Vol. 24, No. 7

Table 2-U.S, Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued and
Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, April 1962

suere (NUIDEX) se rehepeteitie

OHO! aielial steiielele/otelaxes ss
LOST Mereronekeisvarsteqsrenets
Oe LOM etetoneteves sveleuelste
30230! suc srereieialarstetet ere
AO AO y rateteverelooneneratete
COSCON i cueucvehalolercesieyere
OS TO: 5 fepaseteishssstelerel ee
SO=B0 ra creceveceheyeter steers
LOG OOM iets sraheretststetsre
il 0-1] Oi tavexsiedsveveretetens
PANT VARSES Peas BECO Theo
AOU AO OMT en stinviasereLevegcielete

ise)

fRRPrRInNrR IF RP AN OE

2/Includes redocumented vessels previously removed

~ from records, Vessels issued first documents as
fishing craft were built; 29 in 1962, 3 in 1961, 5
prior to 1951, and 2 unknown, Assigned to areas on
the basis of their home ports.

3/Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited,

~ sold alien, etc,

Source: Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of

the United States, Bureau of Customs, U.S, Treasury
Department,

Vessels

NEW RESEARCH VESSEL LAUNCHED

FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE:

Albatross IV, the new oceanographic vessel of the
Fish and Wildlife Service’s Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries, has been launched by the Southern Shipbuilding Cor-
poration at Slidell, La., the Department of the Interior re-
ported on May 23, 1962, Finishing of the interior and in-
stallation of additional machinery and equipment are un-
der way and delivery of the $1,773,948 vessel is sched-
uled for September 1962,

Albatross IV was designed by Dwight S, Simpson
and Associates, naval architects and marine engineers of
Boston, Mass,, to meet requirements of fishery scientists
of the Bureau. The craft is a 187-foot single-screw stern
trawler, the first stern trawler to be built in the United
States. It is equipped with a ramp to haul loaded nets a-
board, permitting exploratory and experimental fishing dur-
ing heavy weather, The Albatross IV is powered by twin
Diesel engines, has a controllable pitch propeller, and is
designed to travel at 12 knots with a range of 9,000 miies,
The vessel is reinforced against ice and is air-conditioned
to enable its use for general fishery and oceanographic re-
search in any navigable waters in the world--in all sea-
sons--in all reasonable conditions of weather and tempera-
ture,

Comfortable quarters and mess space are provided for
a maximum crew of 26, plus 15 scientific personnel, Com-
plete laboratory and research facilities are also provided,
including wet and dry laboratories; photographic and elec-
tronics laboratories, an aft open deck laboratory for han-
dling fish immediately after catch; a bow engine for steer-
ing and manuevering on station; a steerable nozzle rudder,

July 1962

Albatross IV launching on April 19 at Slidell, La.

designed for holding position during research work; under-
water sonar equipment; underwater television and closed-
circuit television aboard ship; and an underwater electromag-
netic log.

Albatross IV carries on the traditional name of major
fishery research vessels of the United States, Albatross L
was a 234-foot, twin-screw iron steamer, commissioned
in 1882, which visited both coasts of the United States,
Alaska, South and Central America, the Galapagos Islands,
the Hawaiian Islands, Japan, the tropical Pacific Islands,
and the Philippine Islands during her 39 years of service
that ended in 1921. Her successor, Albatross II, was
a 148-foot, former Navy tug that operated from 1926 to
1932, engaging in research and explorations on mackerel
and haddock fisheries and preliminary experiments with
“‘savings’’ gear,

Albatross III was acquired from the General Seafoods
Corporation in 1939 for $1, She was originally the Har-
vard, a steam-driven trawler built in 1926, While await-
ing reconversion to a research vessel, World War II start-
ed and she was drafted by the Navy, transferred to the Coast
Guard, renamed the C.G.C. Bellefonte, and was rebuilt as
an Atlantic patrol vessel, She was returned to the Fish and
Wildlife Service in 1944, was reconverted in 1947 to a re-
search vessel along the lines of the Boston otter trawlers,
and was commissioned March 19, 1948.

Albatross III represented the first blending of efficient
fish and scientific skills, and her career included such
accomplishments as an over-all census of commercial fish-
es on the New England banks, experiments on refrigeration
of fish at sea, development of ‘‘savings’’ gear, effects of
waste-acid disposal off New York, and the location and chart-
ing of wrecks and other obstacles destructive to the nets and
gear of New England commercial fishermen. She was deac~
tivated in 1959 due to age and high cost of maintenance.

Albatross IV will be carrying on the fishery and oceano-
graphic research vital to the Nation’s commercial fisheries
and oceanographic programs--to help the domestic fishing in-
dustry in the quest for the three billion additional pounds of
fish the Nation will be consuming annually 20 years hence;
and to conduct various phases of oceanographic research, such
as the Bureau’s Tropical Atlantic Fishery Investigations pro-
gram beginning in January 1963. This program has just been
adopted as an international program by the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO in Paris, France.

New dock facilities at the Bureau of Commercial Fisher-
ies Woods Hole, Mass. Biological Laboratory will be the

home port of Albatross IV. @

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Virginia

STUDY OF EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL
HOT WATER DISCHARGES ON
MARINE ENVIRONMENT:

The effects of thermal (heated) effluents
discharged into the marine system by in-
dustries using river water for cooling and
processing will be determined by a com-
prehensive scientific investigation now being
initiated at the Virginia Institute of Marine
Science. Formulation of the project, which
is to be supported by a recently-approved
$11,711 research grant from the U. S. Public
Health Service, was announced by the Insti-
tute on May 16.

The study would measure the response of
selected marine plants and animals to ele-
vated temperatures caused by the release of
heated water into streams. Heated water
might produce a thermal barrier which would
interfere with the normal upstream and down-
stream migrations of important fish species,
particularly during spawning seasons, and
possibly have a direct effect upon succeeding
populations of those species. Elevated tem-
peratures may also effect the food chain
present in marine waters.

The study is deemed important in the
light of rapid industrialization and commu-
nity growth in coastal areas. While these
trends are vital to the progress of the Com-
monwealth of Virginia, their effects upon
the marine system must be measured. Re-
sults of this investigation will thereby aid
in the realization of continued maximum
utilization of valuable marine resources.

Washington

ANOTHER SALMON FISH FARM
GOES INTO PRODUCTION:

The Washington State Department of
Fisheries on May 15 announced that Whit-
man's Cove in Case Inlet, Pierce County,
was planted on May 1 with 250,000 young
chinook salmon. This is the 28thsalmon
fish farm in the Department of Fisheries!
continuing effort to produce more salmon
for all fishermen. The chinook, about 365
to the pound, weighed around 719 pounds.
They had been converted to salt water at
the Department's Hoodsport Hatchery.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol.

24, No. 7

The installation includes an electric screen,
a control structure for bringing in sea water
for circulation, two 52-inch pipes for inlet
and outlet, and a boat-hauling ramp. Total
cost was just under $200,000, making it the
most expensive of any of the fish farms es-
tablished so far in the State.

z
SL

Wholesale Prices, May 1962

More liberal landings of haddock at Boston accounted for
the 28.3 percent drop in fresh large drawn haddock prices
from April to May, But those prices were still 9.1 percent
higher than in the same month a year earlier, Seasonally
heavier landings of fresh-water fish in the Great Lakes area
caused whitefish and yellow pike prices in May to drop 16,5
percent below April prices, But with landings light and de-
mand good, fresh salmon prices in May were up 15,9 percent
from April and were also 13,7 percent higher than a year ear~
lier, With the arrival on the market of halibut from this sea-

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, May 1962 With Comparisons

Point of Avg. Prices 1/ Indexes 2/
Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit ($) (1957-59=100)
May Apr, May Apr. | Mar,
1962 1962 1962 1962 | 1962 3/1961
ALI FISH’& SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, é&iGanned) . 2 25 6 © « «© 6 + sis slelw eis 119.4] 118.9 | 120.3 i
Fresh & Frozen Fishery Products:, . ...».s«-> selene! 118.1
~ Drawn, Dressed, or Whole Finfish: ....... 119.9

Boston
New York
New York

Haddock, lge., praiores drawn, fresh .. 3 «..«
Halibut, West., 20/80 lbs., drsd., fresh or froz. .
Salmon, king, le, & med., drsd., fresh or froz. . J

Whitefish, L, Superior, drawn, fresh .....
Yellow pike, L, Michigan & Huron, rnd,, fresh ,

Processed, Fresh (Fish& Shellfish): .....
Fillets, haddock, sml., skins on, 20-lb, tins. .
Shrimp, Ige, (26-30 count), headless, fresh . .
Oysters, shucked, standards .....-e-ee

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): .....
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, I-lb, pk, .....

Haddock, sml,, skins on, 1-lb, pkg. .
Ocean perch, lge,, skins on 1-lb, pk. .
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), brown, 5-lb, pkg. .

GannedtPisherysProductsss) sre 1s 10) «ere leh hel taiie
Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 0z.), 48 cans/cs, . .
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 o2.),

ABICATIS/CS Stat serehcorlerciell sik viuse) vox e_ueruiationge meme
Sardines, Calif,, tom, pack, No, 1 oval (15 02.),

OAICANS//CSe airvimel Nes te: oi eter se ce ioe As
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, 1/4 drawn

3-3/4 02,), 100 cans/cs,

eo 6 © © 8

oe eo «© ¢ ee 6 oe « »

»| Chicago
.| New York

-| New York
.| Norfolk

«| Boston
-| Boston
-| Boston

1/ Represent average prices for one day (Monday or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service ‘‘Fishery

Products Reports”’ should be referred to for actual

prices,

2/ Beginning with January 1962 indexes, the reference base of 1947-49=100 was superseded by the new reference base of

1957-59=100,

3/ Recomputed to be comparable to 1957-59=100 base indexes,

July 1962

son's catch, prices for the fresh and frozen product were
down 8,2 percent from April to May, but were still 18.6 per-
cent higher than in May 1961, With the higher fresh salmon
prices offsetting the lower prices in the other products un-
der the drawn, dressed, or whole finfish subgroup, the index
for the subgroup rose 0,7 percent from April to May and was
12.5 percent higher than in May 1961.

Except for fresh shrimp at New York City, May prices of
fresh haddock fillets at Boston were down 12,1 percent and
shucked oyster prices at Norfolk were down 3,2 percent from
April, With landings light and demand good, May shrimp
prices at New York City were up 3.1 percent from April and
they were up 33.3 percent from the same month in 1961. The
processed fresh fish and shellfish subgroup index, principally
because of higher shrimp prices, rose 0.6 percent from April
to May and was 17.7 percent higher than a year earlier,

From April to May prices for frozen fillets of flounder
and haddock remained steady, but ocean perch fillet prices
dropped 4,6 percent because of heavier landings of ocean
perch in New England ports, With stocks still at a low level,
frozen shrimp prices at Chicago in May were 3,6 percent
higher than in April and 43.8 percent higher than in May 1961,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

All frozen fillets this May were priced higher than in the
Same month of 1961. Because the higher shrimp prices more
than offset the lower ocean perch fillet prices, the processed
frozen fish and shellfish index rose 2,0 percent from April

to May and was 25,1 percent higher than in the same month
of 1961, Frozen fishery products continued to move well in
May. Markets were reported steady for most of the major
products,

Canned fishery products prices remained at the same
level from February through May, But the index for the sub-
group this May was 10.5 percent higher than a year earlier,
Compared to May 1961, prices this May were up 1.8 percent
for canned pink salmon, up 10.4 percent for canned tuna, up
16.7 percent for California sardines, and up 46,4 percent for
Maine sardines, The canned tuna pack this year was only
slightly ahead of last year at the end of May, but less light
meat and more white meat was packed the first five months
of this year, A substantial drop in domestic landings of yel-
lowfin tuna in California curtailed the pack of light meat tu-
na, Through May the pack of Maine sardines was still light
and the available stocks had practically been sold out by the
end of April, The 1961/62 season pack for California sar-
dines was again a small one,

production.

the future of vacuum freeze-dried foods.

tion cost compensate for this.

The process, knownfor many years inthe United States, but until recent times lim-
ited largely to blood plasma and drugs, is catching on ina big way. Major food firms,
which have been quietly testing the merits of the process, are expressing optimism for

The list of foods which have successfully been subjected to the new process is im-
pressive. Some of the foods include: inmeats: beef steaks, pork chops, ground beef, diced,
beef, sausage meat, chicken parts and diced chicken; inseafoods: shrimp, crab meat, crab
cakes, clams, oysters, fish fillets, fish sticks, whole lobster, and lobster tails; in dairy
products: whole milk, homogenized milk, goat's milk, mother's milk, whole eggs, egg
albumen, and cottage cheese, and numerous fruit and vegetable products.

The vacuum freeze-drying process, also called lyophilization and sublimation, re-
moves the moisture from foods under high vacuum conditions with only a small amount
of heat. The resulting product can reportedly be stored indefinitely without refrigeration.

There is a slightly higher processing cost for freeze-drying, but proponents of the
new process say that the savings in refrigeration equipment and in the low transporta-

VACUUM FREEZE-DRYING TESTED FOR APPLICATION IN FOOD FIELD

One of the ''hottest'' developments in food processing today is vacuum freeze-dry-
ing, which is beginning to move from the laboratory and pilot-plant stage into tonnage

Food subjected to this process does not change shape, but takes on the consistency
of a dry, brittle sponge. Sealed in a tin can, foil, or plastic pouch to keep out the mois-
ture, such foods will keepfor years at ordinary temperatures. The foodis reconstituted
by placing it in water for approximately 20 minutes. The sponge-like food absorbs wa-
ter into the original spaces left by the evaporated ice, thus bringing the food back to
nearly its original flavor and texture. (Food Field Reporter, April 24, 1961.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

International

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

STANDING COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH
AND STATISTICS MEETS:

The Standing Commit-
tee on Research and Sta- i
tistics of the International |j@
Northwest Atlantic Fish-
eries Commission met in
Moscow May 24-June 9,
1962. This meeting pre-
ceded the 12th Meeting of
the Commission (June 4-
9).

INTERNATIONAL NORTHWEST PACIFIC
FISHERIES COMMISSION

JAPAN-SOVIET FISHERY NEGOTIATIONS
DEADLOCKED ON SALMON
REGULATORY AREA ISSUE:

Talks at the sixth annual meeting of the
Japan-Soviet Northwest Pacific Fisheries
Commission, in session in Moscow as of mid-
April 1962, deadlocked over the problem of
expanding the salmon fishing regulatory area,
Japanese delegate Takasaki met with Soviet
representative Ishkov, according to a trans-
lation from the Japanese periodical Sankei
Shimbun of April 12, 1962.

During three lengthy meetings Takasaki
had with Ishkov, which lasted from 3 to 5
hours, Takasaki had endeavored to persuade
the Soviet Union to modify its attitude. The
Japanese delegation led by Takasaki was de-
termined not to yield to the Soviet demand to
expand the regulatory area to include waters
south of 45° N, latitude, even if it meant sac-
rificing the salmon catch,

clo Sle. aie
OK oe

JAPANESE SEND TOP OFFICIAL TO
MOSCOW IN ATTEMPT TO BREAK
DEADLOCKED FISHERY TALKS:

In an effort to break the deadlock at the
sixth Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commis-

sion meeting (Japan-U.S.S.R.) in Moscow, Jap-
anese Agriculture and Forestry Minister Kono,
accompanied by the presidents of two of the
largest fishing companies as advisors, left
Tokyo on May 1, 1962, for Moscow. At Mos-
cow, Minister Kono met Premier Khrushchev,
Deputy Premier Mikoyan, and Fisheries Chief
Ishkov. The Minister hoped to break the dead-
locked negotiations by offering to fix the an-
nual Japanese total salmon catch, within Treaty
waters, at 60,000 metric tons, reports the
Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai Shimbun of
May 1 and 2, 1962.

Prior to his departure, Minister Kono held
a meeting on April 30 with Foreign Minister
Kosaka, State Minister Miki, and Fisheries
Agency Director Ito to confer on the final po-
sition Japan should take in pursuing the nego-
tiations. As a result, a decision was reached
to: (1) oppose any Soviet attempt to extend
the regulatory area south of 45° N, latitude;
(2) give Minister Kono full authority to deal
with the problems related to catch regulation
and fishing area restrictions; and (3) assume
a flexible attitude toward the matter of apply-
ing stricter control over the catch outside
Treaty waters, for the Soviet Union was like-
ly to apply much pressure on this problem,
The Soviet Union's attitude was expected to
harden, particularly since the Japanese Gov-
ernment had authorized salmon fishing in the
unrestricted waters south of the Treaty area,
according to the Japanese periodical.

The Japanese proposal to limit Japan's
catch within Treaty waters to 60,000 metric
tons is reported to be the lowest of all offers
made by Japan in the past six years. At the
1961 negotiations, Japan had proposed acatch
limit of 80,000 metric tons, which was the
previous lowest offer. (Editor's note: Japan
finally settled for a catch quota of 65,000 met-
ric tons in 1961.)

The decision to make the low 60,000-ton
offer was based on the fact that the 1962
salmon season is expected to be a poor year,
according to Russian and Japanese scientists,

July 1962

International (Contd.):

and Japan wants to seek an early settlement
without haggling over catch quotas. Also, by
reducing the Japanese salmon fleet operating
in the Treaty waters by 10 percent and by
voluntarily seeking to regulate the catch in the
non-Treaty waters (instead of being pressed
by the Soviet Union to accept a low quota as
in years past), Japan hoped to seize the initi-
ative at the fisheries negotiations and elimi-
nate the mutual distrust existing between the
Soviet Union and Japan. However, Japan does
not ever intend to compromise the catch quota
to anything less than 60,000 tons, according
to Minister Kono, who hoped to reach an a-
greement with the Soviet leaders in about two
weeks, the Japanese periodical points out.

wv Ste ke
3K) ok) sie! ok ik

JAPANESE AND SOVIETS REACH
AGREEMENT ON NORTH PACIFIC
SALMON AREAS AND CATCH QUOTAS:

The sixth annual meeting of the International Northwest Pa-
cific Fisheries Commission (Japan-U.S.S.R.) was formally
concluded on May 12, 1962, The meeting was held in Moscow,
By the terms of this year’s agreement, Japan and the Soviet
Union agreed to establish two areas, to be referred to as
Area A and Area B, Area A includes the waters to the north
of 45° N, latitude (present treaty waters) and Area B the
waters to the south of 45° N, latitude, The following regu-
lations will apply to the two areas in 1962:

Catch: Area A - 55,000 metric tons; Area B - 60,000
metric tons. The quota for Area A is 10,000 tons less than in
1961.

Fishing Season: Area A - For mothership-type operations,
season will commence May 15 and end August 10, For land-
based gill-net fishery, season will open on June 21 and close
August 10. Area B - For land-based gill-net and long=line
fishery, season will commence April 30 and close June 30,

Fishing Gear: Area A - Catcher vessels assigned to the
mothership fishery will employ gill nets with knot-to-knot
mesh sizes of 60 millimeters (about 2.4 inches or more, of
which over 50 percent must consist of nets with knot-to-knot
meshes of 65 mm, (about 2,6 inches), In 1963, over 60 per-
cent of the gear must be 65-mm, mesh nets, Use of long-
line gear will be prohibited. Area B - Length of gill nets to
be fished by any one vessel will be reduced from 15 kilometers
(9 miles) to 12 kilometers (7.2 miles) in 1963. Gill nets with
knot-to-knot mesh sizes of over 55 millimeters (about 2.2
inches) will be used. Long lines with gangling lines of over
0.522 mm. (0.02 inch) in diameter will be employed,

Japan and the Soviet Union agreed that regulatory meas-
ures for Area B will be enforced by Japan in 1962, but the
Soviet Union reserves the right to place observers on Japa-
nese patrol vessels, Enforcement in Area B will henceforth
be regulated under Article VII of the Russo-Japanese Fish-
eries Treaty and methods of enforcing regulations in Area
B in 1963 will be subject to the approval of the Northwest Pa-
cific Fisheries Commission,

Japan and the Soviet Union also agreed that the catch
quota for Area B in 1963 may be raised up to 10 percent
from this year’s 60,000-ton quota, in accordance with rec-
ommendations submitted by the fisheries scientists of the
two governments, Catch quota for Area B in 1964 will be
negotiated at the seventh annual meeting of the Commission
in 1963, Catch quota of Area A in 1963 will be subject to
negotiations at the same meeting. (Nippon Suisan Shimbun,
May 9 & 11; Shin Suisan Shimbun, May 14, 1962.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

Editor’s Note: Up to this year Area B (waters south of
45° N, latitude) had been under the unilateral jurisdiction
of Japan and catch quotas were established unilaterally by
Japan, Area A (waters north of 45° N, latitude) was the only
area under the joint control of Japan and Russia prior to this
year, The Japanese started fishing in Area B on April 30
even though agreement with Russia had not been reached on
that date. In Area A fishing started on May 15.

Final agreement was reached outside the Commission
meetings by Japanese Agriculture and Forestry Minister
Kono (who went to Moscow early in May accompanied by
the presidents of two of the largest fishing companies as ad-
visors) and Soviet Fisheries Chief Ishkov.

The Soviet Unionand Japanon April 12 reached agreement
on the 1962 Northwest Pacific king crab production quota,
according to translations from the Japanese periodicals
Suisan Tsushin (April 14 & 16) and Suisan Keizai Shimbun
(April 15, 1962).

The total production quota was set at 315,000 cases of 96
6.5-oz. cans. Converted to Japanese case size, this amounts
to 630,000 cases of 48 No. 2 or 6.5-oz. cans. Of the total,
the Soviet Union's share is 189,000 cases (equivalent to
378,000 Japanese cases) and Japan's share 126,000 cases
(equivalent to 252,000 Japanese cases). This year's quota
for the Soviet Union is 3 percent less than the quota of
195,000 cases in 1961, and for Japan it is also 3 percent less
than the 130,000 cases in 1961.

The Soviet Union will operate six king crab fleets; Japan
four fleets. Fishing regvlations covering fishing areas, fish-
ing period, and gear restrictions are the same as in 1961.

In accepting the lower quota this year, the Japanese side
stipulated that they were not acknowledging that the crab
stocks in the Kamchatka area were ina state of decline.

Japan will Oreo the factoryships Yoko Maru (5,764
gross tons), Kaiyo Maru (5,500 gross tons), Hakuyo Maru
(6,430 gross tons), and Seiyo Maru (6,054 gross tons). All
four factoryships departed for the fishing grounds in the
Okhotsk Sea by April 16.

Crab fishing by the Japanese and Soviets in the North
Pacific is regulated in terms of the canned crab meat pack,
This type of fishing was unrestricted in 1957, but beginning
with 1958 there have been restrictions imposed.. Japan's
quota has been progressively reduced, with this year's quota
21 percent smaller than the 1958 a

te: See Commercial Fisheries Review, ry . 42 and 60; March 1962 p. 32;

February 1962 pp. 50 and 82; january 1962 Pp- aa mee 1961 pp. 40 and 75; August
1961 p. 47; October 1961 pp, 41 and 43,

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC SALMON
FISHERIES COMMISSION

SOCKEYE AND
PINK SALMON STUDIES

The Sweltzer Creek Field Station being
built for the International Pacific Salmon
Fisheries Commis-
sion by the Canadian
Government was in
partial operation as
of late May 1962. The
laboratories will not
be fully staffed or
equipped with the re-
quired automatic
temperature controls
until this fall at which time a public inspec-
tion will be arranged. Some exploratory ex-
periments already are in operation to aid in

INTERNATIONAL PACIFIC
SALMON FISHERIES COMMISSION |]

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

designing a full scale investigation into the
cause of: (1) the relation of Fraser River
flow to the adult survival of sockeye salmon;
(2) the relation of temperature and salinity in
Georgia Strait to the adult survival of pink
salmon.

The State ‘of Washington has indicated that
salt-water facilities may be made available
to the Commission at their Bowman's Bay
Station near Anacortes. These facilities will
be of considerable value in the study of sock-
eye yearlings and pink salmon fry during the
period of estuarial interchange.

The downstream migration of sockeye
smolts from Chilko Lake is almost complete
for 1962 with a record number of 39 million
fish estimated through mid-May. Trapping
gear operated at Mission, B. C., revealed
that the Chilko migrants reached Mission (a
distance of 300 miles) in 3 to 5 days. This
downstream migration rate is faster than
previously believed possible. Studies willnow
be undertaken to determine the effect of de-
laying the entry of experimental groups of
Chilko migrants into salt water by the time
required to pass through a theoretical reser-
voir such as that which would be created by
Moran Dam.

The artificial spawning channel at Seton
Creek, in operation for the first time in the
fall of 1961, received 6,711 pink salmon or
11 percent of the total pink salmon escape-

Pink Salmon
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

ment to Seton Creek. Spawning was 98 per-
cent effective which demonstrated the suit-
ability of the channel for natural spawning.
The suitability of natural spawning grounds
is generally indicated by the success of egg
deposition. Of the total of 6,723,000 eggs
estimated to have been naturally deposited
in the channel, 52 percent or 3,550,000 sur-
vived to healthy fry on the basis of final
counts. The total capacity of the channel is
10,000 fish and this capacity should be fully
utilized when the run returns in 1963. The
success of this and other properly designed

Vol. 24, No. 7

artifical spawning channels is fully justifying
this method as a limited substitute for natural
spawning grounds. The increasing adult return
to the Jones Creek Channel near Hope, B.C.,
indicates that the fry produced by this method
have a normal survival rate to maturity.

It would appear that all conditions as of
May were favorable for the survival of pink
salmon returning as adults in 1963. Spawning
and incubation conditions were excellent. The
fry hatch appeared very good considering that
the 1961 escapement was below that believed
necessary for a maximum run. The marine
factors related to adult survival appeared to
be optimum.

Extensive observations on the distribution
and growth of sockeye fingerlings and pink
salmon fry are being carried out between the
mouth of the Fraser River and Race Rocks,
Complete environmental records are being
accumulated as a basis for extensive labora-
tory work to be conducted as the necessary
facilities are made available. A substantial
increase in the number of pink salmon finger-
lings over the number present in 1960 is quite
obvious throughout the Gulf and San Juan Is-
land areas.

Two sources of mortality occurred during
the downstream migration of sockeye smolts
this spring.

Sockeye (Red) Salmon
(Oncorhyncus nerka)

Failure on the part of the Seton Creek pow-
er plant to maintain full load during the down-
stream migration of sockeye from Seton Lake
resulted in a serious loss of migrants. When
the power plant is on full load the measured
mortality is less than 10 percent. When the
plant is on partial load as it was during the
peak of this year's migration, the mortality
can be very serious, During the downstream
migration in the previous cycle year a similar
part-load plant operation was associated with
a 62 percent decline in the returning adult
sockeye run, It may be expected as a result
of this year's mortality from the power tur-

July 1962

International (Contd.):

bines that a further decline will be evident in
the Seton Creek sockeye run returning in
1964,

The first available evidence indicated that
the dead fish floating in the Lower Fraser
during late April and early May 1962 origi-
nated at the Seton Creek power plant. Later
it was found that the fish killed at Seton Creek
were Sinking to the bottom of the river and
the floating fish were of Chilko Lake origin.
The cause of death of the Chilko fish observed
has not yet been assessed, but present indica-
tions are that natural conditions may be re-
sponsible. No artificial factor has been lo-
cated to date and pathological studies are con-
tinuing on the specimens collected. The ex-
act extent of the Chilko mortality is not known
but based on the test catches of healthy Chilko
fish at Mission it is not believed to be a sig-
nificant part of the record migration of 39
million fish.

OOK OK OK OK

THREE NATIONS STUDYING

NORTH PACIFIC SALMON MIGRATIONS:
One of the greatest cooperative fishery

investigations ever attempted is providing

answers to questions about the Pacific salm-

on that have gone unanswered since research

into the species began.

Scientists of Canada, the United States,
and Japan are now in the seventh year ofa
program formulated by the International
North Pacific Fisheries Commission to find
out exactly where the salmon live between
the times they leave their native rivers and
return there to spawn. The big question is
whether salmon from North America inter-
mingle with salmon from Asia and, if so,
whether another line than the provisional
eastward limit of Japanese salmon fishing
at 175” W. could be shown to divide the salm-
on from the two continents more equitably.

Six full years of detective work have
shown that intermingling does take place,
but that the salmon don't get lost. Inevitably,
when the time comes, the North American
salmon head eastward and the Asian salmon
westward to spawn in the fresh waters where
they originated.

The distribution of salmon throughout the
North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea is
very broad, and the vastness and complexity

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

of this distribution combine to create a gigan-
tic puzzle. However, the scientists have found
out that the intermingling in the Aleutian area,
for instance, takes place over more than 25
degrees of longitude, with salmon crossing the
provisional line in both directions in large
numbers.

A comprehensive joint report is expected
to be made by the Commission in the next two
years.

The methods used by the biologists intrac-
ing the movements of salmon in the high seas
are varied. Research vessels fish in many lo-
cations and their results, as well as the re-
sults of the commercial fisheries, are close-
ly studied to determine the origin of the fish
caught. Origins can be traced by the recovery
of tagged or fin-clipped fish which have been
intercepted on their way to sea, and also by
foreign bodies carried by fish, which vary
from area to area of the two continents. It
has also been discovered that scale patterns
on Asian fish differ from those of North A-
merican fish. (Canada's Department of Fish-
eries Trade News, April 1962.)

EUROPECHE

NEW ORGANIZATION MADE UP OF
EUROPEAN FISH PRODUCERS!
ORGANIZATIONS:

The various professional national organi-
zations of fish producers in the European Ec-
onomic Community (EEC) have formed an
organization named ''EUROPECHE." The
new organization came into being on May 4,
in Brussels, Belgium.

The aims of ''EUROPECHE" are: (1) To
reach a common viewpoint in connection with
the fishery problems resulting from the com-
ing into force of the EEC or from the develop-
ment of the EEC. (2) To make known to the
EEC organizations the Organization's com-
mon viewpoints, whether asked for by those

organizations or not.

Note: Also see Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 52.
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

SECOND ACCELERATION IN
TIMETABLE FOR ESTABLISHMENT
OF CUSTOMS UNION:

The Council of Ministers of the European
Economic Community (EEC) on May 14, 1962,
approved a second acceleration in the time-
table for the establishment of the Community's
customs union.

International (Contd.):

On July 1, 1962, import duties on products
moving in intra-EEC trade will be reduced by
another 10 percent for industrial products
and by another 5 percent for liberalized agri-
cultural products (those not subject to intra-
EEC quotas).

However, duties on non-liberalized agri-
cultural products and on items included in
the Common Agricultural Policy for which
variable levies will become effective on July
1, 1962, will not be further reduced on that
date.

The establishment of a customs union is
one of the main objectives of the EEC.

During the transitional period, which is
now likely to end earlier than 1970, as pro-
vided for in the Rome Treaty, member states
are gradually reducing their internal tariffs
and are adapting their external tariffs to the
rates of the Common External Tariff (CXT).

At the end of this process, each of the
member states will levy identical duties on
goods imported from non-member countries
and will admit goods from other EEC coun-
tries free of customs duties.

With this second acceleration, import
duties on products moving in intra-EEC trade
will have been reduced by a total of 50 per-
cent for industrial products and 35 percent
for agricultural products. The next reduc-
tion of internal duties is to take place Julyl,
1963, and will be an additional 10 percent
for all products, bringing the total reduction
in internal duties on industrial products to
60 percent.

The Council said the second movement in
aligning the external duties toward the CXT
is also to be accelerated.

On July 1, 1963--the date when internal
duty reductions will reach the 60 percent
mark--member states again will adjust their
external duties, by 30 percent of the differ -
ence between their individual base rates and
the CXT.

Originally, this second movement was not
to have taken place until December 31, 1965.

The third external adjustment--the final
adjustment which will put the CXT rates in-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 24, No. 7

to full effect--must take place at the end of
the third stage of the transitional period, which
is likely to end before the date of January 1,
1970, provided in the Rome Treaty. (Foreign
Commerce Weekly, May 21, 1962.)

EUROPEAN TRADE FAIRS

UNITED STATES FOOD-PROCESSING
INDUSTRY INVITED TO SELL
AT TRADE FAIRS:

The United States food-processing industry has been in-
vited to place its products on sale in United States Govern-
ment food exhibits at leading European trade fairs this year
and to join in a program to increase export sales of processed
and packaged foods,

The ‘‘test-selling’’ food exhibits, sponsored by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, have been successful on an experimental
scale in the past two years at food fairs in England, France,
and the Federal Republic of Germany.

The first of these fairs to be held this year will be the
Manchester Grocers Exhibition at Manchester, England,
May 8-19, Others will be at London, England, August 28-
September 12; Munich, Germany, September 21-30; and
Brussels, Belgium, October 20-November 4,

At the United States Food Fair in Hamburg, Germany,
last fall, demand for packaged, precooked, and frozen foods
was the heaviest yet experienced.

In addition to a ‘‘superette’’ stocked with American con-
venience foods, the Hamburg Fair featured commercial ex-
hibits by German firms handling United States products,

These exhibitors estimated that wholesale orders taken
at the fair for future delivery amounted to nearly $250,000,
and Hamburg merchants plan a follow-up promotion of United
States foods this spring,

Participation in the 1962 food exhibits is open to all United
States food processors whose products originate in the United
States. There will be no charge for display space, but the pro-
cessor will be responsible for delivery of his products to the
exhibit at his own expense,

For the Manchester Grocers Exhibition, the Department of
Agriculture is preparing a market promotion exhibit to occupy
about 23,000 square feet of floor space, much of which will be
devoted to a self-service market where food items furnished
by United States processors will be sold,

In addition to the self-service sales area, the exhibit will
include displays and kitchen and demonstration areas for
major United States agricultural export commodities arranged
in cooperation with trade and producer organizations,

The exhibit will also include a trade lounge and a program
of promotional events designed to bring together United States
businessmen and British food wholesalers, chain store buyers,
and other trade representatives,

The Manchester Grocers Exhibition, northern England's
top grocery and provision show, is arranged by the trade and
brings in distributors and chain store buyers from all over
the British Isles,

Manchester is the hub of a metropolitan area containing
nearly 2,500,000 people and 750,000 households,

United States food processors can obtain details about the
1962 program by writing to the Grocery Manufacturers of
America, Inc., 205 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N.Y.,
which is coordinating arrangements. as a service to the De-
partment of Agriculture. (Foreign Commerce Weekly, U.S.
Department of Commerce, April 16, 1962.)

July 1962

International (Contd.):
OCEANOGRAPHY

INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION:

With 18 delegates from six countries in
attendance, the First Southeast Regional
Conference of the Indian Ocean Oceanograph-
ic Expedition convened in Lourenco Marques,
Mozambique, April 30-May 3, 1962. The
Conference was organized by the Special
Committee for Oceanographic Research
(SCOR) under the sponsorship of UNESCO
and with the cooperation of the International
Council of Scientific Unions. Captain (USNR)
Robert G. Snider is the Coordinator of the
entire Indian Ocean Expedition and was Chair-
manof the Conference. Other delegates were
from Portugal, South Africa, the Malagasy
Republic, France, Great Britain, and the
United States.

According to Captain Snider, the Indian
Ocean Expedition will be an undertaking with-
out precedent in the history of oceanography
and will represent the first attempt to study
scientifically an ocean in its totality. Its pur-
pose is to obtain new data on the Indian Ocean
which will permit more accurate weather
forecasting, the charting of more economical
navigation routes, the location of specific
fishing areas, the compilation of new hydro-
graphic charts, the discovery of additional
sea currents, the exploitation of the mineral
wealth of the Indian Ocean, and a greater un-
derstanding of complex wind patterns. It is
hoped that the collected information will lead
also to an eventual improvement in the diet
and health standards of the various peoples
living along the Indian Ocean littoral who to-
gether comprise about one-quarter of the
world's population. It is expected that the
many projects making up the complete Ex-
pedition will not be terminated before mid-
1965,

For purposes of the Expedition, the area
of the Indian Ocean (14 percent of the earth's
surface) has been divided into six regional
zones. More than 40 hydrographic and other
vessels of diverse nationalities will take part
in the three-year program. Several hundred
scientists from 35 countries will be assigned
tasks among the various Separate projects
and the entire Expedition is expected to cost
between $13 and $19 million.

At the Lourenco Marques Conference, an
effort was made to coordinate into a common
plan the participation of those countries mak-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

ing up or having interests in the Southeastern
Zone, i.e. Portugal, South Africa, the Malagasy
Republic, Great Britain, and France. The
United States will also take part in this Zone's
activities. Altogether, 16 vessels willbe used
to carry out the work of the Expedition in the
Southeastern Zone--8 from the United States,
2 from Great Britain, 2 from South Africa, 2
from the Malagasy Republic, 1 from Portugal,
and 1 from France. Portugal, through the
Mozambique Naval Command, will make avail-
able to UNESCO the hydrographic ship Almir-
ante Lacerda which will carry out extensive
cruises along the Mozambique and Malagache
coasts and throughout the Mozambique Chan-
nel as far south as Durban. (United States
Consulate, Lourenco-Marques, report of May
1, 1962.)

LATIN AMERICA OCEANOGRAPHY
AND MARINE RESEARCH:

Four important meetings concerning ocean-
ography and marine research development in
Latin America were held in Chile the latter
part of 1961. They were the Latin-American
Seminar of Oceanographic Studies; the 2nd
Latin-American Symposium on Plankton; the
Meeting of Directors of Latin-American Lab-
oratories; and a Regional Training Course on
Marine Biology. The meetings were organized
by the UNESCO Science Cooperation Office for
Latin America, jointly with the University of
Concepcion in the case of the first two meet-
ings and with the University of Chile in the
case of the latter two.

A total of 37 Latin-American scientists
participated, from Mexico, Colombia, Vene-
zuela, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile,
Peru, and Ecuador. There was an observer
from the National Science Foundation (United
States), the Stazione Zoologica di Napoli
(Italy), the chief of the Federal Republic of
Germany's Technical Assistance Program to
Chile.

For the Regional Training Course, the
professors were scientists from Mexico,
Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil, and
the students were from Latin-American
countries.

The main purpose of the meetings was to
make an evaluation of the present status of
research in marine sciences in Latin Ameri-
ca in the light of what has been accomplished.
Accordingly, a series of reports covering the
different disciplines of marine science were

International (Contd.):

requested from, and submitted by, leading
scientists of Latin America. It was alsofelt
that some decision should be taken so as to
increase existing knowledge through research
and training, primarily on a cooperative re-
gional basis.

Among the most outstanding resolutions
and recommendations adopted were the fol-
lowing.

(1) Creation of a Latin-American Council
on Oceanography, with an elected steering
committee composed of leading marine scien-
tists from Mexico, Venezuela, Uruguay, Ar-
gentina, Chile, and Brazil. This council
should become a permanent Latin American
Council once the necessary official steps are
taken throughout all the Latin-American
countries; the secretariat will be located at
the UNESCO Science Cooperation Office for
Latin America, Montevideo, Uruguay.

(2) Establishment of research programs
on a regional, coordinated basis, Sevenproj-
ects were presented, and necessary meas-
ures are now being taken for the coordination
of some of these by the existing marine bi-
ology laboratories and oceanographic insti-
tutes, with the help of the hydrographic naval
services.

(3) Publication of a ''Latin- American Di-
rectory of Oceanographic Institutions and
Scientists'' so as to implement the exchange
of scientists, students, information, and ma-
terial, with the UNESCO Science Cooperation
Office acting as a clearinghouse.

(4) The unification and standardization of
methods and equipment in marine research.

(5) Organization by UNESCO, in 1962, of
a 2 months! training course in physical
oceanography. The Oceanographic Institute
of the University of Orente (Venezuela) of-
fered to act as host, and the Brazilian Navy
offered its oceanographic vessel, the Almir-
ante Saldanha, for a training cruise to com-
plement the course.

(6) Organization by UNESCO, in 1962, of
a regional symposium on the biogeography
of marine organisms for the purpose of
studying the geographical distribution of
such organisms and the effects upon them
of the physicochemical condition and dynam-
ics of water masses. The National Museum

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

of Natural History ''Bernardino Rivadavia" of
Argentina officially offered to act as host up-
on the occasion of its 160th anniversary.

(7) Organization by UNESCO, in 1962, ofa
meeting of deans of science faculties of Latin-
American universities for the purpose of rais-
ing scholastic standards for the education of
marine scientists through the reorganization
and modification of curricula and plans of
study.

UNESCO's Science Cooperation Office is
preparing to implement recommendations 5,
6, and 7 by building up the bibliographic ref-
erence library on marine sciences in Latin
America which it has already started, with
profitable results. For this purpose, each
scientist present at the meeting planned to
send in a contribution in his specific field.
To further this program, it is requested that
all scientists and institutions send two re-
prints of any of their publications that deal
with any aspect of marine sciences in Latin
America to the UNESCO Science Cooperation
Office for Latin America, Montevideo, Uru-
guay. (Science, March 2, 1962.)

INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION

MEETING FOR 1962:

The 1962 meeting of the Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission convened May 16,
1962, in Quito, Ecuador. All member coun-
tries (United States, Ecuador, Panama, and
Costa Rica) were represented, and observers
were present from Japan, El Salvador, Nica-
ragua, Honduras, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile,
and Peru.

The principal business on the agenda was
a proposal to conserve stocks of yellowfin
tuna by imposing a limitation on the catch.
The Commission approved an over-all quota
of 83,000 short tons for the calendar year
1962 for the Eastern Pacific area extending
off the coast of North and South America be-
tween Eureka, Calif., and 30° South latitude.
There is a catch quota of 78,000 tons (ex-
pected to be reached in September) and anaddi-
tional 5,000 tons reserved for incidental catch
between September andthe end of the year.

The 1963 meeting will take place in Co-
lombia (if Colombia joins the Commission)
or in San Diego, Calif. A total budget of
$624,835 was approved for fiscal year
1963/1964, of which the United States share
would be $594,985. (United States Embassy,
Quito, May 17, 1962.)

July 1962

Aden

FISHERIES DEPARTMENT TRYING
TO DEVELOP FISHING INDUSTRY:

The plentiful fish in the waters off the
Aden Protectorate's coast constitute a com-
mercially-valuable resource which is as yet
virtually untapped. The Fisheries Depart-
ment, which is responsible for teaching new
methods and developing the marketing and
use of fish products, is rapidly approaching
a stage beyond which it cannot proceed with-
out the availability of freezer capacity and
assured markets. The improvement of fish-
ing methods, largely through use of nylon
nets and purse-Sseining, are resulting in larg-
er catches for what is now a limited local
market.

At present, frozen fish is imported into
Aden for the European residents and canned
tuna caught some distance off Mukalla by
foreign vessels is imported in Mukalla. As
a result of this situation, the Fisheries De-
partment is attempting to educate the Euro-
pean market in Aden to the quality of local
fish and at the same time to cut, package,
and freeze local varieties for sale in Aden
and elsewhere.

Under the Protectorate Development Plan,
the Cooperative and Marketing Department
is planning to build a freezer in Mukalla.
Whether this will be of 200- to 500-ton ca-
pacity (as a United States representative of
a large tuna cannery suggested as a mini-
mum) is not known at this time. Another
United States businessman has exported some
turtles to Europe, but has not as yet received
permission to establish a spiny lobster indus-
try to operate primarily in the Mukalla area.

The Fisheries Department has expanded
its operations in the Federation and the East-
ern Protectorate with the stationing of an As-
sistant Fisheries Officer at Mukalla and one
at Shuqra in the Federation. During 1961 the
Federation received a fishing vessel (The
Federal Star) and the officer at Shuqra works
closely with the vessel to teach new methods
to the local fishermen. The arrival of this
vessel has made it possible for the Fisheries
Department vessel Gulf Explorer to devote
more time to training and research off the
Eastern Protectorate.

In a report on the industrial potential of
the Colony and Protectorates, fisheries were
cited as the most likely area of expansion.
To implement the report, the Government

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

has stated that a permanent Working Commit-
tee on Fisheries will be established and ef-
forts will be made to persuade London to pro-
vide more funds for fisheries development.
(May 1 report from Aden.)

Angola

NEW FISHERY ENTERPRISE PLANNED:

The Boletim Oficial of Angola on April 18,
1962, contained a notice of the concession
granted to a Metropolitan Portuguese firm.
The firm was granted permission to construct
a fish-processing plant, operate trawlers, and
purchase the catch of other fishing vessels in
the Mocamedes area. The firm is to invest
47,000 contos (approximately US$1,645,000)
in trawlers and a plant with a daily capacity
of 5 to 10 metric tons of frozen fish, 10 to 20
tons of canned fish, and 100 to 150 tons of
fish meal. The plant will also have a refrig-
erated storage capacity of 350 tons. (United
States Embassy, Luanda, May 3, 1962.)

Australia

CANNED TUNA IMPORTS:

Australia’s imports of canned tuna have increased rather
than declined since the import tariff increase of October 1961,
Consequently, a continuation of this trend, if accompanied by
larger than normal domestic catches, could well lead to addi-
tional requests to the Government for protection against im-
ports,

Australia’s Canned Tuna Imports by Months, 1961 and

January-February 1962

a 7
1961:
VANUALVaveRelieleteie et elielelstciedctonsteWelslistsliehads Tels 60,168
Mebruanyaemelenevereueiereomenehenenenetetohene entetcterelte 20,117
Manchictstemeieveheueionenevetedenersiteseicienceuskeinseiotenis 43,590
ADT aeeMomeneteMeionntal ea siclivitczensusichepetishsite: eden toils 56,143
IMavitneaedesenepenchensitekelemeielince iste tatensienahenshenste 38,978
JUNE Metamemel ste totelerele teres stele shiolieljelie se isiasiieuey siete 99,027
dL Liygeteevveiieisey ciieliei eipenientel’ sate getreris) efleh ai stay sie lelveriatborients 47,199

LIGUS LHcientellomeriehetere hs lsikenaiierismissiein ratio tet sitciveur shin sits 56,523
September 21,745

October 57,546
35,889

114,474

651,399

1962:

EERSNiV= Tr? Ce Seas cea em ps gr a Ee tr 85,295
HEDEUAT yarn Pebee MeustotelerbeneteteiecurueH ets nomenenen nis 1/149,277

1/Preliminary, subject to revision.

On the basis of the Tariff Board Report of September 11,
1961, on ‘‘Fish In Airtight Containers,’’ the import duty on
canned tuna was increased from 1 pence to 7 pence (0.9 U.S,
cent to 6.6 cents) per pound British Preferential tariff and
from 3 pence to 9 pence (2.8 cents to 8.4 cents) per pound

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Australia (Contd.):

Most Favored Nation tariff, The increased duties went into
effect on October 26, 1961, and apply to ‘‘tuna, including fish
of the suborder Scombroidei, specifically albacore, bluefin
tuna, big-eyed tuna, bonito, dogtooth tuna, skipjack or striped
tuna, yellowfin tuna.’’

The Tariff Board report follows the pattern of other re-
ports on requests for tariff increases, These reports weigh
both sides of the evidence presented, including the profita-
bility of the industry seeking a tariff increase, In this in-
stance the Board granted an increase, although less than the
industry had requested,

A report from Sydney states that as of early 1962 there
had been no marked effect so far on the market in Australia
for imported tuna, mainly because of the very small catch in
New South Wales during the last season. As a result of the
short supply domestic producers had encountered no difficulty
in disposing of their pack, A large domestic packer was also
reported as having stated that his industrv was more con-
cerned at the moment with developing standards for packing
and labeling than with price competition from imports. Im-
ported Peruvian tuna is the bonito which is reported to be of
lower quality as well as lower price than the Australian,

One importing firm in Melbourne reported early this year
that imported Peruvian and Japanese tuna was no longer
competitive in price, Another attributed the decline in sales
of the imported product to the preference for the Australian
product because of its higher quality rather than to a price
differential, He added that Peruvian and Japanese packers
had reduced their prices to offset the tariff increase, (United
States Embassy, Canberra, reports of March 26 and 28, 1962.)

pt
“ar
a

Brazil

"VANJUBA" OR ANCHOVY FISHERY
OF SOUTHERN BRAZIL:

From October to March, during the South-
ern Hemisphere spring and summer, the
small anadromous ''manjuba"' or anchovy
(Anchoviella hubbsi) swarms from the ocean
into the fresh waters of the Ribeira de Iguape
River in the southern part of the highly in-

Fig. 1 - "Manjuba" or anchovy, Anchoviella hubbsi Hildebrand,

family Engraulidae. Maximum length: 13cm, (about 5

inches).

dustrialized state of Sao Paulo, Brazil (figs.
1 and 2), In the river, it is fished in quan-
tities up to 1,000 metric tons a month. Fish-
ermen use dugout canoes to set their beach
seines. Each seine is over a hundred yards
long, up to ten feet in depth, and with a fine
mesh, At times there are over 1,000 of the
nets in operation,

Vol. 24, No. 7

SAO PAULO STATE

MATURAL SCALE c_1:1052.316
—S

Fig. 2 - Map showing location of the "manjuba" or anchovy fish-
ery (Ribeira de Iguape River). A similar or the same species of
fish is caught at Guaraquessaba Bay, along the coast of the State
of Parana,

Some of the catch is sent fresh to the city
of Sao Paulo, where there is a large Japanese
colony, but most of it is salted and dried, to
be consumed later by the Japanese colonies
in Sao Paulo and neighboring Parana. The
salted product is very popular among the Jap-
anese-Brazilians, since it is quite similar to
the "iriko'' produced in Japan.

Fig. 3 - Fishing for 'manjuba" or anchovy with beach seine in
Ribeira de Iquape River. Fisherman is hauling in the net.

The fishery was started in 1935 by Jap-
anese tea growers in the area, but now only

July 1962

Brazil (Contd.):

the commercial aspects are still handled by
Japanese and their descendants.

Fig. 4 - State Fish and Game worker ready to interview "manju-
ba" fisherman at Ribeira de Iguapa River.

Biological research on the species has
been carried out since 1960 by Dr. Alvaro da
Silva Braga and his coworkers of the ''Grupo
de Pesquisas sobre a Pesca Maritima do
Estado de Sao Paulo'' (Sao Paulo State Group
on Marine Fisheries Research), whose base
is in Santos, an important sea fishing port.

Fig. 5 - Measuring '"manjuba" in dugout canoe to col-
lect data for length-frequency studies.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

Fig. 6 - Samples of '"manjuba" catches from the Ribeira de I
Iguape River are analyzed in the laboratory.

Among the problems under study with the as-
sistance of FAO, is the question of whether
the ''manjuba"' really enter the river to spawn,
since the eggs have not yet been observed. To
help solve this and other aspects of the prob-
lem, a small station is maintained at Registro,
with two biological assistants who continually
collect data on catch, effort, size of fishcaught,
ete:

--Hitoshi Nomura, Fishery Biologist,

Grupo de Pesquisas sobre a Pesca Maritima,
Santos, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

British Guiana

FISHERY TRENDS, 1961:

The fishing fleet engaged in 1961 in coastal,
estuarine, and deep-sea fishing consisted of
13 schooners, 34 trawlers, and over 500 small-
er vessels, many of which are powered by out-
board engines. The smaller vessels operate
Chinese and pin seines and carry on line fish-
ing; the schooners are almost entirely engaged
in fishing for red snapper.
There are approxi-
mately 1,200 persons
engaged in the in-
dustry, and the main
fishing methods are:
Chinese seine, ''cadell,"
pin seine, snapper
fishing, and trawling (fish and shrimp).

& Red Snapper
Lutianus blackfordii

Fish is distributed through the Wholesale
Fish Market and Centre which is operated by
the Government Marketing Division. It pro-

British Guiana (Contd.):

vides wharfage, a tractor for transporting
fish, a crane for general use, facilities for
preserving and hanging seines, ramp for re-
pairing small boats, grid for repairing large
boats, racks for outboard engines, repair
shed for engines, water, ice, cold storage,
fishermen's rest, canteen, and a covered
market for wholesaling the fish.

Recent developments include the use of
synthetic fishing nets; introduction of brine-
freezing; construction of modern fish shops
in rural areas; introduction of all-purpose
fishing boats; construction of modern wash-
ing tables for use in the wholesale fish mar-
ket; extraction of shark-liver oil by steam
and preparation of shark hides, teeth, and
fins for export.

Technical assistance by the U. S. Interna-
tional Cooperation Administration began in
March 1960. Among the programs was in-
cluded the chartering of a local snapper fish-
ing schooner to conduct an intensive fishing
operation with proper equipment, including
high-speed fishing reels; the organization of
a commercial-type fishery training program
involving the building or purchasing of a
small vessel for administration and training
work; the improvement and modification of
existing icing, marketing, and transportation
facilities; the implementation of intensive in-
shore trawling and observations with local
craft as well as modified local craft, includ-
ing a program of cooperation with foreign
shrimp and fishery firms operating in the
country, to obtain information on catches and
offshore fisheries; an intensive study of local
and foreign private fishery potential and im-
plementation of a program to attract foreign
capital as well as local capital for produc-
tion of fish meal, fresh fish for the local mar-
ket, as well as fishery products for export;
and to conduct a study of fish culture poten-
tial in British Guiana.

The following projects are now operating:
cold storage and refrigeration; local fishing
firm engaged in shrimp fishing for export
purposes; and local shrimp plant engaged in
processing small shrimp in formaldehyde for
export (to be used as bait in sport fishing).

The fish culture work in British Guiana
has progressed, As of early this year, over
500 ponds, varying in size from 150 square
yards to 5 acres, had been established by
farmers and various organizations. Most of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

the ponds were stocked with tilapia distributed
from the Departmental Fish Hatchery or from
district demonstration ponds and the distribu-
tion of a total of 225,000 tilapia had taken
place.

Ss, oy a (M ere
=

Tilapia |
A
ee) oan

A brackish-water Fish Culture Station with
approximately 57 acres of pond space has been
established at Onverwagt, West Coast Berbice,
where research work on all phases of brack-
ish-water fish culture is being carried out.

Investigations which involve the collection
of the pre-adult and larval shrimp, their in-
dentification, and the study of their growth
have been carried out. Collection of pre-
adult forms of about one-inch andtheir growth
to 8 or Yinches after a period of 7 or 8 months
were observed, The shrimp grown inthe ponds

“Pink Shrimp

have been identified as Penaeid schmitti, and
P, aztecus, though specimens of P. brazilien-
sis and P, duorarum have been collected in
the intake waters nearby. The availability
of larval pre-adult shrimp in the intake wa-
ters is considerable and they are particularly
numerous in the months of April-June and
October-February. Life history and growth
rates have been investigated.

Further studies over the systematics of
shrimp and their cultivation in brackish-water
ponds; seasonal variations in catches from
pin seines, Chinese seines, and long lines;
and systematic work on the groupers, snap-
pers, and skinfish.

July 1962

British Guiana (Contd.):

Application has been made to the United
Kingdom Pool of Fisheries Scientists for an
expert to be made available for a short peri-
od to study the effects of shrimp fishing on
the local fishing industry.

British West Indies

BARBADOS FISHING INDUSTRY:

The supply of fish in Barbados was con-
siderably less in 1961 than in 1960. The
estimated catch during 1961 was 7,420,000
pounds valued at WI$1,751,050 (US$1.0 mil-
lion). The revised estimate of the 1960 catch
was 8,637,000 pounds valued at WI$2,167,800
($1.3 million).

Catches were normal during the first quar -
ter of the year. During the second quarter,
however, when the catchis normally heavy,
very few fish were actually caught. It has now
been learned that this was due to unfavorable
currents which took the flyingfish out of the
range of the Island's fishing launches (flying-
fish usually comprise 60 percent of the total
catch), Fewfishwere caught during the third
quarter of the year which included the hur-
ricane season (July 15 to October 15), Catch-
es for the fourth quarter were normal and
the harvest of ''sea-eggs'' (white sea urchins)
was especially good.

During the year, 48 motorized fishing
launches were added to the fishing fleet
bringing the total to 468. The fleet is now
almost completely motor-driven.

The Barbados Government began the con-
struction of a WI$1.5 million ($875,000) abat-
toir and fish-freezing plant during 1961, The
plant, which is situated near the new Deep
Water Harbor, is expected to be completed
and in operation by the end of 1962, The
plant will contain four frozen fish store-
rooms, two iced fish storerooms, one meat
chilling room, one chilled meat storeroom,
one ice storeroom, and two fish freezers.
The plant will be able to store up to 200 long
tons of frozen fish, 60 tons of iced fish, and
up to 12 tons of meat. It will also be able to
manufacture up to 10 tons of ice per day and
will be capable of freezing 4 tons of fish per
day. This plant is part of a marketing
scheme for fish and will be used to stabilize
the fishing industry by providing a guaran-
teed price for fish, even during periods of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

oversupply. The fish will be frozen and dis-
tributed when the supply of fresh fish is light.
(United States Consulate, Barbados, April 30,
962%)

Sle. slo We sk se
KS Ok aS

ST. VINCENT FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:
Recorded fishery landings for 1961 in St.
Vincent amounted to 347,803 pounds with a re-

tail value of $129,349 (US$75,349), The re-
corded catches were estimated to be between
40 to 50 percent of total landings since for a
number of small fishing bays statistics are
not collected.

During the year, $9,150 ($5,300) was loaned
by the Government to boat owners to assist
them in mechanizing their boats. It is hoped
that additional loans in 1962 will help to in-
crease the mechanized fleet. Some $11,290
($6,600) was loaned to Fishermen's Associa-
tions or individual fishermen to assist them
in acquiring new gear and tackle.

Some 57,700 pounds of gutted, cleaned, and
iced fish were transported from the Govern-
ment Fish Collecting Station on Canouan to
Kingstown from August 1961 to the end of the
year. This was in addition to the fish sold lo-
cally. Due to large catches by St. Vincent
boats and beach seines and also to a local
prejudice against iced fish, marketing met
considerable difficulties in Kingstown inspite
of the fact that St. Vincent imports annually
about 900,000 pounds of dried salted and can-
ned fish. The imports are equivalent to over
3 million pounds fresh landed weight, com-
pared with local landings of possibly 700,000
pounds of fresh fish.

Note: St. Vincent is part of the Windward Islands in the West
Indies.

pete

Canada

NYLON GILL NETS FOR COD
FISHING PERFORM WELL:

An experiment in fishing gear that is be-
ing watched very closely in Newfoundland and
which looks promising involves the use of
nylon gill nets for cod fishing.

Introduced in 1961 on an experimental ba-
sis by the Newfoundland Department of Fish-
eries, the nylon gill nets are fast winning the
approval of fishermen. Loathe at first to
switch from the traditional cotton net, fisher-

Canada (Contd.):

men are becoming convinced of the effective-
ness of the synthetic counterpart. In time
the nylon variety will be in general use.
Many fishermen, using the conventional twine
nets who suffered catch failures in 1961,
were amazed at the success attained by oth-
ers fishing the same grounds with the new
nylon nets. The results they witnessed were
sufficient to ''sell them" on the innovation,
and this year they too intend to turn to nylon.

In the 1961 experiment the Provincial De-
partment made available to fishermen (on
credit) two makes of nylon gill nets; one 27
fathoms, 20 meshes deep, with 7-inch mesh;
and the other 50 fathoms, 25 meshes deep,
with 7-inch mesh. Both were found to be ef-
fective. Prior to that other makes of nets
were used, including Canadian nets used ex-
tensively and successfully on the Great Lakes.
In the demonstration project the Federal De-
partment of Fisheries made available the
services of a technician who instructed fish-
ermen in the hanging and fishing techniques.
The gill-net instruction courses and fishing
demonstrations were carried out in conjunc-
tion with provincial authorities, and success-
ful results were achieved in many areas.

Using the synthetic net, fishermen found
their work day reduced and maintenance
costs of equipment were down appreciably.
Leaving port at 5 a.m., a boat using nylon
gill nets usually had the catch ashore by 3
or 4p.m., whereas with trawling the work
continues into late at night.

In St. Mary's Bay, on the Southern Shore
of the Avalon Peninsula, where the experi-
ment was carried out on a fairly extensive
scale, fishermen set 4 to 9 nets in a fleet,
depending on depth of water, nature of the
bottom, and other factors. The average
catch per net was 700 pounds of cod. In one
day one fisherman took 8,000 pounds with a
fleet of seven nets.

At St. Shotts, fishermen using nylon gill
nets made daily landings while those who
continued fishing with cotton nets failed to
take any fish. It was also discovered that
the nylon nets could be hauled in rough weath-
er when trawl fishing was impossible.

Convinced of the merit of the nylon gill
net, the Newfoundland Department of Fish-
eries intends to make more of them avail-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

able to fishermen this year. (Trade News,
April 1962, Canadian Department of Fisheries.)

* OK OK OK OK

GILL-NET INSTRUCTIONS INCLUDED IN
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
FISHERMEN'S COURSES:

As part of its program to promote greater
diversification of fishing techniques, the Ca-
nadian Department of Fisheries early this
year supplied a gill-net instructor for fisher-
men's courses in Prince Edward Island held
by the Province's Department of Fisheries.
The instructor, a veteran Great Lakes fisher-
man, was engaged by the Department on a con-
tract basis. The courses were held in eight
different fishing communities.

The instructor taught fishermen the proper
way to hang a gill-net, and explained the fun-
damentals of this fishing method. After a
brief description of the method and the theory
behind gill-netting, the instructor gave a
practical demonstration of how to build a net.
Then he ''turned the needle over to the fish-
ermen."’ An experienced gill-net fisherman
can hang a net in about an hour and a half,
and some of the more adept pupils were rap-
idly gaining sufficient skill to meet this mark.

Graduates of the net and gear course prepare to test their
skills.

Line, webbing, corks, leads, and other
materials necessary to build a gill net cost
the fisherman about C$28. The boats used
by many of the Province's lobster fishermen
are approximately 40 feet in length, and these
can be readily adapted for gill-netting. (Ca-
nadian Department of Fisheries Trade News,
April 1962.)

The attendance at the various courses was
gratifying, and although younger fishermen
were in the majority, several veteran fisher-
men expressed keen interest in gill-netting.

OK KK OK

July 1962

Canada (Contd.):

GOVERNMENT SUPPLIES BAIT-HOLDING
UNITS FOR NEWFOUNDLAND:

Eight additional bait-holding units were
expected to be delivered this spring for erec-
tion in Newfoundland fishing settlements.
These new units will bring to 45 the total
number of distribution points being served
by the Newfoundland Bait Service operated
by the Federal Department of Fisheries.
When the Bait Service was transferred to the
Federal Government in 1949, 20 depots were
in operation. However, three of the older de-
pots have been replaced by the new units.
During the last four years, 28 additional units
have been erected as a means of extending
the service to areas where bait was not avail-
able from private or public sources.

New refrigerated truck, which will operate out of Port
aux Choix, will service bait holding units on the
northwest coast of Newfoundland, Truck has a maxi-
mum load capacity of 14,700 pounds of bait.

These bait holding units which have been
introduced during the last four years are
capable of holding 15,000 pounds of bait and
have given very satisfactory service. The
units have made possible extension of the
fishing season in many areas where the lack
of bait had previously restricted fishing op-
erations particularly in the early spring and
again in the fall following the trap fishery.
In order to keep these units supplied with
frozen bait, the Department purchased two
refrigerated trucks in 1959 and this year a
third unit has been added.

A 164-foot vessel to replace the Bait Serv-
ice Vessel Arctica is expected to be available
for service in 1963. She will be capable of
both freezing and holding bait and will have a
capacity of approximately 400,000 pounds.
The bait service vessel is used to transfer
frozen bait from areas of surplus to areas in
short supply. (Canadian Department of Fish-
eries Trade News, April 1962.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Colombia

LICENSES FOR UNITED STATES
COMMERCIAL FISHING VESSELS:

As a result of negotiations conducted by the General Man-
ager of the American Tunaboat Association with Colombian
authorities in April 1962, there has been established a pro-
cedure for United States fishing vessels to obtain licenses to
fish in Colombian waters, Also, arrangements have been
made for United States vessels to sell part cf their catch to
Colombian canners and fish merchants,

The procedure for fishermen wishing to secure licenses
is new, Hitherto, only a few licenses had been granted, each
application being individually considered and resolved on its
particular merits, A law governing the matter and regula-
tions thereunder have been in force for some time. However,
due to Some unsatisfactory experiences in the past plus the
limited number of applications received, the Colombian au-
thorities had not been prompted until now to set up a regular
licensing system,

Dominican
Republic

Brazil

Bolivi —
olivia
?

oC"
A Paraguay
u

The procedure for vessels to secure fishing rights will in-
clude these steps:

1, Obtain a matricula (Registro de Embarcaciones Pes-~
queras) valid for 12 months and issued by the Director of
Fisheries (Jefe de la Direccion de Caza y Pesca) upon pay-
ment of US$300, To secure the matricula, the applicant
must submit the following documents:

a. A formal application (in Spanish) written on “*
timbrado’’ (easily obtained in any Colombian city).

papel

b. A completed matricula form (No, P.M, 500, ‘‘Registro
de Embarcaciones Pesqueras’’),

c. A copy (photostat) of the Ship’s Document issued by the
U. S. Bureau of Customs,

These documents must be presented to the Director of
Fisheries in Bogota; they cannot be accepted by Colombian
consular officers abroad, However, a duly empowered agent
of the interested vessel in Colombia may present them and
obtain the matricula, The General Manager of the United
States Association has appointed an agent in Buenaventura for
the Association, He is an American citizen engaged in the
fishing business in that port.

2, Obtain a fishing license issued by the Director of Fish-
eries upon payment of a fee of $6,00 per net registered ton
for vessels fishing off the Pacific coast or $8,00 per net reg-
istered ton for those fishing off the Atlantic coast. The li-
cense is valid for 100 days,

60 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Colombia (Contd.):

In the case of American Tunaboat Association vessels fish-
ing in South American waters, the General Manager stated
that they would obtain matriculas each year whether or not
they fished in Colombian waters, In the event that the move-
ment of fish brought them to Colombian waters, they would
communicate with the Association’s agent who would secure a
license; they would then put in to pick it up.

During his talks, the General Manager of the Association
gave assurances that vessels of his Association would de-
liver a certain part of their catch to Colombia fish canners
and merchants, Specifically, he said the delivery would con-
sist mainly of red snapper, white fish, and undersized tuna,
He stressed, however, that a reasonable price must be paid
for these fish if United States vessels were to be encouraged
to catch them, He said that a scale of prices suggested by a
Colombian buyer seemed attractive, The proposed prices
are as follows: red snapper US$200 per metric ton (9.1
cents 2 pound); white fish $190 a ton (8.6 cents a pound); un-
dersized tuna $140 a ton (6.4 cents a pound).

The foregoing procedures and arrangements represent a
constructive step which should reduce, if not eliminate,
problems such as those surrounding the recent detention of
a United States tuna vessel off Buenaventura. (United States
Embassy, Bogota, report of May 4, 1962.)

Denmark

FISH FILLETS AND BLOCKS AND
FISHERY INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
EXPORTS, MARCH 1962:

Denmark’s exports of fresh and frozen fillets and blocks
during the first three months of this year were 18.1 percent or
almost 3.5 million pounds greater than in the same period of
1961. The exports of cod and related species dropped 6.3 per-
cent, but flounder and sole fillets were up 15.9 percent and
herring fillets were up 129.2 percent, During the first three
months this year exports to the United States of fresh and fro-
zen fillets and blocks of 3,4 million pounds (mostly cod and
related species) were down 22.7 percent from the exports of
almost 4,4 million pounds in the same period of 1961.

Denmark’s exports of fresh and frozen fish fillets and
blocks during March 1962 were up 30.5 percent or almost 2.4
million pounds, Of the total exports, 1.8 million pounds (most-
ly cod and related species) were shipped to the United States
in March,

Fishing cutters in the harbor of the port of Kalundborg, one of
the smaller Danish fishing ports.

Vol. 24, No. 7

Denmark’s Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and
Blocks and Fishery Industrial Products, March 19621/

Jan.- Mar.

++ «...(1,000 Lbs.)......

Product

Fillets and Blocks:
Cod and related species
Flounder and sole....

HOLE INS ore ateheevenene ake
Other ..

> ele wo) (UHOTtYLONS), cep owemrcite
ndustrial Products:
Fish meal, fish solubles,
and similar products, .

1/Shipments from the Fare Islands and Greenland direct to foreign countries not in-
cluded.

Denmark’s exports of fish meal, fish solubles, and similar
products in January-March 1962 were up 41,8 percent or 4,151
tons from the same three months a year earlier,

During March 1962, Denmark exported 52.8.percent or
2,501 tons more meal, fish solubles, and similar products than
in the Same month of 1961, The principal buyers were the
United Kingdom West Germany, and the Netherlands.

KK OR ok

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL
FISHERIES TRADE FAIR:

The Fourth International Fisheries Trade Fair was held
in Copenhagen, Denmark, from April 14 to 23, 1962, It at-
tracted 55,000 visitors from 39 countries, There were dis-
plays by 230 exhibitors from 14 countries, Most of the prod-
ucts were marine engines, vessel equipment, and twine for
fishing gear. “Exhibits of fish processing equipment were less
numerous than might have been expected. Half of the exhibitors
were Danish but there also was substantial representation from
the United Kingdom, West Germany, Norway, Sweden, and
Japan, Six United States companies were represented, mostly
through European affiliates or agents. The estimated sales
turnover, based on interviews with 25 percent of the exhibi-
tors by the arrangers, was about US$30 million. The Fifth
International Fisheries Trade Fair is tentatively scheduled
for Copenhagen in 1965 and 65 percent of the exhibit area al-
ready has been booked,

The opening speech by the Danish Minister of Fisheries
stressed the importance of such fairs to international trade
and cooperation, The spokesman for the Danish Fisheries
Council (an organization representing the various Danish fish-
eries associations) said that Denmark’s application to join the
Common Market was something which the greater part of the
industry believed would be of great advantage provided, of
course, that the United Kingdom, one of Denmark’s biggest
fish customers, also became a member, He hoped that Den-
mark’s fishery exports to the East Bloc countries could be
maintained and, preferably, expanded. But, despite Danish ex-
ports to 100 countries, he was concerned because export prices
were practically the same as in 1960 and did not cover signifi-
cant increases in costs in 1961 and 1962,

Unless export prices increased, difficulties were foreseen
because the fishing industry had done everything possible to
bring its costs down through modernization, Participation in
international fairs had been successful in promoting Danish
fish and fishery products but there was a need for expansion
both in domestic and foreign markets, preferably through di-
version of a portion of the tax on exported fishery products,
(Regional Fisheries Attache, United States Embassy, Copen-

hagen, May 8, 1962.) oS att
= =

July 1962

Dominica

TUNA FISHING SEASON:

Off the island of Dominica (part of the
West Indies Leeward Islands), the yellowfin
tuna (locally called ''albacore"') fishing sea-
son, which usually lasts from May to July,
started unusually early this year. Tuna aver-
aging 70 pounds each began to be caught in
December 1961, and by the end of January
1962 almost 100 fish had been landed, an all-
time record for that time of year for the Is-
land. POR pe

Ecuador

PROPOSED DECREE WOULD
RESTRICT FISHING BY TUNA
PURSE SEINERS OFF COAST:

A decree proposed by the Ministry of De-
velopment would restrict purse seiners from
fishing for tuna within 40 miles of the Ecua-
doran coast between the Santa Elena Penin-
sula and Cabo Pasado. This action was pro-
posed after a Government study mission re-
turned from its investigation in Manta of
complaints by fishermen that United States
vessels were engaged in tuna fishing in Ec-
uadoran waters. (United States Embassy,
Quito, report of May 4, 1962.)

Faroe Islands

BRITISH READY TO DISCUSS FISHING
LIMITS WITH DANES:

The British Government has told Denmark
that it is ready to discuss with them the ques-
tion of fishing limits off the Faroe Islands.

A British Foreign Office statement said that
anaide-memoire setting out the Government's
views and indicating its willingness to dis-
cuss the question was handed to the Danish
Charge d'Affaires in London.

This follows a Danish aide-memoire in
February 1962 concerning the future of the
Anglo-Danish Agreement of 1959, under
which British vessels fish in waters adjacent
to the Faroes,.

Under the 1959 agreement, the British
Government agreed to a six-mile limit off
the coast in certain areas. The agreement
provides for either government to give a

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

year's notice of termination at any time after
April 27, 1962.

The Faroese local governments have been
pressing the Danish Government for some
time to apply to British vessels the 12-mile
fishery limit which already applies to vessels
of other nationalities fishing off the Faroe Is-
lands. (The Fishing News, April 27, 1962.)

The Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
gave notice to the United Kingdom on April
28, 1962, of termination of the 1959 agree-
ment on fishing limits in the Faroes. In ac-
cordance with the one year's notice provided
for in the agreement, it will end on April 27,
1963.

Fishing limits of 12 miles have been rec-
ognized by the United Kingdom in Iceland and

Norway. ;
i bss
e Ps ee
Spee ss eee See =a

Fiji Islands

FINAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR
PROPOSED TUNA BASE:

The Japanese Diet Member who initiated
the plan to establish a joint tuna base in the
Fiji Islands left Japan on April 26, 1962, for
the Fiji Islands to make final arrangements
with the Fijian authorities to carry out his
plan, In Japan, preparations for this joint
venture are reported to be well under way
and the application to establish this joint com-
pany was expected to be filed with the Fish-
eries Agency upon return to Japan of the Diet
Member.

Under the present plan, Japan and Great
Britain (Fiji Islands are a British possession)
will each contribute 50 percent of the invest-
ment, or the equivalent of 150 million yen
(US$416,670) each. Of Japan's share of the
investment, two Japanese companies are
jointly investing a total of 65 million yen
($180,556), a Japanese trading company is
investing 65 million yen ($180,556), and the
South Pacific Ocean Fisheries Cooperative
Association 20 million yen ($55,556). As for
investment by the Fijian side, stocks are be-
ing offered for public subscription and al-
ready 2 or 3 investors reportedly will par-
ticipate in the venture. (Suisan Keizai Shim-
bun, April 24, 1962.)

KOK OK OK °K

Fiji Islands (Contd.):

CONSTRUCTION OF TUNA BASE:

The proposed establishment of a joint Japanese-British tu-
na base in the Fiji Islands, an enterprise to be managed by the
South Pacific Ocean Fisheries Cooperative Association, has
progressed to the stage where the base construction at Levu-
ka was scheduled to commence on June 1, 1962, The Japanese
Diet member who initiated the plan returned to Japan on May 8
from his fourth trip to the Fiji Islands. He explained the pres-
ent status and prospects of the joint venture as follows:

1. Purpose of the recent trip was to make arrangements
for constructing freezing facilities, The touring party includ-
ed a Japanese engineer from the firm which is to handle freez~
er construction, Blueprints for the freezer plant have already
been drawn and construction was scheduled to begin on June 1,

2, Initially, a freezer plant with a freezing capacity of 100
metric tons and a storage capacity of 2,000 tons will be built
at a cost of about 500 million yen (US$1.4 million), Construc-
tion is expected to take 10 months, Present plans call for in-
creasing the freezing capacity by 50 tons and storage capacity
by 1,000 tons next year.

3. Construction of the base was expected to start as soon
as the Fijian Government approved the undertaking, Since
this enterprise will contribute to the industrial growth of the
Fiji Islands, the Fijian Government is showing a very cooper-
ative attitude, having already drafted a law which would place
this base in the category of protected industries, Only the
provision relating to the method of determining ex-vessel fish
prices remains to be included in the law. The director of the
development program for the Fiji Islands was in Japan to dis-
cuss the method of determining tuna ex-vessel prices, and a
general agreement has already been reached on this matter,
Before returning to the Fiji Islands, the Fijian director was to
study the Japanese housing loan procedures since the Japa-
nese have asked the British bank in the Fiji Islands to extend
a 200-million-yen (US$.6 million) loan for the construction of
houses for the 2,000 Japanese to be assigned to the base.

4, A total of 100 Japanese fishing vessels (each of 99
gross tons) will be assigned to the Fiji Islands tuna base over
a period of four years, During the first year, 30 vessels will
be sent, of which 25 will be fishing vessels and 5 training ves-
sels, Orders for these vessels have already been placed with
a Japanese shipbuilding firm, Each vessel is expected to cost
around 46,9 million yen (US$130,000), Tuna landed by the ves-
sels will be delivered to the local processing plant, where they
will be frozen or canned for export to the United States, The
processing plant will be jointly established with Japanese and
British capital,

5. Approval for entry of Japanese families into the Fiji
Islands has been obtained from the Fijian Government. The
Fiji Government will grant 8-year residence permits to Jap-
anese residing on the base, instead of 4-year permits as a-
greed upon originally, (Suisan Keizai Shimbun & Suisan Tsu-
shin, May 16, 1962.) Mea

One of the provisions in the drafted Fijian law reads:
“*The company which has been licensed will construct at Le-
vuka, Fiji Islands, cold~storage and canning facilities fully
capable of processing and handling the catch of the fishing
fleet to be composed of at least 30 vessels,’’ The Fisheries
Agency reportedly is faced with a dilemma, for the Agency
has already taken the position that it will not authorize the
construction of canning plants overseas, and the Agency is
reported to be reviewing this matter carefully,

France

TUNA INDUSTRY, 1961:
Production of tuna in French waters de-
clined again in 1961, amounting to only 16,600

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

metric tons as compared with 17,900 in 1960
and 22,500 tons in 1959, well below the needs
of the market. In addition, 5,600 tons of yel-
lowfin tuna (including a very small quantity
of ''Listao'') fished by French vessels in Afri-
can waters were landed in French ports.

The 1960/61 winter African season was a
disappointing one for French fishermen. On
the one hand they had to go much farther south
from Dakar to find the yellowfin tuna and on
the other hand the outlets for canned tuna proc-
essed in Dakar were much smaller than had
been originally expected. Only the technical-
ly more modern vessels equipped with freez-
ing units found the season in Africa really
profitable. The Senegal canning plants have
a considerable amount of idle capacity and
must rely principally on the protected French
market where the level of tuna prices is high-
er than it is in other countries. An estimated
13,000 tons of tuna were reported produced
during the calendar year 1961 by French ves-
sels fishing in Africa. Of that amount, 5,600
tons were shipped to France as frozen tuna
and the rest was canned in Senegal (4,160 tons
of the Senegal canned pack was shipped to
France).

The program set up by the French Author-
ities before the 1961/62 campaign in Africa
started called for a total production of 22,000
tons, of which 10,000 tons were to be shipped
frozen to France for the French canneries.
As the French canneries were running short
of tuna at the beginning of April 1962, the
French Government took an exceptional de-
cision to allow the import of 6,000 tons of raw
tuna, 3,500 tons of which are destined for can-
neries located in France and 2,500 tons for
Dakar canneries for subsequent export after
processing to France. (United States Embas-
sy, Paris, report of May 3, 1962.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1962 p. 60, Oc-
tober 1961 p. 50.

ok OK ok OK

FROZEN TUNA IMPORTS AUTHORIZED:

France is reported to be planning on im-
porting 5,500 metric tons of frozen tuna this
year and is said to have already issued im-
port licenses for 3,500 metric tons of frozen
tuna. Until recently, France has been re-
stricting imports of tuna, except from coun-
tries that once were part of her overseas ter-
ritories, like Senegal. This recent turn of
events is attributed to poor fishing by French
fishermen, as well as by fishermen in those
countries which normally provide tuna for the
French market.

July 1962

France (Contd.):

Japanese tuna export firms have approached
France with offers of frozentuna, but as of
mid-May, only one firm is reported to have
been successful in concluding an agreement
to deliver about 200 metric tons of tuna at
$360 a ton, delivery Nantes. Since tuna fish-
ing in the Atlantic Ocean has not been very
good and since many of the Japanese export
firms already have commitments to deliver
tuna to Italy and Yugoslavia, French firms
are not expected to be able to procure, until
sometime after summer, the 3,500 tons of
frozen tuna authorized for import into France.

The 3,500 tons of tuna to be imported by
France is expected to come under the Com-
mon Market duty-free tuna import quota of
25,000 metric tons, but details are not avail-
able. (Suisan Tsushin, May 15, 1962.)

KK Ok oe ok

FISHERY TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1962:

Unfavorable weather conditions resulted
in a serious drop in French fishery produc-
tion during the first quarter of 1962. Mack-
erel and tuna landings were particularly light
and the French canners' association is press-
ing the Government for an exceptional im-
port quota for raw tuna so that a reasonable
packing level can be maintained. The Gov-
ernment has given its agreement in principle
for such a quota, but hopes to work out a bar-
ter arrangement, perhaps with the Japanese,
so that French salted cod can be exchanged
for the imported raw tuna. (United States
Embassy, Paris, May 3, 1962.)

dace
Be.

German Federal Republic

FISHING TRAWLERS RECRUITING
MEN IN IRELAND:

Early in May 1962 advertisements ap-
peared in Irish newspapers seeking men will-
ing to join the crews of West German fishing
trawlers.

On May 17, in Cork City, the agent of
Nordsee, a German deep-sea trawling firm
of Bremerhaven and Cuxhaven, interviewed
men who were willing to train for work a-
board the vessel. He stated that the firm
needed from 50 to 60 men from Ireland to
supplement the German fishing fleet which
is experiencing a shortage of manpower.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The men will be trained as deck hands and

they will be paid in accordance with the Ger-
man collective wage agreement now in effect
for crews of German deep-sea fishing vessels--
the basic wage is said to be 255 deutschemark
(US$63.83) per month. In addition, the men

will receive a share of the returns from the
catch. The trawlers are used also as factory-
ships for processing salt fish. They usually
have a crew of 31 men.

Interview of applicants was expected to
take place also at Waterford, Dublin, and
Donegal, Ireland. (United States Consulate,
Cork, May 8, 1962.)

kK OK OK Ok

PLASTIC CONTAINERS FOR
UNLOADING FISH AT DOCKSIDE:

More than 2 years of experience has now
been accumulated on the plastic fish contain-
ers used to unload fish in Bremerhaven (West
Germany) fish market. During that time, it
is estimated that each container, each day,
has been dropped 100 times from 20 feet be-
side being manhandled round the market and
back on the vessel. Despite this, the 600 con-
tainers which formed the initial order are
still in good condition.

Fig. 1 - Plastic fish baskets or tubs are hauledon
deck from the hold at a rate of 10 feet per sec-
ond.

The containers will hold 150-170 pounds.
of fish. They are tub shaped, and have apair
of colored plastic handles. This offers anum-
ber of advantages, since they serve both as a
basket for unloading and a container on the

64 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

German Federal Republic (Contd.):

market floor. The strength of the handles is
such that they will withstand the sudden
snatch of the winch when hauling from the
fish hold and they do not break or dent when
dropped or are generally misused. Further-
more, they are easily cleaned by a jet of cold
water, and they do not retain bacteria.

Fig. 2 - Plastic baskets come out of the auction
hall in the Bremerhaven market and return to the
trawler's deck via a chute.

In practice, further advantages have been
found. A normal basket must inevitably in-
crease in weight through water absorption,
and this means an additional 5-9 pounds which
has to be handled. When the basket is used
for weighing, the tare weight must be re-
checked to allow for this. The plastic tubs
in use at Bremerhaven weigh 10 pounds and
they will nest within one another, making
transport by hand or truck simple. Tests
have shown that strength is unaffected at
temperatures of minus 22° F,

The material from which they are "injec-
tion-moulded" is a low pressure polythene.
The Bremerhaven tub costs about US$7.00
each, (World Fishing, May 1962.)

np,

Ghana

JAPANESE TUNA VESSELS
DISPATCHED TO GHANA:

A Japanese fishing company is reported
to have dispatched to Ghana the 239-ton ves-

sels Kuroshio Maru Nos. 70 and 71 for the
purpose of conducting pole-and-line fishing.
The firm is reported to be constructing three
additional vessels of the same size, whichare
also scheduled to be based at Ghana. (Shin
Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, May 8, 1962.)

Greenland

SHRIMP CANNING AND EXPORTS:

Greenland’s production and export of canned tiny shrimp is
controlled by the Royal Greenland Trade Department (RGTD),
Copenhagen, Distribution in the United States is through a
New York City fishery firm, The following information was
obtained from RGTD and the President of the New York firm.

Data on Greenland’s Pack of Canned Shrimp~-Can Sizes,
Types of Pack, Etc,

1/2-Lb, Tuna| Flat Glass

1/4-Lb, Round

Net weight %<.j0:¢
Drained weight. .

Citric Acid. .
Monosodium glu-

Hand
Hand
Litho, top

ace fete se . Machine
Throw
Paper
Regular

Interior enamel .

The 4-1/4-oz, net weight (1/4-lb, round) cans are now
shipped 48 to the fiberboard carton, Formerly they were
shipped 100 to a wooden box, The 7-3/4 oz. net weight (1/2-1b,
tuna) cans are shipped 24 cans to a fiberboard carton, The
4-1/4-o0z, net weight glass containers are shipped 12 toa
corrugated carton with individual jars separated by corrugated
paper. Four cartons are shipped to a master carton,

The canned shrimp are shipped to Boston and New York
City by direct shipment or via Copenhagen, Denmark,

Prices to United States buyers were aimed at establishing
retail prices of 33 cents and 43 cents per can for the 4-1/4-o0z,
and 7-3/4-oz, sizes, respectively.

The raw shrimp used were said to run 200 to 300 per kilo
or 91 to 137 per pound, The 1961 pack is sold out; the 1962
canning season as of May 10 had just begun, (Regional Fish-
arate tas) United States Embassy, Copenhagen, May 10,
1962,

Guatemala

SHRIMP FISHING EXPANDING AT
PACIFIC COAST PORTS:

Shrimp fishing from Guatemala's Pacific
Coast ports of San Jose and Champerico in-
creased during the early part of 1962. In Oc-
tober 1961 there were only 10 vessels evenly
divided between the two ports. As of early
April 1962, however, there were about 25 ves-

July 1962

Guatemala (Contd.):

sels operating out of each port. Also, there
is a freezing plant at each port. Moreover,
several of the five companies operating on
the Pacific have indicated they plan to put ad-
ditional boats into use.

During calendar year 1961 Guatemala ex-
ported only US$210,000 worth of shrimp, but
it is expected that, with the increased number
of boats in operation, total exports of shrimp
could well exceed $2 million in 1962. In ad-
dition to the fishing activity on the Pacific
Coast, one small company has operated a
fishing enterprise out of Guatemala's Gulf
Coast port of Matias de Galvez for some
time.

During the first four months of this year,
fishing activity from the port of San Jose has
increased. Although the shrimp industry at
San Jose has probably not given employment
to more than 175 Guatemalans, it has instilled
a great deal more life into that port.

One of the most promising developments
in the San Jose area is the experiment of one
shrimp firm in bringing its vessels across a
sand bar and into the protected Chiquimulilla
Canal, where docking facilities have been
constructed near the company's freezing
plant. If this proves practical, it will be of
great benefit to the shrimp industry on the
Pacific Coast.

The large amount of fish which has be-
come available as a byproduct of shrimp
fishing is having an effect on price of fish in
Guatemalan markets. One shrimp company
recently advertised fish at a retail price as
low as 18 cents a pound whereas formerly
such fish would have cost 2 or 3 times as
much. The market for fish in Guatemala
presently is not very large, but low prices
should help develop the market. (United
States Embassy, Guatemala, April13, 1962.)

Guinea

FISHERY TRENDS:

The Government of Guinea has established
the state company SOGUIPOL to run the state
fishing fleet of eight vessels, to purchase the
catch from independent fishermen, and to
organize distribution and retail sales. The
fleet is announced to have a weekly catch ca-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

pacity of 400 metric tons which, if completely
realized, would reach the target figure of
22,000 tons per year established in the Three
Year Plan.

West German experts are operating a fish
smoking plant, and a cold-storage plant is un-
der construction for handling 100 tons of fish.
The Poles are operating six trawlers and
training crews in modern fishing practices.
(United States Embassy, Conakry, April 24,

1962.)

SHRIMP LANDINGS DECLINE IN 1961:
Shrimp landings in Honduras in 1961 to-
taled only 213,400 pounds. This was less than
half of the previous year's catch and far short
of the peak 1958 production of 908,600 pounds.

But in 1961 a greater amount of shrimp was
probably caught than is indicated by the offi-
cial statistics, since according to Honduran
officials the statistical system is inadequate

at present.

Honduras

Nevertheless, there has been a sharp down-
ward trend in shrimp fishing activity in Hon-
duras apparently stemming from certain pro-
visions of the 1959 Fishing Law discouraging
to foreign operators. An FAO fisheries ad-
visor recently estimated that Honduran waters
off the north coast could support a potential
shrimp harvest of 2 or 3 million pounds per
year. (United States Embassy, Tegucigalpa,
report of May 17, 1962.)

Iceland

FISHERIES TRENDS, APRIL 1962:

Trawler Tie-Up: As of early May 1962,
two State mediators had offered proposals
for settling the nearly two-months old trawl-
er strike. The proposals involved a 13-per-
cent wage increase in fixed wages for seamen
as well as an adjustment in their share of the
catch. The Seamen's Union was expected to
complete a general vote by May 7, but it was
considered unlikely that they would accept the
proposed terms. The strike began on March
10.

Herring Exports to Norway for Reduction:
Very large herring catches off the South Coast

66 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

Iceland (Contd.): Bureau of Iceland's Statistical Bulletin, Jan-
uary 1962. But exports of salted fish, stock-
early this year resulted in the exportation to | fish, fish on ice, cured and frozen herring,
Norway of fresh herring for reduction. This | fish meal, and herring meal were considera-
unusual arrangement aroused some criticism | bly higher in 1961.
in Iceland because herring reduction plants
on the North Coast remained idle because of Eo oi hatodes
lack of fish. High transportation costs to the
North Coast plants is the reason advanced by | EXPORTS OF SELECTED FISHERY
the herring production management. PRODUCTS, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1962:
Exports of Iceland's most important com-
Frozen Fish Exporters Receive Additional modities for January-February 1962 include
Credits from United States Bank: The First | several fishery items of interest to the Unit-
National City Bank of New Yorkhas agreedto | ed States fisheries. There was a consider-
extend a US$4 millionloan to finance exports able increase in exports of herring meal and
of frozen fish of the Freezing Plants Corpo-
ration (FPC) and the Federation of Icelandic
Cooperatives (Samband). The loan, which
was previously for $1.5 million, is guaran-
teed in part by the Eximbank and willbe made
to the National Bank of Iceland, which will re-
loan approximately 75 percent of the money
to the FPC and 25 percent to Samband. (Unit-
ed States Embassy, Reykjavik, reportof May
3, 1962.)

Selected Icelandic Fishery Exports, January-February 1962
an.-Feb. 1962 an, -Feb. 1961

oust) Value1/ Senay, Value1/

Product

KOA OK OK

EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1960-61:
There was a considerable decrease in ex-
ports of frozen fish, cold liver oil, herring
oil, whale oil, and ocean perch meal during
1961 from 1960, according to the Statistical

1961

a
= [eta

Salted fish, dried ,.scccccsccccccccnccccvccces
Salted fish uncured: sreve crejetelel pier sielele cieveiele eieleie siete
Wiles, Salted tere e'eiocieveieivivie eevee eieivie.uie eeleve eve eve
Stockfishtivetsseis'aleievecieicieve viele clelersievciciolsiclsle evere
Fish ON ICC g scccccccocscccccecccceceseences
HTOZEM LISI Gye e\sisialeleiajeie ere ielererelsicieieicieieie sieeie s/s
Shrimp clobsters {rOZensio.6.6.s:s:cre c's ee eieieveloie eieveie'e
Roes, frozen COCTCHHOHOCOCOEC OLEH OOOO SOOROOOROR
Gannedifish sie sie\elcle sieleleleieloleieiels(e(e e.eleieieie ciele oeie
Codeliver Oil, ecccccccccccccccccccccccescces
Roes, Salted .gsccoccccccrccccevcesccenscese
Roes for bait, salted @ececercxr2rcceeeoeoeveeeeoCe
Herring, cured sscccccccccccccccccccccccccns
Herring, fr0Zen ecccccccccccccccccccecccceces

Herringioilitvetsie cieversieievele siciclonie eee cierele wieioin cine
Ocean perch oil
Whale oil eeeoevoeeeoeaoeoeoeooeoeoeaeoeoeaeeoeooeoeeaeeoeeaooneasd
Fish meal @eeeoeveeeoeeeonoeoseeoeeoeoe oe eeeoeeeoee0

Herring meal eeooeeoeoevoeocneaeveonveeeeoee02 ee eeoeoeeooene
Ocean perch meal @eoeeeeeooeeoeeeoeeoooeoeeoe00
Whaletmeat crc iclelete sieieielereleiatcieleleialele elaleieieiclaleleie
Whale meat

Note; Values converted at rate of 1 kronur equa

July 1962

Iceland (Contd.):

salt herring as compared with January-Feb-
ruary 1961 (see table), according to the Na-
tional Bank of Iceland's March 1962 Statisti-
cal Bulletin. Exports of fish meal were very
much lower.

ok ok ok OK

EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

There was a considerable increase in ex-
ports of salted herring, herring oil, and her-
ring meal during the first quarter of 1962 as
compared with the same period in 1961, ac-

Product

Saltedifish i dried!<)./.)csersisie-c/ eve

Salted fish, uncured .......00-
Wings, salted’ 35 5..%<..s aie
STOCHTISH, seveVerele: cre) s<s-90s4'erehevers
HERING 7OMSICE Seetercneseveieieneie
Other fish onice ,..... eietohers
Herring, frozen...... nue

Other frozen fish, whole. POOGTEE
Frozen fish fillets ovonondad
Shrimp and lobster, frozen .......000e
ROCESS TTOZEM evalels siete eieleieie: steve
Canned fish,....
God=liversoilivateveisreneiece.orelesebe! ec
Lumpfish roes, salted ........
Other roes for food, salted ...
Herring sSaltedirs cree cversiciess\ o.6-6
Elerring{oiljerereteverescrcreleretersichelsteisre) one
Ocean perch oil.....
Wihaleyoilttewsrctorarcrescterevevolersvetekererarsvets
EviShivinealamevetaraletspojerelsvatetstevenetele
Herring meal. .....e- syera ele ele '<ieis.s
Ocean perch meal ...... phahedsssislensvete
Wastes of fish, frozen. ......00.
WelciVersmneally sicrensqaveleleiscclietstcve
Lobster and shrimp meal

1961.

cording to the Statistical Bureau of Iceland's
Statistical Bulletin, April 1962, But exports
of fish meal and ocean perch meal were con-
siderably lower in the first quarter of 1962.

Icelandic Fishery Exports, January-March 1962 with Comparisons
Jan.-Mar, 1962 Jan.-Mar, 1961
Value f,o.b. Value f.o.b.

Note: Values converted at rate of ‘I kronur e equals 2. 32 U.S, cents in first quarter 1962; and 2,62 U.S, cents in first quarter

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

HERRING SEASON GOOD:

One newspaper described this winter's
herring season (October 1961-April 1962) in
Iceland with1.2 millionbarrels landed as the
best since 1947, A far higher amount than
usual has been frozen for export--18,000
metric tons, of which the U.S.S.R. bought
5,000 tons, East Germany 2,571 tons, Poland
2,500 tons, Czechoslovakia 1,500 tons, Ru-
mania 1,500 tons, and Great Britain 157 tons.

The latest innovation is the shipment of
5,000 tons of herring under chemical preserv-
atives to oilandmealplants in Norway. How-
ever, one small Norwegian freighter loaded
with herring had to put back into an Icelandic

port becausethe cargo shifted. Another with
the same problem and listing dangerously
sent out an SOS, After disembarking the
crew, an Icelandic Coast Guard vessel towed
the freighter into port. (United States Em-
bassy, Reykjavik, May 17, 1962.)

7K OK OK OK 3K

68 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Iceland (Contd.):

HERRING EXPORTED TO
NORWAY FOR REDUCTION:

The Icelandic Government complied with a request from
fishing vessel owners to allow sales to Norway of fresh herring
for reduction, Only herring caught during May off the south-
west coast were allowed to be exported. In order to compen-
sate for a rather lean winter fishing season (groundfish fisher-
ies), which closed about mid-May, many fishing vessels planned
participation in the excellent herring fisheries, More herring
appeared on the southwest grounds during the winter and spring
of 1962 than for many previous years, The reduction plants
located in the southwest area were unable to process the large
quantity of landed herring, resulting in over~stockpiling and
consequent deterioration of the raw material, In some instances,
vessels had to wait up to a week to discharge their catches,
Herring caught during spring of the year is normally of low
fat content and is unfit for processing other than for reduc-
tion,

In order to solve the processing problem, an Icelandic
export firm undertook negotiations with Norway. A reduc-
tion plant at Kristiansund, Norway, agreed to purchase
5,000 metric tons of herring and was willing to take more, if
available, at a price of Norwegian kroner 0,15 (equivalent
to Icelandic kronur 0,90) per kilogram (about US$19 a short
ton) f.0,b, Faxabay Harbor, Iceland, A Norwegian ship was
expected to arrive in Iceland early in May for the first ship-
ment, The Norwegians agreed to a minimum of 9 percent fat
content herring. It was stipulated in the export permit that
only herring caught during May as well as surplus which the
local plants were unable to process could be exported,

The price to the Norwegians was somewhat higher than
that paid by the local reduction plants, It was reported, how-
ever, that the price difference was offset by export fees and
other charges undertaken by the exporter,

While the reduction plants on the southwest coast are of
relatively small or medium size and are primarily geared
for reduction of fish waste from freezing plants and ground-
fish unfit for other processing, there are large and efficient
herring reduction plants on Iceland’s north coast, These
plants are normally in operation only during the north coast
summer herring season (June-August) and idle the remain-
der of the year, When this export arrangement With Norway
was known, many people wondered why the north coast plants
were not being utilized instead. The State Herring Factories
(the largest in the country) and other north coast plants an-
nounced that based on raw material prices paid by southwest
coast plants, the transportation cost to the north coast was
too high and would result in uneconomical processing.

With new types of fishing gear and sonars, herring fish-
eries in the Faxabay area have undergone drastic changes
during the past 2 or 3 years, (United States Embassy, Reyk-
javik, May 3, 1962.)

Src Se oe

UTILIZATION OF FISHERY LANDINGS’ ,
JANUARY 1962:

How Utilized

Oil and meal
Freezing...
Salting
Groundfish 3/
Fresh on ice landed abroad
Freezing and filleting .
SALENG wisuie: 02%) «6: (ee
Stockfish 3) siss6 <1
Home consumption . .
Oil. and meal_.......
production <
1/Does not include shellfish (lob:
2 /Whole fish.
3/Drawn fish.
oo000000

Vol. 24, No. 7

Indonesia

JAPANESE NEGOTIATIONS TO ESTABLISH
TUNA BASE CONTINUE:

The Wakayama Prefectural Fisheries Co-
operative and a Japanese steel import-export_
firm are continuing to negotiate withthe Indo-
nesian Government to establish a tuna fishing
base at Djakarta. This negotiation was first
begun three years ago.

Base construction plans call for Japan to
construct a cold-storage plant, a tuna can-
ning plant, and communication and housing
facilities at a total cost of US$2.5 million
(which Indonesia would repay); and assign-
ment of Japanese fishing vessels to the base.

The negotiations, which have dragged on,
reportedly face the following difficulties: (1)
Equipment needed for the base are to be procured
in Japan. However, the Japanese banks can-
not guarantee loans for procurement of equip-
ment. (2) The Japanese Finance Ministry
and Japanese banks have not expressed firm
views concerning extension of loans for this
project.

The Indonesian Government has assured
the Japanese firms that Indonesia will make
installment payments with proceeds from
sale of tuna landed at the base. The Japanese
firms are negotiating with the Finance Minis-
try and the Economic Cooperative Fund to se-
cure necessary funds for the construction of
the base, but their responses so far have not
been favorable. (Shin Suisan Shimbun, April
23; Sankei Shimbun, April 13, 1962.)

Italy

PLANS REPORTED TO RESTRICT
FROZEN TUNA IMPORTS:

Reports in some Japanese quarters point
out that the Italian Government is planning to
curtail frozen tuna imports in an attempt to
expand domestic sale of meat products, which
are said to be losing their market to canned
tuna. This move within the Government is
reported to have originated at the time when
the European Common Market established
frozen tuna import regulations, permitting
Italy to import free of duty 25,000 metric tons
of tuna, of which Italy has allocated 14,000
tons to imports from Japan,

Japanese exporters believe that the Italian
Government's plan is merely conjectural for

July 1962

Italy (Contd.):

the following reasons: (1) The eating habits
of Italians cannot be changed by policy changes
of the Government, for the strong demand for
canned tuna in Italy is due to the fact that the
Italians are even greater fish eaters than the
Japanese; (2) Italian canneries are only equip-
ped to pack fish, so a switch to meat packing
would involve considerable changes in facili-
ties and canning techniques; and (3) It is un-
thinkable that Italy is planning to restrict
tuna imports to protect its domestic indus-
tries since stock farming in that country is
so small that the meat packers would have
to import meat for packing purposes. (Trans-
lation from Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai

Ivory Coast

JAPANESE TUNA VESSELS TO BE
PLACED UNDER IVORY COAST REGISTRY:
The Japanese periodical Minato Shimbun
of May 10, 1962, states that the joint compa-
ny to be established in Abidjan, Ivory Coast,
by a large Japanese fishing company and an
Italian firm will operate with four fishing
vessels, all of which will be placed under
Ivory Coast registry. The bulk of their catch-
es will be exported to France.

PORTUGUES!

GUINEA GUINEA

Establishment of the joint company in the
Ivory Coast, although on a small scale, per-
mits the Japanese company to circumvent
the Common Market tariff restrictions, as
well as the present high French import duty

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

on tuna. Reportedly, the Ivory Coast, which
was a French colony for a long time and be-
came independent in 1960, is permitted to
export tuna to France without paying the high
French tariff on tuna imports, and because
of its relationship with France the Ivory
Coast is also exempted from the Common
Market tariff restrictions.

The Japanese firm and the Italian firm
are each investing US$160,000 in the joint
company and 2 of the 4 vessels to be oper-
ated by the joint company will be provided
by the Japanese firm. Both of the vessels
are 39-ton tuna vessels, whichdo not require
tuna fishing licenses in Japan.

Reportedly, the Japanese firm, which op-
erates a large trawler fleet out of Las Pal-
mas, Canary Islands, has formed another
joint enterprise with the same Italian firm,
and has transferred one of its trawlers to
Italian registry. This move was also taken to
get aroundthe Common Market tariff restric-
tions. (Minato Shimbun, May 10, 1962.)

Jamaica

TUNA LANDED IN
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1961:

During the November-December 1961 sea-
son, catches by Jamaica fishermen included
albacore and yellowfin tuna ranging from 8
pounds to 50 pounds each. Also, landed at the
same time were kingfish from 18 to 67 pounds
each, dolphin and other pelagic fish, as well
as 50 blue marlin in the Lances Bay area.

All these fish were caught in the Caribbean
Sea on multiple trolling lines used from out-
riggers. This fishing method has been taught
by the Fisheries Division to fishermen in
many parts of the Island of Jamaica, which is
part of the Greater Antilles group of islands
in the West Indies.

From April 5 to December 16, 1961, a to-
tal of 16 trips was made by the 43-foot gov-
ernment exploratory fishing vessel Blue Fin
to the various offshore banks in the Caribbean
Sea, including Pedro, Walton, Albatross, Hen-
ry Holmes, Grappler, Formigas, and New
Banks. Until January 1962, the main purpose
of the cruises was to train the local govern-
ment fisheries personnel in the operationand
maintenance of the boat and its equipment, to
familiarize groups of local fishermen in this
type of offshore operation, to test various

70 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Jamaica (Contd.):

types of artificial trolling lures, and to make
a general survey of the banks in respect to
locating the best areas for trolling tuna, bo-
nito, and other pelagic species, as well as to
ascertain good bottom fishing grounds for
certain demersal species. Fishing activities
consisted mainly of surface trolling during
daylight hours and handlining for yellowtail
snappers, jacks, and groupers during the night.

From the results obtained during the pe-
riod it was found that ''blackfin'' tuna was
more in abundance than other tuna species
and was almost invariably found along, and
close to, the windward or eastern edges of
the bank.

It was estimated that ''blackfin'' tuna con-
stituted roughly 50 to 60 percent of the total
troll-caught fish, the other species being dol-
phin, kingfish, barracuda, bonito, and an oc-
casional yellowfin tuna. The most encoura-
ging results with trolling were obtained ona
five-day trip to Formigas Bank in October
1961 when 3,500 pounds of fish were caught.
Trolling | lures found most successful in-
cluded 43-inch to 6-inch white whale bone
jigs and mnite feather jigs of from 2 ounce
to 2 ounces for smaller tuna and 5 ounces
for kingfish.

Japan

PACK AND SHIPMENTS OF
CANNED TUNA IN BRINE FOR
EXPORT TO UNITED STATES:

The Japanese tuna packers association in
May 1962 announced the production and ship-
ment of canned tuna for export to the United

Vol. 24, No. 7

CANNED TUNA IN BRINE

EXPORT PRICES RAISED:

The Japan Canned Foods Exporters Asso-
ciation held a regular meeting of its Canned
Tuna Sales Committee on May 10, 1962, to
discuss canned tuna for export to the United
States, which was to be offered for sale in
May. The meeting was attended by the head
of the Tokyo Canned Tuna Sales Company. He
stated that for the May sale, a total of 230,000
cases of canned tuna in brine (consisting of
120,000 cases of white meat tuna and 110,000
cases of light meat tuna) would be offered.
The prices would be increased by 25 cents
per case for white meat tuna and by 10 cents
per case for light meat tuna. The new prices
would be US$10.20 per case for white meat
tuna and $7.80 per case for light meat tuna,
f.o.b. Japan. Deliveries were scheduled for
May and June.

At the meeting, the 18 authorized export-
ing firms were requested to place their or-
ders for canned tuna by May 15. (Suisan Tsu-
shin, May 11, 1962.) tn ie

kook ok OK ok

CANNED TUNA IN BRINE FIFTH
EXPORT SALE TO U. S, EXCEEDS QUOTA:
The Japan Canned Foods Exporters Asso-
ciation invitations for the fifth or ''May'' sale
of canned tuna in brine for export to the Unit-
ed States were closed on the deadline date of
May 15, 1962. It was found that the total quan-
tity applied for by the 18 outlet firms had a-
mounted to about 240,000 cases, or about
10,000 cases above the announced quota of
230,000 cases. Prices were up 25 cents a
case for white meat or albacore and 10cents
for light meat. (From Japanese periodicals
dated May 22 and 23, 1962.)

The tuna department of the Association on
May 21 formulated a draft of this year's in-

Japanese Pack, Shipments, and Stocks of Canned Tuna for Export to U. S.

Brought Forward from FY 1961
(April 1, 1961)

White meat od tb 294, 274
pLeeeel ements 305

1/Yellowfin used for 165, 144 cases.
2/Includes 72,549 cases for countries other than U, S.

States in fiscal year 1961 (April 1961-March
1962), according to a translation from the
Japanese periodical Suisan Tsushin, May 22,
1962.

anti March 31, 1962
Packed Shipped (Me ; )

Fiscal Year 1961

1,539, 319
754, 657

tertrading firm agreement on the export of
canned tuna in brine to the UnitedStates. The
draft was to be presented for the approval of
a directors meeting scheduled for May 25 and
an extra general meeting scheduled for June

5, The agreement drafted covers 860,000

July 1962

Japan (Contd.)

cases and will be effective from about June
18 up to the end of November.

The total export target to the United States
for canned tuna in brine had been 2,200,000
cases, but 1,340,000 cases had already been
sold by May 1962, hence the 860,000 cases.

The wording of the agreement has not
changed materially from the former agree-
ment, except that the export of canned tuna
items other than in-brine and the in-oil packs
may be exported to the United States if the
normal formalities have been complied with.

Seen Ne Se ioe

CANNED TUNA IN BRINE MARKET SURVEY
IN MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES:

The Japan Export Trade Promotion Association (JETRO)
recently released a report on the marketing of Japanese
canned tuna in brine in the United States based on market
studies it had conducted in the Midwestern States of the
United States, A translation of the report follows,

The purpose of the survey was to determine the possibili-
ties of expanding the market for Japanese tuna packed in brine
in the midwestern region of the United States by conducting a
market survey in the three large Midwestern cities of Cleve-
land, Detroit, and Milwaukee. Specifically, the survey was
conducted to collect and evaluate data in relation to:

1, Status and trend of canned tuna market in the three cities.

2, Sales of Japanese canned tuna in brine in the three cities
compared with sales of canned tuna packed by other countries,

3, Views of the industry concerning prospects of marketing
Japanese canned tuna in brine in the three cities,

4. Composition of canned tuna consumers in Detroit and
Milwaukee with particular attention paid to consumer ex-
perience with and response to canned tuna in brine.

In making this study, all data related to the economic and
marketing conditions in the surveyed area were thoroughly
examined and analyzed. A study of the economy_of Cleveland,
Detroit, and Milwaukee revealed that the three cities had a
combined population corresponding to 18 percent of the total
population of the five states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Ohio, and Wisconsin, which border the Great Lakes, and a
purchasing power per family higher than any other cities in
that region. The areas surrounding the three cities and Chi-
cago are the most important commercial centers in the Mid-
west, and logically suited for the development of a market
for Japanese canned tuna.

No accurate information could be obtained on the sales of
canned tuna (both domestic and imported products) in the
Midwestern States, but the 1961 sales of United States canned
tuna in the Midwestern States is estimated to have reached
3.5 to 4 million cases (No. 1/2 48’s), or 22-25 percent of the
total of 15,6 million cases packed in the United States in 1961,
Since most of the domestically-packed canned tuna in the
United States is intended for the retail market, it can be as~-
sumed that the sales figures for the Midwestern States
roughly indicate the extent of the canned tuna retail market
in those areas,

In 1961 the United States imported between 2-3 million
standard cases of tuna packed in brine from Japan, Of

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW {fal

that, approximately 450,000 cases were sold in the mid-
western region, principally in large cities near the Great
Lakes where approximately 350,000 cases were sold, Thus,
sales of Japanese canned tuna throughout the midwestern
United States amount to not more than 4-5 percent of the
total United States imports of Japanese canned tuna in brine,

Canned tuna consumption per family per year in Cleve-
land and Milwaukee is 0.4 case and in Detroit 0.7 case, so
Detroit can be considered an important market for canned
tuna. In those three Midwestern cities, two United States
tuna brands dominate the market, their sales accounting for
75-80 percent of the total canned tuna sales; whereas, sales
of Japanese canned tuna are only 3-9 percent of total sales,
United States packers of the two leading brands conduct ex-
tensive advertising throughout the United States and have es-
tablished a firm foundation for their products; whereas,
advertising of Japanese canned tuna is indeed meager,

A study of the distribution of canned tuna in brine in 24
supermarkets located in the three Midwestern cities revealed
a startling fact. That is, Japanese canned tuna was not (fully)
displayed on the shelves of these supermarkets and So it had
no impact on consumers, Concerning this, the purchasing
officers of 2 or 3 supermarkets in the Cleveland area ex-
pressed disappointment at the slow sale of Japanese canned
tuna in brine until now and they stated that they would have to
drop this item from their list of regularly-stocked items un-
less sales improve,

In Milwaukee, 62 percent of the consumers knew about tuna
packed in brine, and in Detroit the percentage was 52, Most
of the consumers first learned about canned tuna in brine by
seeing it in a store, which goes to show how important it is to
display merchandise on the store shelves, and what is im-
portant in this regard is to reach that group of consumers who
do not know about tuna packed in brine, for they are the poten
tial buyers of Japanese canned tuna,

To the question, ‘‘Don’t you think you will like tuna packed
in brine ?’’ asked in Detroit, about 26 percent of those who
claimed they were not familiar with the product answered, ‘'I
think I may get to like it;’’ 42 percent said, ‘‘I don’t think I
will come to like it;’’ and 32 percent were not sure, In
Milwaukee, 40 percent thought they would come to like it.
From this survey, the virgin market in Milwaukee seems to
show greater potentiality than that in Detroit.

In Detroit and Milwaukee, the main reasons why the people
thought they would like canned tuna in brine are as follows
(arranged in order of importance):

1. They dislike oil and fat,

2, They thought tuna packed in brine was preferable from
the standpoint of health, dietary, and cholesterol considera-
tions,

3, Tuna packed in brine has a more natural, real flavor.
4, They always discard the oil contained in canned tuna,

Among the group who thought they would not like canned
tuna in brine, 45 percent thought canned tuna in brine was too
salty, and 25 percent said canned tuna in brine was dry and
tasteless,

These opinions should be carefully studied by Japanese
packers of canned tuna in brine,

The people connected with industry all agree that there are
indications that the demand for canned tuna in brine, as well
as in oil, on the retail level will continue to grow during the
next several years in Cleveland, Detroit, and Milwaukee, al-
though not as rapidly as it did 4 or 5 years ago, In Detroit,
where the per family consumption level is already high,
canned tuna demand cannot be expected to rapidly increase,
but the demand in the Milwaukee and Cleveland markets
should rise considerably,

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

Japan (Contd.):

The question then arises as to how Japanese canned tuna
can be made to appeal to the consumers in the three large
Midwestern cities. This can be done by acquainting the
people with canned tuna in brine, for there are many people
in those three cities who do not yet know of the existence of
this product, Experience has shown that a good percentage
of consumers who have been introduced to canned tuna in

April 1961 landings totaled 12,172 tons, val-
ued at $3.4 million. The season for skipjack
and mackerel this year was delayed by ad-
verse current conditions. Skipjack landings
this April were down about 50 percent and
mackerel landings were down 37 percent from
last year's. In addition, Indian tuna fishing
came to an end earlier than usual and landings

brine through sampling programs eventually become regular
buyers of this product, Besides, consumers of canned tuna
in brine are very fond of this foor as was shown by the con-
sumer survey conducted earlier,

Next, the great effectiveness of canned tuna in brine in
controlling cholesterol level and overweight problems can be
stressed, The survey conducted earlier clearly showed that
the people were attracted to canned tuna in brine mainly be~
cause they thought it was a more healthful food than tuna
canned in oil and that it possessed greater dietary value.
Another point which should be stressed is that high quality
canned tuna in brine can be purchased for about the same
price as chunk-style canned light meat tuna packed in oil.

Consumers in Cleveland and Detroit have a much stronger
preference for white meat tuna than actual sales indicate, In
Milwaukee, however, more people favor light meat tuna, even
in solid packs, Another fact which cannot be overlooked is
that there are many housewives who regularly buy chunk-
style canned tuna because of the convenient sizes of chunk
slices for cooking. In view of this, if the Japanese packers
produce and export high quality chunk-style canned tuna to
the United States, Japanese exports of canned tuna should in-
crease, Moreover, a more extensive display of chunk-style
canned tuna in brine on store shelves will increase the over-
all competitive power of Japanese canned tuna in brine,

The demand for big lots of canned tuna is steadily rising
in the three Midwestern cities covered in this survey. In
Cleveland and Milwaukee, the demand is increasing at a
higher rate (5 percent) per year than in Detroit, which never
has been able to develop a good restaurant trade. The busi-
nessmen in the three cities who were interviewed Said that
the market for canned tuna has not yet reached a ‘‘saturation
point.’’ However, we should not be complacent about this
situation, In the three large Midwestern cities, big lot sales
of Japanese canned tuna in brine may not increase as much
as the sales through retail outlets, but before trying to in-
crease the percentage of trade with the retail outlets, Japan
should make sure that large lot sales in the three Midwestern
States are increased and maintained at a 7 percent level per
year.

OK OK Ok ok

TUNA LANDINGS AT YAIZU,
APRIL 1962:

A total of 10,130 metric tons of fish val-
ued at US$3.3 million was landed at Yaizu,
leading Japanese tuna fishing port, during
April 1962. This was less than what was
landed in the same month last year because
of poor skipjack and mackerel fishing. In

Yaizu Fishery Landings, January-April 1962 and 1961
April Jan. -April

ae
Peaee:

a) Seite: 2 Metric, “LOns)svererict ems

1,268] 1,215) 5,931
1,000] 1,942 | 1,682
6,365 | 7,080 | 24,584

g45] 1, 351 4,411

652 2, 852

0,130 12, 172 [9,460 [39,184

of tuna other than skipjack and albacore were
somewhat less than last year.

Japanese tuna long-liner leaving Yaim, principal tuna port, for
the Indian Ocean fishing grounds,

Landings at Yaizu for January-April 1962
of 39,460 tons exceeded slightly the previous
year's landings. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
May 19, 1962 & other Japanese periodical of
May 12, 1962.)

2 OK OK OK OK

PROSPECTS FOR SKIPJACK AND
ALBACORE TUNA FISHING OFF JAPAN:

With the peak of the season for skipjack and albacore tu~
na off Japan about to begin early in May, generally pessi-
mistic views on skipjack fishing were expressed late in
April 1962 because of an over-all decrease in the number
of fishing vessels fishing for skipjack this year and condi-
tions of rising temperatures in the path of the Black Current
off Japan,

According to the Shizuoka Prefecture Fisheries Experi-
mental Station, while the cold-water mass in the Enshunada
Sea is about the same size as a normal year, the strength
of the Black Current is not as powerful, and so is the re-
verse current on the edge of the main stream, The rising
of temperatures is also somewhat behind time, Landings in
the Prefecture during March amounted to some 500 tons,
nearly twice as much as in the corresponding month last
year, but the majority of catch was assumed to be the fish
more or less stationary in inshore waters, To substanti-
ate the delayed arrival of migrating fish, landings de-
creased to almost half at the beginning of April, The catch
trend for skipjack is very similar to that in 1957 when it was
only fair,

July 1962

Japan (Contd.):

The number of vessels fishing skipjack totaled 160 or 170
last year, but it is anticipated to be around 100 this year,
Prospects are not bright for the skipjack tuna fishery off Ja-
pan this year,

Because of delayed rising temperatures of the Black Cur-
rent, once albacore tuna schools of regular size arrive, a
good fishing area will be formed in inshore waters for a
comparatively long period,

Not only large vessels capable of fishing in offshore wa-
ters have decreased, but also the delayed completion of the
guidance vessel Fuji Maru, now under construction, proves
to be a great handicap in locating fishing grounds beyond the
inshore waters, Observers are inclined to feel that the sea-
son’s albacore and skipjack catch off Japan will now depend
entirely upon the possible development of fishing grounds in
offshore waters,

At a meeting of the Japan Fisheries Academic Society, a
technician of Tokai University Fisheries Research Institute
announced that fishing for albacore further north this year
will yield an abundant catch, To substantiate his new theory,
he cited the capture by Japanese vessels of two albacore
tagged and released by United States biologists in the East-
ern Pacific. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 27, 1962.)

It has always been an established theory that albacore in
the Pacific fishing grounds have the habit of migrating from
east to west, At the point where two Japanese tuna vessels
retrieved the American-tagged albacore and others, there
have been instances where Japanese vessels caught tuna
tagged and released from the American side, This fact sub-
stantiates the theory that fish migrate from east to west, and
moreover, their migration from north to south has also been
established clearly. Comparison of body length at the time of
release and capture showed a remarkable growth,

Albacore schools have the habit of following a school of
smaller fish, small fish are followed by medium fish, and a-
gain by large fish, Should a fishing vessel discover a school
of small fish, a large catch of albacore is assured with the
medium and large fish to follow, On the contrary, if the large
fish are found first, fishing will be poor because only the
large ones are caught and no other schools of smaller sizes
will follow,

In the fishing area some 800-1,600 kilometers off Nojima-
zaki Cape, Chiba Prefecture, based on the east-west migra-
tion theory in the past, the capture of fish schools that migrate
north to south cannot be fished easily, There is no doubt about
having a good albacore catch if fishing is done further north,
The fishing season too may last one month longer than in the
past--beginning in May and going through July.

iceeoicie cae cai x:

SKIPJACK AND ALBACORE
FISHERY TRENDS, MAY 1962:

The late start in skipjack fishing off Japan this season
was, caused by the weakened strength of the Black Current,
The fish were about one month late, But during the first
half of May 1962 there were Signs that fishing would be
normal with better weather. At Yaizu, 368 tons of skipjack
were landed early in May, followed by 190 tons a day or
two later, Such landings of large quantities were the first
for this season,

The fishing grounds as of mid-May were located at 33° N,.
latitude, 136°-137° E, longitude, off the Shinomisaki Cape,
tip of the Kii Peninsula, in the central part of Honshu, and
34° N, latitude, 138° E. longitude, off Omaezake Point, Shizu-
oka Prefecture, in the Enshunadg Sea. Good fishing was re-
ported on those fishing grounds in mid-May. There were
prospects that the good fishing would continue for awhile.
Chiefly tuna vessels from Mie Prefecture were fishing in
the area, but vessels from other prefectures were also con-
centrating at those fishing grounds,

Oceanic and fishing conditions May 6 through 10 were re-
ported by the Yaizu Branch of Tokai-ku Fisheries Research
Institute as follows:

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

The water temperature was gradually rising, and-the cold
water mass in the Kumanonada Sea and a low temperature a~
rea southwest off Shionomisaki Cape were beginning to show
signs of dwindling. In the Enshunada Sea, a branch of the
Black Current moving northward along the Izu Seven Islands
was projecting itself rapidly and warm water of 20°-21° C,
(68°-69.8° F.) was passing two fishing grounds in the west of
the archipelago and moving up to a point south of Omaezaki
Point, At 120 miles southeast of the point, a warm water belt
of 20°-21° C,. was approaching the edge of the cold water mass
where a good skipjack fishing area was developing.

Accordingly, at 60-70 miles west of the fishing ground in
western waters of the archipelago and around Miyakejima Is-
land of the Izu Seven Islands, good fishing areas for skipjack
were developing where daily catches of some 10 metric tons
were being made, Also, good fishing of the same degree was
going on off Shionomisaki Cape and this fishing ground was
moving south southeastward between the cold water mass and
the warm water belt, Active fishing was also reported in the
sea area around the Bonin Islands where small skipjack of
2.5 to 4.5 pounds each were being caught,

The albacore fishing ground developing around 29° N, lati-
tude, 132° E. longitude was shifting early in May somewhat
northwardly and approaching the 30° N, latitude line. Fishing
was only fair, In the sea area, 29° 30’ N. latitude, 135° 20’ E.
longitude catches of 2-3 tons a day were reported. Almost no
catches were made in the area southeast of Kinansho, south
of Shionomisaki Cape,

The Mie Prefecture Fisheries Experimental Station in mid-
May 1962 made public its report on skipjack and albacore fish-
ing conditions off Japan,

‘‘Skipjack: The principal part of the skipjack school that
has arrived on the main stream of the Black Current via
southwestern islands is gathering on the main stream of the
warm current, moving east northeasterly on the north side of
the cold water mass in the Enshunada Sea, from the main
stream of the Black Current between Murotomisaki Point and
Shinkurose Shoal. The school following is seen in waters off
Ashizurimisaki Point, Shikoku, and it is a fairly large size
one, The school moving northward around Iwo Jima, south of
the Izu Seven Islands, is expected to arrive at fishing areas
south of the Izu Peninsula in the near future, The border be-
tween the cold-water mass and the main stream of the Black
Current in the Enshunada Sea is offering a suitable place for
skipjack schools to linger. Accordingly, it will be a principal
fishing area in the latter part of May and beginning of June,
The waters off the Nojimazaki Point will not be active until
the beginning of June,

“Albacore: A point 100 miles south of Ashizurishima
Point, Shikoku, some 70 miles northwest of Kinan Rock has
sea conditions suitable for schools to come to the surface.
Sporadic good fishing can be expected at various fishing ;
grounds shortly, Also, at a point about 50 miles west of Hachi-
jojima Island similar conditions exist, This school is expected
to concentrate off Nojimazaki Cape toward the end of May and
in the first part of June where regular fishing is anticipated
when it will come to the surface in a wide area,’’ (Suisan Kei-
zai Shimbun, May 19 and 23, 1962.)

7 AE OK OK OK

SUMMER ALBACORE
TUNA SEASON STARTS:

Japan's summer albacore tuna season
started with landings of more than 100 metric
tons in two successive days at Yaizu as of
May 2, 1962, according to a translation from
a Japanese periodical. But only 42 vessels
were operating as of that date: 24 from Shizu-
oka Prefecture and 18 from Mie Prefecture.
There were 90 vessels engaged in the fishery
at the same time last year. Under the cir-

Japan (Contd.):

cumstances, landings were smaller than last
year. The high price early this May was
US$384 per ton as compared to $276 a tona
year earlier. Canners were doing the buying,
but even for them the price was thought to be
too high.

At the peak of the season last year inmid-
June, 190 tuna vessels were operating in the
albacore fishery. This year, with more larg-
er vessels, the operating vessels are about
60-70 percent of last year's number. Alarge
quantity of summer albacore this year is not
expected. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 2,
1962.)

Rou ae

SUMMER ALBACORE TUNA LANDINGS
AS OF MID-MAY 1962:

Fishing for summer albacore tuna off
Japan was poor during the first half of May
1962. The development of the fishery was
being watched with anxiety by canners in the
Shimizu district of Japan. The number of
fishing vessels operating in the fishery is
far less than in the past, and the ocean pat-
tern does not seem to allow the smaller fleet
to catch the fish in waters not too far from
land.

The landed or ex-vessel price had risen
from ¥150 to ¥155 per kilogram (US$378-
390 a short ton), with an expected probable
increase to ¥160 a kilogram ($404 a short
ton). The canners fear that the same thing
might occur as in 1960 when the production
quota for canned albacore or white meat tuna
was not attained.

Daily landings of 60-80 metric tons of
summer albacore at Yaizu, Japan's leading
tuna port, were being maintained witha
smaller number of vessels fishing. Unless
landings of several hundred tons a day were
made in the future, the canners would not be
able to fill their production quota. (Suisan
Tsushin, May 14, 1962.)

ok ook ook ok ok

FROZEN TUNA
PRICES REPORTED FIRM:

Prices for Japanese-caught Atlantic Ocean
tuna are expected to go up (according to the
Japanese periodical Suisan Tsushin of May
15, 1962), as a result of expanding markets
and decreasing catches. Yellowfin tuna de-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

livered to Italy as of early May brought $360
a metric ton and big-eyed tuna $335 a metric
ton. Both prices are $10 a ton above those
originally agreed upon by Japan and Italy.

Yugoslavia is purchasing Japanese yellow-
fin tuna for $370 a metric ton and big-eyed
tuna for $355 a metric ton. Originally, Yugo-
slavia had contracted to purchase yellowfin
for $360 a metric ton and big-eyed for $335 a
ton.

Because of the shortage of raw tuna, United
States tuna packers are not as selective in
their tuna purchases as before and are re-
ported to be willing to accept large yellowfin
tuna, instead of only small yellowfin as before,
Suisan Tsushin states. Japanese export firms
feel that the United States packers may start
purchasing Atlantic Ocean big-eyed tuna in
the future.

The export price of albacore tuna in Japan
proper is also reported very firm. One United
States packer is said to have made an offer to
purchase albacore for $375 a short ton, f.o.b.
Japan. However, Japanese canned tuna pack-
ers are reported to be buying up most of the
albacore, both clipper-caught fish and pole-
caught fish, and are paying $378 per short
ton ex-vessel. For this reason, frozen alba-
core for export purposes was reported to be
difficult to procure as of early May.

se sk ok ok ok
ow OK OR OK OK

ADJUSTMENTS PROPOSED IN
FROZEN TUNA EXPORT QUOTAS
TO EUROPE AND AFRICA:

The Japan Export Frozen Tuna Producers
Association held a directors meeting on May
10, 1962, and voted to accept the proposal to
change regulations governing export of frozen
tuna and tunalike products to Europe and Afri-
ca in fiscal year 1962 (April 1962-March
1963). This proposal was to be presented for
adoption to the Association's general meeting
on May 25.

Changes proposed are: (a) The regulations
to be effective for a period of 9 months be-
ginning July 1962 and ending March 1963. (b)
For this nine months period, the tuna export
quota to Italy be set at 9,000 metric tons, and
this quota be allotted to exporters on the basis
of past performances, Also, the number of
trips a fishing vessel can make be increased
by 0.375 trip per vessel. (Editor's Note:

This means that a 1,000-ton capacity vessel
can land an additional 375 tons of tuna above

July 1962

Japan (Contd.):

its present quota, or a 500-ton capacity ves-
sel can land an additional 187.5 tons of tuna.)
(c) Regulations limiting tuna landings at Eu-
ropean and African ports other than Italian
ports to two trips be abolished.

As for transshipping Indian Ocean tuna
catches to Italy, this is still prohibited under
current tuna export regulations. (Suisan Tsu-
shin, May 11, 1962.)

EME techy Ed

ATLANTIC TUNA FISHERY TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER 1962:

Each Japanese tuna vessel in the Atlantic
Ocean had been making satisfactory catches
up to the middle of March 1962, but since
then the catch ratio drastically fell. Taking
the case of a large vessel with catchers car-
ried on deck, 12-15 tons a day was its aver-
age catch in the first and middle part of
March. The bulk of the catch was yellowfin.

The same drastic decrease in yellowfin
catch ratio occurred in April last year and
all the vessels were compelled to move
southward to big-eyed tuna areas and sales
were adversely affected. Should poor yellow-
fin fishing continue from spring through the
beginning of summer for two successive
years, the desire to fish in the Atlantic will
be greatly affected.

Reports coming from the tuna vessels
fishing in the South Atlantic indicate that it
takes more fishing days to fill the fish holds.
This results in an increase in operation
costs. To explain the seriousness of the
situation, it is said that heretofore it took
only one month or 50 days to fill a tuna ves-
sel, but now it takes three months of fishing.

On the bright side, another later report
said that 77 Japanese tuna vessels, were
fishing in the Atlantic as of May 1962, and
the average daily catch for a 500-ton vessel
with a catcher carried on deck is said to be
8-10 tons. A noticeable recovery from poor
fishing in March was noted as of early May,
but this was still less than last year's aver-
age daily catch of 10-12 tons per day. About
60-70 percent of the catch was yellowfin and
about 10 percent big-eyed. Fishing was re-
ported to have moved northward a little ear-
ly in May and was concentrated around 10°
N. latitude and 20° W. longitude. As last

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

year poor fishing began in mid-June, there
was some speculation as to whether or not
this would again occur this June. (Suisan
Tsushin, April 17 and May 15, 1962.)

re ok OK OK OK

ATLANTIC OCEAN TUNA
FISHING IMPROVES:

Japanese tuna long-line vessels in the At-
lantic Ocean as of early May 1962 totaled 77
vessels. Reports indicate that fishing which
was poor in March had improved. Catches
consisted of 60-70 percent yellowfin and about
10 percent big-eyed tuna. The Japanese ves-
sels are reported to be concentrated in the
vicinity of 109 N. latitude and 20° W. longi-
tude. (Suisan Tsushin, May 8, 1962.)

TUNA MOTHERSHIP FLEETS SCHEDULED
TO DEPART FOR FISHING GROUNDS:

A large Japanese fishing company's tuna
mothership Koyo Maru (7,500 gross tons) and
another firm's tuna mothership Nojima Maru
(8,800 gross tons) were scheduled to depart
from Japan for the tuna fishing grounds near
the Fiji Islands in the South Pacific Ocean.
The Koyo Maru was scheduled to depart from
Tokyo on May 25, 1962,and is expected to re-
turn to Japan in late October, and will be re-
placed by the firm's second tuna mothership
Tenyo Maru No. 3 (3,710 gross tons). Catch
target for the Koyo Maru fleet is 11,000 met-
ric tons of fish, including 8,030 tons of tuna,
1,870 tons of spearfish, 990 tons of sharks,
and 100 tons of other miscellaneous fish. A-
bout 70 vessels, ranging in size from 80-360
tons gross, will make up the Koyo Marufleet.

Three large refrigerated carrier vessels
were expected to be assigned to the Koyo
Maru fleet to transport frozen tuna to Japan
and the United States. They are the Banshu
Maru No. 38 (990 gross tons), which was ex-
pected to depart Shimonoseki around May 20;
followed by the Banshu Maru No. 35 (990 gross
tons) in June; and shortly thereafter by the
Banshu Maru No. 36 (990 gross tons), (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, May 15 & 17; Minato Shim-
bun, May 16, 1962.)

Supply vessels assigned to the Koyo Maru
fleet will make a total of 7 trips to haul catch-
es, 3 trips to Japan, and 4 trips to the United
States. Shipments to the United States are to
be transshipped from Suva. Estimated dates
of carrier vessel arrivals in Japan are Au-
gust 5, August 19, and September 15. Esti-

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

mated dates of carrier vessel departures
from Suva to the United States are June 15,
September 11, September 30, and November
10.

The Nojima Maru fleet Composed of 65
vessels) was scheduled to depart from Kobe
on May 17 and will operate in the South Pa-
cific Ocean until late October. Its catch tar-
get is 8,000 metric tons of fish, including
3,382 tons of albacore and 2,848 tons of yel-
lowfin tuna. (Minato Shimbun, May 13, 1962.)

Ok KOK OK

CATCHES BY TUNA MOTHERSHIP

FLEETS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN, 1961:
The Japanese Fisheries Agency compiled

the 1961 catch by tuna mothership fleets in

the Pacific Ocean. Five fleets operated, of

which three belonged to one fishing company.

Catches by Japanese Tuna Mothership Fleets
in the Pacific Ocean, 1961

No. Catchers

Metric Tons
6,542

4,515
6,525
8, 268
3,083

The fleets operated in Fiji waters with a
quota of 22,000 metric tons. The totalcatch
was 28,933 tons, including the quota in lieu
of retired tuna vessels. (Suisan KeizaiShim-
bun, May 9, 1961.)

Seat oce sas

TUNA MOTHERSHIP
REGULATIONS UNDER STUDY:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency early in
April was studying regulations governing
mothership-type tuna-fishing operations for
FY 1962 (April 1962-March 1963) and was
expected to announce the new regulations by
early May. This year the Fisheries Agency
reportedly intends to expand the tuna fishing
grounds somewhat westward in view of the
nuclear tests by the United States in the South
Pacific. The Fisheries Agency is also ex-
pected to give consideration as to whether or
not to: (1) maintain the catch quota at 22,900
metric tons as in FY 1961 (April 1961-March
1962); (2) discontinue the system which al-
lows tuna mothership companies to augment
catch quotas allocated to their mothership
fleets by retiring tuna fishing vessels from

Vol. 24, No. 7

the tuna fishery for specified lengths of time
and, instead, increase their catch quota by 20
percent, with the increase to be based on ac-
tual past production, and (3) discontinue the
current method of regulating catch based on
allocation of fixed quotas to motherships and,
instead, control catch by assigning quotas to
catcher vessels assigned to the motherships.

The Fisheries Agency is not likely to ap-
prove the tuna industry's request to relax
tonnage restrictions placed on tuna catcher
vessels assigned to motherships, nor the use
of portable vessels for experimental fishing.
However, the Agency plans to authorize use
of medium (40-100 tons) fishing vessels re-
tired from the salmon fishery. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, April 22, 1962.)

seesee perigee
sk ok ok ok ok

JAPANESE RECOVER AMERICAN-
TAGGED ALBACORE TUNA:

An albacore tuna tagged by the Oregon
State Fisheries Commission was reported to
have been recovered by the Japanese tuna
vessel Ryokichi Maru No. 6. The tag was
sent to the Tokai University's Fisheries Re-
search Laboratory. According to the Labora-
tory, the albacore was tagged on September
10, 1961, at 46°17! N, latitude, 126°907' W.
longitude and recovered with troll gear on
March 14, 1962, at 28-02! N, latitude, 140° 50!
E. longitude. The fish weighed about 15 pounds
when tagged and released.

A second albacore tag recovery was also
reported bythe Laboratory. This recovery
was made by the Japanese tuna vessel Kyo-
shin Maru No. 5 on February 14 around the
Bonin Islands (at 28950! N. latitude, 146° E.
longitude). The fish when caught was 83 centi-
meters (32.7 inches) long and weighed 17
kilograms (37 pounds). The albacore was
tagged and released off the border of the
United States and Canada (at 46°17' N. lati-
tude, 126°7' W. longitude) by Oregon biolo-
gists. When released on September 10, 1960,
it weighed about 14 pounds and measured 68
centimeters (26.8 inches). It took 524 days
to swim from the American coast to the point
where it was captured. According to the
Tokai University Fisheries Research Labora-
tory, this is the first time a tagged albacore
has been recaptured south of 28° N. latitude.
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, April 20, 1962.)

este ste oe
ae eed

TUNA VESSEL SIZE

CLASSIFICATION TO BE ELIMINATED:
According to the Japanese Fisheries A-

gency, the Fisheries Law is being revised

July 1962

Japan (Contd.):

to eliminate the present distinction made be-
tween medium tuna vessels (40-100 tons) and
distant-water tuna vessels (over 100 tons)
and to combine the two classes of vessels in-
to one category.

As for medium purse-seine vessels pres-
ently licensed by prefectural governors, those
that are powered and exceed 40 tons gross
are expected to be placed in the same cate-
gory as powered vessels of over 60 tons
gross and will henceforth be licensed by the
Minister of Agriculture and Forestry. (Sui-
san Keizai Shimbun, April 22, 1962.)

her cea se un sau ore

LOANS PROPOSED FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF TUNA VESSELS:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency reported-
ly is recommending that the Government-op-
erated Agriculture and Fishery Finance Cor-
poration extend 1.8 billion yen (US$5 million)
of loans to owners of the 81 gill-net vessels
displaced from the eastern Hokkaido land-
based salmon fishery in 1962 to enable them
to construct 99-ton tuna vessels. This a-
mount exceeds the fund authorized by the Fi-
nance Corporation for vessel construction,
so to provide these loans the Agriculture and
Forestry Ministry will have to revise the Fi-
nance Public Corporation Law and the Fi-
nance Ministry will have to prepare a sup-
plementary budget for submission to the Spe-
cial Diet session, which convenes in July.

The vessel loans to be provided by the Fi-
nance Corporation will be used to finance up
to 80 percent of the cost of constructing ato-
tal of 50 tuna vessels, each of 99 tons gross.
The loans will be payable in 10 years for
steel vessels and 7 years for wooden vessels
at 7.5 percent interest. (Shin Suisan Shim-
bun, May 7, 1962.)

OK ok OK OK

FIRM PLANS TUNA FISHING FROM
AMERICAN-SAMOAN BASE:

A large Japanese fishing company is re-
ported to have submitted an application to
the Fisheries Agency to engage in tuna fish-
ing from the American-Samoan base. Under
the plan, 30 fishing vessels belonging to fish-
ing firms (whose vessels were withdrawn
from the salmon fishery this year) affiliated
with the large fishing firm will be contracted
to fish for tuna out of American Samoa.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 77

The catches, expected to total 12,000 metric
tons annually, will be sold to the United States
cannery on American-Samoa through a Japa-
nese trading firm.

The Fisheries Agency is studying whether
it should approve the application since two
other Japanese fishing firms, which presently
have a working arrangement to deliver tuna to
the Samoan cannery, are requesting that their
present 12,000-metric-ton Samoan quota be
doubled. If both applications are approved,
the combined quota for the three companies
would come up to 36,000 metric tons. That
the Fisheries Agency will approve both appli-
cations seems doubtful and speculation is that
the Agency may approve a total quota of be-
tween 18,000-24,000 tons for allocation to the
three companies. (Suisan Tsushin, May 24,
1962.)

JAPANESE-UNITED STATES
TUNA MEETING PROPOSED

Japanese Minister of Agriculture and For-
estry Kono, who attended the Sixth Annual
Meeting of the International Northwest Pacif-
ic Fisheries Commission (U.S. 5S. R. and Ja-
pan) in Moscow, stopped at Washington, D.C,
in May 1962 on his way back to Japan and is
reported to have met with U. S. Secretary of
the Interior Udall to discuss the promotion of
Japanese tuna exports to the United States,
according to reports in Japanese periodicals.
Reportedly, Minister Kono has suggested to
Secretary Udall that a conference be held be-
tween Japan and the United States to discuss
the matter in detail. The meeting, if held, is
expected to be scheduled for late August or
early September 1962. :

Minister Kono's objective in seeking to
hold a Japan-United States tuna meeting is re-
portedly to seek the expansion of canned tuna
exports to the United States and the lowering
of United States import tariffs on canned tuna
in brine and in oil,

Some Japanese tuna industry members
consider that Minister Kono's proposal to
Secretary Udall is a political maneuver de-
signed to pave the way for the establishment
of the large tuna base in the Fiji Islands,
which is the subject of much discussion in
Japan at the present time.

The provisional agreement concluded be-
tween the Fijian Government and the Japanese
industry members involved in the proposed

Japan (Contd.):

Fijian venture calls for the establishment of
a two-line cannery at the joint base to proc-
ess tuna and other fish landed at that base for
export purposes. In early March, the Japa-
nese Fisheries Agency publicly announced
that the Agency does not intend to approve
the establishment of canneries at overseas
bases and went so far as to have the large
fishing companies pledge that they will not
engage in the manufacture and export of can-
ned tuna in brine at their overseas bases.

Industry members feel that by having made
the gesture to the United States to seek the
expansion of Japanese canned tuna exports to
the United States, Minister Kono will be able
to state that an increase in tuna exports to
the United States is a definite certainty and
thereby be able to mollify industry's opposi-
tion against the establishment of the joint tuna
base in the Fiji Islands when the Japanese
Government officially authorizes construction
of that base. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 18;
Suisan Tsushin, May 16, March 2, and Febru-

ary 17, 1962.)

se sk kee ook
Breasts Stet ee! aoe

FISHERIES AGENCY VIEWS ON USE OF
SMALL TUNA VESSELS AT
OVERSEAS BASES:

Several Japanese fishing companies have been reported
considering using 39-ton tuna vessels, which do not require
fishing licenses, at overseas bases, Included in this group
is one fishing company which plans on using 39-ton vessels
at American Samoa; another which hopes to dispatch two
39-ton vessels to Abidjan, Ivory Coast, where that company
plans to establish joint fishing operations with an Italian com-
pany; and a third company which plans on operating 39-ton
vessels in the Atlantic Ocean,

Responsible officials of the Fisheries Agency have ex-
pressed the following views concerning the intentions ex-
pressed by the fishing firms to operate 39-ton vessels at
overseas bases:

1. The Agency does not have the authority to regulate the
operational area of 39-ton tuna vessels, However, ex-
ports of tuna come under the trade control ordinance,
Depending on where tuna are to be exported and quan-
tities involved, it is possible that the Ministry of Agri-
culture and Forestry may not approve applications sub-
mitted by fishing companies to export tuna caught by
39-ton vessels based at their overseas bases,

2, At the present time, the Agency has no intention of ap-
proving exports of tuna caught by 39-ton vessels to
areas presently covered under export regulations gov-
erning fresh and frozen tuna,

3. In the case of the firm planning to base 39-ton vessels
at American Samoa, the Agency cannot stop that com-
pany from using the unlicensed vessels as long as total
deliveries of tuna to Samoa do not exceed the export
quota allotted to the base. However, in the following
year, the Agency can reduce the Samoan quota by the
amount of tuna landed by the 39-ton vessels in the pre-
ceding year, The Agency has unofficially asked the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

firm to abandon its plan to use 39-ton vessels, and the
firm has complied with the request,

4, Exports of tuna to countries presently not covered under
the tuna export regulations will not be prohibited, In
this regard, the company’s application to base two 39-
ton tuna vessels at Abidjan will probably be approved,

5. The company planning to operate 39-ton tuna vessels in
the Atlantic Ocean has been instructed to abandon its
plan, if its plan includes exporting the catches to such
countries as the United States and Italy, (Suisan Tsu-
shin, April 20 and 23, 1962.) Pays

sk sk ose ok ok
SSS 1S Ks 3K

TUNA FEDERATION OPPOSES TUNA
VESSEL TONNAGE INCREASE:

The Suisan Tsushin of May 2, 1962, states that the announce-

ment made by the Japanese Fisheries Agency that it was con-
sidering a plan to increase by 20,000 gross tons, over a two-year
period, the authorized vessel tonnage of the Japanese tuna fleet
has astounded the Japanese tuna industry, Under this plan, fish-
ermen engaged in the depressed coastal fishery would be issued
licenses to operate tuna vessels under 100 tons gross and salm-
on fishing vessel owners displaced from the salmon fishery this
year following curtailment of salmon fishing activities would
also be authorized to operate tuna vessels under 100 tons gross,
(Editor's Note: A total of 121 vessels were displaced from the
salmon fishery.)

The Fisheries Agency’s plan is strongly opposed by the Na-
tional Federation of Tuna Fisheries Cooperative Associations,
which maintains that the tuna fishery cannot accommodate an
additional 20,000 tons of new tuna vessels in view of limited
tuna resources and world tuna market conditions, The Feder-
ation points to the danger to tuna resources by citing the fol-
lowing facts: (1) catch rates in all principal fishing grounds
have declined to between 65-80 percent of the catch taken 5
years ago; (2) each trip now takes 5-10 days longer than be~
fore; and (3) fish sizes are becoming smaller and smaller,

The Agency claims that the Federation’s argument does
not necessarily indicate a threat to tuna resources and points
out the established theory that: (1) catch rate in a new fish-
ing ground fished by long line is initially very high but de-
clines sharply within a few years and subsequently levels off;
(2) trip length and fish size are affected by changes in catch
rate,

Sufficient data on tuna resources are lacking to pursue a
discussion on tuna resources, states the Suisan Tsushin
and the Agency's attempt to push through its plans to author-
ize many more vessels to enter the tuna fishery seems some
what unreasonable inasmuch as the Agency does not possess
positive data showing that present tuna resources can Support
greater harvest. Until now, the tuna fishing industry had op-
erated on a profitable basis and expanded by developing new
fishing grounds, Should there come a day when new tuna fish-
ing grounds cannot be developed, the fishermen will have to
fish in existing grounds where catch rates are lower and it
would be highly doubtful whether they can maintain a steady
catch, particularly if more fishing vessels begin to fish the
same waters,

Concerning world tuna market conditions on which the
Agency and the Federation also disagree, the Fisheries
Agency believes that the United States, where tuna consump~
tion is annually increasing, will begin to rely more and more
on tuna imports from Japan to supplement the tuna shortage
existing in that country, The Agency also claims that pos~
sibilities exist to expand tuna exports to Czechoslovakia,
France, Yugoslavia, and other European countries, and that
domestic consumption of fish sausage is continually in-
creasing.

The Federation argues that the United States and European
countries are expanding their tuna fishery, and in Europe the
Common Market has established an annual import quota of
25,000 metric tons for member nations in order to restrict tu-
na imports, Concerning domestic consumption of fish sausage,
the Federation claims that the increase heretofore witnessed
in Japan cannot be expected to continue, and that the world de-
mand for tuna can be adequately supplied by expanding tuna
bases abroad and increasing transshipments.

July 1962

Japan (Contd.):

The views expressed by the Federation appear reasonable
and seem to reflect widely the views shared by the tuna indus~
try, reports the Suisan Tsushin, However, it cannot be de-
nied that currently a world-wide shortage of tuna exists and
tuna prices are abnormally high, and there does not appear
to be a ready solution to this problem, (Suisan Tsushin,

May 2, 1962.)

Sicuiie celsebios

YEAR-ROUND TUNA FISHING LICENSES
GRANTED TO FORMER
SALMON FISHING VESSELS:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency has de-
cided to grant year-round tuna fishing licens-
es to the 50 fishing vessels that were with-
drawn from the salmon fishery in 1960. The
50 vessels had previously been allowed to en-
gage in tuna fishing for only nine months of
the year, and remained idle for the remain-
ing three months. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
April 22, 1962.)

Sete Nees

FISHERIES AGENCY CONSIDERING PLANS
TO AUTHORIZE DISPLACED SALMON
VESSELS TO FISH FOR TUNA:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency reduced
the size of the salmon fleet by a total of 121
salmon vessels this year and has, for some
time, been studying ways in which these ves-
sels could be compensated and used in some
other fishery. Apparently, the Agency intends
to assign these displaced salmon vessels to
the tuna fishery and is reported to be consid-
ering the following methods for doing this:

1. Salmon vessels licensed by the Minis-
ter of Agriculture and Forestry (vessels over
30 tons gross) which quit salmon fishing alto-
gether will be granted year-round 95-tontuna
vessel licenses.

2. Salmon vessels licensed by prefectural
governors (5- to 30-ton vessels) which quit
salmon fishing altogether will be granted
year-round 70-ton tuna vessel licenses.

3. Fishing vessels temporarily withdrawn
from the salmon fishery will be granted 6-
month 85-ton tuna vessel licenses,

Evidently, the Fisheries Agency does not
intend to grant distant-water tuna-vessel
(over 100 tons) licenses to the vessels dis-
placed from the salmon fishery.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

As of May 1, 1962, 6 salmon vessels an-
nounced that they would quit salmon fishing
altogether and 4 vessels announced plans of
temporarily withdrawing from the salmon fish-
ery. Based on this sample of 10 vessels, it is
estimated that an equivalent of 9,500-9,700
tons of tuna vessel licenses will be granted to
salmon vessels displaced from the salmon
fishery this year. (Suisan Tsushin, May 2,
1962.)

CMe re Nee CCS
GOVERNMENT ISSUES REGULATIONS
ON DISPLACED SALMON VESSELS
PLANNING TO FISH TUNA:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency announced
on May 28, 1962, its official policy concerning
the granting of tuna fishing licenses to the 122
salmon fishing vessels displaced from the salm-
on fishery this year. According to the Agen-
cy, tuna-fishing licenses will be granted only
to those displaced salmon fishing vessels
which submit applications to engage in tuna
fishing, in which case the regulations shown
below will apply:

1. Salmon fishing vessels engaged in the
mothership-type salmon fishery and salmon
fishing vessels over 30 tons gross engaged in
the land-based salmon fishing which plan to
quit salmon fishing permanently will be grant-
ed year-round under-100-ton tuna vessel li-
censes. Applications notifying their inten-
tions must be submitted before March 31,
1963.

2. Salmon fishing vessels over ten tons
gross but less than 30 tons gross engaged in
the land-based salmon fishery which plan to
quit salmon fishing permanently will be
granted year-round under-70-ton tuna vessel
licenses. Applications notifying their inten-
tions must also be submitted by March 31,
1963.

3, Salmon fishing vessels engaged in the
mothership-type salmon fishery and in the
land-based salmon fishery which do not plan
to quit salmon fishing permanently will be
granted 6 months 85-ton tuna vessel permits.
The permits must be used between the period
beginning May 26, 1962, and ending March 31,
1963, and will be effective for a continuous
6-months period from the date of their issu-
ance. (Suisan Tsushin, May 29, 1962.)

OK OK OK

80 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

SALMON FLEET BEGINS FISHING IN
WATERS SOUTH OF 45° N. LATITUDE:

n Apri , a total o and-
based Japanese salmon fishing vessels (333
gill-net and 369 long-line vessels) left Hok-
kaido for the northwest Pacific salmon fish-
ing grounds south of 45° N. latitude, accord-
ing to a translation from the Japanese peri-
odical Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 1, 1962.
Authorization from the Japanese Government
was issued on April 29 for the fleet to en-
gage in gill-net and long-line salmon fishing.
The Japanese Government's decision to au-
thorize salmon fishing in the waters south of
45° N. latitude was based on the fact that
those waters lie outside the area regulated
by the Japan-Soviet Northwest Pacific Fish-
eries Convention; thus they are not subject
to Treaty restrictions. Also, fishing in the
unrestricted area could not be delayed any
longer since the salmon had already arrived

net oF pm sei

Putling aboard and removing salmon from a gill net aboard a
Japanese vessel in the North Pacific.

Vol. 24, No. 7

in that area. The Soviet Government was
formally notified of the Japanese decision.

Departure of the Japanese land-based
salmon fleets was delayed by 10 days this
year due to the deadlocked Japan-Soviet fish-
ery negotiations in Moscow. The Japanese
Government has set this year's salmon
catch quota for the waters outside the Treaty
area at 60,000 metric tons, which is about
20,000 tons less than last year's actual
catch. The Government also reduced the
salmon gill-net vessels by 20 percent (81
vessels) from last year's 414 vessels, and
has issued rigid regulations to ensure com-
pliance with the voluntary catch quota.

OR OOK OK OK

COMPOSITION OF SALMON
MOTHERSHIP FLERT:

The 11 Japanese salmon mothership fleets
authorized by the Fisheries Agency to fish
for salmon this year in Area A (waters north
of 45° N. latitude) departed Hokkaido on May
15-16, 1962, for the fishing grounds in the
Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean. Fish-
ing for those fleets is scheduled to end Au-
gust 10.

Japanese Mothership Fleets Authorized for 1962 Salmon Season
Mothership Fleet

[Kiizare Navin sy coitel (anter saphaeetctionel eile ear sifekis
(Meisei Maru. Foc be eke ee te ee ag
IMeiya! Mari: ime! s fois) letteie ts ieife te(ee jets: 6) ale

KMashimalMaru gs iscer ual ota cate, svete benianes stele

4) <6. 0) 82 (0) f6,.56)l 104) 9.) \07. 0-0) pe), \0) 0) 18} .0) 6

Sie. ke: Tee: lel ter hen ef iene (ove

Catcher vessels assigned to the 11 moth-
erships this year were reduced by 10 per-
cent from last year's 410 vessels. Also,
the mothership fleets were reduced by one
from last year's 12 fleets. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, May 16, 1962.) i

2K 2K ok ok

SALMON INDUSTRY RESTRICTIONS

ON USE OF GILL NETS

BY MOTHERSHIP FLEETS:

~~ The Northern Waters Salmon Mothership
Council (composed of fishing companies op-
erating salmon motherships) and the Nation-
al Federation of Salmon Fishing Cooperative
Associations or NIKKEIREN (which repre-
sent vessel owners of gill-net fishing ves-

July 1962

Japan (Contd.):

sels assigned to the salmon motherships)
have agreed on the following policies con-
cerning this year's mothership-type salmon
operations in the North Pacific:

1. Each catcher vessel will carry not more
than a total of 330 "tans" (unit of Japanese

shackle about 180 feet long) and not more than

40 kilograms (88 pounds) of salt. (Editor's
Note: Limit placed upon salt each catcher
vessel can carry is apparently to restrict
"home packs"! of salted fish.)

2. Each vessel will carry not more than
165 "tans" of nets with knot-to-knot mesh
size of 60 millimeters (about 2.4 inches) and
not less than 165 "'tans"' of nets with knot-to-
knot mesh sizes of 65 millimeters (about 2.6
inches).

3. Extra supplies of gill nets will be car-
ried by the motherships. Transfer of nets
from mothership to catcher vessel to replace
lost nets will be conducted after approval for
such transfer has been granted by the Fish-
eries Agency inspector aboard the mother -
ship. Transfer of nets from mothership to
catcher vessel in exchange for damaged nets
will be conducted in the presence of the Fish-
eries Agency inspector on board the mother -
ship.

4. When catcher vessels enter certain
areas where the use of only 264 ''tans" of gill
net is authorized, the "extra'' 66 units of gear
carried by catcher vessels must absolutely
not be used. (Shin Suisan Shimbun, May 14,
1962.)

XK OK OK OK

SALMON INDUSTRY'S VIEWS OF NORTH
PACIFIC FISHERIES CONVENTION:

The Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai Shimbun of May 15,
1962, states that Japan will soon be in a position where it can
withdraw from the International Convention for the High Seas
Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean (Japan, Canada, United
States), if it wishes, The Japanese salmon industry hopes to
formulate its position on this matter before the Japanese
Government does, so that the will of the industry will be re-
flected in the Government's policy. For this reason, the
salmon industry plans to form a committee about July this
year to thoroughly study the Treaty problems confronting the
salmon industry, as well as to consolidate views within the in-
dustry.

According to Suisan Keizai Shimbun, an organization
called the Japan-U.S.-Canada Fisheries Treaty Study Society
was formed in June last year, This Japanese group included
fishery scientists and experts in international law from the
Fisheries Agency, Foreign Ministry, and industry to study the
Tripartite Treaty problems objectively from a scientific point
of view. The Society is currently collecting and evaluating

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 81

facts relating to the circumstances leading to the conclusion
of the Treaty and to the establishment of the abstention line
(175° W. longitude), which prohibits the Japanese from fishing
east of that line, as well as the attitude of the United States at
the time the Treaty was concluded, Based on biological and
legal studies related to the abstention line, the report is ex-
pected to include a study of the propriety of the provisional ab-
stention line from the standpoint of the Law of the Sea and
points which Japan should be aware of in relation to that line.
The Society plans to submit its findings and recommendations
to the Japanese Government and to the fishing industry by the
end of June this year,

The salmon industry plans to carefully study this report
in determining its attitude regarding the Convention, Some
members of the salmon industry feel that, instead of creating
an independent committee to study the Tripartite revision
problem, a committee should be formed to study the fishery
problems of the Northern Waters (Okhotsk Sea, Bering Sea,
and the North Pacific Ocean), and to include within that com-
mittee the special Japan-Soviet Fisheries Committee, which
was organized to study fisheries problems relating to Japan
and the Soviet Union,

Apparently, opinions within the Japanese salmon industry
concerning revision of the Japan-U,S,-Canada Fisheries
Treaty are divided into two groups: one group is urging a
firm attitude, and the other favors adopting a moderate atti-
tude. The National Federation of Salmon Fishing Cooperative
Associations {NIKKEIREN), which is composed of owners of
gill-net vessels assigned to salmon motherships, advocates
a firm stand, claiming that the abstention line is a disgrace
upon Japan and must be removed by all means, NIKKEIREN
feels that if Japan agrees to renew the present Treaty with-
out any modification, it will exert an extremely adverse ef-
fect on negotiations to be held with the Russians, when the
Japan-Soviet Fisheries Treaty expires four years hence, On
the other hand, another group within the salmon industry sup~
ports a moderate stand, maintaining that Japan's insistence
on eliminating the abstention line might irritate the United
States and Canada and result in those countries imposing
Severe import restrictions on Japanese canned fish products
and frozen tuna, By and large, the opinion within the salmon
industry supports abrogation of the present Treaty and re-
negotiation of a new treaty.

The Suisan Keizai Shimbun states that the Japanese
Government hopes to formulate a provisional policy con-
cerning the Tripartite Convention before the interim meeting
of the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission con-
venes in August this year in Honolulu, taking into due consid-
eration views prevailing within the Japanese salmon industry,
the international fishery situation, and fishery resource prob-
lems. Should the three countries, Japan, Canada, and the
United States, renegotiate a new treaty, the debates will most
likely center around the problems of the abstention line, spe-
cies placed on the abstention list, and admission of the So-
viet Union to membership in the new treaty,

KOK OK OK OK

FIRM EXPANDING FISH MEAL
OPERATIONS OFF ANGOLA: |

The Japanese fishing firm which con-
ducted mothership-type fish-meal opera-
tions off Angola (for three months begin-
ning in December 1961) is reported plan-
ning to expand its fishing operations off An-
gola. On May 16, 1962, the freezership
Kaikei Maru (1,156 gross tons) was sent to
Angolan waters. In advance of the Kaikei
Maru, two draggers (Koshin Maru No. 1 and
No. 2, each 120 gross tons) were dispatched
to the Atlantic Ocean in early May. The

draggers are scheduled to deliver their catch-

es to the Kaikei Maru for freezing and proc-
essing.

82 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

The Kaikei Maru is to be replaced by the
freezership Seiju Maru No. 3 (1,184 gross
tons), which was scheduled to depart for the
waters off Angola in mid-July. In addition
to these two freezerships, the firm is re-
ported to be planning on dispatching a third
freezership, Tosa Maru (2,000 gross tons),
to the same waters.

Japanese fish-meal factoryship Renshin Maru.

The same firm as of May was operating
two large fish meal factoryships inthe eastern
Bering Sea--the vessels Renshin Maru (14,094
gross tons) and the Kinyo Maru (9,373 gross
tons). At the end of the Bering Sea fishing
season in October, one of the two factory-
ships is scheduled to be sent to the waters
off Angola on the west coast of Africa and
the other to the waters off Mozambique on
the east coast of Africa to conduct fish meal
operations. (Suisan Tsushin, May 15, 1962.)

EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL

CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1961:
Japanese exports of principal canned fish

ery products in 1961 were substantially low-

er than in 1960 both in quantity and value.

Japanese Exports of Principal Canned Fishery Products, 1961

Product

Salmon, trout

1 9
8, 626 99,034 9,136 116, 224

Vol. 24), No.7

Exports of salmon and trout, mackerel-pike,
sardines, and crab meat were down in 1961.

OOK KK OK

EXPORTS OF SELECTED
FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1961:

According to statistics compiled by the Finance Ministry,
Japanese exports of agricultural and fisheries products dur-
ing 1961 amounted to US$482,100,000--a decrease of 0.7
percent from the previous year, The main reason for the de-
crease was attributed to greatly decreased exports of canned
salmon to Great Britain.

Due to the increase in demand in the United States and
Europe, prices rose, Frozen tuna exports particularly in-
creased,

Table 1 - Japan's Exports of Selected Fishery Products,
1960-61

Metric
Tons

Product

Metric
Tons

Frozen Fish:
LUNA Re eteveceget siete: cis
Broadbill swordfish .
Salmon and trout ..

Fish’ meal trey eiereisaeie ce

137,962
9,625
1,338
4,850

132,020
7,988
2,399
6,277

anned:

Salmon and trout
‘Tuna weveteetotore
Mackerel ....
Mackerel-pike .
Sardines ....
Horse mackerel
Crab meat... 2...

While canned salmon exports to Great Britain decreased,
canned horse mackerel and mackerel exports increased,
But exports of canned sardine and mackerel-pike were less
due to a Scarcity of fish. Steady demand in the United States
caused canned tuna exports to increase somewhat and high
export prices on canned crab meat prevented a decrease in
the value of those exports, (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 9,
1962.)

7K OK OK OK OK

JAPANESE FIRM SEEKS TO OPERATE
TRAWLER IN NORTH ATLANTIC:

A Japanese fisheries company, affiliated
with a large Japanese fishing company, is re-
ported to be seeking the Fisheries Agency's
permission to operate a 2,000-ton trawler in
the North Atlantic Ocean. The company hopes
to export its catches to Denmark, but the Fish-
eries Agency has shown very little enthusiasm
for the plan. The Agency feels that expansion
of Japanese fishing operations into the North
Atlantic where many European nations are
engaged in fishing may create international
problems, according to a translation from the
Japanese periodical Shin Suisan Shimbun,
April 23, 1962.)

ook Kk Kk

July 1962

Japan (Contd.):

GOVERNMENT TO PROTEST SEIZURE
OF FISHING VESSELS OFF ALASKA:

A Japanese press report dated May 7,
1962, states that the Japanese Government is
expected to lodge a protest with the United
States Government against the seizure by
Alaskan State authorities of the two Japanese
fishing vessels, Ohtori Maru No. 5 and Shoi-
chi MaruNo.7. The two fishing vessels, be-
longing to the Banshu Maru No. 31 mother-
ship fleet, were fishing for herring in the
Shelikof Strait when seized.

Typical Japanese trawler that operates together with a mothership.

The Japanese Government intends to pro-
test the seizure of the two fishing vessels
based on the fact that Japan does not recog-
nize the State of Alaska's claim over certain
waters and that the seizure was contrary to
the principle of freedom of the high seas. Ac-
cording to the report submitted to the Fisher-
ies Agency by the company which operated
the seized fishing vessels, the Banshu Maru
No. 31, mothership of the fleet, definitely did
not waolate United States territorial waters,
but the two seized vessels, Ohtori Maru No.

5 and Shoichi Maru No. 7, may have done so.

Validity of the State of Alaska's claim
that certain waters are inland waters will
not be known until the trial involving the sei-
zure of the Japanese fishing vessels is held.
The trial was originally scheduled for early
May. The Fisheries Agency expects this
matter to be settled by the end of October
1962. If it is established that United States
territorial waters were violated, then the
company operating the vessels is expected
to pay a fine.

The two captains of the seized vessels and
the captain of the mothership who were ar-
rested have been released on bail. For their
trial, the Japanese company expects to have

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

a Government-appointed lawyer represent
them. (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, May 2;
Suisan Tsushin, May 7, 1962.)

He Kk OK OK OK

FISHING ACTIVITIES IN BERING SEA:

A trawler fleet, consisting of the mother -
ship Seifu Maru (8,269 gross tons), 28 catch-
er vessels, and the refrigerated carrier ves-
sel Fuku Maru No. 7, departed for the Bering
Sea fishing grounds. This year the Seifu Maru's
processing and freezing capacities were in-
creased and the number of catcher vessels as-
signed to it was increased by 6 vessels toa
total of 28 vessels, compared with 22 vessels
last year. The 28 catcher vessels, led by the

refrigerated carrier, departed from Kushiro,
Hokkaido, on May 3, 1962, and expected to
rendezvous in the Bering Sea with the mother -
ship, which departed Hakodate, Hokkaido, on
(Suisan Tsushin, me 11, 1962.)

May 9.

Typical catch aboard a Japanese trawler in the Bering Sea.

The bottomfish factoryship Shikishima
Maru (10,100 gross tons) departed Hakodate,
Hokkaido, for the Bering Sea on May 14, ac-
companied by one large and 16 small trawl-
ers. Catch target for this fleet is 25,000 met-
ric tons of fish. (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,
May 9, 1962.)

The shrimp factoryship Einin Maru (7,482
gross tons) which departed Yokosuka on April
19, is now operating in the waters north of the
Pribilof Islands. The Einin Maru's produc-
tion since early May totaled approximately
20,000 cases of canned shrimp. (Shin Suisan
Shimbun Sokuho, May 15, 1962.)

The Japanese fishing vessel Ao Maru (365
gross tons), which arrived in the Olyutorski

Japan (Contd.):

area in late April, reports that halibut fish-
ing is good. The Ao Maru is reported to be
fishing southeast of Cape Olyutorski along
60° N. latitude, according to a translation
from the Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai
Chimbun, May 15, 1962.

Je ste
KK

JAPANESE MINISTER DISCUSSES KELP
UTILIZATION WITH
PREMIER KHRUSHCHEV:

Japanese Minister of Agriculture and For-
estry Kono, who visited Moscow early in May
1962 to break the deadlock at the sixth Inter -
national Northwest Pacific Fisheries Com-
mission meeting, met Soviet Premier Khru-
shchev at the Kremlin on May 7. During this
meeting, Minister Kono reportedly brought
up the question of utilizing kelp found in the
waters off Habomae and Shikotan in the Kurile
Islands (now under Soviet jurisdiction). Hop-
ing to conclude an agreement which would
permit Japan to utilize this marine product,
Minister Kono pointed out the fact that the
Soviet Union has very little use for kelp,
whereas in Japan its use is very extensive.

Both parties are reported to have reached
an agreement in principle, but the Soviet
leader is said to have expressed concern
over the possibility of intelligence activities
being conducted on the pretext of harvesting
kelp. To this, Minister Kono reportedly pro-
posed the institution of some kind of system,
such as a license system, requiring Japanese
vessels to purchase licenses to operate in the
areas near the above-mentioned islands. Im-
plementation of this agreement will mean that
Japanese coastal fishermen, who have always
been confronted with the problem of having
their vessels seized by the Russians, can op-
erate in safety. (Nippon Suisah Shimbun, May
9, 1962.)

> sle slo cle ste
oy asics asi oe

FISHING COMPANIES INTERESTED IN
BUILDING FISH SAUSAGE PLANTS ABROAD:
Several large Japanese fishing companies
are reported to be planning on establishing
fish sausage plants in foreign countries. One
of them has been working since 1961 witha
plan to establish a fish sausage plant (daily
production capacity: 50,000 sausages) at
Curacao (an island belonging to the Nether -
lands) in the Caribbean Sea. In addition to
this company, another large fishing company

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

is said to be contemplating construction of a
sausage plant in Brazil. Another large fish-
ing company is currently surveying Guatemala
in Central America and Ghana in Africa with
a view to constructing fish sausage plants in
those countries.

Marketing studies conducted by the compa-
nies reveal that many countries in Africa,
South America, and Southeast Asia prefer low-
priced sausages. Fish-sausage sampling pro-
grams were conducted in those areas and the
products were well received, indicating that
the overseas expansion of the Japanese fish
sausage industry should prove successful.
(Suisan Tsushin, May 1, 1962.)

Republic of Korea

FIRM OBTAINS LOAN TO
BUILD SIX TUNA VESSELS:

The South Korean firm, which presently is
operating two tuna vessels out of American
Samoa under contract to the large United
States tuna packing company which operates
a tuna cannery in that Island, has obtained a
foreign loan of US$820,000 to build six 120-
ton tuna vessels. This was according to a re-
port in a South Korean publication. Source of
this loan has not been disclosed. It is not yet
known whether orders for the construction of
the six vessels will be placed with Japan. The
six tuna vessels are expected to be dispatched

to Samoa upon their completion.
|

The South Korean firm is reported to own
an additional 3 distant-water tuna vessels be-
sides the two operating out of Samoa. Com-
pletion of the six tuna vessels will increase
the company's tuna fleet to a total of 11 ves-
sels.

Reportedly, the United States firm oper-
ating the cannery in American Samoa is ar-
ranging to have South Korean fishing vessels
deliver tuna to its cannery inasmuch as the
catch quota of 12,000 short tons placed by the
Japanese Government upon the Japanese tuna
vessels delivering tuna to Samoa is inadequate
to permit maximum use of its Samoan canning
facilities. (Suisan Tsushin, May 21, 1962.)

Ok KOK OK
ITALIAN PROPOSAL TO EXPAND

KOREA'S FISHING FLEET:
Early in February 1962 the Government of

the Republic of Korea announced preliminary

July 1962

Republic of Korea (Contd.):

agreement toa proposal by private Italian
ship-building interests to grant a loan in the
amount of US$100,000,000 for expanding and
further developing Korea's fishing fleet. The
proposal would add some 120,000 gross tons
of modern fishing vessels, part to be con-
structed in Italian shipyards and part to be
constructed in Korean shipyards using ma-
terials and equipment to be supplied by the
Italian interests. As originally proposed the
vessels would be supplied or constructed over
a 3-year period and the loan would be payable
in 6 to 7 years at 6 percent interest. Korean
fishery agencies have been given major re-
sponsibility for developing a utilization plan
and an implementation program and coordi-
nating these with the fisheries part of the
over-all 5-year economic development pro-
gram previously announced by the military
government.

Some part of the order for constructing
fishing vessels in Italian shipyards could
conceivably be insured under Italy's Mar -
tinelli Law. If it were to be so insured, it
would then be eligible for financing at a re-
duced rate of interest. The problem is that
the annual insurance ceiling under the Mar-
tinelli Law (presently $240 million of export
contracts in any one year) is incapable of
handling an export of this magnitude in view
of other competing export contracts, and that
any insurance coverage under the Martinelli
Law for this order would have to be approved
by the Italian Government. No indicationhas
been made in Rome of the Italian Govern-
ment's attitude toward this proposed contract
nor whether it would try to secure the Par-
liamentary approval necessary to raise the
insurance ceiling to handle this contract. If
the contract is not insured under the Mar-
tinelli Law, higher cost and less comprehen-
sive private insurance and ordinary commer -
cial financing at a much higher rate of inter -
est (in excess of 7 percent) would have to be
found. What effect this might have on the
prospects for the contract is presently un-
known. (Reports of April 24, 1962, from
Seoul and April 17, 1962, from Rome.)

Kk ook HK OK

FISHING COOPERATIVES:

A Fisheries Cooperative Law (Law No.
1013) was promulgated on January 20, 1962.
It abolishes the previous system of fishing
organizations and authorizes the establish-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ment of fishing cooperatives by local areas
and by major methods of fishing, fisheries
manufacturer's cooperatives, and a Central
Association of Fisheries Cooperatives. Major
difference between the new organizations and
the fishing guilds are that membership is vol-
untary and requires individual investment, and
a greater scope of functions, including fishery
credit activities, may be performed. While
providing a somewhat greater degree of self-
determination, the cooperative organization
will still be under quite complete Government
control.

Malagasy Republic

FISHERY AGREEMENT WITH REPUBLIC
OF CHINA BEING CONSIDERED:

The Malagasy Government is presently con-

sidering a draft fisheries cooperation agree-
ment with the Republic of China. The propos-
al, suggested during the President of Mala-
gasy'ts April visit to Taiwan, would replace
the cooperation agreement between the two
countries made in the third quarter of 1961.

According to the new proposal, which was
drafted by the China Fishery Corporation,
four 120-ton fishing vessels belonging to the
Corporation would operate for training pur -
poses in Malagasian territorial waters. If
successful, additional vessels would be sent.
The Malagasy Government would provide the
fishing base for the fleet. Part of the catch
would be sold to local canneries and the bal-
ance exported. Any profits would be shared.
(United States Embassy, Taipei, report of
May 11, 1962.)

Malaya

FROZEN TUNA TRANSSHIPMENTS
TO UNITED STATES FROM PENANG BASE:
The Japanese Overseas Fisheries Compa-
ny, which manages the joint Japanese-Malay-
an tuna-packing plant at Penang, Malaya, has
begun to accept shipments of fresh and frozen
tuna for transshipment to the United States.
In April 1962, 200 tons of frozen tuna of a to-
tal of 320 tons landed at Penang were trans-
shipped to the United States through a Japa-
nese exporting firm, and the remainder ship-
ped to Japan because they were unsuitable for
export.

Malaya (Contd.):

Tuna vessels that were expected to return
to Penang late in May were the Seishu Maru
No. 1 (308 gross tons) and the Hoyo Maru __
(280 gross tons), both belonging to the Mie
(Prefecture) Tuna Cooperative Association.
In early August, the Seiju Maru No. 5 (340
gross tons), Seishu Maru No. 2 (409 gross
tons), Chosho Maru No. 3 (340 gross tons),
Kotoshiro Maru No. I1 (354 gross tons), and
the Seishu Maru No. 11 (314 gross tons) are
expected to return to Penang, each with 200-
300 tons of frozen tuna. In addition, 2 or 3
other vessels were expected to bring fish in-
to Penang in May, and 3 or 4in June. Be-
sides the mentioned vessels, other fishing
vessels known to be fishing for the Penang
base are Kompira Maru No. 1 (240 gross
tons), Kinei Maru No. 3 (226 gross tons), and
Zuiho Maru No. 11 (180 sross tons).

The Malayan plant reportedly is purchas-
ing tuna from the fishing vessels at prices
averaging 100-120 yen per kilogram (US$252-
302 per short ton) for unsorted frozen fish
and 85 yen per kilogram ($214 per short ton)
for fresh fish. To supply the Penang base
with fresh tuna for freezing and transship-
ment to the United States, the Fuku Maru No.
2 (200 gross tons), which was on its way tor
the fishing grounds in the Indian Ocean, was
expected to bring in its first load of fresh
tuna in June. (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,
May 8, 1962.)

Editor's Note: The Overseas Company
was authorized by the Fisheries Agency on
April 18 to permit landings at Penang of
6,000 short tons of fresh tuna for freezing at
the tuna-packing plant's shore facilities in

Penang for transshipment to the United States.

The Fisheries Agency also authorized on the
same day a quota of 4,000 short tons of Indian
Ocean frozen tuna for transshipment to the
United States from either Penang or Singa-
pore.

6 OK OK OK

EX-VESSEL TUNA PRICES
AT PENANG:

The following ex-vessel tuna prices were
paid in May 1962 at Penang by the Overseas
Fisheries Company, which operates the joint
Japanese-Malayan tuna-packing company at
Penang (for fish described as second class,
i.e., not in prime condition), according to a
translation from the Japanese periodical Shin
Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, May 31, 1962.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

US$/Short Ton

328

(Clipper-caught fish:
Albacore
Yellowfin (gilled & gutted):
20 to 100 lbs.
100 to 120 lbs.

277
252
252

Albacore

Yellowfin (gilled & gutted):
20 to 100 lbs.

Big-eyed (gilled & gutted):
Over 40 lbs.

Mauritania

SPINY LOBSTER INDUSTRY:

The spiny lobster season: (a) green lobster
(Palinurus regius) netted along Rio de Oro
coast, June, July, August, and September; (b)
red lobster (Palinurus mauritanicus), netted
from small fishing boats or taken by lobster
trap in depths from 30 to 100 meters (98 to
328 feet) from October until June, especially
November -January, and March-May.

Mauritania's Exports of Spiny Lobsters, 1959-1961

Live

Frozen
[Red [Green] Tails

(Metric Tons)
228
311
347

The catch of spiny lobster was 1,650 met-
ric tons in 1959, 3,100 tons in 1960, and 3,500
tons in 1961. There is no shrimp fishing in
Mauritania. (United States Embassy, Dakar,
May 2, 1962.)

FES

Me 4

SHRIMP LANDINGS, 1961:

The 1961 shrimp landings (heads-on or live-weight basis)
in Mexico were probably about 74,000 metric tons--an in-
crease of about 9 percent over 1960 landings. This makes
four record years in a row for Mexican shrimp landings, As

Mexico

Mexican Shrimp Landings by Areas, 1958-61

| Area | 1961 | 1960 | 1959 | 1958 |

. (Metric Tons, heads-on weight). .

50,836.5 |50,614.6| 44,233,8 | 36,197.2
14,878.2 |17,372.0| 16,803.3 |16,073.3

| 65,714.7| 67,986,6| 61,037.1 |52,270.5
Percentage landed on
West Coast...... 74,4

1/Eleven months January-November. Preliminary data subject to revision.

July 1962

Mexico (Contd.):

in the previous three years, the latest increase also came
from Mexico’s west coast. The east coast landings have re-
mained relatively stable since 1958 whereas those from the
west coast have risen from 36,000 metric tons in 1958 to a~
bout an estimated 57,000 tons in 1961, At least three-fourths
of Mexico’s shrimp landings in 1961 were on the west coast,
Shrimp probably accounted for about 40 percent of the 1961
total landings (live-weight basis) of edible fishery products,

Sinaloa in 1961 was the leading shrimp-producing State in
Mexico, followed by Sonora, and Campeche. In 1960 Campeche
outranked Sonora. (United States Embassy, Mexico, April 24,
1962.)

Morocco

FISHERY TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1962:
Fishery developments in Morocco during
the first quarter of 1962 include the following:

1. Announcement by the Minister of Fi-
ance and National Economy of the Govern-
ment's intent to build a plant to manufacture
fish flour for human consumption with a ca-
pacity capable of producing 700 tons in the
first year.

2. The sales agency for Moroccan canned
sardines (UCIC) planned to send two persons
to the United States in May to explore the pos-
sibilities of increasing sales in the United
States market.

3. The Government has informed the sar-
dine canners association that the Government
will allocate the 600,000-case duty-free quota
for imports by France. One of the criteria in
the allocation will be the degree of''Moroccan-
ization."

Exports of canned fish for the annual sea-
son from June 1961through January 1962 were
1.87 million cases, the highest figure on rec-
ord. Sardines accounted for 1.46 million
cases, slightly below the previous year's 1.53
million cases, the highest year ever recorded.
Tuna at 159,000 cases and "other fish" (chief-
ly mackerel) at 249,000 cases both hit new
highs over a ten-year period.

The franc zone took 47 percent of the total
exports--a drop from the monthly average es-
tablished earlier in the year. This indicated
that the free-quota limit for French imports
had almost been reached (557,000 cases had
been shipped out of the 600,000 quota). (United
States Embassy, Rabat, report of May 2, 1962.)

ser =

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Netherlands

FINAL RESULTS OF ANTARCTIC
WHALING EXPEDITION:

The management of the Netherlands Whal-
ing Company has released final figures on the
catch of the Netherlands whaling expedition
which operated in the Antarctic, headed by the
whaling factory ship Willem Barendsz. The
expedition terminated its hunting on April 15,
1962.

Netherlands Whaling Company Operations in Antarctic,
1961/62 and 1960/61 Seasons

1961/62 Season 1960/61 Season

. 72, 648 barrels 129, 526 barrels
12,155 metric tons) | (21,588 metric tons

. 17, 440 barrels 10, 248 barrels
918 metric to 1,708 metric tons

. 1,726 metric tons 3,947 metric tons

. 1,582 metric tons 2,692 metric tons
7,932 metric tons 5, 187 metric tons

Meat for Japanese
refrigerator ships

In 1961 the catcn started on December 12,
while during the previous season the catch
started on November 28, 1960, and ended on
April 6, 1961. (United States Consulate, Am-
sterdam, report of April 18, 1962.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, August 1961, p. 80.

Nicaragua

SHRIMP INDUSTRY TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER 1962:

The Pacific Coast port of Corinto continued
to be the major fishing port during the first
quarter of 1962. A large United States fishery
firm operating out of that port has been har -
vesting shrimp at the rate of 200,000 pounds
per month. The company's freezing and pack-
ing plant, representing an investment of
US$400,000, will soon be completed.

Smaller operations, primarily for shrimp,
are being conducted at Puerto Somoza (also
on the west coast) and at El Bluff (on the east
coast) by two Nicaraguan firms. The El Bluff
operation on the east coast is on the upswing
as ten shrimp vessels are fishing and more
are scheduled to arrive in July.

A company on Corn Island continues to
catch and ship substantial quantities of lob-
sters. (United States Embassy, Managua,
April 30, 1962.)

slelsie mise esicie ste,

88 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Nicaragua (Contd.):

SHRIMP AND LOBSTER FISHERY

TRENDS ON ATLANTIC COAST:

Shrimp: The Nicaraguan shrimp firm in El Bluff on the
Atlantic as of May 1962 continued to operate at considerably
less than full plant capacity, The catch has been averaging
about 100,000 pounds per month, and while there is no im-
mediate expectation of rapid improvement, company activi-
ties appear to be stabilized on a basis that will permit con-
tinued operation of the plant,

A managerial shake-up earlier this year prompted by the
accumulated complaints of creditors resulted in the ousting
of the majority stockholder from his position as general
manager. Officers of the Banco Nicaraguense are directing
company operations, United States fishermen working out of
El Bluff report that the present management is doing a more
capable job than did the previous one but that it is unwilling,
or unable, to spend the sums that would be needed to correct
faults of the plant as originally constructed.

The El Bluff firm has almost no working capital and for
this reason is now buying shrimp only from bay fishermen
for sale in the Nicaraguan market, The preponderant part
of the shrimp are caught by United States fishing vessels
in coastal waters, and for these the firm acts only as a
processor, An exiled Cuban purchases the shrimp from
the trawlers, pays the firm to do the processing, and char-
ters a boat to carry the frozen shrimp to New Orleans,
The same Cuban operates five lobster boats which fish in
the waters ar und the Corn Islands, but bring the catch to
the El Bluff firm for processing, The firm would like to
again purchase shrimp on a large scale, but will not be able
to do this until such time as more working capital becomes
available, No prospects of this are in sight,

As of May 1962 eight shrimp vessels from the United States
were working out of El Bluff, Until March, the average catch
per boat per month was over 14,000 pounds and the total a-
mount processed monthly by the plant was slightly above
100,000 pounds. The majority of the shrimp caught are in the
size groups of 21-25 and 25-30 count. With the temporary
disappearance of the white shrimp, production had declined
in May, but it was expected to revive again in July or August,

The El Bluff firm would like to attract more United States
fishing vessels to El Bluff, but the present set-up would ap-
pear to place severe restrictions on the number of vessels
that can be handled, Even with only eight vessels working, un-
necessarily long delays in port have been reported, The com-
pany hopes to be able to lease additional wharf space from the
Customs Authorities in El Bluff, Present freezing capacity
of 12,000 pounds per day could be increased if conditions war-
ranted it.

Corn Island Spiny Lobster Fishing: A Corn Island firm is
exporting each month about 10,000 pounds of frozen spiny
lobster tails to New York City via Panama, Earlier difficul-
ties with the Government have largely ended and the company
anticipates continued profitable operation. The other Corn
Island company, after only two weeks of operation, closed late
last year, and there is no expectation that it will reopen soon,
As mentioned above, lobster vessels working out of El Bluff
and the El Bluff plant also fish off the Corn Islands,

Dried Shrimp: An American is reported to be drying
shrimp at Puerto Cabezas for export to the United States,
Shrimp are bought from local bay and lagoon fishermen, A
similar operation continues at Pearl Lagoon north of Blue-
fields, (United States Embassy, Managua, report of May 18,
1962.)

Vol, 24, No. 7

Norway

FISH-FREEZING PLANTS SALES, 1961:

Some 90 Norwegian fish-freezing plants
now belong to the joint sales organization
Norsk Frossenfisk A/L, The products pro-
duced by the members are sold under one
brand name and are distributed in 25 foreign
countries. In 1961, the sales organization
sold over 32,000 metric tons of frozen fish,
valued at about Kr.110 million (US$15.4 mil-
lion), This includes about 25,000 tons of fish
fillets as against about 7,000 tons sold by
Findus A/S, the other Norwegian sales organi-
zation.

For the first four months of 1962 sales of
Norsk Frossenfisk were 45 percent ahead of
1961. The Chairman of the Board of Direc-
tors of the sales organization observed that,
in his opinion, a further expansion of Nor-
way's frozen fish export is not primarily a
question of capital. The affiliated freezing
plants have a combined annual capacity of
some 100,000 tons. Due to the inadequate
supply of raw material, less than half of that
capacity is utilized. Thus, it should not be
necessary to spend a lot of money on new pro-
duction facilities. The sales organization has
a distribution system in all major countries
which conceivably could use more Norwegian
frozen fish, said the Chairman. (News of Nor-
way, May 31, 1962, of the Norwegian Informa-
tion Service.)

Sie Se) Ne oS! oe

THREE-NATION FIRM TO TAKE OVER
FISH FREEZING PLANT IN
NORTH NORWAY:

An agreement on establishment of a Norwegian-Swedish-
Swiss corporation, to take over and greatly expand operations
of the North Norway fish deep-freezing firm A/s findug, was
announced in Oslo early in May 1962, The new Findus Inter-
national S/A, to have its headquarters in Switzerland, has been
formed by the Norwegian company A/S Freia--parent company
of A/S Findus, the Swedish A/B Maribou in which Freia owns
a majority interest, and the world-wide Swiss concern Nestle,
with the latter as main stockholder. With a capital stock of
Swiss francs 175 million (US$40.4 million), Findus Interna-
tional will engage in production and sales of all types of fro-
zen foods, It will take over all activities now conducted by
A/S Findus in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Great Britain, and
other countries, Transfer of Freia and Maribou-owned shares
from A/S Findus to Findus International S/A will require the
approval of Norwegian authorities,

The president and managing director of A/S Freia stated
at a press conference in Oslo that the Findus fish filleting
and freezing plant at Hammerfest will be the pilot plant for
greatly expanded operations, The present processing capac
ity, which runs about 25,000 metric tons a year, will be mere-
ly a modest beginning. As soon as possible, efforts will be
made to obtain additional supplies of raw material. In an
interview with Arbeiderbladet, he said that consideration of

July 1962

Norway (Contd.):

relations between the two European trade areas had not been
of decisive importance in evaluating prospects for Findus
International. He disclosed that Freia and its Swedish sub-
sidiary, with 20 percent of the capital stock in the new com-
pany, will have 2 of the 5 members on the Board of Direc-
tors, The various foreign subsidiaries of A/S Findus will
retain their present status, And its Hammerfest plant will
continue under Norwegian management.

Findus International figures on investing the equivalent of
about Kr. 600 million (US$84 million) to expand facilities for
production and distribution of frozen foods, A part of this
amount will be allocated to fish processing. If the per capi-
ta consumption of fish in Western Europe could be raised to
the same level as in Scandinavia, approximately 2,2 pounds
a year, he predicted that the Norwegian fishing industry
would have a difficult time meeting the demand,

News of the establishment of Findus International was
greeted with mixed feelings in North Norway. The Chairman
of the Norwegian Fisherman’s Association told Arbeider-
bladet that he read the newspaper reports with considerable
concern. In his considered opinion, the plan could lead to
monopoly control of fish buying in Finnmark, Rep. Johs,
Olsen, who is chairman of the Norwegian Parliament’s Fish-
eries Committee, Said that if foreign capital was needed to
expand Norway’s fishing industry, he would rather that it be
obtained through cooperation with Sweden,

A different view was expressed by the director of the
District Development Fund. Generally speaking, he opined
that in the long run it was not possible to maintain a satis-
factory level of economic activity in North Norway without
expansion of the fishing industry, And that, he suggested,
could best be achieved through a division of labor between
several countries, He welcomed hints that Findus Interna-
tional would contract for deliveries from other plants. If
small plants could be drawn into the production by supplying
block-frozen fish for further processing, this would be of
great importance, he said.

The vice chairman of Frionor, by far Norway’s largest
producer and exporter of frozen fish, said the cooperative
sales organization will have to prepare for sharper competi-
tion, both in regard to the supply of raw material and sales
in foreign markets. With a chain of associated freezing
plants along the coast, Frionor is in a fairly good position,
The organization has also established a number of foreign
subsidiaries. And for distribution of Frionor fish products
in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, it has a co-
operative arrangement with a large Dutch packing firm,
But to meet competition from Findus International, Frionor
will need more funds for sales promotion, he declared.
(News of Norway, Norwegian Information Service, May 10,
1962.)

Oe ce A) Ee
OK Kk OK OK OK

PROHIBITION URGED ON FOREIGN
FISHERY LANDINGS AND PROCESSING:

A seven-member Norwegian Government
appointed committee has urged that present
regulations be tightened to prohibit foreign
fishing operators from landing fish for sale
in Norway, regardless of what type of gear
they might use. According to recommenda-
tions outlined in the 81-page Committee re-
port, the Government would be authorized to
make exceptions if necessary to assure steady
employment and sales, provided it would not
hurt Norwegian fisheries. Exemptions should
be limited to specific fish species, specific
districts, specific periods, and specific

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

uses. Catches from wrecked fishing craft
would also be exempted.

Under the recommendations, foreigners
would not be permitted to process, package,
or reload fish or fish products inside Nor-
way's fishing zone. Six of the committee
members would also deny Norwegian firms
the right to sign agreements on contract proc-
essing for foreign fishing operators. One dis-
senting member would permit contract proc-
essing of herring and mackerel south of Ber-
gen.

In the Committee's opinion, the superior
quality of Norwegian fish and fish products
should offer good prospects for maintaining
exports, despite stiff competition in foreign
markets. The main problem is to supply suf-
ficient raw material for the frozen fish indus-
try. Acquisition of more ocean-fishing ves-
sels and development of better transportation
facilities should enable Norwegian fishermen
to meet the demand, Landing fish from for-
eign vessels shouldbe permitted only in emer-
gencies, says the Committee. (Norwegian News
of Norway, May 24, 1962.)

ster pigia ste a ser cote

FIRM TO PRODUCE FISH FLOUR:

Fish protein concentrate or fish flour suit-
able for human consumption will be produced
on a trial basis at a new plant in Tjaereviken,
near Bergen. The process has been developed
by scientists at the Norwegian Fishery Direc~-
torate's Chemical-Technical Research Insti-
tute.

Initially, the fish flour produced will be
tested oncalves and other sensitive animals.
(News of Norway, Norwegian Information
Service, May 10, 1962.)

HK OK 3K oe 3k

HERRING AND COD FISHERIES TRENDS:

Altogether 38,160 metric tons of cod were
landed in this year's Lofoten fishery, as com-
pared with over 41,000 tons in the 1961 sea-
son. Estimated first-hand value of the 1962
catch was about Kr.40 million (US$5.6
million), Some fishermen finished up
with shares ranging from Kr.10,000-15,000
($1,400-2,100), while others had far less to
show for their hard work.

The winter herring fishery, off the Norwe-
gian west coast, was also disappointing. Final

90 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Norway (Contd.):

reports on the results show that the total

catch was less than 90,000 tons, with a first-

hand value of about Kr. 30 million ($4.2 mil-
lion).
over the 1961 winter herring season which

set an all-time low with a total catch of some

74,000 tons, worth about Kr. 24.7 million
($3.5 million), The 1962 catch was actually
the second smallest since 1908. (News of
Norway, May 10, 1962.)

Peru
FISH OIL INDUSTRY TRENDS:

The Fisheries Service of the Ministry of Agriculture cal-
culates that there were 114 fish meal plants in Peru at the
end of 1961, 101 of which produced crude fish oil as a result
of the fish meal reduction process. These plants-are of dif-
ferent sizes and degrees of efficiency, and the equipment they
use is as varied as the number of plants operating. The large
expansion of Peruvian fish oil production noted in 1961 is at-
tributable to the following: increase in the number of reduc-
tion plants; enlargement of individual oil plant capacities;
and improved machinery installations (largely Swedish) by
numerous plants,

Only 10 producers of crude fish oil are prepared to han-
dle refined oil for sale for domestic consumption and export,
One of these, which is among the largest companies, does
not have its own refining facilities, but has an arrangement
with one of the nine existing refineries for converting its
crude oil into the refined product, Somewhat at variance
with the report from Copenhagen that plant operators are

COLOMBIA

ECUADOR

BOLIVIA

This was not much of an improvement

Vol. 24, No. 7

working on a propoSal to pay refiners for refining services
and to market the oil themselves, was a statement made by
the managing director of a large fish meal firm in Lima a-
bout the existing situation. He said many of the Peruvian
producers of crude oil depend upon income from their sales
of crude oil to the refineries for paying current expenses,
including wages. Therefore, the majority of them would not
be interested in changing the present system of selling their
oil to refiners for one which would subject them to the va-
garies of the international market and unduly delay their re-
ceipts from crude oil sales, Under the present system, the
refiners assume the risks of the market,

The ten refiners in Peru formed an informal fish oil re-
finers committee in June 1961. There is only a ‘‘gentle-
men’s’’ or ‘‘verbal’’ agreement among them, no other form
of organization, One of the advantages of the informal group
is that its members are in a position to achieve savings in
freight costs through the pooling of shipments and the char-
tering of tankers, Freight costs are $16 per metric ton for
refined fish oil shipped to European ports in regularly sched-
uled shipping conference vessels, but the rate is $10 per ton
in chartered tankers carrying 15,000 tons,

Another advantage the refiners’ group has is the oppor-
tunity given its members to determine and maintain the price
of their product. The chairman of the group suggested
US$140 per ton (6.3 cents a pound) as a reaSonable price for
refined oil, c.i.f, continental European ports. A year ago,
the Peruvian price c.i.f, European ports was $132-$133 per
ton (about 6 cents a pound), Peruvian refiners as of April
1962, agreed among themselves not to sell at less than
$117.50 a ton (5.3 cents a pound) c.i.f, continental ports, At
that price no sales were being made in April for future de-
livery. There appeared to be some concern that the Peru-
vian fish 9il refiners will experience financial losses, since
they are obligated to continue their purchases from crude
oil producers, and they will continue refining and storing the
product, The stocks in storage in April 1962 were said to be
less than 10,000 metric tons.

A further sharp increase in Peruvian fish oil production
is predicted for 1962 by some, but the chairman of the re-
finers group doubted that Peru’s 1962 production would sur-
pass that of last year. This he attributed to the fact that ex-
pansion plans are being held in abeyance for the present be-
cause of the existing world-wide fish oil situation and of the
Peruvian political situation, There was a tendency to defer
major expenditures until after the national elections, sched-
uled for June 10, 1962,

Peru’s exports of fish oil (refined): Official statistics
(table 1) show Peru’s exports of fish oil in 1960 to have been
35,003 metric tons and 102,306 metric tons in 1961, an in-
crease of 192,3 percent, The export value was 99,2 million
soles ($3.7 million) in 1960 and 290.8 million soles ($10.9
million) in 1961, an increase of 193.1 percent,

able 1 - Peru’s Exports of Fish Oil (Refined) by Destination,
1960 A

INetherlands
Norway ...
Sweden.... 1,521.9

ee Ree 99,163, 3,705.7

Note: Values converted at rate of 26.76 soles equa! USS$1.

For 1961, data collected by the National Fisheries Society
(table 2) show Peru's fish oil exports to have been 98,088 metric
tons, just 4,218 metric tons less than the official figure provided
by the Statistical Department of the Callao Customhouse.

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

Peru (Contd.): formal group which buys crude oil and refines it for export,
have agreed not to sell at less than $117.50 (5.3 U.S, cents a
pound) c,i.f. continental European ports, During the first

er , _ é F SRaver quarter of 1962, it was reported that Peruvian refiners were
EENIS G0 LSS 195 eC) hs Ben Oil (Refined) by Destination, making no Sales at that price for future delivery, and there
seemed to be concern that the refiners would experience fi-
nancial losses. They are obligated to continue purchasing
the crude oil, a byproduct of the fish meal reduction process
in practically every fish meal plant in Peru, and to refine
and store it, It was understood that Peruvian fish oil refiners
expected to attend an international meeting of producers in

Metric
Tons

Bet Sata ee retavintet fete ioe een toes 14,622 Europe at the end of May, perhaps looking to the establish-
aan SS i teas yey te 17,687 ment of some sort of international organization similar to
ree AWN ese vee eke 43,268 that in the fish-meal industry (the International Association
. sens) os oud 12,435 of Fish Meal Manufacturers),
Bic stieytaiien a cae 825
olin biekisiekehedstelisiel sie ane 9,251 An interesting comment was made by an individual
whose work at sea in the fisheries industry of Peru over a
MOtalecrcsats O oO. GOO os choeo ooo DUO Beolo 98,088) period of several years would seem to place him in a position
to make a knowledgeable observation about the general situa-
sie 5 tion. He said that, at the present rate of fishing (apparently
There are no Government subsidies or other concessions meaning all types of fish, including anchoveta and tuna), there
applicable to the production or exportation of fish oil (or other would be no fish at all in those waters within a few years, un-
pehery Pacduc te). according tola United States Embassy, less some form of conservation was inStituted, Fishing this
Meek cai at 2 TEpOrts year, he said, is not ahead of last year, the tuna now being ta-
ken are much smaller than formerly, and fewer birds are be-
ing seen now because there is not enough food for them,
MEK OK Ke Ok (United States Embassy, Lima, report of’April 30, 1962.)

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY TRENDS,

FIRST QUARTER 1962:

In February 1962, the Consorcio Pesquero del Peru S.A,
(marketing organization for fish meal producers) completed
one year of operation, There can be little doubt that this co- Philippines
operative marketing organization, with 92 member compa-
nies representing 93 percent of Peru's fish meal production,

is a primary factor in the stability which has characterized JOINT JAPANESE-PHILIPPINE TUNA
the Peruvian fish meal industry since the Consortium began ENTERPRISE TO BE FORMED:

operations in February 1961. The magnitude of its operat- ee

ions is clear when it is noted that Peru’s exports of fish A Japanese fishing company, located in the

meal approach a value of US$50 million annually, city of Kesennuma in northern Japan, has ac-
Peru has retained its rank as primary world producer of cepted the offer from a company of the Philip-

fish micaliend eonianes ie pera conded iat qotaequalie 60 pine Islands (a firm engaged in the loans and

percent of the world market by the Fis eal Exporters . . heen . ets

Organization, At the beginning of 1961, total world demand Hakshb etna business) to participate ina Joint

was estimated at one million metric tons, and Peru’s quota tuna venture in the Philippines. The presi-

was Set at 600,000 tons. However, the total world demand dent of the Japanese firm went to Manila on

for that year was closer to 1,250,000 tons and each country’s P Beary : :

quota was raised accordingly. Since some of the supplying April 16, 1962, for preliminary discussions

gountriestcould not A thet quotes, petuatilied etoenente and a representative from the Philippine com-

were divided between Sou rica and Peru, By the end o . . .

the year, Peru’s 1961 quota had risen to 750,000 tons, Of- pany was expected in Japan, at which time the

ficial figures for 1961 show exports of 708,366 tons, valued agreement between the two companies was ex-

at 1,328.6 million soles ($49.6 million), compared with ;

507,042 tons in 1960, valued at 1,056.4 million soles ($38.7 pected to be signed,

million). If world demand for 1962 approaches the figure

mentioned recently, of 1,350,000 tons, Peru's 60 percent quo- The joint tunabase reportedly is to be estab-

vO COS Ge PUL lished on Coron Island, located nearby Manila,
Data are not yet available on Peru’s production or ex- witha capital of 200 million yen (US$556,000).

ports during the first three months of 1962. It is expected, Th a : ‘

however, that many plants were not able to maintain produc Ss Jap DEse. company, will invest 40 percent

tion during the period, which normally includes the best and the Philippine company 60 percent. The

months for anchoveta (anchovy) because fishing was bad dur- Japanese company plans to invest three tuna

ing that period in many places, Intermittent strikes of fish-
ermen, bad weather, and the compulsory closing of most of vessels, one of 200 tons gross and another of

the plants in the Lima-Callao area for at least a week in Feb- | 150 tons gross, and one 85-ton converted tuna

ruary for failure to install deodorizing equipment, no doubt . 4 * = : =
contributed to a production lag which may be difficult to over- vessel which will RAS 1) NERS round fish
come, There was a report in mid-February that the Consor- ing for tuna, deep-sea bass, and Spanish mack-
tium had refused new orders, since those on hand would take erel in the waters around Manila, Hong Kong,

all available supplies, As of April 1962, Peru’s fish meal
production for 1962 was estimated by the Consortium at one
million tons, of which 750,000 tons would be for export.

and Singapore.

The very substantial 192.2 percent increase in fish oil ex- The Coron Island base, which is now CqurDS
ports in 1961 (102,306 tons) compared with 1960 (35,003 tons) ped with an ice plant capable of manufacturing
was an interesting development of the fisheries industry in 5 tons of ice per day, a 5-ton freezer plant,

recent months, A condition of overproduction has assailed d a
the world market, however, and prices have dropped consid- and a small cannery, is expected to be ex-

erably, Ten Peruvian refiners of fish oil, members of an in-

Philippines (Contd.):

panded if the joint enterprise proves success-

ful. (Suisan Tsushin, May 10, 1962.)
°
Rete
Poland ai

MARINE FISHERIES TRENDS:

Landings, 1961: The Polish fishery plan
for 1961 provided for a production of 173,268
metric tons of fish. The actual catch came
to within 2 percent of that goal, when 169,375
metric tons of fish were caught. The reason
for just missing the mark was the poor catch-
es of Baltic cod which were 6,000 metric tons
below the planned catch of 47,300 metrictons.

Polish fisheries consist of state, private,
and cooperative enterprises.

Table 1 - Poland's Marine Fisheries Landings, 1961

Metric Tons
131, 842
195.337,
18, 196

169, 375

According to Soviet sources, the Polish
State fishing enterprises had already fulfilled

Organization

their portion of the 1961 quota--131,000 met- |

ric tons--by December 20, 1961. It may,
therefore, be concluded that either the coop-
erative or private enterprises (or both) failed
to attain their 1961 quota.

The average age in Poland is 31 yearsfor
state-~employed fishermen, 36.4 years.for
cooperative fishermen, and 40 years for
private fishermen. State-employed fisher-
men averaging only 6.5 years of fishing ex-
perience caught more fish than cooperative
and private fishermen averaging 10 and 18.4
years of experience, respectively. Govern-

Table 2 - Poland's Marine Fisheries Landings by Species, 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

ment support in investments, modern equip-
ment, research, and education most likely con-
tributed to the better catch record of the state-
employed group.

"Dalmor' Freezer, Stern-Trawler: Poland's
large herring catch was due partly to the intro-
duction in 1961 of Dalmor-type stern-trawlers.
The Dalmor B-15 class is a fishing vessel of
2,890 gross tons, 85 meters (280 feet) long,
1,339 cubic meters (47,250 cubic feet) hold
capacity, and 12.5 knots average speed. It is
identical to the Soviet Leskov RRT-400 class
vessel. Dalmor-type vessels are built at Pol-
ish shipyards in Gdynia onthe BalticSea. They
are designated Dalmor class if delivered to
the Polish fleet and Leskov class if delivered
to the Soviet fleet. The names Dalmor and
Leskov were those of the first vessels of this
type launched for each country.

Present plans call for the construction of
a total of 35 vessels of this class; 20 will be
delivered to the Soviet Union and 15 to Po-
land. At least 8 (Leskov, Mamin Sibiriak,
Myr, Druzhba, Sputnik, and Lunikfor U.S.S.R.
and Dalmor and Kastor for Poland) were built
in 1961. Construction of 9 vessels is sched-
uled for 1962. These vessels operate in the
North and South Atlantic fishing grounds. Dur-
ing one 84-day trip, a Dalmor-type vessel
caught 1,050 metric tons, or 12.5 tons per
day, of fish; on another trip of 114 days, the
catch was 2,160 metric tons, or 18.9 metric
tons per day.

'"Miedwie'’ Freezer-Trawler: Vessels of
the B-20 class, called Miedwie class afterits
prototype, have also been constructed at the
Gdynia shipyards. The first was launched in
August 1961; by spring 1962, ten vessels had
been constructed (Miedwie, Mielno, Mamry,
Morag, Morskie Oko, Wigt Wigry, Wielc Wielczno, Sejno,
Szezytno, and Gardno). Plans provide for five
additional vessels to be completed by 1963.
The Miedwie B-20 is about 750 gross tons,
61 meters (202 feet) long, and 10 meters (33
feet) wide. It has a crew of over 30 anda
range of 3,000 miles and 45 days. Its hold
capacity is 553 cubic meters (19,514 cubic
feet); half is used for salted fish at 0° C.
(32° F.) and half for frozen fish at -25° C,
(-13° F.), The total cargo capacity is 280
metric tons. The B-20 moves at an average
speed of 13 knots with a 1,375-hp. engine. Its
winch has a traction capacity of 10 tons ata
speed of 70 meters (230 feet) per minute.
These trawlers are to be used in the North
Sea and in Northwestern and South Atlantic
herring and mackerel fisheries. Three B-20

July 1962

Poland (Contd.):

vessels participated in the Georges Bank fish-

ing in the early spring of 1962 (Miedwie,
Mielno, and Mamry).
is done to starboard. Part of the catch is
frozen in blocks and stored in the freezer
hold; the other part is salted and stored in
barrels in the refrigerated hold.

Four B-20-1 vessels, a variant of the B-
20, were sold to the French fishing industry.

The Poles have also finished the designs
for a stern-trawler-class B-23, which will
reportedly have twice the freezing capacity

of the B-20. Plans for a B-24 class are also

being prepared.

Outlook for Fisheries: The plan for 1962
provides for a catch of 182,000 metric tons.
Expected production of fish fillets is 4,700
tons (a 45-percent increase over 1961); pro-
duction of 19,900 tons of fish fillets annually
is expected by 1965.

A long-term fishery development plan for
the years 1961 to 1980 has been prepared. It
provides for a total annual catch of 900,000
metric tons by 1980, and for an increase
from 110,300 tons of fish products in 1960
to 530,000 tons in 1980. The export of fish
products is planned to increase eight times
by 1980.

Over 500 vessels are to be added to the
Polish fishing fleet during the 1961-1980 pe-
riod. Fishing area in the Atlantic by the
Poles will be greatly expanded in northwest-
ern, as well as tropical, waters. Consider-
able scientific and economic research will

be necessary. The latter must justify the in-
vestments in long-range motherships, freezer

trawlers, and factoryships by proving that
fishing at such distances is profitable.

It is estimated that planned catches will
increase Poland's per capita consumption of
fish to 11.5 kilograms (24.2 pounds) by 1980.

In 1960 it was only 4.3 kilograms (9.5 pounds),

and in 1955 only 2.6 kilograms (5.7 pounds).
The production of animal feed from fish will

also greatly increase. (Peche Maritime, Feb-

ruary 20, 1962; Zycie Warsawy, January 30,
1962; Polish Maritime News, February 1962;
World Fishing, March 1962; various unpub-

lished sources.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, November 1961 p. 63.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

All fishing on the B-20

Portugal

CANNED TUNA INDUSTRY:

The Japan Export Trade Promotion Association (JETRO)
in May 1962 released a report on the canned tuna industry in
Spain and Portugal, A translation of the report on Portugal
follows:

Production of canned fish products in Portugal in 1960 to-
taled 76,244 metric tons, of which 58,305 tons consisted of
canned sardine and 9,341 tons canned anchovy, and those two
products together comprised 90 percent of the total canned
fish production, Canned tuna was the next leading canned
fish product with 5,552 tons, Production of canned tuna has
increased yearly since 1957 and the 1961 production repre-
sents more than a twofold increase over the 1957 production,
which totaled 2,249 tons,

In Portugal there are 230 canneries employing about
18,000 workers, Production per worker is approximately
4,2 tons, which is similar to the output per worker in Spain,
although the average number of employees per cannery is a-
bout double that employed at canneries in Spain, Ten percent
of the canneries are located in the Madeira and Azores Is-
lands, but the number of workers employed at those canneries
corresponds to only four percent of the total cannery workers
in Portugal, Other canneries are concentrated in Matozinhos,
Setubal, Portimao, and Olhao, in Portugal proper.

Fifteen percent of Portugal’s canned fish are produced by
four large canneries and 85 percent are presumably packed
by more than 200 other canneries, each of which is thought to
produce less than one percent of the total canned output.

The can supply situation in Portugal is about the same as
that in Spain, but since Portugal does not manufacture tin
plate, it does not have the numerous problems confronting
Spain, such as price and quality control, protective policy ver-
sus free trade, financial and tariff administration, and govern-
ment aid for industrial development, Portugal imports 52 per-
cent of its tin plate from France, 19 percent from England, 11
percent from Germany, and 10 percent from the United States,
Production of cans is handled either by the canneries them-
selves or by cannery cooperatives,

Portugal imports a considerable quantity of raw tuna to
supplement its domestic tuna supply, of which there is a tre-
mendous shortage. Portugal's fish imports consist mainly of
bluefin tuna, most of which are imported from Portugal’s over-
seas possessions, as well as from Tangier (Spanish Morocco)
and Morocco, where bluefin tuna are caught in great abundance
and prices are low, and no hard money is needed to make pay-
ments,

In Portugal, price disputes between fishermen and canneries
constitute the basic hindrance to the development of that coun-
try’s canning industry, Unless the price problem is solved, the
cost of the final product will rise since the packers cannot cut
their other production costs, and this will place Portugal at a
disadvantage in competing with other countries in the world
tuna market,

Portugal’s exports of canned tuna will face the obstacle of
the European Common Market, Already there is increasing
apprehension among Portuguese tuna packers that the Com-
mon Market will boycott their products, One other serious
problem confronts Portugal, and that is the boycott on Portu-
guese products carried out by the new African nations. How-
ever, at the present stage of development, it is difficult to
make any prediction as to how this boycott will affect Portu-
gal’s canned tuna industry,

Saudi Arabia
FISHERIES POTENTIAL:

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop-
ment sent an Economic Study Mission to Saudi Arabia in 1960.

94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Saudi Arabia (Contd.):

The Mission's report Approach to the Economic Development
of Saudi Arabia reported as follows on the Saudi Arabia fishing
industry:

"Seafood can be a much more important item in the diet of
the people of Saudi Arabia than it is at present. Most of the
fish and other seafood are consumed fresh in the area in which
they are caught, usually on the day of catch. Some fish is kept
for short periods on ice and some fish is dried for inland sales.
The canning and freezing of fish has not yet been developed.

"There is considerable potential for development in the fish-
ing industry in Saudi Arabia. Even though there are several
thousand fishermen on both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
coasts, the industry is still in the early stages of development.
Fishing activities are restricted in part by the type of vessel,
the gear and equipment being used, but principally by the lack
of marketing facilities such as those required for preservation
and transport.

"Studies on fish and other seafood in the Red Sea and the
Persian Gulf warrant further investigation by an independent
expert in the field. It is recommended that the results of these
studies be made available to the private sector for further de-
velopment, and that the Government provide the necessary in-
centives to get the industry properly established... ."

A fishing company in Jidda has an exclusive concession for
commercial fishing in Saudi territorial waters of the Red Sea.
It is looking for a United States company which is experienced
in fishing and processing fishery products to participate in
the capital of the company and to undertake its technical man-
agement,

The company was organized in 1952 by HRH Prince
MIT’AB bin *Abd al-’Aziz, On Janaury 29, 1952, Prince
Mit’ab had obtained from his father, King 'Abd al-’Aziz, the
exclusive concession for the fishing, extracting, gathering,
processing, and production of all fish and sea life, mother-
of-pearl, and other commercially useful shell and shellfish
in the territorial waters of the Saudi Arab Kingdom; the right
to sell and export these products is included in the concession,
This concession was granted for a 40-year period. The com-
Pany was organized to exploit only the fish in the Red Sea; a
small company gathering and exporting sea shells currently
is operating independently along the Red Sea coast,

The authorized capital of the company is 12 million riyals
(US$2,67 million) of which about 3.6 million riyals ($800,000)
has been paid in, This capital was supplied as follows: Prince
Mit’ab, one millon riyals; Prince MISH’AL bin ’Abd al-’Aziz,
one million riyals; Prince FAHD bin Saud, one million riyals;
former Finance Minister Muhammad Surur SABBAN, 300,000
riyals; and Muhammad BIN LADIN, a businessman, 300,000
riyals, Except for a small operating account, the company’s
real property and equipment account for all of the paid-in
capital, The company apparently negotiated a small loan some
years ago, but this has now been paid off and the company is,
according to its bankers, debt-free,

In its first year, the company made an arrangement with a
Swedish firm by which it purchased fishing and fish-process-
ing equipment that the Colombian Government had decided
not to accept, in exchange for a promise by the Swedish firm
to help in the installation of this equipment and the technical
operation of the company itself. The Swedish company broke
its agreement and after the arrival of the equipment the
Saudi company was left without the required technical assis-
tance, The equipment was delivered and partially installed
in a rambling structure on the company’s property on a pri-
vate quay near the Jidda harbor, The equipment purchased
by the company includes machinery for (1) canning operations;
(2) fish meal processing; (3) fish oil extraction; (4) ice manu-
facture; (5) one deep~freeze storage room; (6) three cool-
storage rooms; (7) power generation; and (8) repair services
(lathe, drills, shop equipment, etc.). In addition, the company
has on the premises four: small Diesel-powered (40-60 hp.)
fishing boats, four powered dories, and one larger 105 hp.
lift-net boat. (A 130-ton tuna vessel is laid up for repairs in
Suez), It appears that both the plants and the boats which were
sold to the company were designed for use in the frigid zone

Viol. 24. 2Nosit

waters of Sweden. These special technical difficulties, added
to those which a new venture of this kind would normally meet,
were more than the Saudi company could cope with. The com-
pany has never gone into operation on a commercial scale,
Most of its equipment has been in ‘‘moth balls,’* The primary
task of its employees is to preserve it, The boats are, how-
ever, in poor shape,

During the last few years, technical experts from the FAO
and various countries, including Japan, Italy, and Yugoslavia,
have visited the company’s plant, at its request, to study the
possibility of re-opening it. So far, nothing has come of these
visits,

The company is looking for both financial and technical
help. More specifically, it would like to find a United States
company which would be sufficiently interested to send an ex-
pert to assess the usefulness of the present plant and equip-
ment and analyze the possibilities of establishing a successful
fish-processing plant. If the firm decided that the market
potential were sufficient and that such problems as shortage
of fresh water and skilled manpower could be overcome, the
Saudi company hopes that the United States firm would invest
in the re-activated company and take over its technical oper-
ation, The type and amount of return the American company
would receive would presumably be worked out in direct ne-
gotiations between the American firm and the Saudi company,
The backers of the Saudi company have tied up considerable
capital in the venture; they have been discouraged by years
of failure. There are signs that they would be receptive to
proposals offered by competent negotiators. (United States
Embassy, Jidda, reported May 9, 1962.)

=
==

South Africa Republic and
South-West Africa
PILCHARD-MAASBANKER

FISHERY TRENDS, MARCH 1962:

Fishing for pilchard-maasbanker (jack
mackerel) off the Cape west coast of the
South Africa Republic continued at a steady
rate in March while at Walvis Bay in South-
West Africa those companies that did not
start fishing earlier commenced operations
during the month, This earlier start in fish-
ing in South-West Africa resulted in the over-
all catch being higher than in the same months
last Season.

Production of fish meal was running at a
higher level than it was last year and this en-
abled minor additional quantities to be mar-
keted. The price was stiffening as demand
was in excess of available supplies.

The price for fish oil remained unchanged
at the depressed level of the early months in
1962, but the industry's total production is
nevertheless fully committed. Canned fish
production was steady against a somewhat de-
creased demand with prices in general being
maintained.

Following increases earlier in the year,
prices of spiny lobster in the South Africa

July 1962

South Africa Republic and
South-West Africa (Contd.):

Republic were unchanged in March. The per-
ennial heavy demand remains and shipments
of frozen tails to the United States continue
to be made at the normal rate which is de-
signed to spread delivery over the whole year.
(The Standard Bank Review, May 1962.)

chy OR an ees
be es

FISH MEAL AND OIL INDUSTRY,
1960/61 SEASON:

A further substantial increase in South
and South-West Africa's shoal fish catch was
reported in the Seventeenth Annual Report
(covering the period October 1, 1960, to Sep-
tember 30, 1961) of the Fisheries Develop-
ment Corporation of South Africa Ltd. The
Report was presented to the annual general
meeting of the Corporation held in Cape
Town on March 7, 1962.

The upward trend in catch of the pelagic
species forming the raw material of the fish
meal and oil and canning industries, as re-
ported over the past three years, was con-
tinued at an increased pace during the period
under review, which reflected record returns

in respect of both the South African and South-

West African inshore fisheries.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

ceived 85 percent of its raw fish from waters
north of Dassen Island as compared with only
22 percent the previous year.

The excellent quality of the pilchards was
reflected in the unusually high yield of oil
achieved by the reduction plants. In two fac-
tories the exceptional figure of 33 gallons of
oil per ton of fish processed was maintained
for a short period in mid-season. But per-
haps more striking effect is the fact that the
434,138 tons of pilchards delivered to South
African factories January-September 1961
were estimated to consist of a lesser number
of fish than the 345,136 tons of pilchards de-
livered over the equivalent period in 1960.
Quite apart from its economic value, the merit
of this development from a conservation angle
needs no explanation.

It should be recorded, lest a wrong im-
pression be unwittingly created, that the re-
duction factories receiving their fishreceipts
from ''south fish," or shoals in the False Bay
area, once again enjoyed a highly successful
season, though the oil yield from fish of that
stock was decidedly lower than that from the
catches north of Dassen Island.

In South-West Africa the quota for shoal
fish was established at 375,000 short tons
divided equally among the six factories oper-

South and South-West Africa's Reduction Plants: Receipts of Raw Fish and Production of Fish Meal and Oil,
Fiscal Year 1960/61 and 1959/60

557,075
380, 469

937,544 731, 239 201, 626 149,060 58, 926 40, 113

1/Includes pilchards, maasbanker, and mackerel.

INote: Fiscal Year--October 1-September 30.

Two features, in particular, dominated the
South African 1960/61 season, the first being
the return of vast shoals of pilchards to the
waters adjacent to the main concentration of
factories on the St. Helena Bay coast, the sec-
ond being the very high quality of the pil-
chards landed,

The proximity of the fish to the factories
had the twofold effect of reducing the cost of
catching and making possible the expansion
of canning activity in the South African indus -
try, which packed the equivalent of 994,467
cases (48 one-pound tall cans) during Janu-
ary-September 1961 as compared with 720610
cases for the same period of 1960. One large
factory in the area in question in 1961 re-

ating at Walvis Bay. The fish were readily
accessible and in good condition, allowing
processors once again to undertake a heavy
canning program yielding the equivalent of
3,904,264 cases (48 one-pound tall cans) at
the end of September 1961.

All fish oil surplus to the requirements of
local consumers was sold to a single interna-
tional buyer for consumption in the United
Kingdom and Europe. Not all the record pro-
duction of fish meal was disposed of in the
course of the season by reason of the export
quota system imposed upon members by the
Fish Meal Exporters! Organization (embrac-
ing Angola, Iceland, Norway, Peru, andSouth
Afried [South-West Africa), The countries that

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

South Africa Republic and
South-West Africa (Contd.):

belong to the Organization account for more
than 90 percent of world exports of fishmeal.

Members of the Organization have agreed
to pursue a common policy, with a view to
preventing a recurrence of the disturbed
speculative market conditions of 1959 and
1960 and to ensure a continuity of supply to
consumers at realistic price levels. The
activities of the Organization have had a
significant impact on the fish meal market
and have resulted in a 50 percent rise in
price from the very low levels that prevailed
during 1959/1960. The Fish Meal Exporters!
Organization at the International Fish Meal
Conference held in Rome in March 1961, un-
der the auspices of the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, invited
all countries producing supplies surplus to
their own requirements to subscribe to mem-
bership.

In the fishing industry, there appears to
be only one truly global organization and that
is the International Association of Fish Meal
Manufacturers (this is an entirely separate
organization from the Fish Meal Exporters'!
Organization). The Manufacturers! group
handled a difficult marketing situation for
fish meal which became apparent in 1959/60.
It is cooperating with other organizations in
promotion activities and the dissemination of
scientific knowledge to assist in the require-
ments of, and demand for, fish meal and the
exploration of the requirements of, and de-
mand for, fish meal and fish flour for human
consumption,

In South Africa there are closely-knit or-
ganizations already in existence which could
readily belong to global units. Two such are
the South African Fish Oil Producers! Asso-
ciation (Pty.) Ltd. and the South African Fish
Canners' Association (Pty.) Ltd. The pri-
mary function of the first-named organiza-
tion is the marketing of fish body oil, which
it does very successfully. Its position vis-a-
vis buyers is relatively weaker than is the
corresponding position of its sister organiza-
tion, the South African Fish Meal Producer's
Association (Pty.) Ltd. by reason of the
greater number of commodities in competi-
tive supply, as for instance whale oil and va-
rious vegetable oils. Fish meal has not the
same strongly competitive position to con-
tend with, and the situation has now arisen
that, while its price has firmed considerably

Vol. 24, No. 7

in world markets, that of fish oil, in comple-
mentary supply, has shown a disappointing
weakness as reflected in the lower price ob-
tained for the 1962 production.

The South African Fish Canners! Associa-
tion (Pty.) Ltd. does not handle the actual
sales of canned fish, which are made by in-
dividual canners or selling combines of their
own creation, but it acts as a forum where
problems common to all fish canners may be
discussed, and, in this way, serves a very
useful purpose. —

South Africa Republic

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER FISHERY,
JANUARY 1962:

Off the Cape west coast of the South Africa Republic the
1962 pilchard-maasbanker (jack mackerel) Season made a
good start. The January pilchard catch was only a few thou-
sand tons short of the record landings of January 1961, Good
fishing continued through February 1962 and into March, Al-
though the landings were not far below those of 1961, the pil-
chards were not of the same high quality as those brought in
last year, This is shown by the oil yield from the fish meal
plants, which is well below that of the first few months of
1961,

It seems that fishermen and factories were not interested
in catching mackerel and maasbanker during the short shoal
fishing season permitted during November and December
1961. In those two months at the end of 1960 nearly 30,000
short tons of mackerel and maasbanker were landed. In No-
vember 1961 the total catch was 2,103 tons maasbanker and
76 tons mackerel; even less fish were caught in December--
183 tons maasbanker and 124 tons mackerel, The total catch
in those two months of 1961 was a mere 2,502 tons,

One reason for this small catch was the steady develop-
ment of tuna fishing off the Cape coast using ‘‘shoal’’ fishing
boats for long-lining during the off-season,

The Cape west coast fish catch in January comprised
64,388 short tons pilchards, 1,216 tons maasbanker, and 6,046
tons mackerel, The total catch was 71,650 short tons, This
compares with 69,879 tons pilchards, 6,745 tons. maasbanker,
and 3,821 tons mackerel landed in January last year; and with
23,162 tons pilchards, 5,694 tons maasbanker, and 2,147 tons
mackerel in January 1960.

The January 1962 catch yielded 16,163 short tons of fish
meal, 967,432 imperial gallons of fish body oil, 1,052,448
pounds of canned pilchards, 585,168 pounds of canned maas~
banker, and 1,776,264 pounds of canned mackerel,

The January 1961 catch yielded 17,286 short tons of fish
meal, 1,342,460 imperial gallons of fish body oil, 2,312,272
pounds canned pilchards, 1,763,416 pounds canned maasbank~
er, and 819,366 pounds canned mackerel, (The South African
Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review, March 1962.)

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 97

South-West Africa

PILCHARD-MAASBANKER
CATCH QUOTA FOR 1962 INCREASED:

The South-West Africa pilchard-maas-
banker (jack mackerel) fishing industry has
been allowed another large increase in the
year's catch quota. In 1961 this limit for the
six Walvis Bay factories was raised by 65,000
tons to 375,000 short tons distributed equally
among the factories. For 1962 the quota has
been raised by another 60,000 tons to 435,000
tons.

~ coo!
“dy mee,

co ua
st
OVAMBOLAND

’ coe ae,

s 0 U
e

* SOUTH WEST
AFRICA

ond

With each of them set to process 72,500
short tons of fish during 1962, the Walvis
Bay factories started early this year. Near-
ly all the factories were expected to be in
operation by the end of March.

Early reports indicated that the pichards
shoals were abundant and readily available
although the fish were medium size with an
oil yield of about 12 gallons a ton.

The decision of the South-West Africa Ad-
ministration to allow an increase in the catch
quota results apparently from a recommen-
dation by the South-West African Fisheries
Advisory Council which met in Cape Town in
February 1962.

The Council, which advises the Executive
Committee of the Administration, is made up
of representatives of the Administration, re-
search bodies, the fishing industry in the
Territory, and fishermen. (The South Afri-

can Shipping News and Fishing Industry Re-
view, March 1962.)

FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO ITALY:

The Japan Export Trade Promotion Asso-
ciation (JETRO) received information from
its representative in Venice, Italy, that Spain
reportedly is exporting Atlantic Ocean-caught
tuna to Italy. According to the report, Span-
ish fishing vessels have landed an estimated
700-800 metric tons of skipjack, including
some small yellowfin, at Venice and two other
Italian ports since February of this year. Pre-
sumably, these tuna are being admitted into
Italy under the 25,000-ton duty-free Italian
quota established by the Common Market, of
which 14,000 tons have been allocated to Ja-
pan and 11,000 tons to other countries.

Spain

The Japanese fishing industry is closely
watching Spain's tuna exports to Italy since
Italy had originally agreed to increase Japan's
quota, if imports from other countries fell
short of 11,000 metric tons. This develop-
ment is viewed with concern by Japan which,
until recently, had practically supplied all the
raw tuna to Italy.

Reportedly, the Spanish tuna exports to
Italy are round frozen in brine and the fish
ranged between 3-10 kilograms (6.7-22.4
pounds). The fish sold at about US$275 per
metric ton. Meat recovery is reported to be
33-34 percent, in which case the price paid
for the fish seems fairly high. Italy reported-
ly has contracted to purchase 1,800 tons of
tuna from Spain this year. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, May 5, 1962.)

Shee ie saber.

CANNED TUNA INDUSTRY:

The Japan Export Trade Promotion Association (JETRO)
in May 1962 released a report on the canned tuna industry in
Spain and Portugal, A translation of the report on Spain fol-
lows:

The canned tuna pack in Spain of 19,480 metric tons in
1959 comprised 35 percent of the total pack of canned marine
products, and was valued at 628,730,000 pesetas (US$57.4
million), Tuna packed in olive oil totaled 13,370 metric tons,
or about 70 percent of the total canned tuna pack, which in
1959 reportedly was much less than in the preceding year,

In Spain there are approximately 800 canneries employ-
ing 35,000 workers, of which 75 percent are women, Thirty
percent of the workers are regular employees, Most of the
canned tuna is packed in the northwestern area (Galicia) and
the Cantabrian district. The principal ports serving the can-
neries are also concentrated in those areas, In Vigo and oth-

98 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Spain (Contd.):

er parts of the northwestern area, modern packing plants
have been constructed, but in general, the canning industry
in that area is not progressive, In 1960, 17 percent of
Spain’s canned tuna was packed by the two large packers lo-
cated in Vigo (which are the two largest packers in Spain),
43 percent by canneries producing between 1-3 percent of
the total canned tuna pack, and 40 percent by 700 small can-
neries,

Tin plate is manufactured only by one company, which
cannot possibly supply the domestic demand, so Spain contin-
ues to import this material. Import duties collected for tin
plate are refunded if it is used to make cans utilized to pack
fish products for export. But this arrangement has not
worked out very well, Almost every cannery has at least one
tin-plate cutting machine with which to cut and make cans, but
the printing work on cans is normally contracted out, There
are large can manufacturers in Spain, including a recently-
built factory with a productive capacity of 100 million cans
per year. Some progress has been made toward standard-
izing specifications for tin cans, but no standardization has
been attempted for aluminum cans,

It is believed that 75 percent-of the tuna packed in Spain
is sold to the domestic market and 25 percent is exported.
Canned tuna, canned sardines, and canned anchovies are the
leading canned fishery products exported by Spain. Those
three items together constitute 60-90 percent of Spain's to-
tal exports of canned fishery products,

Principal countries to which Spain exports canned tuna
are Switzerland, Italy, France, Great Britain, and the United
States, At one time the United States was viewed as a prom-
ising market, but Spanish exports to the United States began
to decline in 1960 and apparently this situation has not yet
improved. (JETRO Report, May 1962.)

HK OK OR KOK

VIGO FISHERIES TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER 1962:

Fish unloaded at the port of Vigo during the
first quarter of 1962 was 44.8 percent less in
weight and 13.7 percent less in value than dur-
ing the last quarter of 1961, and 23.1 percent
less inquantity and 6.5 percent less in value
whencompared tothe first quarter of 1961.
Average price per kilo for thefirst three
months of 1962 was 13.24 pesetas (10 U.S.
cents a pound) compared with 9.80 pesetas
(7.4 cents a pound) for the fourth quarter of
1961 and 10.84 pesetas (8.2 cents a pound)
for the first quarter of 1961.

Vol. 24, No. 7

Table 2 - Fish Handled by the Vigo Fish Exchange, First
Quarter 1962 with Comparisons

1,000 Pesetas | US$1,000
1962: Jan.-Mar.. 11,065 146,117 2,435
19612 VOEt=Dect: 20,041 169,325 2,822
Jan.-Mar.. 14,387 156,191 2,603

Table 3 - Utilization of Fish Landed at Vigo Fish Exchange,

First Quarter 1962 with Comparisons

Shipped Fresh i Local
Con-

sumption

to Domestic For

Markets Canning| Fish Meal, etc.)

(Metric Tons)......

565 716
10,110 5,365 3,728
1st Qtr, 10,637 1,045 1,888

Decreases in small hake, pomfret, andsar-
dine landings were the reason for the drop in
quantity during January-March 1962 whencom-
pared to the same period in 1961. (United
States Consulate, Vigo, April 19, 1962.)

(ct)
Tahiti we

PROGRESS OF TUNA BASE PLAN:

A Japanese trading company which has en-
tered into an agreement with a large United
States tuna packer to jointly establish a tuna
fishing base at Tahiti in the South Pacific
Ocean, is steadily proceeding with its plans
to procure fishing vessels. As soon as the

company's application is approved by the Jap-
anese Fisheries Agency, construction of the
1,100-ton capacity cold-storage plant in Ta-
hiti is expected to be undertaken. Under the
present plan, the base is to be ready for op-
eration in 1963.

Table 1 - Average Ex=Vessel Prices of Principal Species Landed at Vigo Fish Exchange, First Quarter 1962
with Comparisons

January-March

OCTOPUS | 5: ievevesct oforere
Horse mackerel ..,..
Hake largest tis star

Smalls ice etc. c.s

July 1962

Tahiti (Contd.):

Approval by the Fisheries Agency has been
delayed since the Agency is confronted with
other tuna problems at the present time. Re-
portedly, the trading company plans to char-
ter 14 vessels of the 99-180 ton class and
has already secured agreements with fishing
vessel owners. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May
2, 1962.)

Editor's Note: This is one of two applica-
tions to establish a tuna base at Tahiti. The
other application involves a Japanese fishing
company, a large United States tuna packer,
and a French firm.

Taiwan

TUNA FISHING VESSELS
ADDED TO FLEET:

A continued increase in fishery production
is expected in Taiwan (Formosa) during the
remainder of this year as additional boats
are added to the fishing fleet. Two 550-ton
tuna vessels constructed in Japan were de-
livered to a Taiwan fishery firm in April
1962 and 12 145-ton tuna vessels being con-
structed locally with United States aid funds
are due for delivery in September. When in
service, these vessels are expected to in-
crease the fisheries catch by some 7,000
metric tons annually.

In addition to the vessels mentioned, the
Provincial Government plans to apply to the
United Nations for a loan to help construct a
700-ton vessel to investigate fishery re-
sources in the Indian and west Pacific oceans,

The Government's recently formalized
application to IDA for a US$6.3 million loan
to finance construction of new fishing vessels
is still under consideration. These vessels
would be part of the Government's over-all
plans to develop the fishing industry. The
plans also call for establishing fishing bases
abroad, improving shipbuilding techniques
on the Island, training fishery technicians,
and expanding export sales.

In March 1962, a Taiwan firm sold five
tons of frozen shrimp to France. It is re-
ported that this is the first time shrimp have
been exported from Taiwan.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

By the end of March 1962, Taiwan's fishery
landings in 1962 totaled 68,638 metric tons,
15.2 percent more than in the first quarter of
1961. (United States Embassy, Taipei, report
of May 21, 1962.)

U.S.S.R.

SOVIET FISHING ON GEORGES BANK IN
NORTH ATLANTIC, APRIL 1962:

The large fleet of Soviet vessels (SRT's)
fishing for herring moved away from Georges
Bank to more northerly waters towards the
end of April 1962. The Soviet VNIRO (Federal

Herring gill nets being hauled by a Russian drifter-trawler on
Georges Bank.

Research Institute for Fisheries and Ocean-
ography) recommended that the combination
gill net-trawl vessels (SRT's) shift to trawl-
ing for groundfish during the summer months.
(Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, February 1962, and un-
published sources.)

KOK OK Kk

SOVIET FISHING ON GEORGES BANK IN
NORTH ATLANTIC, MAY 1962:

In late May, the Soviet fleet on Georges
Bank numbered well over 150 vessels, ex-
ceeding the peak of 110 vessels reported fish-
ing in the area in late 1961. This year's fleet
includes 150 to 180 herring gill-netters, a
tanker, a seagoing repair tug, and four cargo-
type motherships. (Unpublished sources.)

Kok OK KK

HERRING FISHING IN NORTH ATLANTIC:

The early arrival of Soviet stern trawlers at the Georges
Bank fishing grounds in the North Atlantic in February 1962,

100

WeiSeio. dk (Contd.):

four months in advance of their 1961 arrival, is explained in
the January 1962 issue of Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, During the
first half of 1961 the Soviet herring catch from the North
Atlantic slightly exceeded the planned half-yearly quota (by
0.5 percent), but in the third quarter the catch was only 55.7
percent of the quarterly plan, It had been equally poor in
October and only somewhat better in November, In the sec~
ond half of 1961 the herring catch in the Atlantic dropped
162,000 metric tons below the plan,

This failure, according to the Soviets, was due to: (1) bad
weather in the second half of the year; (2) late fattening and
late herring concentrations in usual catch areas; (3) fewer
vessels fishing because many were in dock for repairs; and
(4) insufficient exploitation of the Northwest Atlantic fishing
grounds where the fishing conditions were better.

The Atlantic herring catch was so poor that the over-all
Soviet production of fish for human consumption was merely
94 percent of the yearly goal, Only 7 out of 20 of the Rus-
sian Republic’s Sovnarkhozes (Regional Economic Councils)
obtained the planned amount of fish for human consumption,
The fishing fleets of Arkhangel’sk, Murmansk, Karelia,
Kaliningrad, and the Baltic Republic failed to fulfill their
quotas,

Another reason for the early arrival of the Soviet fish-
ing fleet on Georges Bank in 1962 was the way the 1961 catch
had been planned, The total yearly increase was to have been
6.7 percent over 1960, but its quarterly distribution was un-
even, Only a 1-percent increase was allotted the first quar-
ter, while the third quarter’s increase was to be 17 percent
above the 1960 third quarter. The early return of the 1962
fishing fleet may show that the Soviet quarterly quotas have
been redistributed for 1962, requiring a larger catch earlier
this year than in 1961. Early returns also show that the So-
viet Atlantic fleet is following directives from the Soviet Fish-
eries Administration which demand that: (1) Fleets of the Sov-
narkhozes of the Soviet Northwest which had failed in meeting
the 1961 herring quota must not concentrate their SRT’s (med-
ium fishing trawlers) in the North Atlantic only, but must also
fish the Northwest Atlantic and the North Sea; (2) during the
summer months when herring catches in the North Atlantic de-
crease, some of this fleet must fish the South Atlantic along
the African Coast,

The Administration of the Murmansk fishing combine is
striving to better its herring catches in 1962, Additional and
more modern vessels were placed in the herring fishery fleet
which reportedly were to sail from Murmansk to Iceland on
June 10, 1962. As in previous years, the Soviets will depend
on pair trawling, but will do more purse-seining with nets of

lighter and thinner twine. (Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, No, 1, January
1962; Fiskaren, February 14, 1962.)

teed eats arer
HS ome. IS OK ts

FISHING IN SOUTH ATLANTIC
OFF SOUTH-WEST AFRICA:

By the end of 1961, a total of 25 Russian
fishing vessels had used the facilities of
Walvis Bay harbor, South-West Africa, for
water, stores, and some minor repairs. The
majority were stern trawlers, of either the
3,700-ton Pushkin-class or the larger Maia-
kovskii-class factory trawlers. In the course
of the year, three refrigerated fish transport
vessels were identified. One ofthe transports
was accompanied by a 70-foot steel-hulled
purse-seiner towed out from a Russian base.

The purse-seiner was described as a type
that might have been developed for the North

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

Sea herring fishery. The deckhouse was just
aft of amidships and there was a turntable on
the stern for launching a large synthetic net.
Later this same vessel was seen among the
local pilchard boats as they were making their
catches. Walvis Bay fishermen reported that
the seiner made a number of unsuccessful at-
tempts to net pilchards. Several weeks later,
after having had no success, the vessel re-
turned to Russia.

In January 1962 the Russian South Atlantic
fishing fleet was still fishing white fish off the
coast of South-West Africa. There were 8 to
10 trawlers and two depot ships operating be-
tween Walvis Bay and Tiger Bay in Angola.
During December 1961, Walvis Bay was vis-
ited by the superintendent of this fleet. He
stated that Russian interest was still in white
fish and deep-sea trawling; the ships present
were not equipped for pilchard catching. The
catches, he said, were being sent back to Rus-
sia.

During January 1962, another Russian re-
search ship made a second appearance at
Walvis Bay, having called in June 1961 the
first time. The vessel in the meantime re-
turned to Russia for some time and was now
back in South-West African waters to conduct
research into the eating habits of the fish and
the plankton resources of the area. In the
same month, a stern trawler also called for
water and stores. Its Captain Yerzenyev
stated that the rest of the fleet was operating
off the Angola coast, about 10° south latitude.

There were no other reports of Russian
fishing activity off South-West Africa until
mid-April 1962. At that time it was reported
that three Russian factoryships had put into
Walvis Bay for water and provisions anda
fourth had put in for repairs. On April 19 an-
other stern trawler put in for repairs.

Because of foreign vessels fishing off South
Africa, there is a growing sentiment that
the South African Government must extend
its own territorial waters and those of South-
West Africa to 12 miles. Representations to
this effect have been made from Walvis Bay
by fishing factories, the Boat Owners! Asso-
ciation, the Chamber of Commerce, and the
Mayor. The Administrator of South-West
Africa expressed the hope that the Govern-
ment would extend the limitsto12or15 miles,
(United States Consulate, Capetown, May 8,
1962.)

2K OK 8 OK OK

July 1962

U.S. S. R. (Contd.):

NEW VESSELS FOR ATLANTIC FISHERIES:

Since the end of 1961, five large fishing
vessels were completed for delivery to the
Soviet Atlantic fishing fleet.

Three were Maiakovskii-class sterntrawl-
ers: Ametist, Kapitan Andrei Taran, and
Linard Laytsen. They are freezer trawlers
of 3,170 gross tons and 85 meters (almost
279 feet) long. Each vessel is equipped with
processing and fish meal-manufacturing
equipment. The crew for each vessel num-
bers over 100 men.

The other two of the five vessels are the
Sovetskaia Latviia and Albatros, 3,230-gross-
ton refrigerator factoryships, designed for
taking on board split and whole fish from oth-
er fishing vessels, quick-freezing them, and
delivering them to home fishing ports, Each
vessel is 99 meters (almost 325 feet) long,
has a speed of 15 knots, and carries a crew
of 82 persons. (Unpublished sources.)

TK OR OK OK

RESEARCH ON PACIFIC
HERRING MIGRATIONS:

During 1956-60, TINRO (Soviet Pacific
Institute for Fishery Research) tagged
22,600 Sakhalin herring with a return rate
of 3.38 percent or 764 herring. It was es-
tablished that Sakhalin herring winter in two
areas: the Tartar Channel and Aniv Bay.

Soviet Bering Sea herring catches rose
from none in 1960 to 68,000 metric tons in
1961. Catches in 1962 are reported to be
considerably higher than in 1961. (Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, February 1962, and other
sources.)

mieiectnd ey
eee

ok OK

NORTH PACIFIC SALMON STUDY:

A study of the North Pacific salmon in
accordance with the Northwest Pacific Fish-
eries Convention (U. S. S. R. and Japan) is
being conducted by two vessels of the Pacific
Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanog-
raphy (TINRO). One vessel will work in the
south part of the Japanese Sea and the other
in the North Pacific. On board the vessels
are ichthyologists, biologists, hydrobiolo-
gists, and other specialists.

This year the institute will conduct a most
thorough and widespread study of salmon.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

101

Besides the sea investigations, a large re-
search program is planned in the Far East.
Spawning surveys of the rivers of Kamchatka,
Magadan, Khabarovsk, and Primorskii Krai
regions will be conducted with the use of heli-
copters. (From a translation from Vodnyi
Transport, April 12, 1962, by D. E. Bevanand
O, A. Mathisen, Fisheries Research Institute,
Seattle, Wash.)

Oi eye: ine. 6

FISHING ACTIVITIES IN

BERING SEA, APRIL 1962:

In the Bering Sea fishery, over 200 Soviet
vessels were sighted in the last week of April
1962. They were fishing for herring, flounder,
and ocean perch. The fleet included 5 factory-
ships, 166 trawlers, 29 refrigerated trans-
ports, and several tankers and tugs. Of those

is —

Typical Russian trawler operating in the Bering Sea.

vessels, 143 were operating in Bristol Bay
and north of Unimak Island; 50 of them were
in the area of the Pribilof Islands. Eight
whale killers were operating in the Gulf of
Alaska supported by two whale-processing
ships. (Unpublished sources.)

NEW FREEZER-TRAWLER
FISHING IN BERING SEA:

The new freezer-trawler Barabash, launch-
ed earlier this year at Nikolaev on the Black
Sea, arrived in the North Pacific in May 1962,
During a successful shakedown cruise off the
west coast of Kamchatka, the vessel took
33,000 pounds of fish in a 50-minute drag.

The vessel departed for the Bering Sea to
trawl for ocean perch, flounder, and herring.
The vessel is 3,170 gross tons, 279 feet long,
and is manned by a crew of 102. (Unpublished
sources.)

102

Wo. oe He. (Contds):

FISH PRODUCTION FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION:

The total Soviet production of fishery prod-
ucts for human consumption in 1961 was
1,682,900 metric tons (product weight). The
supply was 94 percent of the planned produc-
tion. The production of fresh and frozen fish
amounted to 778,000 tons which compares
favorably with the 674,000 tons produced in
1960.

Typical Russian trawler operating in the Bering Sea.

The 1962 plan calls for a production of
1,936,500 tons of fishery products for human
consumption from a total catch of 3,937,000
metric tons. It was previously reported that
the Soviet Union's fisheries catch in 1961 was
about 3.7 million metric tons of fish, whales,
and other aquatic products. (Rybnoe Khozia-
istvo No. 1, 1962.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 73.

DE ih ke) ee
FISHERIES DEVELOPMENTS IN FAR EAST:
The following article is a translation of a
news story published in the Japanese fisher-
ies periodical The Fishing Industry Weekly.
It discussed the managerial and operational
problems faced by the Soviet Union in its Far
East fisheries. The Japanese article was
originally translated from Russian by Haru-
yuki Sakiura, who is listed as translator for
the Japanese Fisheries Agency.

According to Sakiura's introductory re-
marks, he was able to obtain the notes ofa
special reporter from an influential Russian
newspaper, who was assigned to cover the
Soviet Far East fisheries. The notes de-
scribe observations made by the Russian re-
porter, as follows:

Recently I had the opportunity of visiting
the Soviet fishermen in the Soviet Maritime

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

Province, Sakhalin Island, and Kurile Islands,
and also spent considerable time aboard a So-
viet factoryship which operates in the waters .
extending from the Japan Sea to the Okhotsk
Sea and then to the Bering Sea. The many
things that I saw with my own eyes convinced
me that the Soviet Far East fishermen were
capable of successfully applying the marvel-
ous technological developments provided to
them by their Soviet shipbuilders. However,
during this trip, which was my first tour of
the Soviet Far East fishery, I also witnessed
some disturbing aspects of this industry, which
I will now relate.

King Crab Factoryships Discard Crabs:
There was conspicuous evidence that captured

crabs were not being properly handled by the
crab-canning factoryships. For example,
crabs that had been left on the deck for even
a short while beyond a specified length of
time were handled as though they were no
longer useful, although they could have been
processed and canned as food for domestic
animals. Food experts have proven the high
nutritional value of such canned food for ani-
mal consumption. However, none of the fac-
toryships were processing them and, instead,
were wastefully throwing them overboard... .

The Leningrad Shipyard had installed on
one of the crab factoryships, equipment to
process crab shells into crab meal, a valu-
able poultry feed. During the 1961 crab fish-
ing season, this factoryship produced only a
very small quantity of crab meal totaling
2,313 centners (231 metric tons)... . Why
weren't all the crab shells processed and
made into crab meal? There is a reason for
this, King crabs are canned according to a
rigid rule whereby data on production must
be reported daily to the production control
room; whereas, crab meal production does
not necessarily have to be reported, so wheth-
er or not crab meal is produced does not mat-
ter. For this reason, hardly anyone on the
factoryship took any interest in crab meal
production,

Other crab factoryships had absolutely no
equipment, such as a grinding machine, with
which to produce crab meal; moreover, they
were old and too small to accommodate such
equipment. According to the chief adminis-
trator of the crab fishing fleets, full utiliza-
tion of crabs cannot be expected until the old
vessels are replaced by new ones, a change
which he strongly desires.

Modernization of all the crab factoryships,
however, cannot be accomplished in one or two

July 1962

U.S. S. R. (Contd.):

years. The solution, then, seems to lie in pro-
viding one or two auxiliary vessels, equipped
with drying and grinding machines, to collect
crab shells from factoryships and process them
into crab meal. If this is done, it would be
possible to produce more than 10,000 metric
tons of crab meal for the Soviet poultry farms
inthe Far East. Drying and grinding ma-
chines are now being manufactured in the So-
viet Union.

Saury Fishing and Production: The Soviet
crab motherships began to conduct saury fish-
ing in addition to crab fishing from the third
year of their operations in the Far East wa-
ters. Saury, which are taken in the Far East
waters, have a delicious taste and are very
popular among fish consumers. Processing
of both crab and saury should double produc-
tion of the crab factoryships. Saury proc-
essed by the factoryships were all packed in
oil. Saury can be marinated or salted, and
when smoked, their taste is matchless. Per-
haps some kind of an arrangement should be
made whereby one factoryship packs saury
in oil, another packs marinated saury, and
the third salted saury. Shore canneries are
equipped with smoking facilities and could
produce smoked saury. Freezer vessels
could also be utilized to supply delicious fro-
zen saury to the coastal cities which, inci-
dentally, do not receive an adequate supply
of fresh fish... .

Another matter which requires special
mentioning is that production of canned saury
could have been greater than actual output.
On days when saury landings were so large
that the factoryships could not possibly proc-
ess the entire catch, the saury could have
been transported to the processing plants on
land by means of freezer carrier vessels or
small refrigerated vessels. To be sure, the
coastal packing plants have sufficient capac-
ity to produce more than their current out-
put, but there is no coordination of activities
between the factoryships and shore plants,
although they are both organized and con-
trolled by the Soviet Far East Fisheries Bu-
reau,

Saury fishing is regulated and fishing ves-
sels are prohibited from taking saury in quan-
tities beyond the processing capacity of each
factoryship. This regulation became neces-
sary because of the increase in the number
of fishing vessels serving the factoryships.
Needless to say, this is a time when small

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

103

refrigerated vessels can really be put to good
use.

Quite understandably, the Far East Fish-
eries Bureau leaders are always complaining
about the lack of refrigerated vessels and the
Soviet fishermen are saying that the problem
confronting them cannot be solved unless the
number of refrigerated vessels are increased.
The most important thing, however, is to
eliminate idle vessels through efficient utili-
zation of freezer carrier vessels. In the ports
of Vladivostok and Nakhodka, fishing vessels
are compelled to wait between 8 and 12 days
to unload their catches, due to lack of unload-
ing facilities and shortage of small refriger-
ated vessels... .

With the exception of one factoryship
named the Andrei Zakharov, Soviet factory-
ships are not equipped to process saury waste,
which constitutes 40 percent of the fish. Head
sections, viscera and tail sections, which con-
tain much valuable minerals, are discarded.
No one seems to seriously consider the use
of fish waste. Even the Andrei Zakharov,
which is equipped to process waste, is not
producing even one gram of fish meal, for
that factoryship has no production goal for
fish meal and so there does not seem to be
any enthusiasm on the part of the factoryship
personnel to produce it.

Saury are known for their high oil content,
but none of the factoryships are furnished with
equipment to extract oil... .

Oil is not difficult to extract from waste
products according to the factoryship's tech-
nologist, a woman. She says that this can be
done simply by installing in the factoryship a
centrifuge to separate fish oil from stick-
water under high pressure. Water is elimi-
nated and the oil is then placed in separators.
The technologist says that the factoryships
operating in the Caspian Sea turn their fish
waste over to vessels specially equipped for
processing waste, and she could not see why
the same thing could not be done by the fac-
toryships operating in the Far East waters.

Coastal Plants Suffer from Raw Material
ing plants definitely can be organized to lo-
cally process fish fillet, as well as smoked
and marinated fish. In earlier days, the fish-
ermen in the Maritime Province obtained
most of their catches from nearby waters, so
the Maritime Province Regional Fisheries
Bureau had established large plants on the

104

Ur oooeeke (Contd):

coast to process the catches. However, in
recent years, the fishing grounds have shifted
to the open seas, and fish processing is now
conducted mainly by factoryships. As a re-
sult, most of the coastal plants are now op-
erating at one-fourth of their production ca-
pacity. Moreover, their operations have be-
come seasonal. The problem confronting

the Far East Soviet fishermen can be readily
solved by utilizing these idle facilities. The
Soviet Far East Fisheries Bureau and the
Maritime Province Regional Party Commit-
tee should exert their best efforts to remove
the obstacles hampering the healthy growth of
of the Soviet Far East fisheries. (Japanese

periodical, The Fishing Industry Weekly, No.
339, April 25, 1962.)

He ok oe Ok ok

FAR EAST CANNED FISH PACK:

In 1965, the canned fish pack of the ''So-
viet Far East Fisheries' is expected to be
254 million standard cans (350 grams or
12.3 ounces per can). In 1958, the pack was
110 million cans, (Biblioteka Agitatora,
Vladivostok, 1961.)

SAURY FISHERY IN
FAR EAST BEING EXPANDED:

Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) is fast be-
coming a major species of the Soviet Far
Eastern fisheries. Canned saury undoubted-
ly will become the most important product
of the region's fish-canning industry. By
1965, the end of the seven-year plan, the an-
nual pack of canned saury is expected to
reach 143 million standard cans. (Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, January 1962.)

The Soviet research vessel Rubtsovsk
early this year completed an exploratory
fishing trip in the East China Sea where sar-
dines, mackerel, and jacks were taken. Ob-
servations were also made on oceanographic
and weather conditions. (Unpublished
sources.)

OK OK OK OK

NUMBER OF MEN WHALING IN
ANTARCTIC INCREASED:

For the 1961/62 Antarctic whaling sea-
son the Soviet Union increased the number
of men engaged in whaling by an estimated
1,150 persons. This is in marked contrast

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

with decreases in Norwegian (820 persons)
and British (221 persons) personnel. This
season's increase in Soviet manpower is due
to the fact that the newly-constructed 45,000-
ton whale factoryship Sovetskaia Rossiia
started its Antarctic operations.

The total Soviet manpower in Antarctic
whaling this season was estimated tobe 4,050
men, or about 20 percent of the total man-
power engaged in whaling in that area. As
recently as the 1956/57 season, the Soviet
whaling fleet in Antarctica employed only 850
men or 5 percent of the total. (Norsk Hval-
fangst-Tidende, No. 2, 1962.)

FOUR FISH-FREEZING MOTHERSHIPS
TO BE BUILT IN DENMARK:

In early May 1962, the first of four Soviet
fish-freezing and refrigerator mothership
vessels was christened the Skryplev in a Co-
penhagen shipyard, The vessel has a dead-
weight of 2,600 tons, is about 300 feet long,
and a beam of about 53 feet.

The complement of the vessel is not known
but it will carry four 25-foot lifeboats, each
with a capacity of 53 people. The vessel is
not designed for actual fishing operations, but
has a stern slipway presumably for taking
aboard nets filled with catches made by other
vessels, (United States Embassy, Copenhagen,
May 24, 1962.)

Die Feiss: ose te

SOVIET-VIETNAMESE COOPERATION IN
FISHERY RESEARCH:

The second Joint Soviet-Vietnamese Re-
search Expedition ended its work in the Gulf
of Tonkin late in 1961. The expedition was
organized by TINRO (Soviet Pacific Institute
for Fishery Research) primarily to determine
sardine and tuna populations in the Gulf,
though research was also done on groundfish
and oceanography.

In addition, a team of Soviet specialists
taught Vietnamese fishermen modern fishing
and exploratory techniques. The first Joint
Soviet-Vietnamese Expedition was organized
in 1960. (Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, February 1962.)

KS OK ye ols

OCEANOGRAPHIC ACTIVITIES IN
NORTHERN EUROPEAN SEAS, 1962:

In 1962 Soviet investigators plan to make
oceanographic observations and investigate

July 1962

U.S. 5S. R. (Contd.):

water masses in the northern European seas,
the near northern seas, the Baltic Sea, and on
fishing grounds of the eastern Atlantic. In-
vestigations will be carried out from vessels
of the Hydrometeorological Service and the
Fisheries Research Institutes.

Medium fishing trawler types will work in
the northern regions and in the Baltic Sea;
large fishing trawler types will conduct ob-
servations in the Atlantic Ocean. Standard
programs within the framework of Interna-
tional Standard Observations will be made in
the Baltic Sea. Oceanographic observations
will be made at the herring fishing grounds
of the Norwegian Sea, at cod fishing grounds
of the border region between the Norwegian
and Greenland seas up to Jan Mayen and in
the border regions between the northern
European seas and the North Atlantic.

Investigations of the thermal and dynamic
ocean-atmosphere interrelationships and
evaluation of predictions of oceanographic
conditions, with particular emphasis on fish-
eries aspects, will be continued. (National
Oceanographic Data Center Newsletter, April
305 11962'5)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1962 p. 63.

United Arab Republic (Egypt)

STATUS OF FISHERIES:

Egypt's fisheries, which are under the
jurisdiction of the General Organization for
the Development of Marine Wealth, remain
to be intensively developed, Egypt has a
coastline of more than 1,500 miles, one mil-
lion acres covered by lakes, and the Nile
River and its tributaries. The commercial
catch in 1960 was approximately 85,000 met-
ric tons, one quarter of which was taken in
the Mediterranean and Red Sea and the bal-
ance in lakes and rivers. Of the total, 2,500
to 3,000 tons were shrimp, now becoming an
important export for Egypt. Value of the
1960 fishery catch was about LE10 million.
Per capita consumption is estimated to be 4
kilos (8.8 pounds) per year.

Despite the apparent potential of Egyptian
fisheries, the United Arab Republic remains
a net importer of fish. In 1960, 9,039 metric
tons were imported (principally herring, sar-
dines, and tuna) as against 1,856 metric tons

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

105

exported. Exports of crustaceans (chiefly
shrimp) show continuing increase. From a
level of 1,061 metric tons in 1960, those ex-
ports rose to 569 metric tons in the first half
of 1961, of which 401 metric tons were des-
tined for the United States.

The fishing fleet consists of about 13,000
craft, of which 3,000 are used in sea fishing.
Of the total only about 500 are motorized.
There were 65,000 licensed fishermen in1960,
including 20,000 boys under 16 years of age.
About 200,000 wage-earners are employed in
allied industries such as processing, market-
ing, and transportation, and fishing vessel,
sail, and net production.

Shore facilities include five freezing plants
with a capacity of 1,500 to 2,000 metric tons
of shrimp per year, and a canning plant for
sardines and shrimp with an annual capacity
of 4 million cans, (United States Embassy,
Cairo, report of May 9, 1962.)

United Kingdom

FISHING LIMIT ZONE OF
12 MILES MAY BE ADOPTED:

There are reports that Britain is planning
to adopt the 12-mile fishing limit zone, ac-
cording to the British periodical Fish Trades
Gazette, May 26, 1962.

Reports that the Government is planning
to extend the British fishing limits to 12 miles
were received enthusiastically at many of the
inshore British ports. It is understood that
details of the proposal are now being worked
out and that the new 12-mile fishing zone is
likely to be introduced early next year.

oeF oleh sig: sie) sie

ELECTRONIC THAWING OF
FROZEN FISH:

Dielectric heating makes it possible to
thaw a block of frozen white fish within 15
minutes, almost independently of the block
size. Frozen herring can be thawed in 5 min-
utes. Earlier methods, depending on a gradual
thawing from the surface, meant a great strain
on the product. Even when flowing water is
used that method is lengthy and time-consum-
ing.

Dielectric thawing, developed by the Torry
Research Station, Aberdeen, can be adopted

106

United Kingdom (Contd.):

as a continuous process. It must be very
closely controlled, however. In the experi-
ments, radio-frequency generators giving
six kilowatts and operating in the range of

36 to 40 mc/sec. were used. The frozenfish
is conveyed continuously in between the elec-
trodes, and on the assumption that the elec-
trical current is delivered uniformly and held
under certain critical limits, an adjustment
can easily be made for fish of different sizes.
Above such a critical level the heating very
easily becomes uncontrolled and spotty. Cer-
tain sections of the fish may readily absorb

a larger part of the energy, becoming cooked
while other parts of the block remain frozen.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

Blocks frozen at sea may easily have an ir-
regular form, which may cause such difficul-
ties.

With dielectric heating it is possible to
thaw such blocks at 25° C. (779 F.) within 75
minutes, whereas it takes 18 hours in air un-
der controlled conditions. The investment is
US$28,000 dollars for a plant with a thawing
capacity of one metric ton per hour. Thecost
of thawing is about one-third of the cost of
freezing. The method is now commercially
employed in a large shore establishment at
Grimsby on the river Humber. (Food Tech-
nology, April 1962.)

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1961, p. 86.

TRY TUNA SALAD FOR MAIN DISH AT PICNICS

Outdoor picnics in the summertime, whether they are held on the beach, in the
mountains, inlocal parks, or just in your own backyard, can be memorable occasions

for the family--particularly if the food
has appetite appeal.

The food included in any picnic
should be tasty, easy-to-prepare, and
energy-giving. Canned tuna, which
possesses these qualities, is excellent
for picnicuseas a main course salad.

Along with tuna salad, the home
economists of the U.S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries suggest potato
chips, slicedtomatoes, buttered rolls,
fruit, cup cakes, and iced tea or cof-
fee as goodaccompaniments. All per-
ishable foods for picnic use must be
refrigerated, cautionthe home econo-
mists.

TUNA SALAD

2 cans (64 or 7 ounces each) tuna
% cup mayonnaise or salad dressing
1 cup chopped celery

2 tablespoons chopped sweet pickle
2 tablespoons chopped onion

2 hard-cooked eggs, chopped
3 teaspoon salt

Dash pepper

Lettuce

1 hard-cooked egg, sliced

Draintuna. Break into large pieces. Combine all ingredients except lettuce and
eggs. Serve on lettuce; garnish with egg slices. Serves 6.

July 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107

ME T 4
Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

HEARING EXAMINER DESIGNATED
FOR PUBLIC HEARING ON STANDARD
OF IDENTITY FOR FISH FLOUR:

A public hearing on adefinitionand stand-
ard of identity for fish flour or fish protein
concentrate was announced by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration inthe Federal Reg-
ister of April 28, 1962, The notice of the
hearing stated an examiner was to be desig-
nated later to conduct the hearing: Horace
H. Robbins, a qualified hearing examiner,
employed in the Social Security Administra-
tion under the supervision of the Director
and Chairman of the Appeals Council, has
been designated to conduct the hearing. Des-
ignation of the examiner was reported in the
Federal Register of May 24, 1962, by the
Food and Drug Administration.

Seino corn (oem ae

PUBLIC HEARING POSTPONED ON
STANDARD OF IDENTITY
FOR FISH FLOUR:

Postponement of the public hearing ona
definition and standard of identity for fish
flour or fish protein concentrate was an-
nounced by the U. S. Food and Drug Admin-
istration in the Federal Register of June 9,
1962,

In response to requests from Senator
Douglas, Harold Putnam on behalf of Vio Bin
Corporation, and Vincent A, Kleinfeld on be-
half of Gulf Menhaden Company, the Agency
on June 6 gave notice that the prehearing
conference scheduled for June 12, 1962, and
the hearing scheduled for June 18, 1962,
would not be held until further notice. This
was without prejudice to the objectors! re-
questing that the hearingbe rescheduled at
a later date. The purpose ofthe postpone-
ment is so that certain studies ofthe product
may be completed.

The hearing was to cover points in a reg-
ulation published last January 25 which would
have required that fish flour be made from ed-
ible, cleaned fish after discarding the heads,
tails, fins, viscera and intestinal contents.
The January 25 order has been stayed.

Department of the Interior

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

NEW FEES FOR FISHERY PRODUCTS
INSPECTION SERVICES:

New fees and charges for fishery products
inspection services of the U. 8. Department
of the Interior went into effect onJune 1, 1962,
Title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations is
changed by amendment, addition, and deletion
of sections that specifically apply to fees and
charges for fishery inspection services. The
new fees and regulations were published in the
May 19 Federal Register, The purpose of the
changes is to achieve a higher degree of un-
iformity in the assessment of fees and the
method of charging for services rendered,
The changes are necessary to offset the nor-
mal costs to the Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries for rendering the voluntary inspection
service on fishery products.

This is the first official proposed change
in the rate of inspection fees since the Bu-
reau assumed responsibility for the conduct
of the inspection service from the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture in July 1958. The
proposed changes in the rates are a reflec-
tion of the increased operating costs to the
Bureau in maintaining the program on a sound
and self-supporting basis as required under
the authority by which this program is con-
ducted, Allfuture proposed changes in rates
necessitated by Federal pay acts and increased
operating costs will be announced inthe Fed-

eral Register,

108

For continuous inspections, the new fee for
regular time will be $4.20 per hour; for over -
Also included is a sched-
ule of lot inspection fees for officially and un-

time $5.00 per hour.

officially drawn samples.

Interested persons had until April 6, 1962,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

out change.

follow:

to submit written comments, suggestions, or

Title SC—WILDLIFE AND
FISHERIES

Chapter Il—Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior

SUBCHAPTER G—PROCESSED FISHERY PRODUCTS,
PROCESSED PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND CER-
TAIN OTHER PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS

PART 260—INSPECTION AND
CERTIFICATION

Fees and Charges

On page 2156 of the FEDERAL REGISTER
of March 6, 1962, there was published a
notice and text of proposed amendments
to part 260 of Title 50, Code of Federal
Regulations. The purpose of these
changes is to achieve a higher degree of
uniformity in the assessment of fees and
the method of charging for inspection
services rendered under the authority
vested in the Secretary of the Interior by
section 6(a) of the Fish and Wildlife
Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742e(a)). The
amounts are deemed to be necessary to
offset the normal costs to the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries for rendering
such inspection service.

Interested persons were given until
April 6, 1962, to submit written com-
ments, suggestions, or objections with
respect to the proposed changes. Two
comments were received and considered
and the proposed amendments are
hereby adopted without change and are
set forth below. These amendments
shall become effective June 1, 1962.

Dated: May 14, 1962.

Stewart L. UDALL,
Secretary of the Interior.

1. Section 260.69 is amended to read
as follows:

§ 260.69 Payment of fees and charges.

Fees and charges for any inspection
service shall be paid by the interested
party making the application for such
service, in accordance with the applica-
ble provisions of the regulations in this
part, and, if so required by the person
in charge of the office of inspection serv-
ing the area where the services are to
be performed, an advance of funds prior
to rendering inspection service in an
amount suitable to the Secretary, or a
surety bond suitable to the Secretary,
may be required as a guarantee of pay-
ment for the services rendered. All fees
and charges for any inspection service,
performed pursuant to the regulations in
this part, shall be paid by check, draft,
or money order made payable to the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Such
check, draft, or money order shall be
remitted to the appropriate Regional or
Area office serving the geographical area
in which the services are performed,

within ten (10) days from the date of
billing, unless otherwise specified in a
contract between the applicant and the
Secretary, in which latter event the
contract provisions shall apply.

2. Section 260.70 is amended to read
as follows:

§ 260.70 Schedule of fees.

(a) Unless otherwise provided in a
written agreement between the appli-
cant and the Secretary, the fees to be
charged and collected for any inspection
service performed under the regulations
in this part at the request of the United
States, or any agency or instrumentality
thereof, shall be in accordance with the
applicable provisions of §§ 260.70 to
260.79.

(b) Unless otherwise provided in the
regulations in this part, the fees to be
charged and collected for any inspection
service performed under the regulations
in this part shall be based on the appli-
cable rates specified in this section for
the type of service performed.

(1) Continuous inspection.

Per hour
Regular time- $4. 20
Overtime___ -. 5.00

Applicants shall be charged at an hourly
rate of $4.20 per hour for regular time
and $5 per hour for overtime in excess
of 40 hours per week for services per-
formed by inspectors assigned to plants
operating under continuous inspection.
Applicants shall be billed monthly at a
minimum charge of 8 hours per working
day plus overtime, when appropriate,
for each inspector. A minimum yearly
charge of 260 days will be made for each
inspector permanently assigned to each
plant.

(2) Lot inspection—oficially and un-
officially drawn samples.

For lot inspection services performed be-
tween the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 5 pm. of
any regular workday—$6 per hour.

For lot inspection services performed be-
tween the hours of 5 p.m. and 7 a.m. of any
regular workday—$9 per hour.

For lot inspection services performed on
Saturday, Sunday, and National legal holi-
days—$9 per hour.

The minimum fee to be charged and col-
lected for inspection of any lot of product
shall be $3.

(c) Fees to be charged and collected
for lot inspection services furnished on
an hourly basis shall be based on the
actual time required to render such serv-
ice including, but not limited to, the
travel, sampling, and waiting time re-
quired of the inspector, or inspectors, in
connection therewith, at the rate of $6
per hour for each inspector, except as
provided in paragraph (b) (2) of this sec-
tion.

3. Section 260.71 is amended to read
as follows:

§ 260.71 Inspection services performed
on a resident basis.

Vol, 24, No, 7

objections on the changes. Two comments
were received and considered, and the pro-
posed amendments as published in the March
6, 1962, Federal Register were adopted with-
The new regulations as they ap-
peared in the May 19, 1962, Federal Register

Fees to be charged and collected for
any inspection service, other than appeal
inspection, on a resident basis shall be
those provided in § 260.70 and shall in-
clude such items as listed in this sec-
tion as are applicable. The fees to be
charged for appeal inspections shall be
as provided in § 260.74.

(a) A charge for per diem and travel
costs incurred by any inspector whose
services are required for relief purposes
when the regular inspector is on annual,
sick, or military leave: Provided, That,
with regard to military leave, charges for
per diem and travel costs incurred by a
relief inspector shall not exceed 15 days
per calendar year.

(b) A charge to cover the actual cost
to the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
of the travel (including the cost of move-
ment of household goods and depend-
ents), and per diem with respect to each
inspector who is transferred (other than
for the convenience of the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries), from an official
station to the designated plant.

(c) A charge of $6 per hour plus actual
costs to the Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries for per diem and travel costs in-
curred in rendering services not specifi-
cally covered in this section; such as,
but not limited to, initial plant surveys.

4. Section 260.72 is amended to read
as follows:

§ 260.72 Fees for inspection service per-
formed under cooperative agree-
ment.

The fees to be charged and collected
for any inspection or similar service per-
formed under cooperative agreement
shall be those provided for by such agree-
ment.

5. Section 260.73 is amended to read
as follows:

§ 260.73 Disposition of fees for inspec-
iisiis made under cooperative agree-
ment.

Fees for inspection under a cooperative
agreement with any State or person shall
be disposed of in accordance with the
terms of such agreement. Such portion
of the fees collected under a cooperative
agreement as may be due the United
States shall be remitted in accordance
with § 260.69.

§ 260.75 [Deletion]
6. Section 260.75 is deleted.

7. Section 260.76 is amended to read
as follows:

§ 260.76 Charges based on hourly rate
not otherwise provided for in this
part,

When the appropriate Regional or
Area Director determines that any in-
spection or related service rendered is
such that charges based upon the fore-
going sections are clearly inapplicable,
charges may be based on the time con-
sumed by the inspector in performance
of such inspection service at the rate of
$6 per hour.

July 1962

8. Section 260.81 is added:

§ 260.81 Readjustment and increase in
hourly rates of fees.

The hourly rates of fees to be charged
for inspection services will be subject to
review and reevaluation for possible re-
adjustment not less than every 3 years:
Provided, That, the hourly rates of fees
to be charged for inspection services will
be immediately reevaluated as to need
for readjustment with each Federal pay
act increase.

EASe Ep ons bids

PROCESSOR ACCOUNTABLE FOR
REMOVAL OF USDI SHIELDS FROM MIS-
LABLED FISHERY PRODUCTS PACKAGES:

The Department of the Interior has an-
nounced a change in the regulations for Unit-
ed States standards for grades of processed
fishery products by adding a new provision
which requires accountability by the proc-
essor for the removal or stripping of offi-
cial United States Department of the Interior
(USDI) shields from packages of mislabeled
fishery products, The change was published
in the Federal Register of June 9, 1962.

The proposed change was first published
in the February 24, 1962, Federal Register,
and interested parties had until March 24,
1962, to submit writtencomments, sugges-
tions, or objections. One comment was re-
ceived and considered, Accordingly, aminor
change has been adopted to clarify that part
relating to the removal of labels bearing in-
spection marks,

The new procedure for removal of labels
bearing inspection marks as publishedinthe
June 9 Federal Register follows:

Title 50—WILDLIFE AND
FISHERIES

Chapter Ii—Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior

SUBCHAPTER G—PROCESSED FISHERY PROD-
UCTS, PROCESSED PRODUCTS THEREOF, AND
CERTAIN OTHER PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCiS

PART 260—INSPECTION AND
CERTIFICATION

Approved Identificcition

On page 1771 of the FEDERAL REGISTER
of February 24, 1962, there was pub-
lished a notice and text of a proposed
amendment to part 260 of Title 50, Code
of Federal Regulations, by the addition
of a new paragraph (e) to § 260.86.

The purpose of the addition of the
new provision is to reauire accountability
by the processor for the removal or
stripping of official United States De-
partment of the Interior (USDI) shields

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 109

from packages of mislabeled fishery
products.

Interested persons were given until
March 24, 1962, to submit written com-
ments, suggestions, or objections to the
proposed amendment. One comment
was received and considered. Accord-
ingly, a minor change has been adopted
to further clarify § 260.86(e) relating to
the removal of labels bearing inspection
marks.

The proposed amendment is hereby
adopted with the minor change and is set
forth below. This amendment shall be-
come effective 30 days after the date
of publication of this notice in the Frp-
ERAL REGISTER.

Dated: June 5, 1962.

Stewart L. UDALL,
Secretary of the Interior.

§ 260.86 Approved identification.
* ” * * *

(e) Removal of labels bearing inspec-
tion marks. At the time a lot of fishery
products is found to be mislabeled and
the labels on the packages are not re-
moved within ten (10) consecutive cal-
endar days, the following procedure shall
be applicable:

(1) The processor, under the super-
vision of the inspector, shall clearly and
conspicuously mark all master cases in
the lot by means of a “Rejected by USDI
Inspector” stamp provided by the De-
partment.

(2) The processor shall be held ac-
countable to the Department for all mis-
labeled products until the products are
properly labeled.

(3) Clearance for the release of the
relabeled products shall be obtained by
the processor from the inspector.

Department of State

TRADE AGREEMENT CONCESSIONS
EEPERECTIVE JULY 1, 1962:

Appropriate international action was taken
to bring into effect on July 1, 1962, United
States schedules of tariff concessions re-
sulting from recently completed negotiations
with the European Economic Community and
a number of individual countries, the Depart-
ment of State announced,

Pursuant to the provisions of trade agree-
ments legislation most of the concessions
will become effective in 2 or 3 stages andin
such cases the rage that became effective on
July 1 was that provided for during the first
stage,

Information was received to the effect
that the concessions negotiated with the Unit-
ed States by Peru and Portugal were already
in effect, and that those negotiated by Den-
mark, New Zealand, and Sweden would be put

110

into effect on July 1, 1962, It was understood
that some other parties to these agreements
would also put their concessions into effect
on July 1 or shortly thereafter, and that the
others will probably be put into effect some
time during the fall of 1962 or by the begin-
ning of 1963. Under all the agreements the
United States has the right to withdraw its
concessions in the event of unreasonable de-
lay by the other parties to the agreements.

An analysis of the concessions exchanged
in these interim bilateral agreements, ex-
cept that with Haiti under which the United
States would reduce the duty on vertivert oil
from 5 percent to 3 percent ad valorem, was
released by the Department of State on March
7, 1962 (State Department publication 7349
and supplement), All of the agreements ex-
cept those with Haiti and Japan were pro-
claimed by Proclamation 3468 of April 30,
1962. As was indicated in the White House
press release accompanying that Proclama-
tion, it was anticipated that a supplementary
Proclamation relating to agreements not in-
cluded in the April 30 Proclamation wouldbe
issued. Moreover, the Proclamation of April
30, 1962, provides that the President shall
formally notify the Secretary of the Treasury |
of the effective dates of the concessions inthe
United States schedules to these agreements,

The April 30 Proclamationalso proclaimed
compensatory agreements with the Benelux
countries, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan,
and the United Kingdom, and provided that
the tariff concessions in the United States
schedules to those agreements would become
effective July 1, 1962, unless the President
notified the Secretary of the Treasury of an

earlier date.
Ras /
White House
PRESIDENT PUTS INTO EFFECT RESULTS
OF 1960-61 GATT NEGOTIATIONS:

A proclamation giving effect to the United
States tariff concessions and other results

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

from the 1960-61 General Agreement on Tar-
iffs and Trade negotiations was issued by the
President on April 30, 1962. The proclama-
tion was published in the May 3, 1962, Fed-
eral Register, The results of the GATT ne-
gotiations were originally announced on March
7, 1962.

Vol, 24, No, 7

The concessions resulted from reciprocal
negotiations with the European Economic Com-
munity, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
Israel, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Pe-
ru, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the
United Kingdom, and from compensatory ne-
gotiations with the Benelux countries, Den-
mark, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Japan, and
the United Kingdom,

The reciprocal agreements provide that
the concessions in the United States sched-
ules will take effect 30 days after the United
States formally notifies the countries with
which they were negotiated, and under the
proclamation, the effective date will be pub-
lished in the Federal Register.

According to the proclamation, it is ex-
pected that the concessions in the agree-
ments will become effective on July 1. It
is also expected that another proclamation
will be issued in order to make effective on
the same date concessions in agreements
with certain other countries. The compen-
satory concessions will become effective on
July 1, 1962, unless the President decides on
an earlier date. It is reported that in accord-
ance with trade agreement legislation, most
of the reductions in United States import du-
ties will be made in two stages, the second
stage becoming effective after the first stage
has been in effect for one year.

Eighty-Seventh Congress
(Second Session)
Public bills and resolutions which may

directly or indirectly affect the fisheries and
allied industries are reported upon, Intro-

duction, referral to committees, pertinent

legislative actions by the House and Senate,

July 1962

as well as signature into law or other final
disposition are covered,

AMERICAN SAMOA INCLUDED IN CERTAIN LAWS:
T961, tc to extend the application of certain laws to Amer-
ican Samoa; referred to the Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs. Companion bills H.R. 10049 (Aspinal)
and H.R. 10062 (O'Brien) were introduced in the House
on February 5, 1962; both referred to the Committee
on Interior and Insular Affairs, Bills would make
available to American Samoa the technicalassistance,
as needed, of the various Federal departments and
agencies and to extend to American Samoa several Fed-
eral assistance programs presently available in other
parts of the United States and its territories.

The House Committee on Interior and Insular Af-
fairs on March 28, 1962, reported with amendment
(H, Rept. No. 1536) H.R, 10062, The House on April
2, 1962, considered and passed, under suspension of
the rules, H.R, 10062 amended.

The Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Af-
fairs on May 9, 1962, reported (S. Rept. 1478) favor-
ably on H.R. 10062 with an amendment in the nature of
a substitute, and recommended that the bill, as a-
mended, do pass. The bill as amended wouldauthorize
the Secretary of the Interior to request Federal de-
partments, corporations, or agencies to extend, with-
out reimbursement, scientific and technicalassistance
to promote the welfare of the territory. Examples of
the sorts of technical assistance which may be called
for from time to time include revision of Samoa's tax
structure, education, agricultural and fisheries pro-
duction and marketing, harbor improvement, public
utilities, and land planning and zoning. A limitationof
an aggregate of $150,000 inany one fiscalyear is pro-
vided. Section 2 of the bill extends to AmericanSamoa
the provisions of the Vocational Education Act of 1946,
as amended, That act authorizes the annual appropri-
ation of specified sums of money for vocational educa-
tion in five specified fields (agriculture, home econom-
ics, trades and industry, distributive occupations, and
fishing trades), The money is apportioned among the
various States, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia,
and Guam. The funds must be matched 100 percent,

The Senate on May 17, 1962, passed, with amend-
ment, H.R. 10062, Bill sent back to the House for con-
currence on Senate amendment.

EXEMPT TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL
AND FISHERY PRODUCTS: The House Committee on
Interstate and Foreign Commerce began hearings June
26, 1962, on H.R, 11583, to exempt certain carriers
from minimum rate regulation in the transportation of
bulk commodities, agricultural and fishery products,
and passengers, and for other purposes.

The Senate Committee on Commerce held hearings
June 27-29, 1962, on S. 3243, a companion bill to H.R.
11583,

FISHERIES PROGRAM: Senator Benjamin Smithof
Massachusetts (Congressional Record, May 24, 1962,
pp. 8496-8505) presented to the Senate on May 24a
program for the Nation's fisheries. In his statement
to the Senate, the Massachusetts Senator pointed out
the depressed condition of the domestic fishing indus -
try, the catch of fish by the leading nations of the world,
how the fisheries of other nations have progressed fur-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

111

ther than in the United States, and the government aid
to the fisheries of other nations. The statement con-
tinues, in part: The American fisheries are important
to the economic development of the country, but there is
a desperate need for modernization which cannot take
place without Federal aid, The Soviets with their new and
modern fishing fleet have recently placed ahead of the
United States in world fishery production. The basic
problem pervading every part of our fisheries is back-
wardness of technology, which is most prevalent in the
following areas: (1) finding and harvesting the fish: (2)
control of quality; (3) marketing; and (4) processing.
The Senator states: "I think Congress should pass a
program that will help save the industry from further
decline and enable it to compete with modern producers,
In addition, the Government should take steps to make
our fisheries an effective weapon in our battle against
hunger in the underveloped nations of the world... ."
Senator Smith proposes the following 7-point program:
(1) Overhaul of the Vessel Subsidy Act to allow greater
Government participation in subsidies to boatowners
and to make a great segment of the fishing industry el-
igible for assistance; (2) We should provide Federal
loans to fish processors to help them modernize their
plants; (3) We should expand research into the finding,
catching, processing, and marketing of fish by enlarging
present research programs, and providing new equip-
ment for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; (4) We
should strengthen state commercial fisheries programs
by a system of Federal matching grants; (5) We should
construct a modern stern-chute factory-trawler for pro-
cessing fish at sea; (6) We should obtain approval of
fish protein for domestic consumption by the Food and
Drug Administration; and (7) We should construct a pi-
lot plant for manufacture of fish protein on land and
sea, aboard ships. Senators Talmadge, Saltonstall,
Young, Morse, Long, Robertson, Holland, Douglas, and
Pell also commented on the nation's fisheries and sup-
ported Senator Smith's statement.

FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE: On June 23, 1962,
Senator Douglas was given unanimous consent to have
printed in the Congressional Record (June 23, 1962, pp.
10648-10649) the correspondence between his office,
the Department of the Interior, and the Food and Drug
Administration on the subject of postponing the June 18
public hearings on fish protein concentrate, The Senator
stated 'I am very anxious that this product's merits be
thoroughly explored before the American public, and I
look forward to reading the final report from the’ Na-
tional Academy of Sciences on the quality of the prod-
UCTSHs

INTERIOR APPROPRIATIONS FY 1963: The Senate
on May 17, 1962, passed over H,R. 10802, making ap-
propriations for the Department of the Interior and re-
lated agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1962.
Included are funds for the Fish and Wildlife Service and
its two bureaus--Commercial Fisheries and Sport Fish-
eries and Wildlife.

The Senate, June 12, 1962, passed, with amendments,
H.R. 10802, The amended bill has major increases of
$811,500 for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and
$4,811,800 for the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
life, The Senate insiste@ on its amendments, asked for
a conference with the House, and appointed as conferees
Senators Hayden, Russell, McClellan, Byrd (West Vir-
ginia), Bible, Mundt, Young (North Dakota), and Dwor-
shak.

MEDICAL CARE FOR VESSEL PERSONNEL: The
Senate Committee on Commerce, in executive sission,
on May 21, 1962, ordered favorably reported S, 367,

112

providing medical care for persons engaged on board
vessels, amended,

The Senate on June 5, 1962, received the report
(S. Rept. No. 1541) from the Committee on Commerce
on 8, 367 with amendments.

S. Rept. 1541, Medical Care--Fishing Boat Owners
(June 5, 1962, Report of the Committee on Commerce,
United States Senate, 87th Congress, 2nd Session, to
accompany S, 367), 16 pp., printed. Committee report-
ed bill favorably, with amendments, and recommended
passage. Contains purpose of the bill, legislative his-
tory, cost, committee amendment, and agencies' com-
ments. The purpose of the committee amendment is to
include the owner-operators of fishing boats (whichare
registered, licensed, or enrolled under the laws of the
United States) as recipients of Public Health Service
hospital and medical care, Also made eligible for such
care by the committee amendment would be persons
employed or self-employed as fishermen on board com -
mercial fishing vessels, even in cases where their em-
ployment may not be directly related to the care, pres-
ervation, and navigation of the vessel. It would restore
to self-employed U. S, fishermen eligibility for medical
care in hospitals, out-patient clinics, and other med-
ical facilities of the Public Health’Service in the event
of illness or injury incurred while engaged in their oc-
cupation, The amendment, however, would exclude
passengers, guests, or others on board vessels who are
not regular members of the crew. The amendment is
based on the suggestions offered at the committee hear -
ings by witnesses from the Department of Health, Ed-
ucation, and Welfare, the Department of the Interior,
and by other witnesses.

The Senate, on June 8, 1962, passed S. 367 as a-
mended, The House on June 11, 1962, received the bill
passed by the Senate, and referred it to the Committee
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,

NATIONAL FISHERIES CENTER AND AQUARIUM:

the Senate Committee on Public Works held hearings
on June 15, 1962, on H.R. 8181, to authorize the Sec-
retary of the Interior to construct a National Fisheries
Center and Aquarium in the District of Columbia.

NEW ENGLAND FISHERIES: Congressman Clem
Miller of California had printed in the Appendix (p.
A3786) of the May 22, 1962, Congressional Record, an
article titled ''Asleep in the Deep” which describes the
failing New England commercial fishing industry.

OYSTER BROOD STOCK PURCHASES: The Mer-
chant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee of the Sen-
ate Committee on Commerce met on June 25, 1962, on
H.R..7336, to promote the production of oysters by
propagation of disease-resistant strains and for other
purposes,

PACIFIC FISHERIES: Congressman Miller, of Cal-
ifornia, had printed in the Appendix (p, A3791) of the
May 22, 1962, Congressional Record, a comprehensive
plan for Pacific Coast fisheries submitted to Congress
by the Alaska Fishermen's Union, In part, the state-
ment points out: ''. .. To accomplish basic necessi-
ties of the American fishing fleet and a more balanced
position in our economic structure for U. S, fishermen,
requires consideration first of the need to stabilize
fair-trade practices in the sale and marketing of their
products. It follows that our U. S, marketing and proc-
essing industry will likewise become stable in their

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 24, No. 7

trade, with conditions improved for the fishermen who
supply them with products of the sea... ."

PACIFIC MARINE FISHERIES COMPACT: §, 3431
(Bartlett and others) introduced in the Senate on June
18, 1962, to consent to the amendment of the Pacific
Marine Fisheries Compact and to the participation of
certain additional States in such compact inaccordance
with the terms of such amendment; referred to the Com-
mittee on Commerce, The change consists of an addi-
tion to the existing compact which provides, in part:
"The States of Alaska or Hawaii, or any State having
rivers or streams tributary to the Pacific Ocean may
become a contracting State by enactment of the Pacific
Marine Fisheries Compact.’’ Upon congressional rat-
ification of the compact, Alaska, Hawaii, and Idaho will
be eligible for membership. California, Oregon, and
Washington are now members of the compact and of the
Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission created by the
compact. A companion bill, H.R, 12205 (Rivers), was
introduced in the House on June 19, 1962; referred to
the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

SALTONSTALL-KENNEDY ACT: The House onJune
5 and the Senate on June 6, 1962, received a letter from
the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, pursuant to
law, the annual report on the operations of the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries under the Saltonstall-Kennedy
Act, for the fiscal year 1960; referred to the Committee
on Commerce,

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMISSION: Create

States Senate, 87th Congress, 2nd Session, Part I), 101
pp., printed, Contains hearing held May 10, 1962, on

S. 2771 to provide for the establishment of a Commission
on Science and Technology; excerpts from various scien-
tific magazines; and testimony given by Congressmen
and industry personnel,

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OFFICE: On June 8,
1962, by order of the President, Reorganization Plan
No, 2 of 1962 went into effect (published in the Federal
Register, June 8, 1962), It establishes the Office of
Science and Technology as a new unit within the Exec-
utive Office of the President; places at its head a Di-
rector appointed by the President and by the advice and
consent of the Senate and provides for a Deputy Director
similarly appointed; and transfers to the Director cer-
tain functions of the National Science Foundation, The
principal function of the new Office is to coordinate and
evaluate the research and development programs of the
various Federal Government agencies in order to elim-
inate duplication, The Director of the new Office will
be conferred certain functions now performed by the
National Science Foundation in order to enable the Di-
rector to assist and advise the President in achieving
coordinated Federal policies of the promotion of bas-
ic research and education jn the sciences and the au-
thority to evaluate scientific research programs under-
taken by agencies of the Federal Government. Also, the
plan provides for certain reorganizations with the Foun-
dation to strengthen the position of Director in that a-

gency.

SHELLFISH PROCESSING EXEMPTION FROM MIN-
IMUM WAGE: Exemption to Shellfish industry Under
Fair Labor Standards Act (Hearings before a Special
Subcommittee on Labor of the Committee on Education
and Labor, House of Representatives, 87th Congress,
2nd Session on H.R, 8927 and H.R. 8932), 57 pp., printed
Contains the hearing held February 16, 1962 on H.R.

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 113

8927 and H.R. 8932, to amend the Fair Labor Stand-
ards Act of 1938 to continue in effect the exemptions
for shellfish processing as contained in such act prior
to the Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1961,
Statements and letters were presented by Federal of-
ficials and industry.

TARIFF CLASSIFICATION RESTATEMENT IN
TARIFF ACT OF 1930: The President on May 24, 1962,
signed H.R. 10607, to amend the Tariff Act of 1930 and
certain related laws to provide for the restatement of
the tariff classification provisions, and for other pur-
poses (P, L, 87-456). It will accomplish the following:
(1) Establish schedules of tariff classification which
will be logical in arrangement and terminology and a-
dapted to the changes which have occurred since 1930
in the character of importance of articles produced in
and imported into the United States and in the markets
in which they are sold, (2) Eliminate anomalies and
illogical results in the classification articles, (3)Sim-
plify the determination and application of tariff class-
ifications.

TRADE EXPANSION ACT OF 1962: Trade Expan-
sion Act of 1962 (Hearings before the Committee on
Ways and Means, House of Representatives, 87th Con-
gress, 2nd Session), printed in 6 parts, Part I, 670 pp.;
Part II, 766 pp.; Part Ill, 774 pp.; Part IV, 742 pp.;
Part V, 774 pp.; and Part VI, 730 pp. Contains hear-
ings held March 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26,
27, 30, April 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11, 1962, onH.R.
9900, to promote the general welfare, foreign policy,
and security .of the United States through international
trade agreements and through adjustment assistance
to domestic industry, agriculture, and labor, and for
other purposes; H. Doc. No. 314, the Peciprocal Trade
Agreements Program, a message from the President
of the United States; a section-by-section analysis as
prepared by the executive branch; and testimony given
by Congressmen, personnel of various Federal and
State agencies and industry people.

H.R. 11970 (Mills), introduced in the House on June
4, 1962, to promote the general welfare, foreign policy,
and security of the United States through international
trade agreements and through adjustment assistance
to domestic industry, agriculture, and labor, and for
other purposes. Introduced as directed by the House
Committee on Ways and Means as a clean bill in lieu
of H.R. 9900. The Committee met in executive session
on June 4, 1962, and ordered H. R, 11970 reported fa-
vorably to the House, New bill grants the President
nearly all of the tariff-making authority in the original
bill, H.R, 9900. Period covered is June 30, 1962-July
1, 1967. New bill would permit tariff reduction on
canned foods and fgods of agricultural origin to zero
and the reduction of tariffs on all types of fishery
products (including canned) by as much as 50 percent.
In place of the so-called."peril point,’’ new pre-nego-
tiation safeguards would be established for determin-
ing the products on which U, S, tariffs should be re-
duced. Also, the "escape clause" provision of exist-
ing law, under which tariff protection may be sought
by those suffering injury from imports, would be re-
pealed, In its place would be created a new program
of adjustment assistance to industries, firms, and
workers injured by imports as a result of tariff con-
cessions, In helping firms and workers adjust to im-
port competition, tariff relief would be authorized on
a temporary basis as one form of assistance. Bill
would require President to take all steps in his power
to end unjustifiable foreign import restrictions, such
as variable import fees, which impair the value of

tariff commitments made to the United States. In recip-
rocal negotiations, the bill would authorize the President
to reduce tariff rates existing on July 1, 1962, by asmuch
as 50 percent, and to eliminate all tariffs of no more
than 5 percent ad valorem or its equivalent. It would
seem that fishery products would fall under either of
these provisions, Other provisions for tariff reduction
are also included, These refer to negotiations with the
Common Market on agricultural products and on trop-
ical agricultural and forestry products. Tariff reduc-
tions would be made effective in five equal annual stages,
except for reductions and eliminations of duties ontrop-
ical products,

The House on June 12, 1962, received the report (H.
Rpt. 1838) from the Committee on Ways and Means on
H.R. 11970, with amendment. Referred to the Committee

of the Whole House on the State of the Union.

H. Rept. 1818, Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (Report of
the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representa -
tives, 87th Congress, 2nd Session, toaccompany H.R.
11970), 107 pp., printed. The Committee reported the bill
favorably and recommends passage withamendments. The
purposes ofthe billare: (1) To extend the authority of the
President to enter into foreign trade agreements from
July 1, 1962, through June 30, 1967; (2) To authorize the
President to proclaim, subject to certain conditions and
limitations, such modification or continuance of any ex-
isting duty or other import restriction, such continuance
of existing duty-free or excise treatment, or such ad-
ditional import restrictions as he determines to be re-
quired or appropriate to carry out any such trade agree-
ment; and (3) To authorize, in appropriate circum-
stances, adjustment assistance to industries, firms, and
workers who may be seriously injured, or threatened
with serious injury, by increased imports resulting
from trade agreement concessions. The report also
contains a general statement; principal features of the
bill; reasons for the bill; general description of the bill;
technical explanation of the bill; and various statements
of Congressmen,

H.R. 12300 (Dent) and H.R. 12302 (Lennon) intro-
duced in the House on June 26, 1962; both referred to
the Committee on Ways and Means,

The Committee on Rules on June 26, 1962, introduced
H. Res. 712 for consideration of H.R. eo The Com-
mittee on the same day reported (H. Rept. No, 1924) on
H. Res, 712, for consideration of H.R. 11970, a bill to
promote the general welfare, foreign policy, and security
of the United States through international trade agree-
ments and through adjustment assistance to domestic
industry, agriculture, and labor, and for other purposés;
without amendment. The resolution provides that all
points of order against H.R, 11970 are waived; after
general debate, confined to the bill and not to exceed 8
hours, the bill shall be considered as having been read
for amendment; amendments can be offered only by
direction of Committee on Ways and Means and are not
subject to amendment; and only one motion to recommit
will be allowed,

TRANSPORTATION ACT OF 1962: The Senate Com-
mittee on Commerce held hearings June 27-29, 1962,
on S, 3242, to provide for strengthening and improving
the national transportation system, and for other pur-
poses.

The House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce began hearings June 26, 1962, on H.R. 11584, a
companion bill to S, 3242,

114

TUNA CONVENTION ACT: The Senate Subcommit-
tee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries of the Commit-
tee on Commerce concluded hearings on May 24, 1962,
on S. 2568, to extend the regulatory authority of the
Federal and State agencies concerned under the terms
of the Convention for the establishment of an Inter-A-
merican Tropical Tuna Commission, signed at Wash-
ington, May-31, 1949, and for other purposes, Testi-
mony was given by various agencies and industry per-
sonnel,

VESSEL COLLISION LIABILITY: The Senate Com-
mittee on Commerce met in executive session on May
23, 1962, and ordered reported S, 2313, to unify appor-
tionment of liability in cases of collision between ves-
sels, and related casualties, with amendment, Estab-
lishes provisions under which compensation for dam-
ages shall be settled after a collision between vessels,
in whatever waters the collision takes place,

The Senate on June 15, 1962, received report (S,
Rept. 1603) from the Committee on Commerce on 1S.
2313 with amendments,

Liability in Collisions Between Vessels (Hearings
before the Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcom-
mittee of the Committee on Commerce, United States
Senate, 87th Congress, 2nd Session on S. 2313 to
unify apportionment of liability in cases of collision
between vessels and related casualties and S. 2314
to limit the liability of shipowners, and for other
purposes, March 1 and 2, 1962),270 pp., printed.
Contains statements given at the hearings by Con-
gressmen, Federal officials, and industry people; and
the reports from Federal agencies.

VESSEL OWNERS LIABILITY: H.R, 14840 (Ashley)
introduced in the House on May 22, 1962, to limit the
liability of shipowners, and for other purposes; re-
ferred to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries, Similar to other bills previously introduced,

On May 23, 1962, the Senate Committee on Com-
merce, in executive session, ordered reported with
amendment S, 2314, to limit the liability of shipowners,
and for other purposes, The owner ofa vessel may lim-
it his liability, and the liability of his vessel, with re-
spect to claims arising from any of several occur-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

rences, unless the occurrence giving rise to the claim
resulted from actual fault or privity of the owner.
Would include all seagoing vessels and all vessels used
on lakes or rivers or in inland navigation, including
pleasure yachts, tugs, towboats, towing vessels, tank
vessels, fishing vessels, or their tenders, canal boats,
scows, car floats, barges, lighters, and all nonde-
script self-propelled and nonself-propelled vessels.

The Committee on Commerce reported (S, Rept.
1602) on June 15, 1962, to the Senate S. 2314.

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION:
H.R. 11994 (Blatnik) introduced in the House on June
5, 1962, to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act by creating a Federal Water Pollution Control Ad-
ministration and for other purposes; referred to the
Committee on Public Works.

H.R, 12222 (Giaimo) introduced in House June 20,
1962, to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act by creating a Federal Water Pollution Control Ad-
ministration and for other purposes; referred to the
Committee on Public Works, Identical to H.R. 11994
introduced in the House on June 5, 1962,

WATER RESOURCES: Policies, Standards, and Pro-
cedures in the Formulation, Evaluation, and Review of
Plans for Use and Development of Water “and Related
Land Resources (Prepared under the direction of the
President's Water Resources Council, together with a
statement by Senator Clinton P. Anderson of New Mexico),
Senate Doc. 97, 15 pp., printed under the authority of S,
Res. 342, May 29, 1962. It contains the agreement be-
tween the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare, and the Secretary of
the Interior, which establishes the Executive policies,
standards, and procedures for uniform application in
the formulation, evaluation, and review of comprehen-
sive river basin plans and individual project plans for
use and development of water and related land re-
sources, The six main points in the agreement are:
(1) purpose and scope, (2) objectives of planning, (3)
planning policies and procedures, (4) review of com-
prehensive plans and project proposals, (5)standards
for formulation and evaluation of plans, and (6) rela-
tion to cost allocation. reimbursement ard cost-shar-
ing policies, standards, and procedures,

TRANSPLANTED GULF OF CALIFORNIA FISH
IN SALTON SEA NOW ABUNDANT

Salton Sea in 1961 was reported having an

abundant stockof sargo, a perch-like ocean fish
transplanted from the Gulf of California by the

California Department of Fish and Game.

Gill-

net samples early in 1961 showed that sargo av-
eraging 4 3 pound but going to 2 pounds were abun-

dant in all areas of the Sea.

And every one of

the millions of sargo in Salton Sea now is a de-
scendantof a total of only 65 transplanted there

in 1951.

(Outdoor California, April 1961.)

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 115

INDICATORS

CHART |- FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

CUMULATIVE DATA

. 1962 - 88,1
mas 1961 - 90.8
1961 - 741.3

« 1962 -
1961 -

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

» 1962 - 32.4
1961 - 33.9
1961 - 255.7

CUMULATIVE DATA x

CUMULATIVE DATA

1962 - 45.2
1961 - 56,1
196) - 187.7

ooe¥ Pon,
a ee

CALIFORNIA 1/

CUMULATIVE DATA

1962 - 149.2
1951 - 154.6
1961 - 599.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

V/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

116 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

‘ HADDOCK OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts) (Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
IS. 1962 - 37.6 és
A mgs. 1962

a 1961 - 39.9 1961 -
12 1961 - 123.3 eee

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

In Millions of Pounds
WHITING

1). SHRIMP
(Maine and Massachusetts)

(Gulf States—' including Florida West Coast)
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA
+ 1962 - 23.4 ~ 192 - 2.2
1961 - 0.2

1961 - 28,1 0
1961 - 133.0 1961 - 86.1

ey a

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

V/LA, & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-

erk In Thousands of Tons
MENHADEN PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL
(E (California)
ast and Gulf Coasts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA
QS. 1962 - 22.1

1961 - 16.6

1961_- 70.7

PILCHARD
(California)

CUMULA, IVE DATA
1961/62 SEASON,

AUG.-DEC. - 27.1

Crd = =
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW kab

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

U. S, HOLDINGS U. S, FREEZINGS

» 1962 -
1961 - 96.4
1961 - 319.6

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS 2!

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
Z/OH10, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., 1OWA, MO,, N, DAK., NEBR, & KANS, 4/ALA., MISS., LA.

”

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

118 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
Fresh and Frozen)

RECEIPTS 4 2/

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS=

CUMULATIVE DATA

5 mgs. 1962 - 71.5
5 4 1961 - 65.7
12 1961 - 164.6

— om een eee”
~sr ee

N t

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

V/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA AND DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY.

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

+ 1962 - 30.0
5 ate 1961 - 29.9
1961 - 78.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA
mgs. 1962 - 27.2

1961 - 29.3
1961 - 97.3

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

ge a
aoa mee Malone N

LEGEND:

es 1962
——_—_ 1961

sees 1950

FISH OIL
(In Millions of Gallons)

FISH MEAL
(In Thousands of Tons)

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

. a 4 mgs. 1962 - 0.8 y=.
4 mgs. 1962 - 13.6 FS Aint 196) 2056 / ~
ae Te ed eed 2, 12_"__ 1361 - 34.4 .
12 1961 - 291.3 7 gta, : 4
eat

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 11.9

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

MACKEREL ee CALIFORNIA

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH - CALIFORNIA
: CUMULATIVE DATA

CUMULATIVE DATA
mgs. 1962 - 300.2

5 MgS. 1962 - 4,668.0
EB 1961 - 4,552.5 Eeeioel =) 377.5
1961 - 10,764.3 1961 - 1,378.4

te)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

1961 SEASON i.
4 mgs. 1 aya
a MS Toe. 13.6 Tora =
120" 1961 - 73.1 pec ORSEASON cate
1048.

S
0 Pr
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/ ; ©
SARDINES—' (Estimated) - MAINE STANDARD CASES

CUMULATIVE DATA

Vari = :
wacsvtenene/, ariety No.Cans Designation Net Wgt.

OEC.-MAY - 45.0
1961 SEASON, SARDINES 4 drawn 32 oz.
JAN. -MAY - --

1961 SEASON
TOTAL” - 753.5 SHRIMP as Soak

LUNA Nis jctetsversiay: #4 tuna 6&7 oz.

PILCHARDS... # 1 oval oz.

SALMON 1-Ib. tall oz.
ANCHOVEES...

LEGEND:

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA SHRIMP - GULF STATES

—_—- ae
seceees 1960/61
CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

a raarte - 419.1 1961/62 SEASON,
1960 SEASON AUG, -MAY - 312.1

AUG.-DEC, - 615.9 1960/61 SEASON,
AUG. -MAY - 440.6]

1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL - 624.1

ee ee ee ey 0 :
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY

120 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

CUMILATIVE DATA
QS. 1962 - 63,1

1961 - 63.4
1961 - 195.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MYS. 1962 - 24.0

4 4, 1961 - 25.0
12 1961 - 79.2

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Tuna ¥
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA

Ss. 1362 - 94.6
“i 1961 - 70.2
1961 - 197.1

JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/ EXCLUDES LOINS AKO OISCS,

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH
(in Oil and in Bring)

CUMULATIVE DATA
4 MQS. 1962 - 20.9
4 oe 1961 - 19.5
12 1961 - 69.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER TH’N GROUNDFISH
(Fresh and Frozcn)
CUMULATIVE DATA

4 mgs, 1962 - 22.6
4 1901 - 19.5

12 1961 68.7

Vol. 24, No. 7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LOBSTER AND SPINY LOBSTER

CUMULATIVE DATA

4 MQs. 1962 - 19.7
ey 1961 - 17.7
12 1961 - 53.9

JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS

CUMULATIVE DATA
3 mgs. 1962 -
3 1961 -

12 1961 - 43.6)

JAN FE8 MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CANNED SARDINES

CUMULATIVE DATA

+ 1902 - 18.5
eS 1961 - 13.6
1961 - 42.5

atten,
spe ttatttt tae cages

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

July 1962

iar i Le

Ra pa

owe Sees

= =e

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

THESE
OFFICE OF IN

TON 25, D. C.

CFS -
FL -
MNL -
SEP. -
su -

SSR. -

Number

CFS-2844
CFS- 2848
CFS-2850
CFS- 2855
CFS-2856
CFS-2857

CFS-2860
CFS-2862

CFS- 2864

CFS-2866
CFS-2867
CFS- 2868
CFS- 2869
CFS-2870
CFS-2871
CFS-2872
CFS-2873

CFS- 2874
CFS- 2875
CFS- 2876
CFS-2879
CFS-2880
CFS- 2881

CFS-2882
CFS-2883
CFS- 2884
CFS-2885

PUBLICATIONS

PROCESSED PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE
FORMATION, U. S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHING~
TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS FOLLOWS:

CURRENT FISHERY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.

FISHERY LEAFLETS.

REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES.

SEPARATES (REPRINTS) FROM COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW.

BRANCH OF STATISTICS LIST OF DEALERS IN AND PRODUCERS
OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS,

FISH. SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORTS--FISHERIES (LIM-
ITED DISTRIBUTION).

Title

- Massachusetts Landings, December 1961,
5 pp.

- New Jersey Landings, 1961, Annual Sum-
mary, 9 pp.

- New York Landings, 1961, AnnualSummary,
12 pp.

- North Carolina Landings, February 1962,
4 pp.

- Maine Landings, 1961, Annual Summary,
by Months, 6 pp.

- Maine Landings, 1961, Annual Summary,
by County, Gear and Subarea, 17 pp.

- Texas Landings, January 1962, 3 pp.

- Canned Fishery Products, 1961, Annual
Summary, 16 pp.

2 Nieaetn Landings, 1961, AnnualSummary,

Pp.

- California Landings, December 1961, 4pp.

- Maine Landings, February 1962, 4 pp.

- New Jersey Landings, February 1962, 3pp.

- Florida Landings, February 1962, 8 pp.

- Frozen Fish Report, March 1962, 8 pp.

- Virginia Landings, February 1962, 3 pp.

- Maryland Landings, January 1962, 3 pp.

- Rhode Island Landings, 1961, Annual Sum-
mary, 8 pp.

- Louisiana Landings, January 1962, 2 pp.

- Rhode Island Landings, January 1962, 3 pp.

- Mississippi Landings, February 1962, 3 pp.

- Michigan Landings, February 1962, 2 pp.

- Wisconsin Landings, February 1962, 2 pp.

- Fish Sticks and Portions, January-March
1962, 2 pp.

- Alabama Landings, February 1962, 3 pp.

- New York Landings, February 1962, 4 pp.

- Shrimp Landings, December 1961, 6 pp.

- Fish Meal and Oil, 1961, Annual Summary,
4 pp.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

LATTE ies te To
fy r ea ae

os ae ee BOOTS Is a? 0-0 p commen: $ Set bas st OSL:

121

eZ FISHERY PUBLICATIO

CFS-2886 - Florida Landings, 1961, AnnualSummary,
13 pp.
CFS-2887 - Louisiana Landings, February 1962, 2 pp.
CFS-2888 - North Carolina Landings, March 1962, 4 pp.
CFS-2889 - California Landings, January 1962, 4 pp.
CFS-2891 - South Carolina Landings, March 1962, 2 pp.
CFS-2895 - Rhode Island Landings, February 1962, 3pp.
CFS-2896 - Wisconsin Landings, March 1962, 2 pp.
CFS-2897 - Florida Landings, March 1962, 8 pp.

FL-254 (Revised) - List of Fishery Associations inthe
United States, 13 pp., August 1961.

FL-292 (Revised) - List of Fishery Cooperatives in the
United States, 1960-1961, by Leslie D. McMullin, 18
pp., August 1961.

FL-522 - Separates from the Commercial Fisheries Re-
view, 7 pp., September 1961.

FL-530 - Construction of a Widmark-Flask Shaker, by
D. J. Bond, 2 pp., illus., December 1961.

FL-531 - Food Fishes with Fins and Scales, by Isaac
Ginsburg, 7 pp., December 1961.

SL-151 (Revised) - Firms Manufacturing, 1961, Marine
Animal Scrap, Meal, Oil, Solubles and Homogenized
Condensed Fish.

Sep. No, 650 - Fishery Tariff Concessions in the 1960-
61 GATT Negotiations,

Sep. No. 651 - Construction of a Fish Weir.

SSR-Fish. No, 376 - Methods For Lipid Analysis, an
Annotated Bibliography, by Alvin L. Jensen, 78pp.,
processed, June 1961.

SSR-Fish. No. 386 - Oceanographic Observations Made
During a Cooperative Survey of Albacore (Thunnus
ermo) off the North American West Coast in 1959,
by Joseph J. Graham and William L. Craig, 35pp.,
illus., processed, August 1961.

SSR-Fish. No. 390 - Seasonal Occurrence of Marine
Fishes in Four Shore Habitats Near Beaufort, N. C.,
1957-60, by Marlin E, Tagatz and Donnie L. Dud-
ley, 21 pp., illus, August 1961. A report on a
3-year seining program which was conducted to
determine monthly frequency of occurrence and size
range of salt and brackish water fishes in the inshore
waters of the Beaufort area.

122

SSR-Fish. No. 396 - Oceanographic and Biological Data,
Hawaiian Waters, January-October 1959, by Kenneth
Sherman and Robert P. Brown, 75 pp., illus., proc-
essed, December 1961.

illus., November 1961. Covers a study made be-
cause of the need for facts necessary to solve many
transportation problems of vital importance to the
fishing industry and to give a clearer picture of the
operations of exempt and regulated carriers in re-
lation to fishery products. An "exempt" truck isone
permitted to operate legally without economic regu-
lation by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).
Some trucks operate onan ''exempt"' basis only part of
the year. Such exemption was provided in 1935 when
alaw placed trucking operations under the jurisdic-
tion of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The law
specified various products which were exempt from
regulationbyICC. These exemptions were based fun-
damentally upon the perishability of the product and
upon the proposition that the shipper can transport per-
ishables to market more expeditiously by exempt car-
rier thanby carriers required to follow definite route
and time schedules. The practice of using exempt
trucks has been followed for nearly three decades by

individualfirms dealing infishery and other perishable

products, but until this study was made by the Bureau of

Commercial Fisheries, there was no over-all informa-

tion on the scope of the operations. The study covered
the period 1956 to1958. A sample of 155 interstate
shippers was selected from 1500 firms engaged in dis-
tributing fishery products. Another sample was taken

from both the exempt andregulatedcarriers. The sur-

vey showed that exempt carriers employed 778 drivers
in 1958 and would accept cargo for practically any des-
tinationinthe country The carriers usually made
three stops to discharge cargo inthe course of a trip.

Programs and Activities of the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Circular 135, 20 pp., illus., processed,
January 1962. A description of current programs
and problems of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries and of the commercial fishing industry.
Bureau programs are primarily of a fundamental
and applied research nature, using fundamental re-
search to develop new knowledge and then applying
this knowledge to the practical solution of fishery
research problems. In addition, the Bureau's pro-
grams involve supplying important services to the
industry, consistent with services supplied by Gov-
ernment to other basic industries of our country.
These include such things as gear development re-
search; new product development; vessel loan pro-
grams; collection of statistics; dissemination of
current, unbiased information on supplies, move-
ment, distribution, demand, prices, and market con-

ditions; and other important service and management

activities. Thus, the program of the Bureau is de-
veloped along policies laid down by the President,
with the objective of maintaining for our country a
healthy, prosperous commercial fishing industry,
assuring a maximum sustained harvest of the living
resources of the sea.

Seaweeds Are Not Weeds, Circular 130, 6 pp., illus.,
1962.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE

BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH
AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Number Title

MNL-23 - Fisheries of Chile, 28 pp.

MNL-68 - Fisheries Survey of Sierra Leone, 8 pp.

MNL-69 - Fishing Industry in Northeast Brazil: Unex-
ploited Opportunity, 7 pp.

MNL-70 - Fisheries Survey of Liberia, 3 pp.

THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE
SPECIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

| Annual Report of the Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,

Mass. (for the Year Ending June 30, 1960), Circular
99, 63 pp., illus., processed, December 1960. (Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Labora-
tory, Woods Hole, Mass.) This report presents a
summary of research activities in the Northwest At-
lantic Fishery Investigations program, and adescrip-
tion of vessels and shore facilities. Studies relating
to the management of the groundfish of the Northwest
Atlantic continue to occupy an important place on the
research program. Evaluating the benefit of mesh
regulation on the Georges Bank haddock fishery and
assessing possible benefits of uniform mesh size for
the area covered by the International Commission
for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) were
the two most important problems in this fieldin 1960.

(Baltimore) Monthly Summary--Fishery Products, Feb-
ruary, March, and April 1962, 8 pp. each. (Market
News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 103
S. Gay St., Baltimore 2, Md.) Receipts of fresh- and
salt-water fish and shellfish at Baltimore by species
and by states and provinces; total receipts by spe-
cies and comparisons with previous periods; and
wholesale prices for fresh fishery products on the
Baltimore market; for the months indicated.

California Fisheries, 1961, by V. J. Samson, 46 pp.
(Available free from the Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Rm. 208, Post Office Bldg.,
San Pedro, Calif.) A review of 1961 trends and con-
ditions in the California fisheries, including a his-
torical review of California fish-meal prices, 1941-
1961. Among the subjects discussed are the tuna in-
dustry and cannery receipts; domestic tuna fishery;
record yellowfin tuna catch; albacore fishery; ex-
vessel prices; other tuna prices; canned tuna pack;
imports; and status of California purse-seine fleets
in 1961. Also covered are the sardine industry and
canned pack; mackerel fishery, pack, and prices; an-
chovy fishery; canned pet-food pack; whaling indus-
try; and seasons in major fisheries. Included in the
statistical tables are data on tuna and tunalike fish--
canners' receipts, domestic landings, cannery re-
ceipts of frozen imported tuna, and canned pack, 1959-
61; sardine landings, canned pack, and meal and oil
produced, 1961-62 and 1960 seasons; and the canners'
receipts and pack of mackerel and jack mackerel,
1959-61. It gives data on canners' receipts of raw
materials and production of anchovies, herring, squid,
pet food, and meal and oil; freezings and cold-stor-
age holdings of fish and shellfish; landings in the Eu-
reka and San Pedro-Santa Monica areas; and imports
of fishery products into Arizona and California Cus-
toms Districts, 1960-61.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary, Part
I- Fishery Products Production and Market Data,

July 1962

March 1962, 14 pp. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San Pedro,
Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna and tuna-
like fish and other species used for canning; pack of
canned tuna, tunalike fish, mackerel, and anchovies;
market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa Monica,
and Eureka areas; California and Arizona imports;
canned fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-vessel
prices for cannery fish; Oregon and Washington re-
ceipts (domestic and imports) of fresh and frozen
tuna and tunalike fish; for the month indicated.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part Il - Fishing Information, March 1962, 10pp.,
illus. (U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bio-
logical Laboratory, P. O. Box 6121, Pt. Loma Sta-
tion, San Diego 6, Calif.) Contains sea-surface tem-
peratures, fishing and research information of in-
terest to the West Coast tuna-fishing industry and
marine scientists; for the month indicated.

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale
Market Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Re-

ceipts, Prices, and Trends, on

pril 1962, 14 pp. (Mar-
ket News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Il.) Receipts at
Chicago by species and by states and provinces for
fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and weekly
wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery prod-
ucts; for the month indicated.

Receipts and Prices of Fresh and Frozen Fishery Prod-

“ucts at Chicago, 1961, by G. A. Albano, 68 pp., proc-
essed, April 1962. (Available free from the Market
News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 565
W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) In the analysis
of receipts of fishery products at Chicago, the au-
thor discusses the 1961 fishery products receipts
and carload receipts as compared to previous years,
He also discusses sources of receipts, trends in
fishery products transportation, receipts by months,
receipts by species and varieties, lake trout and
whitefish fishery and receipts, trends in Great Lakes
commercial fishery, cold-storage inventories, and
imports of selected frozen fishery products. Also
covers trends in the frozen shrimp market, shrimp
landings, shrimp imports and exports, and the chang-
ing ecology of Lake Erie. Also included is a table
giving the names, classifications, and approximate
weights of certain fishery products as used in the
Chicago wholesale markets. The second section pre-
sents statistical data on fresh and frozen fishery
products receipts at Chicago by species and by states
and provinces of origin, states and provinces by spe-
cies, species by months, states and provinces by
months, totals by species, and totals by states and
provinces. Receipts are tabulated by method of
transportation (truck, express, and freight), A ta-
ble shows the monthly range of wholesale prices of
some of the leading varieties of fresh and frozen
fishery products handled in the Chicago market.

Gulf Fisheries (Selected Areas), 1961, by Peter DiMarco,

44 pp., processed, May 1962. (Available free from
the Market News Service, U. 5S. Fish and Wildlife
service, 609-611, Federal Bldg., 600 South St., New
Orleans 12, La.) Part I reports on trends and con-
ditions in Gulf Coast fisheries during 1961 andgives
a resume of the individual fisheries. For the shrimp
fishery, a detailed account is presented of total land-
ings by states, extent of coverage of landings, com-
position of shrimp landings by species and sizes,
prices, canning, imports, cold-storage stocks, and

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 123

general trends and developments. Discusses produc-
tion and market conditions for the oyster, blue crab,
and menhaden fisheries, as well as imports of fresh
and frozen fish and shellfish. Part II includes shrimp
closed seasons in effect in the Gulf States during 1961,
minimum shrimp size regulations, conversion factors
and container capacities, and shrimp sizes. The sec-
ond part also contains statistical tables showing total
fishery products landings; Gulf menhaden landings
and production of meal, solubles, and oil; crab meat
production by areas and months; fishery imports
through the New Orleans and Morgan City, La., Cus-
toms Districts and Port Isabel and Brownsville, Tex.;
and LCL express shipments from New Orleans for
1961 by months and destination. Also includes tables
showing monthly range of wholesale prices of fishery
products on the New Orleans French Market; Gulf
States weekly oyster and shrimp packs, 1960/61 sea-
son and packs by season 1956-61; summary of Gulf
shrimp landings for selected areas, 1960-61 and 5-
year averages; and fishery products market classi-
fications in the Gulf area,

Gulf of Mexico Monthly Landings, Production and Ship-

ments of Fishery Products, March and April 1962,
8 pp. each. (

Market News Service, U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Rm. 609, 600 South St., New Orleans
12, La.) Gulf States shrimp, oyster, finfish, andblue
crab landings; crab meat production; LCL express
shipments from New Orleans; wholesale prices of fish
and shellfish on the New Orleans French Market; fish-
ery imports at Port Isabel and Brownsville, Texas,
from Mexico; and sponge sales; for the months indi-
cated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in
Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and Mary-

land, April 1962, 4 pp. (Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 5, King St., Hampton,
Va.) Landings of food fish and shellfish and produc-
tion of crab meat and shucked oysters for the Vir-
ginia areas of Hampton Roads, Chincoteague, Lower
Northern Neck, and Lower Eastern Shore; the Mary-
land areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City;
and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort,
and Morehead City; together with cumulative and com-
parative data on fishery products and shrimp produc-
tion; for the month indicated.

New England Fisheries--Annual Summary, 1961, by John

J. O'Brien, 48 pp. (Available free from the Market
News Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 10
Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.) Reviews the
fish marketing trends and conditi ns at the principal
New England fishery ports, and highlights of fisher-
ies in other nearby areas. Covers food-fish landings
by ports and species; industrial-fish landings and ex-
vessel prices; fishing vessel news; imports; frozen
fishery products; and the fish-meal market, Also in-
cludes fishery landings and ex-vessel prices by
months for ports of Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford,
Provincetown, Woods Hole, Portland, Rockland, Point
Judith, and Stonington; highlights of the Maine sar-
dine and lobster fisheries; highlights of the fisheries
of Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Peru; and
historical data of fisheries at principal New England
ports. In addition, regulations governing the Mas-
sachusetts sea and bay scallop industries are outlined.

New England Fisheries -- Monthly Summary, April 1962,
21 pp. (Market News Service, U. 5. Fish and Wildlife

Service, 10 Commonwealth Pier, Boston 10, Mass.)
Review of the principal New England fishery ports.

124

Presents data on fishery landings by ports and spe-
cies; industrial-fish landings and ex-vessel prices;
imports; cold-storage stocks of fishery productsin
New England warehouses; fishery landings andex-
vessel prices for ports in Massachusetts (Boston,
Gloucester, New Bedford, Provincetown, and Woods
Hole), Maine (Portland and Rockland), Rhode Island
(Point Judith), and Connecticut (Stonington); frozen
fishery products prices to primary wholesalers at
Boston, Gloucester, and New Bedford; and Boston
Fish Pier and Atlantic Avenue fishery landings and
ex-vessel prices by species; for the month indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly
~~ Summary--January and February 1962, 16 and 18

pp., each. (Market News Service, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 155 John St., New York 38,N. Y.)
Includes summaries and analyses of receipts and
prices on wholesale Fulton Fish Market, including
both the salt- and fresh-water sections; imports
entered at New York customs district; primary
wholesalers! selling prices for fresh, frozen, and
selected canned fishery products; marketing trends;
and landings at Fulton Fish Market docks and Ston-
ington, Conn.; for the months indicated.

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade, 1961 (In-

cludes Statistics and Marketing Trends), by T. J.
Risoli, 45 pp. (Available free from the Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John
St., New York 38, N. Y.) The first part of this an-
nual summary discusses fishery products receipts
and marketing trends in the salt-water section of
New York's wholesale Fulton Fish Market during
1961. The second part covers marketing trends and
receipts in the wholesale fresh-water fish market
for 1961. The third part consists of a series of sta-
tistical tables giving monthly overland and vessel
receipts; receipts by species, methods of transpor-
tation, states, and provinces; imports of fishery
products at New York City; and selling prices for
fresh headless raw shrimp.

CIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

1960 Lake Michigan Program of U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries, 7 pp., processed, April 12, 1962.

(Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, 920 N. Main St., Ann Arbor; Mich.)

Problems Related tothe Establishment of a Trawl Fish-

ery on Lake Michigan, 8 pp., processed June 30,1960.
(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries, 920N. Main St., AnnArbor, Mich.)

Seattle--Landings, Receipts, and Value of Fishery
Products, 1961, by Charles M. Reardon, 35 pp. (A-

vailable free from the Market News Service, U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Pier 42, South Seattle 4,
Wash.) Reviews Pacific Northwest fisheries trends
and their effect upon Seattle fishery products re-
ceipts for 1961; halibut landings; carload and truck-
load shipments of fishery products from Seattle by
months; imports of canned fishery products; re-
ceipts of Alaskan canned fishery products; andnames,
classifications, and approximate standards as used
on Seattle wholesale market. The report also con-
tains a number of statistical tables on receipts of
fresh and frozen fish and shellfish, fresh and frozen
salmon receipts and imports, halibut landings, ex-
vessel landings by the otter-trawl fleet, Puget Sound
canned salmon pack, and related data,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

(Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings
of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fisher-

ies, Monthly Summary, April 1962, 9 pp. (Market News
Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 706 Federal
Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle 4, Wash.) In-
cludes Seattle's landings by the halibut and salmon
fleets reported through the exchanges; landings ofhal-
ibut reported by the International Pacific Halibut Com-
mission; landings of otter-trawl receipts reported by
the Fishermen's Marketing Association of Washing-
ton; local landings by independent vessels; coastwise
shipments from Alaska by scheduled and non-sched-
uled shipping lines and airways; imports from British
Columbia via rail, motor truck, shipping lines, and
ex-vessel landings; and imports from other countries
through Washington customs district; for the month
indicated.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE AR-
TICLES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U. S. FISH ANDO WILOLIFE SERV-
ICE, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, P. O. BOX 3830, HONOLULU,
HAWAII.

ronina, 6 pp., illus., processed, April 1962. (Trans-
lated from the Russian, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
vol, 140, no. 1, 1961, pp. 219-222.

25, 0. C. Thay’ ede ae

Eddie Wayne Shell, Research Report 57, 41 pp., il-
lus., printed, 30 cents, 1961.

Estimating Red Salmon Escapements by Sample Counts
from Observations Towers, by Clarence Dale Becker,

Fishery Bulletin 192 (from Fishery Bulletin of the
Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 61, pp. 355-369), 19
pp., illus., printed, 20 cents, 1962.

Fluctuations in Age Composition and Growth Rate of
Cutthroat Trout in Yellowstone Lake, by Ross V. Bulk-
Tey, Research Report 54, 35 pp., illus., printed, 30
cents, 1961.

Mortality Studies on Cutthroat Trout in Yellowstone Lake,
by Orville P. Ball and Oliver B. Cope, Research Re-
port 55, 66 pp., illus., printed, 45 cents, 1961.

National Survey of Fishing and Hunting, 1960, Circular
120, 77 pp., illus., printed, 50 cents, September 1961.

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND

TION ISSUING THEM, CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT
FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS OR

PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READFLY AVAILABLE, ARE
SHOWN.

AGAR-AGAR:
Photos Showing Growth of Gelidium Cultured Artific-
ially, by Kakujiro Ohno, 12 pp., illus., processed in

July 1962

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Japanese and English. Tokai Suisan Kagaku Kenhy-
usho, 1, 125, 2-cnome, Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, To-
kyo, Japan.

"Rheological Properties of Hydrogels of Agar-Agar,"
by Kiyoshi Arakawa, article, Bulletin of the Chemi-
cal Society of Japan, vol. 34, September 1961, pp.
1233-1235, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

Statement on Artificial Cultivation and Production of
Agar-Agar, by Kakujiro Ohno, 30 pp., illus., proc-
cessed in Japanese. Tokai Suisan Kagaku Kenhy-
usho, 1, 125, 2-chome, Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, To-

kyo, Japan.

"Studies on the Antisepsis for Agar During the Man-
ufacturing Process in the Mild Winter. VI--Influ-
ences of Antiseptics on the Qualities of 'Tokoroten'
and Agar," by Hiroaki Fujisawa and Terutake Su-
kegawa, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of
Scientific Fisheries, vol. 27, April 1961, pp. 318-322,
printed. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries,
6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

ALGAE:
The Algae, by V. J. Chapman, 472 pp., illus., printed,
~$8. The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Ave., New
York ll Noy.

Una Clave Llustrada de los Generos de Algas Benticas
del Pacifico de la America Central (Iustrated Key
to the Genera of Pacific Central American Benthic
Algae), by E. Yale Dawson, article, Pacific Natural-
ist, vol. 3, no. 4, April 16, 1962, pp. 167-231, illus.,
printed in Spanish and English. Library, Beaudette
Foundation for Biological Research, 1597 Calzada
Rd., Santa Ynez, Calif.

AMINO ACID:
"The Amino Acid Composition of Cod Tropomyosin,"
by P. L. Hoogland and others, article, Journal of
the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 18,

July 1961, pp. 501-512, printed. Queen's Printer &
Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada.

ANCHOVIES:

"Ansjovisen pa Vastkusten'' (Anchovy Fishing on the
West Coast), by Armin Lindquist, article, Svenska
Vastkustfiskaren, vol. 32, no. 7, April 10, 1962, p.
148, illus., printed. Svenska Vastkustfiskarnas Cen-
tral-forbund, Goteborg, Sweden.

AQUATIC PLANTS:
Eurasian Water Milfoil in the Chesapeake Bay and the

Potomac River, xte

by Dexter Haven, Contribution No.
108, 5 pp., illus., printed., 1961. Virginia Institute
of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va.

BACTERIOLOGY:

Type E Botulism Poisoning, Poland, by Henryk Mei-
sel, JPRS 9425, 14 pp., printed. Joint Publications
Research Service, Washington 25, D. C., June 19,
1961. (For sale by Office of Technical Services, De-
partment of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., price
upon application.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

125

BIOCHEMISTRY:

"The Nature of the Components Liberated by Treat-
ment of Cod Myosin with Alkali or with Low Concen-
trations of Urea," by J. J. Connell and H. S. Olcott,
article, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
vol. 94, July 1961, pp. 128-135, printed. Acadetic
Press, Inc., 111 5th Ave., New York 3, N. Y.

"The Solubility of Actomyosin as a Biochemical Char-
acteristic of the Processes Occurring in the Muscles
of Fishes During Cold Treatment,' by N. A. Golovkin
and L. I. Pershina, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 55, Oc-
tober 2, 1961, 20256c, printed. American Chemical
Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington, D. C.

BRAZIL:

Alguns Peixes Pouco Conhecidos Ocorrendo na Costa
Brasileira (Some Little Known Fish Occurring on the
Brazilian Coast), by Paulo de Miranda Ribeiro, Zool-
ogia No, 224, 11 pp., illus., printed in Portuguese.
(Reprinted from Boletim do Museu Nacional, May 3,
1961.) Museu Nacional, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil.

Pescas do TOKO MARU (Fish Caught by the Toko Ma-
ru), by Paulo de Miranda Ribeiro, Zoologia No. 228,
T8 pp., printed in Portuguese. (Reprinted from Bol-
etim do Museu Nacional, August 10, 1961.) Museu
Nacional, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, Bra-
zil.

CALIFORNIA:

California Fish and Game, vol. 48, no. 2, April 1962, 62
pp., illus., printed, single copy 75 cents, Department
of Fish and Game, 987 Jedsmith Dr., Sacramento 19,
Calif. (For sale by the Printing Division, Documents
Section, Sacramento 14, Calif.) Includes, among oth-
ers, articles on ''Effects of Sardine Spawning Stock
Size and Environment on Year-Class Production," by
John Radovich; and 'Introduction of Pond Smelt from
Japan into California,’ by Joseph H. Wales.

CANADA:

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1960 (Saskatchewan),
9 pp., printed in French and English, 50 Canadian
cents. Queen's Printer and Controler of Stationery,
Ottawa, Canada, Aprii 1962. Contains statistical ta-
bles on Canadian fisheries located on the lakes of Sas-
katchewan. Includes value of fishery products by spe-
cies, 1953-1960; quantity and value of landings by spe-
cies; 1959-1960; quantity and value by major species
and by lakes, 1959 and 1960; capital equipment in pri-
mary fisheries operations, 1959-1960; and number of
persons engaged in the primary fisheries operations,
1959-1960.

Inland Fisheries, 1945-1960, Reference Paper No. 2,
illus., printed in English and French, 74 pp. Depart-
ment of Industry and Commerce, Quebec Bureau of
Statistics, Quebec, Canada. Includes statistics on
fresh-water fish caught by commercial fishermen,
quantities and values by species of fish, and the an-
nual census of fishing boats, fishing gear, wharves
and shelters.

"T ist of the Marine Fishes of Canada," by D. E. Mc-
Allister, article, National Museum of Canada Bul-
letin, no. 168, pp. 1-76, printed. National Museum
of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

126

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

Pecheries Maritimes, Annee 1961 (Preliminary Re-
port on Maritime Fisheries, 1961), 42: pp., processed
in French and English. Department of Industry and
Commerce, Quebec Bureau of Statistics, Quebec,
Canada, April 6, 1962. Summarizes the twelve month-
ly reports and gives the size of the catch andits val-
ue to the fishermen, as wellasa summary of produc-
tion. Some comparisons are also made with the two
previous seasons.

Pecheries Maritimes, 1958-1960 (Maritime Fisheries,
1958-1960), 96 pp., illus., printed in French and Eng-
lish. Department of Industry and Commerce, Quebec
Bureau of Statistics, Quebec, Canada, 1962. Con-
tains statistics of maritime fisheries of the Province
of Quebec for the years 1958-1960. Includes graphs
and tables on fishermen, capital equipment, catches,
and landed and marketed values.

31st Annual Repor‘ 1960, Department of Fisheries,
Cat. No. F's 1-1960, 138 pp., illus., printed, 50 Can-
adian cents. Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta-
tionery, Ottawa, Canada, 1961. Presents the func-
tions and activities of the Department of Fisheries
for the year 1960, and the financial statements of the
Department for the fiscal year 1960/61. Covers in
detail the activities of the Department's Conserva-
tion and Development Service, Inspection and Con-
sumer Service, Economics Service, Information and
Educational Service, and Industrial Development
Service. Also covers the Fishermen's Indemnity
Plan, and activities of the Fisheries Prices Support
Board, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Inter-
national Commissions, and special committees. Can-
ada's Pacific Coast, Lake, and Atlantic Coast fish-
eries are also discussed. Statistics cover the quan-
tity and value of fish and shellfish landed, exports by
type of products, number of fishermen in Canada, and
value of fishing craft and gear. The 56-page appen-
dix contains financial statements for fiscal year
1960/61, and statements on fish culture development.

CATFISH:

"Potential Industry: Commercial Catfish Production,"
by G. E. Mason, article, Mississippi Game and Fish,
vol. 24, no, 10, March-April 1962, pp. 9, 12, illus.,
printed. Mississippi Game and Fish Commission,
Jackson, Miss. Describes commercial catfish pro-
duction as a new farm business which is at present
in an experimental stage in the State of Mississippi.

CEYLON:

Administration Report of the Director of Fisheries
for 1960, Part IV--Education, Science and t (L),
71 pp., illus., printed in Ceylonese and English, 2/35
(about 50 U. S. cents). Government Publications Bu-
reau, Colombo, Ceylon. Report on the activities and
accomplishments of the Ceylon Department of Fish-
eries for the year 1960. Includes, among other data,
information on programs of the organization; dis-
putes and regulations; benefits for fishermen; fish-
ery loans, coastal and navigation aids; fishing har-
bors; and air-sea rescue services. It coversfresh-
and brackish-water fisheries; pearl fisheries; fish
factory at Mutwal; cooperative fish sales union; and
fishery research. Also contains statistical tables
on imports and exports of fish and fishery products;
and production of fresh and curedfish for 1960.

CHILE:

"Explotacion Pesquera y Approvechamiento de los Prod-
uctos de la Pesca en Chile’ (Fishery Exploitation and
Utilization of Fishery Products in Chile), Primer Con-
greso Chileno de Ingenieria Quimica, vol. 3, 307pp.,
illus., printed in Spanish. Instituto de Ingenieros
Quimicos de Chile, Universidad de Concepcion, Con-
cepcion, Chile, August 1959.

Import Tariff System of Chile, WTIS Part 2, Opera-
tions Report No. 62-10, 2 pp., printed, single copy
10 cents. Bureau of International Programs, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D, C., Feb-
ruary 1962, (For sale by the Superintendent of Doc-
uments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton 25, D. C.) Presents information on units of cur-
rency, weights, and measures; basis of custom duties;
custom surcharges; method of payment of duties; pref-
erential rates; sales and similar internal taxes; con-
sular fees; and free ports.

COD:

"The Oogenesis and Reproduction Cycle of the Cod,"
by V. P. Sorokin, article, Soviet Fisheries Investi-
gations in Northern Seas, vol, 10, pp. 125-144, print-
ed in Russian, (Translation available on loan only to
approved borrowers from Keeper, Science Museum
Library, London, S.W, 7, England.) Soviet Fisheries
Investigations in Northern Seas, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"La production de l'industrie Canadienne de la peche

ala morue a diminue en 1961'' (Production of the
Canadian Cod Fishery Declined in 1961), by J. E.
Turner, article, La Peche Maritime, vol. 41, no. 1009,
April 1962, pp. 217-219, illus., printed in French. La
Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussman, Paris,
France.

COMMUNIST CHINA:
Fishery Production and Policy in Communist China,

by Asakawa Kenji, JPRS 12253, 57 pp., printed. Joint
Publications Research Service, Washington, D. C.
(Photocopies for sale by Photoduplication Service,
Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C.--price
upon application.)

COMPOSITION:
"Estradiol-17B in the Eggs of the American Lobster,

Homarus americanus," by Robert D. Lisk, article,
Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology,
vol. 39, April 1961, pp. 659-662, printed. Division
of Administration, The National Research Council,
Sussex St., Ottawa, Canada.

"Estrogens and Progesterone in the Sea Urchin (Stron-
lyocentrotus franciscanus) and Pecten (Pecten her-

icius),” by Charles R. Botticelli, Frederick L. Hi-_
saw, Jr., and Herbert H. Wotiz, article, Proceedings
of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,
vai 10s. Ape phil 1961, pp. 887-889, printed. Society
for Experimental Bidlogy and Medicine, 139 St. &
Convent Ave., New York 31, N. Y.

"Fish Meat Protease,'' by Tadao Hata, Toshio Asao, and

Etsushiro Doi, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 55, June 12,
1961, 11696b, printed. American Chemical Society,
1155 16th St. NW., Washington, D. C.

July 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

127

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

"Guanidino Compounds from a Sea-Anemone, Antho-
leura japonica,'' by Satoru Makisuma, article, Jour-
nal of Biochemistry, vol. 49, April 1961, pp. 284-291,
printed. The Japanese Biochemical Society, c/o
Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo-
University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

"y-Hydroxyarginine, a New Guanidino Compound from
a Sea Cucumber. III--Actionsof Arginase and Argin-
ine Decarboxylase,'' by Yoshimasa Fujita, article,
Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 49, June 1961, pp, 468-
471, printed. The Japanese Biochemical Society,
Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo
University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

CONNECTICUT:

Conn., 1960.

COOKERY:

Israeli Cookery, by Lilian Cornfield, 375 pp., illus.,
printed, $4.95 for U. S., $5.70 for foreign mailing.
The Avi Publishing Co., Inc., P. O. Box 388, West-
port, Conn., 1962. Many cookbooks have been pub-
lished, but now and then one comes along that is
unique. This is a unique book of recipes that are
really different. Fish and fish products need to be
cooked and served in a variety of ways in order to
hold the interest of the diner. This book will help
all those looking for new, plain or exotic, and dif-
ferent recipes for all types of foods, including fish.
There are recipes for appetizers, soup, meats, poul-
try, fish, desserts, fruits, and sauces, But because
of my interest, those for fish attracted my interest
particularly. Whether you are a processor, whole-
saler, hotel and restaurant supplier, food editor,
nutritionist, chef, notel or restaurant operator, or
a housewife, the recipes in this book will give you
something different. Although characteristically
Israeli, it should appeal to anyone who is interested
in serving foods, and especially fish, in new and ap-
petizing ways, Each chapter covers one of the many
divergent communities existing from time imme-
morial which go to make up modern Israel. Their
food culture; folk lore; method of preparation of typ-
ical dishes, description of menus, and spices and in-
gredients used are included. There are many photo-
graphs of the different communities, native dress,
and illustrations of the dishes against an Israeli
background which help to visualize what a dishlooks
like. The variety of the recipes can be more readily
imagined when one realizes that included among the
different communities are Arabs, Iraqis, Caucasians
and Yemenites, Afghanistani, Sephardi Jews of the
Balkans, North Africa, and Jerusalem, as well as
Ashkenazis living in the country. Also, other groups
from western, central, and eastern Europe, Persians,
Cochin Chinese, etc. There is one or more fishrec-
ipes in almost each section of the book. As awhole,
fish recipes are well represented. In the Chapter
"Foods of the Near and Far East'' some are simple
recipes like grilled fish (Masgoof) and fish for the
Sabbath, yet mouth-watering in their simplicity.
Then there is the more exotic recipe, fish Musaka
with eggplant, under the chapter on "North Africa."
To name a few, there are recipes for flaked fishpie,
pickled fried fish, fish baked with cream or olives,

fish balls in celery, fish and broad beans, Chinese
fish, fish and cucumber salad; boiled, grilled, or
baked carp; kedgeree fish. A chapter on chef's rec-
ipes of leading Israeli hotels and restaurants includes
such fish recipes as filled fish as served at the Sharon
Hotel on the Mediterranean shore just north of Tel A-
viv, Mediterranean fish at the King David Hotel of Je-
rusalem, fish boats at the Holyland Hotel outside Je-
rusalem, filet de sole bonne femme from the Zion Ho-
tel in Haifa, and Red Sea fish sausage from the Ron
Restaurant in Tel Aviv. Rather unusual is a section
under Israeli fish dishes which gives severalrecipes
using fresh tuna, including tuna fish chowder, tuna
fish to taste like canned tuna, steamed tuna steaks in
butter, grilledtuna steaks, goulash of tuna fish, and
several recipes using canned tuna. Besides aspecial
holiday section, there is a spice table and how spices
are used in Israeli, a glossary of culinary terms in
Hebrew and English, an introduction which is a short
history of the different ethnic groups and their inte-
gration in Israel, and a good index.- For recipes that
are different, this is the book. The author is well
qualified to write such a book. She is a Canadian
school teacher who has been working in Israel as a
nutritionist and home economist for nearly 40 years
except for three years when she studied nutrition in
Columbia University Teachers College. The recipes
have all been personally tested by the author.

--Joseph Pileggi

CRABS:

"Crab Trap Escape-Opening Studies," by Tom Jow,
article, Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, Bul-
letin 5, pp. 49-71, illus., printed. Pacific Marine
Fisheries Commission, 741 State Office Bldg., 1400
S. W. Fifth Ave., Portland 1, Oreg., 1961.

EAST AFRICA:

East African Fishes of the EPINEPHELUS TAUVINA
Complex, with a Description of a New Species, by
John F. C: Morgans, 17 pp., illus., processed. East
African Marine Fisheries Research Organization,
Zanzibar, East Africa. Describes several species
of grouper.

A Preliminary Survey of Bottom Fishing on the North
Kenya Banks, by John F. C. Morgans, 84 pp., illus.,
processed. East African Marine Fisheries Research
Organization, Zanzibar, East Africa.

Serranid Fishes of Tropical East Africa, Part I - Keys
to the Subfamilies, Genera, and Species with Descrip-
tions of Certain Species and Notes on Their Biology,
by John F, C. Morgans, 54 pp., processed. East Afri-
can Marine Fisheries Research Organization, Zan-
zibar, East Africa, Discusses the many species of
rock cod in the region.

Synopsis of Existing Knowledge on the Fishes of the
Genus Auxis cuvier, 1829 in the Indian Ocean, by F.
Williams, 14 pp., processed. Bast African Marine
Fisheries Research Organization, Zanzibar, East

Africa. Common name of Auxis cuvier is frigate
mackerel or boo hoo.

Triggering Depth Gauge, by B. E. Bell, 11 pp., illus.,
manuscript. East African Marine Fisheries Research
Organization, Zanzibar, East Africa, March9, 1961.

128 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

EXPORTS:

United States Exports of Domestic and Foreign Mer-
chandise (Commodity by Country of Destination), —
1961 Annual, Report No, FT 410, processed, PartlI,
202 pp., $1.25; and Part IL, 354 pp., $2. Bureau of
the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington, D. C., April 1962. (For sale by the Super-
intendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The statistics in Part
I cover United States exports of domestic and for-
eign merchandise (including fishery products andby-
products) under group 00 through group 5. PartII
covers merchandise under groups 6 through 9 (some
items of interest to the fishery and allied industries
are included). Data are shown by commodity and
country of destination.

FEDERAL REGULATIONS:

Cumulative Pocket Supplement to Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 50, Wildlife and Fisheries as of
January 1, 1962, GS 4.108: 50/supp. 961, 77 pp.,
printed, 40 cents. Federal Register Office, General
Services Administration, Washington, D, C., 1962.
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)

FISH MANAGEMENT:

"Inshore Fisheries Management,'' by C, O'D. Iselin,
article, Oceanus, vol. 8, no. 3, March 1962,pp. 2-6,
illus., printed. The Woods Hole Oceanographic In-
stitution, Woods Hole, Mass. A well-known ocean-
ographer presents his views on the need for an in-
tense program of marine management in order to
develop the vast fishery resources of the inshore wa-
ters. He feels that such management in the form of
state aquacultural experimental stations can do for
the sea what state agricultural stations have done for
farming the land.

Populationsanalys vid Studium av Reglerade Sjoar
(Population AGalpats with Studies on Lake Manage-

ment), by T. Lindstrom, 16 pp., processed in Swed-
ish with English bibliography. (Reprinted from Vand-
ringsfiskutredningen Meddelande, Report No. 5.)
Sartryck ur Ostkusten, Hudiksvalle, Sweden, 1960.

FISH MEAL:

Protein Requirements of Broilers as Influenced by
Fish Products, by T. D. Runnels and D. G. Snyder,
FAO International Conference on Fish in Nutrition
Paper No, C/IV. 1, 3 pp., printed, Food and Agri-
culture Organization of the United Nations, Viale
delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 1961,

FISH MUSCLE:

"Extractable Nitrogenous Compounds of Fish Muscle,"
by P. L. Vul'fson, article, Biochemistry (U.S.S.R.),
vol, 26, September-October 1961, pp. 271-274, print-
ed. Consultants Bureau, Inc., 227 W. 17th St., New
Yorkie Ne wy

FISH OILS:

of Chemistry, Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan, Sep-
tember 1961,

FISH POPULATIONS:
Annotated Collection of Works Published in 1956 onthe

tion of Biological Science, Ichthyological Commission,
Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1959.

The Application of Comparative Population Studies to
Fisheries Biclogy=si Exploration, by 8. J. Holt, 21

pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from The Exploita-
tion of Natural Animal Populations, pp. 51-71.) Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

"Elementary Populations of Fishes,'' by N. V. Lebedev,
article, Zoologicheski Zhurnal, vol. 25, no, 2, 1946,
pp. 136-164, printed in Russian, (Translation avail-
able on loan only to approved borrowers from Keeper,
Science Museum Library, London, S.W. 7, England.)
Redaktsiia Zoologicheskogo Zhurnala, Podsosenskii
per. d. 21, Moscow, B-64, U.S.S.R.

Factors of Population Dynamics of the Commercial
Fauna in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, by P. A. Moi-
seev, OTS 60-51152, 10 pp., printed, 50 cents. (Trans-
lated from the Russian, Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, vol,
35, nos 115 (1996). pp: 1601-1607.) Office of Technical
Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washing-
ton #25. D:-C.,, 1962.

Mathematical Analysis of the Population Dynamics of
Fish, by V. S. Ivlev, OTS 60-51145, 10 pp., illus.,

printed, 50 cents. (Translated from the Russian,
Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, vol. 2,no. 9,
1959, pp. 119-127.) Office of Technical Services,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.,
1961,

FISHY ODORS:

"Speculations on Fishy Odors and Flavors," by M. E.
Stansby, article, Food Technology, vol. 16, no. 4,
April 1962, pp. 28-32, illus., printed, $1.50. The Gar-
rard Press, 510 North Hickory, Champaign, Ill. The
author explains that there are many types of fishy
odors and flavors that occur in fish that are described
as being ''fishy.'' However, these odors may range
from those characteristic of individual species of fish
through altered odors resulting from such changes as
oxidative deterioration of fish oils and release of spe-
cific compounds during bacterial or enzymatic degra-
dation. The mechanisms of reactions and the nature
of the chemical compounds responsible for fishy odors
are still very imperfectly understood, and much more
research is needed to clarify the nature and causes of
these various fishy odors. The topics discussed in
this article are: definition of fishy odor; causes of
fishy odor; nitrogen-oil reactions; and experiments
made to determine whlfether more research is war-
ranted on the relationship of reactions between ni-
trogen and oil and development of fishy odors and
flavors.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:
The Food and Agriculture Organization has published
reports describing that Agency's activities under the

July 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

129

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Expanded Technical Assistance Program for de-
veloping the fisheries of many countries. These re-
ports have not been published on a sales basis, but
have been processed only for limited distribution to
governments, libraries, and universities. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale
delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

Second Report to the Government of India on Fishing
Boats, by Peter Gurtner, FAO Report No, 1096, 59
pp., illus., processed, 1959.

FOREIGN TRADE:

Licensing and Exchange Controls--Gabon, Chad, Congo,

and Central African Republic, WTIS Part 2, Opera-
tions Report No. 62-13, 4 pp., printed, 10 cents. Bu-
reau of International Programs, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, D. C., March 1962. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)

FRANCE:

"Construit aux Chantiers de la Perriere, le Paris-
Bretagne premier chalutier francais a peche par
l'arriere (The First French Stern Trawler, the
"Paris-Bretagne,'' was Constructed in the Shipwards
of Chantiers de la Perriere), article, La Peche Mari-
time, vol. 41, no. 1009, April1962, pp. 212-214, illus.,
printed in French, La Peche Maritime, 190 Boule-
vard Haussman, Paris, France.

"Le developpement de la peche par l'arriere dependra
beaucoup de la possibilite de trouver de nouveaux
fonds de peche" (The Development of Stern Trawler
Fishing Will Depend Mostly Upon the Possibility of
Finding New Fishing Grounds), by G. Lienesch, ar-
ticle, La Peche Maritime, vol. 41, no, 1009, April
1962, pp. 226-230, illus., printed in French, La
Peche Maritime, 190 Boulevard Haussman, Paris,
France,

Rapport sur la Production de l'Industrie des Peches
Maritimes en 1961 (Report on the Production of the
Fishing Industry in 1961), 66 pp., illus., processed
in French. Comiti Central des Peches Maritimes,
Direction des Peches Maritimes, Secretariat dela
Marine Marchande, Paris, France.

FREE ZE-DRYING:

"Freeze -Drying Being Widely Demonstrated to Food
Factories, article, Modern Refrigeration, vol, 64,
September 1961, pp. 919-920, printed. Refrigera-
tion Press Ltd., Maclaren House, 131 Great Suffolk
St., London, SE 1, England

"Present Status of Freeze-Drying Surveyed," article,
National Provisioner, vol. 145, October 14, 1961,pp.
12-14, 16, printed. National Provisioner Inc.,15 W.
Huron St., Chicago 10, [ll,

FREEZING:

How to Freeze Fish, by Nita Orr, Misc. Pamphlet 208,
4pp., printed. North Carolina Agricultural Exten-
sion Service, State College Station, Raleigh, N. C.,
July 1961. Offershelpfulhints on freezing fish in
order to keep that ''captured freshness," including
care of fresh caught fish, and how to successfully
package, freeze, and store fish. A few informative
questions and answers are also included.

"Influence of Different Lethal Conditions upon Fish
Muscle Protein. Il--Denaturation of Carp Myosins
by Freezing and Frozen Storage,'' by Masao Migita
and Shigeo Otake, article, Bulletin of the Japanese
Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 37, April 1961,
pp. 327-338, printed. Japanese Society of Scientific
Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan.

FRESH-WATER FISH:
Studies on the Freshwater Fishes of Japan, by Yaichiro
Okada, 1,065 pp., illus., printed, $15. Prefectural
University of Mie, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, Japan, 1961.
(For sale by Japan Publications Trading Co., Ltd.,
Central P. O. Box 722, Tokyo, Japan.)

FROZEN FISH:

Peixe Congelado--Fabrico-Armazenagem -Distribuicao
(Frozen Fish--Processing, Storage, Distribution), by
Luis Torres, Notas Mimeografadas do Centro de Bi-
ologia Piscatoria No, 22, 27 pp., illus., processed in
Portuguese with French summary. Centro de Biol-
ogia Piscatoria, Lisbon, Portugal, 1961. A biblio-
graphical review concerning the processing of fro-
zen fish, its freezing chain, and resulting biochem-
ical changes in the product.

FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS:

"Survival of Bacteria of Public Health Significance in
Frozen Sea Foods," by H. Raj and J. Liston, article,
Food Technology, vol. 15, October 1961, pp. 429-434,
printed. Institute of Food Technologists, The Garrard
Press, 510 N. Hickory, Champaign, Ill.

FROZEN STORAGE:

"Visual Indicator Measures Maximum Temperature of
Frozen Food Loads," article, Food Engineering, vol.
33, October 1961, p. 91, printed. Chilton Company,
Chestnut & 56th Sts., Philadelphia 39, Pa.

GEAR:

German, Protokolle zur Fischereitechnik, vol. 29,
no. 6, 1960, pp. 296-326.. Ministry of Agriculture,
Fisheries and Food, Fisueries Laboratory, Lowestoft,
Suffolk, England.

A Hydraulic Escalator Shellfish Harvester, J.S. Mac-
Phail, Bulletin No. 128, 28 pp., illus., printed, 50Ca-
nadian cents. Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta-
tionery, Ottawa, Canada, 1961.

GERMANY:

"Nahrungsuntersuchungen an Einigen Fischen im Elbe-
Mundungsgebiet" (Investigations of the Food of Some
Fishes in the Estuary of the Elbe), by Heinrich Kuhl,
article, Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen
Kommission fur Meeresforschung, vol. 16, no, 2, July
1961, pp. 90-104, illus., printed in German with Eng-
lish summary. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuch-
handlung (Nagele u Obermiller), Stuttgart W.,Germany.

"Uber die Biologie und Fischereiliche Bedeutung der
Lengfische (Molva molva L., Molva byrkelange Walb.)
und des Lumb (Brosmius brosme Asc.)™ (On the Bi-
ology and Economic Importance of the Ling, Blue Ling,
and Torsk), by Gatot Rahardjo Joenoes, article, Be-
richte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission

130

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

fur Meeresforschung, News Series, vol. 16, no. 2,
July 1961, pp. 129-160, illus., printed in German
with English summary. E. Schweizerbart'sche Ver-
lagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u Obermiller), Stuttgart
W., Germany.

HALIBUT:

"Proximate Composition of Canadian Atlantic Fish.
I--Variation in Composition of Different Sections of
the Flesh of Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossushippo-
glossus),'' by A. Mannan, D. I. Fraser, and W. J.
Board of Canada, vol. 18, July 1961, pp. 483-493,
printed. Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery,
Ottawa, Canada,

HERRING:

"The First Voyage of the Pinro Herring Research Re-
connaissance Expedition to the Northwest Atlantic in
the Summer of 1960,"' byI.G. Yudanov, article, Okean-
ologiya, no. 4, 1961, pp. 756-757, printed in Russian.
(Translation available on loanonly to approved borrow-
ers from Keeper, Science Museum Library, London, SW
7, England.) Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"Observations on Herring During a Voyage of R. Sub
Severyanka,"' by D. V. Radakov, M.4715, article,
Biulletin' Okeanograficheskoi Komissi, An SSSR, no.
6, 1960, pp. 39-40, printed in Russian. (Translation
available on loan only to approved borrowers from
Keeper, Science Museum Library, London, SW7,
England.) Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

ICHTHYOLOGY:

Copeia, no, 1, 253 pp., illus., printed, $2.50. Ameri-
can Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists,
18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, Calif., April11, 1962.
Includes, among others, articles on ''The Redfin
Pickerel, Esox americanus in North Carolina," by
E. J. Crossman, “Some Phases in the Life History of
the Alaskan Blackfish, Dallia pectoralis,"' by Roger
F. Blackett, and ''Marlin and Swordfish in Oceanic
Waters of the Western North Atlantic,'' by James
L. Squire, Jr.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS:

International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic
Fisheries, Annual Proceedings for the Year 1960-
61, vol. 11, 1961, 113 pp., illus., printed. Interna-
tional Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fish-
eries, Halifax, N.S., Canada. Presents the Commis-
sion's administrative report for the year ending June
30, 1961, including financial statements; a report of
the Eleventh Annual Meeting held June 5-10, 1961;
summaries of research during 1960, by countries;

a compilation of research reports by subareas for
1960; and lists of scientists and laboratories en-
gaged in the Commission's work. Also contains the
following selected research paper from the 1960 An-
nual Meeting: "Continuous Plankton Records--The
Distribution of Young Sebastes marinus(L.),'' by G.
T. D. Henderson,

"North Pacific Fur Seal Commission," article, Trade
News, vol. 14, no, 8, February 1962, pp. 3-6, illus.,
printed. Department of Fisheries of Canada, Ot-
tawa, Canada, A brief report on the Fifth Annual
Meeting of the North Pacific Fur Seal Commission
held in Ottawa, Canada, February 7-9, 1962. The

Commission was established in 1957 for the purpose
of developing and maintaining the stocks of fur seals
of the North Pacific to levels designed to produce the
highest sustainable yield. It is composed of repre-
sentatives from the member countries of Canada, Ja-
pan, the U.S.S.R. and the United States,

Permanent Commission Held in Copenhagen, May
1961, 31 pp., processed in English and French. Of-
fice of the Commission, International Fisheries Con-
vention of 1946, Board of Trade Bldgs., Whitehall Gar-
dens, London SW1, England, 1961. Includes report by
the President on the Ninth Meeting of the Permanent
Commission; list of names and descriptions of del-
egates, advisers, and observers attending the meet-
ing; agenda; report by the Finance Committee inre-
gard to the financial year ending July 30, 1960, and
estimate of payments and receipts for the year end-
ing June 30, 1961; provisional budget for the year end-
ing June 30, 1962; and a press notice issued after the
Ninth Meeting.

INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES:

"Variety of Lending Agencies Assist Overseas Busi-
ness," by William F. Doering and Robert D, Sethian;
"U.S. Guides and Guards Private Investor Abroad,"
by Eugene M. Braderman; "Investment Office Acts as
Capital 'Mctchmaker','' by Robert L. Oshins; and
"Foreign Credit Insurance Available Through FCIA,"
by Henry G. Sheehy, articles, Ee Commerce,
vol. 67, no, 20, May 14, 1962, pp. 884-890, illus.,
printed, 30 cents, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D, C. (For sale by the Superintend-
ent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington 25, D. C.) A series of articles on invest-
ment opportunities abroad. Provide a simplified in-
troduction to the United States and international lend-
ing agencies, whose basic policies and programs are
outlined in table form. Also point out the complica-
tions of investing abroad and describe how to obtain
current information on business conditions and ac-
tivities of Governments affecting business anywhere
in the world. Information on a new office within the
Department of Commerce designed to coordinate bus-
inessmen interested in overseas in estment and ap-
propriate projects in developing areas is also avail-
able. The problem of exporters insurance for the
payment of products and the final formulation of such
a program are also discussed,

ISRAEL:

Bamidgeh (Bulletin of Fish Culture in Israel), vol. 13,
no, 39E- December 1961, 44 pp., illus., printed in He-
brew and English. Department of Fisheries and Fish
Breeders' Association, Nir-David, D. N., Hakirya,
Israel. Includes the following articles: ''Monosex
Culture of Carp,'' by S. Kessler and others; ''Fish-
eries and Fish Culture in Israel in 1960," by S. Sa-
rig; ''Study of the Growth of Tilapia galilaea (AR-
TEDI) in Various Saline Concentrations, by J. Cher-
vinski; and ''Transporting Live Carp in Polyethylene
Bags,'' by G. Wohlfarth and others.

Fishermen's Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 1 (31), March 1962,
32 pp., illus., printed in Hebrew with some English
abstracts. Sea Fisheries Research Station, P. O.
Box 699, Haifa, Israel. This bulletin contains, among
others, the following articles: ''Plankton Research

July 1962

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

and Its Relationship to the Herring Fishery in the
North Sea," by B. Kimor (Komarovsky); ''Plinius on
Fish," by M. Sas; ''Fisheries in the Atlantic with Las
Palmas as a Base,’ by M. Kramer; ''Fishing Vessel
Hiram 1," by M, Ehrlich; ''Preliminary Report onan
Experiment with a Ring-Net in the Red Sea," by Z.
Porath (Fried); ''An Experiment with a Nylon Trawl-
Net of the Mediterranean Type," by E. Hamburger
and I. Herziger; ''The Fisheries in Lake Tiberias
During 1961,'' by M. Bar-Ilan; ''Drift-Net Fishing in
the North Sea,'' by B. Kimor; and ''Norwegian Sar-
dine Fishery," by A. Abrahamsen.

KOREA:

Central Fisheries Inspection Station, no. 4293, 223pp.,
illus., printed in Korean with table of contents and
statistical table headings in English. Ministry of Ag-
riculture and Forestry, Central Fisheries Inspection
Station, Seoul, Korea, December 1961, Contains a
general review and results of fishery inspection, pro-
duction, and consumption of manufactured fishery
products, and related subjects.

Korea Statistical Yearbook, Ninth Edition, 438 pp., il-
lus., printed in Korean and English. Bureau of Sta-
tistics, Economic Planning Board, Seoul, Korea, 1962.
Includes, among others, a chapter on fisheries which
contains the following sections: exports of marine
products by years; number of households engaged in
fisheries; fishing boats; shipping boats; processed
marine products by kind; fish catches by species; ex-
ports of marine products by country; and production
of marine products. The latest data shown are for
1961 and comparative data are also included,

LABELS:

Read the Label on Foods, Drugs, Devices, Cosmetics,
and Household Chemicals, FDA Publication No. 3,
Revision No, 3, 37 pp., illus., printed, 20 cents, U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Food
and Drug Administration, Washington 25, D, C., 1961
revision, (For sale by the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton 25, D. C.) A booklet designed to furnish the con-
sumer with information necessary to properly read
labels on foods, drugs, devices, cosmetics, and
household chemicals. Includes data on what is re-
quired of manufacturers by law, and what the con-
sumer should look for when reading labels of prod-
ucts purchased in order to get his money's worth and
guard his family's health.

LABOR IN FISHERIES:

Part 784--Provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act
Applicable to Fishing and Operations on Aquatic
Products, 48H, 15 pp., printed, 10 cents, Wage and
Hour and Public Contracts Division, U. S, Depart-
ment of Labor, Washington, D. C., 1962. (For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) It isthe
purpose of this Part 784 of Chapter V, Title 29 of the
Federal Regulations to provide an official statement
of the views of the Department of Labor with respect
to the application and meaning of those provisions of
the Fair Labor Standards Act which govern rights and
obligations of employees and employers in the various
enterprises engaged in fishing and related activities
and in operations on aquatic products.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

131

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

LAWS AND REGULATIONS:

Requirements of the United States Food, Drug, and Cos-
metic Act, FDA Publication No. 2, 61 pp., printed, 20
cents. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Food and Drug Administration, Washington
25, D, C., 1961 revision. (For sale by the Superin-
tendent of Documents, U. S, Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington 25, D. C.) Conveys information on
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that will
be helpful to foreign manufacturers and exporters and
to United States importers who may not be fully famil-
iar with the requirements of this United States law.
The Act applies alike to products shipped in inter -
state commerce and those imported into the country.
While this publication was prepared primarily as a
guide to foreign manufacturers and shippers, it con-
tains a summary of the major provisions of the law
and regulations which should be useful to domestic
producers and shippers,

LOBSTER POTS:

"The Broadstairs Folding Lobster Pot," article, World
Fishing, vol. 11, no. 5, May 1962, p. 31, illus., printed,
John Trundell (Publishers) Ltd., St. Richard's House,
Eversholt St., London, NW1, England. Describes the
folding lobster pot which has been used in Broadstairs,
England, for some 20 years or more, Contains illus-
trated instructions on how to make a lobster pot of
this type.

MARINE AIDS:

List of Lights and Other Marine Aids, vol. III-- Pacific
Coast and Pacific Islands, CG-162, 351 pp., illus.,
printed, $2.25. Superintendent of Documents, Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., 1962. Cov-
ers lights and other marine aids to navigation main-
tained by or under authority of the United States Coast
Guard on the Pacific Coast of the United States and Pa-
cific Islands. For the convenience of mariners, there
are also included the lighted aids, fog signals andra-
diobeacons maintained by British Columbia which may
be used by vessels proceeding directly from the United
States to Alaska, This volume covers the Eleventh,
Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Seventeenth Coast
Guard Districts.

MARKETING:

Building Sales to Established Accounts, by Rowe Meador,
Small Marketers Aids No. 79, 4 pp., processed. Small
Business Administration, Washington 25, D. C., May
1962. Sometimes owners of small distributing, jobbing,
or wholesaling firms miss opportunities for increased
sales because they take their established accounts for
granted, This leaflet points out to the small marketer
that the best way to build sales to established accounts
is by helping his customers to increase their sales at
a profit. It discusses three kinds of help which small
marketers can offer through their salesmen. Sales-
men can coach their customers on: (1) sales promo-
tion, (2) stock control, and (3) cost control.

MOLLUSKS:

Marine Mollusks from Los Angeles Bay, Gulf of Cali-
fornia, by James H. McLean, 27 pp., illus., printed.
(Reprinted from Transactions of the San Diego Socie-
ty of Natural History, vol, 12, no. 28, August15, 1961,
pp. 449-476.) San Diego Society of Natural History,
San Diego, Calif.

132 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Mollusks of the Tropical Eastern Pacific, Panamic-
Pacific Pelecypoda, by Axel A, Olsson, 660 pp., il-
lus., printed, iS. Paleontological Research Insti-
tution, 109 Dearborn P1l., Ithaca, N. Y., 1961.

MOTHER-OF-PEARL:

"Twenty Fathoms Down for Mother-of-Pearl," by Win-
ston Williams, illustrations by Bates Littlehales,
article, National Geographic, vol. 121, no. 4, April
1962, pp. 512-529, illus., printed. National Geo-
graphic Society, 16th & M Sts. NW., Washington 6,
D: Cc.

NETS:

"On the Preservation Test of Fish Net by Antibiotic
Fish Oils'' (Preliminary Report), by Yukio Tomiyasu
and Masamichi Toyomizu, article, Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 19, Au-
gust 1953, pp. 474-475, printed in Japanese with Eng-
lish summary. Japanese Society of Scientific Fish-
eries, 6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-ku, To-
kyo, Japan,

Savings Gear Studies on Pacific Coast Flatfish, by E.
A. Best, article, Bulletin No. 5, pp. 26-47, printed.
Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, 741 State
Office Bldg., 1400 S. W. 5th Ave., Portland 1, Oreg.,
1961,

NORTHERN RHODESIA AND NYASALAND:

(Joint Fisheries Research Organization) Annual Re-
port, No. 10, 1960, 93 pp., illus., printed, 7s. 6d._
about US$1.05). Joint Fisheries Research Organi-
sation, P.O. Box 48, Samfya, Northern Rhodesia, 1962,
Covers activities of the Organization in Northern Rho-
desia including research performed on Lakes Mweru
and Kariba, and research results on Lake Tangan-
yika such as hydrology and plankton; sardine fish-
ery; shoaling and vertical migration behavior of the
sardines, as recorded by echo-sounding; diurnal
and vertical migrations of fish, and effect of preda-
tion; the gill-net fishery for the Nile perch; and ob-
servations on the growth of juvenile Lates (Nile
perch) species, Also describes activities of the Or-
ganization in Nyasaland such as research resultsat
Lake Nyasa including hydrology, long-line fishery,
gill-net experiments on Labeo mesops (Gunther);
length-weight relationships of some Nyasa fishes;
and Bagrus meridionalis--variation in catch per
unit effort and changes in gonad state. Includes three
papers on fisheries of the region and a list of pub-
lications by members of the Organization,

NORWAY:

"Fiskernes Arsinntekter i 1960" (Fisheries Catch for
the Year 1960), article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 48, no. 8,
February 22, 1962, pp. 103-115, illus., printed in
Norwegian, Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10,
Bergen, Norway.

NUTRITION:

Use of Fish in the Control of Hypercholesteremia and
Obesity, by C. M. Harlow and A. R. Morton, FAO _
International Conference on Fish in Nutrition Paper
No. C/IlI/4, 3 pp., printed. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme
di Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 1961.

Vol. 24, No. 7

OCEANOGRAPHY:

"Gradient Measurements of Pressure Fluctuations in
a Surface Sea Layer by Means of a Wave Measurer
from on Board Ship,'' by V. F. Tsyplukhin and others,
article, Okeanologiya, vol. 1, no. 3, 1961, pp. 522-530,
printed in Russian. (Translation available on loan
only to approved borrowers from Keeper, Science Mu-
seum Library, London, SW7, England.) Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

An Introduction to Physical Oceanography, by William

~S. von Arx, 431 pp., illus., printed, $15. Addison-
Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Mass., Janu-
ary 1962,

Method for Calculation of the Deep Sea Currents from
the Surface Current and the Gradient of the Atmos-
pheric Pressure, by A. I. Fel’zenbaum, L. F. Fomin,
and V. B. Shtokman, OTS 61-11407, 21 pp., illus.,
printed,-50 cents. (Translated from the Russian, Akad-
emiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, vol. 25,
1957, pp. 153-170.) fice of Technical Services, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., 1961.

Oceans, by Irving and Ruth Adler, 48 pp., illus., printed,
$2. John Day, Inc., 210 Madison Ave., New York 16,
N. Y. Oceanography at elementary reading level.

ORSOM Il--Croisiere ''Epi'' Oceanographie Physique

(Orsom IIl--Cruise “Epi” Physical Oceanography),
by Henri Rotschi, Rapport Scientifique No. 22, 65pp.,
illus., processed in French, Office de la Recherche
Scientifique, Et Technique Outre-Mer, 24, rue Bay-
ard, Paris 8, France, March 1961,

"The Research Submarine Severyanka,'' by V. G. Az-
hazha, M.4715, article, Biulleten' Okeanograficheskoi
Komissi, An SSSR, no. 6, 1960, pp. 66-67, printed in
Russian. (Translation available on loan only to ap-
proved borrowers from Keeper, Science Museum Li-
brary, London, SW7, England.) Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Moscow, U.S.S.R.

The Sea, by Leonard Engel and the Editors of Life,

“190 pp., illus., printed. Time Incorporated, New
York, N. Y., 1961. One of Life's N. ture Library se-
ries. An extremely attractive volume containing a
great deal of authentic information on the seaand the
creatures which inhabit it, along with many excellent
illustrations, most of which are in color. Covers a
wide range of subject matter, from the chemistry of
the sea to the underwater landscape and the great
pyramid of life contained in salt water. Man's rela-
tionship to the oceans in the past, the present, and
the future is also discussed.

"Severyanka--Results of Research Trips,'' M.4715,
article, Biulleten' Okeanograficheskoi Komissi, An
SSSR, printed in Russian. (Translation available on
loan only to approved borrowers from Keeper, Science

Museum Library, London, SW7, England.) Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1960.

''Shallow- Water Oceanography," by Willis E. Pequeg-
nat, article, Science, vol. 135, no. 3507, March 16,
1962, pp. 1000-1005, printed. American Association
for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Massachusetts
Ave, NW., Washington 5, D. C. A report on the First

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13:3

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Coastal and Shallow-Water Research Conference
held at Johns Hopkins University October 19-21,
at Florida State University from October 23-25,
and at the University of Southern California from
October 27-29, 1961. The chief objectives of the
conference were: (1) to obtain some conception of
the number of scientists who consider themselves

printed, $3.50. (Translated from the Russian, Par-
azity i Bolezni Ryb ) Office of Technical Services,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C.

PERU: .
Anuario de Pesca, 1961-1962 (Fishing Yearbook 1961-
1962), 235 pp., illus., printed in Spanish with some

to be engaged in shallow-water oceanographic re-
search and training, (2) to review the nature of

the work being carried out; (3) to review methods
of sampling, observing, and data handling present-

English summaries, $/.100 (about US$3.75). Edi-
ciones Sudamericana S. A., Avenida Wilson 911, Lima,
Peru. A supplement to the monthly publication Pesca.
Contains useful information and statistical and ana-

ly employed; and (4) to serve as a stimulus for

lytical data regarding the fishing industry of Peru.
future research and training in the field.

Includes among others, articles on 1961 landings,
Peru's fisheries and the National Fisheries Associa-
tion, fisheries in the Peruvian economy, world mar-
ket for fish meal, research on marine resources,
fish in world nutrition, the future of the anchovy, and
an economic study of Peru's fishing industry.

"Some Results of Oceanographic Research in the Nor-
wegian and Greenland Seas,'' by A. P. Alekseev and
B. V Istoshin, article, Soviet Fisheries Investiga-
tions in Northern Seas, pp. 23-26, printed in Rus-
sian, (Translation available on loan only to approved
borrowers from Keeper, Science Museum Library,
London, SW7,England.) Soviet Fisheries Investiga-
tions in Northern Seas, Moscow, U.S.S.R, 1960.

PHILIPPINES:

1961 Souvenir Handbook--14th Anniversary, Bureau
of Fisheries, 72 pp., illus., printed. Department of
Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fish-
eries, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. The Bu-
reau of Fisheries came into existence as a distinct
bureau under the Department of Agriculture and Nat-
ural Resources on July 1, 1947, for the purpose of
conservation and development of aquatic resources,
developing and expanding fishery industries, andin-
creasing fish production of the Philippine Islands.
The Bureau has made considerable progress since
its inception in the implementation of its program of
activities. The notable accomplishments of the Bu-
reau are described in this handbook. Also presented
are several selected articles on different fisheries
subjects and fisheries statistics.

"Use of the Principles of a Discrete Counter for
Transmitting Data of Deep Water Measurements,"
by A. N. Paramonov, article, Okeanologiya, no. 4,
1961, pp. 710-716, printed in Russian.. (Translation
available on loan only to approved borrowers from

Keeper, Science Museum Library, London, SW7,
England.) Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

"Visual Underwater Observations in the Fifth Voyage
of Submarine Severyanka,"' by O. A. Sokolov, article,
Okeanologiya, no. 4, 1961, pp. 757-761, printed in
Russian. (Translation available on loan only to ap-
proved borrowers from Keeper, Science Museum

Library, London, SW7, England.) Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

POLLACK:

"Biology and Fishing Industry of Pollack," by N. V.
Mironova, article, Trudy Murmanskoi Biologiches-
kio Stantsii, no. 3, 1957, pp. 114-129, printed in Rus-
sian. (Translation available on loan only to approved
borrowers from Keeper, Science Museum Library,
London, SW7, England.) Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Mos-
cow, U.S.S.R.

OYSTERS:

Oyster Mortalities in Delaware and Chesapeake Bays,
e Lewis Eugene Cronin, 9 pp., processed. Ches-
apeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md., Au-
gust 1960.

"Zinc-65 Levels in Oysters in the Thames River (Con-
necticut), by B. W. Fitzgerald, J. S. Rankin, and
D. M. Skauen, article, Science, vol. 135, no. 3507,
March 16, 1962, p. 926, printed. American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, 1515 Mas-
sachusetts Ave. NW., Washington 5, D. C.

POLLUTION:

Ecological Effects of Sewage Pollution in Biscayne
Bay, Florida: Sediments and the Distribution of
Benthic and Fouling Macro-Organisms, by J. Knee-
land McNulty, Contribution No, 337, 54 pp., illus.,
printed. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine Science
of the Gulf and Caribbean, vol. II, no. 3, September
September 1961, pp. 394-447.) Institute of Marine
Science, University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Cause-
way, Miami 49, Fla.

PAKISTAN:

Investment Factors in Pakistan, WTIS Part 1, Eco-
nomic Report No, 62-3, 12 pp., illus., printed, sin-
gle copy 15 cents. Bureau of International Programs,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.,
January 1962. (For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-

PORTUGAL:
25 Anos de Assistencia a Gente do Mar (25 Years of

ington 25, D. C.) Presents information on prospects
for United States private investment; policy toward
foreign investment; Government controls over in-
dustry; screening of investment proposals; taxation;
financial facilities; and related subjects.

PARASITES:
Parasites and Diseases of Fish, vol. 42 of the Bulletin

“Assistance to Fishermen), 59 pp., illus., printedin
Portuguese, French, & English. Junta Central das
Casas dos Pescadores, Lisbon, Portugal, 1962. A
well illustrated pamphlet describing the vast range
of achievements of the Portuguese Central Board of
Fishermen's Welfare Centers in providing assistance
and welfare to the fishermen and their families over
the past 25 years.

134

POTOMAC RIVER
Research on the Tidal Potomac, by William J. Hargis,
Jr., Contribution No. 107, 7 pp., printed, 1961, (Re-
printed from ''Water Management in the Potomac
Estuary," article, Interstate Commission on the Po-
tomac River Basin, 1961, pp. 38-44. Virginia In-—
stitute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Va.

PREDATORS:

The Pilchard of South West Africa (Sardinops ocellata)

“and the Maasbanker (Trachurus trachurus)--Bird
Predators, 1957-1958, by J. P. Mathews, Investiga-
tional Report No, 3, 35 pp., illus., printed. Admin-
istration of South West Africa, Marine Research Lab-
oratory, Walvis Bay, South West Africa, 1961. A
study of the feeding habits of three important fish-
eating birds (Cape Gannet, Cape Cormorant, and
Cape Penguin) and their possible effect on the pil-
chard population off the coast of South West Africa.

PRESERVATION:

"Antibiotic Ice in the Preservation of Some Fisheries
Products," by C. Mateu and G. Varela, article, An-
ales de Bromatologia, vol. 12, 1960, pp. 271-333,
printed. Sociedad Espanola de Bromatologia, Ciu-
dad Universitaria (Edificio Facultad de Farmacia),
Madrid, Spain.

"The Use of Biomycin for the Preservation of Cooled
Fish Fill-cs'' by T. N, Sakharova, Chemical Abstracts,
vol. 55, April 17, 1961, 7693d, printed. American
Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washington,
DSC;

QUALITY:

"Quality of Fish Reaching the Consumer," article,
Torry Research Station Annual Report, 1960, pp. 14-
15, printed, Torry Research Station, Aberdeen,
Scotland, 1961,

RADIOACTIVITY:

"Radioactive Contamination of Foods by Atomic or
Hydrogen Bomb Explosion, X--Radio-Contamina-
tion of Fish Livers in 1959,'' by Kakuma Nagasawa,
Katsuaki Kametani, and Yasumasa Kido, Chemical
Abstracts, vol. 55, December 11, 1961, 26300b, print-
ed. erican Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW.,
Washington, D, C.

REFRIGERATION:

Refrigeration Engineering in the Fish Industry--A
Source Book of Soviet Literature, 1922-1956, by D.N.
Prilutskii, OTS 61-11414, 43 pp., processed, 50 cents,
(Translated from the Russian, Bibliograficheskii
Spravochnik--Kholodil'naya Tekhnika v Rybnom Khoz-
yaistve, 1922-1956, Moskva 1957.) Office of Tech-
nical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington 25, D, C. A bibliographic index of articles on
refrigeration engineering which appear in various
Russian journals. Presented in chronological order
and in three parts; technical operation and design
of cold storage plants; refrigeration processing of
fish and fish products, refrigeration transport; and
the technique of production of low temperatures,

SALMON:

"Breeding Salmon in Fish Farms Proved Possible in
Norway," by John J. Murdoch, article, Canadian
Fisherman, vol, 49, January 1962, pp. 8-10, printed.
Canadian Fisherman, Gardenvale, Quebec, Canada,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 7

BUT USUALLY MAY BE

eo ee eee eee Se

"Commercial Landings of Atlantic Salmon 1910 Through
1959," by C. J. Kerswill, article, Atlantic Salmon Jour-
nal, no, 3, 1960, pp. 5-6, printed. The Atlantic Salmon
Association, Inc., 1559 McGregor St., Montreal 25,
Canada.

"A Consideration in Regard Fishing Effects on the Salm-
on Drift Net about the Appearance of Catches to the
Times of Laying Out or Hauling Up of the Net," by
Atusi Koike, article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society
of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 27, May 1961, pp. 382-
388. Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Forsok over Vissa Orsaker till Dodlighet hos Laxrom
(Experiments on the Mortality of Salmon Roe), by Arne
Lindroth, 4 pp., illus., processed in Swedish. (Re-
printed from Vandringsfiskutredningen Meddelande,
Report No. 5.) Sartryck ur Ostkusten, Hudiksvalle,

Sweden, 1959.

Laxfisket i Ostersjoomradet under ar 1959 (Salmonin
the Baltic Sea and Vicinity During 1959), by Gunnar
Alm, 4 pp., printed in Swedish. (Reprinted from
Vandringsfiskutredningen Meddelande, Report No. 7.)
Sartryck ur Ostkusten, Hudiksvalle, Sweden, Sep-
tember 1960.

"Muscle Proteins of Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus).
I--A Note on the Separation of Muscle Proteins Sol-
uble in Low Ionic Strength Salt Solutions," by H. Tsu-

of the Variation in Life Expectancy and of the Off-
springs During 200 Different Seedings with Salmon
and Trout), by Arne Lindroth, 23 pp., illus., proc-
essed in Swedish. (Reprinted from Vandringsfiskut-
redningen Meddelande, Report No. 6.) Sartryck ur
Ostkusten, Hudiksvalle, Sweden, 1959.

"On the Weight Distribution of the Fishes Caught by the
Salmon Drift Nets in the Region of the Northern Pa-
cific Ocean. I--Fundamental Study on the Weight Dis-
tribution of Rainbow Trout Caught by the Gill Netsin
the Outdoor Pool; IIl--The Weight Distribution of In-
dividual Fish in the Region of the Northern Pacific
Ocean," by Atusi Koike, article, Bulletin of the Jap-
anese Society of Scientific Fisheries, vol. 27, May
1961, pp. 372-381, printed. Japanese Society of Scien-
tific Fisheries, 6-chome, Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-
ku, Tokyo, Japan.

SANITATION:

The Shellfish Sanitation Program of the Public Health
Service, Public Health Service Publication No. 906,
4 pp., printed, 5 cents. U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C., 1962. (For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S.Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Con-
tains information on how shellfish become contam-
inated, initial efforts at sanitary control, the shell-
fish sanitation program today, and shellfish toxins.
Also describes the individual responsibilities of in-
dustry, state, and the Public Health Service ina joint co-
operative program for the sanitary control of shellfish.

July 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 135

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM.

SARDINES:
"Sardine-Like Packs with Sprats from the Caspian
Sea,'' by M. V. Kalantarova, M. V. Maksimova, and
J. K. Rogova, article, Trudy Tekhnologia Rybnykh
Produktov, vol. 60, 1959, pp. 81-93, printed in Rus-
sian, VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie SSSR,
Moscow, U.S.S.R.

SEAWEEDS:

"Chemical Studies on the Green Seaweed. III--Onthe
Inorganic Components of Enteromorpha compressa,
Ulva pertusa, and Their Mucilages, by Kiyo Mita,
article, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific

Fisheries, vol. 27, March 1961, pp. 239-242, printed.

Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 6-chome,
Shiba-kaigandori, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan,

SEINES:

"Certain Elements of Optimal Method of Operation
in Fishing with Danish Seine," by A. V. Lestev, ar-
ticle, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 34, 1958, pp. 37-46,
printed in Russian. VNIRO Glavniproekta, pri Gos-
planie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

SHARKS:

"What You Should Know About Sharks (Part 1),' by
Ednard Waldo, article, Louisiana Conservationist,
vol. 14, nos. 5 & 6, May-June 1962, iilus., printed.
Louisiana Wild Life & Fisheries Commission, Wild
Life & Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orleans,
La, This the first part of an article on sharks. De-
scribes a few of the estimated 300 species of sharks
recognized in the world today, including, among oth-
er facts, their appearance, location, and feeding hab-
its. Also contains a topographical diagram of a''typ-
ical'' shark, illustrating terms used in the text.

SHRIMP;

"How Much 'Meat!' is Found in Frozen Shrimp Pack-
ages?,'' by J. T. R. Nickerson, J. J. Licciardello,
and M. M. Joselow, article, Frosted Food Field, vol.
34, no, 4, April 1962, pp. 31, 36, illus., printed. In
view of the strong interest in the actual amount of
shrimp meat offered in consumer packages of frozen
shrimp, a survey was undertaken during the spring
and summer of 1960. Five types of frozen shrimp

Contains a detailed account of equipment and methods
of fishing used in a shrimp survey, and descriptions
of other types of nets used elsewhere. Results of ex-
plorations by area are given, including the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, southwest coast, and east and northern
coasts of Newfoundland, Also includes a note on the
preparation of shrimp for market.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:
Providing Management Talent for the Small Business,

by Leon C, Megginson, Management Research Sum-
mary, 4 pp., processed, Small Business Administra-
tion, Washington 25, D. C., October 1961, A sum-
mary of a report ona study of small businesses in Lou-
isiana and several other Southern States. Manage-
ment is defined as the function by which the objec-
tives of an organization are attained through coop-
erative action. According to the report a management
selection program should include (1) systematic re-
cruitment of potential managers, (2) preliminary
screening of candidates on the basis of past records
and preliminary interviews, (3) further probing of
their abilities through tests and references, (4) a
series of intensive interviews, and (5) final selec-
tion based on all the data plus the personal judgment
of the executive making the decision. The most sat-
isfactory plans for developing executives include
training both inside and outside the company.

Small Business Problem Studies, by John B. Kline and

John T. Doutt, Management Research Studies, 4 pp.,
processed. Small Business Administration, Wash-
ington 25, D. C., April 1962, The research reported
in this summary consists of case studies of small
manufacturing companies and small retail, wholesale,
and service establishments in the Rocky Mountain
area. In the original report, each case is presented
in a narrative style and covers a particular problem
confronting the owner-manager or management group.
The narratives in many cases are documented by var-
ious exhibits which support the situation; for example,
organization charts, cost schedules, sales records
and charts, personnel schedules, maps, job descrip~
tions, balance sheets, income statements, and inven-
tory records,

were examined: raw, breaded; cooked, breaded; raw, |SMOKED FISH:

shell on; raw, peeled; and cooked, peeled. The re-
sults of the survey are disclosed in this article, in-
cluding comparative tables showing the shrimp meat
content of the various types of shrimp tested.

"Prawn Farming Shows Promise," article, World
Fishing, vol, 11, no, 4, April 1962, pp. 59-60, illus.,
printed. John Trundell (Publishers) Ltd., St. Rich-
ard's House, Eversholt St., London, NW1, England.
Three Australians are at present making the world's
first attempt to mass-breed prawns in captivity. This
article discusses their experimental work and their
reasons for believing that large-scale prawn farming
on a sound economic basis is possible along a vast
stretch of the eastern Australian coast. Although the
effort is still in an experimental stage, the indica-
tions are that it will be successful, according to the
article.

Shrimp Survey in the Newfoundland Fishing Area, 1957
and 1958, by H. J. Squires, Bulletin No, 129, 35 pp.,
illus., printed, 50 Canadian cents. Queen's Printer
and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, 1961.

"The Phenol Composition in Smoke-Cured Fish," by

A. I, Yuditskaya and T. M. Lebedeva, 10 pp., illus.,
processed, (Translated from the Russian, Rybnoe
Khoziaistvo, vol, 9, 1960, pp. 69-73.) U.S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Office of Technical Services,
Washington 25, D. C.

SPAIN:
"La Sardina, los Tunidos, y la Anchoa en 1961"' (The

Sardine, the Tuna, and the Anchovy in 1961), by Mare-
iro, article, Industria Conservera, vol. 28, no, 272,
February 1962, pp. 29-30, printed in Spanish. Union
de Fabricantes de Conservas de Galicia, Calle Mar-
ques de Valladares, 41, Vigo, Spain.

SPINY LOBSTERS:
"This Market is Worth £ A4.8 Million," by D. J. Gates,

article, Fishing News International, vol. 1, no. 3,
April 1962, pp. 57-58, 61-62, illus., printed, 6s. 6d.
(about 90 U. S. cents). Arthur J, Heighway Publica-
tions, Ltd., Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London,
E.C, 4, England. The first of two articles describing

136

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

the rapidly growing crayfish (spiny lobster) industry
of Australia. Aspects of crayfish production are
outlined. Includes production figures, vessels, meth-
ods of processing at sea, handling and processing,
export regulations, and refrigeration equipment.

STERN RAMP:

"The Case for the Stern Ramp," article, World Fish-
ing, vol. 10, October 1961, pp. 28-29, 35, printed.
John Trundell (Publishers) Ltd., St. Richard's House,
Eversholt St., London, NW1, England.

SUNFISH:

"Occurrence of Early Developmental Stages of the Ob-
long Ocean Sunfish, Ranzania laevis (Pennant) in the
Central North Pacific,’ by Kenneth Sherman, article,
Copeia, no, 4, 1961, pp. 467-470, American Society
of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 18111 Nordhoff
St., Northridge, Calif.

SWEDEN:

Gill Disease, en Sjukdom som Fiskodlingsanstalterna

~ bor Vara Uppmarksamma pa (Gill Disease, a Sick-
ness which the Fish Hatcheries Must Watch Closely),
by Olle Ljungberg, 5 pp., processed in Swedish. (Re-
printed from Vandringsfiskutredningen Meddelande,

Report No. 4.) Sartryck ur Ostkusten, Hudiksvalle,
Sweden, 1960.

Nagra Synpunkter pa Vardering av Skada pa Fisket

Genom Sjoregleringar (Some Viewpoints on the Eval-
uation o e Injury to the Fishing Industry Through
Sea Regulations), by Lennart Hannerz, 17 pp., proc-
essed in Swedish. (Reprinted from Vandringsfiskut-
redningen Meddelande, No.1.) Sartryck ur Seite
ten, Hevikevalle- Sweden, 1959.

SYRIA:

Import Tariff System of Syria, WTIS Part 2, Opera-
tions Report No, 62-14, 2 pp., printed, single copy
10 cents. Bureau of International Programs, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., March
1962. (For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25,
D.C.) Presents information on units of currency,
weights and measures; bases of specific and adva-
lorem duties; method of payment of duty; custom
surtaxes; sales and other internal taxes; preferen-
tial duties; consular documents and fees; trade re-
strictions; and other special regulations,

TARIFF AND TRADE:

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1960-61
Tariff Conference--Geneva, Switzerland). Volume
I--Negotiations with the EEC Under Article XXIV:

6 of GATT. Reciprocal Negotiations with the EEC,
Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, [srael, New Zea-
land, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Portugal, Sweden,
Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, Department of
State Publication 7349, Commercial Policy Series
186, 280 pp., illus., printed, $1.25. Department of
State, Washington 25, D. C., March 1962. (For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The U-
nited States has completed the larger part of its ne-
gotiations in the bilateral phase of the 1960-61 Tar-
iff Conference held under the auspices of the Con-
tracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tar-
iffs and Trade (GATT), in Geneva, Switzerland. This

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

report includes the results of reciprocal negotiations
with the European Economic Community (EEC) and
other member countries, and the results of renego-
tiations with the EEC,

, Volume II[--Compensatory Renegotiations,
Department of State Publication 7350, Commerci
Policy Series 187, 110pp.,illus., printed, 35 cents.
During the Tariff Conference the United States nego-
tiated with a number of contracting parties making
changes in their schedules of concessions. The re-
sults of those negotiations which have been completed
are included in this report.

TIDE TABLES:

Tide Tables--West Coast, North and South America
(including the Hawaiian Islands), 1963, 224 pp., printed,
$1. Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., 1962. High andlow
water predictions.

TRADE EXPANSION ACT:

partment of State, Washington 25, D. C., April 1962.
On January 24, 1962; President Kennedy proposed to
the Congress a new Trade Expansion Act to replace
the Trade Agreements Act of 1934, which is sched-
uled to expire June 30, 1962. The new act, the Pres-
ident explained, is designed to meet the needs of the
U. S. in the changed trading world of the 1960's, This
publication has been prepared to answer numerous
questions that have arisen during the wide and nec-
essary public discussion of the proposed legislation.

TRADE LISTS:

The U.S. Department of Commerce has published the fol-
lowing mimeographed trade lists. Copies may be ob-
tained by firms in the United States from the Com-
mercial Intelligence Division, Office of Trade Pro-
motion, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., at $la

copy.

Canneries--Mexico, 13 pp. (April 1962). Lists the
names and addresses, size of firms, and types of
products handled by each firm. Includes producers
and exporters of canned fish and shellfish and fro-
zen fish. Also contains basic trade and industry data.

Boat and Ship Builders, Repairers and Chandlers--Ec-
uador, 3 pp. (April 1962). Lists the names, addresses,
and size of boat builders, and types of vessels (includ-
ing fishing craft) built by each firm.

TRANSPORTATION:

"Air-Ship Fresh Fish Cross-Country," article, Food
Processing, vol. 22, October 1961, pp. 134, 136, print-
ed, Putnam Publishing Co,, 3 E. Delaware Pl., Chi-
cago 2, Ill.

TRAWL BOARDS:

"Some Experiments with Trawl Boards," by Dick Brett,
article, World Fishing, vol, 11, no, 5, May 1962, pp.
43-44, 47, illus., printed. John Trundell (Publishers)
Ltd., St. Richard's House, Eversholt St., London, NW1,
England. Discusses various experiments made by the
author in an attempt to improve the traditional type

July 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

137

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION I[SSUING THEM.

trawl board. Some of his troubles, not only in de-
signing boards, but in getting them accepted by local
fishermen, are described in this article.

TRAWLERS:
"The Most Economic Steaming Speed of Trawlers,"
by U. Wegner, article, Schiffstechnik, vol, 37, 1960,
p. 114, printed. C. Schroedter und Co., 10 Stubben-
huk, Hamburg II, Germany.

TRAWLING:
Deep Sea and Wing Trawling, 106pp., print-

Trawlin,
ed, 21s, (about US$2.95). The Gourock Ropework
Co., Ltd., Port Glasgow, Scotland, 1961.

TRAWL NETS:

"The Design and Operation of the Wing Trawl,'' by
Alan Glanville, article, World Fishing, vol. 10, Sep-
tember 1961, pp. 23-25,printed. John Trundell (Pub-
lishers) Ltd., St. Richard's House, Eversholt St.,
London, NW1, England.

"French Trawl Can Improve Catches," article, World
Fishing, vol, 11, no. 5, May 1962, pp. 32-33, illus.,
printed, John Trundell (Publishers) Ltd., St. Rich-
ard's House, Eversholt St., London, NW1, England.
Summary of a comprehensive and informative re-
port on the trials carried out with the Boulogne white
fish trawl in two Aberdeen trawlers. Included are
diagrams showing various parts of the trawl.

TROPICAL FISHERIES:

Tropical Inland Fisheries, by C. F. Hickling, Tropi-
cal Agriculture Series, 371 pp., illus., printed, 42s.
6d. (about US$6.00). Longmans Green & Co., Ltd.,
6-7 Clifford St., London W1, England.

TUNA:

Le Thon Patudo, PARATHUNNUS OBESUS (Lowe) et
sa Peche (The Big-Eyed Tuna and Its Fishery), by
Fernando Frade, Studies, Investigations and Docu-
ments No, 69, 74 pp., illus., printed in Portuguese
with French and English summaries, 25$00 (87 U.S.
cents). Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar, Rua da
Junqueira, 86, Lisbon, Portugal, 1960.

"Tuna Harvest,'' by Gerald V. Howard, article, Fish-
ing News International, vol, 1, no. 3, April 1962, pp.
22-23, 25-26, 29, illus., printed, 6s. 6d. (about 90
U.S. cents). Arthur J. Heighway Publications, Ltd.,
Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London, EC4, England.
Describes the tuna industry around the world, includ-
ing characteristics of various species of tuna, a-
mount of landings, fishing methods, and condition of
resources. Also contains a map showing world-wide
distribution of the albacore tuna.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT:

General Regulations for the Enforcement of the Fed-
eral Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Title 21, Part
1, 28 pp., printed, 25 cents. U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Food and Drug Ad-
ministration, Washington, D. C., 1961. (For sale by
the Superintendent of Documents, U. 5. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Presents pro-
visions of the regulations promulgated under the Fed-
eral Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as amended,

U.S.S.R.:

Collection of the Literature on Fisheries Economy of
the Southern Basins of the U.S.S.R. from 1918 to 1953,
by N. S. Romanov, 296 pp., printed. Academy of Sci-
ence, Section of Biological Science, Ichthyological

Commission, Moscow, U.S.S5.R., 1955.

Collection of the Literature on Fisheries of the Far

ological Sciences, Ichthyological Commission, Mos-
cow, U.S.S.R.

11738, 6 pp., printed. Joint Publications Research
Service, Washington, D. C. (Photocopies for sale by
Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.--price upon-application.) (OTS:62-
15354, Xerox reproduction, $1.10, also for sale by
the Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of
Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.)

"Russia: Advanced Ocean Fishing Country," by J. L.
Kask, article, Fishing News International, vol. 1,no.
3, April 1962, pp. 9-13, illus., printed, 6s. 6d. (about
90 U.S. cents). Arthur J. Heighway Publications, Ltd.,
Ludgate House, 110 Fleet St., London, EC4, England.
Describes the planning and organization that lies be-
hind the rapid development of the Russian fishing in-
dustry which, in a very few years, transformed anon-
seafaring nation into one of the most advanced ocean
fishing countries in the world. The author's on-the-
spot look at some of the fishing ports as well as dem-
onstrations of fishing on the Black and Caspian Seas
and on the Volga River, complemented by seminar re-
views of all phases of fisheries, planning, develop-
ment, and research in the U.S.S5.R. by authorities in
those fields forms the background and source of the
information on which this report is based. In con-
clusion, the author states that: ''Judging from past
performance, present activities and stated policy, it
appears safe to predict that the U.S.S5.R. will continue
to expand and intensify her ocean fishing in all inter-
national waters. She seems to be tooling up scientif-
ically and operationally to do a thorough job."

"'Severyanka in the Schools of Herring and Cod," by M.
Ryzhenko, article, Rybovodstvo I Rybolovstvo, vol, 4,
1961, pp. 29-30, printed in Russian, (Translation
available on loan only to approved borrowers from
Keeper, Science Museum Library, London, SW7, Eng-

land.) Ministerstvo sel'skogo khoziaistva SSSR, Mos-
cow, U.S.S.R.

"Sovjet har 100,000 fiskefartyg'' (Soviets Have 100,000
Fishing Vessels), by Hans Forshell, article, Svenska
Vastkustfiskaren, vol.,32, no. 7, April 10, 1962, p.
149, illus., printed in Swedish. Svenska Vastkustfis-
karnas Central-forbund, Goteborg, Sweden,

VESSELS:

Research Vessel Design, 618 pp., illus., processed.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na-
tions, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy,
1961, Reprints of papers and discussions presented
to the FAO Research Vessel Forum in Tokyo Sep-

138 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 7

tember 18-30, 1961, The purpose of the meeting was

to exchange information on all important technical
aspects of the design and operation of research ves-
sels, particularly those for fishery research, and to
provide such experts as oceanographers, biologists
and naval architects who work, or may have occa-
sion to work, in this field an opportunity to discuss
these problems,

VITAMIN D:
"Determination of Vitamin D in Fish and Fish Prod-
ucts by Chromatography with Japanese Acid Clay,"

by Hideo Higashi and others, Chemical Abstracts,
vol, 55, November 13, 1961, 23865g, printed. Amer-
ican Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW., Washing-
ton, WoO.

WORLD TRADE:
Import Tariff System of Mexico, Operations Report
No. 62-16, WTIS Part 2, 2 pp., printed, 10 cents, Bu-
reau of International Programs, U. S, Department of
Commerce, Washington, D, C., April 1962. (For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C)

Prolific fish—such as carp—often deposit as many as 150,000

eggs annually.

HADDOCK

The mating call of male haddock, said to sound
somewhat like the noise made by an outboard motor,

has been tape-recorded by marine biologist Per Hog-
nestad at Troms¢ Aquarium, Troms¢, Norway. (News
of Norway, May 3, 1962, Norwegian Information Serv-
1¢e%

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Helen Paretti, and Raie Carron

* OK

"OF

Pp. 4 & 7--J. Pileggi; pp. 9 & 23--F. B. Sanford and C, F. Lee; pp. 25 &
27, fig. 1--J. J. Murray; p. 40--A. H. Howell; pp. 54-55--H. Nomura;
p. 60--A. W. Anderson; p. 72--A. J. Suomela; p. 99--B. K. Brigham,

Woods Hole, Mass.

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12 dozen steamer clams 12 baking potatoes

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Says en 12 ears of corn, in the husks 12 live lobsters (1 pound each)
Melted butter or other fat

he ATE se ik rrwet ic Lemon wedges

meer, ‘sna
Wash clam shells thoroughly. Wash potatoes and cut off ends. Remove corn silk from
Ey ears of corn and replace husks.
Use a large metal container, similar to a thirty-gallon galvanized garbage can, with a
tight fitting lid. Have 5 baskets with folding handles made to fit inside the container.
The bottom of the baskets should be made of half-inch, galvanized wire mesh. Place 3,
6-inch high supports in the bottom of the container. -
Put water in the bottom tf the container to a depth of about 5 inches. Place potatoes
in a basket and place on supports in the container. Finish filling container by placing
corn in the next basket, lobsters in the next two baskets, and clams in the top basket.
Cover container and place over a hot fire. Steam for 1 hour. Remove baskets. Crack
lobster claws. Serve with lemon wedges and melted butter. Serves 12.

“* issued by the National Marketing Services Office,
is U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Chicago 5, Ill.

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UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
STEWART L. UDALL, SECRETARY

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
CLARENCE F. PAUTZKE, COMMISSIONER

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
DONALD L. MCKERNAN, DIRECTOR
DIVISION OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
RALPH C. BAKER, CHIEF

A review of developments and news of the fishery industries
prepared in the BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

Joseph Pileggi, Editor

Address correspondence and requests to the: Chief, Branch of Market News, Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Publication of material from sources outside the Bureau is not an endorsement. The Bureau is not
responsible for the accuracy of facts, views, or opinions contained in materialfrom outside sources.

Although the contents of the publication have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted freely,
reference to the source is appreciated.

Use of funds for printing this publication has been approved by the Director of the Bureau of the
Budget, May 10, 1960.

en SS SS ena
CONTENTS

COVER: A Japanese tuna long-liner leaving Yaizu, principal
tuna port in Japan, for the Indian Ocean fishing grounds.

Page

1 ..Aspects of World Trade of Interest to the Fishery Industries, by Arthur M. Sandberg

6 . .Use of Environmental and Economic Factors to Check Biological Fluctuations in Maine Lobster Population,

by Robert L. Dow

Page Page
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Alaska Fisheries Investigations: Fish Oils:
9 .. Alaska State-Federal Cooperative King Crab 20 Effect of Dietary Oils on Blood Cholesterol
Research Fish Protein Concentrate;
9 .. Little Port Walter Salmon Studies 21 .. National Academy of Sciences to Study Fish
10 .. Auke Bay Estuary Salmon Studies Protein Concentrate
10 .. Herring Spawning Studies Fish Sticks:
10 .. Karluk Lake Sockeye Salmon Studies 21 Norwegian Subsidiary Plant in United States
Alaska: to Double Output
10 .. Douglas Marine Station Being Set Up Great Lakes Fishery Investigations:
American Fisheries Advisory Committee: 21 Western Lake Superior Fishery Survey for
11 .. Interior Department Advisory Group Views 1962 Season Begins
Status of Fisheries 21 Lake Erie Fish Population Survey
Antarctica: 23 Depth Distribution of Chubs and Associated
11 .. Fisheries and Oceanography Included in Re- Species in Lake Michigan Studied
search Vessel Eltanin Studies 23 Lake Michigan Fishery Survey Continued
California: j Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program:
12... Exploratory Fishing for Pink Shrimp off 24 .. Western Caribbean Sea Potentially-Valuable
Northern Area Species Assessed
14... Albacore Tuna Migration Studies and Tag- Gulf Fishery Investigations:
ging 25 .. Shrimp Distribution Studies
15 .. Pelagic Fish Population Survey Continued 26 .. Shrimp Marking Study in Gulf of Mexico
16 .. Midwater Trawling for Salmon Fingerlings Hawaii:
Continued 27 .. Good Results with Tilapia as Live Bait for
Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products: Skipjack Tuna
16 .. By Areas and Quarters, 1961 and 1960 Industrial Fishery Products:
WY arg January-March 1962 ah 6 U. S. Production, June 1962
Central Pacific Fisheries Investigations: 27... Major Indicators for U.S. Supply, May 1962
17... Young Tuna Collected from Predators! 28 U.S. Production, April 1962
Stomachs 28 U. S. Fish Meal and Solubles, Production
Dams: and Imports, April 1962
18 .. Interior Department Recommends Mountain Maine Sardines:
Sheep Damsite on the Snake River 29 Canned Stocks, June 1, 1962
Federal Purchases of Fishery Products: Massachusetts:
19 .. Department of Defense Purchases, January- 29 Fishery Landings by Gear and Area, 1961
May 1962 Mississippi:
Oman Fishery Landings, 1961

Contents continued page II.

Page

32
32
33

34
35
35

36
37

39
40
40
40
41
42
42
43
43

49
50

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS (Contd.):
Navigation:

March Storms Roughed-Up Ocean Bottom
and Altered Navigation Channels Along At-
lantic Seaboard

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration and Gear

Research:

Long-Line Gear Tested for Swordfish

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations:

Live Marine Specimens and Biological Data
on Hake Collected

Ocean Bottom Sediments and Marine Animal
Life Studied

Woods Hole Biological Laboratory in Massa-
chusetts Dedicated

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program:

Survey of Deep-Water Marine Fauna off
Mouth of Columbia River Continued

Survey of Bottomfish Populations in Gulf of
Alaska Continued

Oceanic Fish Survey off Pacific Northwest
and California Coasts

Oregon:

Research is Key to Expanding Shrimp Fish-
ery

Behavior of Young Salmon in Reservoirs
Being Studied

Oysters:

Long Island Sound Observations on Spawning
and Setting, 1962

Maryland Observations, 1962 Season

Shrimp:

United States Shrimp Supply Indicators, June

1962
South Atlantic Exploratory Fishery Program:

Calico Scallop Explorations off North Caro-

lina
Tuna:

First Recorded Skipjack Migration from
Eastern Pacific to Hawaii

New Cannery Being Built in Puerto Rico

U.S. Fishing Vessels:

Fisheries Loan Fund and Other Financial
Aid for Vessels, April 1-June 30, 1962
Documentations Issued and Cancelled, May

1962
U.S. Foreign Trade:

Edible Fishery Products, April 1962

Edible Fishery Products, May 1962

Selected Fishery Products, January-March
1962

Imports of Canned Tuna in Brine Under
Quota :

Imports and Exports of Fishery Products,
1957-1961

Statistical Detail for Imports Beyond that
Provided in New Tariff Classification

Whiting:
Results of Study on Improving Quality
Wholesale Prices:
Edible Fish and Shellfish, June 1962
FOREIGN:
International:

Food and Agriculture Organization:

Program to Promote Use of Fish Protein
Concentrates for Human Consumption

World Meeting on Tuna Biology
Interior Official Headed United States
Delegation

Pag

55
55

60
61

62
62

FOREIGN (Contd.):

International (Contd.):
Food and Agriculture Organization (Contd.):
Interior Under Secretary Carr Delivered
Keynote Address
European Economic Community:
Fisheries Policy Conference Proposed for
Europe
European Free Trade Association:
Another Ten Percent Tariff Cut Announced
Fish Oils:
World Exports Established Record in 1961
International Northwest Pacific Fisheries
Commission:
Soviet-Japanese Salmon Catches, 1956-1961
International North Pacific Fisheries Com-
mission:
Committee on Biology and Research Meets
in Tokyo
(North European) International Fisheries
Convention of 1946:
Tenth Meeting of the Permanent Commis-
sion
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Commission:
Commission Meets in Moscow
International Whaling Commission:
Ad Hoc Scientific Committee Meeting
Annual Meeting of Commission
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development:
Fisheries Committee Meeting
International Institute of Refrigeration:
International Congress of Refrigeration to
be Held in Munich
Oceanography:
Tropical Atlantic Investigation
Angola:
Japanese Company Plans to Establish Fish-
ing Base
Argentina:
Landings of Fish and Shellfish, 1960-61
Australia:
Tuna Research to be Expanded
Canada:
Freezing System Research to Aid in Develop-
ment of British Columbia Tuna Fishery
Ceylon:
Department of Fisheries to Purchase Fishing
Trawlers
Congo Republic:
Only Fish Cannery Packs Tuna and Pilchards
Denmark:
Second Fish-Freezing Vessel for U.S.S.R.
Fish Fillets and Blocks and Fishery Indus-
trial Products Exports, April 1962
Ecuador:
Government Plans Aid to Fishing Industry
Restricted Fishing Zone Established off
Coast
Fiji Islands:
Government to Approve Japanese-British
Tuna Base
France:
Fishing Fleet, 1961
Ghana: i
Japanese Fishing Company to Base Four
Tuna Vessels in Ghana
Greece:
Fishery Landings, 1961

Contents continued page III.

August 1962

Page

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63
63
63

63
64

64
65

65
65

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Greece (Contd.):
Commercial Fishing Vessel Fleet, 1961
New Steel Trawler Being Built
Artificial Cultivation of Sponges
Sponge Exports, 1961
Iceland:
Fisheries Trends, May 1962
Exports of Fishery Products, January-April
1962
Fishery Landings by Principal Species, Jan-
uary-March 1962
Utilization of Fishery Landings, January-

March 1962
Indonesia:
Japanese Government Seeks Indonesian Fish-
ing Base
Israel:
Tanganyikans Take Fishing Course in Israel
Italy:

Joint United States-Italian Venture to Can
and Market Tuna in Italy

Japan Supports Italian Packers' Movement
to Seek Increase in Frozen Tuna Import
Quota

Ivory Coast:
First Fishing Vessel Built
Japan:

Export Prices for Frozen Tuna Shipped to
Wino s

Rejections of Frozen Yellowfin Tuna by U.S.
Packers Increase

April-May 1962 Exports of Frozen Tuna to
United States

Frozen Tuna Exports to the United States in
1961

United States Tuna Packer Files for Patent

New Cannery to Pack Tuna

Group to Study Tuna Resource Problems

Tuna Research Program Expansion Planned

Albacore Tuna Research

Albacore and Skipjack Tuna Fishing Condi-
tions Early in June

Albacore and Skipjack Tuna Fishing Condi-
tions off Japan, June 1962

Skipjack Tuna Fishery Trends, June 1962

Albacore and Skipjack Tuna Fishing in Late
June 1962

Tuna Catch Quota for South Pacific Fishing
Bases May be Established

South Pacific Mothership Fleet Catching
Mostly Yellowfin Tuna

Atlantic Ocean Frozen Tuna Export Prices
Raised

Atlantic Ocean Tuna Fishing Conditions in
Late June 1962

Producers Discuss Declining Atlantic Ocean
Tuna Catch

Fisheries Agency to Announce New Tuna
Licensing Policy

Fishing Company to Build Ten Tuna Vessels

Japanese Government Approves Indonesian
Tuna Base

Tuna Landings for FY 1961

Five Tuna Vessels for Cuba

North Pacific Mothership Salmon Fishery
Catch Quota

Position on North Pacific Fisheries Conven-
tion

Page

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Japan (Contd.):
Frozen Halibut Export Prices Up
King Crab Fall Catch Quota Set for Bristol
Bay
Two Fish Carriers Return from Bottomfish
Fishery in North Pacific
Makeup of Bering Sea Bottomfish Fleet
Shrimp Fishing off Pribilof Islands, 1962
Canned Shrimp Pack in Bering Sea by Fac-
toryship
Bottomfish Mothership Fleet Departs for
Aleutian Waters
Exports of Frozen Fishery Products (Exclud-
ing Tuna) to the U. S., Fiscal Year 1961
U.S. 5S. R. Reaction to Certain Japanese Fish-
ery Proposals
Participation in Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
Commission Being Considered
Government Studying Northwest Atlantic
Trawl Fishery
Trawl Survey to be Made in Okhotsk Sea
Large Stern Trawler Completed
Trawlers Depart for West Africa and Aus-
tralia
Herring Bought from U.5S.5S. R.
Study of World Fishery Trends Planned
Canned Fishery Products Exports, 1961
Republic of Korea:
Italy to Build Large Number of Fishing Ves-
sels for South Korea
Kuwait:
Status of Fishing Industry
Malagasy Republic:
Joint Fishery Firm to be Established by Ja-
pan
Malaya:
Ex-Vessel Tuna Prices Increased
Mexico:
Shrimp Fishery Trends, April-June 1962
Spiny Lobster Catch in Baja California,
1961/62 Season
Morocco:
Sardine Pack Target for 1962/63 Season
Netherlands:
Fishery Products Included in Restricted Im-
port List
New Caledonia:
Japanese-French Tuna Base Planned
Nicaragua:
Shrimp and Lobster Fishing at Corinto
Nigeria:
Japanese Plan to Establish Fishing Base
Norway:
New Machine Sorts Herring by Size
Soviet-Norwegian Fisheries Agreement Rati-
fied
Winter Herring Catch Again Very Light
Fishery Trends, First Quarter 1962
Status of Fisheries, 1961
Fishermen's 1960 Average Earnings
Stern Trawlers Being Built for Offshore
Fishing
Stern Trawler Has Device to Record Posi-
tion and Opening of Trawl Net
National Whale Quota for 1961/62 Antarctic
Season
Whale and Sperm Oil Production for 1962 is
Down

Contents continued page IV.

Page

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86

86
86
87
87
87
88

89
89
89
89
89
90
90
90

The amount of radioactivity now being found in food does not warrant any action
by the Government, or any change in buying or food preparation habits of the United
If the situation should change, the public and appropriate public
health officials at alllevels of Government will be kept informed. Channels of com-
munication already exist to assure that this is done.

States consumer.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

FOREIGN (Contd.):
Norway (Contd.):
Whale Oil Prices Lower in 1962
Peru:
Exports of Marine Products, January-March
1962
Philippines:
United States Firm Seeks Danish Cutters for
Philippines
Portugal:
Selected Fishery. Landings, 1961
Outlook for Canned Sardine Market in 1962
Frozen Fishery Products Exports, 1961
Canned Fish Pack, January-March 1962
Canned Fish Exports, January-March 1962
Seychelles:
Establishment of Tuna Industry Under Study
Spain:
Bilbao Fisheries Trends, First Quarter,
1962
LOSS pate tater
Fishing in Northwest Atlantic South of Nova
Scotia
New Baltic Fishing Port
Fishing Industry Urged to Produce More
Oceanographic Research in Indian Ocean
Talks on Cooperation Between Fishing In-
dustries of Russia, Poland, and East Ger-
many
Studies on Preservation of Fish, 1961
United Kingdom:
Canned Salmon Imports Lower in 1961
Live Fresh-Water Crayfish Imported from
Russia
Venezuela:
Canned Sardine Estimated Pack for 1962
FEDERAL ACTIONS:
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare:
Food and Drug Administration:
Major Overhaul Proposed of Special Die-
tary Food Regulations
Department of the Interior:
Interior Members Appointed to Committee
on Fishing Vessel Construction

Page

95
96
101
102
103

104

104
105
106

107
109

Should protective measures ever have to be considered, the amount of radio-
activity inthe total diet, as consumed, could be substantially reduced by simple and
ordinary sanitary precautions such as washing and peeling, and by proper care in
the use of foods which are protected from fallout by tight, impenetrable packaging.
(FDA Memo for Consumers, April 16, 1962, U. S. Food and Drug Administration. )

RADIOACTIVITY IN FOODS

FEDERAL ACTIONS (Contd.):
Department of the Interior (Contd.):
Fish and Wildlife Service:
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries:

New Pay Plan Approved for Aleut Resi-
dents of Pribilof Islands in Alaska
Prospectus Issued on Alaska Fur-Seal

Processing
Interstate Commerce Commission:
Certain Frozen Prepared Fishery Products
Included in Fishery Exemption for Trucks
Department of Labor:
Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Division:
Special Wage Minimums for Learners in
Fishery Plants May be Possible
Department of State:
Agency for International Development:
"Cooley Loans'' Now Available in Eighteen
African Countries
Area Redevelopment Administration:
Shellfish Industry Study in York County,
Maine, Approved
United States Supreme Court:
Ruling Affects Fishing Crews Unemployment
and Social Security Tax Exemption
White House:
Fishery Exports to El Salvador Confronted
with Higher Duties
Eighty-Seventh Congress (Second Session)
FISHERY INDICATORS:
Chart 1 - Fishery Landings for Selected States
Chart 2 - Landings for Selected Fisheries
Chart 3 - Cold-Storage Holdings and Freezings
of Fishery Products
Chart 4 - Receipts and Cold-Storage Holdings
of Fishery Products at Principal Distribution
Centers ’
Chart 5 - Fish Meal and Oil Production - U.S.
and Alaska
Chart 6 - Canned Packs of Selected Fishery
Products
Chart 7 - U.S. Fishery Products Imports
RECENT FISHERY PUBLICATIONS:
Fish and Wildlife Service Publications
Miscellaneous Publications

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.

Price 60 cents (single copy).

Subscription Price: $5.50 a year; $2 additional for foreign mailing.

August 1962 Washington 25, D. C.

ASPECTS OF WORLD TRADE OF INTEREST
TO THE FISHERY INDUSTRIES-

By Arthur M. Sandberg*

In speaking about fish meal and oil, one of the industry members remarked that if there
is ever an industry with an international look, this is it. The reference was to the menhaden
industry, and its manufacture and sale of fish meal, oil, and solubles. Therefore, certainas-
pects of world trade are of concern and interest to the fishery industries.

World trade is a broad and complex subject so this article will be limited to a descrip-
tion of several major international trade organizations and some recent developments that
are shaping foreign trade policies.

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

One of the important developments affecting world trade in fishery products is the for-
mation of the European Economic Community or Common Market. This is already bringing
about changes in world trade patterns. Six nations--France, the Federal Republic of Ger-
many, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands--have agreed to enter into a com-
plete economic union. This union involves a promising market of about 170,000,000 people,
one comparable in size to that in the United States.

EUROPEAN WORLD TRADE IN FISHERY PRODUCTS
ECONOMIC 1959
COMMUNITY :
...170 MILLION PEOPLE 3 IMPORTS EXPORTS
EEC /
Mores ane ous 7%/
i RD QUOTAS EEC
caution To a commons ae EFTA
— es / 23%
aoe Grown ANO OMER Gne =
COUNTRIES ae COUNTRIES =~
oe : 70%
PERCENT
ee cE
VALUE
$1.2 BILLION $1.2 BILLION

Note: Trade of 95 countries; USSR and a number of other countries are not included.

Fig. 1 - The EEC unites six nations in an economic union known

Fig, 2 - EEC (Common Market) accounts for 24 percent of world
as the Common Market.

imports of fishery products and 7 percent of exports,

In terms of total dollar value of world fishery imports, the Common Market takes 24
percent of the total trade. It accounts for 21 percent of total United States exports of fish-
ery products. In recent years, the bulk of United States exports to the Common Market have
consisted of fish oils, amounting to some $8,000,000 to $10,000,000 annually.

1/Adapted from a statement at the National Menhaden Convention Sponsored by the Virginia Fishermen's Association, February 13,
1962, Old Point Comfort, Fort Monroe, Va.

* Trade and Tariff Specialist, Branch of Foreign Fisheries and Trade, Division of Industrial Research, U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, Washington, D. C.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
SEP. NO. 653

2 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

The Treaty of Rome of March 27, 1957, provides for the gradual elimination of tariffs
and quotas on trade among the six countries of the Common Market. Because the present in-
dividual tariffs of member countries differ widely in the level of duties, the treaty generally
provides for setting up a single ''average'' common tariff on imports of products from outside
the area, The new duties are scheduled to become effective gradually over a period of about
10 years, possibly by 1970.

MARKE
UNITED STATES EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS 1959 COMMON T
PERCENT OF VALUE TARIFF RATES ON
FROZEN FISH FILLETS 1960
PER CENT }
AD VALOREM 3 |
30 ;
' |
20
PROPOSED
10 |
VALUE OF FISHERY PRODUCT.
$44,242,000 FREE |
| i |
BENELUX FRANCE WEST ITALY COMMON
GERMANY MARKET
Fig. 3 - The European Common Market accounts for 21 percent Fig. 4 - In the Common Market, present national duties on fillets
of United States exports of fishery products. will gradually adjust to a uniform level by 1970.

In setting up their external tariffs, the Common Market countries have decided that fish
oils shall remain free of duty. Fish oils will benefit by much more favorable duty treatment
than many other fishery products. The proposed duty on fish meal is 5 percent ad valorem.
Under the gradual application of the duties, the present national fish meal duties would be
lowered in Italy, West Germany, and France, but increased in Belgium, the Netherlands, and
Luxembourg, until at the end of 10 years all would apply the 5 percent duty. Fish solubles
would be duitable at 9 percent and whale oil at 2 percent. Proposed duties on canned fish will
range from 18 to 25 percent; fish fillets will be 18 percent.

Normal trade with the Common Market =
infishery products may be alteredby the new EFFECT OF EEC _
level of duties and by special arrangements 8
by which member countries will support the is
fishery segment of their economy under a
common fisheries policy. On the other hand, FROZEN
it is possible that a higher standard of living
may have beneficial effects on total fishery
trade. For example, there are favorable
prospects for an increase in the use of fish
meal because of expanding poultry produc-
tion.

The Common Market countries, in their
effort to promote growth and development,
will develop a common fishery policy. This
policy could provide for the mobility of labor
and capital, supports to fisheries, special
marketing schemes, fishing by vessels of one
country in territorial waters of another, or grant permission for vessels to land their fish
catches freely in another Common Market country. We do not know yet what special market
or support devices might be established in the Common Market; these are to be decided up-
on in the next few years by the EEC Commission.

Fig. 5 - Increased Common Market import duties may divert
present trade to other countries.

Recently the United Kingdom and Denmark petitioned for membership in the Common
Market. The conditions under which these countries would be permitted entry are now being

August 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 3

negotiated. There is some question how the British Commonwealth countries would partici-
pate should the United Kingdom enter the Common Market. Assuming that the United King-
dom application will be approved, it might be expected that the 10 percent duty on United
States fish oil imported into the United Kingdom would gradually be reduced to the free-of-
duty level of the Common Market. Should the United Kingdom and Denmark become members,
the Common Market would then encompass a trading area of about 250,000,000 people. Other
countries also have expressed an interest in joining the Common Market.

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Another organization which is expected to play an important part in the integration of
Europe is the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In Septem-
ber 1961, the OECD was established with membership from 20 countries. The United States,

Canada, the six Common Market countries,
the United Kingdom, Norway, Iceland, Sweden,
Denmark, Portugal, Switzerland, Austria,
Greece, Spain, Turkey, and Ireland are mem-
bers. Through cooperative actions, the OECD
hopes to spur the economic growth of its
members, to encourage worldwide trade and
investment, and to aid the lesser-developed
countries of the world in economic expansion,

An OECD Fisheries Committee was estab-
lished to carry out a program to promote the
harmonious development of fisheries and to
iron out trade problems. This Committee
will have close links with the OECD Trade
Committee and others dealing with economic
policies. Since September 1961, the Fisher-
ies Committee has met twice in Paris to con-
sider such major trade problems as subsi-
dies and supports, import restrictions, sani-
tary requirements, and marketing practices.
A. W. Anderson, formerly Assistant Director

ORGANIZATION FOR
ECONOMIC COOPERA-
TION & DEVELOPMENT

A 20 NATION EFFORT TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC GROWTH

unite stares | FRANCE | MTaLy { SPAR
CANADA WEST GERMANY SWEDEN
AUSTRIA | GREECE | Netwemancs =| switzemiann
BELGIUM ICELAND NORWAY TURKEY
DENMARK | IRELAND | porruca: —|_unrrep amapom
| | |
JANUART 1962,

Fig. 6 - Through cooperative actions, the OECD will spur eco-
nomic growth, encourage trade, and aid lesser-developed coun-
tries.

of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and now Regional Fisheries Attache in Copen-

ORGANIZATION FOR
ECONOMIC COOPERA-
TION & DEVELOPMENT

COUNCIL OF
MINISTERS

EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE

SECRETARIAT

TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE

DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC
ASSISTANCE LCT

AGRICULTURE FISHERIES,

Fig. 7 - A Fisheries Committee in OECD will work closely with
other committees concerned with economic policies of member
countries.

hagen, is vice-chairman of the OECD Fish-
eries Committee.

ORGANIZATION FOR
ECONOMIC COOPERA-
TION & DEVELOPMENT
FISHERIES COMMITTEE

PROGRAM OF WORK .. . 1962

SEEK REMOVAL OF SUBSIDIES AND
IMPORT RESTRICTIONS

PROMOTE QUAUTY STANDARDS

DEVELOP IMPROVED PACKAGING

SIMPLIFY SANITARY REGULATIONS

PROMOTE FISH CONSUMPTION

JANUARY 1992

Fig. 8 - The OECD Fisheries Committee will promote harmonious
development of fisheries.

4 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE

Some 40 countries of the world have banded together in an international forum for the op-
eration and administration of trade agreements. This organization is known as the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The
GENERAL AGREEMENT member countries account for about 85 per-
ONS RARIEES & ERD DE cent of total world trade. Under the GATT,

six rounds of trade agreement negotiations
age 1,

have been held. The last round of tariff ne-
EO seemser countess s oo es SBEBS% oF won maoe

gotiations was recently concluded in Geneva;
the details of negotiations between the Com-
mon Market andother member countries, in-
cluding the United States, were reported pre-
viously in this periodical.1

Apart from bargaining for mutual reduc-
inna ie tions in import duties, other GATT activities
include actions to reduce or eliminate quotas,
internal levies, discrimination, subsidies,
customs formalities, and other obstacles to
trade. Commitments under the GATT are
designed to maintain the value of tariff concessions and expand international trade.

Fig. 9 - GATT is a multilateral agreement to reduce trade bar-
riers and expand trade.

OUR CHANGING TRADE POLICIES

Many articles in the press lately have covered the request the President made to the
Congress for broad authority to reduce United States import duties in exchange for equivalent
concessions from the European Common Market and other countries. Known as the '' Trade
Expansion Act of 1962,"' the bill (H. R. 9900) being considered by Congress would grant the
President new authority to negotiate trade agreements, to lower existing duties by 50 percent,
and even eliminate tariffs on products now dutiable at 5 percent or less and on products where
the United States and the Common Market account for 80 percent of total world trade. It woula
also allow negotiation on broad categories of goods rather than on an item-by-item basis as
in the present negotiating authority. ;

Safeguards like the ''escape clause'' and ''peril point'' would be retained. But the new def-
initions are based on determination of significant idling of plants and workers as the result of
increased imports because of reductions in duty. Temporary tariff relief could be granted,
where essential, to assist those industries injured by a sudden influx of imports. A reserve
list would set aside any item from negotiations if it were determined not to be in the best in-
terest to reduce its duty.

Recognizing that some United States firms and workers might be hurt by lower duties
and increasing imports, the President also asked the Congress for authority to give adjust-
ment assistance. Under such a program, United States enterprises idled by increased im-
ports may be assisted in meeting import competition and making economic adjustments. As
an alternative to granting tariff relief, an expanded program of tax relief, loans, loan guar-
antees, and technical assistance would be provided to aid firms to modernize and diversify
their operations. The objective would be to strengthen the efficiency of affected firms and
workers. The President has stated that the adjustment assistance would be designed to
strengthen the efficiency of the economy, not to protect inefficiencies. The accent is on ad-
justment, not assistance.

Provision would be made for various forms of tax relief such as a special carry-back of
current. operating losses from 3 to 5 years. Long-term loans at as low as 4 percent interest
and for terms up to 25 years would be made where necessary to provide financial assistance
if other financing were not available. Readjustment allowances would be givento workers
idled by imports. Workers would get up to 65 percent of their average weekly wage for up

1/See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1962 pp. 1-6.

August 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 5

to 52 weeks, vocational education and training for higher or different skills, or financial aid
to relocate to a different place.

CONCLUSION

This briefly outlines some of the organizations and international developments influenc-
ing and shaping United States foreign trade policies. Resulting actions will have a direct
bearing on many United States fishing industries. The industrial fisheries would be well ad-
vised to carefully consider these developments and their probable effect on the fish meal and
oil industries.

ALASKA FUR SEAL GUARD HAIR HAS MANY USES

Industry finds more and more uses for materials that might otherwise be
wasted; oneof the most recent examples is Alaska fur seal guard hair, which
is now an article of commerce sold for a number of purposes.

Almost all fur-bearing animals have two kinds of hair--fine fur, which is
very smooth and silky, and guard hair, which is longer and tougher than the
finefur and serves to protect it. Most animals have far less guard hair than
fine fur, and in mink and silver fox wraps, the guard hair (until it breaks off)
adds a fashionable note. But the guard hair of the Alaska fur seal is very
dense and must be removed to produce the beautiful furs required by the mar-
ket. Theprocess is still carriedoutbyhand; men scrape the furs with curved,
two-handled steel knives quite similar to the bone knives used by the ancient
Egyptians for removing hair from animals. About 70,000 pounds of Alaskan
seal guard hair becomes available every year.

For many years, guard hair was only a waste product, bringing at best a
few cents apound on the open market. Then, both in Europe and in the United
States, it came to be used as an ingredient of sweaters, thick fabrics, and
skirts. Manufacturers were able to point to the content of genuine guard hair
of the Alaska fur seal as a sign of great luxury, and the market value in-
creased spectacularly--but it also fluctuated wildly, in response to the whims
of fashion.

To stabilize the market, the producers have developed new uses for guard
hair, taking advantage of its unique properties--primarily a "three color" ap-
pearance. The very tip of a guard hair is white; the predominant color is
glossy black, andthere is a straw-colored root. Incorporated in decorative
papers, the graceful arch of the guard hair creates a unique, soft textural
background of random patterns. Proposed applications include stationery,
cover stock for books, reports, etc., wallpaper, lampshades, and underlays
for countertops. (Industrial Bulletin, April 1961.)

6 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS
TO CHECK BIOLOGICAL FLUCTUATIONS
IN MAINE LOBSTER POPULATION

By Robert L. Dow*

After two decades (1919-1940) of low fishing intensity (6.5 million pounds annually), the
Maine lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery expanded rapidly (15.8 million pounds annually)
during World War II and subsequent years (1941-1951) to enter a period of high yield (22.4
million pounds annually). The years with greater landings were associated with intensive
fishing activity. Since 1919, an unaccounted for variance in the yield of the fishery has not
exceeded + 10 percent. Biological sampling indicates that the catch now consists of approx-
imately 90 percent newly-recruited post-moult lobsters.

Fig. 1 - A Maine fisherman unloads his catch of lobsters at a selling dock.

The influence of environmental and economic factors on landings from the fishery has
been reported by several investigators. Average April-May sea water temperature is as-
sociated with the number of lobsters available to the post-moult July-August fishery. The
July-August supply regulates the summer price which, in turn, influences fishing intensity
during both the lobster seasonal year (July-June) and the calendar years following (R. L. Dow
1961).

Since it is possible to predict landings and, by inference, available abundance, by the
measurable variables: temperature, landed value, and fishing intensity, any significant
(+ 10 percent) deviation from prediction is indicative of probable biological changes; i.e.,

frequency of moult, natural mortality, or year-class survival.

*Research Director, Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries, Augusta, Maine.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

SEP. NO. 654

August 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 7

Fig. 2 - Typical Maine boat hauling in a lobster trap.

Subnormal winter-spring sea water temperature is associated with delayed moult and a
depressed first-half lobster-year catch. Recovery of the fishery during the second-half of
the lobster year or during the following calendar year indicates that the decline in the rate of
recruitment caused by retarded growth has been temporary only. Failure of recovery despite
a return to favorable water temperature levels would serve to warn of the probability of a
more significant biological change. The effect of this modification might not become evident,
in the case of year-class survival, for a period of five years or more, while any change inthe
rate of natural mortality would require confirmation by other evidence.

The table shows the order of magnitude relation among the several variables and landings
during the decade 1952-1961, is therefore proposed as a means of checking the biological fluc-
tuations in the Maine lobster population.

The Order of Magnitude Relation in the Maine Lobster Fishery Among the Several Variables and Landings in the Decade 1952-61

Following

Current Year

April-Ma
Lobster Lobster Lobster
Temp. Landings Price Landings Landings
OF, Million Lbs. ‘¢/Lb. sine Rel suieu(Mallion}Lbsai\s celles eas
1953 Seal eis} 1954 3.6 al7
1955 8.3 32 1956 Sue 20,6
1954 8.1 34 1955 3.18 CSE
1957 7.8 35 1958 4.4 21.3
1952 Ta 42 1953 4.1 Ppa e\
1960 625 44 1961 4.3 20.9
1958 6.0 50 1959 4.4 Pye}
1956 yeal 50 1957 4.1 24.4
1959 alo yal 1960 4.5 24.0
4.7 59 1962 - -

In 1961, the lowest May sea water temperature since 1943 retarded the rate of sublegal
lobster recruitment by approximately 6.5 percent below that predicted. The duration of this
influence may be appraised by the behavior of the fishery during 1962 and subsequent years.

8 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

BIBLIOGRAPHY
DOW, R. L. jand TROT selene
1961. Some Factors Influencing Maine Lobster Landings. 1956. A Study of Major Factors of Maine Lobster Production
Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 23, no. 9 (Sep- Fluctuations. Dept. of Sea and Shore Fisheries,
tember), pp. 1-11 (also Separate No. 627). Augusta, Maine, ms.
; HARRIMAN, D. M.; PONTECORVO, G.; and TAYLOR, C. C.; BIGELOW, H. B.; and GRAHAM, H. W.
STORER, J. A. 1957, Climatic Trends and the Distribution of Marine Ani-
1961. The Maine Lobster Fishery, ms. mals in New England, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Serv-

ice, Fishery Bulletin 115, vol. 57.
; ; and SCATTERGOOD, L. W.
1959, The Role of Holding Pounds in the Maine Lobster In-
dustry. Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 21, no.
5 (May), pp. 1-14 (also Separate No. 548).

=
SJ

“4

COMMON DREDGES

The common dredge consists ofa metal triangular or oblong frame, to which is attached
a bag net made of iron rings, S-hooks, and/or cotton cording. The frame is equipped with
a raking bar generally with teeth on the lower edge. The implement is used in gathering
shellfish (oysters, crabs, and scallops). There is really no standard design for a dredge;
each fisherman has his own ideas on what makes an efficient gear and modifies and alters
the basic design to suit himself. Dredges are of various sizes and dimensions,

{
\ LXXXXX\)
RADOXXXXXAK)Y
} cay Wi

itd

Crab dredge
“Scallop dredge

Note: Excerpt from Circular 109, Commercial Fishing Gear of the United States, for sale from the Superintendent of Documents,
Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., single copy, 40 cents.

August 1962

Ses: EE

or =a

Alaska Fisheries Investigations

ALASKA STATE-FEDERAL
COOPERATIVE KING CRAB RESEARCH:
The king crab biological research pro-
grams of the Alaska Department of Fish and
Game at the Kodiak Research Center and the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Bio-
logical Laboratory at Auke Bay have been
coordinated. The Bureau Laboratory's re-
search efforts are to be concentrated on the
continental shelf west of Chirikof Island and
the Alaska Center's efforts are to be con-
centrated on studying the Kodiak stocks of

‘lagging king crab in Alaska.

king crab. One of the research groups also
is to place a research biologist aboard the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries explora-
tory fishing vessel that will be working Port-
lock Bank (near Kodiak) this summer. Alas-
ka Department biologists will continue to
handle collection of all king crab tags.

LITTLE PORT WALTER SALMON STUDIES:

At Little Port Walter the peak migration
of pink and chum fry occurred in Sashin
Creek between April 25 and May 25. By May
25 the total fry escapement was 5.7 million
pinks and 123,000 chum fry. The numbers of
each species leaving Sashin Creek this

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 9

=1RENDS su

= AND

EDEVELO PMENTS

spring will be in close agreement with the
abundance of pre-emergent fry estimated in
late March. At that
time about 6.3 mil-
lion pink and 123,000
chum pre-emer gent
fry were estimated
to be present in
Sashin Creek spawn-
ing beds. The 1962
migration from Sashin Creek is the largest on
record for both pink and chum fry since enu-
meration started on pink fry in 1941 and chum
fry in 1943. The largest previous recorded
migration of pink fry occurred in 1960 with
5.3 million and chum fry in 1945 with 38,000.

Fish eggs and "fry, '' or baby fish.

Twelve SCUBA-equipped biologists from
the Auke Bay Laboratory Dee eed in an
intensive survey of
the Sashin Creek
estuary and obtained
information on the
ecology, distribution,
movement, and school-
size of pink salmon
fry, both in the estu-
ary and along the
coast of Chatham
Strait. An intense
phytoplankton bloom
was under way inthe
inner bay, limiting
visibilities to 4 feet or less. Nearly all fry
were situated in the upper 2 feet of the water
column, and fry were infrequent at depths of
3 feet or greater. The larger schools of fry
seemed to be farther from the shore and in
deeper water than the smaller schools. For-
aging individuals appeared to be giving most
attention to the surface and the upper four
feet. Potential predators noted in the upper
four feet included juvenile coho salmon, kelp
greenling, adult herring, and whiting. All,
however, were in such small numbers that
they would be incapable of taking large num-
bers of fry. Deeper dives in the outer harbor
and along the coast disclosed a surprising
dearth of fish at depths between 30 and 80

SCUBA divers have learned many
things about fish and fishing.

10 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

feet. Whether this scarcity is seasonal or
permanent is not known at present.

AUKE BAY ESTUARY SALMON STUDIES:

Migrant salmon indexing experiments in
Auke Creek and Bay were nearly complete
in May 1962. Preliminary analyses indicate:
(1) Over 65,000 pink salmon fry entered the
bay from Auke Creek (75 percent between
May 6-14). (2) Over 30,000 pink migrants
were captured in 2 floating traps in Auke
Bay (80 percent between May 12-18). Itis
believed that these fry were predominantly
from Auke Creek. (3) A reliable method of
counting fry migrants photoelectrically was
developed. Auke Creek experiments for
pinks resulted in 1 out of every 2, 3, and 9
fry being recorded by the counter on the
aperture and photocell positions; for sock-
eye smolt in Auke Creek, 1 out of every 2
smolt were counted by the photocell. (4)
Salt-water holding pen experiments for pink
salmon entering Auke Bay will continue as
long as possible. The first experimental
group of Auke Creek migrants was placed in
the pens April 1, and a weekly sample has
been taken throughout the run. Weekly length
frequencies are being obtained for eachcom-
plete experiment, using a simple photograph-
ic technique developed for the purpose. Re-
sults indicate: (a) a highly favorable estuary
environment (only one mortality attributable
to a natural cause); (b) growth rates com-
parable to those obtained in similar experi-
ments in Smeaton Bay near Ketchikan in
1956, 1957, and 1958. (5) Sockeye smolts
leaving Auke Lake reached a peak on May
21, which is 2 weeks later than the peak in
1961. The run through May was estimated
in excess of 40,000 sockeye smolts.

se de ke ke
wk OK OK OK OK

HERRING SPAWNING STUDIES:

Herring spawning took place in Auke Bay
during late April and early May. The spawn-
ing in 1962 appears to be somewhat lighter
than usual, although it was spread over a
large area. The crop of rock weed (a pre-
ferred substrate for spawning) appeared to
be considerably smaller than usual this year
which may be reflected in the widespread
nature of the spawning activity.

Herring eggs deposited in April andearly
May began hatching toward the end of May.
Efforts to take herring larvae with a high-

Vol. 24, No. 8

speed plankton sampler have not yet been
successful. Since the samplers used have
shown considerable success in capturing
other fish larvae and juveniles of consider -
ably larger size than herring larvae, it would
appear that the herring larvae were not ac-
cessible in Auke Bay. Either they are too
close to the beach or at too great a depth to
be successfully sampled with the present pro-
cedure, or they may have been carried out of
the bay by tidal currents immediately after
hatching.

sk sk sleek
1K OK Kk KK

KARLUK LAKE SOCKEYE
SALMON STUDIES:

Sockeye salmon smolt catches out of the
Karluk River were extremely light until May
18 when the out-migration increased in mag-
nitude. The first few adult sockeye salmon
appeared at the Karluk River weir site on
May 16, which is almost 2 weeks earlier than
in 1960 and 1961. Fry migrations into Karluk
Lake from Meadow Creek and Grassy Point
peaked in early May. Based upon a markand
recovery method using stained fry, Meadow
Creek contributed about 275,000 fry and
Grassy Point about 234,000. The Grassy
Point fry run in 1962 is about one-half of that
of 1961.

Alaska

DOUGLAS MARINE STATION
BEING SET UP:

Plans were being completed in May 1962
for setting up the Douglas Marine Station of
the Marine Science Institute, University of
Alaska. It willbe located inthe former May-
flower School Building in Douglas, Alaska
(near Juneau). The Station will be used as
a research laboratory and graduate train-
ing school. Two oceanographers, bothfrom
Texas A. and M. are already there. Three
additional researchers were expected.

The research program for the new Ma-
rine Station is expected to be well under way
by fall. The Director of the Marine Science
Institute stated that he hoped the Station
would have a research vessel in the near
future.

August 1962

American Fisheries Advisory Committee

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT ADVISORY
GROUP VIEWS STATUS OF FISHERIES:

A searching look at the present status and future of the
Nation’s commercial fisheries was taken by the American
Fisheries Advisory Committee at its 14th meeting, held
May 24 and 25, 1962, in Washington, D.C. The meeting was
opened by Frank P. Briggs, Assistant Secretary of the Interior
for Fish and Wildlife, who called for serious deliberations by
the Committee on problems facing the American fishing indus-
try.

The Committee, an advisory group to Secretary of the In-
terior Stewart L, Udall, spent much of its session working as
four study groups, composed of five members each, These
groups assessed the Atlantic area, the Pacific area, the Gulf
and Caribbean area, and the Inland areas, reporting to the
full Committee and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries on
the current status of the fisheries in those areas and what
the situation is likely to be in the immediate future and in
975;

Significant among the findings were the growing effect of
international activities upon the fisheries and the need for
long-range planning. The increasing amounts of fishery prod-
ucts being imported into the United States, the competition
with other nations for the resources of the sea, and the need
for using presently untapped fish species also were stressed,

The groups also recommended to the Bureau of Commer~
cial Fisheries an acceleration of its marketing program,
The Committee felt that some United States markets lost
to imports could be regained by an aggressive promotion of
fishery products and that the per capita consumption of fish
in the United States could be increased through such means
as consumer education on the nutritional value of fish. The
need for improved and consistent quality also received con-
siderable attention,

Under Secretary of the Interior James K, Carr addressed
the meeting and emphasized the potential of increased fish
production as a means of utilizing all marine resources, of
providing an opportunity for tremendous expansion of the fish-
ing industry, and of the United States taking the lead in solving
world-wide problems of hunger and malnutrition, Carr said
the Department is solidly behind a proposal to manufacture
fish protein concentrate from whole fish for human consump-~
tion and said he is optimistic about the manufacture and dis-
tribution of this protein supplement on a world-wide basis,

Government laboratories are finding better ways:
of using proteins from fish and fish products.

The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries described its work
in the fish protein concentrate field. The Bureau is explor-
ing various methods for manufacturing the concentrate, in-
cluding chemical and other extraction processes that have
shown promise. The Bureau’s preliminary findings indicate
that fish protein concentrate is a cheap, highly nutritional,
easily stored, and transported product with a variety of uses,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW ial

\\\ CONSE RY.
\@ONE “TO SEA.

America belongs to nine International Commissions
dealing with the produce of the sea.

Among other Bureau programs reviewed for the Committee
were the Bureau’s participation in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean-
ography Survey, its vessel construction differential subsidy
program, its student fellowship program, and its long-range
program planning.

Antarctica

FISHERIES AND OCEANOGRAPHY
INCLUDED IN RESEARCH VESSEL
"ELTANIN" STUDIES:

On the first leg of her voyage to Antarc-
tica to begin scientific operations in polar
waters, USNS Eltanin left New York on May
23, 1962, for Valparaiso, Chile. In addition
to regular scientific studies that can be made
during the voyage, the ship will make nine
special stops between Panama and Valparai-
so for oceanographic studies related to Ant-
arctic research. The vessel was expectedto
arrive in Valparaiso in late June.

USNS Eltanin is a floating research lab-
oratory maintained by the National Science
Foundation. Scientific projects carried out
aboard the ship are funded and coordinated
by the Foundation, and operation of the ship
is by the Military Sea Transportation Serv-
OS)

On her cruise southward, the Eltanin will
make two major stops in the Peru-Chile
trench, where bottom trawls will be made
by the University of Southern California ma-
rine biology group aboard and piston cores

12 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

SOUTH AMERICA

BARRANQUILLA

*
CARACAS

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VALPARAISO® w\ “MENOOZA, cg iy
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Oceanographic Stations USNS Eitanin (May-June 1962).

will be obtained by Florida State University
personnel. The Florida State group will ob-
tain piston cores at three additional loca-
tions, and at all nine stops hydrographic sta-
tions will be made for Texas Agricultural
and Mechanical College scientists.

Because of the interest expressedinthese
studies, the voyage has been designated
Cruise 3 of the Eltanin to indicate that sci-
entific observations are an important mis-
sion of the voyage.

Cruise 2, the major shakedown cruise of
the ship following her conversion for re-
search purposes, was made between March
15 and April 16, 1962, between New York
and an area in the Labrador basin near
Greenland. The area was chosen to dupli-
cate as closely as possible Antarctic con-
ditions, and at the same time to obtain use-
ful scientific data.

Only limited oceanographic studies had
previously been made in the area at that
time of year.

Marine biology work was carried out by
the University of Southern California, with a
major biological station made. Nine com-
plete hydrographic stations were obtained by
Lamont Geological Observatory in a network
from the southern tip of Greenlandto Labra-
dor, from whicha delineation of water masses

Vol. 24, No. 8

and ocean currents was accomplished. La-
mont microbiologists made continuous studies
of primary productivity of plankton of the
near surface waters en route.

Cruise 1 of the Eltanin took place briefly
in late February and early March 1962 to
test scientific equipment.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1961 p. 9,
August 1961 p. 16, June 1961 p. 15.

California

EXPLORATORY FISHING FOR PINK
SHRIMP OFF NORTHERN AREA:

M/V “Alaska™ Cruise 62-A-2 (April 17-
May 29, 1962): Exploratory fishing to locate
concentrations of pink shrimp (Pandalus jor -
dani) in the coastal waters off central and
northern California from Avila to Crescent
City was the principal objective of the cruise
by the California Department of Fish and
Game research vessel Alaska. Other objec-
tives were to determine Size, sex, and weight
of shrimp from different areas; to count and
weigh incidental fish by species; and to obtain
bottom temperatures in shrimp-fishing areas.

A total of 188 tows were made with a
20 x 6 foot beam trawl with lz-inch mesh
netting. The tows lasted 20 minutes. Sixty-
one tows were in Area A from the California-
Oregon border to Mad River; 51 tows inArea
B-1 from Big Flat to Laguna Point; 43 tows
in Area B-2 from Salt Point to Bodega Head;
and 31 in Area C from Pt. San Luis to Pt. Sal.

Brookings

Legend:
——> - Beam-trawl tows.

Crescent City

\
i)
US
Eke
ost
—
he
/
1
!
1
|
€
iS
6

\
\
\
}
\
1
!
i
1
!
!

€
3°
g

Fig. 1 - Area A.

August 1962

Klamath
River

Redding Rock
°

Trinidad

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 13

Shelter Cove

39° 40°

Legend: Westport

Legend: t

—» - Beam-trawl tows. |

Areas of shrimp con- |

C5) - centrations, !
77-126 count/1b.

@ - 173-264 count/Ib.

Fig. 2 - Area A,

The best shrimp catches in Area A were
off the Klamath River and Redding Rock in
45 to 82 fathoms. The heaviest concentra-
tions of shrimp were west and southwest of
Redding Rock where 20-minute tows yielded
up to 600 pounds. This bed was approxi-
mately 17 miles long and from 1 to 6 miles
wide. Within the perimeter of the schools,
19 tows yielded shrimp at an average rate of
819 pounds per hour with a range of 105 to
1,800. The largest shrimp (mostly 2-year-
olds) were generally in the deeper waters
and outside the younger ones (1-year-olds).
There appeared to be a definite separation
by year-class. Within the area where the
older shrimp were concentrated, they aver-
aged 99 per pound (heads on) with a range of
77-126. Where the younger shrimp were
concentrated they averaged 225 per pound
with a range of 173 to 264. No shrimp con-
centrations were found between Pt. St. George
and the Calif.-Oregon border. One tow off
Brookings yielded 125 pounds of shrimp in
20 minutes.

°
°
.
—~+ - Beam-trawi tows.| ¥
x

@Q@ _ Area of shrimp
concentrations.

=>
>

fp _ Sen

Fig. 3 - Area B-1.

Shrimp were difficult to find in Area B-1,
and only one small concentration was located
off Usal in 62 to 70 fathoms. The bed meas-
ured approximately 1x 24 miles. The catch
rate there ranged from 525 to 1,800 pounds
per hour with an average of 925. No shrimp
were caught in 8 tows off Big Flat and 12 off
Westport.

In Area B-2, a narrow concentration of
shrimp was found between the Russian River

Salt Point

Legend:

——> - Beam-trawl tows.
. Area of shrimp concen-

aD trations.

Fort Ross

Russian River +
5 miles

rap YS
a Bare sg

Fig. 4 - Area B-2 (Figs. 1-4 are all beam-trawling station
locations of M/V Alaska Cruise 62-A-2).

14 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

and Salt Point in 44 to 56 fathoms. Thebest
catches were made between Fort Ross and
Salt Point. One of the tows produced 740
pounds of shrimp in 20 minutes. Theschool
measured approximately 17 miles long and
about 0.7 miles wide. Ten tows within the
perimeter of the school produced 548 pounds
per hour with a range of 138 to 2,220.

- Beam-trawl tows.
_ Areas of shrimp
concentrations,

Fig. 5 - M/V Alaska Cruise 62-A-2, Area C. Location of beam
trawl tows.

Area C did not yield shrimp in commer -
cial quantity although a minor concentration
was found off Pt. San Luis in 95-133 fathoms.
This bed was approximately 1.5x5.5 miles.
Six tows made from it produced an average
of 123 pounds per hour with a range of 93 to
183. One tow off Pt. Sal yielded shrimp at
the rate of 111 pounds per hour.

Fifty shrimp from each tow made on the
shrimp beds were classified by sex, meas-
ured, and weighed.

Most of the females had completed spawn-
ing and by the latter part of May very few
females were carrying eggs.

Vol. 24, No. 8

Type of Shrimp Caught by the M/V Alaska on Cmise 62-A-2

Age- Average Count
Area group Per Pound, Count
| 1 [ut [it | Heads-on Range
No. :

Klamath R.-Redding Rd.
Usal

Salt Pt. to Russian R...
Pt. San Luis

The catch of incidental fish was generally
light because very little weight was used on
the footrope. Counts and weights were taken
of all species caught in the majority of the
tows. The catches consisted primarily of hake
(Merluccius productus), sand dabs (Citharich-
thys sordidus), slender sole (Lyopsetta exilis),
rex sole ole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), Dover sole
(Microstomus pacificus), splitnose rockfish
(Sebastodes diploproa), and stripetailrockfish
(Sebastodes saxicola). The latter two species
predominated in Area C catches.

A total of 158 depth casts were made to
record temperatures at the surface and the
bottom at 158 stations.

A
Sen Rk: iS! cae

ALBACORE TUNA MIGRATION
STUDIES AND TAGGING:

M/V 'N. B. Scofield” Cruise 62-S-4-Tuna
(May 17-June 14, 1962): Intercepting albacore
tuna schools and collecting biological data
were the principal objectives of the California
Department of Fish and Game research ves-
sel N. B. Scofield during this cruise. The
vessel operated in the high seas area off Cal-
ifornia and northern _Baja California between
latitudes 25° and 36° N. and offshore to long-
itude 130° W. The detailed objectives of the
cruise were to: (1) intercept albacore schools
approaching the Pacific coast fishing grounds
prior to the fishing season and to determine
their migration route; (2) collect oceanograph-
ic and biological data that may be related to
albacore occurrence; and (3) tag albacore, and
to take scales and stomach contents from those
not tagged.

Adverse weather at the beginning of the
cruise caused a revision of the cruise plan.
Weather for the remainder of the trip per-
mitted normal operations. Surface trolling
gear was used during most of the 3,000-mile
cruise. Nine albacore were caught. Thefirst
fish was caught 250 miles southwest of Guad-
alupe Island and the second, 600 miles west
of Point San Quintin, Baja California. The
other seven fish were caught in an area ex-
tending from 350 to 425 miles westwardfrom

August 1962

~fS San Francisco |

Legend:
O - Denotes albacore catches.

550

Point Conception

130° 25° 120°
===

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 15

PELAGIC FISH POPULATION
SURVEY CONTINUED:

Airplane Spotting Flight 62-4-Pelagic Fish
(April 9-12, 1962): To determine the distri-
bution and abundance of pelagic fish schools,
the inshore area from the United States-Mex-
ican Border to Half Moon Bay was surveyed
from the air by the California Department of
Fish and Game's Cessna ''182" 9042T.

Cruise (62-S-4-Tuna) of the research vessel N. B. Scofield to
study migrations of and collect oceanographic and biological
data related to albacore tuna,

Point Conception, Calif. Inaddition, two alba-
core were lost while pulling in the trolling
lines. Sea temperatures in the catch areas
ranged from 59.2° FY to 64.4° F.

A sonic depth finder was operated when-
ever a fish struck the lines. It indicatedfish
were swimming at depths of 5 to 60 fathoms.

At 74 stations, approximately 40 miles
apart, 450-foot depth readings and 10-meter
Nansen bottle casts were made. A thermo-
graph provided a continuous record of sea
temperatures which ranged from 54° F. to
65.1° F. during the cruise.

Twelve night-light stations were occupied
with Pacific sauries collected at every sta-
tion. Myctophids were numerous, and squid
were observed at many stations. Large jack
mackerel, obtained by hook and line at two
stations, were saved.

Several hours were spent fishing with a
rod and electric reel while drifting over the
Fieberling Guyot (32°24! N., 127952! W.).
The least depth found was 242 fathoms. Al-
though the depth finder indicated fish were
present, none was caught.

Scale samples were taken from all alba-
core, and several parasites and food items
from the stomachs were saved for analysis.
No fish were tagged during the cruise.

The first day's survey covered the area
from Redondo Beach to the United States-
Mexican Border; the visibility was poor be-
cause of low clouds. No fish schools were
seen but a pod of 25 sea lions was observed
about 2 miles north of Scripp's pier and 2
gray whales were seen heading north.

On the second day's survey, the coastline
between Los Angeles Harbor and Pt. Piedras
Blancas was covered. Scouting conditions
were good after the fog dispersed. Twenty-
six anchovy schools were sighted off Malibu
pier and 28 north of Pt. Dume. One of these
was strung out for one-half mile under a
reddish-colored surface streak. Between
Port Hueneme and Coal Oil Point, 125 an-
chovy schools were counted.

Some of the anchovy schools were under
the natural oil slicks at Coal Oil Point. Two
school groups off Gorda Pt. were large; one
was 3 miles long by about one-half mile wide
and estimated to contain between 200 and 300
schools of anchovies. The other large one
was estimated to contain between 100 and 200
schools. Twenty-three anchovy schools were
sighted off the pier at Cayucos and three off
Pt. Buchon. Five gray whales were observed
going north.

No survey was made on the third day be-
cause of fog and low overcast.

16 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Surveying conditions were excellent on the
last day of the flight and the area from Half
Moon Bay to San Luis Obispo Bay was covered.
Two anchovy schools were spotted off Moss
Landing, 18 off Santa Cruz, 1 off Soquel Pt.,and
8 in San Luis Obispo Bay. Seven gray whales,
all going north, were sighted.

The survey was continued May 7-11, 1962.

Airplane Spotting Flight 62-5-Pelagic Fish:
The area from Santa Monica to the United
States-Mexican Border was covered on May
7, but surveying conditions were poor be-
cause of high clouds and low haze. There
were some streaks of red tide off the Hunt-
ington Beach pier. Eleven schools of ancho-
vies were sighted 2 miles north of Scripp's
pier and 6 off Pacific Beach. Some of these
were near the beach and very visible against
the white sand bottom. Thirty-five sea lions
were in the same vicinity. Most of the an-
chovy schools sighted in the San Diego area
were near the mouth of the Tia Juana River.

On May 8, no flight was possible because
of fog and overcast.

Scouting conditions in the area between
Santa Monica and San Simeon on May 9 were
good after the fog burned off. A total of 255
schools of anchovies were sighted between
Malibu and Goleta, 4 in San Luis Obispo Bay,
and 1 off the Cayucos pier. Some streaks of
red tide were observed off Port Hueneme.

Surveying conditions were good in the area
from Long Beach to the United States-Mex-
ican Border on May 10. There were 31 an-
chovy schools between San Diego and the
border, most near the mouth of the Tia Juana
River.

In the area between Half Moon Bay and
Pt. Sal, on May 11, 38 anchovy schools were
counted between the Pajaro River and Soquel
Point while flying north. On the flight south,
the wind had increased and only a few schools
were visible.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, July 1962 p. 12.

MIDWATER TRAWLING FOR
SALMON FINGERLINGS CONTINUED:

M/V “Nautilus” Cruise 62-N-1li, 5b, 5c-
Salmon (April 30-May 4, May 14-17, May 21-
25, 1962) and M/V "Al Larocca" Cruise 62-
C-5d-Salmon (May 27-June 3, 1962): Mid-
water trawl operations in the Carquinez

Vol. 24, No. 8

Strait to capture marked salmon fingerlings
on their seaward migration were continued
by the California Department of Fish and
Game research vessels Nautilus and Al La-
rocca. A nylon midwater trawl with 25-foot
square opening, and a cotton midwater trawl
with a 15-foot square opening were used.

Trawling in Carquinez Strait was con-
ducted between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. and each
tow was for 20 minutes. All tows were al-
ternated between upstream and downstream,
and between the north shore, center, and
south shore of the channel.

A total of 257 tows completed in the Strait
during these cruises yielded a catchof1,783
king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

Of the total king salmon caught, 94 were
marked fish.

Other species appearing in the catch in
significant quantities were: Pacific herring
(Clupea pallasi) about 120,000 fish, northern
anchovy (Engraulis mordax) about 70,000
fish, Sacramento smelt (Spirinchus thaleich-
thys) about 10,000 fish, king salmon (Oncor -
hynchus tshawytscha) 1,783 fish, striped
bass (Roccus saxatilis) 1,223 fish, American
shad (Alosa sapidissima) 616 fish, splittail
(Pogonichthys macrolepedotus) 147 fish,
northern midshipman (Porichthys notatus)
146 fish, and fine-scaled goby (Lepidogobius
lepidus) 122 fish.

Pacific hake (Merluccius productus)

New species appearing for the first time
since mid-water trawling operations began
on April 10, 1961, consisted of night smelt
(Spirinchus starksi) 4 fish, yellowtail rock-
fish (Sebastodes flavidus) 1 fish, and Pacific
hake (Merluccius productus) 1 fish.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1962 p. 7.

Cans--Shipments for Fishery Products

BY AREAS AND QUARTERS,
1961 AND 1960:

In 1961, the Pacific Area or West (includ-
ing Hawaii and Alaska) utilized 73.4 percent
of the 126,017 short tons of steel used inthe
manufacture of cans for fishery products.

August 1962

U. S. and Puerto Rico Shipments of Steel Used for Cans for Fishery Products, 1960 and 1961

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 17,

Aa 9.9) ta Mietpeims cel.s)"ie)pe 0: Nel yn: 16, sl venve (ata in) ie:

dOhp Sitbod wh epee 16,090 | 30,801 | 30,540 92,491 88, 366
5,311] 8,179 | 6,546 30,080 | 30,968

Bil Heri econ epereirioen 622 nega) 1,451 3,446 4,595

Ota Re nee We 22,972 | 22,023| 40, 171 | 38,537 126,017 | 123,929

1/Includes Hawaii and Alaska,
Puerto Rico and South Atlantic.
Gulf States.

equal one short ton of steel.

: Statistics cover all commercial and captive plants known to be producing cans. Reported in base boxes of steel consumed in
the manufacture of cans, the data for fishery products are converted to tons of steel by using the factor: 23.0 base boxes of steel

The bulk of the fish-canning facilities are
located in the Pacific Area. The Pacific
Area was followed by the Eastern Area (New
England, Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and
Puerto Rico) with 23.9 percent. The Central
Area (including the Gulf States and Inland
States) used only 2.7 percent.

The over-all 1961 total was up 1.7 percent
from the amount used in 1960. An increase
; of 4.7 percent in the
amount of steel used
for cans in the Pacific
Area was partly offset
by a drop of 2.9 per-
cent in the amount
used in the Eastern
Area and a decline of
* 25.0 percent in that
used in the Central Area. The increase in
the Pacific Area was due to greater packs of
tuna and salmon. The decline in the Eastern
Area was accounted for by a very light pack
of Maine sardines. A substantial dropin the
pack of canned shrimp was responsible for
the drop in the Central Area.

During the second quarter of 1961, when
shipments of steel for the manufacture of
cans for fishery products were heaviest for
all areas, canneries in the Pacific Area re-
ceived 33.3 percent of the total amount they
consumed, while the Eastern Area received
27.2 percent, and the Central Area received
34.6 percent.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1962 p. 12,
August 1961 p. 21.

Sitar isteh rate} ste
Scie aiey ie) sole) 3k

JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

The amount of steel and aluminum con-
sumed in the manufacture of cans shipped to
fish and shellfish canning plants during Jan-
uary-March 1962 was 10.6 percent above that
used during the same period in 1961. Prior
to this year, these figures covered only tin-

plate cans, but beginning with January 1962

aluminum cans are included.

During this period 584,135 base boxes of
steel and aluminum were used, whereas in
the same period of 1961 (when only tinplate
was reported), 528,346 base boxes of steel
were consumed in making cans shipped to
fishery plants. The addition of the data on

aluminum was only partly responsible for the
increase in cans this year; most of the in-
crease was due to greater packs of tuna,
shrimp, and Maine sardines.

YOUNG TUNA COLLECTED
FROM PREDATORS! STOMACHS:

The collection of larval and juvenile forms
of tuna and tuna-like fish is one phase of the
study to discover the spawning season and
areaof the South Pacific albacore tuna. Dur-
ing January-April 1962, the Charles H. Gil-
bertof the U.S. Bureauof Commercial Fish-
eries Biological Laboratory, Honolulu, in co-
operation with Orsom III of the Institut Fran-
cais d'Oceanie, Noumea, New Caledonia, ex-
plored the intensively-fished albacore grounds
of the South Pacific. Preliminary results of
that expedition indicate that apex (highest form)
predators maybe the best collectors of juve-
nile tuna now available.

Examination of plankton tows from Ahi-
palaha I (the winter expedition's name after
the Hawaiian word for albacore tuna) has so
far yieldedonly one albacore larva. But five
young albacore tuna estimated to range from
6 cm. to 9 cm. (about 2 to 3.5 inches) were
obtained from stomach contents of twoblue
marlin, a yellowfin, and a wahoo.

Examination of albacore tuna gonads caught
by the Charles H. Gilbert and Orsom Lire

18 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Larvae of (top to bottom) albacore, big-eyed, Australian north-
erm bluefin, and Pacific bluefin.

vealed that spawning had already taken place,
possibly as long as two months before the
expedition. This view was supported by the
scarcity of larvae and the presence of young
tuna.

It is known that young skipjack tuna are
found regularly in the stomachs of their
adults and other apex predators. In ad-
dition to the five juveniles discovered in
the South Pacific, two young albacore tuna
were found in the stomachs of predators
caught in the North Pacific. As a result,
efforts to obtain young tuna by this method
will be intensified.

As more and more larvae and juvenile
tuna are recorded, the spawning and nursery
grounds of both North and South Pacific alba-
core tuna will be located. Adequate speci-

Vol. 24, No. 8

mens obtained throughout the year will help
to solve the problems of age and growth dur -
ing the early stages of the albacore tuna's
life history.

Dams

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT RECOMMENDS
MOUNTAIN SHEEP DAMSITE
ON THE SNAKE RIVER:

Federal development of the remaining
section of the Middle Snake River, between
Idaho and Oregon, and a specific recommen-
dation favoring the Mountain Sheep damsite
were proposed on June 28, 1962, by Secretary
of the Interior Stewart L. Udall.

In a letter to the Federal Power Commis-
sion, Secretary Udall recommended that li-
censes be denied both public and private util-
ity groups which have applications pending
and that the Commission recommend Federal
construction.

License applications now pending before
the Commission are from the Pacific North-
west Power Company, a combination of pri-
vate utilities operating in the area, and the
Washington Public Power Supply System, a
combination of public utility organizations in
Washington State.

Various engineering studies for the Moun-
tain Sheep site indicate possibility of a dam
approximately 665 feet high, creating a stor-
age reservoir up the Snake and Imnaha Riv-
ersof about 3,600,000 acre-foot capacity and
with a hydropower plant with a capacity of
1,030,000 kilowatts, approximately half that
of the Grand Coulee Dam. Cost is estima-
ted at $262,800,000.

Primary reason for recommending Fed-
eral development of this area of the river,
Secretary Udall said, is because a major
storage and hydro facility there would affect
many fields of resource development in which
the United States has vital interests.

"Its impact,'' he wrote the Commission,
"will be so great that we recommend that
the United States, and not a non-Federal en-
tity, construct the project ultimately selected
as the more desirable. Taking all resources
into account, we believe that the Mountain
Sheep Dam on the Snake River represents the
optimum development."

August 1962

Secretary Udall pointed out that a storage
project on the Middle Snake River would be
essentially an addition to the existing Federal
Columbia River power system and that all
downstream plants through which the stored
water would run will be Federally owned.
The 2,000,000 acre-feet of active storage at
Mountain Sheep would mean 1,700 million
kilowatt-hours of prime power annually at
the downstream dams by stabilizing the
river flow.

The proposed Mountain Sheep Dam would
provide 1,550,000 acre feet of flood-control
storage space. Under Federal operation,
management of this storage space for power
as well as flood control could be handled
more effectively, thus minimizing or avoid-
ing the possibility of conflict between the
two uses. Such benefits are presently real-
ized from Grand Coulee and Hungry Horse
Dams and reservoirs, built by the Bureau of
Reclamation as a part of the upstream Co-
lumbia River system. Their coordinated op-
eration is of benefit to all downstream hydro-
power facilities.

Secretary Udall said an expedited Feder -

al fishery research program is seeking a
solution to fish-passage problems over large
structures and through long storage reser -
voirs. The Nez Perce site, proposed as a
substitute location for a dam, is downstream
from the confluence of the Snake and Salmon
Rivers and thus would block off migratory
salmon heading up the Salmon River to spawn,
unless the fish-passage problem is solved.

"The Mountain Sheep Project represents
less hazard to the fishery resource than the
Nez Perce Project,'' Secretary Udall wrote.
"We hope the research program will develop
effective means for fish passage which canbe
incorporated into new and existing projects,
including the Mountain Sheep Project... .

"Construction and operation of the project
by the United States will assure that every
effort will be made promptly to preserve and
improve this important fishery resource in
the light of experience and changing technol-
ogy.

Secretary Udall pointed out that additional
costs would inevitably arise in such extensive
readjustments, thus posing an acute problem
in a project constructed and operated by a
non-Federal entity.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 19

For these and other reasons as stated in
the letter, Secretary Udall concluded, ''We
believe that the varied and predominantly
Federal interests involved in the development
of this area of the Snake River outweigh other
considerations and indicate that the Commis-
sion should recommend to the Congress that
the Mountain Sheep Dam should be built by
the United States."

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1961 p. 13,
January 1961 p. 20.

Federal Purchases of Fishery Products

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PURCHASES,
JANUARY-MAY 1962:

Fresh and Frozen: For the use of the
Armed Forces under the Department of De-
fense, more fresh and frozen fishery products
were purchased in May 1962 by the Defense Sub-
sistence Supply Centers than in the previous
month. The increase was 9.9 percent in quan-
tity and 28.4 percent in value. This shows
that higher-priced fishery products were pur -
chased in May. Compared with the same
month a year earlier, purchases in May 1962
were up 14.4 percent in quantity and 34.0 per-
cent in value.

Table 1 - Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Purchased by
Defense Subsistence Supply Centers,
May 1962 with Comparisons

1962 | 1961

1962 1961 1962 1961

During the first five months of 1962, pur-
chases were up only 0.4 percent in quantity
but up 17.9 percent in value as compared with
the same period in 1961. Because of higher
prices for and the purchase of higher-priced
fishery products, the value of the purchases
increased more than the quantity.

Prices paid for fresh and frozen fishery
products by the Department of Defense in May
1962 averaged 56.9 cents a pound, 8.2 centsa
pound more than in the previous month and
8.3 cents a pound more than in the same month
of 1961.

Canned: Canned tuna and canned sardines
were the principal canned fishery products
purchased for use of the Armed Forces in
May this year. For the first five months of
this year purchases of canned fish were up

20 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Table 2 - Canned Fishery Products Purchased by
Defense Subsistence Supply Centers,
May 1962 with Comparisons

an, -Ma

1962 | 1961

May
1962

substantially as compared with the same
period of 1961 because of greater purchases
of canned tuna and canned salmon.

Note: Armed Forces installations generally make some local pur-
chases not included in the data given; actual total purchases are
higher than indicated because local purchases are not obtain-

able.

Fish Oils

EFFECT OF DIETARY OILS
ON BLOOD CHOLESTEROL:

Experiments are being conducted to de-
termine which components of fish oils are
active as cholesterol depressants. This
work is being done under a U. S. Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries contract awarded in
1961 to the Hormel Institute, University of
Minnesota.

Results from this investigation as of March
1962 have established the following relation-
ships between the hypercholesteremic con-
dition: (1) whole body oils from tuna and
menhaden are more effective cholesterol de-
pressants than pure linoleate, which is one of
the most active forms of essential fatty acids;
(2) ester fractions from menhaden oil fatty
acids have been found to be more effective
cholesterol depressants than common dietary
fats of either "animal" or ''vegetable"' origin;
(3) the effects of marine oils can be dupli-
cated by ingesting whole fish products con-
taining these oils (i.e. menhaden, mullet,
ocean perch, and silver salmon); (4) studies
have shown that 8 different marine oils have
a significant cholesterol depressant activity.
These include the whole body oils of tuna,
menhaden, herring, ocean perch, mullet, and
silver salmon and the liver oils of cod and
dogfish; (5) the marine oils are effective in
alleviating a hyperphospholipemia condition
as well as a hypercholesteremia in rats and
man; these changes are accompanied by a
more fayorable balance between cholesterol
and phospholipids in the blood and tissues of
hypercholesteremic rats; (6) the changes in

Vol. 24, No. 8

circulating lipids are associated with specif-
ic changes in the distribution of classes of
lipids and specific fatty acid components in
the cardiovascular tissues.

In many of these studies an attempt has
been made to correlate the observed changes
in plasma cholesterollevels with changes in
the other circulating lipids and with the total
and specific lipids found in the cardiovascular
and associated tissues of these experimental
animals. The marine oils, i.e. menhaden oil
fractions, have been found to promote a re-
duction in liver lipid and a series of changes
in the distribution of specific kinds of lipids
as well as a reduction in plasma cholesterol
levels of the rat. Similar changes were ob-
served in rats fed whole fish products, but
not in rats fed the more common dietary fats.
Considerable effort is now being made to es-
tablish the significance of the metabolic shifts
occurring in tissue lipids following supple-
mentation with marine oil fractions.

Some of the more unique characteristics
of the whole body oils from tuna, menhaden,
salmon, ocean perch, herring, mullet, and
cod are their relatively high contents of the
"linolenic family" of acids, their high degree
of total unsaturation and their contents of
significant amounts of a wide range of fatty
acids having 14 to 22 carbons and 0 to 6 dou-
ble bonds. However, this is more of a quan-
titative than a qualitative distinction for the
marine oils. There is a considerable gap in
our knowledge as to the metabolic function of
most of the lipids found in marine oils and
other tissue lipids. The availability of in-
formation concerning the function of essential
fatty acids is meager and speculations as to
the obligatory cholesterol depressant activi-
ties of these acids and their possible role in
electron transport in the cytochromes have
since proven to be misconceptions. The
transport of these lipids in blood and vascular
tissues has received considerable attentionin
recent years because of the apparent impor-
tance of this phenomenon to the problem of
blood-vascular diseases. However, the dis-
tribution of specific fatty acids in specific
esters which varies according to the tissues
examined and the distribution of lecithins,
cephalins, plasmalogens in the vital organs of
the body suggest-that such lipids and lipid
complexes must play a very important rolein
the vital activities of all living tissues.

Note: (1) This contract research is supervised by the Technolo-
gical Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Se-
attle, Wash. Findings are based on unpublished limited exper-
imental data.

(2) See Commercial Fisheries Review, March 1962 p. 16.

August 1962

Fish Protein Concentrate

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES TO
STUDY FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE:

Secretary of the Interior Stewart L, Udall was advised by
Dr. Detlev W. Bronk, President of the National Academy of
Sciences, the latter part of June 1962 that the Academy will
establish a committe to study fish protein concentrate (FPC),
This study was requested recently by Secretary Udall,

Among other subjects, the study will be a determination
of whether a wholesome, safe, and nutritious fish protein
concentrate product can be made from whole fish; and whether
there is a demonstrable need, either nutritionally or econom-
ically, for an inexpensive animal protein food supplement
among the people comprising the lower income groups of the
United States.

In requesting the National Academy of Sciences to make
the study, Secretary Udall informed Dr. Bronk:

‘“‘The Department of Interior, recognizing the potential val-
ue of FPC to the domestic fishing industry and the global need
for a cheap animal-protein supplement also considers the use
of whole fish to be of vital importance,’’

The Food and Drug Administration, he pointed out, has
held that the fish protein concentrate cannot be marketed in
the United States inasmuch as that agency has ruled that it
contains portions of the fish not normally regarded as ac-~
ceptable for human food,

Processes tested and examined by U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries scientists here and abroad reduce the
whole fish to a ‘'chemically-cleaned powder ideally suitable
as a low-cost protein supplement so desparately needed by
a majority of the world’s population,’’ Secretary Udall said.

The Fish and Wildlife Service’s Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries recently began a research project on fish protein
concentrate. The goal is to develop new or improved meth-
ods of manufacture that would result in ‘‘a product of highest
suitability in terms of keeping qualities, acceptance, cost,
nutritive value, and flexibility for world-wide incorporation
in diets of protein-hungry peoples of the world,’’ Secretary
Udall said.

Secretary Udall added that the manufacture and utilization
of fish protein concentrate covers many scientific areas such
as chemistry, pediatrics, food technology, nutrition, engineer-
ing, economics, and other disciplines. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries scientists at the College Park, Md,, Technological
Laboratory have, by conducting a global survey, gathered and
coordinated nearly all the information available on FPC stud-
ies around the world,

‘Increasing concern over the world food deficit has brought
into international prominence the urgent need for the technolog-
ical development of cheap, stable, and nutritious fish protein
concentrate suitable for world-wide dietary supplementation,’’
Secretary Udall said. ‘‘The Department of the Interior pro-
grams now under way are designed to fulfill our Nation’s re-
sponsibility in meeting this need.”’

Gk
Fish Sticks

NORWEGIAN SUBSIDIARY PLANT IN
UNITED STATES TO DOUBLE OUTPUT:

The Norwegian firm witha plantin Mobile,
Ala., plans to double the output of fish sticks.
This will be accomplished by working two
shifts a day, instead of one. At present, the
frozen fish stick production of the Mobile
plant is about 1,500 tons a year. (News of
Norway, May 31, 1962.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Great Lakes Fishery Investigations

WESTERN LAKE SUPERIOR FISHERY
SURVEY FOR 1962 SEASON BEGINS:

M/V "Siscowet™ Cruise 1 1 (May 9-29, 1962):
The western Lake Superior survey for the
1962 season by the U. S. Bureau of Commer -

cial Fisheries research Siscowet began May
9.

Studies during the cruise were devoted
almost entirely to the distribution and abun-
dance of native and hatchery-reared lake
trout in the Apostle Islands region. Semi-
balloon trawls were fished at depths of 15 to
44 fathoms, and a standard gang of experi-
mental gill nets (1- to 5-inch meshby3-inch
intervals) was fished at 25 fathoms.

A total of 124 young lake trout were taken
during the cruise (6 in gill nets and the re-
mainder in trawls), of which 117 were fin-
clipped. Of these hatchery-reared fish, 72
were from the 1961 Bayfield shore plant, 30
from the 1960 shore plant, and 6 from the
1959 boat plant. All of the young lake trout
were returned alive to the water except a
few which were preserved for food studies.

Most of the lake trout, and other species
(smallnumbers of smelt, chubs, trout-perch,
and sticklebacks) were taken at depths below
25fathoms. Most of the trawl catches includ-
ed yearling coregonines (ararity in former
years), but there was acomplete absence of
alewives, which in the fall of 1961 were taken
innearly every tow.

in conjunction with the trawling operations,
a 3-meter plankton net towed from 1 to 60 feet
below the surface captured about 25 larval
fish, most of which were smelt.

Surface water Dsippcee pecans ranged from
84,99 to 431° F., and were within that
range at all depths.

Note:

See Commercial Fisheries Review, June 1962 p. 17.

Slats Blaiod cals
1K OS OK ook ook

LAKE ERIE FISH POPULATION SURVEY:
The spring series of 3-day trawl opera-
tions (two 10-minute tows at each of three
depths, during the morning, afternoon, and
evening) were carried out in May 1962 atsta-
tions 49 (Bono) and 4 (East Harbor). Bottom
topography in the medium offshore depth (15
feet) at the Bono station interfered with trawl-
ing and strong northeast winds repeatedly in-
terrupted the schedule at East Harbor.

22 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The catches at Bono, which were slightly
greater than at East Harbor,

averaged about
400 fish per
tow. Yellow
perchinabout
equalnumbers
from the 1959
and 1961 year -
classes made
up the bulk of
the total catch. Sheepshead, trout-perch,
spot-tail shiners, and emerald shiners were
also taken in fair numbers. Alewives, giz-
zard shad, and white bass were conspicuously
absent. At East Harbor, the principal por-
tion of the catch of approximately 325 fish
per tow was divided about equally among yel-
low perch, spot-tail shiners, and sheepshead.
Yellow perch predominated in trawl catches
earlier in May. Channel catfish and bullheads
were taken consistently throughout the series.
Twelve yearling yellow pike or walleyes av-
eraging about 9.3 inches long were taken at
East Harbor, and six at Bono.

During one 24-hour period at each of the
two index trawling stations, water samples
were taken for chemical analysis, and quar -
ter-meter plankton nets were towed at the
surface, midwater, and bottom. Catches in
the plankton nets ranged from a few to up-
ward of 1,000 fry per 10-minute tow. The
midwater hauls yielded the most fry, and
slightly larger numbers were taken at night
than during the day.

Surface water temperature increased
steadily from about 58° &: at the beginning
of the month to about 70° F. at the end.

Sampling of the commercial catch, which
began in April, was completed in early May.
Approximately 2,300 scale samples were
collected. Many commercial fishermen cur -
tailed operations because of the low market
price of yellow perch, excessive numbers of
undersize fish, and a scarcity of the more
desirable fish species.

Emphasis in June 1962 was on the evalua-
tion of spawning success and the subsequent
survival of newly hatched fish in Lake Erie.
Tows with half-meter and meter plankton
nets yielded from several hundred toas many
as 5,000 larval fish per 10-minute haul. By
late June most fish of the 1962 year-class
were large enough to be caught in regular
bottom trawls equipped with $ -inch-mesh
cod ends. As expected, young-of-the-year
yellow perch predominated; varying numbers

Vol. 24, No. 8

of white bass, gizzard shad, spot-tail shiners,
smelt, and yellow pike (walleyes) also were
caught.

The early indications of successful re-
production of yellow pike in 1962 were espe-
cially encouraging. More than 200 finger -
lings were captured in trawl tows, a much
higher number than taken in the correspond-
ing period of 1959 (the year of the last suc-
cessful hatch). The young yellow pike were
widely distributed. Some were caught at each
station visited.

Trawl catches of the larger fish consisted
mainly of yellow perch, sheepshead, channel
catfish, and spot-tail shiners. Yellow perch
of all age classes were increasing in weight
and appeared to be in a healthy condition.
Yearling perch continued to feed on plankton,
whereas older perch had changed over to a
diet of small fish.

The bottom sediments of the central basin
were investigated for two weeks in mid-June
to determine the oxygen demand of the sedi-
ments and its effects on the water in contact
with the bottom materials. Samples were
taken by the Musky II at 53 stations between
the Bass Islands and Lorain, Ohio (most were
south of the international boundary). Data
were obtained on the dissolved oxygen, pH,
alkalinity, and turbidity of the lake water at
various depths at each station, in addition to
uptake of dissolved oxygen by mud samples
in continual suspension as well as over packed
mud cores. Dry and ash weights of the sedi-
ment were obtained for each station.

Water analyses and tows with bottom
trawls were carried out at two former sta-
tions established by the Cisco in the central
basin. These locations were selected be-
cause of the dissolved oxygen deficiency ob-
served in previous years. The stations were
to be checked periodically throughout the sum-
mer to determine the relationship, if any, be-
tween the low dissolved oxygen in deep water
and the identity and number of fish and other
forms of aquatic life. The use of a midwater
trawl also was to be explored.

Surface water temperatures in the western
end of Lake Erie averaged 70° F. at the be-
ginning of the month and increased to about
75° F. by late June. Water temperatures in
Sandusky Bay usually ranged severaldegrees
warmer than in the main lake. In general,
water temperatures were considerably warm-
er than for the’ same period in 1960 and

August 1962

1961, but compared favorably with temper-
atures in 1959.

cis ids ENS tes

DEPTH DISTRIBUTION OF
CHUBS AND ASSOCIATED SPECIES
IN LAKE MICHIGAN STUDIED:

M/V "Cisco™ Cruise 2 (May 15-19, 1962):
One of the primary objectives of cruise 2 in
Lake Michigan, off Saugatuck, Mich., was to
determine the bathymetric or depth distri-
bution of chubs (Coregonus or Leucichthys
spp.) and associated fish species before
thermal stratification developed. The cruise
was made by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries research vessel Cisco. Surface
water had warmed somewhat near shore, but
not enough to establish a definite discontinu-
ity layer. The water was homothermous at
about 37.4” F. in all areas 8 miles offshore,
at depths of 35 fathoms or more. Bottom
trawl hauls were made at 7, 10, 12, 15, 20,
25, 30, 35, 40, and 50 fathoms. Chubs (prac-
tically all C. hoyi were taken at all depths
except 7 and 10 fathoms, but catches were
small. Alewives, the most common species
taken, were caught at all depths, but were
most abundant inside of 20 fathoms. Yellow
perch were common out to 15 fathoms. Smelt
were rather abundant at 12 and 15 fathoms;
only a few were taken at other depths. Slimy
sculpins were found at all depths, but were
taken in greatest numbers in the 25- to 40-
fathom range; deep-water sculpins were
caught in only the three deepest tows, and
were abundant only at 50 fathoms. Spot-tail
shiners were taken as deep as 15 fathoms,
trout-perch as deep as 20 fathoms, and log-
perch as deep as 12 fathoms.

Gill nets which were set at 84 fathoms in
an area where the Cisco took large numbers
of C. kiyi in 1954 yielded only a few fish of
that species. Surprisingly, about 25 percent
of the C.hoyi at this depth appeared to be in
spawning condition, at least 2 months after
their regular spawning time. The C. hoyi
caught in shallower water (50 fathoms and
less) seemed to have spawned sometime ago.

Vertical distribution at midwater levels
was investigated by the use of trawls, gill
nets set obliquely from top to bottom, small-
mesh gill nets suspended beneath the surface,
and 3-meter large-mesh plankton nets. Ale-
wives appeared to be rather abundant in mid-
levels out to a depth of 35 fathoms. A few
smelt were caught in the midwater trawls,
and several yellow perch were taken near

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 23

the surface in an oblique gill net set in 13
fathoms. Only 4 C. hoyi were taken mid-
water in the trawls, but 94 were caught off
the bottom in an oblique 1g-inch-mesh gill-
net set in 25 fathoms. Some of the C. hoyi
(which were mostly about 7.5 inches long)
were caught within 20 feet of the surface.
Several coregonine fry were caught in mid-
water over 40-, 50-, and 84-fathom bottoms;
they did not seem to be concentrated at any
midlevel, but were scattered from near -sur-
face to near-bottom in the homothermous
water in which they were found. Tows in
water from 7 to 35 fathoms deep failed to
produce fry.

Chub
(Leucichthys sp.)

Chub pl eS
(Leucichthys spp.) _ ‘ “SS - ae Ae hee Zs=
Bie Sains = rk Sei be gre

WO SBGC

A graduate student from the University of
Michigan was aboard the vessel for 3 days to
collect blood samples from chubs (takenalive
from gill nets and trawls) for electrophoresis
and seroligical studies. These studies are
designed to develop methods to aid in the
identification of the various chub species.

M/V "Cisco" Cruise 1 (April 24-May 8):
During cruise 1 the Cisco was under contract
to the U. S. Public Health Service. The Bu-
reau furnished the Cisco's regular vessel
crew and two biologists from the Ann Arbor
Laboratory, and the Public Health Service
supplied a scientific staff of three. Hydro-
graphic and bacteriological information was
collected at 36 widely-scattered locations
in southern and central Lake Michigan.

te gle gle Sle
Koos

LAKE MICHIGAN FISHERY
SURVEY CONTINUED:

M/V “Cisco” Cruise 4 (June 26-July 9,
1962): Rather pronounced thermal stratifica-
tion was observed in all areas visited in Lake
Michigan, off Saugatuck and Grand Haven, Mich.,
as far out as midlake during this cruise. Sur-
face water temperatures were approximately
61° to 64° F. Early in the cruise, the tem-
perature gradient or thermocline touched bot-
tom at about 6 fathoms. Drags with a bottom
trawl equipped with a small-mesh cod end
showed a rapid change in depth distribution of
bottom fish near this depth. A 10-minute tow

24 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

at 5 fathoms took no chubs (Coregonus hoyi)
or smelt, 586 alewives, 144 yellow perch,
and 2 trout-perch; a similar tow at 7fathoms,
where the bottom water temperature was
colder, caught 187 chubs, 198 smelt, 2 ale-
wives, 201 perch, and 196 trout-perch. At10
fathoms the catch was 395 chubs, 23 smelt,
no alewives, 223 perch, and 2 slimy sculpins.
A few perch and smelt were caught at 12 fath-
oms, but in tows at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40
fathoms the catches were almost entirely
chubs except for moderate numbers of slimy
sculpins.

Catches from a small-mesh gill net set
obliquely from top to bottom in 26 fathoms,
and from another suspended 7 fathoms be-
neath the surface at the same station, indi-
cated that considerable numbers of chubs oc-
cupied midlevels up to the top of the temper -
ature gradient (about 5 fathoms below the
surface), and that fair numbers of alewives
were above that point, but few were in or be-
low it. The chubs, most of which were 7 to
8 inches long, were most abundant at the 5-
to 10-fathom level and near the bottom. Small
trawls towed midwater at night off Grand
Haven took only a few alewives and chubs.
Some of the alewives were apparently year-
lings, but no yearling chubs were caught.

Half-meter plankton nets of rather large
mesh (No. 32 grit cloth) were towed at vari-
ous levels from the surface to near the bot-
tom at 5-fathom depth intervals, over bottoms
from 5 to 45 fathoms deep off Saugatuck, and
at 5 to 30 fathoms off Grand Haven. Fish fry,
believed to be alewives and smelt, were fair-
ly numerous a few meters below the surface
over all bottoms out to 20 fathoms, but not
beyond. Coregonine fry were caught insmall
numbers in the temperature gradient and
slightly belowit, over bottom depths ranging
from 25 to 40 fathoms.

Of 175 chubs caught in a gill net set on
the bottom at 84 fathoms, 11 females were
ripe and 13 gravid, although the usual spawn-
ing season for that species, at least in shal-
lower water, is January to March.

The collection of blood from live chubs
for an electrophoresis study was carried out
by a University of Michigan graduate student.
This study was started on cruise 2.

Vole ZA NO ano

Gulf Exploratory Fishery Program

WESTERN CARIBBEAN SEA POTENTIALLY-
VALUABLE SPECIES ASSESSED:

M/V “Oregon” Cruise 78: To assess the
sea bottom for potentially-valuable species of
fish and shellfishin the outer Continental Shelf
and upper slope zones in the western Carib-
bean Sea was the first objective of the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries exploratory
fishing vessel Oregon on cruise 78. The sec-
ond objective of the Oregon (which returnedto
port on June 15) was to continue the seasonal
coverage started with its cruise 46 in August-
September 1957.

HON OURAS

Legend:

* DREDGE STATION

Shows the station pattern for cruise 78 of the M/V Oregon (May
8-June 15, 1962).

Basic exploratory gear was a 40-foot
shrimp trawl. Length of tows varied with
bottom conditions. In areas where bottom
conditions were too rough for shrimp trawl
sampling, a 5-foot tumbler dredge was used.
A total of 60 trawling and 13 dredging sta-
tions were completed in the survey depths
of 50 to 500 fathoms. In addition, 6 trawling
stations and 8 dredging stations were com-
pleted at lesser depths. Specific areas of

August 1962

deep-water trawling coverage were off Pan-
ama, Nicaragua, Honduras, British Honduras,
and to the north and west of Pedro Bank.

Royal-red shrimp (Hymenopenaeus robus -
tus) were present in the majority of drags in
depths of 200 to 400 fathoms. Only small
concentrations were found, chiefly in 250-
275 fathoms off Nicaragua, which yielded
catches of approximately 20 pounds (heads
on) per 1- to 2-hour tow. Peneopsis mega-
lops had a similar distribution and were taken
at rates of up to 35 pounds per tow. Large
scarlet prawns (Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus)
were found throughout the 250- to 500-fathom
depths but catches were small(1to15 pounds).
Deep-water lobster (Nephrops binghami) were
present in the 125- to 300-fathom range,
which ranged from 4 to 40 count (heads on)
per pound. Attempts to simulate commercial-
scale trawling with larger trawls were not
feasible because of heavy sea conditions. Sev-
eral catches of 10 to 30 pounds were made
with the exploratory gear, chiefly in depths of
about 200 fathoms off Nicaragua and British
Honduras.

Indications of good trawling grounds for
yellow-eye snapper (Lutjanus vivanus) were
located over an extensive area along Nica-
ragua in depths of 70 to 110 fathoms. Catches
with exploratory gear produced from 45 to
120 pounds of 13-inch to 26-inch snapper,
with the best catches from 80-85 fathoms.
Depth-recorder tracings from off Little Corn
Island to off Cape Gracias a Dios indicated
several hundreds of square miles of smooth
bottom in these ranges.

Numerous small schools of blackfin tuna
were observed throughout the survey area,
and 24 trolling captures yielded blackfin
ranging from 13 to 14 pounds. Schools were
greatly Poneenuected at the edges of the shelf,
particularly off Nicaragua. Two large schools
of yellowfin were observed off Punta Patuca,
Honduras. Three trolling captures from these
schools yielded yellowfin ranging from 9 to
25 pounds.

A two-day program of ichthyological col-
lecting was conducted on the south coast of
Jamaica in cooperation with the Los Angeles
County Museum and the Institute of Jamaica.
Eleven trawling and dredging stations and
one hand-line station were occupied on the
Continental Shelf between 8 and 23 fathoms.
Of commercial interest was the capture of
Caribbean brown shrimp (Penaeus brazil-
iensis) at rates of up to 104 individuals per

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 25

15 minute drag. P. braziliensis were pres-
ent in 5 drags in 14 to 22 fathoms between
Minho and Black Rivers. Judicious selection
of trawling bottom was necessary because of
the broken topography.

Gulf Fishery Investigations

SHRIMP DISTRIBUTION STUDIES:

M/V Belle of Texas’ Cruise BT-20 and

"Miss Angela” Cruise MA-14: Only Tight

catches of shrimp were made by the research
vessels Belle of Texas and the Miss Angela
in May 1962. Both of the vessels are oper-
ated by the Galveston Biological Laboratory
of the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
in studying the distribution of shrimp in the
Gulf of Mexico.

in each transect.

M Ez x T c 0
26°

940 92° 30°
+ fe =i

Shows the station pattem for cruise BT-20 of the M/V Belle of
Texas and cruise MA-14 of the M/V Miss Angela in May 1962.

Legend:
Station pattern for shrimp program
Depth Ranges: 7}, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 60 fathoms

G20) cP: o F

A total of 8 statistical areas were cov-
ered. Coverage of two statistical areas was
not completed because of a breakdown of the
M/V Miss Angela. One 3-hour tow was made
in each of 3 depth ranges in each area. A45-
foot shrimp trawl was used. Most of the
catches consisted of brown shrimp with traces
of white andpink shrimp. The largest single
catch was 18 pounds of heads-on shrimp (all
brown) of 20-40 count (heads-off) size in 20-
40 fathoms in area 19. This same areayield-
ed only 13 pounds (heads-on) brown, white,
and pink shrimp in 0-20 fathoms, and only 1
pound (heads-on) of brown shrimp in 40-60
fathoms.

oS, Cea ee Ae

ae poet of Texas" Cruise BT-21 (June

26 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

shrimp were made by the M/V Belle of
Texas.

Four statistical areas were covered and
a 45-foot shrimp trawl was used. One 3-
hour tow was made in each of the 3 depth
ranges in each area. The largest single
catch was 15 pounds (heads-on) of 26-30
count heads-off brown shrimp made in the
depth range up to 20 fathoms in area 18.
The same area yielded 3 pounds (heads -on)
of 12-15 count (heads-off) shrimp in the 20-
40 fathom range, and 1 pound (heads-on) of
the same size in the 40-60 fathom depth.

Each tow in area 19 yielded 12-15 count
(heads -off) brown shrimp; 3 pounds (heads -
on) in the depth range up to 20 fathoms, 4
pounds (heads-on) in the 20-40 fathomrange,
and 6 pounds (heads-on) in 40-60 fathom
depths.

204

Shows station pattern for cruise BT-21 of the M/V Belle of Texas,
June 18-23, 1962.

Concentrations of small brown shrimp
counting less than 68 heads -off to the pound
were found at 75 fathoms in areas 20 (10
pounds, heads-on) and 21 (7 pounds, heads -
on). Some 15-20 count (heads-off) white
shrimp and 31-40 count (heads-off) pink al-
so were caught in the 0-20 fathom depth
range in area 20. Large brown shrimp of
12-15 count (heads -off) were taken in area
20--5 pounds (heads-on) in the 20-40 fathom
range, and 12 pounds (heads-on) in the 40-
60 fathom range.

Area 21 also yielded large 12-15 count
(heads -off) brown shrimp; 10 (heads -on)
pounds in the 20-40 fathom range and 1
pound (heads-on) in the 40-60 fathomrange.

CO oR ee ae
wk OK OK OK OK

Vol. 24, No. 8

M/V "Belle of Texas" Cruise BT-22 (June
25-July 1, 1962); reply eae
heads -off brown shrimp were made in oe 20-
40 and 40-60 fathom depth ranges off the Lou-
isiana coast by the Belle of Texas between

June 25 and July 1, 1962. —

x
EON 0. st SLA ONY A u

et,

Orleans # C_j@q 30

AS
baad

Legend
Station pattern for shrimp program:
Depth Ranges: 74, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 60 fathoms
in €ach transect.
mn E x I c oO

GSU 2. GF, oF

Shows the station pattem for cruise BT-22 of the M/V Belle of
Texas, June 25-July 1, 1962.

A total of 5 statistical areas were covered.
One 3-hour tow was made in each of 3 depth
ranges in each area. A 45-foot shrimptrawl
was used. All of the catches consisted of
brown shrimp except in area 13 where one
tow in the up to 20-fathom range yielded 2
pounds (heads-on) of 12-15 count (heads -off)
white shrimp, and only 4 pounds (heads-on) of
brown shrimp of the same size. The 20-40
fathom range in this area produced 9 pounds
(heads-on) of 15-20 count (heads-off) brown
shrimp.

The largest catch was in area 15 which
yielded 25 pounds (heads-on) of 12-15 count
brown shrimp in the 40-60 fathom depth range,
13 pounds (heads-on) of the same size in the
20-40 fathom range, and 24 pounds (heads -on)
of 41-50 count (heads-off) in the 0-20 fathom
range. The next largest catch of 12-15 count
shrimp was in area 14 which yielded 26
pounds (heads-on) in the 20-40 fathom depth
range, and 4 pounds (heads-on) in the 40-60
fathom range. The up to 20-fathom range ac-
counted for 2 pounds of 41-50 count shrimp.

Je gle gle gle ook
CK HK OK OK

SHRIMP MARKING STUDY
IN GULF OF MEXICO:

Small brown shrimp were stained during
a cruise off the Louisiana and Texas coasts
by the research vessel M/V George M. Bow-
ers operated by the Galveston Biological

August 1962

Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Commer -
cial Fisheries. The vessel returned to Gal-
veston on July 19, 1962. The purpose of the
marking study is to determine the movement,
growth, and mortality of shrimp stocks in
those areas.

Shrimp caught and released off the Loui-
siana coast were marked with green stain;
those off the Texas coast were marked with
a blue stain.

The assistance and cooperation of fisher -
men and packing house personnel in detect-
ing and returning marked shrimp is needed
if the study is to be successful. A $2.00 re-
ward will be paid by Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries port agents or samplers for each
marked shrimp returned, together with in-
formation on the area and depth of recapture.

A similar mark-recapture study with white
shrimp off the Louisiana coast was planned for
August 1962. (Cruise 40, July 6-19, 1962.)

Hawaii

GOOD RESULTS WITH TILAPIA AS
LIVE BAIT FOR SKIPJACK TUNA:

Tilapia from the State of Hawaii's baitfish
hatchery in Honolulu have proven very suc-
cessful as live bait for skipjack tuna (aku),
according to the Hawaii Area Director of the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The
venture was described as the first full-scale
use of tilapia for that purpose. Early this

summer, the sampan Broadbill, charteredby
the Bureau's Biological Laboratory in Hono-
lulu, using $35 worth of tilapiafrom the State's
hatchery, caught tuna worth about $450.

The fishery research biologistin charge
of a cooperative Federal-State program of
tuna gill-net fishing experiments aboard the
Broadbill, reported that, in his opinion, the
hatchery-reared tilapia show definite prom-
ise as skipjack tuna bait. He foundinrecent

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 27

fishing around the island of Kauai that schools
of both large (25-30 pound) and small (2-4
pound) skipjack tuna responded well to chum-
ming with tilapia averaging 1-2 inches long.
The biologist expects that as more experience
with the new bait is gained, fishermen will
find that using a different vessel speed while
fishing and making other modifications of
techniques now used with natural bait will
further improve the efficiency of tilapia as
bait for skipjack.

According to the Director of the State
Division of Fish and Game, the tilapia hatch-
ery and rearing setup was getting into quan-
tity production early this summer. It was
believed that moderate quantities of baitfish
could be supplied intermittently during the
rest of the 1962 summer skipjack fishing
season. By next year's fishing season, the
State of Hawaii's baitfish hatchery is expected
to be in a position to contribute importantly to
the solution of the Oahu skipjack fleet's chron-
ic bait shortage.

Industria! Fishery Products

Ui. PRODUCTION, JUNE L962:

Preliminary data on U. S. production of
fish meal, oil, and solubles for June 1962 as
collected by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries and submitted to the International
Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers are
shown in the following table.

U. S. Production 1/of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles,
June 1962 (Preliminary) with Comparisons

Homog-
enized

Solubles

1,000
Gallons

seeie(Ohort, Dons) sa.
une 1962:

East & Gulf Coasts .
West Coast 2/...

1 =
22,255
Jan. -June 1962 Tot. [112,449 43, 487
Jan. -June 1961 Tot. [102,502 36,552 3, 648
1/Does not include crab meal, shrimp meal, and liver oils.
2/Includes Hawaii, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico.

3/Includes condensed fish,

MAJOR INDICATORS FOR
Us. SUIRPIYS IMAYSLOIG2:

For the first five months of 1962, fish
meal, solubles, and fish oil production was
downas compared with the same period of 1961.

28 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Major Indicators for U. S. Supply of Fish Meal, Solubles,
and Oil, May 1962
= —
Item and Period 1962] 1961 1960 | 1959 | 1958
suanel busieue ete SOOLt fons) tmeene acne Fi
Fish Meal:
Production 1/:
RL yiereeate: aceus.c. wie = 62,586] 55,696] 52,132] 43,467
RUNG ate af. seei e150, 6 = 53,162) 44,293] 52,006} 30,949
WEN ASO OR a RCRD 32,500) 32,922) 17,194) 25,312) 17,433
| Jan.-Apr. ..... [13,604] 13,735] 12,222 14/155] 111661
Jan,-Dec. prelim.
LOCAL Zien sve susne - |289,039|257,969| 275,396] 216,510
Jan.-Dec, final tot. - |311,265/290,137| 306,551] 248,140
Imports:
LY sa Gis rere ieee = 18,710) 13,131} 4,303) 13,546
UN etal e faue tetera i = 19,317) 11,178) 10,836} 9,091
Vien vie eteyatayetcaiis’ ate = 24,753| 9,496].16,329/ 8,949
U No) gt Beare ere 390] 19,060] 10,396) 17,654! 11,758
Jan.-Mar. ..... |62,774| 44,333] 35,304 83 882 26148]
Jan.-Dec. totals . - |217,845)/131, 5611 2,955/100,352
= eee Se ames (Snort Tons) iemereintetetetene
Fish Solubles:
Production 3/:
July. . ee o 22,589] 18,876] 30,163] 21,892
June .. : = 17,772] 20,735] 26,756] 16,561
May .. - - [13,100] 13,629) 7,370) 18,639 9,351 |
BaAtaA pret tneee 8,875] 8,799] 8,841] 13,493] 7,518
Jan.-Dec. totals . = 112,241} 98,929/165,359|130,177
Imports:
atl Yacwessmeh scene nares = 708 96) 4,938 607
RUITIEW vores, fates oze.g = 207 149 202 137
WENT Gicicloer Ohororc = 283 59} 4,874] 1,405
AD Set aces racensessees 323 220 134] 1,622 45
Jans= Mare vieie 2s if 2,830 509] 2,176] 1,767 706
Jan.-Dec. totals . = 6,739] 3,174) 26,630] 14,567
ssc ee © «(1,000 Gallons); 25.55 5%
Fish Body Oils:
Production:
ULV greece eFaie1 eo = 7,553| 5,337] 4,143) 3,792
UME Sy weeie cpsrele xe = 6,296] 4,672} 4,826) 3,267
May ........./ 3,600) 4,367] 1,768] 2,604| 2,166
Jan.-Apr. 4/. 838 602 416 580 379
an.- Dec. prelim,
EOta eens pisos tetas -__| 33,471] 26,690] 24,418] 21,625
Jan.-Dec. final tot.] - 34,409] 27,826] 24,945| 21,977
Exports:
By oeetetenetansier= i= = 589| 5,414! 3,770 791
MUUCH Serer} olielne se ‘ o 280 208) 1,514 242
Vici yaanews tere cclicus tex = 426 324) 1,455 293
Ps Peliteeetels a.cieicae to OU 980 (dep aaa 254
Jan.-Mar. ..... {| 5,910] 4,874| 3,874) 2,497| 3,527
Jan.-Dec, totals . = 16,331] 19,155] 19,264] 12,539
a chee Nt
[1 /Does not include crab meat, shrimp, and misc. meals.
i2/Preliminary data computed from monthly data. Fish meal production currently com-
i prised &6 percent of the annua! total for 1958, 90 percent for 1959, 89 percent for 1960,
and 92 percent for 1961.
3/Includes homogenized fish.
|4/Preliminary data computed from monthly data. Represents over 95 percent of the total
production.
Note: Data for 1962 and 1961 are preliminary.

We ate SIE? ats A
OK OK OK OK

U. 5S. PRODUCTION, APRIL 1962:

During April 1962, United States fish
meal and scrap production was up 200 tons
or 3 percent and marine-animal oil yield
was up 206,300 gallons or 46 percent as com-
pared with the same month in 1961.

Menhaden accounted for 54 percent ofthe
April 1962 meal total. Oil from menhaden
comprised 81 percent of that month's oil
production.

Vol. 24, No. 8

Mending a menhaden purse-seine net requires highly specialized
skill.

There were 89 tons more fish solubles
produced in April 1962 thaninthe same month
of 1961. The production of homogenized con-
densed fish was up 700 tons.

U.S, Production of Fish Meal, Oil, and Solubles, April 1962 with Comparisons

April Jan.-Apr.
Product T7igsz | 1981 | 1/1962 | 1961
igised Senet: J: (Short 7ons)is) eae
Fish Meal and Scray
| Herring. Aipsta = SE ee E : = :
Menhaden2/........ eset e ee 3,402 3,612 3,609 4,143
Sardine, Pacific) 12... s sec e see - - 689 | -
Tuna and mackerel . - - two 5, 5:0:¢ 1,771 1,638 6,295 6,490
Unclassified ..... 2.2.2: neie 1/138 862| 3,011 | __3,024
Total fish meal and scrap. ....... 6,311 6,112] 13,604 13,657
Shellfish and marine animal meal and scrap| _3/ 3/ a 3/
Grad total meal and scrap-...---- 3/ 3/ 3/ 3/
Fish solubles........ Seen 2,716 | _2,627| 7.595 | 8,183
|Homogenized condensed Gish cveie resonate 1,050 338 1,280 616 4
FECES Sn aGE (Gallons) semper:
Oil, body:
| Herring, Alaska . . ; - - - -
Menhaden2/... . . . 530,658 | 360,630] 555,626 | 370,680
Sardine, Pacific - - igi | -
Tuna and mackerel 55,820 | 43,533] 159,514 | 144,281
Other (including whale)... 1.2... 65,700 | 41,686 | 103,676 | 105,185
Total oil gis/=siaeieaea sa sae 652,178 | 445,849 | 837,927 | 620,146

I/Prelmisay dau.
2/loctndes a mall quantity a from thread herring.
3/Rot available ca a monthly basi

During the first four months of 1962, meal
and scrap production was slightly below that
for the same period of 1961; the marine-ani-
mal oil yield was up 217,800 gallons.

sk te sk oe oe
*K KR KK OK

U.S. FISH MEAL AND SOLUBLES:

Production and Imports, April 1962: Based on domestic
production and imports, the United States available supply of
fish meal for the first 4 months of 1962 was 25,700 tons or
33 percent greater than during the same period of 1961, Do-
mestic production was slightly less, but imports were 25,800
tons greater than in the 4-months period of 1961. Peru con-
tinued to lead other countries with shipments of 67,700 tons
during the first 4 months of 1962--22,400 tons above the im-
ports in the same period of 1961.

The total United States supply of fish meal in calendar
year 1961 of 529,100 tons exceeded the peak year 1959 when
the quantity amounted to almost 440,000 tons.

August 1962

The United States supply of fish solubles (including ho-
mogenized fish) during January-April 1962 was 2,500 tons
more than during the same period in 1961. Solubles and
homogenized fish of 8,900 tons manufactured from domesti-
cally-caught fish made up 74 percent of the 4 months sup-
ply in 1962,

U. S. Supply of Fish Meal and Solubles, January-April A
1961-62 and Total for 1961

Iie January-April i Total
Item
lt 1/1962 1961 1961
Bpatone ets (Short Tons).....
Fish Meal and Scrap:
Domestic production:
IMETNACeTINpepeheteh ewaceiielen sls 3,609 4,143] 247,551
Tuna and mackerel...... 6,295 6,490 21,243
Herring ;Alaskars sccreys sie 5 = 3,810
Gunaieg 46rd Boge tiaw.6-o.6 ceo 3,700 3,024 38.661
Motaljproductlon’ isos «6s 13,604 13,657] 311,265
Imports:
Canada arctepsitelfuyes saa he eli 14,748 9,879 38,218
SHUM eMetmenerelstisnenecens/ sens 67,725 45,324] 151,439
Chilepueeusnedeaetanekelonsy lisa 2,039 3,582 12,074
Ang olaverstemspanenel cteientuenslie = 1,433 1,543
SoAfrica-Republic =. .3.. 4,501 3,036 13,026
@theriCountriesi eyes eis. 151 139 1,545
FLOtaleimportSprelensievete rie 89,164 63,393 | 217,845
=a
[Available fish meal supply 102,768 77,050} 529,110
Fish Solubles:
Domestic production 2/,... 8,875 8,799] 112,241
Imports:
CEbECE AS Sao cs momen 600 465 1,001
So, Africa Republic...... 101 180 laste
@thersCountrieszerscs sie) seis 2,452 84 4,387
Total imports ........ 3,153 729 | 6,739|
[Available fish solubles supply.]| 12,028 9,528] 118,980
1/Preliminary.
2/S0-percent solids. Includes production of homogenized condensed fish,

Maine Sardines

CANNED STOCKS, JUNE 1, 1962:

Distributors’ stocks of Maine sardines
totaled only 99,000 actual cases on June 1,
1962--116,000 cases or 54 percent less than
the 215,000 cases on hand at the same time
in 1961, according to estimates made by the
U. S. Bureau of the Census.

Canners! stocks on June 1, 1962, totaled

only 50,000 standard cases (100 32-02. cans),

a decline of 244,000 cases (83.0 percent) as

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 29

compared with June 1, 1961. This reflected
one of the shortest packs in recent years for
1961.

The Maine Legislature authorized a 1962
season of 13 months--December 2, 1961-
January 1, 1963. The 1961 season was from
April 15 to December 1, the usual legal pack-
ing season for canned sardines in Maine. The
pack December 2-June 1 totaled 45,000 cases,
and by June 9 the pack reached 163,976 cases.
Through June 30, 1962, this season's pack
totaled 452,519 standard cases. During April
15-June 30, 1961, a total of 53,844 cases were
packed. During April 15-June 30, 1960, atotal
of 337,000 cases were packed.

As is evident, the bulk of the 1962 season
pack to date was canned in June. Most of the
fish were caught in the Boothbay- Portland
(western) area. The catch was very disap-
pointing in the middle and eastern areas of
Maine.

On April 15, 1962, the date on which the
packing season started in former years,
carryover stocks totaled about 33,000 cases.
One year earlier, on April 15, 1961, carry-
over stocks totaled 457,000 cases.

eeu)

Massachusetts

FISHERY LANDINGS BY
GEAR AND AREA, 1961:

Landings by fishing craft of all sizes at
Boston, Gloucester, New Bedford, and other
Massachusetts ports during 1961 totaled
nearly 432 million pounds--a 3-percent de-
crease compared with the amount landed the
previous year. Haddock was the leading
species with 114.4 million pounds, followed
by whiting (71.6 million pounds), and floun-
ders (59 million pounds).

Canned Maine Sardines--Wholesale Distributors! and Canners' Stocks, June 1, 1962, with Comparisons 1/

1961/62 Season

1,000 actual cases 193 202
1,000 std. cases 2/ 144 221

1960/61 Season 1959/60 Season

208 215 267 233 ard. 172 197
201 294 SUGME O29 malalee2co 359 235

1/Table represents marketing season from November 1-October 31,
2/100 33-0z. cans equal one standard case.

30 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Million pounds
40 80

Medium otter trawls

Large otter trawls

Small otter trawls

Purse seines

Scallop dredges

Fig. 1 - Massachusetts landings--catch by gear, 1961.

Fishing grounds off the New England coast
yielded 359 million pounds or 83 percent of
the entire landings. About 16 percent was
taken on grounds off Nova Scotia, while the
remaining 1 percent came from the Gulf of
St. Lawrence, the Grand Banks, and from
areas off the Middle Atlantic States.

* n ‘
Di Aa eae

sid ih Seer +

ec . on

Fig. 2 - Unloading a small dragger at Gloucester, Mass.

A total of 712 fishing craft was required
to capture the 432 million pounds of fishand
shellfish taken in 1961. Of that number, 434
craft using otter trawls caught 86 percent of
the total landings. Purse seines accounted
for 6 percent, scallop dredges took 5 percent,
and the remainder was taken on lines, in
pound and trap nets, by harpoons, or with
gill nets.

Vol. 24, No. 8

Mississippi

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Landings of fish and shellfish at Missis-
sippi ports during 1961 totaled 391.9 million
pounds valued at $7.6 million ex-vessel--a
gain of 25 percent in volume and less than 1
percent in value. Fish for industrial use
(378.1 million pounds) comprised 96 percent
of the year's total catch.

orl
Oysters

Hard blue

crabs : Sonnet :

Red
snapper
Mullet

King whiting
or "kingfish"

Fig. 1 - Landings of certain edible fish and shellfish, 1961-1960.

Total food finfish landings (3.4 million
pounds valued at $660,000) were 33 percent
above the previous year primarily because
of greater landings of red snapper. An in-
crease in the catch of spotted sea trout taken
by trammel nets also contributedtothe year's
increased production.

The 1961 record catch of menhaden(301.3
million pounds valued at $3.4 million) was up
38 percent in quantity and 55 percent invalue
as compared with 1960. The increased value
was the result of an improved market for fish
meal. The menhaden oil market remainedat
the previous year's low level.

4 i a SoOcRC eed 8
ws Cortera em a oi

Fig. 2 - Crab processing plant in Mississippi on the Biloxi Back
Bay.

Total landings of shellfish amounted to
10.4 million pounds valued at $2.3 million--
down 36 percent in volume and 37 percent in
value as compared with 1960.

August 1962

The worst shrimp year since the early
1900's was principally responsible for the
sharp decreases in shellfish landings. Com-
pared with 1960, the catch (4.6 million pounds
heads-on, valued at $1.4 million) was down
58 percent in quantity and 53 percent invalue.
As the shrimp fishery uses the largest num-
ber of people in the fishing industry, the drop
in landings affected most of the industry in
the State.

A 36-percent increase in oyster landings
in 1961 was the only bright spot inthe State's
1961 shellfish fisheries. The market was

good due to strong demand.

cite a

Fig. 3 - Picking blue crabs in a crab plant in Mississippi.

Hard blue crab landings of 2.5 million
pounds with a value of $143,000 were down
11 percent in quantity and 15 percent in
value from 1960.

Navigation

MARCH STORMS ROUGHED-UP OCEAN
BOTTOM AND ALTERED NAVIGATION
CHANNELS ALONG ATLANTIC SEABOARD:

The March 1962 storms along the Atlantic
seaboard roughed-up the ocean bottom as
much, if not more than it alteredthe beaches,
according to a June 1962 report by the Coast
and Geodetic Survey, U. S. Department of
Commerce.

Working from Survey launches and ships,
the hydro-parties have come up with a num-
ber of surprising discoveries. Major changes,
for example, were noted around Cape Henlo-
pen, Del., where 40-foot depths were found
to have shoaled to less than 3 feet. Cape
Henlopen, itself, has built out several hun-
dredfeet-to the northwest, partially blocking

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 31

Cl
AS! EAGUE
fAseateod Gp Fl (2)Se0c 1544

ASSATEAGUE I.

@
Shoal 7\ 7
el)

ry i

Ey 2:

3 3 1

1 alg sige
wpe” Qe Qk FIR iste’

£"3' @, 7 2

gana 9

= Ss Assateague

ZO Gites ie = 8 Ueeiesy:
3 Sarees IFO Cove ‘

ott Eel ea,

LOOKOUT TOWER...
ASSATEAGUE BEACH @
EG. No. 150 :

33 es) 32 / arr Pee sian :
fe NOTE \ cP eel a
Previously uncharted buoys Nos. 1A, praying ag ]
34 2, 3, and 4 located from surveys of April #7 4sec -
13-17, 1962 to better mark Waterway. 36 BEL
asa agee 39

37 ! a7 a7 fad an SSH A
FH 56 a9 / aTKe io 40
75° 24 NM 19 May 12, 1962

Typical chartlet, This is for Chincoteague Inlet, Va.

the old channel, Another survey party, work-
ing Sinepuxent Channel, between Assateague
Island and the mainland near Ocean City, Md.,
reportedly found a depth of 19 feet where less
than 6 feet of water had been recorded prior
to the storm.

New soundings and hydrography reflecting
the widespread displacement of channels, the
appearance of new shoals and the reduction of
others, are shown on five emergency chart-
lets. These are Ocean City, Md.; Ocracoke
Inlet, N. C.; Indian River Inlet, Del.; Chin-
coteague Inlet, Va.; and Cape Henlopen, Del.
Cape Lookout, N. C., and Moriches Inlet,
L.I., N. Y., chartlets were ready for issue
about June 30, and others will be preparedas
field data becomes available.

Commercial and pleasure boatmen are
warned of the dangerous shoaling and are
urged to supplement their standard nautical
charts with these free emergency chartlets.

i The Director of the Survey stated that
Some of the changes noted in the configura-
tion of the sea bottom constitute a real and

immediate danger to the hundreds of pleasure
boatmen who have already begun the 1962 boat-
ing season.'' The U. S. Coast Guard reports
that losses of nearly $570,000 are sustained
annually in damage due to vessels running
aground.

Chartlets are available to the public from
authorized nautical chart agents, or fromthe
Director, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Wash-
ington 25, D..C.

North Atlantic Fisheries Exploration
and Gear Research

LONG-LINE GEAR
TESTED FOR SWORDFISH:

M/V “Rorqual™ Cruise 62-2 (June 18-28,
1962): Pelagic gear trials using long-line
gear were conducted during an 11-day cruise
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
research vessel Rorqual to determine the
feasibility of this method as an effective sup-
plement to commercial swordfish harpoon
fishing. The area of operations extended
from 20 miles SSW. to 35 miles SSE. of No
Mans Land Island (50 miles SW. of Cape Cod)
in 27 to 31 fathoms depth. Commercial sword-
fish vessels were working successfully in
those waters at the time.

Long-line gear units consisted of 72-fath-
om baskets, each with 3 hooks spaced at 24
fathoms. Each set was baited, half with
frozen squid and half with frozen blueback
herring. The fishing depth of 5 out of the 6
sets made was estimated to be 0 to 10 fath-
oms from the bottom. Depth of the final set
was estimated to be 9 to 20 fathoms fromthe
bottom. Setting times were arranged to fish
the gear according to tidal current in rela-
tion to bottom contours and to determine pos-
sible differences in swordfish feeding habits.
A hydraulic crab and long-line block was
successfully used to retrieve all sets, al-
though a need for modifying its installation
on the vessel was indicated. The six sets
made, comprising 270 hooks, demonstrated
that use of the gear for swordfish in thearea
fished would be impractical because of shark
infestation at that time of year. Froma total
of 93 fish caught, 89 were sharks.

In addition to long-line fishing, night-
lighting collections were preserved, depth

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

Hydraulic crab and long-line block used to retrieve fishing gear.

casts taken, and biological examination made
on the catch. Six swordfish were examined
aboard a commercial fishing vessel. Sexual
glands and eyesockets of all swordfish were
preserved for future detailed analysis to de-
termine sex and age. Swordfish stomach con-
tents consisted of hake (Urophycis spp.), squid
(Loligo pealli), blueback herring (Alosa aesti-
aan and butterfish (Poronotus triacanthus).
Partial identification of dip-net catches in-
cluded the Atlantic saury (Scomberesox sau-
rus), blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis),
squid (Loligo pealli), and the pelagic stage of
the American lobster (Homarus americanus).

(rae

North Atlantic Fisheries Investigations

LIVE MARINE SPECIMENS AND
BIOLOGICAL DATA ON HAKE COLLECTED:
M/V “Delaware” Cruise 62-8 (June 25-28,
1962): To collect live specimens of the com-
mon offshore marine species off the New Eng-
land coast was the purpose of this cruise of

August 1962

the research vessel Delaware of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries.

Three bottom tows were made in the South
Channel area and ten tows south of Marthas
Vineyard. Seven of the ten tows south of
Marthas Vineyard were made to collect bio-
logical data on the American hake and tocol-
lect live specimens.

ba?

Bam -Door Skate

Yellowtail flounder, whiting, butterfish,
long-horned sculpin, spiny dogfish, searaven,
eel pout, and skate were among the live spec-
imens brought to the laboratory. Otoliths
(ear bones) and stomachs were collected from
American hake caught on the cruise.

gle ste Sle gle oe
cme che Ge em ae

OCEAN BOFTOM SEDIMENTS AND
MARINE ANIMAL LIFE STUDIED:

M/V “Delaware” Cruise 62-7 (June 11-20,
1962): A study of ocean bottom sediments
and the quantitative and qualitative composi-
tion of ocean bottom life on the continental
shelf south of Nantucket and Marthas Vine-
yard was the objective of this cruise of the
U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries ex-

-ploratory fishing vessel Delaware completed
on June 20, 1962.

Approximately 300 sediment samples were
collected on 8 north-south transects across
the shelf. In addition, 600 samples of bottom
animals were collected. These samples will
be analyzed in the laboratory as part of the
program studying the relations of bottom-
living fish. Fine and medium sands most
commonly occurred in shoal water, while
the silt-clay sediments were found mostlyin
deeper water. Water temperature measure-
ments were made at all stations.

se se te se ok
Pte Sas pete etoe bad

WOODS HOLE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

IN MASSACHUSETTS DEDICATED:

A Federal fishery program that had a modest beginning
at a simple lighthouse station 91 years ago, was honored

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Aquarium and maintenance building of U. S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.

June 23, 1962, at the dedication of the new Woods Hole,
Mass., Biological Laboratory of the U. S, Fish and Wildlife
Service’s Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,

The original Fisheries Laboratory at Woods Hole--the
first fisheries and marine biological research laboratory in
the United States--was established in 1871 at the Lighthouse .
Station, In 1883, it was moved to land given to the U. S. Com-
mission of Fish and Fisheries, a predecessor agency of the
Fish and Wildlife Service. Spencer F. Baird, the first Com-
missioner of Fish and Fisheries and Secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution, also was the first director of the labora-
tory. The scientific accomplishments of the staff and of
visiting scientists from leading universities, who conducted
research during summers, gained international attention,

The ravages of time and three hurricanes took a heavy
toll, Replacing of facilities at the Woods Hole Laboratory
was begun in 1957 and completed in 1961 at a cost of more
than $1 million,

The present staff of 25 scientists, supported by 55 techni-
cal and administrative personnel, conducts biological and
oceanographic research programs concerned with the offshore
groundfish of the northwest Atlantic--one of the most valuable
fisheries of the world, utilized and managed by 13 nations un-
der agreements established by the International Commission
for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF). The research
commitments of the United States under ICNAF agreements
are responsibilities of the staff of the Woods Hole Laboratory,
The Laboratory’s programs are concerned with the problems
of conservation of haddock, cod, ocean perch, whiting, floun-
ders, sea scallops, and industrial species. It computes the
natural production of these species in order to advise what
measures must be taken to achieve a sustained maximum
yield. It also collects information necessary for documenting
the natural changes that occur in environment and in popula-
tions.

The new three-story Laboratory Building has 24,000
square feet of floor space devoted to ‘‘wet laboratories,’’ e-
quipped with running sea water, and other laboratories, of-
fices, a scientific library, and conference room,

A second building houses maintenance facilities and an
aquarium for experiments on marine fishes, but functions
during the summer as a public exhibition, It was visited
last year by more than 200,000 persons,

The new dock facilities are designed to accommodate
Ocean-going vessels, as well as smaller vessels to be usec
in inshore work, The new fishery-oceanographic research
vessel Albatross IV, scheduled for delivery in October 1962,
will be docked there,

}

f {

! bi \
*] i
Se

34 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

North Pacific Exploratory Fishery Program

SURVEY OF DEEP-WATER
MARINE FAUNA OFF MOUTH
OF COLUMBIA RIVER CONTINUED:

M/V “Commando™ Cruise 4: The sixthin
a series of cruises designed to study deep-
water marine animal life along a track line
southwest of the Columbia River mouth was
completed on June 15, 1962, by the U. S. Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries charteredre-
search vessel Commando. Twenty drags of
one-hour each were made with a standard
400-mesh eastern otter trawl with a small
mesh liner at depths from 50 to 450 fathoms
(300 to 2,700 feet) to monitor stations which
had been established on previous cruises.
Eight additional short drags were made in
the area of the track line to supply Dover
sole and sablefish for Oregon Fish Commis -
sion personnel to tag. The track line was
extended from 500 to 1,000 fathoms and sta-
tions were located using a high-resolution
low-frequency echo-sounder. At each ofthe
deeper stations, a drag was made using a
42-foot shrimp trawl hauled on a single wire
with 20-fathom bridles. To help maintain
the gear onthe bottom, each door was weighted
with approximately 150 pounds of steel plate.
Stainless steel ball-bearing swivels were
needed to eliminate twisting of the wire and
bridles. Cable to depth (scope) ratios of less
than 1.7 to 1 were used when trawling at the
deeper stations.

Samples of fish were collected for the
Atomic Energy Commission and delivered
to the Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Uni-
versity of Washington, for radiological anal-
ysis. Additional samples were collected for
the Bureau's Technological Laboratory in
Seattle and the College of Fisheries, Univer-
sity of Washington.

The cooperative study with the Oregon
Fish Commission to study the migrations of
deep-water commercial species in the area
of the track line was expanded, resulting in
the release of tagged fish--1,626 Dover sole
and 576 sablefish--at depths from 50 to 300
fathoms. A total of 3,455 Dover sole and
576 sablefish had already been tagged up to
then, with recoveries of 12 Dover sole and
1 sablefish.

Commercial species of fish caught were
the same as those taken in previous cruises
(see table). Several other species of rock-
fish were also taken. Dover sole were

Vol. 24, No. 8

Commercial Species of Fish Caught by M/V Commando
During Cruise 4 (May 14-June 15, 1962)

Species Scientific Name

Sablefisht sce sac) onee ena reiuureces Anoplopoma fimbria

Doverisole s «stet aves eeeticne: mise) tae Microstomus pacificus
Englishisoletmarcmenerelcicee sien ancnene Parophrys vetulus
Retralessole som tay cimemciveie we tee - . Eopsetta jordani
Halibut’. oir vn sues as sien ste tater st = Hippoglossus stenolepsis

. . . . Atheresthes stomias
i ike. vette. fayuelian elven bestedastsesier ee Merluccius productus
Sebastodes alutus

caught out to 400 fathoms and sablefish to
600 fathoms. The greatest catch of both
species was 1,500 pounds per hour, with
Dover sole being most abundant at 225 fath-
oms and sablefish at 325 fathoms. There
was a definite trend for larger individuals
to be taken in deeper water. The greatest
catch of ocean perch was made in 225 fath-
oms where 2,000 pounds were taken ina 1-
hour tow. Other commercial species of fish
were not caught in great abundance.

The only commercial species of inverte-
brates taken in large numbers was the tanner
crab (Chionoecetes tanneri). Males were
found to be concentrated at 300 fathoms with
females most abundant at 375 fathoms. That
was in sharp contrast to the winter distribu-
tion when both sexes were found concentrated
together in 350 fathoms. The distributionwas
similar to that found at the same time the
previous year. Although the catch per hour
in numbers in the areas of highest concentra-
tion of males and females was greater for fe-
males, the larger size of the males resulted
in a similar catch per hour in pounds for both
sexes (160 pounds per one-hour tow). Deep-
water Sampling with the shrimp trawl ex-
tended the observed depth range of juvenile
crabs in the study area down to 1,000 fathoms.
A species similar to the tanner crab was be-
ing harvested by the Japanese in northern
waters and a fishery is just developing in
southeastern Alaska. Indications are that
large quantities of this crab may exist along
our coast but further explorations will be
needed in the deeper waters along the con-
tinental shelf before the populations can be
fully delineated.

The successful extention of the track line
to 1,000 fathoms has resulted in the capture
of several species of fish and invertebrates
new to this study. In particular are the fol-
lowing: (1) a large cottid fish (possibly Cot-
tunculoides), (2) a melamphid fish, (3) sev-
eral large pycnogonids (sea spiders), and
(4) two species of large deep-water shrimp.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Feb. 1962 p. 32.

August 1962

SURVEY OF BOTTOMFISH POPULATIONS
IN GULF OF ALASKA CONTINUED:

M/V John N. Cobb” Cruise 54: An 8-
week exploratory bottomfish cruise to the
Gulf of Alaska was completed June 8, 1962,
by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisher -
ies exploratory fishing vessel JohnN. Cobb.

The survey was undertaken in cooperation
with the International Pacific Halibut Com-
mission and the Alaska Region of the Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries. Primary objec-
tives of the survey were to assess the mag-
nitude of latent bottomfish populations in the
Gulf of Alaska, and obtain information on the
age and size composition of bottomfish en-
countered.

The area explored extended from Cape
St. Elias to Portlock Bank near Kodiak Is-
land. Eighty-three exploratory drags of one-
hour each were made with a commercial
otter -trawl net. The drags were made in
water 40 to 270 fathoms deep. Totalcatches
ranged from 130 to 5,300 pounds and aver-
aged 1,350 pounds per individual drag. Tur-
bot (Atheresthes stomias), flathead sole (Hip-
poglossoides elassodon), small pollock ~~
(Theragra chalcogrammus), and tanner crab
(Chionoecetes) dominated the catches. Good
catches of up to 2,000 pounds of Dover sole
per hour of trawling were taken in Albatross
Gully in 250 fathoms of water. The largest
catch of Pacific ocean perch (Sebastodes
alutus) was 3,000 pounds, and most catches
of that species were less than 500 pounds.

While the John N. Cobb was surveying

Albatross Gully, personnel aboard the vessel
were able to observe the operations of two
Russian trawlers. They were estimated to
be approximately 160 feet in length and were
similar in design to North Atlantic side
trawlers. An estimated catch of 15,000
pounds of Pacific ocean perch was observed
taken by one of the Russian trawlers after it
had trawled for about 13 hours. No other

species except Pacific ocean perch were seen;

however, the catch was dumped directly

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 0)

into the hold. The net appeared to be rigged
to fish 4 to 5 feet off the bottom.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, Dec. 1961 p. 42,
Oct. 1961 p. 24.

sf te sf le sh.
%*K OOK OOK Xk Ok

OCEANIC FISH SURVEY OFF PACIFIC
NORTHWEST AND CALIFORNIA COASTS:

M/V “John N. Cobb” Cruise 55: To study
the oceanic or offshore fish off the coasts of
Washington, Oregon, and southern California,
was the primary purpose of a 12-week.cruise of
the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
exploratory fishing vessel John N. Cobb.
Oceanographic data also are to be obtained
off the Washington and Oregon coasts. The
vessel left Seattle on July 9, 1962.

Phase 1, July 9-29: Albacore tuna inves-
tigations in waters between 48° N. latitude
and 42° N. latitude and seaward to 130° W.
longitude.

Phase 2, August 5-31: California Cooper -
ative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation drag
lines 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, and 110. Waters off
California from 38° (ON. latitude to approxi- ,
mately 35. 5° N. latitude and seaward to 125°
W. longitude.

Phase 3, September 1-21: Gear test eval-
uation in coastal waters of southern Califor -
nia.

Trolling and midwater trawling will be the
main methods for catching fish. All albacore
tuna in suitable condition will be tagged and
released. Pertinent information on albacore
tuna catches will be broadcast to the fishing
fleet by radio from the John N. Cobb. Night
light fishing stations will be made along the
track line of Phase 1 of the cruise. Oceano-
graphic stations will be occupied daily.

During the second phase of the cruise,
California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries
Investigation stations on lines 60, 70, 80, 90,
100 and 110 will be occupied using the John
N. Cobb's large midwater trawl. All tows
will be made, if possible, by retrieving cable
to sample equally from maximum depths
fished to surface. During the third phase of
the cruise, a concentrated effort will be made
to determine the fishing capabilities of the
large midwater trawl. Information supplied
by the La Jolla Biological Laboratory, Cali-
fornia Fish and Game, and other sources will
be used to determine those areas showing

36 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

most promise for conducting midwater trawl
experiments.

Oregon

RESEARCH IS KEY TO
EXPANDING SHRIMP FISHERY:

Shrimp are being landed by commercial
vessels in abundant supply to canneries in
the Coos Bay-Charleston area. In Oregon,
four canneries are operating in that area,
employing an estimated 100 pickers, canners,
and other personnel. Since this time of year
is normally a slack period in cannery opera-
tions, the landings of shrimp are a boon to
employment.

Preliminary investigations for possible
shrimp-producing areas were first con-
ducted along the Oregon coast in 1951 and
1952 by the Oregon Fish Commission. Al-
though shrimp had been harvested for many
years off Alaska, British Columbia, and Pu-
get Sound, Washington, it was not known
whether sufficient quantities of shrimp were
available to support a commercial harvest
in Oregon waters. It was known, however,
that shrimp of commercial size did occur to
some degree.

The Fish Commission's exploratory
cruises in the Coos Bay area were conducted
aboard the Nel-Ron-Dic, a conimercial otter -
trawl vessel. This operation involved the
use of heavily-weighted nets towed along the
ocean floor in depths of from 300 to 600 feet.
Results indicated that a commercial fishery
for shrimp was feasible in that area as well
as several others along the Oregon coast.

Since that time, the shrimp industry in
the Coos Bay-Charleston area has undergone
a healthy rate of growth. In place of 1 can-
nery working part time initially to handle the
catch of a few boats, 4 canneries now func-
tion full time to accommodate the catches of
a sizable fleet of shrimp vessels. Astoria
and Brookings areas also support a shrimp
fishery, adding further to the importance of
this Oregon product.

This is an excellent example of how re-
search into a new field has paid big divi-
dends in boosting local and State economy
and providing a new product for the consum-
ere

ae! 2 oie cok: 36

Vol. 24, No. 8

BEHAVIOR OF YOUNG SALMON
IN RESERVOIRS BEING STUDIED:

The opening of a new research laboratory
at Redmond, Oregon, was announced by the
Oregon Fish Commission on July 9, 1962.
The Commission's Director of Research,
stated that studies will be carried out there
on the behavior of young salmon-like fish
(salmonids) in reservoirs. ''Much more has
to be known about the behavior of juvenile
salmon in reservoirs,'' the Director of Re-
search said, ''and the purpose of this study
is to try and gain the needed information in
order to help with the design of future fish
passage facilities.'' This is a phase of the
over-all fish passage research program in-
itiated by the Secretary of the Interior in1961,
and the research will be done under a contract
from the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

Field work for the project will be con-
ducted at Lake Simtustus, behind Pelton Dam
on the Deschutes River. Floatingtraps and
small-mesh gill nets will be used to gather
specimens and SCUBA gear will be employed
for underwater observations. This particular
study will last three years with twofull years
of field work. An identical study under the
same program is being conducted by Com-
mission personnel at North Fork Reservoir
on the Clackamas River.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, October 1961 p. 12.

Oysters

LONG ISLAND SOUND OBSERVATIONS
ON SPAWNING AND SETTING, 1962:

As during the previous 25 years, the biologists of the
U.S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora-
tory, Milford, Conn., will conduct systematic observations
on gonad development, spawning and setting of oysters and
starfish in Long Island Sound. These studies have been
carried on for several reasons, chiefly, to ascertain the
ecological conditions that control time and intensity of
setting of the two species and to keep the members of the
oyster industry informed as to the conditions existing in
the Sound,

The basic ten stations at which observations will be made
and samples taken will remain the same as last year, Sev-
eral supplementary stations may be established later in the
season, if conditions require it.

This summer the biologists will continue to evaluate the ef-
fectiveness and safety of the chemical method for control of
shellfish predators, The center of the studies will be located
in one of the relatively isolated inlets, commonly called ‘‘gut,’’
which at present maintains an extremely high population of
drills rendering any oyster operations virtually impossible,

The studies will be conducted in cooperation with members
of the Connecticut oyster industry. It is planned to treat ap-
proximately 30 acres of oyster bottom with a mixture of sand,
Polystream and Sevin to destroy oyster drills. After the treat-
ment, cultch consisting of old shells will be placed on the bot-
tom to collect a set of oysters.

August 1962

To verify some of last year’s observations, that chemi-
cally-treated cultch collects more set, one 4-acre plot will be
planted with chemically-treated shells, while an adjacent plot
of the same dimensions will be covered with untreated shells.

Extensive studies to be made in the experimental area will
include:

(1) Examination of the condition of approximately 150 bush-
els of mature, ready-to-spawn oysters, which will be planted
in the area treated with sand, Polystream, and Sevin,

(2) Observations on time and intensity of setting of oysters
and starfish at 5 stations located within the experimental area.

(3) Examination of numerous plankton samples to deter-
mine the composition of microscopic plant and animal orga-
nisms in sea water, especially the kind and number of mollus-
can larvae,

(4) Observations on juvenile clams, both the hard clam
(Mercenaria mercenaria) and the soft clam (Mya arenaria),
that will be placed on the bottom prior to the treatment and
after the treatment... These observations will consist, in
part, of observing survival and growth of the different groups.

(5) A team of divers will examine the conditions on the
bottom to determine the effectiveness of the treatment and its
effects on bottom forms in general,

(6) Numerous oyster drill traps, baited with mussels, will
be used to determine the density of drill populations prior to
the treatment and after it.

During the past winter the biologists found an extremely sim-
ple, effective and safe method of marking shells of mollusks in
studies of their growth, etc. The method consists in painting
the shells with an instant-dry, waterproof preparation known
under the name of ‘‘Magic Marker.’’ (Bulletin No. 1, July 9,
1962.)

Se) ese se ok

MARYLAND OBSERVATIONS,
1962 SEASON:

Since August 24, 1961, oysters generally fattened and
grew well during both the fall and spring seasons in the
Maryland Chesapeake area, according to the ‘Special
Oyster Bulletin’’ of the State of Maryland Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory, Solomons,

Salinity of the water at Solomons remained near or
somewhat above normal since mid-October 1961 after two
years of below normal levels,

Water temperatures were above normal during the fall
and were below during the winter and early spring. In late
April and during May water temperatures were higher than
normal, At the end of June the water temperature was at
about the seasonal level (approx. 78° F.).

In some areas, oysters reached spawning condition in
May and those examined during June from areas near and
below Solomons were mostly either partly spawned or ready
to spawn,

Oyster Mortalities: Certain known causes of oyster mor-
tality have been less destructive during the past year.

The fungus Dermocystidium remained present from the
Solomons area on down-bay. Infectien of oysters was light
and generally resulted in only minor losses,

The development of ‘‘stagnant’’ or oxygen-deficient water
at the bottom was confined to deeper water last season than
for several preceding years so that little, if any, deep-water
oyster kill resulted,

The parasite MSX, which has proved so destructive in
Delaware Bay and certain areas of Virginia, continues to be

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 37

present in Pocomoke Sound and at scattered points through-
out the Tangier Sound area. Fewer infected oysters have
been found this summer than were present in samples taken
last fall and the majority of samples have been negative.
Those taken in June have not yet been completely analyzed,

An encouraging note comes from Delaware Bay where it
is reported by Rutgers University that oyster mortalities in
New Jersey were much lighter during 1961 than for the pre-
vious years of the MSX epidemic, There is indication that the
few old oysters which survived the earlier kill are resistant
to the parasite and that the new set from these resistant oys-
ters has suffered less mortality from MSX than did the orig-
inal stock, The development of resistant strains of oysters
is believed to be the most effective method by which produc-
tion in the hard hit MSX areas can be restored,

Evidence from infected oysters grown in tanks of low salin-
ity water at Solomons, and from field observations by the Vir-
ginia Fisheries Laboratory on the upper James and on lightly
infected seed transplanted to lower salinity grounds in Vir-
ginia, continues to indicate recovery from light MSX infection
when oysters are moved to low salinities.

Planting seed oysters.

With the opening of the James River seed beds to out-of-
state buyers, the Maryland Department of Tidewater Fish-
eries put into effect a permit system under which oysters
from MSX-free portions of the James could be planted in
Maryland. The State Laboratory at Solomons this spring
examined numerous samples of Virginia seed for which per-
mits were sought, The pattern of infestation as previously
described by the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory applied gen-
erally to findings for these samples. Since the processing
of numerous samplings is very time-consuming, the granting
of later permits has been based largely upon knowledge of
MSX conditions in the areas from which the seed originated,

The following describes the general MSX picture for the
Chesapeake area. Conditions in Virginia are based upon ex-
tensive studies by the Virginia Fisheries Laboratory sup-
plemented by examination at Solomons of scattered samples
of Virginia seed to be transplanted into Maryland, ;

James River beds above Wreck Shoal have remained free
of MSX and are considered safe for transplanting to unin-
fected areas. However, they are susceptible to MSX and will
become infected when planted in areas where MSX is present.
Oysters on Wreck Shoal have shown MSX infection during each
of the past two fall seasons when salinities are high but have
recovered during the following spring when salinities are low,
It is possible that some residual undetected infection may be
carried that develops again the following fall.

Below Wreck Shoal moderate to heavy MSX infestation has
been found throughout the year accompanied by oyster losses
that occasionally are severe, Samples of seed from the upper
portion of Bennett Creek and Warwick River indicate that low
salinity areas of tributaries to the infested portion of the seed
area may also remain free of the parasite,

In general, most other major oyster producing waters of
Virginia have shown the presence of MSX except in the upper
Rappahannock and the Potomac River tributaries, The heav-
iest infestation and most severe losses have occurred in the
lower portions of the Bay area. The only Maryland waters

38 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

in which infected oysters have been found are from Hooper
Straits through Tangier and Pocomoke Sounds, and in all of
the Maryland Seaside. No MSX has yet been found in the
Holland Straits seed area,

Very light infestations of MSX can be easily missed since
the number of oysters processed seldom can exceed more
than 10 to 30 from a given sample, From those portions of
the James where the presence of MSX is questionable or ex-
tremely light, it is felt that seed can be safely transplanted
to the Pocomoke or Tangier Sound areas without endangering
native stocks, It probably is capable of producing good
yields, It is also likely that such seed would do well in other
Maryland areas but, where MSX has not yet been found, it
seems unwise to plant seed that may contain it until we are
positive that low salinity can prevent its spread.

The fact that salinities in the Bay this year are running
about 2 parts per thousand higher than during the past two
seasons may permit a more intensive development of MSX
in the areas now lightly infested and may also permit its
penetration further up th- Bay if salinities continue to run
high, However, the infestation of Maryland beds by this
parasite is not at present alarming and it is hoped that
natural conditions and build up of resistance will continue

This is amodelofaracksustaining setting in depth spat collect-
ing bags arranged to cover depth from bottom to 7 feet. This
tack was developed in 1958 at Annapolis by the Bureau of
Commercial Fisheries and is not necessarily the same used by
the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory.

Setting Observations: Test shells have been exposed in the
Solomons~Potomac~Holland Straits area commencing June 4,
These are clean shells in wire bags suspended just above the
bottom, The shells are changed approximately once a week
and the spat attached to the inner faces of twenty shells are
counted, Since both the outer and inner faces have been found
to catch equally well, the counts given represent the quantity
on ten shells (both sides), Assuming that a bushel would con-
tain about 500 of these approximate 4 inch shells, then the
count per bushel would be 50 times the figures listed.

From the examination of oyster bar samples, it was found
that a very light set of 1962 spat had occurred during the lat-
ter part of May as shown by small spat 1/4 to 3/8 inch long
that were found on oysters and old cultch removed from the
bar during the second week of June, These were found at only
three locations in Tangier Sound and ranged from 2 per bushel
on Lambstone to 14 per bushel on Great Rock. While the quan-
tity is insignificant, this set is of interest since it is one of the
earliest recorded in our area,

No intensive 1962 oyster set had yet occurred as of July 6
on test shells. An unusually heavy barnacle set occurred dur-
ing the third week in June that amounted to as much as 100
barnacles per shell face at Cinder Hill in Holland Straits,

ESS zal

Vol. 24, No. 8

Shrimp

UNITED STATES SHRIMP
SUPPLY INDICATORS, JUNE 1962:

1961 | 1960

® sisee (1,000 LDS, ,/HeadS-Oft) srerstes

Item and Period

AUGUSE Sie aan cetaetaly) 0S 10,944; 20,441] 18,595
SJULY so fete ce everecrelcvers - | 10,477) 21,746] 17,493
June ....526026 | 10,000} 8,220] 12,427] 14,547
Jan.-May ....... | 20,600] 22,732] 24,348] 20,965
Jan.-December ... = 91,280]141,035 |130,660

Quantity canned, Gulf States 1/:
AUISUSE veivar ane teneicaate er

ulyiereerelscers eens
ANTS a Goose 65
Jans ViaVirv. siessters
Jan.-December ...

August 31..
GulyiSLe se sess,evseue -
PUNE SO siete: tener avs 4/ | 19,416
MAY S10 siexaveeversts
ADriloO ysis reieierese
January's). sce. « - | 31,842)

Imports 3/:

AUSUSE st eraceunvele o6 - 6,743 5
JULY Avroueved strerioterem one = 6,635
TUNE? sists eve veterere: 4/ | 8,065
Main crcsteveietasereen|pddecoullimoscrs

Jan,-April ..... | 43,383) 40,825)
Jan.-December ... = 26,268|113,418]106,555} 85,393
1/Pounds of headless shrimp determined by multiplying the

number of standard cases by 33.
2/Raw headless only; excludes breaded, peeled and deveined,
etc.
3/Includes fresh, frozen, canned, dried, and other shrimp pro-
ducts as reported by the Bureau of the Census.
4/Not available.
Note: Data for 1962 and 1961 are preliminary. June 1962
data estimated from information published daily by the New
Orleans Fishery Market News Service. To convert shrimp to
heads-on weight multiply by 1.68.

South Atlantic Exploratory

Fishery Program

CALICO SCALLOP EXPLORATIONS
OFF NORTH CAROLINA:

M/V “Silver Bay’ Cruise 39: To deter-
mine the availability of scallops northward
of Cape Lookout was the first purpose ofthis
cruise. A second purpose was to assess the
animal life of the area off the North Carolina
coast, primarily between 50 and 100 fathoms.
The 20-day trip (completed June 12, 1962)
was made by the exploratory fishing vessel

August 1962

Silver Bay of the U. S. Bureau of Commer -
cial Fisheries.

Between Capes Lookout and Hatteras 70
stations were dredged to determine the sta-
tus of the calico scallop (Pecten gibbus) re-
source earlier located by the M/V Silver
Bay and which passed out of the fishery dur -
ing 1961. Mixed dead shell (mostly Pecten)
was dredged throughout the area surveyed.
The only live commercial-size scallops were
several taken in 19 fathoms near Cape Look-
out. In the general area off Core Banks
where commercial concentrations were lo-
cated before, small seed scallops (3 to 5
millimeters in diameter) attached tothe dead
shells were present in large numbers atsev-
eral stations. Commercial-size scallops
were not found in quantity in the survey area
at the time.

A total of 68 stations were dredged north
of Cape Hatteras. Sea scallops (Pecten gran-
dis) were caught in depths from 20 to 58 fath-
oms between latitudes 35°24' and 36°32' N.
Catches ranged up to 5g bushels of scallops
(81 to 158 millimeters in diameter, 110 av-
erage) per 30-minute drag. Scallops as small
as 14 mm. in diameter were taken. The best
depth for larger catches was 393 fathoms and
meat counts averaged 30 to 35 per pound.

Fish trawling with 40- and 60-foot 2-seam
balloon trawls was tried at 25 stations, pri-
marily between 50 and 100 fathoms eastward
and north from Cape Lookout to the Virginia
boundary. Catches were small. Lobsters
(Homerus americanus) were taken occasion-
ally as far south as latitude 35°56.5!' N.

On June 6 the Silver Bay encountered a
U.S.S.R. exploratory fishing vessel off the
North Carolina coast north of Cape Hatteras.
M/V Silver Bay personnel were invited aboard
and learned that the vessel was exploring for
offshore menhaden stocks. On June 11 what
appeared to be a sistership was observed
along the 20-fathom curve off South Carolina.

Tuna

FIRST RECORDED SKIPJACK MIGRATION
FROM EASTERN PACIFIC TO HAWAII:

A 26-pound skipjack tuna captured on June
12, 1962, by the sampan Yellowfin off Oahu
has provided the first evidence of movement
of this species from the fishing grounds off

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 39

the American coast into Hawaiian waters,
according to the Hawaii Biological Labora-
tory of the U. 8S. Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries.

This skipjack was tagged on September 5,
1960, in the Eastern Pacific, off Baja Cali-
fornia about 20 miles WSW. of Turtle Bay
(approximate coordinates, 27°30! N. lat.;
115” W. long.) by scientists of the Inter -
American Tropical Tuna Commission on
board the San Diego clipper M/V Westport.
At time of release the fish was estimated to
have weighed between 6 and 7 pounds. Dur-
ing the 22 months the skipjack grew about
19 pounds and travelled a minimum of 2,500
miles. The fish, on recovery, was in excel-
lent condition, with the tagging wound per -
fectly healed.

In the past few years, since large-scale

tagging of tuna has been started in the Pacif-

ic, there have been several spectacular trans-
oceanic recaptures of albacore which were
tagged off the American coast and retakenby
Japanese fishermen. Skipjack, although they
have been tagged in large numbers and quite
successfully, as attested by good percentages
of tagged fish recaptured, have not hitherto
been shown to move from one fishery to an-
other. For example, the Bureau's scientists
have released over 13,000 marked skipjack
in the central Pacific area, of which 1,331
have been recaptured, all by Hawaii fisher -
men. Releases of over 80,000 skipjack in
eastern Pacific waters by scientists of the
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
and California Department of Fish and Game
have produced many recaptures, all but the
latest one being within the area of the West
Coast fishery. Much skipjack is fished in
Japanese waters, and some have been tagged
there in the past, but there has been no in-
dication of any interchange between the far
western Pacific and the other areas where
this species is exploited.

Ae ok ok ok ok

NEW CANNERY BEING
BUILT IN PUERTO RICO:

A new United States firm, recently estab-
lished, with offices in New York City, is build-
ing a tuna cannery in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.
This was announced in April 1962 by the
President of the new firm.

The new cannery firm was organized by a
New York-based investment and development
company which operates in some 20 countries.

Scheduled to start canning tuna for private
label customers next November, the new pack-
ing plant will cover an area of 60,000 square
feet and include a 1,000-ton capacity freezer.
Eventually it will employ from 200 to 300
persons. The new project is being estab-
lished with the cooperation of Puerto Rico's
Economic Development Administration and
involves an over-all investment of $1.7 mil-
lion.

This is the third company to locate a tuna
cannery in the maritime zone of Mayaguez,
on the Island's west coast 108 miles from
San Juan.

Vessels

U. S. Fishing

FISHERIES LOAN FUND AND OTHER
FINANCIAL AID FOR VESSELS,
APRIL 1-JUNE 30, 1962:

From the beginning of the program in 1956 through June 30,
1962, a total of 1,169 loan applications for $33,008,423 were
received by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the
agency administering the Federal Fisheries Loan Fund. Of
the total, 618 applications ($14,646,311) have been approved,
405 ($10,599,362) have been declined or found ineligible, 123
($5,726,011) have been withdrawn by applicants before being
processed, and 23 ($407,011) are pending. Of the applications
approved, 251 ($1,629,728) were approved for amounts less
than applied for,

The following fishery loans were approved from April 1,
1962, through June 30, 1962:

New England Area: Sheldon S, Kent, Sr., Fairhaven,
Mass., $98,000; and Boat Sunbeam, New Bedford, Mass.,
$9,200,

South Atlantic and Gulf Area: G, Conrad and Claudia
Rogers, Darien, Ga., $15,271; W. J. Pyron, St. Marys, Ga.,
$12,000; Tilman P, Charpentier, Galliano, La., $11,825;
Jacomine Valence, Jr., Westwego, La., $57,240; and Henry W.

Humphreys, Brownsville, Tex., $36,800.

California: Louis E, Albin, Crescent City, $6,864; Jim M,
and Bernice J, Stillman, Long Beach, $13,445; Harold C. Buck-
man, Morro Bay, $1,613; Raymond Wadsworth, San Leandro,
$9,000; and Ivan Goyette, San Pedro, $10,269.

Pacific Northwest Area: ‘John Edelman, Anacortes, Wash.,
$10,000; Boris Olich, Anacortes, Wash., $38,000; Charles R.
Beechey, Ocean Park, Wash., $8,000; Robert S, Kanekkeberg,
Port Orchard, Wash., $6,000, Mathias J. Hoddevik, Seattle,
Wash., $9,000; Bernard and Richard Linvog, Seattle, Wash.,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

$21,750; Dan Luketa, Seattle, Wash., $33,500; and Clayton H.
Harris, Tacoma, Wash., $25,000.

Alaska: Vernon Eckman, Juneau, $10,000; Peter N. Holm,
Juneau, $81,530; and Ralph D, Hillmer, Ketchikan, $1,093,

Under the Fishing Vessel Mortgage Insurance Program
(also administered by the Bureau) during the second quarter
of 1962, approval was granted for the insurance of mortgages
on fishing vessels owned by the following and in the amounts
indicated: International Tuna Co,, San Diego, Calif., $527,490;
Joseph R, Fribrock, Seattle, Wash., $30,546. Under this pro-
gram, which started July 5, 1960, approval was granted be-
fore the last quarter of 1961 to the following: Major J. Casey
Corp., New Bedford, Mass., $60,000; Sylvester Maloney, New
Bedford, Mass., $60,000; Ric-Man Shrimp Co., Inc., Tampa,
Fla., $34,500; Joseph R. Fribrock, Seattle, Wash., $75,000.
Since the start of this program, 12 applications were received
for $1,402,346, Of the total, 9 applications have been approved
for $937,346,

In the Fishing Vessel Construction Differential Subsidy pro-
gram, the following construction differential subsidies were
approved during the second quarter of 1962: Boston Fishing
Boat Co., Inc,, Boston, Mass., $161,379; Jacobsen Fishing Co.,
Inc., Fairhaven, Mass., $76,750; Trawler Jeanne D’Arc, Inc.,
Rockland, Maine, $70,814; Charlevoix Transit Co,, Sturgeon
Bay, Wis., $161,379. The first approval in this program was
made in March 1961. The amount approved for subsidy repre-
sents one-third the cost of anewvessel. Since the beginning
of the program on June 12, 1960, 10 applications were received
for $699,313, of which 5 applications were approved for $507,646.
Approval of 2 applications under this program is pending.
Three applications from ineligible fisheries were disap-

proved.

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 32.

se Ye sk se
KK OK ook Kok

DOCUMENTATIONS ISSUED AND

CANCELLED, MAY 1962:
During May 1962, a total of 47 vessels of 5 net tons and

over were issued first documents as fishing craft, as com-
pared with 63 in May 1961. There were 31 documents can-

celled for fishing vessels in May 1962 as compared with 24
in May 1961.

Table 1-U.S, Fishing Vessels 1/ --Documentations Issued
and Cancelled, by Areas, May 1962 with Comparisons
Issued first documents 2/;
New England...... 4 13 15 33
Middle Atlantic .... at 2 2 12
Chesapeake! se cicreie © 4 16 25 75
South Atlantic ..... 3 13 15 44
GUlEMcevener setae rete 18 38 52 103
Paci, 2o5 octstenetet sibs 32 62 70 149
GreatHbakesmiosceciels 1 = ts} 12
[Prema Resa = = 2 2
Otel sawp ele: ine iece 63 | 144 186 430
Removed from documentation 3/:
New England.. ; 3 nl 11 6 20
Middle Atlantic .... 5 3. 24 15 32
Ghesapeakele 5. ccc: o:0 1 2 6 18 28
South Atlantic ec «oi a 3 16 11 29
Gulf ereuabemensieienen sis 12 2) 46 45 104
PACTIC eae 5c ec0! 6.0 9 10 59 44 111
Great bakes? sieiene © Fe = 8 it 17
Healing are oisiistelierene = = 3 = =

1/For explanation of footnotes, see table 2,

August 1962

Table 2-U.S. Fishing Vessels--Documents Issued and

Cancelled, by Tonnage Groups, May 1962

Cancelled x |

Sate s(NUMber) nie ss

Gross Tonnage

STO enshenteysisa wheliet ones
Te ae CERO. CSOSONG
202 ON reece erereionensie
SOS OU pewereyeneneietie rene
BO ne OM eveneneneireieleceits
DO SOOT aiitelis wishoncitet sis
COG Sir eseusivejiniie: wivayee focis
LO =i Olttenvettey tele! s) eis] e\reilieste
BORG Ga ie tetredlersiel olin ele
PLO SUMO ners evienel cet 6
D2 OS OM eens) «sisietetlate
19 OS 119 Sereravenorisi/e:etlenie
ANOS Oi eurcretstoewercle
240 Za Ot epet onsiisvensps
CLUES) Sieecapio osdio

tee owodwop

PP rPrePeENwNHPwonon

Nei ae ee

Motal .... .caadsar 47 | 31
I/Includes both commercial,and sport fishing craft. A vessel is defined as a
craft of 5 net tons and over.
2/Includes redocumented vessels previously removed from records. Vessels is-
sued first documents as fishing craft were built: 32 in 1962, 1 in 1961, 2 in
1960, 1 in 1959, 1 in 1955, 1 in 1953, 1 in 1951, 6 prior to 1951, and 2 un-
known. Assigned to areas on the basis of their home ports.
3/Includes vessels reported lost, abandoned, forfeited, sold alien, etc,
Source: Monthly Supplement to Merchant Vessels of the United States, Bu-
reau of Customs, U. S. Treasury Department.

U. S. Foreign Trade

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS,
APRIL 1962:

Imports of fresh, frozen, and processed edible fish and
shellfish into the United States in April 1962 were down 11.8
percent in quantity and 7.5 percent in value as compared with
the previous month, During that period there were greater
imports of fish blocks or slabs, canned salmon (mostly from
Japan), frozen cooked tuna loins and discs, frozen shrimp,
canned sardines not in oil, and live lobsters from Canada,
But imports were down for all types of fillets and steaks,
fresh and frozen salmon (mostly from Canada), frozen tuna,
canned tuna in brine, canned sardines in oil, canned crab
meat, and canned oysters (mostly from Japan),

Compared with the same month in 1961, the imports in
April 1962 were up 29.5 percent in quantity and 47.4 percent
in value, Higher prices for most imported products and an
increase in the imports of higher-priced products account
for the greater increase in the value, This April there were
more imports of frozen cod, ocean perch, blocks and slabs,
and swordfish fillets (from Japan), frozen salmon (from Can-
ada), and canned salmon (from Canada and Japan), frozen tu-
na (from Japan, West Africa, and Peru), canned light meat
tuna in brine (from Japan), canned sardines in oil, canned
crab meat (from Japan), live lobsters (from Canada), and fro-
zen spiny lobster tails (from Australia, New Zealand, and
South Africa), frozen shrimp, and frozen scallops (from Can-
ada). Imports dropped off for frozen haddock fillets, canned
white meat tuna in brine (from Japan), canned sardines not in
oil (from South Africa), and frog legs (from Cuba),

In the first four months of 1962, imports were up 14.0 per-
cent in quantity and 22,9 percent in value as compared to the
same period in 1961, The greater increase in value was be-
cause of the higher prices which prevailed in the first part of
this year for nearly all imported fishery products, This year
there were more imports of blocks and slabs (the increase
was mostly from Norway and Denmark), sea catfish fillets (in-
crease mostly from West Germany), canned salmon (from Ja-
pan and Canada), frozen tuna (mostly from Japan, Ecuador,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 41

West Africa, and Peru), canned tuna (from Japan), canned sar-
dines in oil, frozen shrimp, frozen scallops, live lobsters, and
spiny lobster tails. Imports were down for swordfish fillets
(from Japan), frozen salmon from Canada, canned sardines not
in oil (from South Africa), canned oysters (from Japan), and
frozen frog legs (from Cuba),

U. S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products, al

April 1962 with Comparisons

Quantity Value

Jan,-Apr. Apr. |Jan,-Apr.

1962 ee 1962 |1961

. (Millions of Lbs.) | . (Millions of $) .

Item Apr.

1962)1961 19621961

Stee

Imports:
Fish & Shellfish:
Fresh, frozen, &

ae iss 9058] COL poo.7301.4 30.8 20.9}125,1]101.8]

xports:

Fish & Shellfish:
Processed only 1/
(excluding fresh

Qitrocer)iee el WiDY0 ler e712 1 [ai Oro|ee 12: steel ibe? |e eat

1/ Includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other specialties.

United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in
April 1962 were up 17,6 percent in quantity and 9.1 percent
in value as compared with April 1961, The increase was
due to greater exports this April of canned and frozen salm-
on, sardines not in oil, and squid (principally to Greece), Ex-
ports were down for canned mackerel; and because of the
scarcity on the United States market, exports were down for
frozen shrimp, canned shrimp, and canned oysters,

Compared with the previous month, the exports in April
1962 were down 45,9 percent in quantity, and the value was
down 7.7 percent. The lower-priced products like canned
squid were exported in greater amounts in April, with some
increase in the exports of canned salmon and oysters, Ex-
ports dropped for canned mackerel, canned shrimp, frozen
shrimp, and frozen salmon,

Processed fish and shellfish exports for the first four
months of 1962 were up 17.5 percent in quantity, but the val-
ue was up only 2 percent as compared with the same period
of 1961, The following products were exported in substan-
tially greater quantities in 1962: canned mackerel, frozen
salmon, canned salmon, and canned squid; but exports
dropped for canned sardines not in oil, canned and frozen
shrimp, and canned oysters, Since most of the increase in
exports January-March this year was in the lower-priced
products, the value of the exports did not increase at the
same rate as the quantity.

Source: United States Foreign Trade (Trade by Commodity), Summary Report FT
930-E, April 1962, U. S. Department of Commerce.

emacs eae:

42 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

EDIBLE FISHERY PRODUCTS, MAY 1962:

Imports of fresh, frozen and processed edible fish and
shellfish into the United States in May 1962 were up 20,2 per-
cent in quantity and 11.7 percent in value as compared with the
previous month. During that period there were greater imports
of fish blocks or slabs, cod fillets, flounder fillets (mostly from
Canada), frozen swordfish fillets (mostly from Japan), sea cat-
fish fillets, frozen tuna other than albacore, canned tuna (most-
ly from Japan), canned sardines not in oil (mostly from South
Africa), live lobsters from Canada, canned lobster meat from
Canada, frozen shrimp, and sea scallops (mostly from Canada),
But imports were down for canned salmon (from Canada and
Japan), frozen albacore tuna, canned sardines in oil, canned
crab meat from Japan, and canned oysters (mostly from Ja-
pan).

Compared with the same month in 1961, the imports in
May 1962 were up 30.8 percent in quantity and 32.3 percent
in value. Most fishery products were imported in greater
quantity this May, and imports were up substantially for fish
blocks or slabs, canned salmon (mostly from Japan), frozen
tuna, canned albacore tuna (mostly from Japan), canned sar-
dines (in oil and not in oil), frozen shrimp, and fresh and fro-
zen Scallops from Canada, Cod fillets was the only item
showing a sizable decline,

In the first five months of 1962, imports were up 17.4 per-
cent in quantity and 24,8 percent in value as compared to the
same period in 1961, The greater increase in value was be-
cause of the higher prices which prevailed in the first part of
this year for nearly all imported fishery products,

This year there were more imports of fish blocks and
slabs, flounder fillets from Canada, sea catfish fillets (in-
crease mostly from West Germany), canned salmon (from Ja-
pan and Canada), frozen tuna (increase mostly from Japan,
British West Pacific Islands, Ecuador, Peru, and British West
Africa), canned tuna (from Japan), canned sardines in oil, fro-
zen shrimp, scallops, live lobsters (from Canada), and canned
lobster meat from Canada. Imports were down for cod fillets
(from Iceland), haddock fillets (from Canada and Iceland), fresh
and frozen salmon from Canada, canned oysters from Japan,
and frog legs from Cuba, The increase in canned sardines in
oil reflects the small Maine pack for the 1961 season,

U, S. Imports and Exports of Edible Fishery Products, =]
May 1962 with Comparisons
a |

Quantity Value
Item May |Jan.-May May Jan.-May
[sce [ive 1962 | 1961 | 1962 |1961 | 1962 1s61_|
; . (Millions of Lbs.) .| . (Millions of $) .
mports:

Fish & Shellfish:
Fresh, frozen, &
|_processed 1/
Exports:
Fish & Shellfish:
Processed only 1/
(excluding fresh

GEITOZEN) rites 6|| aed! 1a 14,2 11.7] 0.7 056) 529!) 75.8)

le 4
fi/includes pastes, sauces, clam chowder and juice, and other specialties.

{109,.1183.4 |475.8 405.2] 34.4 26,0]159.5|127.8

United States exports of processed fish and shellfish in May
1962 were up 50.0 percent in quantity and only 13.3 percent in
value as compared with May 1961. Exports of canned sardines
not in oil were much higher this May and there was some in-
crease in the exports of frozen salmon, frozen oysters to Can-
ada, and canned squid. But exports were down for frozen shrimp,
canned shrimp, and canned mackerel,

Compared with the previous month, the exports in May 1962
were up 5.0 percent in quantity, but the value was down 41.6 per-
cent. The increase in quantity was due to greater exports of
canned sardines not in oil, canned mackerel, frozen shrimp,
frozen oysters, and canned squid (to the Philippines). The ov-
er-all decline in value was mainly due to a sharp drop in ex-
ports of canned salmon to the United Kingdom. Exports of
frozen salmon and canned shrimp were also down.

Processed fish and shellfish exports for the first five
months of 1962 were up 21.4 percent in quantity, but the val-

Vol. 24, No. 8

ue was up only 1.7 percent as compared with the same period
of 1961. The following were exported in substantially greater
quantities in 1962: canned mackerel, frozen salmon, and
canned squid (to Greece and the Philippines). Because of the
scarcity on the United States market, exports were down for
canned sardines not in oil, canned sardines in oil, frozen
shrimp, canned shrimp, and frozen oysters (principally to
Canada), Since most of the increase in exports January-
May this year was in the lower-priced products, the value
did not increase at the same rate as the quantity.

se ook Ne le
* OK OK OK OK

SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

Imports (January-March 1962 as compared to January-
March 1961): During the first quarter of 1962, a number of
fishery products showed important increases in imports over
the similar period of last year; included were fresh and fro-
zen tuna, tuna loins, northern lobster, canned salmon, sar-
dines canned in oil, scallops, fish meal, and fish solubles.
Significant decreases were recorded in the imports of canned
bonito and yellowtail, canned oysters, fresh and frozen salm-
on, canned sardines (not in oil), frog legs, and swordfish,

Imports of groundfish and ocean perch fillets and blocks
were about the same in 1962 as in 1961. Imports of fillets
other than groundfish increased 30 percent,

All tuna categories showed a decided increase, with the
exception of tuna canned in oil which decreased 17 percent
and bonito and yellowtail which decreased 33 percent. Fresh
or frozen tuna imports increased 29 percent, Japan being the
leading supplier, Canned tuna in brine increased 21 percent,
the greater part being shipped from Japan,

India and Pakistan doubled their exports of shrimp to *e
United States this year, but shrimp exports from Mexico, El
Salvador, Panama, and British Guiana dropped. The net r2-
sult was a 5-percent increase in United States shrimp imports
in the first quarter of 1962,

Receipts of canned salmon principally from the two main
suppliers--Canada and Japan-~increased 46 percent, but im-

August 1962

Table 1-U.S, Imports of Selected Fishery Products,
January-March 1962 with Comparisons

January-March

Commodity

ee o(4,000 Lbs.) 0006

19,567 20,925
28,597 21,4719

Groundfish and ocean perch:
Fillets ,cccsccceccccsccce

Blocks/orslabs'¢eies oe oiee.e e

Total seecccccccecccce | Myh64 48,404

Fillets other than groundfish:
Flounder peecccecccceece | 3:99
Fresh-water fishe seeceeccec | 25453
Other .o covce cecccescce | D028

Eola isisieisvicieje cies» sie's. || TE680 9,002
Swordfish fillets, etc, scceccece | 59008 6,644
Tuna, fresh or frozen: | =|

Albacore seccccevceccce o | pd 25,883
Other... scecccesceccce s | 40,028 28,985

Total seccccccccccec es | llgl47 54,868

Tuna, loins and discS ..ecece o | 2,008 1,878

Tuna, canned in brine:
Albacoremtetctseisisiaisfeie crestor | vilsboo 6,129
Others cic) co acivicieiccclecse « 1,329 Opie

MOtal Ys ejeieieie\ors s:eleleis!s

Lobsters, fresh or frozen:
NOrthernieiieee eleeceecs 0 8,937 3,031
Spi

EXCSHON{LOZEN siele.eie ole 6 ce
Canned
Sardines:

Canned in Oil, gp 000 coccece

Canned not in o;
Scallopsieicicveleisieie ce eeoe20e
Shrimp (mostly frozen) . eccce

ETOSVMETSiereteveletelgvslerelcls e's

Fish meal .. oe ccccce es coe
Fish:solubles 5 ccccse a cece

@9e0 9 o oe

ports of fresh or frozen salmon declined 39 percent, Norway
and Denmark supplied most of the 56-percent increase in
canned sardines in oil, Imports of canned sardines not in oil
decreased 47 percent, the Republic of South Africa shipping
only half the quantity shipped in the same period last year.

Imports of sea scallops increased 67 percent. Canada and
Japan were the major suppliers; Canada almost doubled its
shipments,

Imports of fresh or frozen lobster from Canada increased
30 percent. Other increases were from Brazil, Australia,
and New Zealand,

Fish solubles more than tripled shipments in the corres-
ponding period of 1961,

Imports of fish meal increased 42 percent, Canada and
Peru supplying the major share,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 43

Table 2-U,S, Exports of Selected Fishery Products,
January-March 1962 with Comparisons

January-March

«2 0 o(4,000 LS.) oe oo
41,323

36,549

Piresh(Orfrozen erereete eieee
Canned

Canned not in oil ..
Canned in oil, , :
Shrimp:

FYOZED sscccceseveccec
Canned aiate

Misc, canned fish ..ccccce
Misc, fresh or frozen fish ,.

Exports (January-March 1962 as compared to January-
March 1961):

Fresh or frozen salmon exports were almost three times
those of the same period in 1961, Canned salmon exports re-
mained about the same, El Salvador took 85 percent of total
exports of canned mackerel which more than doubled the first
quarter exports of a year before. Exports of canned sardines,
not in oil, decreased 54 percent. Exports of fresh or frozen
shrimp decreased 4 percent and of canned shrimp 48 percent
below shipments in the first quarter a year ago,

Hearne: Gi uae

IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA
IN BRINE UNDER QUOTA:

United States imports of tuna canned in
brine during January 1-June 30, 1962, a-
mounted to 27,679,895 pounds (about 1,318,100
std. cases), according to data compiledby the
Bureau of Customs. This was 17.4 percent
more than the 23,575,216 pounds (about
1,122,600 std. cases) imported during Jan-
uary 1-June 30, 1961.

The quantity of tuna canned in brine which
may be imported into the United States dur-
ing the calendar year 1962 at the 123-percent
rate of duty is limited to 59,059,014 pounds
(about 2,812,000 std. cases of 48 7-oz. cans).
Imports in excess of the quota are dutiable at
25 percent ad valorem.

ok ook ook oe ok

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF
FISHERY PRODUCTS, 1957-1961:

United States foreign trade in fishery
products (imports and exports of domestic
products) was valued at $432 millionin1961--
an increase of $27.5 million as compared

44 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

with the previous year. The value of fishery
products imported for consumption was $397
million--the highest on record. It exceeded
the former record established in 1959 by 8
percent and was 10 percent above 1960. The
value of fishery products exported was $35
million--a decline of 21 percent from the
previous year and the lowest since 1958.

Million dollars
400

Imports Exports

iti: : =

350 f= Nonedible
300}
250 kB
200

150}

100

0 s SS S
1954 1955 1959 1960 1961

United States imports and exports of fishery products, 1954-61.

Imports of edible products in 1961 totaled
1.1 billion pounds valued at a record high of
nearly $336 million. Compared with 1960,
the quantity remained about the same but the
value increased by 9 percent. The gain in
value was due to generally higher prices and
changes in the composition of the imports.
Major increases occurred in imports of
groundfish fillets and blocks, fresh or fro-
zen shrimp, tuna canned in brine, and sar-
dines. Imports were down for cannedsalm-
on, fresh or frozen sea herring, and tuna.

Imports of nonedible fishery products
amounted to over $61 million--16 percent
more than in 1960. The gains were for fish
meal, sperm whale oil, and cultured pearls.

Edible fishery products exported in 1961
totaled 40 million pounds with a value of
$19.6 million--a decrease of 35 percent in
quantity and 24 percent in value as compared
with the previous year. Exports of nonedible
domestic products, valued at $15 million,
were 18 percent less than in 1960.

Exports of foreign fishery products a-
mounted to $6.5 million in 1961 as compared

with $3.4 million the previous year.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 35.

bikte pis eas tal bi

Vol. 24, No. 8

STATISTICAL DETAIL FOR IMPORTS
BEYOND THAT PROVIDED IN
NEW TARIFF CLASSIFICATION:

The statistical classifications currently used in com-
piling data for imports and presented in Schedule A, ‘‘Sta-
tistical Classification of Commodities Imported into the
United States,’’ are based on the Tariff classifications con-
tained in the Tariff Act of 1930. With the enactment of
Public Law 87-456, ‘‘Tariff Classification Act of 1962,”’
this foundation is changed, therefore necessitating a revi-
sion of the statistical classification structure to align it
with the new Act, To provide importers and Customs of-
ficers with reporting instructions which integrate statis-
tical requirements with the determination of rates of duty,
as is done in the current ‘‘United States Import Duties An-
notated,’’ it is contemplated that the revised statistical
classifications will be put into effect concurrently with the
effective date of the new tariff, which is January 1, 1963,

The Tariff Commission, Bureau of Customs, and Bu-
reau of the Census (with the guidance of the Interagency
Advisory Committee on Foreign Trade Statistics) will de-
termine the additional statistical classifications to be pro-
vided beyond those already provided in the new structure.
In so doing, every effort will be made to carry forward as
much of the present statistical detail as possible without
violating the principle of eliminating the illogical classes
and anomolies of the old structure which is based on the
1930 Tariff Act categories, At the same time considera-
tion will be given to recommendations from users of the
statistics for retaining or combining present statistical
classes as well as for providing additional statistical de-
tail, all within the framework of the 1962 Tariff Classifi-
cation Act,

Whiting

RESULTS OF STUDY
ON IMPROVING QUALITY:

The results of a year's study by the U.S, Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory at Gloucester,
Mass., on improving the quality of whiting were presented at
an industry meeting in June 1962, The study was requested
by industry leaders,

Representatives of 14 whiting firms or associations, from
Massachusetts and Maine, and officials from the National
Fisheries Institute and the States of Maine and Massachusetts
heard the Bureau’s reports on its studies conducted on han-
dling and processing whiting, both on the vessel and ashore,
and on developing and marketing new whiting products to stim-
ulate this New England industry and the use of this greatly
underutilized fishery resource, The whiting industry ranks
eleventh in volume and twentieth fin value in United States fish-
eries,

The Bureau’s investigations and laboratory work were
aimed at finding ways to eliminate or minimize problems
that have continued to plague the industry. Bureau technolo-
gists explained that although the physical attributes and plen-
tiful supply of whiting make it more desirable than some
other species for fried fish, it loses its initial delicious qual-
ity at a more rapid rate unless handled with greater than
ordinary care,

The Bureau also pointed out to the industry a variety of
acceptable fish products made of whiting, including canned
whiting, which could be marketed. New whiting products
made up and tested for acceptability, taste appeal, and stor-
age life at the Bureau’s laboratory included such items as
croquettes, burgers, steamed and smoked sausages, smoked
whiting, and a freeze-dried patty, Eight of those products
were taste-tested at the industry meeting and were termed
‘‘encouraging.’’ However, as the Bureau’s report commented,
‘‘None of these products can be marketed successfully for

August 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 45

any period of time unless the highest quality fish is used zen, and canned) dropped more than 1.0 percent from the pre-
consistently.’’ vious month, but was up almost 13,0 percent as compared to
June 1961,

To reach and maintain this necessary standard of high
quality, the Bureau outlined actions the industry could take
both aboard the vessels and in the processing plants, such
as providing shelving in the vessels’ storage pens because
whiting is a soft fish particularly susceptible to bruising
damage; reducing dock-side layovers to no more than 12 to
14 hours; and using easily-cleaned, salt-resistant aluminum
for the fish-hold penboards, Bureau tests resulted in the
recommendation of storing fish on the vessels and at the
processing plants in tanks of sea water refrigerated to
30° F., eliminating most of the problems arising from stor-
age in ice, and improving greatly the quality of the whiting.

The Bureau’s report also included recommendations for
increasing efficiency of processing plant operations, reducing
labor costs, and new methods of processing. These recom-
mendations were developed by two members of the Bureau’s
laboratory staff who visted 26 whiting plants during the year.

DB oR,

Wholesale Prices

EDIBLE FISH AND SHELLFISH, JUNE 1962:

As landings continued to increase seasonally, the June Scene on Fulton Street dock (East River) of Fulton Fish Market
wholesale price index for edible fishery products (fresh, fro- showing journeyman preparing to load truck.

Table 1 - Wholesale Average Prices and Indexes for Edible Fish and Shellfish, June 1962 With Comparisons

Indexes 2/

Point of Avg. Prices 1/
= (1957-59=100)

Group, Subgroup, and Item Specification Pricing Unit (3)

June
| 1962

ALL FISH & SHELLFISH (Fresh, Frozen, & Canned) .. 2c cceccccveec

Fresh & — Fishe: Products, ese eee csesesesseee
ddock, ae, offshore, < AFagin Samar Sten e:ie| Oston Ib, 208
Halibut, West,, 20/80 ibs, , drsd,, fresh or from . e| New York | 1b, 44
Salmon, king, ige, & med,, drsd,, fresh or froz, .} New York | 1b, 296
Whitefish, L, Superior, drawn, fresh . . « » © | Chicago Ib, 269
Yellow pike, L, Michigan &Huron, rnd,, fresh. .| New York | 1b, 245

Processed, Fresh (Fish & Shellfish):. . . « «

Fillets, haddock, sml,, skins on, 20-Ib, tins, , .| Boston | 1b, ] 82
Shrimp, ige, (26-30 count), headless, fresh , . .| New York | Ib, 1,04
Oysters, shucked, standards . . « « « « « © o| Norfolk gal} 17.50

Processed, Frozen (Fish & Shellfish): . . « oo ©
Fillets: Flounder, skinless, 1-Ib, pkg. 2 2 « © o
Haddock, smi,, skins on, 1-Ib, pkg, . . .| Boston tb, =
Ocean perch, ige,, skins on, 1-Ib, pkg. .
Shrimp, lge, (26-30 count), brown, 5-lb, pkg. . .

Canned Fishery Products:, . 2 so e000 00 oes ee ese oe
“Salmon, pink, No, 1 tall (16 0z,), 48 cans/cs, A
Tuna, It, meat, chunk, No, 1/2 tuna (6-1/2 oe

“28,50 [28.50

g
a
o
8

48 cans/cs, . aie a ts e o| LosAngeles| cs, | 12,15 ]12,15
Sardines, Calif,, tom, pa No, 41 oval @ Oz) :

a a ae 25 : De . «| Los Angeles| cs. | 5,25] 5,25
Sardines, Maine, keyless oil, “W/4 ‘drawn

8-3/4 02), 100 cans/cs New York | cs, | 31 | 12,81 3 | 164,38] 1.
1/Represent average prices for one day (Monday ¢ or Tuesday) during the week in which the 15th of the month occurs, These
~ prices are published as indicators of movement and not necessarily absolute level, Daily Market News Service *‘Fishery

Products Reports” should be referred to for actual prices
2/Beginning with January 1962 indexes, the reference base of 1947~49=100 was superseded by the new reference base
~ of 1957-59=100,
3/Recomputed to be comparable to 1957-595100 base indexes,
Z/Because of an error, this index will be revised when the July 1962 index is released, Actual index is slightly lower than
~ shown,
5/Not available,

46 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Fresh Western halibut wholesale prices at New York City
rose from May to June in spite of the seasonal landings in the
Pacific Northwest. The demand for halibut was quite strong
because frozen stocks at the beginning of the season were al-
most completely sold out, During the same period, prices
were down for all other products under the drawn, dressed,
or whole finfish subgroup and the index dropped 4,7 percent,
Prices were down for fresh large haddock by 9.4 percent,
fresh king salmon at New York City by 3.7 percent, Lake
Superior whitefish at Chicago by 2.8 percent, and Lake Mich-
igan yellow pike at New York City by 36.6 percent, Salmon
supplies in June were moderate, the demand continued good,
but the market was not as steady as in May, Heavier sea-
sonal landings of Great Lakes yellow pike were responsible
for the price drop in that product. The market for Great
Lakes whitefish although still relatively strong in June was
not at the same level as in May, Compared with June 1961,
the subgroup index this June was up 7.1 percent because of
higher prices for fresh and frozen halibut, large and medium
king salmon, and Lake Superior whitefish, These increases
were somewhat offset by lower prices for fresh drawn haddock
and fresh yellow pike,

From May to June, fresh haddock fillet prices at Boston
were down 4.5 percent, With continued light landings in the
South Atlantic States, fresh shrimp prices at New York City
rose 1.9 percent during the same period, As a result, the
processed fresh fish and shellfish index for June was some-
what lower than the May index, The subgroup index this June

Vol. 24, No. 8

was up substantially as compared with the same month in 1961
because of higher prices for fresh shrimp (up 34.3 percent)
and fresh haddock fillets (up 13.8 percent).

The price index for processed frozen fish and shellfish in
June 1962 was up 2.3 percent from the previous month and
26.8 percent higher than a year earlier only because of higher
frozen shrimp prices at Chicago, Continued light supplies in
June caused a price advance for frozen shrimp of 4.6 percent
from the previous month and of 49.4 percent from June 1961,
Prices for frozen fillets of haddock did not change from May
to June, but were down 3.8 percent for flounder fillets and 3,9
percent for ocean perch fillets. Compared to June 1961,
prices were up for haddock and ocean perch fillets, and down
for flounder fillets.

The June index for the canned fishery products subgroup
was down 1,6 percent from May, but was up 8.7 percent as
compared with June 1961, Of the items in the subgroup, the
only change from May to June was for canned Maine sardines-~
prices dropped 11.7 percent. The new pack of Maine sardines
early in June was substantially greater than the previous sea~
son and prices, which had been abnormally high because of
short supplies, returned to more normal levels, Compared
with June 1961, prices this June were up 1.8 percent for
canned pink salmon, 10,4 percent for canned tuna, 16,7 per-
cent for California sardines, and 29,3 percent for Maine sar-
dines,

BY HAND

This term means the gathering or collecting of fish or shellfish without the aid of any
tools or equipment. This includes skindiving witha snorkel tube,
"treading" of clams (feeling for the clams withthe feet and lifting
them from the bottom with one foot), and''signing'' (locating clams
by their syphon holes and digging them out by hand),

Gathering by hand.

Note: Excerpt from Circular 109, Commercial Fishing Gear of the United States, for sale from the Superintendent of Documents,
Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., single copy, 40 cents.

August 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 47

International

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

PROGRAM TO PROMOTE USE OF
FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATES
FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION:

A program to promote the use of fish pro-
tein concentrate or fish flour for human con-
sumption has been announced by
the Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization Fisheries Division.

Fish protein concentrates
of appropriate quality would be
extremely effective in meeting
serious protein deficiencies in many areas of
the world and...raw materials to produce
such concentrates are available in abundance
in certain areas,

FAO, in consultation with other U.S. spe-
cialized agencies and with various experts in
this field, has drawn up minimum specifica-
tions for fish protein concentrates which
would_be suitable for human consumption and
has also been assembling the latest available
information on suitable types of equipment
and processes.

However, it is recognized that the infor-
mation concerning equipment and processes
and concerning the results of various exper-
iments in different parts of the world is still
not yet complete.

FAO's Fisheries Division has prepared a
paper, entitled ''Note ona Proposal to Manu-
facture Fish Protein Concentrates in Peru."
This note deals with minimum specifications
for fish protein concentrates suitable for
human consumption and also gives the latest
available information on equipment and proc-
esses. The Division is also urgently seeking
supplementary information on equipment and
processes for manufacturing fish protein
concentrates and on the results of experi-
ments with this product.

Excerpts from the FAO paper follow:

1. Background; The use of fish protein concen-
trates for human consumption was discussed by the
FAO International Meeting on Fish Meal, Rome, March
1961; by the FAO/UNICEF/ WHO Protein Advisory
Group, June 1961; by the FAO International Conference
on Fish in Nutrition, Washington, September 1961; and
in particular by a Panel of Experts convened by FAO
in Washington in September 1961. This Panel made
certain recommendations concerning the specifications
which should be followed in the manufacture of such
products and concerning areas in which campaigns to
promote the consumption of such products would be
likely to be most effective. Among the latter, priority
was given to a campaign in Peru to be associated with
the very large-scale production of fish meal which had
developed in that country. Recommendations of the
Panel were subsequently discussed in FAO and were
also referred to the Second Annual Conference of the
International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers,
Lisbon, October 1961. A tentative plan of operation
for a project in Peru was drafted and thereafter dis-
cussed in detail with representatives of the Govern-
ment, the Fish Meal Industry, and other interested
agencies in Peru, by FAO staff members during a visit
to Peru in December 1961. Discussions revealed a
strong interest on the part of the Government of Peru
in promoting such a campaign and on the part of the
fish meal manufacturers in Peru in acquiring and op-
erating the necessary equipment for the manufacture
of fish protein concentrates in sufficient quantity to
supply such a campaign and, later, the commercial de-
mand for such products in Peru,

2, Fish Protein Concentrates--Characteristics and
protein concentrates in powdered form, it is essential
to recognize the typical characteristics of these prod-
ucts and what bearing these have on the equipment and
processes to be used. For the purpose of these and
similar projects, where the production of fish protein
concentrates, as described in the tentative specifica-
tions, is envisaged as supplementary to the manufac-
ture of fish meal, three types of product have been
specified.

The specifications give the minimum requirements
for each type. Type A is completely, or almost com-
pletely, deodorized and defatted; Type B is partly de-
odorized and defatted; and Type C is non-deodorized
and non-defatted.

is a summary of what is known to FAO concerning
available equipment and processes used for the manu-
facture of fish protein concentrates in different coun-
tries. In this connection, it must be emphasized that
the manufacture of Types A and B products from a

48 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

Type C product has so far been restricted to batchpro-
duction on a small scale and that continuous type ex-
traction plants have not yet been tested on fish.

(a) Types A and B Products
Two groups of processes can be distinguished:

(i) Production of Types A and B in one stage
directly from raw fish by azeotropic de-
hydration and lipid extraction with partial
or complete deodorization, Fish protein
concentrates of Type C cannot be manu-
factured by this method.

(ii) Production of fish protein concentrates in
two stages, the first of which consists in
producing a concentrate of Type C. The
second stage is a solvent extraction of
Type C leading to a concentrate of Types
A and B.

The solvents used in the various processes for mak-
ing fish protein concentrate of Types A and B are eth-
anol, isopropanol, hexane, ethylacetate, acetone, and
ethylene dichloride.

The solvents used may affect the wholesomeness of
the product. They must be eliminated from the final
product because of undesirable effects on taste and
flavor. No toxic residues must be allowed to remain
in the final product.

Good experiences are recorded with ethanol and
isopropanol,

In most of the equipment to be used for manufactur-
ing concentrates of Types A and B, various solvents
can be utilized but trials have to be carried out before
switching from. one solvent to another.

The apparent merits and demerits of the various
processes in relation to requirements in Peru are dis-
cussed below. The conclusion is that the information
available is sufficient for the Peruvian Government
and industry to come to a decision about the manufac-
ture of Types A and B in Peru now, but that the selec-
tion of a specific process might be made dependent on
further investigations and trials. If the decision is
positive, these investigations and trials could take place
concurrently with the first phase of the campaign for
the introduction of fish protein concentrates into the
diet of protein-deficient people in Peru, namely the
development of suitable vechicles including
testing for palatability. Meanwhile, FAO is now con-
ducting widespread enquiries in order to supplement
the analytical and operational information available at
present.

(b) Type C Products

Subject to certain precautions and control with re-
gard to the quality of the raw material and standards
of hygiene during processing, these products can be
manufactured in conventional fish meal equipment.
The methods can again be divided into two groups:

(i) Those where the raw material is dehy-
drated by direct heat (flame driers);

(ii) Those where the raw material is dehy-
drated by indirect heat (indirect steam
driers).

Vol. 24, No. 8

It is fully realized that satisfactory products might

| be produced by all the methods involved. In order to

decide what type of process should be selected for Peru,
it appears that the following points ought to be taken in-
to account:

(i) The process should be easily controllable
and not need highly skilled operation.

(ii) The equipment should be easily serviced
and cleaned in order to meet the require-
ments necessary for food processing equip-
ment.

4. Investigations Concerning the Manufacture of
Fish Protein Concentrates: There is widespread inter-

est on the part of the fishery industry, food technolo-
gists, and nutritionists in the development of equipment
and processes for the manufacture of fish protein con-
centrates suitable for human consumption, and certain
investigations now proceeding offer hope of success at
a fairly early date.

5. Considerations Affecting the Proposed Project in
Peru: During discussions between FAO and the fish

meal manufacturers in Peru, the latter indicated their
interest in an installation capable of producing 1,500
tons annually of fish protein concentrates of Types A,
B, and C, without restriction below this limit of the ca-
pacity to produce any one of these types. It will be evi-
dent that in the circumstances described above, the
manufacturers are faced with a number of alternatives
which must be evaluated in terms of the commercial
risks involved and the prospects for a profitable return
on investments. These alternatives are described be-
low, together with FAO's comments on the apparent ad-
vantages and disadvantages from the standpoint of tech-
nical, economic, and organizational considerations:

(a) Itis recognized that an annual production of
1,500 tons, such as is visualized by the fish
meal manufacturers in Peru, is considerably
in excess of the requirements of the projected
campaign and that the surplus will be marketed
together with fish meal for animal feeding. In
view of this, and also since some Type C prod-
uct will probably be required in any case (for
the purpose of the campaign), it is assumed
that the project in Peru will be based on the
manufacture of a Type C product. The manu-
facture of Types A and B products will be
based on processes involving the manufacture
of a Type C product as a first stage (produc-
tion in two stages).

(b) With regard to the manufacture of a Type C
product, it has been mentioned above that con-
ventional fish meal equipment can be used for
this purpose. It is a matter for the manufac-
turers to decide whether to install a new plant
or to make available an existing plant for this
purpose. In this connection, it is strongly rec-
ommended that whatever equipment is used,
whether new or existing, the installation should
be used exclusively for the manufacture of a
Type C product and should be operated quite
separately from other installations manufac-
turing products below the standards required
for human consumption, with due regard for
the control of raw material and standards of
hygiene as mentioned above. The manufactur-
ers of the fish protein concentrate should be
carried out in a closed building.

——ooO

August 1962

International (Contd.):

(c) With regard to the manufacture of fish protein
concentrates of Types A and B, continuous
production processes have been used so far
only for products other than fish, and ona
scale much larger than that envisaged in Peru,

(d) For the manufacture of Types A and B products,
therefore, the manufacturers could adopt one
of the following alternatives:

(i) A rotary drum batch process using a plant
to be purchased and installed by the fish
meal manufacturers.

Comment: The advantage would be that a Type
B and perhaps A product could quickly be pro-
duced in sufficient quantities for the promo-
tion campaign. During this period, it would be
hoped that the results of various experiments
and pilot operations would be available, on the
basis of which the manufacturers could then
be further advised. If, at a later stage, the
manufacturers decided to replace the rotary
drum process by a continuous process, this
might be done without changing the solvent re-
covery unit which accounts for the greater
part of the cost of the equipment.

(ii) A pilot plant for continuous extraction set
up and operated by interested manufactur -
ers of equipment.

Comment: Manufacturers of equipment have
already indicated interest in making pilot
plants available in Peru or to make trials with
anchoveta in their own countries. Production
would be on a small scale, but would be ade-
quate for gaining experience with the process
and for supplying material for the early stages
of the promotion campaign.

(iii) An existing continuous extraction plant now
being used in Peru for products other
than fish.

Comment: The capacity would undoubtedly be
much greater than that required for the manu-
facture of fish protein concentrates in Peru.
The arrangement would depend on the willing-
ness of a firm in Peru already operating a
continuous extraction plant to make the plant
available and to operate it under appropriate
conditions, including the use of specified sol-
vents and the exclusive use of the plant at
given periods for the manufacture of fish pro-
tein concentrates.

(iv) A full-scale continuous extraction plant
purchased and installed to the specifica-
tions of the fish meal manufacturers.

Comment: FAO could not recommend the out-
right purchase of any particular full-scale
continuous extraction plant and considers
further trials and investigations essential.
However, interested suppliers of equipment
may be willing to make such a plant available
on attractive terms. This would be subject
to negotiation once it has been decided to pro-
ceed with the project.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

(e) In general, for a plant in which fish protein con-
centrates of Types A, B, and C should be manu-
factured, the following characteristics should
be given:

(i) Operate only with fresh, wet fish of good
quality.

(ii) Be equipped in a fully sanitary manner, so
as to qualify as a food processing installa-
tion.

(iii) Store the fish protein concentrates in sucha
way that no spontaneous heating can occur
(storage of the concentrates in bags of
suitable material).

6. Conclusions: It is necessary first to decide, in
principle, whether in the light of the information now
available, the campaign outlined in the draft plan of op-
eration should be undertaken. If this decision is posi-
tive, the fish meal manufacturers could go ahead with
setting up a new, or using an available, plant for the
production of fish protein concentrate of Type C. The
manufacturers could either choose one of the alterna-
tives listed under 5 (d) above or, if on closer examina-
tion there is not one which appears sufficiently attrac-
tive at once, defer for the moment the final decision
concerning the process and equipment to be used in the
manufacture of fish protein concentrates of Types A and
B--see 3. (a). Supplies of these products could be ob-
tained from other countries for the purpose of the early
stages of the promotioncampaign. This procedure would
probably be effective in determining the requirements
of the market.

As part of the project, FAO would make available
the services of a suitably qualified food processing
technologist, who would be ready to advise the industry
on the choice of methods and equipment, He will have
at his disposal a good deal of additional information on
existing processes and equipment which FAO and other
agencies are now assembling. Moreover, a number of
pilot operations undertaken both by suppliers of equip-
ment and by research institutes are at present in pro-
gress and welladvanced. The FAO expert will keep in
close touch with these pilot operations. By the time
preparations for the acceptability trials are complete,
vehicles for the introduction of fish protein concentrates
into the diet of protein-deficient people have been de-
veloped and palatability trials have been carried out, it
is likely that considerably more will be known about the
various processes for the manufacture of Types A and
B, so that, if the decision of the choice of equipment is
deferred, it could then probably be taken with a good
deal of confidence.

Bespin bids

WORLD MEETING ON TUNA BIOLOGY:

Some 250 scientists from 25 nations were
expected to gather at La Jolla, Calif., July 2-
14, 1962, for a World Scientific Meeting on
the Biology of Tunas and Related Species.
The meeting was sponsored by the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO). The United
States Government was official host.

Its purpose was to launch first steps to-
ward establishing the world-wide cooperation

50 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

necessary to clear up some of the unknown
factors surrounding the fish, its behavior,
migratory habits, how much is caught and
how much could be caught, andthe differences
between the various species of tuna.

Though man has fished tuna for thousands
of years, a great many questions remain un-
answered about the fish. FAO officials say
that fish biologists around the world agree
that these questions must be answered if fur-
ther progress is to be made in tuna fishing.

While this meeting was concerned pri-
marily with the biology of tunas, its results
should be of great interest to all tuna-fishing
nations.

World tuna landings have more than tri-
pled since the end of the Second World War,
FAO's most recent fisheries yearbook shows.
Just over 500 million pounds were landed in
1948. By 1961 landings had climbed to about
2,000 million pounds.

Japan and the United States, in that order,
dominate commercial tuna fishing, account-
ing between them for more than 90 percent
of the world catch. Other important tuna fish-
ing nations are Peru, France, and Spain.

Interest in new developments in tuna fish-
ing is not limited to just a handful of nations,
however. Almost every maritime country
bordering tropical and temperate waters con-
ducts at least some tuna fishing and in many
the industry is rapidly growing.

FAO fishing experts expected the La Jolla
meeting would be an important first step to-
ward answering some of the still-unanswered
questions about the tuna, in stimulating fur-
ther research, and in working out interna-
tional cooperation for the most intelligent ex-
ploitation and conservation of the world's
tuna resources,

te Sie Alo
oe gets ate Bd

INTERIOR OFFICIAL HEADED
UNITED STATES DELEGATION:

The United States delegation to the World Scientific Meet-
ing on the Biology of Tunas and Related Species, sponsored
by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na-
tions, was headed by Donald L. McKernan, Director of the
Fish and Wildlife Service’s Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
The United States was host for the conference, July 2 to 14, at
the Art Center in La Jolla, Calif,

Vol. 24, No. 8

Following success of the World Scientific Meeting on the
Biology of Sardines and Related Species in September 1959, in
Rome, Italy, the value of holding expert meetings on various
species of fishes was recognized. The convening of this meet-
ing on the biology of the tuna and related species was approved
at the Eleventh Session of the FAO Conference in Rome in No-
vember 1961.

The World Tuna Meeting brought together about 250 scien-
tists from 15 to 20 governments and private institutions en-
gaged in studying the identity, distribution, behavior, and po-
tential yields of stocks of tunas.

The objectives of the La Jolla meeting were to appraise
known scientific factors, gaps in knowledge, theories and con-
cepts, and methods and equipment, and to consider and rec
ommend future lines of endeavor, national and international,
in the study of the biology of world tuna resources,

The tuna--yellowfin, skipjack, albacore, bluefin, and little
tuna--and the tunalike fish, bonito and yellowtail, roam the
oceans; they know no geographical boundaries, As late as the
turn of this century, tuna had little or no commercial value.
They were not considered edible, and fishermen who found
them on their lines usually threw them back into the sea,

Then, in 1903, the Pacific sardine failed to appear in the
San Pedro, Calif., area. One packer, in an effort to keep his
cannery operating, canned 700 cases of tuna and distributed
them to wholesalers, Repeat orders were received, and the
fishery grew rapidly, The tuna are now one of the leading
fishery resources of the United States, as well as of many
other nations whose tuna fisheries continue to advance, FAO
statistics for 1960 show a world catch of about two million
tons of tuna, bonito, mackerel, and their relatives. Almost
half this catch was true tuna,

Canned tuna now is a familiar item in almost every
American home and on every grocer’s shelf, It is econom-
ical, nutritionally excellent because of its animal protein
of superior quality along with its valuable vitamins and
minerals, easy to prepare, and universal in taste appeal.
Because of its versatility, it is probably the most frequently
served canned fish in the United States, appearing in an in-
finite variety of tuna salads, tuna chowders, tuna casseroles,
tuna pot pies, tuna and egg scramble, tuna a la king, tuna
sandwiches, and in other dishes with an international flavor
like tuna foo yung, tuna a la Stroganoff, and tuna pizza.

The Department of the Interior reported that the recent
and rapid development of tuna fisheries throughout the world
has emphasized the need for tuna research workers to meet
and discuss the biological and oceanographic research pro-
grams now being conducted, and to consider the coordination
of their work. New methods of fishing and high prices are in-
creasing the danger of overfishing, particularly of the yel-
lowfin stocks, Serious consideration must be given to such
matters,

The World Tuna Meeting was conducted in the three of-
ficial languages of FAO--English, French, and Spanish,
The Japanese provided their own interpreters with some
help from the United States.

McKernan’s alternates to the meeting were Dr, O., E.
Sette, Director of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Bio-
logical Laboratory at Stanford, Calif., and Vernon E, Brock,
Director of the Bureau’s Biological Laboratory, Washington,
D. C, Other members of the United States delegation included
Dr. Roger Revelle, Science Advisor to the Secretary of the
Interior; Stuart Blow, Office of Special Assistant for Fish-
eries and Wildlife, Department of State; and several other
officials of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, as govern-
mental advisers. The nongovernmental advisers included
Dr. F. N. Spiess, Acting Director of the Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., Dr. Richard Van Cleve,
Dean, College of Fisheries, University of Washington,
Seattle; Sigurd J. Westrheim of the Oregon Fish Commis-
sion; and Phil M. Roedel of the California Department of
Fish and Game.

Preparatory arrangements for this important world
meeting were handled by a subcommittee appointed by

August 1962

International (Contd.):

the United States FAO Interagency Committee. Dr.J.L.
McHugh, Chief of the Division of Biological Research,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, was chairman,

me Sa pa ROS FS

INTERIOR UNDER SECRETARY CARR
DELIVERED KEYNOTE ADDRESS:

Under Secretary James K. Carr of the
U.S. Department of the Interior delivered
the keynote address at the opening session
of the 13-day United Nations! Food and Agri-
culture Organization World Scientific Meet-
ing on the Biology of Tunas and Related Spe-
cies, July 2, 1962, at the Art Center in La
Jolla, Calif.

Other speakers at the opening session of
the meeting were William E. Warne, Direc-
tor, Department of Water Resources, State
of California, and Dr. D. B. Finn, Director,
Fisheries Division, FAO, Rome, Italy. Mayor
Charles Dail of San Diego, Calif., welcomed
the conferees and distinguished guests.

The World Tuna Meeting is a major event
in the history of scientific fishery research.
About 200 to 250 scientists from 15 to 20
governments and private institutions engaged
in studying tuna participated in the confer-
ence. The biological and oceanographic re-
search programs now being conducted, often
independently, by the many nations with im-
portant tuna fisheries were discussed, and
consideration was given to coordination of
such work.

EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

FISHERIES POLICY CONFERENCE
PROPOSED FOR EUROPE:

Immediate talks on a common fisheries
policy between European Free Trade Associ-
ation (EFTA) members Norway, Denmark,
and Great Britain, and the European Econom-
ic Community (EEC) were proposed by the
vice-president of the EEC Commission,
These conferences would be independent of
the current negotiations of the three coun-
tries for EEC membership.

He declared that, in view of the fact that
Great Britain, Norway, and Denmark together
produce substantially more fish than the pres-
ent Common Market countries, their entry in-
to the EEC would be of greater significance
to the fisheries industry than the drafting of
a common policy within the Six--a matter

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 51

which the EEC has not yet undertaken. It would
be impossible, he said, for the EEC countries
to formulate a meaningful fisheries policy with-
out prior consultation with the three EFTA
countries, which fish the same North Sea wa-
tens.

Speaking earlier on the same subject, the
Danish Minister for Fisheries said that he
looked forward to talks with the EEC on fish-
eries problems. The interests of Denmark,
Norway, and Great Britain, he said, were so
dissimilar to those of the Common Market
countries that it would be necessary to review
the whole complex situation. He said that it
would be of genuine value for Denmark if lib-
eralization of the trade in fish and fish prod-
ucts could be achieved in Western Europe.

The fish catch for all the EFTA countries
including Finland, was 3.85 million metric
tons in 1959, of which Denmark, Norway, and
the United Kingdom accounted for 3.36 million.
That of the EEC members was 1.95 million
metric tons. Among individual countries,
Norway led with 1.61 million, followed by the
United Kingdom, with 989,000; West Germany,
765,000; Denmark, 761,000; and France,
511,000. (EFTA Reporter, May 29, 1962.)

EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION

ANOTHER TEN PERCENT
TARIFF CUT ANNOUNCED:

The European Free Trade Association
(EFTA) Ministerial Council met in Copen-
hagen June 21-22, 1962, and decided
to slash tariffs among its mem-
bers a further 10 percent. This
cut will bring intra-EFTA tariffs FFTA
down to half what they were when
the organization was launched two
years ago. The action marked a further vig-
orous acceleration in tariff-cutting; accord-
ing to the Stockholm Convention, EFTA's
charter, the half-way mark was to be reached
January 1, 19651/,

The new 10 percent cut will be implemented
by Denmark, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland,
and the United Kingdom on October 31, 1962.
Austria will make the reduction not later than
December 31, 1962, and Norway not later than
April 30, 1963.

The first meeting of the Finland-EFTA
Council took place on June 22. The Finnish

1/Under the previous accelerated program of tariff cuts. Most

~ EFTA countries had reduced tariffs among themselves by 40
percent on March 1 (and all were to do so by September 1)--
a level which, according to the Stockholm Convention, was
to have been reached not later than July 1, 1963.

52 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

representative stated that he would bring the
question of the further 10 percent tariff cut
before his Government with a view to its par-
ticipation in the decision.

The EFTA Secretary General gave two
reasons for the accelerated tariff cut.

"First, to do so is a good thing in itself.
It is sensible to proceed toward the abolition
of tariffs within EFTA, thus creating our own
common market as rapidly as possible. The
present economic climate is highly advanta-
geous for such a move.

"The second reason is that, from the very
beginning, we have had as a major objective
keeping in step with the European Economic
Community (EEC). We devised our owntime
table in the Stockholm Convention as nearly
as we could to follow the time-table of the
Treaty of Rome and we have, whenever the
EEC has modified its program, made a simi-
lar modification in ours."

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, April 1962 p. 41.

FISH OILS

WORLD EXPORTS ESTABLISHED
RECORD IN 1961: :

World gross exports of fish oils (including fish-liver oils)
reached a record 344,000 short tons in 1961, reflecting the
phenomenal expansion of fish oil shipments from Peru, World
exports increased by 27,400 tons from the previous high of
1960 and were almost two-thirds higher than the 1955-59 av-
erage,

Peru, the United States, Iceland, the South Africa Republic,
and Portugal are the most important world suppliers of fish
oil, accounting for over 90 percent of the world’s net exports
and over 60 percent of the world’s gross exports of fish oil in
1961, Although several European countries export sizable
quantities of fish oil, the area as a whole is a net importer,
and is the world’s major market for fish oil, The Netherlands,
Denmark, and West Germany import large quantities of fish oil
for further processing and export largely to other European
countries,

Peru has become the world’s leading exporter of fish oil,
Total exports reached a record 112,772 tons in 1961, almost
three times 1960 exports, Apart from Portugal, exports from
the other major exporting countries declined slightly in 1961,
Norway’s reported exports of fish oil were up slightly in 1961,
but are probably much larger than indicated owing to the ex-
clusion of hardened fish oils which are not classified sepa-
rately in trade statistics.

World exports in 1962 will probably continue upward but
possibly at a lower rate than in the preceding 3 years owing to
the fear of overexpansion in production and weak prices. Ex-
ports from the United States and Iceland probably will increase
on account of the fairly large carry-over stocks held at the end
of 1961.

Vol. 24, No. 8

World Gross Exports of Fish Oil (Including Fish-Liver Oils) 1/,
Average 1955-59, Annual 1958-61

Heleealealen me
2/1961 | 1960 } 1959 | 1958 |1955-59

a) ee: toad OO0;ShortiDons) enamine

Continent and Count

North America:
Canadaoy ss
Mexico...
United States

motal nee

South America:
Argentinaie ss-rsteheg=
BILE Sie) ese wane rary
Peri) siete ts

14,8] 14.4] 5.8] 8
481 3/01: (07), OLZ||0
.2 | 71.8] 72.2| 47.0] 64
1

FWNUOWNNON

ee ee

Netherlands 5/.
Norway ...--
Portugal “sis
Sweden.....
United Kingdom ql
Other (incl. U.S.S.R.) 6/
Total.
Africa:
Angola «60 08s 6 susie
Morocco’ ss sus = sue = = 6
South Africa Republic ..
FLOtalaen wrencaeuewee ms
Asia and Oceania:

ei tel 180 ra fer ce
NWWAKDOARRA
BNOWDMDDODAeS

WINWDUUMWERWORM JOIN w

Wj} NI oo NON

Japan. we eee se eee 7

OtherG/. 02s 0s ee oe 32

Total... s+ +++ CA SS a a ae
World Total. .... | 344,.0[315.9/269.2[199.6[209.5 |

1/Hardened fish oils have been included wherever separately
classified in export statistics.

2/Preliminary.

3/Under SO tons.

4/1959 only.

5/May include some whale oil prior to 1960.

6/Includes estimates for minor exporting countries.

Source: Foreign Crops and Markets, June 28, 1962, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.

INTERNATIONAL NORTHWEST PACIFIC
FISHERIES COMMISSION

SOVIET-JAPANESE SALMON
CATCHES, 1956-1961:

While Japanese salmon catches in the
Treaty area have been controlled through
catch quotas negotiated between Japan and
U.S. S. R., Japanese fishing pressure in the
non-Treaty area has been maintained at a
high level. But there has been a steady de-

North Pacific Salmon Catches by Japan and U.S.S.R., 1956-1961

Year treaty | Non-Treaty
pe ey [SY to

1961 64.9 80.7 145.6
1960 66.6 80.2 146.8
85.1 94,0 L79 ol

TIQ.1 86.4 196.5

121.1 60.4 181.5

1956 100.9 49.4 15053.

1/Area south of 450 N, latitude off Eastern Hokkaido.

August 1962

International (Contd.):

cline in both Japanese and Soviet salmon
catches during the past few years. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, February 11, 1962.)

INTERNATIONAL NORTH PACIFIC
FISHERIES COMMISSION

COMMITTEE ON BIOLOGY AND
RESEARCH MEETS IN TOKYO:

The working party on offshore distribution
of salmon and the working party on oceanog-
raphy of the subarctic waters of the North
Pacific of the Committee on Biology and Re-
search of the International North Pacific Fish-
eries Commission, met in Tokyo, Japan, May
28-June 30, 1962. A U.S. Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries scientist was a member of
each working party.

At its 1959 and 1960 meetings, the Com-
mission adopted recommendations of its Com-
mittee on Biology and Research with the ob-
jective of joint reporting of appropriate
phases of the salmon research program and
the eventual joint reporting of the results of
the research program as a whole. In 1961,
the Committee developed several recommen-
dations as to the preparation of a compre-
hensive report on the origin, distribution,
abundance, and intermingling of the continen-
tal stocks of Pacific salmon on the high seas.
The purpose of the meetings of the two work-
ing parties, which met concurrently, was to
expedite the final preparation of Chapters V
and VI of that report, dealing respectively
with the two subjects.

(NORTH EUROPEAN)
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES CONVENTION OF 1946

TENTH MEETING OF THE
PERMANENT COMMISSION:

The Tenth Meeting of the Permanent Com-
mission of the International Fisheries Con-
vention of 1946 was held in Hamburg, West
Germany, May 8-11, 1962. Delegations at-
tended from all 14 of the Member Govern-
ments (Belgium, Denmark, the Federal Re-
public of Germany, France, Iceland, Ireland,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, U.S.S.R., and United Kingdom),
Observers represented the United States, the
International Council for the Exploration of
the Sea, the International Commission for the
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, and the Food
and Agriculture Organization.

The Commission agreed that for an ex-
perimental period of 3 years from June 1,

1963, the use of nets with meshes between 50
mm. (almost 2 inches) and the Convention
minima should be prohibited in and around
the North Sea. The Commission further a-
greed to increase the minimum size of whit-
ing from 20 to 23 cm. (7.9-9.1 inches) from
the same date and to extend to June 1, 1966,
the rule permitting the landing from mixed
fisheries of a proportion of undersize pro-
tected fish for industrial purposes. Permis-
sion for the use of small-mesh nets in the
whiting fishery in the Skagerak and Kattegat
was extended until May 31, 1964. The Com-
mission also resolved to request member
governments to take all practicable steps to
ensure that small-mesh nets are used solely
for unprotected fish.

The Commission expressed their concern
at the state of the fish stocks in the northern
part of the Convention area, and resolved to
request member governments to facilitate the
introduction of further conservation measures
as soon as possible,

The Commission agreed to extend the pres-
ent permission for the use of top-side chafers
until June 1, 1963. They also expressed de-
sire to prevent the use of those types of chaf-
ers which reduce the selectivity of nets, and
their intention to review the position at their
1963 meeting.

The Commission agreed to increase the
minimum sizes of cod and haddock to 34 cm.
(18.4 inches) and 31 cm. (12.2 inches), re-
spectively, in all waters in which at any time
a minimum size of mesh of nets of 120 mm.
(4.7 inches) is specified.

The Commission agreed to extend until
June 1, 1964, the operation of the minimum
size of mesh of nets of 75 mm. (almost 3
inches) in the southern part of the Convention
area,

The Commission expressed its appreci-
ation of the valuable contributions that were
being made by the International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea to their work.
(News release dated May 12, 1962, from the
Office of the Permanent Commission, London.)

NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION

COMMISSION MEETS IN MOSCOW:

The 12th Annual Meeting of the Commis-
sion for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries was
held in Moscow, U.S.S.R., June 4-9, 1962.
The meeting was attended by a delegation of

54 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

International (Contd.):

United States Commissioners, and Govern-
ment and industry advisers.

The Commission is concerned with the in-
vestigation, protection, and conservation of
the fisheries of the
Northwest Atlantic
Ocean, in order to make
possible the maintenance
of a maximum sustained
catch from those fisher-
ies. The United States
Delegation was particu-
larly concerned at this INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION
meeting with (a) con- N-W. ATLANTIC FISHERIES
sideration of member
governments! annual returns showing inspec-
tions carried out, (b) reconsideration of the
minimum mesh size regulations for various
areas in the Northwest Atlantic, and (c) the
establishment of an international inspection
system for North Atlantic trawlers.

Actions and discussions by the Commis-
sion of interest to the New England fishing
industry were:

1. The Soviets requested and were ad-
mitted to Panels 4 and 5.

2, Sea herring were recognized as a spe-
cies to be considered in Subarea 5,

3. An increase in the ring size for scal-
lop gear was discussed. It was pointed out
that delaying the time of harvest by one year
would increase the short-term yield by 10-
20 percent. However, because of the fishing
mechanics of the gear, it has been deter-
mined that minor increases in ring size ac-
complishes little and experiments have not
yet been conducted to determine the ring size
necessary to achieve an increase in the yield
of meats. The scientists were instructed to
continue the studies.

4, The possibilities of establishing a min-
imum trawl mesh size for the bottom fisher-
les on species other than haddock and cod
were discussed. It was felt that this would
be desirable, but there was insufficient data
concerning the effect of various mesh sizes
on the different species and fisheries.
The scientists were directed to continue
studies on this matter.

5. The Commission made no recommen-
dations for changes in fishing regulations in
any of the ICNAF areas.

6. The matter of international or coopera-
tive enforcement of ICNAF regulations was
considered. It was recognized that the me-
chanics of such an operation would be compli-
cated. It was felt that if such an enforcement
program were to be recommended by the Com-
mission, it would best be done by means of the
enforcement facilities of the member coun-
tries. It was decided to continue the study of
this matter along these lines and bring it up
again for discussion at the next annual meeting
of the Commission, which will be held in Hali-
fax, Nova Scotia.

A group from the United States delegation
attending the Commission meeting met in-
formally with members of the U.5,S.R. dele-
gation to discuss reported operating difficul-
ties experienced by United States fishing ves-
sels in areas where vessels of both nation
fished inthe North Atlantic. Both groups
urged that all fishermen of all nations review
and study the Rules of the Sea as applied to
fishing vessels, and to put them into practice.

To further promote cooperation between
the fishing vessels of both nations, starting
in the spring of 1963 fishing vessels of the
U.S.S.R. will place a radar reflector buoy at
the tail or far end of the drift gill nets which
are used for catching herring. It was agreed
at the meeting, that observance of the Rules
of the Sea, and a common respect for a neigh-
bor fisherman would help eliminate any fu-
ture problems of that type.

It was agreed that a joint publicity cam-
paign be started to further instruct the fish-
ermen of both nations upon the Rules of the
Sea and good fishing practices.

INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION

AD HOC SCIENTIFIC
COMMITTEE MEETING:

The Ad Hoc Scientific Committee of the In-
ternational Whaling Commission met in Lon-
don June 25-29, 1962. The Committee met
one week before the Fourteenth Meeting of the
International Whal-
ing Commission
to prepare a re-
port on the condi-
tions of the An-
arctic whale stocks
in connection with
new regulations on
Lim actions; 1of
whales to be taken
from the Antarctic stocks during the next
whaling season. The Committee's action was.

INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION

August 1962

International (Contd.):

considered by the Commission which con-
vened at London on July 2, 1962.

Sesblisle coat sl
picket ie seins

ANNUAL MEETING OF COMMISSION:

The United States delegation at the Com-
mission's Fourteenth Annual Meeting con-
sisted of J. Laurence McHugh, United States
Deputy Commissioner, International Whaling
Commission, and Dale W. Rice of the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Marine
Mammal Laboratory, Seattle, Wash.

A major agenda item was the setting of an’
over-all quota (based on blue-whale units) for
the Antarctic whale catch for a four-year pe-
riod ending with the 1965/66 season.

In 1960 the Commission established a
three-man committee composed of one each
from the United States, Canada, and the Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to study
the condition of the Antarctic whale resources
and to recommend for the Commission's con-
sideration the number of whales that could be
safely taken without injury to the resource,
The percentage shares of the total quota,
which the Commission will set, are as fol-
lows: Japan, 33; Norway, 32; U.S.S.R., 20;
United Kingdom, 9; and the Netherlands, 6
percent.

According to early press reports, Britain
and the Netherlands were expected to table a
proposal calling for a reduced catch quota of
less than 15,000 blue-whale units for each
year of the four-year period. Two reasons
for the reduction are cited: (1) to conserve
the resource; and (2) to stabilize the market
for baleen whale oil.

Baleen whale oil is used primarily for
making margarine. Baleen prices have
dropped from an average price of ($194 per
long ton in 1960, to $167 in 1961 and $125 in
1962 because fish oils, which are cheaper to
produce, are now being used in the manufac-
ture of margarine. (United States Embassy,
Tokyo, June 29, 1962.)

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

FISHERIES COMMITTEE MEETING:

The fourth session of the Fisheries Com-
mittee of the Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD) was held

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 55

in Paris, France, July 9-10, 1962. H. E.
Crowther, Assistant Director, U. S. Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries, attended the meet-
ing. He also traveled to Brussels, Belgium,
to contact officials of the European Economic
Community (Common Market). A. W. Ander-
son, Regional Fisheries Attache for Europe,
attended the OECD fisheries meeting in his
capacity as permanent United States repre-
sentative on the Fisheries Committee.

The agenda for the Fisheries Committee
meeting included consideration of the OECD
work program for fisheries. The program
for 1962 is largely a continuation of several
unfinished projects started under the former
Organization for European Economic Coopera-
tion (OEEC). The new program sets the di-
rection for activities and work projects in the
OECD fisheries sector during 1963 and in
subsequent years.

OECD actions take on special significance
for the United States fishing industry when it
is considered that members of this organiza-
tion account for one-third of the world's total
fish production, about 80 percent of world im-
ports of fishery products, and 56 percent of
world exports. Among the 20 member coun-
tries are the United States, Canada, the six
members of the European Common Market,
the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Norway.

In Brussels, Crowther conferred with rep-
resentatives of the European Economic Com-
munity principally on matters concerning a
common fisheries policy for member coun-
tries.

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF REFRIGERATION

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF
REFRIGERATION TO BE HELD IN MUNICH:

The eleventh International Congress of Re-
frigeration will be held at Munich, West Ger-
many, August 27-September 4, 1963. The
Congress is under the auspices of The Inter-
national Institute of Refrigera-
tion.

The Congress will convene
with a General Meeting, fol-
lowed by three Plenary Ses-
sions covering a number of main subjects, a-
mong which are included: (1) Freeze-Drying;
(2) Time-Temperature Tolerance, and (3)
Energy for Refrigeration in Coming Years.

The Technical Commissions of the Insti-
tute selected various special subjects for dis-

56 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

International (Contd.):

cussion at the Congress, which include the
following:

1. Chemical and physical methods for
measuring the quality of foods.

2. Biochemical changes in fresh and fro-
zen meat, poultry and fish; their chilling be-
fore freezing.

3. Chilling and cooling down of foods, and
heat transfer.

4, Extraction of fresh water from sea or
brackish water.

5. Freeze-drying, theory, industrial de-
velopments, use in foods, and future pros-
pects.

6, Refrigeration of fishing boats.

7. Application of hermetic compressors
to marine refrigeration.

The official languages of the Congress
are English and French.

OCEANOGRAPHY

TROPICAL ATLANTIC INVESTIGATION:
The first Working Group of the Inter gov-
ernmental Oceanographic Commission met
in Washington at the National Oceanographic
Data Center June 20-22 to draw up plans for
an International Cooperative Investigation of
the tropical Atlantic which will begin in Feb-
ruary 1963. Such an international coopera-
tive project in synoptic oceanography is a
bold new venture in the field of oceanography,
and its successful completion will require
participation of ships and scientists from
many nations. In a synoptic survey simul-
taneous instrument readings are taken from
a number of ships to give what one might
consider as a photograph of the surface and
subsurface conditions of the ocean. Ships
from eight nations and scientists from addi-
tional nations are expected to participate in
the project, which will be the first interna-
tional cooperative effort initiated under the
auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceano-
graphic Commission. The Commission was
formed within UNESCO and held its first
session in October 1961 in Paris. The Unit-
ed States called this first working group to-
gether under a resolution adopted by the
Commission authorizing member govern-

Vol. 24, No. 8

ments to convene working groups to draw up
comprehensive plans for such cooperative
oceanographic undertakings.

The Working Group, under the Chairman-
ship of Dr. Arthur E. Maxwell of the Office
of Naval Research, drew up plans for a multi-
ship synoptic oceanographic investigation in
the tropical Atlantic from South America to
Africa. The fisheries investigation in the
Gulf of Guinea under the Commission for
Technical Cooperation in Africa will be part
of the over-all project. The United States
Agency for International Development is plan-
ning to finance part of this fisheries investi-
gation.

The United States will contribute seven
ships to the investigation, representing the
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Coast and
Geodetic Survey, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Texas A & M, and the Lamont
Geological Observatory. Two fisheries re-
search vessels and a large oceanographic
vessel from the U.S.S.R. will participate.
Other ships will be from Argentina, Brazil,
France, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and the (for-
mer French) Congo,

Other representatives or observers pres-
ent at the meeting were from Canada, Chile,
China, Germany, Italy, Korea, Morocco, Sier-
re Leone, Spain,Uruguay, and the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the U.N.

The Working Group recommended that
each participating member country name a
representative to a Coordination Group, which
will nominate an International Coordinator of
the project to the next Commission meeting
in September.

Angola

JAPANESE COMPANY PLANS
TO ESTABLISH FISHING BASE:

A large Japanese fishing company is plan-
ning to establish a joint fishing base at Lu-
anda, Angola, with an Angolan company.
Plans call for freezing and processing bot-
tomfish at the base, as well as operating a
fish meal plant. To make final arrangements
for this joint venture, the president of the
Japanese firm departed Japan for Luanda on
June 17.

The Japanese firm involved operated the
fish meal factoryship Renshin Maru (14,094

August 1962

Angola (Contd.):

gross tons) in Angolan waters for the first
time in the fall of 1961. The company had
pioneered fish meal operations in the Bering
Sea but now hopes to rely less on its Bering
Sea operations for fish meal production,
since they are becoming less profitable due
to the increase in fish meal factoryships and
bottomfish fleets operating in that area.

The same Japanese firm is also studying
possibilities of entering into agreements with
a Danish firm and a United States firm,
whereby the three firms would jointly engage
in the production and marketing of freeze-
dried products. According to present plans,
the Danish company would furnish the ma-
chines, the Japanese firm would provide the
fishermen and vessels, and process the catch,
and the United States company would market
the products. Four units of the Danish firm's
vacuum freezing and drying machines would
be installed on the Japanese firm's factory-
ship, which would initially process shrimp
and crab meat. The president of the Japa-
nese firm was scheduled to meet with the
heads of the Danish and United States firms
at Chicago around July 2, for preliminary
discussions of this joint venture. (Suisan
Tsushin, June 18, 1962.)

Argentina

LANDINGS OF FISH AND
SHELLFISH, 1960-61:

Argentina's marine landings of fish and
shellfish in 1961 were 9.2 percent below the
1960 landings. The decline was entirely in
finfish landings which dropped 8,541 metric
tons from the previous year. The 1961 shell-
fish landings were 741 metric tons more than
in 1960.

The principal marine species of fish caught
in Argentina was hake--34,426 metric tons in
1961 and 36,095 metric tons in 1960. Mackerel
and anchovy were the other principal species.
Less of those two species were landed in 1961
than the previous year. Mackerel landings in
1961 dropped 26.9 percent from 1960.

The principal shellfish products landed in
1961 were mussels and shrimp. Mussels
were up 17 percent from 1960, and landings

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 57

of small shrimp were more than double those
in 1960.

Table 1 - Argentine Marine Landings of Fish and Shellfish by
by Fishery Zones, 1960-61

Coastal Zones:
Bahia Blanca
Quequen, Necochea, .
Mar del Plata ...
FRaWSOM: fs icc cevceves «
San Antonio Oeste . .
San Blas, Patagones . .

Tres Arroyos
All other zonesi/

Coastal Zones:
Bahia Blancai’) ip. jes. en a
Quequen, Necoche nt om aite
Mar del Plata
Rawson

i/Imcludes Comodoro Rivadavias Gral. Madanitgas Puerto Mad-
ariaga, Puerto Madryn, Puerto Deseado, Rio Gallegos, Rio
Grande, San Julian, Santa Cruz, etc.

Table 2 - Argentine Marine Landings of Fish and Shellfish
by Species, 1960-61

Sea bream (besugo)... . °
Mackerel and mackerel- liket/ .
Conger eel (corvina)

Hake (Merluccius hubbsi) . . .

Shrimp, small .....

Shrimp, large (“langostinos") ”

Mussels . .

Other shellfish
Total Shellfish. . »
Total Fish and Shellfish .

1/Includes caballa, cornalito, and pejerrey.

Source: Boletin Mensual de Estadistica, Febrero de 1962; Re-

publica Argentina, PoderEjecutivo Nacional, Secretaria de
Estado de Hacienda, Direccion Nacional de Estadistica ag
Censos

Table 3 - Argentine Marine and Fresh-Water
Fishery Landings, 1960-61

Type of Fishery
Marine fish and shellfish .....
Fresh -Water Fish:

HOO WM ca ctredems eke neneie, e sinebat teehee
Industrial ngel/, A

Sin te (Metric Tons) fies
Lf 36961 85, 160.0

4,631.0
4,897.5

1/Consists of "sabalo" (Prochilodus platensis), related to shad.

Argentina's total marine and fresh-water
fish landings in 1961 decreased 13.1 percent

Argentina (Contd.):

from 1960, Landings from the Argentine Riv-
er and lake fisheries both for food and indus-
trial use were down substantially in 1961.

Note: Boletin Mensual de Estadistica, February 1962, Direccion
Nacional de Estadistica Y Censos

Australia

TUNA RESEARCH TO BE EXPANDED:

The Division of Fisheries and Oceanogra-
phy of the Australian CSIRO is concentrating
its fisheries research on a limited number
of species; principally tuna, spiny lobster or
crayfish, Australian salmon (a type of trout),
and whales.

In connection with tuna research, it is pro-
posed to have one officer based on Cronulla
studying tuna distribution and behavior, an-
other in Victoria investigating reproduction
and recruitment, a third in South Australia
looking into nutrition, and a fourth, who might
be in West Australia, concerned with stock

identity. (Australian Fisheries Newsletter,
April 1962,
*
Bee
ae i.
Canada

FREEZING SYSTEM RESEARCH TO AID IN
DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
TUNA FISHERY:

The development of an active tuna fishery’
in British Columbia may be brought closer
to reality by work being carried out by the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada at its
technological station in Vancouver. This
work involves the design of freezing equip-
ment which can be used at sea to preserve

~ PoRT.3"
GUINEA

NIGERIA

FERNANDO POO
Tojtomée reincireg”’/

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

the catch and enable vessels to range far off-
shore.

The Research Board technologists are
working with the Industrial Development
Service of the Federal Department of Fish-
eries on the project, which in its present
state is intended to equip four big seiners
with suitable freezing systems which will
differ in certain important respects from
those now in use on United States tuna ves-
sels. The equipment being designed is felt
to have many advantages for local vessels.
(Canadian Trade News, February 1962.)

Ceylon

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES TO
PURCHASE FISHING TRAWLERS:

The Government of Ceylon has approved
the expenditure of five million rupees (US$1.1
million) for the purchase of five trawlers, one
of which will reportedly be purchased from
Yugoslavia. Worldwide tender notices will be
issued for the remaining four in the near fu-
ture. Bids should be around one million ru-
pees or approximately $210,500 per trawler
in order to receive consideration. (United
States Embassy, Colombo, report dated June
18, 1962.) ies

Congo Republic

ONLY FISH CANNERY PACKS
TUNA AND PILCHARDS:

The only fish-canning factory (packing only
tuna and pilchards) in the Republic of the Con-
go invested new capital in 1961 to increase the

]

Annobéa-—/

REPUBLIC OF

THE CONGO

t I Pret
& TANGANYIKA (gumterif (Oe)
\

COMORO ISLANDS
rance)

Cag

August 1962

Congo Republic (Contd.):

output of its cannery, and also double the ca-
pacity of its storage facilities.

The pack was expected to rise by about
one-third in 1961 to a monthly average of
between 450,000 and 500,000 cans of tuna and
pilchards, compared with 375,000 cans in
1960. By the end of the third quarter 1961,
the output was running much higher, and was
about double the 1960 rate. The Congo tuna
and pilchard pack is sold almost exclusively
in the Equatorial Customs Union.

A large United States firm with a sizable
operation in Ghana indicated serious interest
in setting up a fish-processing and fish-freez-
ing plant at Pointe-Noire if suitable invest-
ment incentives and other concessions were
granted by the Congolese government. Little
progress had been achieved on that proposal
by the end of 1961 although independent stud-
ies indicated that long-term investment op-
portunities in the fishing and fish-processing
industry in the Congo were good.

No statistical data are available on salt-
or fresh-water fishing operations in the Con-
go. Most of the Congo's fishing is done by
pirogues (canoe-like boats) operating from
beaches and in the rivers. Some fish sup-
plies are also sold in, Pointe-Noire by trawl-
ers operating out of other countries. The
canning plant also has a small fishing fleet
of its own.

Despite the introduction in June 1961 of
an Investment Code setting forth certain
rights, privileges, and guarantees for inves-
tors, there appeared to be little additional
interest, internally or externally, in under -
taking private investments in new plants, or
in the expansion of existing facilities in the
fishing industry.

Denmark

SECOND FISH-FREEZING
VESSEL: FOR. U..S..5. R.:

After only 19 days in the working dock, a
Copenhagen shipyard launched the M/S Vitus
Bering on June 9 for V/O Sudoimport, Mos-
cow. The vessel is the 21st refrigerated
type constructed by the shipyard for the
U.S.S.R., since World War II and is the sec-
ond ina series of four fish carriers. Con-
struction time in the dock was cut from 74

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 59

to 19 days by assembling the vessel in six
sections. Specifications are the same as for
the Skryplev, the first in the series, chris-
tened May 10, 1962.

The Vitus Bering is equipped with con-
trollable-pitch propeller which can be oper-
ated either from the main bridge or from a

| small bridge placed immediately above the

stern ramp. In view of the very stringent re-
quirements with regard to accurate and care-
ful maneuvering while the catch is being taken
aboard, the vessel is also equipped with a so-
called "activated rudder," consisting of an
electrically-driven propeller mounted ina
nozzle on the actual rudder. This special
rudder arrangement makes it possible toturn
the vessel even when she is making no head-
way.

The Vitus Bering is intended to serve as
mothership and refrigerated fish carrier for
the Soviet trawler fleet operating in various
waters--the North Atlantic, the Arctic Ocean
and the Pacific Ocean. She represents the
most up-to-date trends in her field.

The catch will consist mainly of cod. The
vessel is provided with a large ramp at the
stern so that the fish can be taken aboard di-
rect from the sea, and there is a gate with
which to close the opening. The fish are tak-
en over from the fishing fleet in two wavs:
(1) either direct from the vessels over the
ship's side as hitherto or (2) as something
entirely new, from trawl bags which are left
by the trawlers in the water and marked by
a buoy. Often these buoys are provided with
radar reflectors so that the Vitus Bering will
be able to locate them easily by means of
radar.

By means of a line-throwing apparatus, a
catching device is shot over a floating line
attached to the bag. A powerful winch then
hauls the catch up the stern ramp and on to
the deck where it is emptied into stalls.
From here the fish is skidded directly to the
ship's two raw product bunkers. For short-
time preservation of the fish, two ice genera-
tors are installed in connection with the fish
stalls which, from sea-water, can produce a
total of 10 metric tons of scale ice per day.
Irregular fish is sorted out on the deck and
poured into the raw product bunker of the fish-
meal plant.

From the raw product bunker all transport
of the fish is mechanical right up to its being
stored in cartons in the holds. On the way the

Denmark (Contd.):

fish is slit open and gutted. This process is
still done manually but with automatic feed
and removal at the working places. There
are special machines for cutting off the fish
heads. After washing in continuously-work-
ing washing machines, the fish is weighed out
automatically in portions of about 10 kilo-
grams (22 pounds), tipped into trays with
spring-loaded lids; and taken to the freezing
tunnel.

After approximately half an hour's freez-
ing, the lids are removed and the block of
fish, which will now retain its shape, is giv-
en about four hours! final freezing. Then the
fish is loosened from the trays by superfi-
cial thawing, it is glazed by immersion in wa-
ter for a few Seconds, and is taken via a re-
ception conveyor on to the packing site. The
entire further preparation of the iced fish re-
quires only 4 men, whereas in previous re-
frigerator vessels delivered to the Soviet
Union this work required 8 men.

The entrails and fish heads are taken auto-
matically from the cutting tables to the raw
product bunker of the fish meal and fish oil
plant, which has a capacity to process 30 tons
of raw products per day. In the treatment of
cod, the liver is separated from the entrails
and is processed into medicinal oil in a spe-
cial liver-oil plant. Two fresh-water genera-
tors with a capacity of 20 tons per day take
care of the fresh water supply. (Fisheries
Attache, United States Embassy, Copenhagen,
June 19 1962.)

Se iSeree as

FISH FILLETS AND BLOCKS AND
FISHERY INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS EXPORTS, APRIL 1962:

Denmark's exports of fresh and frozen fillets and blocks
during the first four months of this year were 21.3 percent
or almost 5,0 million pounds greater than in the same peri-
od of 1961, The exports of cod and related species dropped
3.6 percent, but flounder and sole fillets were up 19.7 per-
cent and herring fillets were up 137,0 percent. During the
first four months this year exports to the United States of
fresh and frozen fillets and blocks of almost 5,0 million
pounds (mostly cod and related species) were down 1.7 per-
cent from the exports of almost 5,1 million pounds in the
same period of 1961.

Denmark’s exports of fresh and frozen fish fillets and
blocks during April 1962 were up 36.2 percent or almost
1.5 million pounds as compared to the same month in 1961,
Of the total exports, almost 1,6 million pounds (mostly cod
and related species) were shipped to the United States in
April,

Denmark’s exports of fish meal, fish solubles, and similar
products in January-April 1962 were up 64.4 percent or 6,930
tons from the same four months a year earlier,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

Denmark’s Exports of Fresh and Frozen Fish Fillets and
Blocks and Fishery Industrial Products, April 19621/

Product

seen (15000) DSS) eaters tele

Fillets and Blocks:
Cod and related species,
Flounder and sole ....
JeKpyartelser ma ot OOO OG
Other..

2,687
1,514
1,309
147

Total

Industrial Products:
Fish meal, fish solubles,
and similar products...

1/Shipments from the Faroe Islands and Greenland direct to foreign countries not in-
cluded.

Typical wooden fishing craft used in Denmark.

During April 1962, Denmark exported more than 4 times
(up 2,779 tons) the meal, fish solubles, and similar products
shipped out in the same month of 1961, The principal buyers
were the United Kingdom, West Germany, Finland, and Sweden.

Ecuador

GOVERNMENT PLANS AID
TO FISHING INDUSTRY:

The Quito newspaper El Comercio, on
June 22, 1962, reported that Ecuador's Minis-
ter of Development called a meeting of offi-
cials of the National Fisheries Institute during
the week of June 25 to prepare a program for
immediate assistance to the fishing industry.
The Minister proposed that the Institute con-
sider: (a) a technical study for improvement
of coastal fishing; (b) provision of facilities
to enable small fishermen to acquire motors
and nets in order to eliminate the primitive
methods of the small fishing boats; (c) plac-
ing in immediate operation the freezing plants
of Manta and Puerto Lopez in order to help
small fishermen who lose part of their catch
because of lack of refrigeration; (d) installa-
tion of freezing plants in other fishing centers;

August 1962

Ecuador (Contd.):

(e) taking steps to promote establishment of
additional canneries and factories for prepa-
ration of fish meal; (f) coordinating with the
Ministry of Economy the installation of re-
frigeration in principal cities in order to fa-
cilitate increased consumption of fish.

The article states that this program will
provide protection to small fishermen, who
will be able to receive better prices and be

able to sell fish to consumers at lower prices,

thereby contributing to improvement of the
nutritional level of the Ecuadorean people.

RESTRICTED FISHING ZONE
ESTABLISHED OFF COAST:

Purse seiners are prohibited from fishing within 40 ma-~
rine miles of the Ecuadorean coast between Cabo Pasado
and Punta de Santa Elena, according to Decree 749, published
in Registro Oficial 170, dated May 31, 1962. The following is
an informal translation of the decree,

“‘No. 749 - Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy, Constitutional
President of the Republic,

“Considering: That, the Manabi Association of Boat Own-
ers (AMAPF) has presented to the Ministry of Development a
petition asking that tuna fishing in Ecuadorean waters be regu-
lated in a manner so that it does not adversely affect the na-
tional fishing fleet;

‘‘That, having sent a Special Commission of representa-
tives of the Ministry of Development and the Ministry of De-
fense, it has been established that the activity of Ecuadorean
tuna boats would be affected considerably by the system of
fishing known as purse seiner; and,

‘That, in conformity with Article 13 of the Maritime
Hunting and Fishing Law, the Executive Branch is author-
ized to prohibit, restrict, limit or condition fishing activi-
ties,

“Decrees: Article 1 - Fishing vessels are prohibited
from fishing tuna by means of nets (system known as purse~
seiner), in the section of the sea comprehended within the
following limits: from the beacon of Cabo Pasado, an im-
aginary line, 40 marine miles to the west to the point
00° 22’00’’ south latitude and 81° 10’00’’ west longitude.
From this point with a true route of 195° to another point
situated in the sea at 02° 12’00’’ south latitude and 81° 40’00”’
west longitude, that is to say, to 40 miles west of Punta de
Santa Elena; and from there, with a true route of 90°, until
ending on land at Punta de Santa Elena,

“Article 2 - Said zone is declared a National Reserve, in
which there will be permitted only fishing by hook~and-line
subject to pertinent legal provisions,

‘‘Under the present decree, foreign flag fishing vessels
will continue subject to the provisions of Executive Decree
No. 991, of May 23, 1961, published in Official Registry
No, 229, of June 2 of the same year. (Note: this decree
prohibits foreign flag vessels from fishing for bait between
Punta de Santa Elena and Cabo Pasado.)

“‘Article 3 - The prohibition provided in Article 1, modi-
fies the fishing permits granted to purse-seiners, limiting
their operations to outside the reserve zone,

“Article 4 - All foreign-flag tuna fishing vessels are obli-
gated to present themselves to the captain of the Ecuadorean
port closest to their route, in order to have their documents
countersigned, on entering and leaving national territory.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 61

7
Dos Ome R

SCALE OF MES

ACHIPIELAGO DE COLON A
CALAMAGOS ISLANDS,

@ Provincial capiTaLs

= — PROVINGAL BOUNGARIE S
OTHER ROADS:

Snows PRosecTED on

eee UNDER CONSTRUCTION ————

PROVINCES.

SANTA FE
SAN CRISTOBAL
FLOREANA

QB esranors

‘‘Article 5 - Authorized Ecuadorean consuls, on granting
the matricula and fishing permit, will receive a sworn state-
ment from the captains of fishing vessels, that will be evi-
denced in writing at the bottom of such documents, that they
understand the provisions of the present decree,

‘‘Article 6 - Any violations of the provisions of this de-
cree will be punished in accordance with the sanctions pro-
vided in Article 52 of the Maritime Law of Hunting and
Fishing.

_ ‘Article 7 - The Ministers of Development, Foreign Af-
fairs and Defense are given responsibility for enforcement
of this Decree.

“Signed in the National Palace at Quito on May 15, 1962."’

Rio ae

Fiji Islands

GOVERNMENT TO APPROVE
JAPANESE-BRITISH TUNA BASE:

The plan to establish a large tuna base in the Fiji Islands
under a cooperative agreement between the South Pacific
Ocean Fisheries Cooperative Association (Japanese) and a
British fishing and canning company was expected to be for~
mally approved by the Fijian Government around June 10,
1962. As soon as the Fijian Government approved the proj-
ect, the Association planned to submit an application to the
Japanese Government for approval to engage in the joint
enterprise, which calls for the emigration of Japanese fish-
ermen to the Fiji Islands.

Emigration of Japanese fishermen to a foreign country, as
planned for in the Fiji Islands tuna venture, is unprecedented
in the history of the Japanese overseas fishery. The Director
of the Fijian Government Economic Development Program,

62 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Fiji Islands (Contd.):

who came to Japan to conduct preliminary discussions with

the Japanese Government, expressed his hope to the Fisheries
Agency that the Japanese Government will by all means ap-
prove the joint tuna venture, which would help promote the in-
dustrial development of the Fiji Islands, Prior to his depar-
ture from Japan on May 23, the Director stated that the Fijian
Government would probably approve the project around June 10
of this year, He revealed his Government’s plan to grant 7-
year resident permits to the emigrating Japanese fishermen

in order to firmly establish a tuna fishery in the Fiji Islands,

The Association has expressed its views on the emigration
of Japanese fishermen as follows:

1, The Fiji Islands tuna base is not merely a fishing ven-
ture, but an emigration program which the Fijian Government
is fully supporting to the extent of granting 7-year resident
permits to Japanese fishermen and their families. We would
like the Japanese Government to consider this point. We hope
that this venture, which will be operated in accordance with
Fijian laws, will contribute to the industrial growth of the Fiji
Islands and also provide an opportunity to demonstrate Japan’s
fishing techniques.

2, Thirty fishing vessels, each of 99 tons gross, will be as-
signed to the Levuka tuna base in the Fiji Islands. (According
to earlier press reports, a total of 100 fishing vessels would
be assigned to the tuna base over a four-year span.) All
catches will:be landed at the Fiji Islands and none will be
brought back to Japan, Fishing operations will be organized
in such a manner that the fishing vessels will not call at any
port outside the Fiji Islands.

3. Japanese are investing heavily in this venture and the
Fijian Government, endeavoring to cooperate, has arranged
to extend the resident permits for emigrating Japanese fish-
ermen from the original 4 years to 7 years, with provisions
for automatically extending them even after their expiration.
The Fijian Government has gone to this extent to establish
this project and we hope the Japanese Government, on its
part, will approve Japanese participation in the joint venture

4. The Association plans to operate 30 fishing vessels at
the Fiji Islands base and the vessels are to deliver their
catches to the fishing and canning company which will be es-
tablished with Fijian and Japanese capital, However, the As-
sociation hopes to determine the actual size of the fishing
fleet in accordance with the capacity of the land facilities and
believes that fishing operations can be started by May 1963,
(Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 6, 1962.)

France

FISHING FLEET, 1961:

France's commercial fishing fleet at the
end of 1961 numbered 14,206 different types
of craft. Of the 1,422 trawlers in operation
during the year, 31 were used for fishing and

French Fishing Vessels Operating in 1961
Type Vessel No. of Vessels

Other fishing vessels
Small fishing craft1/

14, 206

1/Less than 10 tons.

Vol. 24, No. 8

salting fish on the Grand Banks, and 3 were
freezer-trawlers. Seventeen vessels of the
French tuna fleet were equipped with freezing
facilities. Lobster vessels included 31 fitted
out with freezing equipment. (La Peche Mari-
time, May 20, 1962.)

Ghana

JAPANESE FISHING COMPANY TO BASE
FOUR TUNA VESSELS IN GHANA:

A Japanese fishing company was planning
to send Kuroshio Maru Nos. 72 and 73 (each
240 tons gross) to Ghana where they will be
employed in pole-and-line fishing. Thesetwo
vessels were scheduled to depart for Ghana
around mid-July.

The number of vessels the Japanese firm
plans to employ at the Ghana tuna base now
totals 4, including the two pole-and-line ves-
sels Kuroshio Maru Nos. 70 and 71 (each 239
tons gross) dispatched earlier to Ghana. In
addition, the firm is reported to have started
construction of another tuna vessel of this
same size. (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho,
June 5, 1962.)

Greece

FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Fishery landings in Greece in 1961 were
up 3.2 percent from 1960. The ex-vessel val-
ue in 1961 was about 828.0 million drachmas
(US$27.6 million), an 8.3 percent drop as
compared with the 1960 value of 902.5 million
drachmas ($30.1 million).

Greek Fishery Landings by Fishing Areas
Fishing Area

Atlantic Weveiismcitemelicictemebie se: fone
Mediterranean .....
iddle and near water
(trawlers and purse -seiners) .
nshore
[Lagoons and lakes... .. »

Totaly

92,000 95, 000

The yield of Greece's various fisheries in
1961 was down, except that the yield of the
Atlantic fishery was nearly double that in the
previous year.

The average ex-vessel price during 1961
was 9 drachmas per kilo (13.6 U. S. cents a

August 1962

Greece (Contd.):

a pound), as against 9.5 drachmas a kilo
(14.3 cents a pound) in 1960.

OOK OK OK OK

COMMERCIAL FISHING
VESSEL FLEET, 1961:

The Greek fishing fleet at the end of 1961
was up to nearly 6,000 vessels, according to
the annual census taken by Greece's Director
of Fisheries (Ministry of Industry). Smaller
boats such as gill-netters, drift-netters, long-
liners, and other small craft comprised a-
bout 80 percent of the Greek commercial fish-
ing fleet.

Greek Fishing Vessels Operating in 1961
Type of Vessel Number of Vessels

rates (small boats using ring nets) ... .»
Gill-netters, Drift-netters, and Long-liners
(small size boats). ...
Sponge fishing

Ok OK kK

NEW STEEL TRAWLER BEING BUILT:

A new steel fishing trawler is being built
by a Greek shipyard. It is to be the sister-
ship of a similar one already under con-
struction. The new vessel will have an over-
all length of a little more than 85 feet, and
will be equipped with a Danish propulsion
engine of 280 hp. Construction will be com-
pleted by the end of 1962 or in January 1963.

KOK OK OK OK

ARTIFICIAL CULTIVATION OF SPONGES:

The installation of the first experimental
bed for the artificial cultivation of sponges
in Greece was completed early this year, ac-
cording to a report made to the Greek Di-
rector of Fisheries. It was reported that
15,000 sponges were placed in the experi-
mental beds, and that their growth is being
closely observed,

sk ok ok ke ok
Ke aIS Paci eH,

SPONGE EXPORTS, 1961:

Greece's sponge exports during 1961 a-
mounted to 203,000 pounds, valued at 175
million drachmas (US$5.8 million), accord-
ing to the National St atistics Bureau of
Greece. (Alieia, 1962.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Iceland

FISHERIES TRENDS, MAY 1962:

North Coast Herring Season; Two factors
were expected to delay the start of Iceland's
north coast herring season usually set for a-
bout mid-June, One was a strike by the Reyk-
javik metal workers! union which began May
5, 1962. The strike could postpone the con-
version of certain vessels and processing
plants to herring operations; however, outside
of Reykjavik local labor was used to accomp-
lish this changeover. Another disturbing fac-
tor was a demand by the Fishing Vessel Own-
ers for a larger share of the catch. They de-
mand that the percentage of catch to the her-
ring fishermen be reduced to compensate the
owners for the cost of new, more efficient
equipment which has been installed on many
fishing boats. The Fishing Vessel Owners
were threatening a lock-out unless this mat-
ter was satisfactorily settled.

Herring Exports to Norway End: The Nor-
wegian transport of herring from Iceland to
Kristiansund, Norway, stopped after only 2,344
metric tons of a 5,000-ton contract were ship-
ped. The reason for cancellation of the re-
mainder of the contract was Norwegian con-
cern that the Icelandic employers would re-
sort to a lockout on June 1 to obtain satisfac-
tory settlement of their demand for a larger
percentage of the catch. The Norwegian ac-
tion put an end to Faxa Bay herring operations.

cal
Ss eS te

Barrels of herring being readied for ship-
ment,

Record Herring Sale to U.S.S.R.: On Feb-
ruary 11, 1962, the Icelandic press announced
agreement on a contract providing for sale of
5,000 metric tons of frozen herring to the So-
viet Union. This was reported to be the larg-
est sale of this type herring which has ever
been made and delivery of that amount was
expected to use up virtually all the frozen
herring available in Iceland early this year.

Iceland (Contd.):

Fish Meal: In contrast to the situation a
year ago, all fish and herring meal stocks in
Iceland early this year had been sold and the
continuing demand could not be met.

Whaling Season Opens: Iceland's whaling
season opened on May 20, as usual. The
whaling ships returned May 22 with three
whales intow. A fourth whaling vessel was
to be added to the fleet when it arrives from
Norway. (United States Embassy, Reykjavik,
May 24, 1962.)

ye ste sk ook ook
HK OOK OK OK OK

EXPORTS OF FISHERY PRODUCTS,
JANUARY-APRIL 1962:

During January-April 1962, there was a
considerable increase in exports of frozen
herring, frozen fish fillets, salted herring,
herring oil, and herring meal as compared
with the same period in 1961, according to

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

the Statistical Bureau of Iceland's Statistical
Bulletin, May 1962. Exports of fish meal and
ocean perch meal showed a considerable de-
crease in the first four months of 1962.

oK OK ook Kk ok

FISHERY LANDINGS BY PRINCIPAL
SPECIES, JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

Species

1961
- - (Metric Tonsi/). .

ee OE eer ae One 66, 560 58, 820
addock? Mts chav 2M cee 6 se 12,422 11,557
Sa ithe sah Seance ue Pete ee ne 4,546 2, 408
TRO Soca Mee Re Ror 3,444 2,318
olffish (catfish) ......... 4,464 4,212
isk ye eh oer) GiGi Be eeed oo ee 3,059 2,875

3,771

es 2 ee ee eo ew wo

1/Except for herring which are landed round, all fish are drawn

weight,

Fishery Exports, January-April 1962 with Comparisons

Jan.~Apr, 1962

Icelandic
Product
Qty.
Metric
Tons
Salted fish, Gricdiay. cs: se) ere oie 961
Salted fish, uncured: . 36... ss 6,643
Wings sys altedia i. wueleqe ence <1 eis 159
SLOCKIISH eget aterscoyisiey stench 3,361
Herring ONuiCe. lee. reste tal alice: ¢
Other fish Onuices ge... oss shelve
Herring IrOZeM sien ae «ite eticl ener
Other frozen fish, whole .....

Frozen fish fillets’ 0. 24 0% 6
Shrimp and lobster, frozen ...
Rioest frOoZen’., cus <csiceto
Canned fish. . :
Cod=liverioiliy. ..ssene boo
Lumpfish roes, salted .....
Other roes for food, salted ..
Herring, salted...
Herring, oll. 2 =. 2
Ocean perch oil ....6.%% 50

Whale oil. .
Fish meal
Herring meal ss. ss
Ocean perch meal .....
Wastes of fish, frozen...
ISLVET INEST s erctenetere! ee
Lobster and shrimp meal
Wihaleomeals yc ih cre cues vue
Whale meat, frozen ....
Note:

alues converted at rate of 1 kronur equals 2.32 U.

. cents in 1962 and 2.62 U.

Jan,-Apr, 1961

Value f.o.b. Qty. Value f.o.b.
Metric 1,000 US$
Tons kr, 1,000
2,158 41,185 1,079
4,554 47,165 12:36

463 4,433 116
4,274 98,636 2,584
2,976 8,898 233

10,932 43,386 Le Si
6,992 34,756 911
619 6,304 165
11,580 178,208 4,669

141 9,870 259

430 5,391 141

101 6,663 175
iL Aaliy/ Te OTut 322

88 1,285 34
1,641 16,693 437
7,667 57,906 Deore
3,815 20,323 532
189 1,075 28
17,414 65,563 1,718
tassel 28,758 tie)
1,459 4,967 130
3520K. 6,141 161

135 TAs 19

194 376 10

305 13025 27

292 1,965 51

. cents in 1961.

August 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 65

Iceland (Contd.): Israel
UTILIZATION OF FISHERY LANDINGS, TANGANYIKANS TAKE FISHING
JANUARY-MARCH 1962: COURSE IN ISRAEL:

7: The Government of Israel has organized a
four-months course for African officers of the

1961

- (Metric Tons) . - Fisheries Section of the Tanganyikan Ministry

FREE Se epee A 12,551 5,961 of Agriculture. Six Africans have been se-
Freezing... : 7, 385 5,045 lected to attend the Michmoret School for Fish-
Salting . see +e eee eee ee 2,061 6,037 eries and Navigation. (United States Embassy,
sen eeeic : 2.4/3 27,4941 | Tel Aviv, May 23, 1962.)

_-s)
a2]

Fresh on ice Handed abroad ...
Freezing and filleting . .
Salting «<2 se «>

Stockfish (dried unsalted)
Home consumption . .
Oil and meal

°
°
°

Italy

JOINT UNITED STATES-ITALIAN
VENTURE TO CAN AND
MARKET TUNA IN ITALY:

A large United States west coast tuna can-
ner representative in Italy reported late in
May 1962 that his firm was in the final stages
of concluding a joint-venture relationship with
the largest Italian fishery firm in Italy. The

Indonesia venture includes the canning of tuna and dis-
tributing both the canned product and frozen
JAPANESE GOVERNMENT SEEKS tuna on the Italian market. The new organiza-
INDONESIAN FISHING BASE: tion was to be established during the week
‘As one of its projects for this year, the Japanese Over- ending June 2, with headquarters in Rome and
seas Fisheries Cooperative Association, a government-spon- an office in Leghorn, the site of the Italian

sored organization, hopes to promote the establishment of a
fishing base at Tandjung Periuk nearby Djakarta, Indonesia,
Reportedly, a letter has already been written to the Indone-

fishery firm's operations.

Bien Goverument requesting that it approve establishment of The stated object of this venture is the mar-
; keting in Italy of tuna varieties not adapted to
‘ Hsiao ofa ‘eetitnag base nearby Djakarta has long the United States market because of color cri-
een soug! y Japan, Negotiations with the Indonesian Gov- -
ernment to establish a joint fishing base were first begun teria, l.e., mot eligible aon the Becenue denis
three years ago by the Wakayama Prefectural Fisheries Co- nations of ''white meat'' or "light meat.'' Re-
operative Association and a Japanese steel import-export d maj ur h aw fish
firm, Under present plans, the Japanese firms would invest porte ly, ee ee 80 ce of the im ik JOS
a total of 1 billion yen (US$2,8 million) and engage in bottom the United States-Italian venture will be Japa
Eanes carl a eer Japenese tans Besee wend be as- nese tuna. It is probable, however, that any
e base and part o e .8 million wou e used - ; ! 7 ; i
to construct tuna vessels in Japan, which would be assigned of the United States firm § stations will snip
to the base, Tuna landed at that base would be exported to to the new joint firm in Italy those portions of
Heat ae Ee i time to be handled their catch which are not considered suitable
: ; for the United States market. (United States
Besides firnishing fishing vessels, Japan is to construct Consul, Milan, report of June ig 1962.)

freezing, housing, and communication facilities at the Tand-
jung Periuk base, The Wakayama Fisheries Cooperative As- 7K OK OK OK 38
sociation has been negotiating for some time with the Eco-

nomic Cooperative Fund (Government fund established in AN 5 v
February 1960 with a capital of 5,2 million yen or US$14.4 JAP SUE Oh Uy rE Eee ahs

million, to promote the development of Japanese enterprises MOVEMENT TO SEEK INCREASE IN
in the undeveloped countries in Southeast Asia) to secure suf- FROZEN TUNA IMPORT QUOTA:

ficient funds to construct the fishing base. Although press

reports in April indicated that the Wakayama Association was The Japanese Foreign Ministry reportedly
ear ounteriog ereeuty in securing a loan, the Economic Co- has instructed the Japanese Embassy in Italy
operative Fund is now unofficially reported to have approved i

a loan of 80 percent of the total investment. The Fisheries to support the movement now being conducted
Agency is also reported to have given unofficial appproval to by Italian packers who are seeking an increase
this project. (Shin Suisan Shimbun Sokuho, May 22, 1962, in the frozen tuna import quota established by

and other publications.) the Italian Government

Based on recommendations made by the
Common Market, the Italian Government es-

Italy (Contd.):

tablished an annual frozen tuna import quota
of 25,000 metric tons, of which 14,000 tons
were allocated for imports from Japan and
11,000 tons for imports from other countries.
This quota went into effect on January 1, 1962.
Reportedly, this quota was determined on the
basis of Italy's frozen tuna imports in 1958,
but in 1961 Italy imported from Japan alone
28,000 metric tons of frozen tuna. The Ital-
ian packers are urging their Government to
increase the frozen tuna import quota for the
following reasons:

1, Frozentunaimports of 25,000 metric
tons cannot meet the demand of the Italian
tuna packers.

2. The present import quota will force
Italian packing plants that have been equipped
to meet the growing demand for canned tuna
to suspend some of their operations.

3. The existing packing plants are equip-
ped to pack fishery products, so from a prac-
tical standpoint, they cannot switch to pack-
ing of fruits and animal meat. (Suisan Keizai
Shimbun, May 18, 1962.)

ULES y
‘i
Bt

FIRST FISHING VESSEL BUILT:

Recently launched in the Ivory Coast was
a 68-foot Diesel-powered sardine fishing ves-
sel with a payload capacity of 18 to 20 tons.
It is called the Golitcha, and is equipped with
modern radio and radar equipment, andbunks
a crew of 6 seamen and 10 fishermen. This
is the first commercial fishing vessel built
in the Ivory Coast and was constructed under
supervision of a Spanish shipwright from
Morocco. Keel of a second similar boat has
already been laid.

Ivory Coast

These fishing vessels will boost the bud-
ding fishing industry and on-the-job training
in modern boat construction in the Ivory
Coast. (United States Embassy, Abidjan, re-
port of June 12, 1962.)

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

Japan

EXPORT PRICES FOR FROZEN
TUNA SHIPPED TO U. 58.:

The export prices for frozen tuna shipped
to the United States directly from Japan were
still firm in May 1962. According to the Japa-
periodical Suisan Tsushin, United States pack-
ers have offered to pay US$335 a short ton
f.o.b. Japan for albacore tuna. Although an
ex-vessel price as high as $375 per metric
ton has been offered by Japanese buyers for
clipper-caught tuna, exporters are having
difficulties buying fish even at that price.

As of May 1962, albacore catches by the
clipper and hook-and-line vessels landing in
Japan were all being bought by the canners.

The periodical also reports that United
States packers are gradually changing their
attitude about buying only small yellowfin,
which has been the practice. They are even
buying large yellowfin and the Japanese be-
lieve that even big-eyed tuna will probably be
in demand in the United States in the near fu-
tue.

REJECTIONS OF FROZEN YELLOWFIN
TUNA BY U.S. PACKERS INCREASE:

Exports of Japanese frozen yellowfin tuna
fillets to the United States in the second quar-
ter of 1962 increased but, at the same time,
the percentage of rejections of yellowfin tuna
by United States importers also increased,
according to translations from the June 13
and 19, 1962, issues of Suisan Tsushin. To-
wards the end of the second quarter, 40 per-
cent of a shipment of 230 tons of fillets ex-
ported from Japan proper were rejected by
two California packers. Several other large
claims involving more than 20 percent of
shipments were reported to have been filed by
other American packers.

Japanese frozen tuna producers are in-
vestigating the cause of the rejections. Ship-
ments delivered to the United States packing
companies by the Nanko Maru and the Ishi-
yama Maru, two nonscheduled freighters, of
which a large percentage were rejected, are
reported to have consisted-wholly of tuna from
the Indian Ocean caught off Madagascar in
March and April.

August 1962

Japan (Contd.):

APRIL-MAY 1962 EXPORTS OF
FROZEN TUNA TO UNITED STATES:
Exports of frozen tuna to the United States
direct from Japan proper for the first two
months (April-May) of the Japanese fiscal
year 1962 (April 1962-March 1963) show
more than a twofold increase over the same
period a year ago, with albacore exports
2,719 short tons and yellowfin exports 11,116
short tons. For April-May 1961, albacore
exports totaled 1,141 short tons and yellow-
fin exports 5,153 short tons.

This increase in exports of frozen tuna to
the United States is attributed primarily to
increased vessel landings in Japan, making
that much more fish available for export, and
to the great demand for tuna in the United
States. Even tuna normally used by the Japa-
nese fish sausage manufacturers, particular-
ly yellowfin tuna fillets, are being diverted to
the export market.

Reportedly, a tight money situation exists
in Japan and the Japanese Government has
imposed strict controls on the system of dis-
counting promissory notes. Fish dealersare
reported to be seeking to avoid marketing
their products in Japan since this involves
the exchange of promissory notes and are di-
verting fish to the export market to obtain
ready cash. One result of this trend, which
is expected to continue for some time, is the
increase in claims against poor quality tuna
shipments.

Reportedly, for April-May 1962, clipper-
caught albacore were exported for $360-$385
a short ton f.o.b. Japan, averaging $370 a
short ton. Clipper-caught yellowfin were
exported for $340-$360 a short ton f.o.b. Ja-
pan, averaging $355 a short ton. (Suisan
Tsushin, June 9, 1962.)

FROZEN TUNA EXPORTS TO
THE UNITED STATES IN 1961:

Japan's exports of frozen albacore and
yellowfin tuna (including fillets and loins) to
the United States in 1961 increased 10.6 per-
cent from the previous year, according to
the Japanese Export Frozen Tuna Manufac-
turers Association. The increase was main-
ly due to more exports of yellowfin tuna fil-
lets and loins. Japanese shipments of alba-
core tuna (round and processed fish) to the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 67

Japanese Exports of Frozen Tuna to the United States by Species,
Type, and Original Production Source, 1959-61

Species 1961 1960 1959

eehien (SHOrtyons) iwi

Albacore, round:
Pole-and-line caught
Tced—fishvlandingsi's sive siete iat oh
Mothership landings
Freezer-boat landings

Yellowfin, gilled & gutted, and dressed:
Icedttish; landings Marswameuemeencmnns
Mothership landings

Freezer-boat landings
Dressed fish

6, a
18,509] 19, 101

Yellowfin, other:
Fillets CUU) Matec eeliemebeavewen oncerme
Fillets (mothership)| Vs) s)\e) s\16.)'+ i's) 8)“
Fillets (freezer-boat) .... +. +'s
LOIns a eats mem eet iob ieiceie meen sein sie

United States market during 1961 rose more
than 1 million pounds from the previous year.
Deliveries to the United States of round alba-
core from Japan's mothership landings were
2 million pounds more than in 1960, but were
somewhat lower for fish caught or landed by
other types of Japanese vessels.

sich sess situacic
UNITED STATES TUNA PACKER
FILES FOR PATENT:

A large United States tuna packer reported-
ly has applied for a Japanese patent on its
"low-temperature cooking" technique used in
processing canned tuna. Should this low-tem-
perature cooking process, which already is
widely used in Japan, be approved by the Ja-
pan Patent Agency, Japanese packers will no
longer be able to use this process unless they
pay a royalty to the American packer. The
Japan Canned Tuna Producers Association is
planning to investigate the patent application
and is expected to file an objection with the
Patent Agency. (Suisan Tsushin, June 16,
1962.)

NEW CANNERY TO PACK TUNA:

A large Japanese fishing company in June
1962 completed construction of a new cannery
at Shimizu, Shizuoka Prefecture, which has a
capacity of producing either 700 cases of can-
ned tuna a day or 1,000 cases of canned man-

Japan (Contd.):

darin oranges per day. Completed at a cost
of 30 million yen (US$83,000), the new can-
nery was built to replace the smaller cannery
operated by that company at Shimizu. The

old cannery is to be converted into a ware-
house. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 29, 1962.)

Serica nemieiors

GROUP TO STUDY TUNA
RESOURCE PROBLEMS:

The first meeting of the council for the
problems of the skipjack tuna resources,
newly established organization of the Japan
Federation of Skipjack Tuna Fisheries Co-
ops, was held in June 1962. The objective
was to discuss tuna resources among scien-
tists, government officials, and representa-
tives of the industry in general. The coun-
cil's function was decided to be purely to
study resource problems. A meeting of the
group will be held every month.

The council will dig into the problems of
the tuna resources at a series of meetings.
No conclusions or concrete recommenda-
tions are expected to come out of the discus-
sions until the group has had three years to
study the problems of the tuna resources.

Judging from discussions at the first meet-
ing, the following became clear: (1) The
catch ratio of yellowfin was found to be on
the decrease all over the sea areas and ade-
quate attention should be given this in the
future; also the places where yellowfin live
differ according to their age. (2) Resources
of albacore have not been ascertained in the
Indian Ocean and Atlantic. Also, in the Pa-
cific, resources in its northern and south-
ern parts are different. In the north, natural
factors predominate and periodical changes
take place every six years. (3) The struc-
ture of big-eyed resources is between yellow-
fin and albacore, and the farther north stud-
ies are made, the more apparent become the
effects of catch. (Suisan Tsushin, June 12,
1962.)

Kok ok ok As

TUNA RESEARCH PROGRAM
EXPANSION PLANNED:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency reported-
ly is planning to carry out an extensive tuna
research program to cope with the numerous
domestic and international problems that are
expected to develop in the tuna fisheries. To

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

implement this program, the Agency plans to
request a tuna research budget of approximate-
ly 53 million yen (US$147,000) for FY 1963
(April 1963-March 1964). The funds will be
used to employ about 50 research vessels and
training vessels, some of which will be char-
tered to investigate tuna resources and tuna
fishing grounds. The following types of in-
vestigations are being planned:

1. Tagging tuna to determine their migra-
tion and growth and to identify tuna stocks.

2, Surveying fishing grounds and conduct-
ing basic biological studies (investigations on
fish size, sexual maturity and distribution of
juvenile fish, stomach contents analyses, etc.).

38. Conducting oceanographic surveys to
observe the relationship between tuna re-
sources and changes in ocean conditions.

The Fisheries Agency also plans to char-
ter fishing vessels to conduct extensive tag-
ging operations in the equatorial western Pa-
cific Ocean for yellowfin tuna and in the North
Pacific Ocean for albacore tuna to estimate
the survival and mortality rates of these spe-
cies and to identify tuna stocks. (Suisan Kei-
zai Shimbun, June 15, 1962.)

ALBACORE TUNA RESEARCH:

To study albacore tuna schools moving
northward, to tag albacore, and to study new
fishing gear and new jigs made of synthetic
resin to lure fish schools are the objectives
of a cruise of the research vessel Tokaidai-
gaku Maru. The vessel, operated by Tokai
University, sailed from Tokyo early in June
1962 for the sea area in the West Pacific,
20°-40° N. latitude, 165° E. longitude.

The vessel formerly belonged to the Shizu-
oka Prefecture Fisheries Experimental Sta-
tion. Since it was taken over by the Univer-
sity, it has been equipped with modern instru-
ments and equipment for fishery research.

The Kanagawa Prefecture Fisheries Ex-
perimental Station in June received a report
from its fisheries guidance ship, Sagami Ma-
ru, now studying tuna fishing grounds in the
Pacific. The report pointed out that albacore
tuna fishing was good in the spring in the sea
area on the east side of Australia. Fishing
in the area is promising from April through
May. Heretofore, this area has been known
as a good albacore fishing ground and was

August 1962

Japan (Contd.):

generally believed to be so only from the fall
through winter months. The Station, however,
thought that it was also good from spring
through summer. As a result of studies
made of data gathered in the area, the Sta-
tion directed the Sagami Maru to sail in April
to study albacore fishing in the area during
the spring and summer.

The vessel had fished 17 times in the area
as of early June and had obtained a catch of
some 50 metric tons. The fish were large,
weighing 44 pounds each on the average. As
of mid-June, the Sagami Maru was heading
for the eastern Pacific to investigate fishing
grounds there. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June
12, 1962, and other Japanese periodicals.)

ALBACORE AND SKIPJACK TUNA
FISHING CONDITIONS EARLY IN JUNE:
The Yaizu Branch of the Tohoku-ku Fish-
eries Research Institute released informa-
tion on fishing conditions of skipjack and al-
bacore off Japan during June 1-5, 1962. The
report pointed out that for skipjack tuna, a
fishing ground (considered as the best in re-
cent years) had developed around a point 50-
80 miles west of Hachijojima Island of the
Izu Seven Island archipelago. Good fishing
was reported on the west side of Miyakejima
Island and at two other well-known fishing
grounds. Catch averaged ten metric tons of
fish a day.

For albacore tuna, good fishing was re-
ported south of the isolatedlow temperature
belt west northwest of Kinan Rock. qa the sea
area31-30'-32 30'N. latitude, 145° 30'-147
30' E. longitude, 4 or 5 tons a day had been
caught. Good fishing was continuing. Around
a point 31~ N. latitude and152> E. longitude,
some 10 tons were caught daily on the aver-
age.

A later report from a different source
stated that since the beginning of the season,
no heavy landings of summer albacore had
been reported the first half of June and poor
fishing continued. The fish schools were
showing the earlier tendency of dispersing
gradually with the shifting of the oceanic con-
ditions to the summer pattern. Without the
usual heavy landings, possibilities are that
this year's season for summer albacore fish-
ing may come to an end early. The summer

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 69

albacore fishing this season, which was ex-
pected to yield landings of 10,000 metric tons
each at Yaizu and Shimizu (the same as last
year), as of mid-June was expected to yield
considerably less fish.

Consequently, the fishing vessels were
showing a tendency to fish for skipjack. Skip-
jack fishing is more stable than albacore fish-
ing. Since the vessels that have been fishing
albacore were expected to shift to skipjack
fishing earlier than usual, with the exception
of large vessels which would continue fishing
albacore as long as it continued to be found in
inshore waters, the future of albacore fishing
was not bright. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June
15, and 19, 1962.)

A report around June 20 stated that poor
summer albacore fishing continued. While
albacore daily landings were but some 200
tons, skipjack landings were becoming heavy
and a few days earlier 400 tons were landed
at Yaizu and 180 tons at Shimizu. Packer de-
mand for skipjack was good. But high ex-
vessel prices continued, and this placed the
canners ina difficult position. (Suisan Tsu-
shin, June 21, 1962.) aes

bee tee a ee

ALBACORE AND SKIPJACK TUNA FISHING
CONDITIONS OFF JAPAN, JUNE 1962:

Albacore tuna fishing off the Japanese
home islands in June 1962 was reported very
poor and landings were averaging less than
100 metric tons a day. Due to poor fishing,
ex-vessel albacore prices were not expected
to drop below 165 yen to 170 yen per kilogram
(US$416-$428 a short ton).

A total of 180 pole-and-line vessels were
originally reported to be fishing for albacore
off Japan. Of those vessels, over 100 vessels
were reported to have switched to skipjack
fishing and the remaining 80 vessels were al-
so expected todoso early this summer.

But skipjack fishing off Japan was re-
ported to be very good in June. Packers at
Yaizu and Shimizu were reported paying from
80-85 yen per kilogram ($202-$214 a short
ton) for large skipjack (over 45 lbs.) and 45-
50 yen ($113-$126 a short ton) for small skip-
jack (2.5-7 lbs.). Packers in the Sanriku dis-
trict (northeastern Japan) were reported to
be paying 70 yen per kilogram ($176 a short
ton) for large skipjack and about 50 yen per
kilogram ($126 a short ton) for small skip-
jack. (Suisan Tsushin, June 22, 1962.)

1
Serpe ase tose:

Japan (Contd.):

SKIPJACK TUNA FISHERY
TRENDS, JUNE 1962:

Some 12,000 metric tons of skipjack tuna
were landed at Choshi, Chiba Prefecture,
Japan, early in June 1962. The ex-vessel
prices were US$326-377 per metric ton.

Skipjack
(Katsuwonus pelamis)

As compared with 1961, skipjack landings
were about 20 days late. The most serious
problem this year was a drastic scarcity of
sardines used for bait. Some boats were
compelled to go as far as Kagoshima Pre-
fecture to get bait. The boats needing 280
buckets of sardines for bait had to be satis-
fied with only 150 buckets. If more bait was
obtainable, more skipjack would be landed.

The vessels were catching skipjack around
320 miles south southeast of Inubozaki Point
in Choshi. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 7,
1962.)

ALBACORE AND SKIPJACK TUNA
FISHING IN LATE JUNE 1962:

The Japanese summer albacore fishery off Japan late in
June 1962 appeared to have come to an almost complete halt,
with only 38 metric tons landed at Yaizu and Shimizu June 20-
27, Combined cumulative landings for Yaizu and Shimizu for
the period April to June 27 totaled about 4,400 tons, or about
one-third the landings for the same period last year when
12,700 metric tons were landed. Almost all the live-bait
boats were reported to have switched to skipjack fishing. For
the remainder of the season, not more than 200 metric tons
of albacore are expected to be landed. This means that this
year’s summer albacore catch will total less than 5,000 met-
ric tons as compared with 14,800 metric tons for 1961 and
17,300 tons for 1960,

Of this year’s albacore catch, practically all was reported
to have been canned in brine for export purposes, It is esti-
mated that the pack totals about 200,000 standard cases, Ex-
vessel prices during the season ranged from 150 yen per kilo~
gram (US$378 per short ton) at the beginning of the season to
a high of 160-170 yen per kilogram ($403-428 per short ton)
from mid-May on, Average ex-vessel prices paid by canners
were in the neighborhood of 163 yen per kilogram ($411 per
short ton).

On the other hand, skipjack fishing off Japan was reported
excellent and press reports indicate that as of June 25 the
Japanese skipjack pole-and-line fishing vessels were still
having good fishing. As of June 20, a total of 12,172 tons of
skipjack was landed at Yaizu since fishing commenced in

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

April, an increase in landings of 1,935 metric tons over the
same period in 1961. Good skipjack fishing was reported
weil within one day’s running time and the Japanese fishing
vessels were reported making 2- to 3-day trips. As many
as 30 vessels per day were reported coming in to unload
their catches.

Despite the heavy landings, ex-vessel skipjack prices
were reported relatively firm, with some decline, Data
compiled by the Fisheries Agency show that June 21-25 a
total of 1,768 metric tons of skipjack was landed at Yaizu.
Ex-vessel prices closed with a high of 95 yen per kilogram
($239 per short ton) and a low of 37 yen per kilogram ($93
per short ton) on June 25, The relatively firm prices were
attributed to the almost total absence of albacore landings
by the domestic fleet. Reportedly, about half of the skip-
jack landings are being diverted to the canneries, 10 per-
cent to the fresh fish market, and the remainder to the dried
fish market, (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, June 29, Suisan Tsu-
shin, June 30, 1962, and other sources.)

gle ole tle ste ook
Hk OK OK OK OOK

TUNA CATCH QUOTA FOR SOUTH PACIFIC
FISHING BASES MAY BE ESTABLISHED:

Three Japanese fishing firms that are
presently conducting tuna fishing operations
from bases in the South Pacific Ocean (two
from American Samoa and one at Espiritu
Santo, New Hebrides) are seeking increases
in catch quotas. Interest is being focused on
what policy the Fisheries Agency will adopt
to handle their requests for catch quota in-
creases Since it appears that the Fisheries
Agency will no longer be able to authorize
quota increases on an individual basis as be-
fore because the Japanese fishing companies
are continually expanding their overseas tuna
base operations. Japanese fishing companies
are presently known to be planning joint tuna
ventures in the South Pacific Ocean at Tahiti,
New Caledonia, the Fiji Islands, and another
operation at American Samoa.

The Fisheries Agency will probably first
of all establish an over-all quota for the South
Pacific Ocean, which it will then allocate to
the bases in that area. The over-all quota
will have to be determined each year, but for
the time being it appears likely that the Agen-
cy will allocate quotas for only those bases
where tuna fishing can be conducted this year,
such as American Samoa, Espiritu Santo,
French Tahiti, and French New Caledonia.
(Suisan Tsushin, June 11, 1962.)

mich aley falot palal tals
es Bah Sra

SOUTH PACIFIC MOTHERSHIP FLEET
CATCHING MOSTLY YELLOWFIN TUNA:
The Japanese Nojima Maru (8,800 gross
tons) tuna mothership fleet started fishing in
the Fiji Islands area on May 27, 1962. As of
May 1, the mothership fleet was reported to
have landed a total of 536 metric tons, mainly

August 1962

Japan (Contd.):

yellowfin tuna. The mothership was reported
operating in the vicinity of 29-5° S. latitude,
172° E, longitude. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
June 7, 1962.)

kook kk Ok

ATLANTIC OCEAN FROZEN TUNA
EXPORT PRICES RAISED:

The Japan Frozen Foods Exporters Asso-
ciation announced in June 1962 that export
prices of frozen tuna to Europe in June 1962
were raised by an average of $10 a metric
ton for some tuna species over April-May
prices.

Japanese Atlantic Ocean Tuna Export Prices, June 1962

Yellowfin Big-Eyed
. (US$/Metric Ton). .

Ita lyl/— ;

Yugoslavia, Tunisial/
Czechoslovakia2/
Prices are c.i.f., including 3 percent broker's commis-
sion,
/Prices are c.i.f., not including 3 percent broker's commis-
sion.

The Association also announced the fol-
lowing f.o.b. prices for Atlantic Ocean tuna
exported to the United States: albacore--
$350 a short ton; yellowfin (gilled and gutted) --
$300 a short ton; yellowfin (dressed) --$310
a short ton. (Suisan Tsushin, June 23, 1962.)

ATLANTIC OCEAN TUNA FISHING
CONDITIONS IN LATE JUNE 1962:

Japanese tuna fishing vessels fishing in
the Atlantic Ocean were reported to total 68
vessels as of late June 1962, compared with
80 in March, 77 im April, and 69 in May. The
decline in the number of vessels fishing in
the Atlantic Ocean is attributed to poor tuna
fishing. a

Fishing vessel reports in June indicated
that the peak of the yellowfin tuna fishing in
the Atlantic Ocean appeared to have passed
and big-eyed tuna were appearing in larger
numbers in the catch, making up about 40
percent of individual vessel catches. The
fishing vessels were reported to be averag-
ing about 4-5 metric tons per day per ves-
sel. (Suisan Tsushin, June 29, 1962.)

KK KR OK

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Tal

PRODUCERS DISCUSS DECLINING

ATLANTIC OCEAN TUNA CATCH:

The Japanese Export Frozen Tuna Pro-
ducers Association held its first meeting of
Fiscal Year 1962 (April 1962-March 1963) on
June 4 and conferred on steps the Association
should take to cope with the poor fishing inthe
Atlantic Ocean. According to the catch index
compiled by the Tuna Producers Association
based on 1959 as 100, in 1960 the catch index
was 91.6, in 1961 it dropped to 80.7, and for
the period January-June 1962 the index drop-
ped to 68. (Index is compiled by dividing the
total annual landings by the total number of
vessels in operation for the year. The total
number of vessels is derived by adding the
number of vessels in operation each month.)
The catch index for January-December 1962
is expected to drop below 60, since fishing is
usually poorer between July-December. Con-
sidering the fact that fishing vessels are be-
coming larger in Size every year, plus the
fact that their operating efficiency has in-
creased, the catch rate this year has actually
dropped to less than half that in 1959,

The Producers Association discussed the
following measures to cope with the declining
Atlantic Ocean catches:

1. Prevent more vessels from being added
to the Atlantic Ocean tuna fishing fleet, liber-
alize transshipment quotas for the Indian and
Pacific Oceans, and thereby increase the ef-
ficiency of the vessels operating in those
oceans,

2, Increase the operation of portable fish-
ing vessels.

3. Give preferential treatment to fishing
vessels that discover new fishing grounds.

The Association did not arrive at any con-
clusion concerning the above points but did
agree on these points:

1. Tuna resources in the Atlantic Ocean
definitely do not look favorable to the fishing
industry, so the Japanese Government must
be made aware of this situation.

2. Tuna demand is strong, but to meet
this demand, the tuna industry must increase
the efficiency of fishing vessels, instead of
increasing the number of fishing vessels.
(Suisan Tsushin, June 6, 1962.)

1 OK OK OK OK

72 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

FISHERIES AGENCY TO ANNOUNCE
NEW TUNA LICENSING POLICY:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency is report-
ed to have completed a draft of a new broad
policy concerning the licensing of displaced
salmon fishing vessels as tuna vessels, op-
eration of portable-vessel-carrying tuna
motherships and regular tuna motherships,
and the establishment of tuna bases overseas.
Reportedly, the Agency was to solicit the
views of the National Federation of Tuna
Fisheries Cooperative Associations during
the week of June 24 concerning the draft
regulation, and the Agency was expected to
formulate a definite policy by July 7. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, June 23, 1962.)

FISHING COMPANY TO BUILD TEN
TUNA VESSELS:

A large Japanese fishing company is plan-
ning to build ten 99-ton tuna vessels, as re-
placements for the ten salmon vessels be-
longing to its affiliated companies, which
were displaced from the salmon fishery this
year. The firm has already made tentative
arrangements to have the tuna vessels built
by three shipbuilding companies. The ves-
sels will be assigned to the firm's tuna moth-
ership fleet. (Suisan Tsushin, June 13, 1962.)

Sor si gle de kk
KOK OK Ok

JAPANESE GOVERNMENT APPROVES
INDONESIAN TUNA BASE:

The Japanese Overseas Fisheries Cooper-

ative Association (a Government corporation)
announced on June 20 that the Japanese Gov-
ernment has approved the establishment of a
joint Japanese-Indonesian tuna base at Tand-
jung Periuk, Indonesia. Participants in this
joint enterprise are the Wakayama Prefec-
tural Fisheries Cooperative Association, a
steel import-export firm of Japan, and the
Government of Indonesia. The Cooperative
Association also revealed in June 1962 that
the Japanese Government has already tenta-
tively approved the extension of Government
loans for the venture.

The joint tuna base wil be established at
the port of Tandjung Periuk near Djakarta.
Base installations will include a cold-stor-
age plant, a canning plant, and medical facil-
ities.

Vol. 24, No. 8

A total investment loan equivalent to US$2.6
million will be advanced by the Overseas Eco-
nomic Cooperative Fund (Japanese Government
loan corporation) and other sources.

Initially the Wakayama Prefectural Fisher-
ies Cooperative Association and the steel firm
will participate in the joint venture. If results
are favorable, other firms will be welcomed
to participate in the establishment of a second
base.

The Japanese Government approved the
fisheries agreement in April at the conference
involving the Ministries of Finance, Agricul-
ture-Forestry, and Foreign Affairs, and the
Cabinet Planning Board.

Implementation of this plan is being with-
held until the Indonesian Government approves
the agreement.

Negotiations for the venture were brought
to a conclusion when the chairman of the Over-
seas Fisheries Cooperative Association pre-
sented his proposals to the Indonesian Govern-
ment in March 1962. (Shin Suisan Shimbun
Sokuho, June 22, 1962.)

sek oe ke
oa oi t aie) =

TUNA LANDINGS FOR FY 1961:

Japanese landings of tuna and tuna-like
fish totaled 651,355 metric tons in fiscal year
1961 (April 1961-March 1962), according to
data compiled by the Fisheries Agency. This
was an increase of over 105,620 metric tons
over the FY 1960 (April 1960-March 1961)

a= a 7 Ss
: os

A new Japanese tuna long-liner.

ato Shimbun, June 20, 1962.)

August 1962

Japan (Contd.):

catch. The previous high catch was recorded
in FY 1959 (April 1959-March 1960) when
562,991 metric tons were landed. (Suisan
Keizai Shimbun, June 7, 1962.)

Landings by principal tuna fisheries as re-
ported in the Japanese press:

Landings

[___itandings __i
FY 1961 [ FY 19601/

. (Metric Tons)...

Agriculture, 1960," published by the ae and Statistics
Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

FIVE TUNA VESSELS FOR CUBA:

A Japanese shipbuilding firm in Kyushu
has received an order from the Cuban Gov-
ernment for five tuna vessels. These ves-
sels are now being built. The first vessel
will be launched on July 21 and completely
outfitted by the end of August this year.
Specifications of the tuna vessels are as fol-
lows: Gross tonnage--350 tons, engine--700
hp. Diesel, cruising speed--11.5 knots. (Min-

Cop tetha iy. COA
Bi tad fa EA ice

NORTH PACIFIC MOTHERSHIP
SALMON FISHERY CATCH QUOTA:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency Director
announced on May 28, 1962, that the Japa-
nese salmon catch quota of 55,000 metric
tons for Area A (Treaty waters north of
45° N. latitude) agreed upon by the Soviet
Union and Japan at the sixth annual meeting
of the Northwest Pacific Fisheries Commis-
sion (U.S.S.R.-Japan) held at Moscow will be
allocated as follows: (1) mothership-type
salmon fishery--44,665 metric tons; (2) land-
based gill-net fishery--10,335 metric tons.
(Suisan Tsushin, May 29, 1962.)

POSITION ON NORTH PACIFIC
FISHERIES CONVENTION:

The Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai
Shimbun of June 3, 1962, states that in prep-
aration for the forthcoming interim meeting
of the Japan-United States-Canada North Pa-
cific Fisheries Commission scheduled to be
held in August this year at Honolulu, the

Japanese Agriculture and Forestry Ministry
and the Foreign Ministry were scheduled to
meet during the week of June 3 to study the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 73

position that the Japanese Government should
take regarding renegotiation of the Japan-Unit:
ed States-Canada Fisheries Convention. The
Japanese Government was expected to focus
its attention at this time on the abstention
principle contained in the Tripartite Fisher-
ies Treaty. ''. . .and many Japanese hold the
view that the abstention principle violates the
principle of freedom of the high seas and has
no biological basis whatsoever,'' states the
periodical.

The Japanese Government is expected to
study this principle carefully, for the position
adopted by Japan on the Tripartite Convention
is expected to have an important bearing on
Japan's relations with the Soviet Union, South
Korea, and Communist China. The Japanese
Government is also expected to give full con-
sideration to the matter of trade between Ja-
pan and the United States, for the United States
may apply pressure in the form of trade re-
straints should Japan decide to withdraw from
the Convention.

According to Suisan Keizai Shimbun of
June 9, the Japan-United States-Canada Fish-
eries Research Society, composed of Japa-
nese fishery scientists and experts in inter-
national law, which was formed in Japan in
1961 to study the Tripartite Fisheries Con-
vention problem, had held 17 meetings to
date. The Society was planning to publish a
report on its findings around June 20. The
report contains a study of the problems re-
lated to salmon and halibut stocks, whichare
on the abstention list in the Convention, ex-
amination of the abstention principle in the
light of international law governing the high
seas, and observations based on the biology
of fish. The Japanese Government plans to
refer to this report as a guide in determining
the position it should take with respect to its
intention concerning the Tripartite Conven-
tion.

Heh cole emake

FROZEN HALIBUT EXPORT PRICES UP:
The halibut market in Japan was reported
to be very firm and active, with ex-vessel
halibut prices ranging from 160-170 yen or
more per kilogram (20.1-21.4 U. S. cents per
pound), compared with last year's ex-vessel
price of around 120 yen per kilogram (15.1
cents per pound). June export prices for for-
zen halibut steaks were 45-46 cents per pound
c.&f, U.S. Pacific Coast. These prices are
considerably higher than last year's export
prices of 37-38 cents per pound for steaks

Japan (Contd.):

and around 30 cents per pound for dressed
halibut. The export of frozen dressed hali-
but is small.

Halibut exports to the United States in FY
1961 (April 1961-March 1962) totaled 990
short tons valued at US$568,000; in FY 1960
(April 1960-March 1961) 411 short tons, val-
ued at US$260,000. (Translated from Japa-
nese periodical Suisan Tsushin, June 18,
1962.)

KING CRAB FALL CATCH QUOTA
SET FOR BRISTOL BAY:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency called the
directors of the large Japanese fishing com-
panies for a meeting on May 28, 1962, and re-
vealed to them the Agency's policy concern-
ing the licensing of this year's fall king crab
operations in Bristol Bay. According to the
Agency, two king crab freezer factoryships
will be permitted to operate in Bristol Bay
this fall to pack a total of 750 metric tons of
frozen king crab meat.

The two fleets are being designated as
Fleet A and Fleet B. Fleet A will be oper-
ated jointly by four Japanese fishing firms
and will be allowed to pack 400 metric tons
of frozen king crab meat with each of the
four companies sharing equally in the pack.
Fleet B will be operated jointly by four other
Japanese firms and will be allowed to pack
350 metric tons of frozen king crab meat. Of
the firms participating in Fleet B, 3 of the com-
panies willbe allotted shares of 100 metric tons
each. The fourth company's share will be 50
metric tons.

The two fleets will be permitted to depart
for the Bristol Bay king crab fishing grounds
after August 1 and they must return to Japan
by November 30, 1962. Also, the fleets will
be restricted from operating in those areas
in Bristol Bay where bottom trawling is pres-
ently prohibited by the Agency. (Suisan Tsu-
shin, May 29, 1962.)

Editor's Note: For some years, only two
king crab fleets have been licensed to oper-
ate in the Bristol Bay area. They were the
Tokei Maru (4,998 gross tons) fleet licensed
to can king crab meat (1961 quota--80,000
cases of 48 6.5-oz. cans) and the Shinyo Ma-
ru (5,630 gross tons) fleet, whose 1961 catch
quota was 200 metric tons of frozen king crab

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

meat. Both of those motherships operate in
the Bristol Bay area in the spring and sum-
mer months.

In August 1961 the Japanese Fisheries A-
gency, for the first time, permitted fall king
crab fishing in Bristol Bay. Six large com-
panies were permitted to operate a total of 3
freezer vessels to process an aggregate total
of 700 metric tons of frozen king crab meat,
the vessels being the Banshu Maru No. 31
(1,547 gross tons), Eijin Maru (1,494 gross
tons), and the Chichibu Maru No. 2 (1,500
gross tons). as

Then, in December 1961, the Fisheries A-
gency authorized the operation of a second
king crab factoryship in Bristol Bay in spring-
summer 1962, and allotted a combined pack
target of 130,000 cases to the two factoryships.
This represents an increase of 50,000 cases
over that previously allotted to the Tokei Maru,
which has been operating in the Bristol Bay
waters Since 1953 under the joint management
of 3 Japanese fishery firms. Of the two fac-
toryships, two of the three firms are to oper-
ate jointly one factoryship with a pack target
of 70,000 cases, and the third firm plus an-
other firm are to operate the second factory-
ship which has been assigned a quota of 60,000
cases,

Sain Ei

Shinyo Maru, mothership and factoryship, operates with four fish-
ing vessels. Amidships and on poop deck can be seen large dry -
ing racks for tangle nets used by fishing vessels.

At the same time, the Fisheries Agency
increased the production target of the king
crab freezer vessel Shinyo Maru, operated
by still another firm, an additional 100 metric
tons, to a total of 300 metric tons of frozen
king crab meat.

The total king crab production in Bristol
Bay authorized by the Fisheries Agency in
1962 is as follows: Spring-summer 1962:
two crab canning factoryships--130,000 cases
of king crab; Shinyo Maru--300 metric tons
of frozen king crab meat. Fall 1962: two
freezer factoryships--750 metric tons of fro-
zen king crab meat.

mK OK OK

ok ook

August 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 75

Japan (Contd.): The same firm's second carrier loaded
with 400 tons was expected to arrive later
TWO FISH CARRIERS RETURN FROM with halibut and sablefish (silver cod) as well

BOTTOMFISH FISHERY IN NORTH PACIFIC: | as with other bottomfigh.
The first carrier from the bottomfish fish-

ing grounds in the North Pacific and Bering Ak cE KK

Sea returned to Tokyo with a load of halibut

and sablefish (silver cod) the early part of MAKEUP OF BERING SEA

June 1962, according to a translation from BOTTOMFISH FLEET:

the Japanese periodical Suisan Keizai Shim- The Japanese periodical The Fishing In-

bun, June 2, 1962. The carrier was the Ban- | dustry Weekly of June 5, 1962, lists 19 Japa-
shu Maru No. 32. It had a cargo of 450 tons nese mothership-type bottomfish fleéts as

of fish of which 70 percent was halibut and having been licensed to operate in the Bering
30 percent sablefish or silver cod. The To-

kyo Central Market readily disposed of some

1,000 boxes of the first shipment because

there were no stocks on hand. se ; : A

The owner of the Banshu Maru No. 32 de-
cided to fix the price of halibut, for which
there was a good demand, at $452 per metric
ton. But after consultation with wholesalers
and jobbers, it was agreed to tentatively make
it $427 per ton. The price was some 50 per-
cent more than last year's $289 per ton.

The medium-size halibut was disposed of
quickly. As soon as the weather improved,
it was expected that both the halibut and sable-
fish would be sold out without difficulty as a se ge EE See SS :
there were practically no stocks on hand Fig. 1 - Fish méal factoryship Gyokuei Maru operating in Ber-
then. ing Sea.

Japanese Bering Sea Bottomfish Fleet, 1962

No, Fy
Catcher Area of Kind of
Vessels Operation Operation

No, 15 Kotobuki Maru ...... - 2 ABC Freezership
Now Tl Seisho! Marte). i.e cheer = #3 ABC Freezership
No, 22 Seisho Maru..... miei - 2 ABC Freezership
No, 2 Chichibu Maru ...... = 7 ABCDF Freezership
Amin Ma nseatel hereneesiemeretete 7,482 10 ABCDF Factoryship (shrimp)
ETYOIMAEUS, le rossiere.e clle el © bes 2,600 10 ABCDF F reezership
Itsukushima Maru... . «+ ee 5,889 14 ABCDF Freezership
KaikOMManUGe mv eversiersrtonelettens 2,940 4 ABCDF Factoryship (shrimp)
KelyosMartlienetetetcistenedatcnsle 3,700 16 ABCDF Freezership
SGLEUIMATUM ceekelicrsirerakevcrcnens 8,269 25 ABCDF Freezership
SiikishimayMarulece sions. etarene 10,144 18 ABCDF Freezership
GyokuenMartlviveee seeder eusre 12,100 OT DE Fish meal factoryship

invorManucey ten ccc: ericheienene 9,373 VAL DE Fish meal factoryship
RenShintManteesiedeleteierete 29 DE Fish meal factoryship
SOVOIMATU seit s)isiielierislis: leis 28 DE Fish meal factoryship
SHIN yOUMAnUecmeeveleneners 6 Freezership (king crab)
PRENYOMMALUP el elleielicl eheweels 26 Fish meal-oil factoryship
IRVORKOWMATUN sueisikerieteverene 12 Freezership
Junko Maru .. OOo OOOO 3 Freezership

Cay: etween 170° E, longii
Area E factudes eae @ the east of 170° W. ersttids; aa area F is the triangular area formed by. a line ex-
tending from Cape Navarin to the Aleutian Islands along 180° longitude, east to Cape Sarichef, Unimak Island,
and back to Cape Navarin,

76 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

Fig. 2 - Wooden Japanese trawler with gear in fishing position.
This vessel fishing for fish meal factoryship Kinjo Maru in Ber-
ing Sea.

Sea this year. This list is by no means com-
plete. For example, the factoryship Chichi-
bu Maru, which departed Japan on June 6 for
the eastern Bering Sea to engage in shrimp
fishing, is not included.

Ke ook ook ok oof

SHRIMP FISHING OFF PRIBILOF
ISLANDS, 1962:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency licensed
23 motherships to fish for bottomfish in the
Bering Sea for the 1962 season as compared
to 33 motherships licensed in 1961. Four
motherships of the 1962 fleet (Kaiko Maru,
Einin Maru, Kyoko Maru, and Chichibu Maru)
have been licensed to catch shrimp in the
course of bottomfish operations. Two of the
motherships (Kaiko Maru and Einin Maru)
are already on the shrimp grounds, located
in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands. The
two motherships departed from Japan on
May 1 and April 21, respectively. The other
two vessels are now en route to that area.

The over-all shrimp catch target for the
four vessels, as indicated in the license ap-
plications, is 17,564 metric tons. The Hinin
Maru catch target is 7,620 tons; Kaiko Maru,
4,400 tons; Kyoko Maru, 1,444 tons; and Chi-
chibu Maru, 4,100 tons.

Shrimp production to May 31 totaled1,186
tors, of which 974 tons were landed by catch-
er boats of the Einin Maru and 212 tons by
the Kyoko Maru fleet. It is reported that on
May 31, 16,080 cases of shrimp (24 8-oz.
cans per case) had been packed on the Einin
Maru, No information is available on quan-
tities, if any, of shrimp processed as raw-
peeled shrimp. Shrimp processing on the
Kyoko Maru is limited to freezing only, ac-

Vol. 24, No. 8

cording to a June 11 report from the Fisher-
ies Attache, United States Embassy, Tokyo.

se de
*K ok OK

CANNED SHRIMP PACK IN
BERING SEA: BY FACTORYSHIP;:

The Japanese shrimp factoryship Einin
Maru (7,482 gross tons), operating in the
eastern Bering Sea, has produced over 100,000
dases (24 8-oz. cans) of shrimp as of June 15,
1962. At the present rate of production, the
factoryship is expected to exceed its target of
300,000 cases.

The EHinin Maru has been on the fishing
grounds since May 1 and was producing an
average of 2,500-3,000 cases of shrimp per
day in early June. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
June 17, 1962.)

BOS EIB ye elo 40
mR OK OK OR AS

BOTTOMFISH MOTHERSHIP FLEET
DEPARTS FOR ALEUTIAN WATERS:

The bottomfish mothership Chichibu Maru
(5,500 gross tons), accompanied by 8 catcher
vessels, departed Hakodate, Hokkaido, on
June 6, 1962, for Aleutian waters. The Chi-
chibu Maru fleet will engage primarily in the
production of shrimp, which it will can. The
mothership is equipped with a one-line shrimp
canning operation.

The same Japanese fishing company that
operates the Chichibu Maru has one other
mothership-type fleet operating in the Ber-
ing Sea, the Chichibu Maru No. 2 fleet, com-
posed of the mothership Chichibu Maru No.
2 and 7 trawlers. In addition, the same firm
is operating two large 1,500-ton stern trawl-
ers, Akebono Maru Nos. 51 and 52, in the
eastern Bering Sea.

The stern trawler Akebono Maru No. 50
(1,470 gross tons), also belonging to the
same company, departed Japan on May 23,
for the trawl fishing grounds off the coast of
Australia. (Suisan Tsushin and Shin Suisan
Shimbun Sokuho, June 5, 1962.)

We ste gle ole
ratios cod ore

EXPORTS OF FROZEN FISHERY
PRODUCTS (EXCLUDING TUNA) TO THE
U.S), BISCAL: YEAR 961:

There were some sharp declines and
some sharp increases in Japanese exports
of frozen fishery products other than tuna
to the United States during fiscal year 1961

August 1962

Japan (Contd.):

Japanese Frozen Fishery Products Exports to U. S.,
Fiscal Years 1960-1961

FY 1961

Product Fy 1960

au(Short}lons)ifateews
eyialitol ieirewiei-eNelitere! ie\e 399 B2il
TOV ECE o'g G6 o b.0 b 972 1,030
Airs de di6 Giced od oO 902 935
ANE A od lh Geo 6-0 ooo BAO 990 411
Sie Caeetemewreatsmeniciicmemet eliatorse 52 103
lackemarlinggemeeret cients cmc 265 268
SG akbreammunmmeuancncianeniccremciie 556 632
Cuttlefish umm emaltete meirel ours 196 331
Octopus aiaiselerne! ne fayhagal vs 909 811
RETIN i 5 iid OMdra-o oo 40 61
Olphintairatei sireirakche” ot olicurers 356 395
Otherpfishwatreneienien si iielenteisite 864 281
oielreieylelfs iets 2,905 Sy LZ:
sieMeeclstrecibell suishietionic st ie 17 56
RMouerichielichism en etl site ais 59 32
elke stoit sists o 217 170
nucwincn niet 54 3

(April 1961-March 1962), according to Suisan
Tsushin of June 7, 1962.

pig id ahah reg, oS

U.S. S. R. REACTION TO CERTAIN
JAPANESE FISHERY PROPOSALS:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency on June
5 published the reply from the Soviet Union
through diplomatic channels on certain Japa-
nese fishery proposals.

(1) Rejected was the proposal for Soviet
permission for Japanese Hokkaido fishermen
to take sea tangle or kelp in Soviet "'territo-
rial waters'' around the Habomae and Shiko-
tan Islands under a license issued by the Ja-
pan Fishery Society, with license fee eventu-
ally being paid to the Soviets. But sale of So-
viet-taken sea tangle or kelp to the Japanese
may be considered. Soviet Premier Khru-
shchev declared that entry of Japanese fish-
ing vessels into Soviet waters absolutely
could not be allowed until a peace treaty was
concluded between the two countries. Re-
portedly, the Soviet Union's attitude repre-
sents a complete reversal of the friendly at-
titude that had prevailed during the talks on
this subject held between Agriculture and
Forestry Minister Kono and Premier Khru-
shchev in Moscow during this year's Japan-
Soviet fisheries negotiations.

(2) The selling of fresh salmon to the Jap-
anese was being studied by Soviet specialists.
The specialists were scheduled to go to Ja-
pan by June 15, with information as to the
quantity, method of sale, delivery place, etc.

(3) As to the artificial propagation of
salmon in Siberian rivers, the matter will

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW el

be deliberated at the 1963 Northwest Pacific
Fisheries Commission meeting, when both Ja-
pan and the U.S. S. R. would reveal their plans
to each other.

(4) The Soviets are interested in the pur-
chase of a tuna fishing fleet. Whether exist-
ing vessels would be bought or newly-built
boats would be procured shall be studied by
the Soviet Trade Ministry. (Translations of
Japanese newspaper articies, June 6, 1962.)

PARTICIPATION IN NORTHWEST
ATLANTIC FISHERIES COMMISSION
BEING CONSIDERED:

The Japanese fishing industry is showing in-

terest in the meeting cf the Northwest Atlan-
tic Fisheries Commission which convened in
Moscow on June 4, 1962. Although Japanese
vessels do not presently fish in the northwest
Atlantic Ocean, the Japanese fishing industry
feels that the Commission, consisting of 13
nations, will eventually come to exercise an
important influence in guiding the world's
fishery conservation policy. Therefore, Ja-
pan reportedly is considering participating
in this Commission in the near future as an
observer. (Minato Shimbun, June 10, 1962.)

se se ook ok ok
SEES io ee

GOVERNMENT STUDYING NORTHWEST
ATLANTIC TRAWL FISHERY:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency in June
1962 was reported to have received several
inquiries from Japanese firms concerning the
licensing of Japanese trawling operations in
the northwest Atlantic Ocean, Reportedly,
the Fisheries Agency is conducting a study of
the northwest Atlantic trawl fishery and is
shortly expected to announce its views con-
cerning this matter. (Shin Suisan Shimbun
Sokuho, June 16,1962.)

see
WK OK OK Kk ok

TRAWL SURVEY TO BE MADE
IN OKHOTSK SEA:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency's research
vessel Taiyo Maru No. 15 was scheduled to
depart Otaru, Hokkaido, on June 17, 1962, to
conduct a survey of the bottom fishing grounds
in the waters off West Kamchatka. The re-
search vessel will operate in the areas east of
of 148° E. longitude between 53° N. and 56°N.
latitude. (Minato Shimbun, June 16, 1962.)

78 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Japan (Contd.):

LARGE STERN TRAWLER COMPLETED:

A Japanese fishing company took delivery
of its new large stern trawler Nichinan Maru
(2,518 gross tons) on June 21. After a test
run off Japan, the Nichinan Maru, which was
constructed as a replacement for the Tatsuta
Maru (561 gross tons), was dispatched to the
trawling grounds off West Africa on July 2.
(Minato Shimbun, June 20, 1962.)

Sterile! ake. eleluiste
See cite SNS

TRAWLERS DEPART FOR WEST
AFRICA AND AUSTRALIA:

A large Japanese fishing company's trawl-
er, the Taiyo Maru No. 56 (744 gross tons),
which early in June 1962 returned from the
fishing grounds off South Africa, departed
Shimonoseki, Japan, for the trawl fishing
grounds off northwest Australia on June 8.
The same firm's 1,500-ton stern trawler
Taiyo Maru No. 63 was scheduled to depart
for West Africa on June 9 and will operate
out of that company's base at Las Palmas,
Canary Islands.

Four other trawlers, each of 499 tons
gross, also belonging to the same Japanese
firm, were due to arrive at Shimonoseki with
capacity loads between June 11 and 23, They
are the trawlers Taiyo Maru, and Taiyo Maru
Nos. 2, 3, and 5, which operated off Australia
since April. (Minato Shimbun, June 9, 1962.)

He OK Se KOK

HERRING BOUGHT FROM U.5.5. R.:

The Hokkaido Federation of Fisheries Co-
operatives the latter partof May 1962 decided
to import 1,189 metric tons (worth US$113,000)
of fresh herring from the Soviet Union. A
fleet of Japanese vessels, led by the Taisei
Maru (402 tons) was scheduled to sail from
Wakkanai, Hokkaido, to load the fish at a
Russian port.

This is the third time the Hokkaido Fed-
eration has imported fresh herring from
Russia. (Suisan Keizai Shimbun, May 30,
1962.)

ede eee aati eas

STUDY OF WORLD FISHERY
TRENDS PLANNED:

The Japanese Fisheries Agency is re-
ported to be planning on launching a 3-year
foreign fisheries investigation program to

Vol. 24, No. 8

analyze world fishery trends and to formulate
a basic policy dealing with international fish-
ery problems, Among the problems to be con-
sidered are fishing regulations and trade re-
strictions by foreign countries that are bound
to affect Japan's fishing industry, as well as
Japanese aid to underdeveloped countries.
The Agency hopes to start the program in FY
1963 (April 1963-March 1964) and is current-
ly preparing a budget for the program. The
program will be carried out in three phases:

FY 1963--Investigation of the structures
of fishery organizations in European and
North and South American countries, particu-
larly their price support systems, marketing
conditions, and trends in supply and demand
of fishery products.

FY 1964 (April 1964-March 1965)--Investi-
gation of fishing ground management programs,
regulatory and enforcement measures, and
methods of settling disputes in foreign coun-
tries, including international fisheries com-
missions.

FY 1965 (April 1965-March 1966)--Investi-
gation on extent of foreign economic aid on
fishery provided by other countries of the
world; investigation of foreign fishery com-
petition (for example, trawl fishing and tuna
fishing), and of technological and economic
competition.

The Fisheries Agency hopes to conduct the
above investigations through field investiga-
tions where possible and by subscribing to
and examining foreign publications. Assist-
ance of other Japanese Government agencies
will be sought. In FY 1963, the foreign coun-
tries to be studied will be the United States,
Great Britain, Canada, Australia, Germany,
France, Norway, Communist China, South
Korea, and the Soviet Union.

At the same time, in investigating and
analyzing foreign fishery developments and
trends, the Fisheries Agency hopes to under-
take a study, beginning in FY 1963, of its own
domestic fishery for the purpose of establish-
ing a long-range fishery program to insure a
rational development of its fisheries. (Suisan
Tsushin, July 2, and Suisan Keizai Shimbun,
July 1, 1962.)

CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS
EXPORTS, 1961:

Exports of canned fishery products in

1961 dropped 7.4 percent from those in1960.

August 1962

Japan (Contd.):

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 79

Japanese Canned Fishery Products Exports, 1961 and 1960

To United States To Other Countries

Mishsmeieiichehamtmelicmonememencmencnene (AC tUalE Cases) im nictie tam checiiel sbleneimerenonemomolencime

211, 461

In brine...
Other types .
Maokerel-pike

186, 888

4,927 248, 852 465, 240 489,095

1, 300, 371 1, 487, 259
2,218, 857
223, 298
330, 337
280, 391
707,016
1, 234, 450

1, 401, 297
2,035, 195
104, 822
1,042,095
718, 645
472, 378
1,671,914
614,578 328, 266
526, 815 476, 899
14, 322 7,391

7,413 215,252
320, 590

275, 170

706,971

1,134,591

585, 002

2,913, 596 320,927 4, 868, 040 8, 102,563 8, 747,997

The decline was steep for several of the im-
portant products. Exports of canned mack-
erel-pike were 68.3 percent lower than in
1960; sardines declined 61 percent; and salm-
on dropped 26.2 percent. Declines in those
products were somewhat offset by an 11-per-
cent increase in canned tuna exports, and
gains in unclassified fish and shellfish.

Republic of Korea

ITALY TO BUILD LARGE NUMBER OF
FISHING VESSELS FOR SOUTH KOREA:

An agreement providing for the building and purchase of
950 fishing vessels from an Italian group by the Republic of
Korea was signed in February 1962, Some of the details ap-
peared in the Tonga Ibo of February 12, 1962,

Since the announcement in February that the Italians and
Koreans were working on an arrangement whereby fishing
vessels would be supplied to the Koreans from Italy, there
have been discussions concerning the type and tonnage of the
vessels, the country where the vessels are to be built, in-
surance coverage, and other functional and administrative
problems. As of June 1962, an effective resolution of those
problems had not been announced.

A translation of the Tonga Ilbo news items follows,

An agreement was formally signed (February 11, 1962) be-
tween the Government and an Italian business representative
to import US$100 million worth of construction materials for
fishing boats, to be financed from Italian private loans, The
agreement was concluded between Korean Subcommittee
Chairman Tong-Ha Kim and a representative of the Italian
Trading Office, on behalf of the Italian Shipbuilding Corpora-
tion.

Under the agreement, Korea will import a total 120,000
tons of fishing vessel construction materials from Italy with
loans from that country, with which some 950 vessels can be
built. This inducement of foreign private loan investment is
expected to make a turning point in the development of Korea’s
fisheries and marine industries, Kim told reporters after the
signing of the agreement.

In accordance with this agreement, the Korean Government
will build a shipbuilding yard to construct the planned 950 fish-
ing vessels within three years. The Italian shipbuilding firm
is to provide technical assistance for the building of the ves-
sels under the agreement. The Government also plans to set
up a fisheries and marine industry center at the shipbuilding
yard by installing refrigeration, ice-making, and processing
facilities for fish and other marine products.

The shipbuilding materials to be imported under the agree-
ment will be worth more than $100 million at world market
prices. The Government will repay the loans on an annual in-
stallment basis for 7 to 8 years, at an interest rate of 6 per-
cent per year. After all the planned 950 fishing vessels are
built and operating, the annual catch of fish will be boosted
from the present average of 390,000 metric tons to 620,000
tons, Kim said,

The land base for the fisheries and marine center, mean-
while, will be put under the control of the Government, and
will be denationalized through gradual transfer to private
business, Kim said, Further, the Government plans to form
a fisheries and marine industry development committee, de-
signed to help develop the industry. The shipbuilding ma-
terials to be imported under the agreement will build: 10
trawlers of 500 tons each and 20 of 300 tons each; 760 drag-
net fishing boats of 100 tons each; 50 purse-seiners of 100
tons each; 57 line-fishing boats of 100 tons each; 3 whaling
motherships of 1,500 tons each; 10 other whaling vessels
of 200 tons each; 20 other vessels of 500 tons each and 20
of 150 tons each, (United States Embassy, Seoul, June 18,

1962,

Kuwait

STATUS OF FISHING INDUSTRY:

While the Kuwait market continued in1961
to be supplied with fish mainly by the tradi-
tional fishermen and fishing fleet, the modern
commercial shrimp operation which was
started in 1959 and prospered in 1960 con-
tinued to grow throughout 1961.

Of the two fishery companies formed at the
endof 1960, the one with headquarters in Ku-
wait and Dubai remained more or less a pa-
per company awaiting the proper internation-
al connection which could offer technial skills
along with financial participation. That firm
hopes to focus on the processing and packing
of tuna, mackerel, and the production of fish
meal and oil.

The other fishery company continued on
shrimp fishing, freezing shrimp aboard the
vessel, and transfer of the frozen shrimp to
vessels going to the United States.

Some of the popular fish varieties on the
Kuwait market were also brought in, frozen
and fresh, for stocking the new retail outlet
of the company which was started in the be-
ginning of 1962, Arrangements were made
to begin in 1962 the export of fish by air to
neighboring countries, especially Lebanon.
(United States Embassy, Kuwait, report of
May 20, 1962.)

pare
eS

Malagasy Republic

JOINT FISHERY FIRM TO BE
ESTABLISHED BY JAPAN:

An application to establish a joint compa-
ny on Madagascar Island submitted by two

peel = ;
NYASALAND ee Mee Sy,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

Japanese firms (a trading company and a fish-
eries company) is reported to have been ap-
proved by the Japanese Overseas Investment
Liaison Council. The joint company's main
office will be located at Tananariva and its
field offices at Majunga and Tamatave, where
cold-storage facilities exist. Reportedly, the
joint company will purchase shrimp, which it
will freeze, and alligators (which it will proc-
ess for their hides) from local sources. The
frozen shrimp and hides will be exported to
the Common Market nations, and the company
hopes to export some hides to the United States.
(Suisan Tsushin, July 2, 1962.)

Malaya

EX-VESSEL TUNA PRICES INCREASED:

The Japanese Overseas Fisheries Company
which manages the joint Japanese-Malayan
tuna fishing and canning company at Penang,
Malaya, held a meeting on June 9 and an-
nounced the company's new tuna purchasing
prices. The prices are up from 10 to 20 per-
Cent.

Ex-Vessel Tuna Prices in Malaya, June 1962

Albacore
Yellowfin
(gilled & gutted):
20-100: 1bss. ses
| Over 100 lbs. . .
Indian bluefin ..

At the meeting, to which tuna fishermen
from all parts of Japan were invited, the Over-
seas Fisheries Company stated that the new
purchasing prices of the company were more
than 20 percent higher than prices paid at oth-
er bases in the South Pacific Ocean. The com-
pany stressed the fact that fishing vessels de-
livering tuna to its Penang base averaged 25
days per trip, counting the days it took to un-
load catches, and strongly urged vessel own-
ers to send ice-carrying tuna fishing vessels
to Penang. (Suisan Tsushin, June 13, 1962.)

Mexico

SHRIMP FISHERY TRENDS,
APRIL-JUNE 1962:

Mazatlan's shrimp industry in the Province
of Sinaloa, Mexico, was in good shape during

August 1962

Mexico (Contd.):

the second quarter of 1962. Boat owners, and
the freezing and packing plants made money
because of higher shrimp prices in the United
States.

As a result of the very good season, plans
have been made for the construction of 70
more shrimp trawlers which will cost from
500,000 to 600,000 pesos (US$40,000 to $48,000)
each. The new trawlers are expected to be
in operation during the 1963 shrimp fishing
season. The closed season for shrimp fish-
ing this year began on July 15 and will
end on September 15. (Report from United
States Consulate, Mazatlan, July 12, 1962.)

kK OK OK Ok

SPINY LOBSTER CATCH IN BAJA
CALIFORNIA, 1961/62 SEASON:

The catch of live spiny lobsters this sea-
son along the coast of Mexico's Baja Califor-
nia was good, reportedly exceeding last sea-
son's production by 11 percent, or 160,000
pounds. The legal season is October 1-March
15.

These are preliminary data from Banco
Fomento Cooperativo and other sources in
Ensenada, where the bulk of the Baja Califor -
nia lobster catch is landed. Excluded is the
production of four fishing cooperatives in the
Territory of Baja California which do not be-
long to the Federacion Regional de Sociedades
Cooperativos de la Industria Pesquera in En-
senada; also a great quantity of lobsters, es-
timated in some circles to be as high as 30-
40 percent of the total reported production,
which was retailed directly by fishermen out-
side of the cooperatives. The Federacion
consists of 11 fishing cooperatives with 880
registered lobster fishermen this past sea-
son, but all together there were perhaps
2,000 families engaged in the business.

A New York City importing firm through
its Los Angeles representative contracted
with the Federacion for the purchase of the
entire lobster production in the State this
season. The contract price was 6921 Uno.
cents a pound, but this appears to have been
only for ''medida" (young) lobsters. A price
of 593 cents was paid for “burro'' (old and
large) lobsters, while ''colas'' (tails) brought
$1.00 per pound. Outside the cooperatives
fishermen were able to realize US$5 per doz-
en for small lobsters and $10 for the large
ones in direct retail sales.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Legal production this season, represented
by total sales to the New York City firm, a-
mounted to 1,561,054 pounds; 78.8 percent
"medida,'' 16.1 percent ''burro,'" and 5.1 per-
cent ''colas.'' (United States Consulate, Ti-
juana, report of March 23, 1962.)

Morocco

SARDINE PACK TARGET FOR
1962/63 SEASON:

The pack targets for Morocco's 1962/63
season (began June 1, 1962) for sardines has
been set at 2,450,000 cases. The previous
season's target was 2,350,000, although actual

production was 2,550,000 cases. The carry-
over on May 31, 1962, was estimated at 400,000
cases. (United States Embassy, Rabat, report
of June 1, 1962.)

Netherlands

FISHERY PRODUCTS INCLUDED IN
RESTRICTED IMPORT LIST:

A number of fishery items are included in
a list of products subject to possible quantita-
tive import restrictions issued by the Nether-
lands Government. The intent of the list puts
Dutch importers on notice that certain prod-
ucts may be restricted without further notice
if foreign competition unduly harms domestic
producers.

Fishery items subject to possible quantita-
tive restrictions include: (1) fresh, chilled,
or frozen eels; (2) fresh or frozen sea fish,
livers, and fish roe, except smelt and sprat;
(3) herring and livers, roe and fish meal, oth-
er than canned; (4) fresh, chilled, frozen,
dried, salted, pickled, or boiled shrimp in
the shell; and (5) cooked and peeled shrimp,
including frozen, but not otherwise prepared.

Netherlands (Contd.):

Fishing nets were among certain industri-
al products removed from the restrictive im-
port list. (Foreign Commerce Weekly, June
11, 1962.)

New Caledonia

JAPANESE-FRENCH
TUNA BASE PLANNED:

A large Japanese fishing company (the
same one that recently submitted an applica-
tion to the Fisheries Agency to establish a
large tuna base at French Tahiti together
with a French and United States tuna packer)
reportedly is planning to establish a joint
Japanese-French tuna base at Noumea, New
Caledonia Island. The Noumea tuna base
will be similar in size to the tuna base con-
templated for Tahiti.

Plans call for the construction of a 2,000-
ton capacity cold-storage plant and the opera-
tion of 35-50 tuna vessels of less than 200
tons gross. During the first year of opera-
tion, 25 vessels would be based at Noumea
and their annual catch is expected to total
12,000 metric tons. Fish landed at that base
will be exported to France and the United
States.

Poor quality fish unsuitable for export
will be brought back to Japan. Of the two
tuna bases (the one at Tahiti and the other
at Noumea) which the Japanese firm hopes
to establish, the Noumea base will be built
first because of its favorable location. (Suis-
an Tsushin, June 6, 1962.)

Nicaragua

SHRIMP AND LOBSTER
FISHING AT CORINTO:

At Corinto, on the Pacific Coast of Nica-
ragua, a fishery firm has been operating
since September 1961. No annual catch fig-
ures for shrimp or lobsters are available,
Monthly catches of shrimp were averaging
200,000 pounds earlier this year, but as of
early June had dropped to half that amount.
Spiny lobsters are caught, but not in large
quantity, and on an irregular basis.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

There are no clearly demarcated fishing
grounds off Nicaragua's Pacific Coast. Shrimp
are caught all along the coast. However, par-
ticularly good areas in the past have been off
Corinto and Masachapa,

No estimates of the shrimp and lobster
potential in the Corinto area are available.
The Government is requesting experts from
the Food and Agriculture Organization to
make a survey of fish resources, but it is not
known when this will be completed. In the
meantime, no new fishing licenses are being
granted.

As many as 25 vessels were fishing out of
Corinto earlier this year, but owing to labor
difficulties and the temporary disappearance
of shrimp a number have gone to Guatemala.
As of early June, 11 vessels were fishing for
the fishery firm at Corinto. The firm is es-
tablishing a plant at Corinto with a capacity of
30,000 pounds per day. A second company is
building a plant farther south on the coast at
Puerto Somoza. (United States Embassy,
Managua, June 15, 1962.)

ren

JAPANESE PLAN TO ESTABLISH
FISHING BASE:

A large Japanese fishing company, which
has been working on a plan to establish a
joint fishing base at Lagos, Nigeria, since
October 1961, is reported to have the support
of the Japanese Foreign Ministry, which wants
to promote trade between Japan and Nigeria.
Also, prospects of the firm obtaining a loan
from the Economic Cooperative Fund, a gov-
ernment fund established in February 1960 to
promote development of Japanese business
enterprises in underdeveloped countries, are
reported good.

Nigeria

For this joint venture, Japan is to contrib-
ute 30 percent of the investment and Nigeria
70 percent. The Japanese investment will be
shared between the Japanese fishing firm and
a steel import-export firm. For the present,
the fishing firm's investment will include two
two-boat trawlers (Akashi Maru Nos. 23 and
25) each of 75 gross tons, which the firm
hopes to dispatch to Lagos as soon as final
agreement is reached with Nigeria. Eventual-
ly, a total of six two-boat trawlers are sched-
uled to be assigned to that base, where, under

August 1962

Nigeria (Contd.):

present agreement, a 500-ton capacity cold-
storage plant is to be constructed.

To conclude final arrangements for the
proposed joint venture, the Japanese fishing
firm planned to send a representative to Ni-
geria toward the end of July. (Minato Shim-
bun, July 15, and Shin Suisan Shimbun Soku-
ho, July 7, 1962, and October 27, 1961.)

Norway

NEW MACHINE SORTS HERRING BY SIZE:
A machine which will separate herring
according to the length of each fish is under
development in Norway. Work on the proto-

type has been going on during the last two
years, and the first tests took place in June
1962. The machine is expected to go into
production soon. The price is likely to be
about $2,800. It is designed for installation
as a stationary land-based unit.

A machine which will feed the herring in-
to the automatic sorter is also expected to
be ready for testing soon. (Fish Trades
Gazette, June 30, 1962.)

Ser Ki, ok) ok

SOVIET-NORWEGIAN FISHERIES
AGREEMENT RATIFIED:

The Norwegian Parliament has sanctioned
ratification of the fisheries agreement be-
tween Norway and the Soviet Union. Although
the approval was unanimous, both Labor and
opposition speakers voiced the opinion that
the pact could have been much more advan-
tageous for Norway.

The chairman of the Norwegian Fisheries
Committee said the Committee unanimously
urged ratification only as a means of assur-
ing good relations between the two countries,
which might lead to more effective regula-
tions for protecting the young fish stock in
the Barents Sea.

Norway's Foreign Minister declared that
Soviet recognition of the new Norwegian fish-
eries zone was the main reason why the Gov-
ernment had urged that the pact be ratified.
He also pointed out that both countries would
have possibilities for suggesting revisions
if fundamental changes should occur in fish-
ing conditions.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 83

The fisheries agreement, which extends to
October 31, 1970, permits Soviet fishing ves-
sels to operate ina 6 to 12 mile zone off the
Norwegian coast. Norwegians may fish in So-
viet territorial waters in the Varangerfjord
between 6 and 12 miles, and also in an 8 to 12
mile zone off the Soviet coast. The privilege
of fishing in the 8 to 12 mile zone will be
granted as long as Soviet vessels are allowed
to load and unload at a distance of 4 miles off
Jan Mayen Island. (News of Norway, June 28,
1962.)

KOK Kok ok

WINTER HERRING CATCH
AGAIN VERY LIGHT:

For the fifth consecutive year the tradi-
tionally rich Norwegian winter herring sea-
son was a virtual failure. The 1962 winter
herring catch is expected to amount to 70,000
metric tons as compared to a 1-million-ton
catch five years ago. Although the fishermen
were prepared for a poor season and did not
suffer the financial loss experienced in the
immediately preceding years, the loss of the
traditional substantial income from the ex-
port of herring, in its many forms, was again
a blow to the Norwegian economy.

Long-term projections indicate that the
present development in the herring fishery is
part of a cycle and that the winter herring
will continue to move farther north and reach
the Norwegian coast in smaller numbers for
some time to come.

The Norwegian Government is trying to
encourage larger and more efficient fishing
vessels and equipment in order to improve
the annual fish catch. (United States Embas-
sy, Oslo, report of June 12, 1962.)

FISHERY TRENDS, FIRST QUARTER 1962:

Lofoten Cod Fishery: Participation in
this fishery of North Norway (which in re-
cent years has averaged about 9,000 fisher-
men as against up to 30,000 ina really good
season of yore) is now down to a low of Some
7,000 fishermen, manning 2,144 vessels.

Antarctic Whaling: Norway's seven ex-
peditions this season produced 285,130 bar-
rels of whale oil in the first 68 days of the
116-day season. This was 64 percent of the
quantity which the same expeditions pro-
duced in the same number of days last sea-
son.

Norway (Contd.):

Fisheries Delegation to Nigeria: A Nor-
wegian fisheries delegation in March 1962
left for Lagos, Nigeria, to study tuna fishing
off West Africa as weil as fish distribution
and harbor conditions. (News of Norway,
March 22, 1962.)

STATUS OF FISHERIES, 1961:

Landings: Norway's total landings of all
fishery products in 1961 amounted to 1.3 mil-
lion metric tons valued at 674.6 million kron-
er (US$94.4 million) ex-vessel. Compared
to 1961, the 1960 catch was about the same,
but the ex-vessel value was down about 10
million kroner (US$1.4 million).

Part-time fisherman in Norway casting off to check his lobster
pots.

Unfavorable weather conditions to some
extent accounted for the further dropof win-
ter herring catches to 69,000 tons--less than
one-fourth of the 1960 catch, and only about
6 percent of the 1956 record catch. On the
other hand, the capelin fishery in Northern
Norway was good--it started in the second
half of February and lasted until mid-April.
A total of 217,000 tons of capelin were land-
ed in 1961 as compared with about 93,000
tons in 1960. The fat content of capelin
proved to be unusually high, up to 12 percent
as against the usual 4 to 6 percent. The fat
herring fishery catch increased more than
70 percent, while the smail herring fishery
in the North Sea was more or less unsatis-
factory, partly on account of unfavorable
weather conditions.

Norway's cod fisheries improved in 1961
and cod production (including byproducts)
reached a total of 252,100 tons. During the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

Finnmark cod fishery, 140 trawlers landed
33,700 tons out of a total of 77,400 tons. Some
1,800 other vessels participated in that fish-
ery.

The general trend in the Norwegian fisher-
ies is that the setback resulting from the fail-
ing winter herring fishery is being gradually
overcome through intensified activities in oth
er fisheries. Norway's fisheries for species
other than winter herring have been showing
steady progress for years, with the ex-ves-
sel value increasing by more than 90 million
kroner ($12.6 million) since 1958.

New stern trawlers built or being built in
Norway and abroad for Norwegian owners are
considered important stages in the develop-
ment of the Norwegian fisheries.

Exports: The value of Norway's exports
of fish and fish products in 1961 of 875 millio
kroner (US$122.5 million) was down about 5
percent as compared with that for 1960 of
925 million kroner ($129.5 million). Exports
of fresh, frozen, and salted herring products
were lower in 1961 because of the drop in
winter herring catches. Also, klipfish and
stockfish exports dropped considerably, with
klipfish exports dropping from 30,000 tons
in 1961 to 23,000 tons in 1960. Exports of
herring meal and fish meal increased because
of larger capelin and herring catches in North
ern Norway, and successful herring fishing
by Norwegian vessels in Icelandic waters.

Exports by the Association of Norwegian
fish filleting plants (Norsk Frossenfisk A/L)
have increased steadily, according to a state-
ment by the Managing Director of the Associa-
tion. The increase was from 28,000 tons in
1960 to 33,000 tons in 1961. The 1961 exports
were valued at 115 million kroner ($16.1 mil-
lion). A further increase to 40,000 tons is
expected in 1962. Sales by the Association
increased on the domestic market and allfor-
eign markets. (Norwegian Fishing and Mari-
time News, No. 4, 1961.

sek ke
7 oS oR a

FISHERMEN'S 1960 AVERAGE EARNINGS:

A statistical study in Norway of fisher-
men's earnings in 1960, covering about 6
percent of all Norwegian fishermen, showed
an average annual income of Kr.8,109
(US$1,134) per man. This was 3.7 percent
more than in 1959. (News of Norway, April
5, 1962.)

Kok ok ok ok

August 1962

Norway (Contd.):

STERN TRAWLERS BEING BUILT
FOR OFFSHORE FISHING:

A Norwegian cooperative company owned
by fish filleting and freezing plants in Fin-
mark and North Troms in June 1962 accepted
delivery of the 984-gross-ton stern trawler
Hans Egede, Norway's largest fishing vessel.
The Kr. 7.3 million (US$1.0 million) craft,
which has an over-all length of 220 feet, was
built at Bremerhaven, Germany. In Septem-
ber 1962, the West German shipyard will de-
liver a sister vessel also to the same com-
pany.

Hans Egede is one of the seven ocean-
going stern trawlers recommended for con-
struction by a committee of the District De-
velopment Fund to provide fresh fish for
North Norway freezing plants. Between 30
and 40 percent of the building cost will be
financed by the Development Fund.

Construction of the 630-gross-ton Hek-
ktind, owned by a firm at Melbu was also
made possible through assistance from the
Fund. The 151-foot long stern trawler was
designed and built by a Bergen firm.

The shipyard at Aalesund will soon launch
a specially designed stern trawler for delivery
to the local fishing company. The 900-gross
ton factory vessel will be able to operate for
up to 4 months in distant waters before re-
turning with some 400 tons of frozen fillets.
(News of Norway, June 14, 1962.)

Sel isle: Ge ose sk
ok ok ok ook Ok

STERN TRAWLER HAS DEVICE TO
RECORD POSITION AND
OPENING OF TRAWL NET:

The stern trawler Hekktind is the first
fishing vessel in Norway to install a trawl
'sonde,"' a device which together with the
echo depth-sounder makes it possible to
record the gear-bottom distance and controls
the opening of the trawl. (News of Norway,
April 5, 1962.)

O50 OO
Kio Morrone rok

NATIONAL WHALE QUOTA FOR
1961/62 ANTARCTIC SEASON:

In October 1961, Norway established a
national whale quota of 5,100 blue-whale
units for the Norwegian expeditions partici-
pating in the 1961/62 Antarctic whaling sea-
son. The quota was 700 units less than the

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 85

A catcher boat used by Norwegians during Antarctic whaling ex-
pedition.
previous season, reflecting the number of
units transferred to Japan with the sale of
the Norwegian Kosmos III expedition. Seven
Norwegian whaling factory vessels, using 71
whale catching boats, took part in the current
season. (United States Embassy, Oslo, March
13, 1962.)

Pha eyes eaticence ete

WHALE AND SPERM OIL
PRODUCTION FOR 1962 IS DOWN:

The final results of the 7 Norwegian pe-
lagic Antarctic whaling expeditions indicate
a 15-percent decline in the output of whale
and sperm oil in 1962. The Norwegian ex-
peditions produced 498,717 barrels of whale
oil and 19,587 barrels of sperm oil during
the 117 days of this year's Antarctic whaling
season. Production last season, which was
16 days shorter, was 590,752 barrels of whale
oil and 67,511 barrels of sperm oil, if the
output of Kosmos III fleet, which was sold to
Japan, is discounted.

The drop in whale oil prices this year also
contributed to reduced income from whaling,
and added to the general pessimism as to the
continued profitability of pelagic whaling.
(United States Embassy, Oslo, report of June
12, 1962.)

Re tereees tbat tend

WHALE OIL PRICES LOWER IN 1962:
Norwegian whaling companies sold 41,000
long tons of their 1961/62 whale oil produc-
tion by mid-year of 1962, leaving over 42,000
tons which were then still unsold. About mid-
year, 24,000 tons were sold to the largest
British buyer and user at £45 (about US$126)
per long ton (about 5.6 U.S. cents a pound),

Norway (Contd.):

which was 30 percent below the 1961 price.
(News of Norway, June 28, 1962.)

Peru

EXPORTS OF MARINE PRODUCTS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

Peruvian Exports of Principal Marine Products

January-March 1962
Quantity Valuel/

Metric Million
Tons Soles

343, 430 844.8

Marine Products

US$
1,000
31, 499

Philippines A

UNITED STATES FIRM SEEKS DANISH
CUTTERS FOR PHILIPPINES:

A United States canning company of Cali-
fornia has been negotiating with fishing ves-
sel owners in Skagen, a Danish fishing port
in North Jutland, Denmark, to participate in
fishing operations in the Philippines. The
company is seeking 4 Danish cutters of over
100 tons each, 3 to fish for sardines and 1
for shrimp. Later, the number of cutters
may be increased to 18 with vessels of 50-
60 tons being considered, Vessel charters
would be for three years, Danish crews
would be signed for a year, although it is
hoped the skippers and engineers would re-
main for a three-year period. Provisions of
a preliminary contract provide for payment
of $12 per ton for fish, the cost of the trip to
the Philippines and back, and the daily cost
of ice and boxes.

Catches will be delivered first to a her-
ring reduction plant and later to a canning
plant which is being constructed by the Unit-
ed States firm in cooperation with the largest
fisheries company in the Philippines. During
the first year the vessels will carry full Dan-
ish crews. Thereafter, Philippine crewmem-
bers will be carried and trained in the fish-
eries. The company's wish that the cutters
sail under the flag of the Philippines and oth-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

er contract provisions are still under discus-
sion. (Fisheries Attache, United States Em-
bassy, Copenhagen, July 4, 1962.)

Cea a

Portugal

SELECTED FISHERY LANDINGS, 1961:

Portugal's 1961 sardine landings of 135,204
metric tons were up 2.4 percent from the pre-
vious year's 131,972 tons. But the ex-vessel
value of the landings--403.9 million escudos
(US$14.0 million)--dropped 12.5 percent from
1960. Except for 1958, the quantity of the sar-
dine landings in 1960 was the highest in 10
years. Of the sardine landings, 74,461 tons
were used for canning. The canners paid
235.3 million escudos (US$8.2 million) for
that amount, or almost $110 a metric ton.

Landings of chinchards in 1961 totaled
41,867 tons, a 20-percent increase from the
previous year's 35,143 tons. The anchovy
landings of 9,498 tons in 1961 were more than
double those in 1960 when 3,992 tons were
landed,

Matosinhos ranked as Portugal's foremost
sardine port in 1961 with 96,074 tons, an in-
crease of 15 percent from the previous year.
Peniche followed as the second largest sar-
dine port with 13,588 tons, or 10 percent more
than in 1960. But sardine landings of only
8,691 tons at Portimao were about 35 percent
lower than in 1960,

Although Portugal's sardine landings and
pack were at a record high, 1961 did not turn
out to be as profitable as anticipated. Both
the quantity and value of canned sardine ex-
ports were also at a record high in 1961. The
lower profits to the canning industry in 1961
were partly attributed to unstable prices and
some defects in selling policy.

Portugal's canned fish pack (in oil and in
brine) in 1961 totaled 84,000 tons. (Conser-
vas de Peixe, April 1962.)

Notes: (1) See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962, p. 67.

(2) Values converted at rate of 28,80 escudos equal US$1
in 1961.

beable hehe eed

OUTLOOK FOR CANNED
SARDINE MARKET IN 1962:

The Portuguese outlook for a successful
1962 canned sardine pack depends to a large
extent on the availability of medium-size fish.

August 1962

Portugal (Contd.):

This size fish is canned 6 to 8 fish to the 4-
club can, which is the type of pack preferred
by Great Britain, Germany, and Belgium.

The Moroccan canned sardine industry
has offered considerable competition to Por-
tugal because of lower prices. Moroccan ex-
ports of canned sardines to Italy increased
greatly in 1961. This has been viewed as a
trend that might spread to other of Portugal's
present markets, unless some action is taken
to stem the tide. The danger, from the Por-
tuguese point of view, is even greater because
of its high production costs.

Other countries increasing their canned
sardine production include Spain, which has
in the past two years redoubled its efforts to
place her surplus in foreign markets.

Portugal's frequent price fluctuations for
canned fish are unfavorable to its export
trade. When there is a drop inthe rate of
exchange, which occurs often, importers feel
the full effects. This understandably cuts
down buying of the Portuguese products and
causes prospective buyers to turn to other
countries with more stable prices.

More collaboration between Portugal's
fishing and the canning segments of the in-
dustry is sought if their mutual economic
interests are to improve. (Conservas de
Peixe, April 1962.)

‘Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 67.

ook ok ok ok

FROZEN FISHERY PRODUCTS
EXPORTS, 1961:

Portugal's exports of frozen fishery prod-
ucts in 1961 amounted to 1,748 metric tons.
Sardine with 657 tons was the largest single
frozen fish species exported--more than one-
third of the total frozen fish exports. Among
other frozen fish and shellfish exported by
Portugal were: tuna (23 tons), swordfish
(13 tons), and spiny lobster (2 tons). (Con-
servas de Peixe, April 1962.)

ke ok ook ok OF
cd eon end ths

CANNED FISH PACK,
JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

Portugal's total pack of canned fish in oil
or sauce for the first quarter of 1962 was up
4.5 percent as compared with the same peri-
od in 1961. The sardine pack and the anchovy
fillet pack combined accounted for 87 percent

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 87

of the total pack, and those packs were about
the same as the previous year. The canned
tuna pack in the first quarter of 1962 was more
than double that of the comparable period in
1961 and accounted for practically all of the
increase.

Canners in the main producing areas were
working at capacity during February-March,
with the March pack of anchovy fillets (60,000
cases) exceeding the February pack by 17.6
percent. The total pack of all canned fish in
oil or sauce during March 1962 was up 24per-
cent as compared with the previous month.

Portuguese Canned Fish Pack, January-March 1961-62
an. -Mar,. 1962

Products an.-Mar. 1961

In Oil or Sauce:
Sardines

Mackerel
Tuna and tuna-like ..
Anchovy fillets

3,906 33738 274

Landings of sardines started to fall off by
the end of the first quarter, and prices for
anchovy fillets were high. (Conservas de
Peixe, May 1962.)

Ok KK x

CANNED FISH EXPORTS,
JANUARY-MARCH 1962:

Portugal's exports of canned fish during
the first quarter of 1962 dropped 8.6 percent
from the same period in 1961. Sardines ac-
counted for 81.3 percent of the 1962 exports
of canned fish, followed by anchovy fillets
with 11.1 percent. The sardine pack during
the first 3 months of 1962 was down from the
same period the previous year, but the mack-
erel pack was three times greater than in1961.

Portuguese Canned Fish Exports, January-March 1961-62
an,-Mar, 1962 an. -Mar. 1961

Tuna and tuna-like ,
Anchovy fillets

4
16, 468 934

Portugal's principal canned fish buyers
during the first quarter of 1962 were Ger-
many with 2,510 metric tons, followed by the
United States with 2,058 tons; United Kingdom
with 1,835 tons; France, 1,514 tons; and Italy,
1,437tons. (Conservas de Peixe, May 1962.)

TT —

Seychelles

ESTABLISHMENT OF TUNA
INDUSTRY UNDER STUDY:

The East African Standard of June 29,
1962, carried a brief article concerning the
possible establishment of a tuna fishing in-
dustry in the Seychelles, a large group of is-
lands in the Indian Ocean off the east coast
of Africa.

Two representatives of a Geneva firm
visited the Seychelles this summer to in-
vestigate the feasibility of setting up a base
for deep-freezing for export of tuna and sim-
ilar types of fish now caught by Chinese and
Japanese fishing vessels. Since these ves-
sels work farther afield than the local fishing
boats, it is not expected that the use of the
Chinese and Japanese catch would adversely
affect the local Seychelles fishing industry.

The company's representatives are said
to envisage the construction of a 1,000-ton
cold-storage plant and the operation of ap-
proximately 10 fishing vessels of the 100-ton
class. Twenty percent of each vessel's crew
will be Seychellois. As more are trained, it
is expected that Seychellois eventually will
take over the running of all the vessels. The
company also feels that at a later date it
might build a tuna cannery and finance the
construction locally of tuna fishing vessels
capable of operating within a range of 500
miles. (United States Consulate, Nairobi,
report of July 3, 1962.)

Spain

BILBAO FISHERIES TRENDS,
FIRST QUARTER, 1962:

Landings of anchovies in the Bilbao area
of Spain were very good during the fishing
season which opened March 19, 1962. Whole-
sale prices of these earlier than usual catch-
es ranged from 8.50 pesetas a kilo (6.4 U.S.
cents a pound) down to 3.00 pesetas a kilo
(2.3 U. S. cents a pound). These were all
sold for immediate consumption because the
price was too high for the canners.

The Fishermen's Brotherhoods of Vizcaya,
Guipuzcoa, and Santander, for the second
consecutive year voluntarily agreed to limit
anchovy catches, and to maintain minimum
sale prices, The minimum price was fixed
at 2.00 pesetas a kilo (1.5 U. S. cents a pound),

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

aries,
“(ie

the hold of a Spanish anchovy

= = S
Unloading anchovies from
auxiliary craft.

or about 20 U.S. cents per 100 pounds more
than in 1961. The daily maximum catch limit
per vessel was fixed at 8 metric tons. Trans-
fer of anchovy catches from one vessel to an-
other while at sea was prohibited. Vessels
were permitted to fish anchovies from 12:00
noon on Monday through 1:00 p.m. on Satur-
day.

Although representatives from Lugo Prov-
ince were not present in Bilbao when the a-
greement was reached on February 17, 1962
(it entered into force on March 19, when the
season officially started), it was reported
they would support and accept the agreement.
Oviedo's acceptance was taken for granted at
the meeting. The Comisaria de Abastecimien-
tos y Transportes promised to consider buy-
ing surplus fish at the minimum sale price
for marketing in inland provinces.

Spain's tuna fishery in African waters was
to end on March 31, but there were indications
that the fishing fleet would remain longer,
probably through April. The vessels were
then to return to their home ports and pre-
pare for the albacore and tuna fishing season
in the waters of northern Spain. This would
mean those fishing vessels will have adopted
a cycle of fishing for tuna in African waters
from December through April, and in north-
ern Spain from May through November. The
anchovy fishing season in Spanish waters
would then be left to smaller vessels, and
those which have not yet attempted sailing to
Africa because of the higher operating costs
involved.

The recent regulations concerning the law
on the Renovation of the Fishing Fleet re-
ceived mixed reactions. One opinion was that,
at least up to now, the large proportion of

August 1962

Spain (Contd.):

small fishing vessel operators is not enthu-
siastic about its application because they are
afraid the large firms will get most of the
benefits. Another opinion was that the small
operator would be reluctant to scrap his old
vessel since the construction of a new one
involves a substantial investment which he
cannot afford. Added to that is his belief
that any request for credit would not be ap-
proved. Also,the rate of interest is high,
and the terms for the refund of the loan too
short. Other sources state they are pre-
pared to renovate their fishing fleet even
without government subsidies, and have or-
dered the construction of new vessels. Such
vessel owners are encouraged and satisfied
with the regulations under the law for gov-
erning the Renovation of the Fishing Fleet.

It was even added that some shipowners would
be satisfied with a subsidy of only 50 percent
of the value to be repaid in 10 years at 4 per-
cent interest. Further, these shipowners be-
lieve that the terms of the present law might
encourage new vessel owners, who formerly
were inactive, to join and give financial sup-
port to those already familiar with fishing
operations,

Regardless of the views held, it appeared
that the new law resulted in a temporary
work slump in small shipyards. It also
prompted some prospective vessel owners
to have further construction halted so as to
take advantage of any benefits under the new
law.

A new fish-packing plant in Bilbao, anda
cold-storage plant in Bermeo, Vizcaya, were
placed in operation during the first quarter
of 1962. These were planned as an improve-
ment in local handling facilities. (United
States Consulate, Bilbao, April 6, 1962.)

i Se th

! l
ye
U.S.S.R. Ne
FISHING IN NORTHWEST ATLANTIC
SOUTH OF NOVA SCOTIA:

In 1962, the Soviets started commercial
fishing in the International Commission for
the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF)
subarea 4, south of Nova Scotia between the
Grand Banks and Georges Bank. Up to early
June this year, a total of 15 Soviet vessels
fished in that area and produced 7,000 metric
tons of fish, mostly groundfish. In previous

]

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 89

years, Soviet fishinginthat area was limited

to exploratory fishing. (Proceedings of An-

nual Meeting, ICNAF, Moscow, June 1962.)
2 ok ok ke ok

NEW BALTIC FISHING PORT:

Construction was begun in mid-1962 ona
large fishing port in the Baltic Republic of
Estonia. The port, located at Tallinn on the
Gulf of Finland, will accommodate the largest
vessels in the Soviet fishing fleets. Included
in the 175-acre facility will be cold-storage
and canning plants. (Le Marin, newspaper,
Rennes, France, June 8, 1962.)

se cle cle ote ole
Sensei sien sie sk,

FISHING INDUSTRY URGED
TO PRODUCE MORE:

The Soviet Council of Ministers and the
Communist Party Central Committee recent-
ly criticized the fishing industry's past per-
formance and called for increased productiv-
ity. To meet this call and to fill the Soviet
need for more food, crews will be trained in
methods of fishing and processing catches on
designate? ''demonstration'' vessels.

In the Kamchatka area of the North Pacific,
a fleet of several vessels has already been
designated to demonstrate fishing for ocean
perch, herring, and flounder. (Press reports
and unpublished sources.)

sle cle se sk ook
< *k OK

ok ok Kk

OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
IN INDIAN OCEAN:

The Vityaz of the Oceanology Institute,
U.S. 5S. R. Academy of Sciences, left Vladi-
vostok in late June 1962 for oceanographic
research in the Eastern and Central Indian
Ocean. The vessel, participating in the in-
ternational study of the Indian Ocean, will
make summer observations for comparison
with data obtained in previous winter voyages.

Scientists from India, Indonesia, and Cey-
lon, and ''four stipendiaries of the United Na-
tions'' will be aboard on the 150-day voyage.
Also on board for short periods will be scien-
tists from Australia, Japan, and Great Brit-
ian. (Unpublished sources.)

TALKS ON COOPERATION BETWEEN
FISHING INDUSTRIES OF RUSSIA,
POLAND, AND EAST GERMANY:

A Soviet fish industry delegation, headed
by the State Committee on Fisheries Chair-

proach debs

Us Sense en (Conte):

man, left Moscow June 22, 1962, for Warsaw.
According to Pravda (June 23), talks will be
held with Poland and East Germany regard-
ing an agreement on cooperation between the
fishing industries of the three countries.
(United States Embassy, Moscow, June 29,
1962.)

sle le ke ok
We eK Ok

STUDIES ON PRESERVATION
OF FISH, 1961:

During 1961, studies were carried out at
the VNIRO (Soviet Institute for Fishery and
Oceanography) and the NHRMP (Institute of
Scientific Research for the Mechanization of
the Fishing Industry) to establish a theory
for the cold preservation of fish and to im-
prove the techniques of chilling and freezing.

Heat and mass transfer methods were
tried for freezing fish in air under different
conditions (different temperatures, humidi-
ties, and air speeds). There were also or-
ganoleptic studies into biochemical and chem-
ical-physical changes in fish tissue on cool-
ing, freezing, and cold storage, and into their
relationship with fish of a given quality. Dur-
ing the studies, special attention was devoted
to the definition of the effect of the thawing
method on the quality of the fish.

A study was made of the possible use of
antibiotics for extending the storage life of
chilled fish. Experimental work in this field
was carried out to determine (1) the efficien-
cy of ice when using chlortetracycline during
the transport of fresh fish on board vessels;
(2) the decomposition during subsequent use
(cooking, baking, canning, smoking, and salt-
ing) of chlortetracycline penetration in the
fish; other antibiotics that can be used for
fish storage. (Bulletin de 1' Institut Interna-
tional du Froid, Tome XLII, No. 2, 1962.)

United Kingdom ~~

CANNED SALMON IMPORTS
LOWER IN 1961:

The United Kingdom total canned salmon
imports from all countries in 1961 amounted
to 52.6 million pounds valued at US$42.8 mil-
lion. This was a 27-percent drop in quantity
and a 29-percent drop in value from the 72.i
million pounds valued at $60.1 million im-
ported in 1960.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

Canned salmon exports by the United States
in 1961 amounted to 7.2 million pounds of which
3.9 million pounds went tothe United Kingdom.
In 1960, the United Kingdom received 8.3 mil-
lion pounds of the 11.9 million pounds of can-
ned salmon exported by the United States.

bit tte chau byt ake 3

LIVE FRESH-WATER CRAYFISH
IMPORTED FROM RUSSIA:

A London food importer in the first half of
this year imported a shipment of live fresh-
water crayfish from Russia. Better known as
"ecrevisses,'' these shellfish, which have not
been brought to England in many years, were
distributed to the catering trade by an English
food firm.

Among the first to receive supplies of the
new arrivals were the Savoy Hotel, London,
and a group of restaurants. The subsequent
demand was so great that further quantities
were ordered immediately.

The crayfish were caught in the lakes and
rivers of White Russia near Vitebsk. They
were then taken by motor trucks to the near-
est airport, and flown to London in pressur-
ized containers.

The shellfish seemed to be no worse for
the experience, as all of the first consign-
ment arrived alive. (Fish Trades Gazette,
June 16, 1962.)

Venezuela

CANNED SARDINE ESTIMATED
PACK FOR 1962:

The President of the Asociacion de Pes-
cadores de Margarita, who is familiar with
the canned sardine situation as a result of a
recent trip to the United States, anticipates
a Venezuelan canned sardine pack for cal-
endar year 1962 of about 800,000 cases (100
cans per case, 3 ounces per can).

However, he states that the pack could be
increased without undue difficulty to 1.5 to 2
million cases since the industry is operating
only at 50 percent capacity. The major prob-
lems to boost production would be rapid pro-
curement of sufficient oil and sheet metal
and absolute guarantee of market by a reli-
able private or public organization,

Big catches of sardines off Venezuela be-
gan around mid-June. (United States Embas-
sy, Caracas, report of June 12.)

OOOO

Department of Health,
Education and Welfare

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

MAJOR OVERHAUL PROPOSED OF
SPECIAL DIETARY FOOD REGULATIONS:

A major overhaul of the Nation’s special dietary food reg-
ulations was called for on June 20, 1962, by the U. S, Food
and Drug Administration. The proposals aimed at changing
these regulations were published in the June 20 Federal Regis -
ter. Interested persons were invited to submit comments in
writing within 60 days.

The regulations would cover vitamin, mineral and other
dietary supplements, baby foods, foods for the elderly, low-
sodium foods, low calorie and artificially sweetened foods,
protein supplements, hypoallergenic foods, foods for use in
dietary management of disease, and all other foods repre-
sented as having special dietary properties,

The objective of the regulations is to assure the public
that special dietary foods are offered for what they actually
are, with complete information to facilitate intelligent pur-
chasing and use.

The proposed regulations are designed to provide the con-
sumer with complete and reliable labeling information which
will enable him to select and purchase special dietary foods
of all kinds. This will help to eliminate false and misleading
claims.

Following is a summary of the principal changes which
would be made by the proposed regulations,

Foods Offered as Vitamin and Mineral Sources: Under
the present regulations foods represented as sources of
any of 6 specified vitamins and 4 minerals known to be need-
ed in human nutrition must be labeled to show the proportion
of the ‘‘minimum daily requirement’’ that is present, The
term ‘‘minimum daily requirement’’ has been frequently
misunderstood by consumers, and has encouraged some
manufacturers to add needlessly large amounts of some vi-
tamins and minerals, In the proposed regulations the term
‘‘daily requirement”’ is used in place of ‘‘minimum daily re-
quirement,’’

Foods for Use in Reducing or Weight Control Diets: Such
foods would be required to state the number of calories in a
one-day supply or in one unit if the food is in wafers, tablets,
capsules, etc. The amount in grams, of protein, fat and car-

bohydrates consumed in a one-day supply would also be stated,

Foods for reducing would be required to bear this promi-
nent label declaration: ‘‘Useful only when used as a part of a
calorie-controlled diet.’’

To be described as ‘‘non-fattening’’ a food could contain
not more than 5 calories in a serving or 10 calories in a one~
day supply.

To be described as ‘‘low calorie’’ a food could contain not
more than 15 calories in a serving or 30 calories in a one-day

supply.

FEDERAL @
y ACTIONS 3

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 91

To be described as ‘‘lower in calories’’ the lable would be
required to state the name and caloric content of the food with
which it is compared.

Protein Sources: Protein consumption in the United States
is over 100 grams per person daily whereas the average adult
needs only about 30 grams daily of the proteins supplied by the
ordinary diet. The proposed regulations would require foods
offered as sources of protein to be labeled in terms of their
protein quality and quantity. Specifications that entitle a food
to be described as ‘‘excellent’’ or ‘‘good’’ dietary sources of
protein, are proposed, Foods which do not meet these specifi-
cations could not bear protein claims,

Low~Sodium Foods: Only minor changes are proposed in
the existing regulations on labeling of those products, Medi-
cally insignificant amounts of sodium would not be required
to be shown on the label of low-sodium food items,

Department of the Interior

INTERIOR MEMBERS APPOINTED
TO COMMITTEE ON FISHING
VESSEL CONSTRUCTION:

Six Department of the Interior officials to
represent the Department on the joint Con-
gressional-Interior Committee on Fishing
Vessel Construction were appointed by the
Secretary of the Interior, The names were
announced on July 3, 1962. They are Donald
L. McKernan, Director, Bureau of Commer-
cial Fisheries; Harold E, Crowther, Assist-
ant Director, Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries (alternate); Charles H. Vaughn, As-
sistant Solicitor for Fish and Wildlife, Office
of the Solicitor; Max N, Edwards, Legisla-
tive Counsel, Office of the Secretary; Thomas
D, Rice, Special Assistant to the Commis-
sioner for Fish and Wildlife; Ralph Curtiss,
Resources Staff Officer (Legislation), Bu-
reau of Commercial Fisheries; and C, E,
Peterson, Chief, Branch of Loans and Grants,
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,

Congressional committee members, an-
nounced earlier, are August J, Bourbon of
the staff of the Senate Committee on Com-
merce, and Capt. Paul Bauer, staff member
of the House Merchant Marine and Fisher -
ies Committee,

92 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The joint committee will review the Fish-
ing Vessel Construction Differential Subsidy
Program, authorized by P.L. 86-516, which
is due to expire in 1962, and will discuss the
over-all problems in the fishing industry in
efforts to find solutions.

The cost of constructing fishing vessels
in certain foreign countries is 40 to 50 per-
cent lower than in American shipyards, but
Federal laws prohibit American fishermen
from purchasing foreign-built vessels for
use in domestic fisheries. The Fishing Ves-
sel Construction Differential Subsidy Act au-
thorizes the Secretary of the Interior to pay
up to one-third the cost of building a new
fishing vessel, provided certain require-
ments are met, To be eligible for a subsidy,
a vessel must be designed to operate ina
fishery which has received a finding of in-
jury because of increased imports. The New
England groundfish fishery is the only one
now meeting this requirement,

The committee will discuss developments
since the program has been in effect, opera-
tion of the program, need for expanding or
modifying the vessel-construction program,
and methods of providing assistance to the
fishing industry through construction of new
fishing vessels.

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

NEW PAY PLAN APPROVED
FOR ALEUT RESIDENTS OF
PRIBILOF ISLANDS IN ALASKA:

A new pay plan effective July 1, 1962,
provides that all Aleut residents of the Prib-
ilof Islands in Alaska employed under the
Fish and Wildlife Service's Bureau of Com-
mercial Fisheries Fur Seal Program will
receive compensation determined in accor-
dance with the pay structure of the Federal
Civil Service, the U. S. Department of the
Interior announced on June 25, 1962.

This determination of rates of compensa-
tion will be made under the provisions of the
Classification Act of 1949, as amended, or
under the Wage Board or Administrative
Procedures established by the Department
of the Interior. Special provisions are in-
cluded for sealing crews whose pay rates
will be established on the basis of wage board
rates for laborers, plus the application of a
percentage differential in recognition of the
levels of work involved.

Vol. 24, No. 8

The former practice of partially subsidiz-
ing the cost of housing, food, fuel, and sup-
plies for the Aleuts will be discontinued with
the inception of the higher rates of compen-
sation, The original Compensation Plan of
1949 and the revised plan of 1954 have been
essential and effective steps in making pos-
sible the transition from the earlier economy
of the Islands when all payments to the in-
habitants were made in the form of Govern-
ment-furnished housing, food, clothing,
schooling, medical care, and the like, the De-
partment said,

With the completion of this successful
transition, resident Aleuts employed by the
Bureau can be compensated in the future on
the same basis and under the same laws,
rules, regulations, and policies as other De-
partment employees. Theislands of St. Paul
and St. George in the Pribilofs have about 600
residents. However, not all are employed by
the Bureau.

PROSPECTUS ISSUED ON ALASKA
FUR-SEAL PROCESSING:

An “Invitation for Proposals” and ''Pros-
pectus"' for processing and selling Alaska
seal skins for the account of the United States
Government was issued on June 22, 1962, by
the U.S. Department of the Interior.

The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of
the Department manages the fur-seal herdon
the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea, The
Bureau expects that there will be harvested
each year some 90,000 surplus animals from
which the fur known as Alaska fur seal is
prepared, Under the terms ofa treaty with
Canada, Japan, and the U.S.S.R., 70 percent
of the harvest is retained by the United States
and 15 percent is delivered to each of the
governments of Japan and Canada.

The Department of the Interior announced
on November 30, 1961, that it had canceled
its contract with Fouke Fur Company of St.
Louis, Mo., for processing and selling Alaska
seal skins. The "Invitation for Proposals"
and ''Prospectus" are being issued toacquaint
all persons and firms interested in providing
services for processing and/or selling U.S.
Government Alaska seal skins with require-
ments and conditions under which such opera -
tions will be conducted. The deadline for
submitting proposals is September 30, 1962,

August 1962

Copies of the "Invitation for Proposals"
and "Prospectus" may be obtained from the
Director, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
AD DCE

Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, January 1962 p. 65.

Interstate Commerce Commission

CERTAIN FROZEN PREPARED
FISHERY PRODUCTS INCLUDED IN
FISHERY EXEMPTION FOR TRUCKS:

The status of certain frozen prepared
fishery products (such as fish dinners, fish
cakes, etc.) under the fishery exemption for
trucks was decided on May 24, 1962, by Di-
vision I of the U. S. Interstate Commerce
Commission, in W. W. Hughs ''Grandfather”
Application MC-105782 (Sub. No. 4). The
language of the Transportation Act of 1958
left some doubt as to the status of prepared
products such as fish dinners and fish cakes.

Fresh and frozen fishery products, cooked
or uncooked, not hermetically sealed nor oth-
erwise preserved are exempt from economic
regulation, but when those products are moved
in the same vehicle with regulated products,
fishery products become regulated. Under
the exemption, fishery products may be trans-
ported by a carrier without regard to rates
published or the route specified by his cer-
tification of operation. In fact, the carrier
need not have any operating rights granted by
the I.C.C. The flexibility of service afforded
by the exemption is important to the fishery
industry for successful marketing of its prod-
ucts.

The examiner in his recommended report
in the case cited concluded that fish speci-
alities such as dinners and fish cakes were
not exempt because of a mixture ofregulated
commodities such as frozen vegetables or
ingredients that are not incidental to season-
ing or binding. The Commission reversed
the examiner's recommendation and com-
mented that if "it was the intention of Con-
gress that deviled crabs, deviled clams, dev-
iled lobsters, codfish cakes, salmon cro-
quettes, and similar fish or shellfish foods
be exempted from economic regulation then
that intention must prevail.'' Therefore, it
might be said that a "basic ingredient prin-
ciple'' is established that if the basic ingre-
dient is fish or shellfish, then the productis
considered exempt. The test for fish mixed

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 93

with other products suchas fishdinners is: if
"the fish dinners share acommon initial wrap-
per or container, and retain the characteristics
of afishor seafood dinner in the ordinary and
usual sense, the exemption applies."

The following is the discussion of the ex-
emption in the decision:

THE FISH AND SHELLFISH EXEMPTION

A question has arisen with respect to the Bureau of
Motor Carriers! administrative ruling No. 110, issued
on September 26, 1958, shortly after passage of the
Transportation Act of 1958. Administrative rulings are
informal opinions intended to assist the Commission's
field staff and the public in interpreting the various
provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act and the rules
and regulations promulgated thereunder, in the absence
of definitive decisions. They are not binding on either
the Commission or other persons, Monroe Common
Carrier Application, 8 M.C.C, 183. Clark-Lease-Ron-
ker, 36 M.C.C, 195. Ruling No. 110 interprets ruling
No. 107 in the light of the amendments made to section
203 (b) (6) by section 7, When the amendments were
made, ruling No. 107 was specifically incorporated, or
codified, into the amended statute for the purpose of
establishing the status of the commodities listed there-
in as exempt or nonexempt, with certain exceptions.
The second proviso of the amended section establishes
the status of a number of commodities not withstanding
that ruling No. 107 might be to the contrary. Of par-
ticular importance here, the proviso states that the
exemption afforded by the statute "shall be deemed to
include cooked or uncooked (including breaded) fish or

shell fish when frozen or fresh (but not

or not including fish

such as canned, smoked, pickled, spiced, corned or
kippered products). To the extent that the list in rul-
ing No. 107 differs from this language it must yield.
Recognizing this, the Bureau re-examined this list and
issued ruling No, 110 expressing an informal opinion
that the following commodities must now be considered
exempt from economic regulation: (1) dinners, sea-
food, frozen; (2) fish (including shell fish), breaded,
cooked or uncooked, frozen or fresh; (3) cakes, codfish,
cooked or uncooked, frozen or fresh; (4) clam juice or
broth, cooked or uncooked, frozen or fresh; (5) cro-
quettes, salmon, cooked or uncooked, frozen or fresh;
(6) deviled crabs, clams, or lobsters, cooked or un-
cooked, frozen or fresh; (7) fish dinners, cooked or un-
cooked, frozen or fresh; (8) fried fish fillets, oysters,
or scallops, frozen or fresh; and (9) fish sticks, cooked
or uncooked, frozen or fresh. The opinion of the Bu-
reau with respect to the status of fish sticks as an
exempt commodity was confirmed in Phillips Common
Carrier Application, 82 M.C.C, 528. It is true that
many of the commodities listed in the ruling contain
ingredients other than fish or shellfish, but if it was the
intention of Congress that deviled crabs, deviled clams,
deviled lobsters, codfish cakes, salmon croquettes, and
similar fish or shellfish foods be exempted from eco-
nomic regulation then that intention must prevail. The
general effect of the last proviso is to broaden the ex-
emption to embrace cooked as well as fresh fish and
shellfish. The language used in the statute is broad,
and cannot be said to be entirely clear, since it em-
braces a multitude of specific commodities. The lan-
guage presently employed does not differ materially

in form from that formerly employed. That the former
language was not clear and unambiguous is amply re-
flected in the court and Commission decisions which
construed the language, Interstate Commerce Com-

94 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

mission v. Love, supra, and the four decisions in Mon-
ark E Corp. Contract Carrier Application, 26 MC.C,
615, 44 M.C.C, 15, 49 M.C.C. 693, and 52 M.C.C, 576.
It will be helpful, therefore, to refer to the legislative
history pt the statute to ascertain the intent of Con-
gress.1 We are of the opinion that the legislative in-
tent as it appears in the footnoted colloquy is in har-
mony with opinions shown in ruling No, 110. Seafood
or fish dinners involve the packaging of ordinarily non-
exempt commodities such as frozen french fried pota-
toes, french fried onions, cooked broccoli, and others
in the same container with the chief course consisting
of fish or shellfish, The main ingredient of a fish or
seafood dinner is the fish course; the accompanying
food items are complementary and secondary. Upper-
most in the mind of the consumer is the fish or shell-
fish component. He regards the dinner, without respect
to the accompanying vegetables, as a fish or seafood
dinner, with emphasis on the particular fish course in-
volved, The dinners are customarily packed in indi-
vidual containers, and are entities within themselves,
which is not true when the various food items making
up the dinner are packed separately. As long as the
fish dinners share a common initial wrapper or con-
tainer, and retain the characteristics of a fish or sea-
food dinner in the ordinary and usual sense, the exemp-
tion applies, and the transporation of such dinners is
exempt from economic regulation. The same item mov-
ing in separate packages in the same vehicle would come
within the principle of Panther, supra, and the exemp-
tion would no longer apply. We conclude that the fish
and shellfish commodities listed as exempt from eco-
nomic regulation in ruling No. 110 are correctly so

designated,

1/See Colloquy, Senators Kennedy and Smathers, before Senate, reported in the
Congressional Record for June 11, 1958 (p. 9744). '"'Codfish cakes, deviled
crab, fish with sauce, fish dinners, and similar sea food products" are men-
tioned as falling within the exemption,

Department of Labor

WAGE AND HOUR AND PUBLIC CONTRACTS DIVISION

SPECIAL WAGE MINIMUMS FOR
LEARNERS IN FISHERY PLANTS
MAY BE POSSIBLE:

Labor Department Wage and Hour offi-
cials have indicated that they might grant re-
quests for Learner Certificates in fishery or
seafood plants. Such certificates would per-
mit the employment of trainees at rates be-
low the statutory minimum,

One of the requirements for learner cer-
tificates is that the occupation involved must
"involve a sufficient degree of skill to neces-
sitate an appreciable learning period,'' Ade-
quate information from individual plants or
groups would be necessary as to actual train-
ing periods and relative production of new
and of experienced workers over a consider -
able period of time beforea decision could
be made as to whether the legal require-
ments are met, Another basic requirement

Vol. 24, No. 8

for learner certificates is that such certifi-
cates are in fact necessary to prevent cur-
tailment of employment opportunities,

Department of State

AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

"COOLEY LOANS" NOW AVAILABLE
IN EIGHTEEN AFRICAN COUNTRIES:
Morocco and Sudan have been added to
the list of African countries in which ''Cool-
ey funds" are available for lending to quali-
fied United States firms, according to an
announcement on July 12, 1962, by the As-
sistant Administrator for Development Fi-
nance and Private Enterprise in the Agency
for International Development.

He said foreign currencies equivalent to
$197.8 million are now available in 18 coun-
tries, They may be lent to United States
businesses or their affiliates for develop-
ment or expansion of foreign operations,

Named after Congressman Harold D,
Cooley of North Carolina, who sponsored the
pertinent amendment to Public Law 480 (Food
for Peace), the loans are in local curren-
cies received from sale of surplus United
States agricultural products. Repayments
also are in local currencies,

Loan applications may be made to the
Private Enterprise Division, Agency for In-
ternational Development, Washington 25,

D. C., or to the U.S. AID Mission in coun-
tries involved, care of the U.S, Embassy.

AREA REDEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

SHELLFISH INDUSTRY STUDY IN
YORK COUNTY, MAINE, APPROVED:

The Area Redevelopment Administra-
tion (ARA) announced approval of a $44,000
contract with the State of Maine's Depart-
ment of Sea and Shore Fisheries, for a study
of the declining commercial shellfish indus -
try in the waters off York County.

The project will cover several studies.
A survey will be made of the number,
growth rate, and mortality rate of commer-
cial species of shellfish, including clams,
oysters, quahogs and mussels. A pilot plant
experimental operation will study methods

August 1962

of pollution abatement and try to determine
methods acceptable to the U. S. Public Health
Service of purifying and salvaging some of the
shellfish currently being rejected because of
pollution in York County waters.

The shellfish industry of the area has de-
clined about 46 percent in the last lid years.
Annual loss of income has been more than
$1.25 million and industry employment in the
area has dropped about 80 percent.

In addition to the ARA investment of
$44,000, the State of Maine will contribute
$29,646 to complete the project studies. The
results of the pilot plant experimental opera-
tions will be made available to other com-
mercial fishing areas experiencing serious
pollution problems.

The ARA has just announced approval of
a $44,000 contract with the State of Maine's
Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries, for
a study of the declining commercial shell-
fish industry in the waters off York County.

The project will cover several studies.
A survey will be made of the number, growth
rate, and mortality rate of commercial spe-
cies of shellfish, including clams, oysters,
quahogs and mussels. A pilot plant experi-
mental operation will study methods of pol-
lution abatement and try to determine meth-
ods, acceptable to the U.S. Public Health
Service, of purifying and salvaging some of
the shellfish currently being rejected be-
cause of pollution in York County waters,

The shellfish industry of the area has
declined about 46 percent in the last 15
years. Annual loss of income has beenmore
than $1.25 million and industry employment
in the area has dropped about 80 percent,

In addition to the ARA investment of
$44,000, the State of Maine will put up
$29,646, to complete the project studies.
The results of the pilot plant experimental
operations will be made available to other
commercial fishing areas experiencing se-
rious pollution problems.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

United States Supreme Court

RULING AFFECTS FISHING CREWS
UNEMPLOYMENT AND
SOCIAL SECURITY TAX EXEMPTION:

On May 28, 1962, the United States Su-
preme Court commented on the factors in-
volved in deciding whether fishermen are in-
dependent contractors or employees for Fed-
eral tax purposes. The point arose in the
case of J. L. Enochs, District Director of
Internal Revenue, vs. Williams Packing &
Navigation Co., Inc., which was decided on
procedural grounds.

Williams Packing Co, supplies trawlers
to fishermen who take shrimp, oysters, and
fish off the Gulf coast. In July 1959, Fed-
eral District Judge Sidney Mize permanent-
ly enjoined the collection of social security
and unemployment taxes for the vessel cap-
tains and crewmen working the Williams
Packing Co, trawlers during 1953-1955. The
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth
Circuit affirmed the District Court decision
on the ground that the taxes were not payable
since the fishermen were independent con-
tractors.

On appeal by the Government, the Supreme
Court reversed the judgment of the Court of
Appeals and remanded the case to the District
Court with directions to dismiss the com-
plaint. The Supreme Court ruled that the
collection of Federal taxes may be enjoined
only when it is clearly apparent at the time
of suit that, under the most liberal view of
the law and the facts, the United States can-
not establish tax liability, The right to dis-
puted tax sums in cases which do not meet
this requirement must be determined ina
suit for a refund. The Supreme Court held
that it was not clearly evident that the fish-
ermen on the vessels of the Williams Pack-

ing Company were independent contractors.
Note: See Commercial Fisheries Review, May 1962 p. 78,
Sept. 1961 p. 114.
tol}

= =

White House

FISHERY EXPORTS TO EL SALVADOR
CONFRONTED WITH HIGHER DUTIES:

On July 2, 1962, the President proclaimed
that tariff concessions under the May 1, 1937,
bilateral trade agreement between El Salva-
dor and the United States would end August

96 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

8, 1962, El Salvador had requested and ob-
tained mutual termination of concessions af-
fecting 27 commodities, including two fishery
products. This step was necessary to ElSal-
vador's participation in the Central American
economic integration movement with Guate-
mala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

The El Salvador import duty rate on two
fishery commodities, canned mackerel and
canned salmon, will be increased from $5.00
per 100 gross kilograms and 6 percent ad
valorem to $35.00 per 100 kilograms and 8
percent ad valorem. In recent years, El Sal-
vador has consistently been an important
foreign market for United States canned
mackerel. n1961, canned mackerel exports
to El Salvador were valued at $151,000,
canned salmon, $23,000.

It is expected that United States exports
of canned mackerel and canned salmon to El
Salvador may be adversely affected by the
increase in the duty rates, Duties on canned
sardines may also increase as the result of
termination of concessions with other coun-
tries. United States trade in that product
during 1961 was valued at $8,000.

Eighty -Seventh Congress
(Second Session)
Public bills and resolutions which may

directly or indirectly affect the fisheries and
allied industries are reported upon. Intro-

i!
oe
Wa

duction, referral to committees, pertinent

legislative actions by the House and Senate,
as well as signature into law or other final
disposition are covered,

AMERICAN SAMOA INCLUDED IN CERTAIN LAWS:
amendment on H.R, 10062, to extend the application of
certain laws to American Samoa, and asked for a con-
ference with the Senate. Five conferees were appointed
by the House.

Vol. 24, No. 8

The Senate on July 20, 1962, received a message
from the House announcing its disagreement to the a-
mendment of the Senate to H.R.10062. Agreeing to a
conference, the Senate appointed five conferees. Would
make available to American Samoa the technical as-
sistance, as needed, of the various Federal departments
and agencies and to extend to American Samoa several
Federal assistance programs presently available in
other parts of the United States and its territories.

EXEMPT TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL
AND FISHERY PRODUCTS (H.R. 11583) and TRANS-
PORTATION ACT OF 1962 (H.R. 11584): The House
Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce held
a hearing on July 10, 1962, on H.R. 11583, to exempt
certain carriers from minimum rate regulation in the
transportation of bulk commodities, agricultural and
fishery products, and passengers, and for other pur-
poses; and H.R, 11584, to provide for strengthening and
improving the national transportation system, and for
other purposes. At the hearing, Commissioner Murphy
reiterated the ICC's long standing position on the agri-
cultural and fishery exemption. He asked that Congress
take no action in extending the agricultural and fishery
exemption to the railroads. Further, he requested a
tightening of the exemption so as to limit it to farmers
and fishermen transporting their products to local
markets.

The purpose of the bills is to place water, rail, and
motor carriers on an equal basis competitively. The
bills propose that the motor carrier exemption for
fresh and frozen fish be extended to the rail carriers,
and also allow the rail and motor carriers the present
water carrier bulk exemption. This would mean that
fish meal in bulk could be carried by rail under rates
exempt from prescribed minimums set by the ICC.

FISH HATCHERY (KENTUCKY): H.R. 12277 (Chelf),
H.R, 12280 (Natcher), H.R, 12281 (Perkins), H.R. 12283
(Stubbefield), H.R. 12284 (Watts), and H.R. 12288 (Siler)
introduced in the House on June 25, 1962, and H.R.
12626 (Spence) July 19, 1962, to provide for the estab-
lishment of a new trout fish hatchery on or near the
Cumberland River in the eastern part of the State of
Kentucky; all referred to the Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries. A companion bill S, 3471
(Cooper) was introduced in the Senate on June 25, 1962;
referred to the Committee on Commerce.

GLOUCESTER HARBOR (MASS.) IMPROVEMENT:
The Senate on July 13, 1962, introduced S, 3544 (Smith
of Mass.,), authorizing modification of the existing pro-
ject for Gloucester Harbor, Mass.; referred to the
Committee on Public Works.

The Senate Committee on Public Works, in execu-
tive session, on July 20, 1962, ordered favorably re-
ported S., 3544, The Senate on July 23, 1962, received
the report (S. Rept. No, 1777) from the Committee.

NATIONAL FISHERIES CENTER AND AQUARIUM:
Buildings and Grounds ordered favorably reported to
the full committee H.R, 8181, authorizing the Secretary
of the Interior to construct a National Fisheries Center
and Aquarium in the District of Columbia.

The Senate Committee on Public Works, in executive
session, July 20, 1962, ordered favorably reported H.R.
8181 amended. The Senate on July 23, 1962, received
the report (S. Rept. No. 1778) from the Committee.

National Fisheries Center and Aquarium (Hearing
before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Public
Works, United States Senate, 87th Congress, 2nd Ses-

August 1962

sion), 59pp., printed. Contains hearing held on June
15, 1962, on S. 2296 and H.R. 8181, bills to authorize
construction of a National Fisheries Center and Aquar-
ium in the District of Columbia. Contains statements
and letters of Federal agencies, Congressmen, and
interested people.

NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE: The Senate Com-
mittee on Armed Services, June 28, 1962, in executive
session, ordered favorably reported H.R. 8045, to change
the name of the Hydrographic Office to United States Na-
val Oceanographic Office. The Senate, on the same date,
received the report (S. Rept, No. 1667) from the Com-
mittee. ‘

The Senate on June 29, 1962, passed H.R. 8045. Since
the House had passed the bill August 15, 1961, the bill
was sent to the President for signature,

The President on July 10, 1962, signed H.R. 8045
(P.L. 87-533).

mittee on Armed Services, U. S. Senate, 87th Congress,
2nd Session, to accompany H.R. 8045), 4 pp., printed.
The Committee reported favorably on the bill without
amendment and recommended that the bill pass. Con-
tains the purpose of the bill, background, fiscal data,
departmental data, and changes in existing laws.

NETTING IMPORTS FOR RESEARCH: H.R, 12180
(Mills) introduced in the House on June 18, 1962, to ex-
tend for a temporary period the existing provisions of
laws relating to the free importation of personal and
household effects brought into the United States under
Government orders; referred to the Committee on Ways
and Means. The House on June 26, 1962, received the
report (H. Rept. No, 1920) on H.R, 12180 from the Com-
mittee on Ways and Means. On June 29, 1962, the House
passed the bill.

The Senate Committee on Finance on July 10, 1962,
ordered favorably reported H.R. 12180 amended (so as
to add the text of S. 1814, providing for the free impor-
tation of monofilament gill nets for use in fish sam-
pling...). The Senate on July 11, 1962, received the re-
port (S. Rept. No. 1720) from the Committee,

Senate Report No. 1720, Household Effects--Mono-
filament Gill Fish Nets--Accident and Health Insurance
Contract Premiums (a report from the Committee on
Finance, United States Senate, 87th Congress, 2nd Ses-
sion, to accompany H.R. 12180). The Committee re-
ported the bill favorably with amendments and recom-
mended passage. The amendment would provide for
the importation of monofilament gillnets for use in fish
sampling. Also contained in the report is the purpose
of the bill, general statement, explanation of the amend-
ments, and changes in existing law.

OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM: H.R, 12601 (Dingell)
was introduced in the House on July 18, 1962, to provide
for a comprehensive, long-range, and coordinated na-
tional program in oceanography, and for other pur-
poses; referred to the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries. The purpose of the bill is to develop
and maintain a coordinated, comprehensive, and long-
range national program in oceanography. In further -
ance of this policy, the humanitarian and economic
welfare of the United States and the national security
require that adequate provision be made for continuing,
systematic research, studies, and surveys of the ocean
and its resources, and of the total marine environment,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

The program is to be implemented by both "inhouse"
and contract research, through the balanced participa-
tion and cooperation of all qualified persons, organiza-
tions. institutions, agencies, or corporate entities,
whether governmental, educational, nonprofit, or in-
dustrial. The Office of Science and Technology estab-
lished by Reorganization Plan No, 2 of 1962 shall es-
tablish a national program of oceanography and shall
issue a statement of national goals with respect to
oceanography, which shall set forth methods for achiev-
ing those goals and the responsibility of the depart-
ments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United
States to carry out the national program on an inte-
grated, coordinated basis. All interested departments,
agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States,

as well as capable nongovernmental institutions and
industries where appropriate are to be consulted, It
would establish in the Office the position of Assistant
Director for Oceanography, to be appointed by the
President, and by and with the advice and consent of
the Senate, The Director of the Office is to appoint an
Advisory Committee for Oceanography to consist of
seven members, to review the national program of
oceanography and revisions thereof and make recom-
mendations.

OYSTER BROOD STOCK PURCHASES: The Mer-
chant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee of the Sen-
ate Committee on Commerce held hearings on H.R.
7336, to promote the production of oysters by propaga-
tion of disease-resistant strains and for other pur-
poses. Testimony was heard from the Assistant Direc-
tor, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the legis-
lative assistant to Senator Boggs. The hearings were
adjourned subject to call on June 25, 1962.

On July 11, 1962, the Senate Committee on Com-
merce, ordered favorably reported as amended, H.R.

7336. House had passed the bill on April 3, 1962.

The Senate, on July 16, 1962, received the report,
with amendment (S. Rept, No, 1736), from the Com-
mittee on Commerce on H.R. 7336,

Senate Report No, 1736, Rehabilitation of Oyster
Beds (July 16, 1962, a report from the Senate Com-
mittee on Commerce, U. S. Senate, 87th Congress, 2nd
Session to accompany H.R. 7336), 5 pp., printed. The
Committee reported bill favorably with amendments
and recommended passage. It contains the purpose of
the bill (which is to restore the oyster industry in the
Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, and to develop oyster
stock that has resistance to the virus organism known
as MSX that is spreading through the oyster beds);
general information; amendments; and departmental
reports, The bill as amended and passed by the House
only contains authority to acquire and distribute brood
stock, the States to pay one-third of the cost. The
loan provisions were deleted at the request of the De-
partment of the Interior, on the ground that such pro-
visions were inadvisable at this time because there are
very few disease-resistant strains now available com-
mercially; the Senate amendments would reduce the
amount authorized by the bill from $3 million to
$100,000, with funds provided by the Federal Govern-
ment to be matched by each state by 50 percent of the
amount granted,

On July 18, 1962, the Senate passed with amendment
and sent back to the House, H.R. 7336. The bill as
amended by the Senate Committee 6n Commerce and
as passed by the Senate provides that the Interior Sec-
retary can make grants to the States referred to in the
bill for assisting the states to finance research andoth-
er activities needed in the development and propagation

of disease-resistant strains of oysters, States are to
match the grant in funds to at least 50 percent of the
amount of the grant. Federal Government total appro-
priation for such grant is limited to $100,000.

OYSTER PLANTERS DISASTER LOANS: On July
9, 1962, the Senate Subcommittee on Agricultural Credit
and Rural Electrification held hearings on H.R, 946.

Testimony was received from various Federal agen-
cies and industry.

Miscellaneous (Hearings Before the Committee on
Agriculture, House of Representatives, 87th Congress,
2nd Session), 210 pp., printed. Contains, among others,
the hearing held March 19, 1962, on H.R. 946 (pp. 171-
185), to extend to oyster planters the benefits of the
provisions of the present law which provide for produc-
tion disaster loans for farmers and stockmen, Con-
tains statements by Government officials.

PACIFIC MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION: The
House and the Senate on July 16, 1962, received a let-
ter from the Chairman, Pacific Marine Fisheries Com-
mission, Portland, Oreg., transmitting the 14th Annual
Report of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission
for the year 1961, The Report was referred to the Sen-
ate Committee on Commerce and the House Committee
on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

PACIFIC MARINE FISHERIES COMPACT: On July
11, 1962, the Senate Committee on Commerce, ordered
favorably reported S. 3431, to consent to the amend-
ment of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Compact and to
the participation of certain additional States in such
compact in accordance with the terms of such amend-
ment, The change consists of an addition to the exist-
ing compact which provides in part: "The State of Alas-
ka or Hawaii, or any State having rivers or streams
tributary to the Pacific Ocean may become a contracting
State by enactment of the Pacific Marine Fisheries Com-

pact.”

The Senate, July 16, 1962, received a favorable re-
port (S. Rept. No. 1735) from the Committee on Com-
merce on 8, 3431.

On July 18, 1962, the Senate passed without amend-
ment and cleared for the House S. 3431. The House
received the bill on July 19, 1962, and referred it to
the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

POTOMAC RIVER COMPACT (VA. & MD.) OF 1958:
The House Committee on the Judiciary reported favor-
ably to the House on July 17, 1962, H.J. Res. 659, grant
ing consent of the Congress to a compact entered into
between the State of Maryland and the Commonwealth
of Virginia for the creation of the Potomac River Com-
pact of 1958; without amendment (H. Rept. No. 1980);
referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMISSION: The
Senate Committee on Government Operations July 24,
1962, concluded hearings on S. 2771, providing for the
establishment of a Commission on Science and Tech-
nology. Testimony was given by various Federal agen-
cies and interested people. The hearings were ad-
journed subject to call,

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OFFICE: The House
on June 28, 1962, received a communication from the
President (H. Doc, 462) transmitting a proposed sup-
plemeniai appropriation for the fiscal year 1963 in the
amount of $850,000 for the Office of Science and Tech-
nology; referred to the Committee on Appropriations.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

SHELLFISH PROCESSING EXEMPTION FROM
MINIMUM WAGE: H.R. 12541 (Henderson) introduced
in the House on July 16, 1962, to amend the Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938 to exempt therefrom persons en-
gaged in certain processing of shrimps, crabs, or oy-
siers; referred to the Committee on Education and La-
bor. Similar to other bills previously introduced,

STATE DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS FY 1963:

Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Ju-

Appropriations, House of Representatives, 87th Con-
gress, 2nd Session), 1,318 pp., printed. State Depart-
ment appropriations include funds for the international
fisheries commissions in the amount of $2,165,000, an
increase of $255,000 over the 1962 appropriation of
$1,910,000. Included are increases for nearly all com-
missions with the largest increases for the Interna-
tional Pacific Halibut Commission ($162,050) and In-
ternational Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission
($83,050), There was a decrease of $487 for the Great
Lakes Fishery Commission, Other commissions in-
cluded in the appropriations are: Inter-American
Tropical Tuna Commission; International Commission
for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries; International
Whaling Commission; International North Pacific Fish-
eries Commission; and North Pacific Fur Seal Com-
mission, That part dealing with the Commissions, in-
cludes the siatutory authorization, general statement,
background statement, accomplishments by Commis-
sions in fiscal year 1961, programs for fiscal years
1962 and 1963, explanation of the increases and basis
for estimates for each Commission.

H.R. 12580 (Rooney) introduced in the House on July
17, 1962, making appropriations for the Department of
State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and re-
laied agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1963.
In the State Department appropriations are included
funds for international fisheries commissions.

The House Committee on Appropriations July 17,
1962, reported (H. Rept. No. 1996) favorably to the
House on H.R, 12580. Bill was referred to the Com-
mittee of the Whole House on the State of the Union.

House Report No. 1966, Departments of State, Jus-
tice, and Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agen-
cies Appropriation Bill, Fiscal Year 1963 (July 175
1962, a report from the Committee on Appropriations,
House of Representatives, 87th Congress, 2nd Ses-
sion, to accompany H.R, 12580), 43 pp., printed. The
Commitiee reduced the budget request of $2,165,000
for international fisheries commissions to $1,910,000,
the same as for fiscal year 1962,

The House on July 20, 1962, passed H.R, 12580 with
amendment,

TARIFF CLASSIFICATION STUDY: The Senate on
July 2, 1962, received a letter from the Chairman, U-
nited States Tariff Commission, transmitting, pursuant
to law, a second supplemenial report on tariff classi-
fication study, dated June 1962 (with an accompanying
report); referred to the Committee on Finance. The
House on the same day received a similar letter; re-
ferred to the Committee on Ways and Means.

TRADE EXPANSION ACT OF 1962: H.R, 12300
(Dent) and H.R. 12302 (Lennon) introduced in the House
on June 26, 1962, to promote the general welfare, for-
eign policy, and security of the United States through
international trade agreements and through adjustment
assistance to domestic industry, agriculture, and labor,

August 1962

and for other purposes; both referred to the Committee
on Ways and Means, Similar to other bills previously
introduced,

The Committee on Rules on June 26, 1962, intro-
duced H. Res, 712 for consideration of H.R, 11970. The
Committee on the same day reported (H. Rept. No, 1924)
on H. Res, 712, for consideration of H.R. 11970, a bill
to promote the general welfare, foreign policy, and se-
curity of the United States through international trade
agreements and through adjustment assistance to do-
mestic industry, agriculture and labor, and for other
purposes; without amendment. The resolution provides
that all points of order against H.R. 11970 are waived;
after general debate, confined to the bill and not to ex-
ceed 8 hours, the bill shall be considered as having
been read for amendment; amendments can be offered
only by direction of Committee on Ways and Means and
are not subject to amendment; and only one motion to

recommit will be allowed,

The House on June 27, 1962, by voice vote, adopted
H. Res. 712, for consideration of H.R, 11970. House
resolved itself into the Committee of the Whole House
on the State of the Union to consider H.R, 11970.

The House on June 28, 1962, passed H.R. 11970, the
Trade Expansion Act of 1962, with committee amend-
ments.

As the House-approved bill goes to the Senate, it
authorizes the President to cut tariffs in groups by 50
percent over a 5-year period; to reduce to zero tariffs
on items in which the Common Market and United
States trade represent 80 percent of world trade, also
over a 5-year period; and to eliminate all duties on
items presently bearing a duty of 5 percent or less, al-
so over a 5-year period. Thebill contains a provision
that would allow the President to eliminate all duties
over a 5-year period on items presently dutiable at the
rate of 5 percent or less. Most fishery duties are ona
cents-per-pound basis, but when converted to a per-
centage ad valorem basis, a number of items presently
bear an equivalent duty of 5 percent or less, On these
items, the President in reciprocal negotiations could
do away with all duties over a 5-year period,

H.R, 11970, House-passed bill, was read twice in
the Senate by its title and referred to the Committee on
Finance,

TUNA CONVENTION ACT OF 1950 AMENDMENT:
On July 11, 1962, the Senate Committee on Commerce,
ordered favorably reported S. 2568, to amend the act
of September 7, 1950, to extend the regulatory author-
ity of the Federal and State agencies concerned under
the terms of the Convention for the establishment of
an Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, signed
at Washington, May 31, 1949, and for other purposes.
The Senate Committee on Commerce reported (S. Rept.
No, 1737) to the Senate on July 16, 1962, on 8S, 2568
with amendments.

Senate Report No, 1737 Conservation of Tropical
Tuna (July 16, 1962, a report from the Senate Commit-
tee on Commerce, U.S. Senate, 87th Congress, 2nd
Session, to accompany S. 2568), 18 pp., printed. The
Committee favorably reported the bill with amendment
and recommended passage. The Committee amendment
inserts a clean bill which is based upon an agreement
reached-at a series of conferences between the affect-
ed agencies of the Government and the major elements
of the American tuna industry. It contains the purpose
of the legislation, a general discussion, cost, a sec-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

tion-by-section analysis, agency comments, and
changes in existing law. The purpose of the bill is to
provide for the issuance and enforcement of Federal
regulations in order to carry out recommendations of
the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission for the
conservation of tuna resources in the eastern Pacific
when the recommendations are concurred in by the U-
nited States. In order to achieve this purpose, the bill
would authorize the Secretary of the Interior to issue
appropriate regulations after following certain pro-
cedural steps. Under the bill, the regulations would
not be applied to vessels and persons under the juris-
diction of the United States until an agreed date for the
application of comparable measures by all other coun-
tries whose vessels fish for tuna in the regulatory area
on a meaningful scale, and the regulations could be sus-
pended if foreign fishing operations in the area were to
threaten the conservation objectives of the Commission,
In addition, the bill would require the simultaneous im-
position of regulations prohibiting the entry into the U-
nited States of tuna subject to regulation which were
caught under conditions that would defeat the effective-
ness of the conservation recommendations of the Trop-
ical Tuna Commission, Would make it unlawful to fish
in violation of the regulations or to deal in fish which
were caught in violation of such regulations, and it
would provide penalties for such acts.

On July 18, 1962, the Senate passed with amendment
and cleared for the House S, 2568, Received by the
House on July 19, 1962, and referred to the Committee
on Foreign Affairs,

VESSEL COLLISION LIABILITY: Senate Report No.
1603, Unifying Apportionment of Liability in Collisions
and Other Maritime Casualties (Report from the Senate
Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, 87th
Congress, 2nd Session, to accompany S. 2313, to unify
apportionment of liability in cases of collision between
vessels, and related casualties), 20 pp., printed. Com-
mittee reported the bill favorably with amendment and
recommended passage. Contains purpose of the bill;
section-by-section explanation; changes in existing
law; and reports from Federal agencies. The Commit-
tee amendment inserts a new bill, which is a redraft
and a refinement of S, 2313 as introduced. The title as
amended reads ''a bill to unify apportionment of liabil-
ity in cases of collision between vessels, and in other
maritime casualties,'' Would make United States ad-
miralty and maritime law uniform with the laws of
other major maritime powers. (1) Ina collision where
both vessels are to blame, liability for the damages
would be divided between the vessels according to their
respective degree of fault, as determined by the court;
(2) would alter the rights of cargo damaged ina col-
lision or other maritime casualty, but does not materi-
ally change present law on death or personal injury
claims (vessels at fault in collisions or other casualties
would remain jointly as well as severally liable to per-
sonal injury and death claimants; (3) would establish a
two-year statute of limitations governing suits arising
of collisions and other maritime casualties, and a one-
year statute of limitation to apply to suits for contri-
bution with respect to death or personal injury.

VESSEL OWNERS LIABILITY: Senate Report No,
1602, Limiting the Liability of Shipowners (Report from
the Senate Committee on Commerce, United States Sen-
ate, 87th Congress, 2nd Session, to accompany S, 2314,
to limit the liability of shipowners and for other pur-
poses), 28 pp., printed. Committee reported the bill
favorably with amendment and recommended passage.
Contains the purpose of the bill; background of the bill;
a section-by-section discussion; changes in existing

100 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

law; and reports from Federal agencies. The Commit- of liability limitation in the United States uniform with

tee amendment inserts a new bill, which is a redraft that of other major maritime nations, :

and a refinement of S, 2314 as introduced. Includes all

seagoing and inland waters vessels, including fishing WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION:

vessels, or their tenders. Would repeal present Lim- H.R. 12320 (Elliott) introduced in House June 27, 1962,

itation of Liability Act and substitute a new act: (1) to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act by

to afford shipowners the right of limitation of liability, creating a Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-

under certain circumstances, to a fixed amount based tration and for other purposes; referred to the Commit-

on the tonnage of the vessel, and (2) to bring the system tee on Public Works. Similar to other bills previously
introduced,

“LIFE EXPECTANCY"

15 YEARS

8 YEARS

6 YEARS

FISH

4 YEARS

GROWTH RATES OF FISH
VARY—THE BETTER THE
FOOD SUPPLY, THE BETTER
THE GROWTH.

CATFISH CAN BE AGED

“BY TAKiSs SECTIONS OF
THE FIN SPINES OR BACK-
BONE AND MICROSCOPI-
CALLY EXAMINING THEM.

OUTER EDGE

2nd ANNULUS

OR YEAR

MARK

Ist ANNULUS

FOCUS OR

CENTER
THESE BLUEGILLS ARE THE THIS SCALE WAS TAKEN FROM
SAME AGE. THE TOP ONE A BASS IN ITS THIRD YEAR.
WAS TAKEN FROM A WELL- THE YEAR MARKS OR THE FISH WAS 16 INCHrS LONG
MANAGED POPULATION, THE ANNULI ARE PROBABLY AND GREW ABOUT 8 INCHES ITS
LOWER ONE FROM AN OVER- FORMED IN THE SPRING SS = FIRST YEAR AND 6 INCHES
CROWDED FARM POND AS THE FISH BEGIN HEAVY FEEDING => —--==—~— DURING THE SECOND YEAR.

(Georgia Game and Fish, Vol. 11, No. 1)

August 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 101

FISHERY

INDICATORS

CHART | - FISHERY LANDINGS for SELECTED STATES

In Millions of Pounds

MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND RHODE ISLAND

CUMULATIVE DATA

NEW JERSEY AND NEW YORK

CUMULATIVE DATA

i - 224.

3 Me ioe 194.9 5 MS. 1962 - 118.0
12 "1961 - 741.3 5 , 1961 - 80.7
12 1961 - 518.3

CUMULATIVE DATA

S mgs. 1962 - S0.7
S15 1961 - 53.8
1961 - 255.7

6 mgs. 1962 -
6 , 1961 -
2 1961 - 1,147.3

0
— UAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
FLORIDA

CUMULATIVE DATA

S mgs. 1962 - 62.2 CUMULATIVE DATA
5g) 1961! = 7156:

12 1961 - 187.7

4 QS.

0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CALIFORNIA 2/

SSS = OREGON
CUMULATIVE DATA
CUMULATIVE DATA
5S MQS. 1962 - 192.2 Spa eaaes
1961 - 209.0
1961 - 599.0

7 QS. 1961 29.4
7 es 'S

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/ONLY PARTIAL--INCLUDING PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FISHERIES AND MARKET FISH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS.

102 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

CHART 2 - LANDINGS for SELECTED FISHERIES

In Millions of Pounds

HADDOCK
(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

OCEAN PERCH
(Maine and Massachusetts)

CUMULATIVE DATA

S Mgs. 1962 - S2.4
S , 1961 - 51.4
12 1961 - 123.3

5 MQS. 1962 -
S 1961 - 50.5
12

1/ SHRIMP
(Gulf States—' including Florida West Coast)

CUMULATIVE DATA

WHITING
(Maine and Massachusetts)
CUMULATIVE DATA
5 mgs. 1962 - 2.4
5 , 1961 - 0.5
12 1961 - 86.1

——

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TAN FEB MAR” APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

V/A. & ALA. DATA BASED ON LANDINGS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS AND ARE NOT COM-

ci In Thousands of Tons

PACIFIC AND JACK MACKEREL

MENH/.DEN
(California)

(East and Gulf Coasts)
CUMULATIVE DATA

QS. 1962 - 25,9
1961 - 21.6
1961 - 70.7

IS. 1962 - 416.7
“*t 1962 - 391.1
1961 - 1,141.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

In Thousands of Tons

PILCHARD
(California)

TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

CUMULA’ IVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

1961/62 SEASON, + 1962 - 68.6
AUG.-FEB. - 22,3 z sel - 79.8
1960 SEASON, 961 _- 164.9

AUG.-DEC. - 27.1

LEGEND:

——-=— 1961/62
eenccees 1950

AUG SEPT OCT_NOV_ DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

103

August 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CHART 3 - COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS and FREEZINGS
of FISHERY PRODUCTS *

In Millions of Pounds

LEGEND:
U. S, HOLDINGS —==> nes U. S, FREEZINGS
4 CUMULATIVE DATA

+ 1962 - 140.3
1961 - 132.7
1961 - 319.6

MIDDLE & SOUTH ATLANTIC HOLDINGS?2/

2/ALL EAST COAST STATES FROM N. Y. SOUTH.

GULF & SOUTH CENTRAL HoLpincs 4!

MIDDLE-WEST HOLDINGS 3/

MAR_APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB

JAN FEB MAR-APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
, N. OAK., NEBR. & KANS,

Z/OHI0, IND., ILL., MICH., WIS., MINN., IOWA, MO.

CALIFORNIA HOLDINGS

WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND ALASKA HOLDINGS

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

* Excludes salted, cured, and smoked products.

104 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

l CHART 4 - RECEIPTS and COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS of FISHERY
PRODUCTS at PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

In Millions of Pounds

/ 2/

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS=—

RECEIPTS

AT WHOLESALE SALT-WATER MARKET
Fresh and Frozen) NEW YORK

» 1962 - 86.1 CITY

1961 - 80.2
1961 - 164.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

T/INCLUDE TRUCK AND RAIL IMPORTS FROM CANADA ANO DIRECT VESSEL LANDINGS
AT NEW YORK CITY,

RECEIPTS AT WHOLESALE MARKET
(Fresh and Frozen)

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

CHICAGO

CUMULATIVE DATA

6 MQS. 1962 - 36.6
6 |, 1961 - 36.0
12 1961 - 78.1

BOSTON

COLD-STORAGE HOLDINGS

SEATTLE

WHOLESALE MARKET RECEIPTS, LANDINGS,
& IMPORTS (Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULAT I VE
6 « 1962 a7
6 “" 1961 - 37.8
12 1961 - 97.3

FISH OIL
(In Millions of Gallons)

FISH MEAL
(In Thousands of Tons)

JAN FEB MAR. APR_MAY_JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

August 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 105

CHART 6- CANNED PACKS of SELECTED FISHERY PRODUCTS

In Thousands of Standard Cases

MACKEREL ay CALIFORNIA

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

IS. 1962 - 5,582.0 - 1962 - 385.6
1961 - 5,255.0 1961 - 289.1
1961 - 10,764.3 1961 - 1,378.4

te)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

ANCHOVIES - CALIFORNIA SALMON - ALASKA

CUMULATIVE DATA "CUMULATIVE DATA
1962 - 284.6

S mgs. 1962 - - "
f 5 "e 1961 - 510.5

5, 1961 -1
12 1961 - 73. 1961 - 3,212.0

\
t+
/s\
f—\

0 .
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

1/ “4 e
SARDINES—' (Estimated) - MAINE STANDARD CASES

2 .
1962 bere Variety No.Cans Designation Net Wet.

OEC.-JUNE - 452.5
600} 196? SEASON, SARDINES..... 100 + drawn 33 oz.

JAN.-JUNE - 53,8
1961 SEASON,
TOTAL - 753.6 48 -- Oza

48 # > tuna 6&7 oz.

PILCHARDS... 48 # 1 oval

SALMON...... 48 1-lb. tall

ANCHOVIES... 48 $-lb.

LEGEND:

SARDINES - CALIFORNIA Ee rsoi7e2 SHRIMP - GULF STATES
seneeee 1960/61

CUMULATIVE DATA CUMULATIVE DATA

1961/62 SEASON, 1961/62 SEASON,
AUG.-JAN, - 419,17 AUG . ~JUNE
1960 SEASON 1960/61 SEASON
AUG.-DEC, - 615.9 Rea ie 2
1960/61 SEASON,
TOTAL

ty) 0
AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR WAY JUNE JULY

106 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

CHART 7- U.S. FISHERY PRODUCTS IMPORTS

In Millions of Pounds

GF UNDFISH (including Ocean Perch) FILLETS
Fresh _ and
CUMULATIVE DATA

S mgs. 1962 -
= Ly 1961 -
2

h 1961 - 195.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SHRIMP FROM MEXICO
(Fresh and Frozen)
CUMULATIVE DATA

MQS. 1962 - 29.6
S 1961 - 29.8

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Tunal!
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULAT DATA

5 MQS. 1962 - 128.1
5 , 1961 - 87.0)
12 1961 - 197.1

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1/ EXCLUDES LOINS AND DISCS.

U. S. IMPORTS OF CANNED TUNA AND TUNALIKE FISH

(in Oil and in Brine)

CUMULATIVE DATA

5 Mgs. 1962 - 26.6
5 |, 1961 - 24.6
12 1961 - 69,0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

LEGEND:

FILLETS & STEAKS OTHER THAN GROUNDFISH
(Fresh and Frozen)

CUMULATIVE DATA
5 mgs. 1962 - 29.0
5 4 196) - 24,7
12 1961 - 68.7

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CUMULATIVE DATA

S mgs. 1962 - 25.9
Py 1961 - 23.9
12 1961 - 53.9

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

SEA HERRING, FRESH, THROUGH MAINE PORTS
CUMULATI\ i

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

CANNED SARDINES
(in Oil and not_in Oil
CUMULATIVE DATA |

IS. 1962 - 23.8
a 1961 - 16.7
1961 - 42.5

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

August 1962 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW 107

FISHERY PUBLICATION

et hae

+ Ale aan Ch BOOS A IPs “a? -! ue 2p commen er a Per ae)

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE lion paid in 1958. The average price per pound was

6.94 cents, a low figure due to the record catch (2.3

PUBLICATIONS billion pounds) of low-priced menhaden. San Pedro,
Calif., was the leading United States fishing port in
Be aren ee Reece eeeeet| aetg |e te wilt scence! tS boll weliene Gnvalie 21 all
ze OF Ff 2 ie ion pounds with an ex-vessel value to the fishermen
lowe a poe e nt aee arene: hpcamaes She yen pes erat of $36 million. The figures on the 1960 world catch--
a record of 83.2 billion pounds--recently compiled by
eS A SE Reena hag ee eo MEU the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
MNL - REPRINTS OF REPORTS ON FOREIGN FISHERIES. Nations are included in the report. Five countries ac-
SEP.- SEPARATES Wats) BoM COMMEREIAS SRS ooceRS counted for well over 50 percent of the total catch--
Se Japan (16.4 percent), China (Mainland) (13.3 percent),
SSR.- FISHi. = SECEUALESELENTIP IG HEPORTE=cEISHERIES (Lim- Peru (9.4 percent), U.S.S.R. (8.1 percent), and the U-
ITED DISTRIBUTION). nited States (7.5 percent).
itle bebe z
CES -2E60 - Georgia eas aCe 1962, 2 pp. Ego Guat COBnL Zins es dee Oy nes one Ronee
CFS-2892 - Imports and Exports of Fishery Products, by William W. Anderson, 5 pp., illus., February
= 1958, and Sep. No
1957-1961, Annual Summary, 15 pp. (Revision of FL-366, December F p. ‘
CFS-2893 - Alabama Landings, Annual Summary, 1961, 242, December 1949), Describes the more frequent-
7 ; , ly taken species of shrimp along the South Atlantic
CFS-2894 - ae Landings, February 1962, 3 pp. and Gulf coasts of the United States which are of
CFS-2898 - Alabama Landings acon 1962. 3 pp. some commercial value. Includes illustrations of
CFS-2899 - Frozen Fish Report, April 1962, 8 pp. UNS WAP OF Slebeauanteye hgueeieh LD Senay ips en
CFS-2901 - Fish Meal and Oil, March 1962, 2 pp. brown-spotted shrimp, the seabob, rock shrimp, an
CFS-2902 - Maine Landings, March 1962, 4 pp. Ws) eyeh ta tesco eh
CFS-2903 - New York Landings, March 1962, 4 pp. Wholesale Dealers in Fishery Products, 1962 (Revised):
CFS-2904 - Maryland Landings, February 1962, 3 pp. SL- 4 - Rhode Island, 2 pp.
CFS-2905 - California Landings, February 1962, 4 pp. SL-)5:—> Connecticut; Lip.
CFS-2907 - Virginia Landings, March 1962, 3 pp. SL- 9 -.Delaware,. 1p.
CFS-2909 - Mississippi Landings, March 1962, 3 pp. SL-18 - Mississippi, 3 pp.
CFS-2911 - New Jersey Landings, March 1962, 3 pp. SL-23 - Washington, 7 pp.
CFS-2913 - Texas Landings, March 1962, 3 pp.
CFS-2916 - Fish Meal and Oil, April 1962, 2 pp. Firms Canning, 1961 (Revised)
CFS-2921 - Florida Landings, April 1962, 9 pp. SL-103 - Tuna, 2 pp.

SL-107 - Fish and Shellfish Specialties, 5 pp
CFS-2900 - Fisheries of the United States, 1961 (A Pre-} SL-119 - Squid, 1 p.
liminary Review), 74 pp., illus., April 1961. This
bulletin includes 1961 statistics on the United States | SL-161 - Producers of Packaged Fish, 1961, 7 pp. (Re-
catch, price indexes, manufactured fishery products, vised)
foreign trade, supplies of certain fishery products,
fishery loan program, and world fisheries. Per cap-| Sep. No, 652 - Chicago Receipts of Fresh and Frozen

ita consumption of fish in the United States increased Fishery Products, and Wholesale Market Trends,
to 10.9 pounds in 1961, a half pound more than in the 1961.

previous year. This increase was divided equally be-

tween ''freshandfrozen" andcanneditems. The sup- | SSR-Fish. No. 389 - Oceanic Salinites off the South
ply of domestically-produced fresh andfrozen prod- Atlantic Coast of the United States--Theodore N.
ucts declined substantially, the report shows, even Gill Cruises 1-9, 1953-54, by William W. Anderson,
though the annual harvest was the Nation's second Joseph E. Moore, and Herbert R. Gordy, 212 pp.,
largest--5.2 billion pounds. Imports were up sharply illus., August 1961.

due to increased receipts of groundfish fillets and
blocks, and shrimp; however, both edible and nonedi-

ble imports established records. The total amount SSR-Fish. No. 410 - Spring and Summer Temperatures
paidto United States fishermen and vesselowners a- of Streams Tributary to the South Shore of Lake Su-
mounted to $358 million--nearly $4 million more than perior, 1950-60, by Bernard R. Smith, 63 pp., illus.,

1960, but $15 millionless than the record $373 mil- March 1962.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Annual Report of the Gloucester Technological Labo-

ratory, Fiscal Year 1961, by Joseph W. Slavin, Cir-
cular 139, 13 pp., illus., processed. A discussion
of the highlights of the program and accomplish-
ments of the Gloucester Technological Laboratory
for fiscal year 1961 including research on the chem-
istry and biochemistry of fish, developments of grade
standards and specifications, inspection and certi-
fication of fishery products, and studies on the pres-
ervation of fish. Also included is a list of publica-
tions written by laboratory personnel during 1961,
The new technological laboratory at Gloucester was
dedicated by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
on June 17, 1960, and is staffed by 19 professional
people trained in the fields of chemistry, food tech-
nology, and engineering,

Operations of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries

under the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act, Fiscal Year,
1960, 109 pp., illus., processed. The sixth annual
report to the Congress of the activities of the U. S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries during the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1960, under the provisions of
the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act of July 1, 1954. The
Act makes available funds from import duties col-
lected on foreign fishery products for the promo-
tion of the free flow in commerce of domestic fish-
ery products and provides for a wide range of re-
search and services supporting the development and
wise utilization of the nation's fishery resources
and the stabilization of the domestic fishing indus -
try. This publication discusses commercial fishery
progress by geographic areas including nationwide
programs such as technological programs, economic
studies, statistical programs, Market News services,
and marketing programs. Among the importantac-
complishments during fiscal year 1960: (1) methods
were developed to determine amounts of saturated
fatty acids and numbers of double-bond structures
in fish oils; (2) methods were developed to prepare
several polyunsaturated derivatives from fish oils
which are of potential value in the food industry, in
the fields of resins and plasticizers, and in other
fields; (3) in New England an analysis of average
landings of yellowtail flounder per day of fishing
effort aided biologists in determining the factor
causing fluctuations in the abundance of this spe-
cies; (4) at 14 stations along the Middle Atlantic
shelf of the Eastern United States, sea scallops were
found in sufficient quantities to warrant a limited
commercial fishery; (5) experiments demonstrated
the advantage of suspended oyster cultch in the
Chesapeake Bay; (6) positive identification of the
early developmental stages of yellowfin menhaden
was accomplished by artifical fertilization of eggs
and rearing of the larvae in the South Atlantic; (7)
in the Gulf of Mexico identifications of early larval
stages of two penaeid shrimp were specific and im-
portant advancements toward estimation of the abun-
dance, seasonal occurrence, and distribution of
shrimp larvae; (8) the results of exploratory trawl-
ing cruises in Lake Erie showed that up to 5,000
pounds of smelt can be taken at certain times and

in certain places in the waters of Ohio, Pennsylvania,
and New York; (9) in California, listings of some 4
million oceanographic observations, along with selec-
tedsummaries, have been obtained for an investiga-
tion of month-to-month and year-to-year changes in
oceanic conditions over the past 25 years; (10) studies
were initiated in the Pacific Northwest for determin-
ing the downstream migration paths and times of mi-
gration of young salmon in lakes behind dams; and

Vol. 24, No. 8

(11) a tagging study in Brooks Lake, Alaska, has
shown the importance of specific racial groups oc-
curring close to each other ina single lake system.

Our Commercial Fisheries, Conservation Notes, Cir-
cular 55, Revised October 1960. Informative bul-
letin containing fishing terminology, classification
of fish, and facts man should know about fish and
what affects their abundance and movements, Also
included are data on the food chain, tagging, color
marking, underwater television and Scuba divers,
chemical and electrical aids, sounds of fish, sea
mammals, international and interstate commissions,
and the American catch, Research data and statis -
tics on fishing for food are also covered,

THE FOLLOWING MARKET NEWS LEAFLETS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE
BRANCH OF MARKET NEWS, BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES, U. S. FISH

AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Number Title

MNL-26 - Taiwan Fisheries in 1961, 7 pp.

MNL-34.- Fisheries in Greece, 1961, 16 pp.

MNL-54 - Fisheries in British Borneo, 1961, 3 pp.

MNL-57 -.Fisheries in the Federal Republic of Ger-
many - Annual Survey, 1961, 22 pp.

MNL-71 - Canada's Fishing Industry, 1961, 7 pp.

CIFIC OFFICE MENTIONED.

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part I - Fishery Products Production and Market
Data, April 1962, 15 pp. (Market News Service, U.S,
Fish and Wildlife Service, Post Office Bldg., San
Pedro, Calif.) California cannery receipts of tuna
and tunalike fish and other species used for canning;
pack of canned tuna, tunalike fish, mackerel, and an-
chovies; market fish receipts at San Pedro, Santa
Monica, and Eureka areas; California and Arizona
imports; canned fish and frozen shrimp prices; ex-
vessel prices for cannery fish; Oregon and Wash-
ington receipts (domestic and imports) of fresh and
frozen tuna and tunalike fish; for the month indicated,

California Fishery Market News Monthly Summary,
Part Il - Fishing Information, May 1962, 11 pp., il-
Tus. (U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Bio-
logical Laboratory, P. O, Box 6121, Pt. Loma Sta-
tion, San Diego 6, Calif.) Contains sea-surface tem-
peratures, fishing and research information of in-
terest to the West Coast tuna-fishing industry and
marine scientists; for the month indicated,

(Chicago) Monthly Summary of Chicago's Wholesale
Market Fresh and Frozen Fishery Products Re-

ceipts, Prices, and Trends, May 1962, 13 pp. (Mar-
ket News Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
565 W. Washington St., Chicago 6, Ill.) Receipts at
Chicago by species and by states and provinces for
fresh- and salt-water fish and shellfish; and weekly
wholesale prices for fresh and frozen fishery prod-
ucts; for the month indicated.

Monthly Summary of Fishery Products Production in
Selected Areas of Virginia, North Carolina, and
Maryland, May 1962, 4 pp. (Market News Service,
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 18 S. King St., Hamp-
ton, Va.) Landings of food fish and shellfish and pro-
duction of crab meat and shucked oysters for the Vir-
ginia areas of Hampton Roads, Chincoteague, Lower
Northern Neck, and Lower Eastern Shore; the Mary-
land areas of Crisfield, Cambridge, and Ocean City;
and the North Carolina areas of Atlantic, Beaufort.

August 1962

and Morehead City; together with cumulative and
comparative data on fishery products and shrimp
production; for the month indicated,

New York City's Wholesale Fishery Trade--Monthly
Summary--March 1962, 18 pp. (Market News Serv-
ice, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 155 John St.,
New York 38, N. Y.) Includes summaries and anal-
yses of receipts and prices on wholesale Fulton Fish
Market, including both the salt- and fresh-water sec-
tions; imports entered at New York customs district;
primary wholesalers' selling prices for fresh, fro-
zen, and selected canned fishery products; market-
ing trends; and landings at Fulton Fish Market docks
and Stonington, Conn.; for the month indicated,

(Seattle) Washington and Alaska Receipts and Landings
of Fishery Products for Selected Areas and Fish-
eries, Monthly Summary, May 1962, 9 pp. (Market
News Service, U. 8. Fish and Wildlife Service, 706
Federal Office Bldg., 909 First Ave., Seattle 4,
Wash.) Includes Seattle's landings by the halibut and
salmon fleets reported through the exchanges; land-
ings of halibut reported by the International Pacific
Halibut Commission; landings of otter-trawl re-
ceipts reported by the Fishermen's Marketing As-
sociation of Washington; local landings by independ-
ent vessels; coastwise shipments from Alaska by
scheduled and non-scheduled shipping lines and air-
ways; imports from British Columbia via rail, motor
truck, shipping lines, and ex-vessel landings; and
imports from other countries through Washington
customs district; for the month indicated.

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AR-
TICLE IS AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U. S. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISH-

ERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, SEATTLE, WASH.:

A Study of the Hokkaido King Crab (Hokkaido-san Tara-
bagani no Kenkyu), by Kiichi Nakazawa, Report No.
60-22528, 1960, printed. (Translated from Dobut-
sugaku Zasshi, vol. 24, no. 279, 1912, pp. 1-13.)

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AR-
TICLE IS AVAILABLE ONLY FROM THE U. S. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISH-
ERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, HONOLULU, HAWAII:

The Copepod Fauna (Calanoida) and Zoogeographical
Divisions of the North Pacific and Adjoining Waters,

by K. A. Brodsky, 78 pp., illus., processed. (Trans-
lated from the Russian Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad, 1957.)

THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
tS NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION BUT IS AVAILABLE FOR REF -

BOX 3830, HONOLULU, HAWAII.

On the Distribution of Macroplankton in the Northern
Half of the Indian Ocean, by N. M. Voronina, 13 pp.,
illus., processed, May 1962. (Translated from
Okeanologiia, vol. 2, no. 1, 1962, pp. 118-125.)

THE FOLLOWING SERVICE PUBLICATION IS FOR SALE AND IS AVAIL-
INGTON

ABLE ONLY FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASH
Oo. ¢

Tank Culture of Tilapia, by Richard N. Uchida and
Joseph E, King, Fishery Bulletin 199 (from Fishery
Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 62),
36 pp., illus., printed, 30 cents, 1962.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

109

MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATIONS

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND
WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZA-
TION ISSUING THEM. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING PUBLICATIONS THAT
FOLLOW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE RESPECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS OR
PUBLISHER MENTIONED. DATA ON PRICES, IF READILY AVAILABLE, ARE
SHOWN.

AGAR-AGAR:

"Itanigusa Ahnfeltia plicata Yori Kanten no Shinsei-
zoho Nikansuru Kenkyu, I’ (Studies on New Method
of Preparation of Agar Agar from Ahnfeltia plicata,
qe by Y. Kojima and others, article, Journal of the
Shimonoseki College of Fisheries, vol. 9, no. 1, 1960,
pp. 43-52, illus., printed in Japanese with English
summary. Yoshimi, Shimonoseki, Japan,

us . II--Shinta no Dasshoku Oyobi Dassui
eT SSP eA.

ni Tsuite” (II--On the Decolorization and Dehydra-

tion of Crude Agar Gel), vol. 9, no, 3, pp. 317-322.
ts . Ill--Itani Kanten Seizo no Kogyoka ni
Tsuite” (TII--On the Industrialization for Manufac-
turing Itani Agar), vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 323-328,

ALASKA:

Annual Report of Progress, 1959-60 (Federal Aid in
Fish Restoration Project F-5-R-1, Sport Fish In-
vestigations of Alaska), Report No, 1-A, vol. 1, 142
pp., illus., processed. Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game,
Sport Fish Division, Juneau, Alaska,

ALGAE:

"The Marine Algae of the Hundred Islands, Philip-
pines,"' by Ernani G. Menez, article, The Philippine
Journal of Science, vol. 90, no. 1, March 1961, pp.
37-86, illus., printed. National Institute of Science
and Technology, P, O. Box 774, Manila, Philippines.

ALMANAC:
pp., printed, $2. U.S. Naval Observatory, Wash-
ington, D. C., 1962. (Available from the Superin-
tendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington 25, D. C.) Provides in a conven-
ient form the data required for the practice ofastro-
nomical navigation at sea,

ARCTIC CHAR:

"Tlkalupik'--The Arctic Char," article, Trade News,
vol, 14, no. 9, April 1962, pp. 3-5, illus., printed.
Director of Information and Consumer Service, De-
partment of Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada. Describes,
with numerous illustrations, the arctic char fishing
operation of the Eskimos. Ilkalupik, meaning "'spe-
cial fish'' in English, is the name the Eskimos have
given to the arctic char. The Eskimos have been
encouraged to organize fishing cooperatives, pro-
cure fishing gear, freezing apparatus, and other
equipment necessary for a commercial fishery, The
char fisheries provide a good source of income for
the Eskimo fishermen, and serve to reduce their
reliance on hunting as a means of acquiring food
supplies for their families.

BARNACLES:
The Attachment of the Barnacle, BALANUS APMPHI-
TRITE NIVEUS Darwin, and Other Fouling Organ-
isms to the Rock Shrimp, SICYONIA DORSALIS

110 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Kingsley, by Bonnie Eldred, Contribution No. 62, 5
pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted from Crustaceana,
vol. 3, part 3, pp. 203-206.) Florida State Board of
Conservation Marine Laboratory, Maritime Base,
Bayboro Harbor, St. Petersburg, Fla., 1962.

BRAZIL:

Pesca - 1960, Estrutura e Producao (Fisheries - 1960,
Organization and Production), 45 pp., illus., proc-
essed in Portuguese. Ministerio da Agricultura,
Servico de Estatistica da Producao, Avenida Pasteur
no, 404, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April 1962.

CALIFORNIA:

Digest of Commercial Fish Laws, 1961-63, 30 pp.,
illus., printed, California Department of Fish and
Game, 722 Capitol Ave., Sacramento 14, Calif. Ex-
plains the California commercial fishing laws. This
booklet is not intended to replace the Fish and Game
Code but to explain the Code to the-fishing industry.
Contains information on license provisions, species
covered, the commercial fishing districts, provi-
sions of the Code affecting the commercial fisheries,
calendar of the fishing seasons, and use or posses-
sion of nets in certain districts.

CANADA:

Fisheries Council of Canada, Annual Review, 1962, 72
pp., illus., printed. Fisheries Council of Canada,
Rm, 703, 77 Metcalfe St., Ottawa 4, Canada. Con-
tains, among others, the following articles: "Que -
bec Fisheries, 1961," by Guy LeBlanc; ''Water Pol-
lution in British Columbia," by Michael. Waldichuk;
"Canada's Fisheries in 1961," by W. C. MacKenzie;
"Commercial Fisheries of New Brunswick," by
Leonce Chenard; ''Rehabilitation of the Atlantic Oys-
ter Industry,"’ by Mary Hatheway; and ''The Fishery
in the ICNAF Convention Area in 1959," by Frank
R. Thomas,

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1960 (New Brunswick),
32 pp., illus., printed in French and English, 75 Ca-
nadian cents. Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, Ottawa, Canada, June 1962. Consists of
tables giving the quantity and value of the principal
species of fish and shellfish landed in New Bruns-
wick, 1948-60; quantity and value of manufactured
fishery products, 1948-60; quantity and value of
landings by species and fisheries districts, 1959-60;
capital equipment in the primary fisheries opera-
tions, 1959-60; classification of powered fishing
craft by over-all length, 1960; number of persons
engaged in primary operations by fisheries dis-
tricts, 1959-60; and persons engaged in the major
fisheries, 1959-60,

Fisheries Statistics of Canada, 1960 (Quebec), 57 pp.,
illus., printed in French and English, C$1. Queen's
Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Can-
ada, May 1962. Consists of tables giving the quan-
tity and value of the principal species of fish and
shellfish landed in Quebec in 1948-1960; quantity
and value of landings by species and fisheries dis-
tricts, 1959-1960; quantity and value of manufac-
tured fishery products by species, 1959-1960; cap-
ital equipment employed in primary operations by
fisheries districts, 1959-1960; and number of per-
sons engaged in primary operations by fisheries
districts, 1959-1960. Also includes a mapand de-
scription of Quebec's sea fisheries districts.

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
vol, 19, no. 2, March 1962, pp. 173-363, illus., print-
ed, C$1.50. Queen's Printer and Controller of Sta-
tionery, Ottawa, Canada, Includes, among others,
the following articles: "Migratory Behaviour of Ju-
venile Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, in Outlet and
Inlet Streams of Loon Lake, British Columbia," by
T. G. Northcote; ''Tag Failure Associated with a Net
Fishery as a Source of Experimental Error," by
Robert R. Parker; ''Dogfish Gelatin,” by Shirley E.
Geiger, Eve Roberts, and N. Tomlinson; "Olfactory
Perception in Juvenile Salmon, I--Observations on
Response of Juvenile Sockeye to Extracts of Foods,"
by J. R. McBride and others; ''Photographing Hal-
ibut Otoliths for Measuring Growth Zones," by G.
Morris Southward; and ''A Method of Calculating Body
Lengths from Otolith Measurements for Pacific Hal-
ibut and Its Application to Portlock-Albatross Grounds
Data Between 1935 and 1957," by G, Morris South-
ward,

CANNING:

“As Conservas de Peixe no Mercado Ingles em 1961"
(Canned Fish on the English Market in 1961), by Vic-
tor A. Martin; "As Conservas de Peixe Portuguesas
e o Mercado Belga em 1961" (Portuguese Canned
Fish on the Belgian Market in 1961), by Willy Moers;
"A Situacao das Conservas de Peixe na Italia'' (Sta-
tus of Canned Fish in Italy), by Enrico Cresta; ''Mer-
cada de Franca" (Markets of France), by J. Cardoso,
articles, Conservas de Peixe, vol. 17. no. 193, April
1962, pp. 63-65, 67-68, 71, 73, 77, 75, illus., printed
in Portuguese. Sociedade Astoria, Lda., Requeirao
dos Anjos, 68, Lisbon, Portugal.

"Etudes et Recherches sur la Fabrication des Con-
serves de thon de Madrague du Maroc (Thunnus thyn-
nus L,)"' (Studies and Research on the Canning of
Tuna from the Madragues or Coastal Traps of Mo-
rocco), by R. Meesemaecker and Y, Sohier, 27 pp.,
illus., printed in French, (Reprinted from Revue de
la Conserve, December 1960 and January 1961.) So-
ciete d'edition pour L'alimentation, 1 rue de la Reale,
Paris 1, France.

CARP:

"Experiments on Induced Spawning of Indian Carps
with Pituitary Injections," by H. Chaudhuri, article,
Indian Journal of Fisheries, vol. 7, no. 1, 1960, pp.
20-48, illus., printed. Ministry of Food and Agri-
culture, New Delhi, India.

'elevage de la carpe au Liban (Rearing of Carp in
Lebanon), by J. A. Timmermans, Travaux, Ser. D.,
no, 29, 1960, 23 pp., illus., printed in French with
English summary. Administration des Eaux et Fo-
rets, Station de Recherches de Groenendaal, Gro-
enendaal, Belgium.

CHESAPEAKE BAY:

Chesapeake Science, vol. 3, no, 1, March 1962, 61 pp.,
illus., printed, 75 cents. Natural Resources Institute
of the University of Maryland, Chesapeake Biolog-
ical Laboratory, Solomons, Md. Contains the fol-
lowing articles: "Sport Fishing Survey in 1960 of
the Lower Patuxent Estuary and the 1958 Year-Class
of Striped Bass,'' by L. W. Shearer, D, E. Ritchie,
Jr., and C, M, Frisbie; ''Age and Growth of Spot in
Lower Chesapeake Bay, with Notes on Distribution
and Abundance of Juveniles inthe York River System,"

August 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW mal

by A. L. Pacheco; ''Effects of Gamma Radiation on
Two Decapod Crustaceans, Palaemonetes pugio and
Uca pugnax,'' by George H. Rees; "Occurrence of
the Acanthocephalan Parasite, Telosentis tenui-
cornis, in the Spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, in Ches-
apeake Bay,’ by Harry W. Huizinga and A, James
Haley; "Atlantic Menhaden Larvae in Virginia Coast-
al Waters," by W. H. Massmann, J. J. Norcross,
and E. B, Joseph; ''Predation of Bluefish on Young
Atlantic Menhaden in Indian River, Delaware," by
George C, Grant; and ''The Atlantic Bonito, Sarda
sarda, in Upper Chesapeake Bay, and Comments on
the Seaside Fishery of Maryland," by Romeo J. Man-
sueti.

Chesapeake Science, vol. 3, no. 2, June 1962, 80 pp.,
illus., printed, 75 cents. Managing Editor, Natural
Resources Institute of the University of Maryland,
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Md.
Includes, among others, the following articles:
"Quantitative Seasonal Aspects of Zooplankton in
the Delaware River Estuary,'' by L. Eugene Cronin,
Joanne C. Daiber, and Edward M. Hulburt; 'Infra-
specific Variation in the White Perch, Roccus ameri-
canus (Gmelin)," by William S. Woolcott; "Periods
of Spawning and Setting of the Soft-Shelled Clam,
Mya arenaria, at Solomons, Maryland," by Hayes T.
Pfitzenmeyer; ''Distribution of Species of Cliona
(Boring Sponge) of the Eastern Shore of Virginia in
Relation to Salinity,’ by Sewell H. Hopkins; "Summer
Food and Growth of Chain Pickerel, Esox niger, in
‘Brackish Waters of the Severn River, Maryland,”
by C. D. Meyers and R. J. Muncy; "Calico Crab,
Ovalipes o, ocellatus, in Mid-Chesapeake Bay, Mary-
land,” by Romeo J. Mansueti; ''First Record of the
King Mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, in North-
ern Chesapeake Bay, Maryland," by Grover Butz
and Romeo J. Mansueti; and ''Distribution of Small,
Newly Metamorphosed Sea Lampreys, Petromyzon
marinus, and Their Parasitism of Menhaden, Bre-
voortia tyrannus, in Mid-Chesapeake Bay During
Winter Months,'' by Romeo J. Mansueti.

CLAMS:

"The Pacific Razor Clam," by D. B. Quayle, article,
Trade News, vol, 14, no. 9, March 1962, pp. 8-9,
illus., printed. Director of Information and Con-
sumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa,
Canada. The only significant fishery for razor clams
in Canada occurs out of Masset, British Columbia.
This article describes the razor clam (Silique pat-
ula) as to appearance, methods of obtaining, and
processing.

COD:

"Aspectos da Industria Nacional do Bacalhau' (Out-
look of the National Cod Industry), by A. Torres
Botelho, article, Conservas de Peixe, vol. 17, no.
193, April 1962, pp. 51, 53, illus., printed in Por-
tuguese., Sociedade Astoria, Lda., Regueirao dos
Anjos, 68, Lisbon, Portugal.

"Observations on the Cod Trawl Fishery in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence During the Spring of 1958," by J. R.
Clark and F. D. McCracken, article, Annual Pro-
ceedings, International Commission for the North-
west Atlantic Fisheries, vol. 8, 1958, pp. 99-100,

printed. International Commission for the North-
west Atlantic Fisheries, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Can-
ada,

COMMISSIONS:

(Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission) Twen-
tieth Annual Report (to the Congress of the United
States and to the Governors and Legislators of the
Fifteen Compacting States), 80 pp., illus., printed.
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 200
E. College Ave., Tallahassee, Fla., June 1962, Sum-
marizes the changes that have taken place during the
past two decades in fisheries work by the Federal
agencies and by state administrative agencies and
laboratories along the Atlantic Coast. Includes con-
densed reports on the work of the Commission and
of various committees, Also contains reports from
the North Atlantic Section on the need for an Exten-
sion Service, Federal aid (S, 1230 Gruening bill),
time-temperature studies on frozen fish products,
Northeastern Resources Committee, and shellfish-
eries problems. The Middle Atlantic Section re-
ports on sport fishery catch statistics, fish protein
concentrate, Federal aid for state research, pollu-
tion of near-shore waters by small boats, Biologi-
cal Committee, artificial reefs, shellfish sanitation,
and striped bass regulations. The Chesapeake Bay
Section discusses mid-Atlantic bight, report of Bi-
ological Committee, Gruening Bill S. 1230, sport
fishery studies, striped bass, report of Technolog-
ical Committee, shellfish sanitation, and Potomac
River Compact. The South Atlantic Section reports
on shrimp, exploratory fishing, recommendations of
Scientific Committee, and difficulty in getting Din-
gell-Johnson funds. Appendices include state leg-
islation recommended, auditor's report, report of
committees, and resolutions adopted by the Com-
mission.

CURRENTS:

Manual of Current Observations (Supplement to Spe-
cial Publication No. 215, Revised 1950 Edition), 10
pp., illus., printed, single copy 20 cents. Coast and
Geodetic Survey, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D. C., November 1961, (For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U. 8. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) The Coast
and Geodetic Survey has made many changes in the
methods used to observe, record, and process water
currents since the publishing of the Manual of Cur-
rent Observations in 1950, Several of the more im-
portant changes are given in this supplement.

ESTUARINE STUDIES:

Potential Research Benefits to be Derived from Es-
tuarine Heterogeneity, by Robert M. Ingle, Contri-
bution No, 63, 5 pp., printed. (Reprinted from Tu-
lane Studies in Zoology, vol. 9, no. 5, April 16, 1962,
pp. 295-299.) Florida State Board of Conservation,
Tallahassee, Fla.

FACTORYSHIPS:

"Freezing Equipment for Ships," by M. B. F. Ranken,
article, Fish Trades Gazette, No. 4047, pp. 11-14,
printed, Industrial Newspapers Ltd., John Adams
House, John Adams St., London, WC2, England, 1961,

Refrigeration in Fishing Vessels, by G. E, Eddie, 8
pp., printed. World Refrigeration and Air-Condi-
tioning, 1la Gloucester Rd., London, SW7, England,
April, 1961,

"Walfangmutterschiff Jury Dolgoruky" (The Whale-
catcher -Mothership Jury Dolgoruky), article Schiff-
bautechnik, vol. 11, 1961, pp. 59-68, 115-125, 235-

2, COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol, 24, No. 8

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILOLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

241, illus., printed in German. VEB Verlag Technik,
13/14, Oranienburgerstrasse, Berlin C.2, Germany.

FAROE ISLANDS:

"The Fishery of the Faroes in 1961," article, Faroes
in Figures, no. 18, June 1962, pp. 2-7, printed. Fae-
ro Amts Sparekasse, Thorshavn, Faroe Islands.
Features a review of the fishery in the Faroes in
1961. Contains statistical tables on total catch;
catch of demersal species and herring by fishing
grounds, 1953-61 and 1952-1961, respectively; dis-
position of catch, 1952-61; annual output of proc-
essed commodities, 1953-61; exports of salt fishand
dried cod by countries; and production of salt fish
by fishing grounds and mode of catch.

FAUNA:

A Checklist of the Flora and Fauna of Northern Flor-
ida Bay and Adjacent Brackish Waters of the Florida
Mainland Collected Durin ng the Period July, 1 1957
Through September, 1960, by Durbin C, Tabb and
Raymond B. Manning, Contribution No, 354, 88 pp.,
illus., printed. (Reprinted from Bulletin of Marine
Science of the Gulf and Carribbean, vol. 11, no, 4,
December 1961, pp. 552-649.) Marine Laboratory,
University of Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway,
Miami, Fla.

FEEDING OF FISH:

Rate of Metabolism and Food Requirements of Fish-
es, by G. G. Winberg, Translation Series No. 194,
248 pp. (Translated from the Russian under the edi-
torial direction of F. E. J. Fry and W. R. Ricker.)
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological
Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada, 1960.

FISH CULTURE:

Compte rendu de Mission piscicole aux Etats-Unis et
au Canada, Debut septembre - mi- -octobre 1958
(Account of the Fish Culture Mission to the United
States and Canada, Beginning September - Mid-Oc-
tober 1958), by Marcel Huet, Travaux, Ser. D, no.
25, 1959, 40 pp., illus., printed in French. Admin-
istration des Eaux et Forets, Station de Recherches
de Groenendaal, Groenendaal, Belgium.

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT:

"Fish and the Freedom of the Seas,"' by S. V. Ozere,
article, Trade News, vol. 14, no. 9, March 1962,
pp. 3-5, 11, printed, Director of Information and
Consumer Service, Department of Fisheries, Ot
tawa, Canada. According to the author, "While it is
essential for Government to be thoroughly acquaint-
ed with the problems of the fishing industry, it is
equally important for industry to have a good knowl-
edge of the problems of Government. Only in this
way can we bring about sound development of our
resources for the benefit of the present and future
generations.’ In this article, the author discusses
some of the international aspects of the problems
encountered in the management of sea fisheries.

FISHERY COOPERATIVES:
"An Experiment in Fisheries Cooperatives," by G. T.
Taylor, article, West Indies Fisheries Bulletin, no.
6, November-December 1961, pp. 1-9, processed.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture,
Federal House, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West In-
dies, Discusses an experiment used to develop the

fisheries in St. Lucia, utilizing mechanized boats
with a variety of gear, and organized operation of
fishing boats and marketing fish.

FISH FINDER:

Comparison Between Survey Map by 14.5 KC. Fish-
Finder and That by 200 KC. Fish-Finder with Sharp
Beam on Same Sea, by Tomiju Hashimoto and Yosh-
inobu Maniwa, Report No. 60-13257, 1960, 20 pp.,
illus., printed, $1.10. (Translated from Gyosen Ken-
kyu Giho, no, 12, 1958, pp. 149-155.) Office of Tech-
nical Services, U. 8. Department of Commerce, Wash:
ington 25, D. C,

FISH LIST:

"An Annotated List of the Fishes of Great Smoky Moun-
tains National Park, by Robert E, Lennon, article,
Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, vol.

37, no. 1, 1962, pp. 5-7, printed. Secretary, Ten-
nessee Academy of Science, Belmont College, Nash-
ville, Tenn,

FISH MANAGEMENT:

"Fisheries Management in Australia,'' by D. J. Gates
and D. Macdonald, article, Fisheries Newsletter,
vol, 21, no, 2, February 1962, pp. 21-24, illus., print-
ed. Commonwealth Director of Fisheries, Depart-
ment of Primary Industry, Canberra, Australia. A
summary of the fisheries management program of
Australia. Includes a table of major management
measures in force January 1, 1962, under the Fish-
eries Act 1952-1959, and the fisheries acts of the
States. Also contains maps illustrating the areas in
which closed seasons apply, and the area where Dan-
ish seine mesh regulations are in force,

Fishery Management, by R. 8S, Fort and J. D. Bray-
shaw, 394 pp., illus., printed. Faber and Faber, 24
Russell Square, London WCl1, England, 1961.

FISH MEAL:

"Fiskemelindustrien i Peru" (The Fish Meal Industry
in Peru), article, Konkylien, vol. 6, no, 1-2, Decem-
ber 1961, pp. 19, 29, printed in Norwegian with Eng-
lish summary. Stord Marin Industri A. S., Bergen,
Norway.

FISH POPULATIONS:

Comparison of Variations of Fishing Condition ina
Whole Year “Among Each Subarea and Migrati Migration of ‘of
Fish Groups in the Southern Part of the Pacific O-
cean, by J. Nakagome, Report No. 59-19361, August
31, 1959, 10 pp., printed, microfilm $1.80, photo-
copy $1.80. Library of Congress, Photoduplication
Service, Publication Board Project, Washington 25,
D: CG.

Correlation Between the Movement and Appearance
of Fish School, by Torshiro Kuroki, Report No.
59-22355, 1959, 29 pp., illus., printed, microfilm
$2.40, photocopy $3.30. (Translated from Kago-
shima Daigaku Suisan Gakubu Kiyo, vol. 7, Febru-
ary 1959, pp. 87-101.) Library of Congress, Photo-
duplication Service, Publication Board Project, Wash-
ington 25, D. C,

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION:
The Food and Agriculture Organization has published
reports describing that Agency's activities under

——

August 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

113

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

the Expanded Technical Assistance Program for de-
veloping the fisheries of many countries, These re-
ports have not been published on a sales basis, but
have been processed only for limited distribution to
governments, libraries, and universities. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale
delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

Report on the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Statistics Train-
ing Center Held in Bangkok, Thailand, 19 June to 31
July, 1952, FAO Report No, 357, 58 pp., illus., 1955.

FREEZE-DRYING:

"Accelerated Freeze Drying. II--Fundamental De-
sign Problems," by K. Ward, article, Food Manu-
facture, vol. 36, no. 2, 1961, pp. 60-63, 66, illus.,
printed. Leonard Hill Ltd., 9 Eden St., LondonNW1,
England,

“Torring of Levnedsmidler" (Drying of Foodstuffs),
by E, E, Petersen, article, Ingeniorens Ugeblad, vol.
5, no. 28, 1961, 12 pp., illus., printed in Danish, In-
geniorhuset, 31, Vester Farimagsgade, Copenhagen-
V., Denmark.

FREEZERSHIP:
Fishroom Insulation and Refrigeration--Some Expe-

"Fisheries Research Team Provides Practical Aid to
Industry. IV--Freshwater Fish Bacteria," by A. S,
Bogoslowski, article, Canadian Fisherman, vol. 48,
no. 7, 1961, p. 34, printed. National Business Pub-
lications Ltd., Gardenvale, Quebec, Canada.

Practical Fresh Water Fishing, by Francis E, Sell,
198 pp., illus., printed. Ronald Press Co,, 15 E, 26
St., New York 10, N. Y.

FROZEN FOOD:

"AFDOUS Frozen Food Code," article, Quarterly Bul-
letin, vol. 26, no. 1, January 1962, pp. 25-42, printed,
single copy $1.00. Association of Food and Drug Of-
ficials of the United States, c/o State Department of
Health, Austin 1, Texas. The Frozen Foods Code was
adopted by the Association of Food and Drug Officials
of the United States (AFDOUS) in June 1961 and is
designed to be used as a guide or, with the addition
of legal language and penalties, may be adopted in
part or in its entirety as regulations or law. Con-
tains sections on definitions, frozen food, construc-
tion and layout of frozen food plants, design and con-
struction of frozen food processing equipment, oper-
ating practices for the commercial manufacture of
frozen food, transportation, warehousing, and retail,

GERMANY:
Die Dokumentationsgrundlagen der Forschungsstelle - -
Stand: Ende 1961 (Basic Bibliography of the Research

Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1960.

"The Frozen Food Story," by Sheila R. Naidoo, ar-
ticle, Liberia Chamber of Commerce Journal, pp.
12-13, illus., printed, 25 cents. Consolidated Pub-
lications, Inc., The Simpson Bldg., Center St., P. O.
Box 470, Monrovia, Liberia. Describes the fish fac-
tory trawler, The Fairtry III, and methods used to
process and freeze fish at sea, A diagram showing
various sections of the vessel is also included,

FREEZING:

"Gyoniku no Tokusei ni Kansuru Kenkyu. III--Chus-
hutsu Actomyosin no Toketsu ni Yoru Fuyokasei"
(Studies on the Characteristic Quality of Fish Meat.
Ill--On Insolubility of Extracted Actomyosin Brought
About by Freezing), by T. Tokunaga and M, Naka-
mura, article, Bulletin, Hokkaido Regional Fisher -
ies Research Laboratory, no. 23, 1960, pp. 61-66,
illus., printed in Japanese with English summary,
Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory,
Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan.

"Konveirnyi Skoromorozil' nyi Apparat na Murman-
skom Pybokombinate i evo Ispytanie"’ (Conveyor -
Type Quick Freezer at the Murmansk Fish Proc-
essing Plant and Its Testing), by I. T. Brosalin, A. K.
Kaminarskaya and G, E, Martyshkin, article, Khol-
odil' naya Tekhnika, no, 1, 1962, pp, 34-37, illus.,
printed in Russian, Four Continent Book Corp., 822
Broadway, New York 3, N. Y.

FRESH-WATER FISH:

"Bacteriological Studies of Freshwater Fish, I--Iso-
lation of Aerobic Bacteria from Several Species of
Ontario Fish," by T. P. T. Evelyn and L. A. Mc-
Dermott, article, Canadian Journal of Microbiology,
vol. 7, 1961, pp. 375-382, illus., printed. National
Research Council, Ottawa, Canada.

Agency--Year Ending 1961), No. 1/6, 50 pp., proc-
essed in German. Forschungsstelle fur Fischerei-
wirtschaft, Parkstrasse 50, Bremen, Germany, March
1962,

Einweihung der Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Fischerei

am 1, Juni 1962 (Dedication of the Federal Institute
for Fishery Research on June 1, 1962), by P. F.
Meyer-Waarden, Special Issue, Archiv fur Fischerei-
wissenschaft, vol. 13, supplement 1, May 1962, 156
pp., illus., printed in German, Herausgegeben von
der Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Fischerei, Ham-
burg, Germany. (Available from Westliche Berliner
Verlagsgesellschaft Heenemann KG, Berlin-Wilmers-
dorf, Germany.)

Einweihung der neuen Bundesforschungsanstalt fur

Fischerei in Hamburg-Altona, 1, Juni 1962 (Dedica-
tion of the New Federal Institute for Fishery Research
in Hamburg-Altona on June 1, 1962), Special Issue,
Allgemeine Fischwirtschaftszeitung, no. 21, May 1962,
48 pp., illus., printed in German. Verlag Carl Th.
Gorg, P. O, Box 406, Bremerhaven F., Germany.

The Fishing Industry of the Federal Republic of Ger-

many, by P. F. Meyer-Waarden, 88 pp., illus., print-
ed, DM4 (US$1). Land- und Hauswirtschaftlicher
Auswertungsdienst e, V., Heerstr, 124, Bad Godes-
berg, Germany, 1961, (Available from Messrs. Hans
Meister KG, Postfach 444, Kassel, Germany.) This
survey of the fishing industry of Germany covers four
major topics: the natural conditions, structure, eco-
nomic importance, and promotion of the fishing in-
dustry. The first discusses formation of the coast,
areas of the sea fishery and fresh-water fishery, and
transport channels from the fishing grounds to the
consumers. The second includes diagrams, charts,
and illustrations of different types of sea fishery,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

ports and markets, preparation and processing of
fish, and fish trade. The section on economic im-
portance is made up of statistical tables. The last
section deals with the organization of the fishery ad-
ministration, fishery policy, legislation and protec-
tion, and education and economic advisory service.

HERRING:

"Aktuellt om Skarpsillundersokningar" (Present Sit-
uation Concerning Sprat Investigations), by Armin
Lindquist, article Svenska Vastkustfiskaren, vol. 32,
no. 3, February 10, 1962, pp. 56-57, illus., printed
in Swedish. Svenska Vastkustfiskarnas Central-
forbund, Goteborg, Sweden,

"Fabrikksildfisket ved Island" (The Herring Fishery
off Iceland), by Harald Kaarstad, article, Konkylien,
vol, 6, no. 1-2, December 1961, pp. 7-10, 26-28, il-
lus., printed in Norwegian with English summary.
Stord Marin Industri A. S., Bergen, Norway.

Measurement of the Viscosity of Herring Solubles, by
W. A. B. Thomson and others, Circular No. 21, 5
pp., illus., processed, Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Technological Station, Vancouver, B. C.,
Canada, April 1958.

"Sildeinnsiget 1962" (Herring Detection 1962), by Finn
Devold, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 48, no. 17, April
26, 1962, pp. 255-257, illus., printed in Norwegian.
Fiskeridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Nor-
way.

"Sildeundersokelser i Norskehavet med F/F Johan
Hjort, 5,-17. desember 1961'' (Herring Research
in the Norwegian Sea with the Research Vessel
Johan Hjort, December 5-17, 1961), by Ole J. Ost-
vedt, article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 48, no. 17, April
26, 1962, p. 258, illus., printed in Norwegian, Fis-
keridirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

Study on Desoxypentose Nucleic Acid of Herring Sper-
matozoa by Diffusion Measurement, by Kojiro Iso
and Itaru Watanabe, Report No, 59-14632, 1959, 15
pp., printed, microfilm $2.40, photocopy $3.30.
(Translated from Nihon Kagaku Zasshi, vol. 78, no.
9, 295%5. pp: 1268-1272.) Library of Congress,
Photoduplication Service, Publication Board Project,
Washington 25, D. C.

INDONESIA:

Scientific Facilities and Information Services of the
Republic of Indonesia, by John O, Sutter, Pacific
Scientific Information No, 1, 137 pp., illus., printed,
$1. The Manager, Pacific Scientific Information
Center, Bishop Museum, Honolulu 17, Hawaii, 1961.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS:

(International North Pacific Fisheries Commission)
Annual Report, 1960, 123 pp., illus., printed. In-
ternational North Pacific Fisheries Commission,
6640 NW. Marine Dr., Vancouver 8, B. C., Canada,
1961, This is the seventh consecutive annual re-
port of the International North Pacific Fisheries
Commission, established by a Convention between
Canada, Japan, and the United States on June 12,
1953, for the purpose of promoting and coordina-
ting the necessary scientific studies and to recom-
mend the required conservation measures in order
to secure the maximum sustained productivity of

fisheries of joint interest. Contains a summary ac-
count of the annual meeting of the Commission held
in Vancouver, B. C., Canada, November 7-11, 1960;
summary of administrative activities during the
year; and progress reports on research conducted
by the member governments under the Commission's
program.

(International North Pacific Fisheries Commission)
Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting, 1961.
Parts 1 and 2, 70 and 314pp., respectively, proc-
essed, International North Pacific Fisheries Com-
mission, 6640 N. W. Marine Dr., Vancouver 8, B. C.,
Canada, Part 1 covers the agenda, list of partici-
pants, minutes of sessions, report of the Committee
on Finance and Administration, and the administra-
tive report for 1961. The auditors' report for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1961, appears in the ap-
pendix, Part 2 consists of the report of the Com-
mittee on Biology and Research for 1961, It con-
tains numerous appendices covering, among other
items, reports of various sub-committees.

ITALY:

Annuario Statistico della Pesca e della Caccia, 1961
1962, 182 pp., illus., printed in Italian. Instituto
Centrale di Statistica, Via C. Balbo, 16 - Rome,
Italy. Includes data on 1960 landings of fish and
shellfish, sales and prices by species, number and
types of vessels engaged in fishing, etc.

JAMAICA:

"Fisheries Development in Jamaica--A Progress Re-
port," by A. G. Kirton, article, West Indies Fisher-
ies Bulletin, no. 6, November-December 1961, pp.
10-15, processed. Ministry of Natural Resources
and Agriculture, Federal House, Port of Spain, Trin-
idad, West Indies. Discusses progress made by the
development program undertaken by the Fisheries
Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands in
Jamaica in both marine and fresh-water or inland
fisheries. Deals with fishing boats, fishing methods,
fish-culture research, and extension work,

JAPAN:

Bulletin of the Hokkaido. Regional Fisheries Research
Laboratory, no, 24, March 1962, 212 pp., illus., print-
ed. Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research Labora-
tory, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan, Contains the follow-
ing articles: "Studies on the Age and Growth of Crus-
tacea,"’ by Hiroshi Kurata; "An Ecological Study of
Laminaria angustata Kjellman on the Coast of Hi-
daka Prov., Hokkaido," by Yoshio Hasegawa; ''The
Relation Between the Size of Mesh of Salmon Gill
Net and the Length of Salmons in the Catches,'' by
Mitsuo Konda; "The Investigation of Salmon Shark
as a Predator on Salmon in the North Pacific, 1960,"
by Osamu Sano; ''On the Distribution of Zoea Larvae
of King Crab, Paralithodes camtschatica, in the
Southeastern Bering Sea in 1960,” by Isamu Takeuchi;
"Histological Studies on Ovarian Eggs of Herring,
Clupea pallasi, with Special Reference to So-called
Shiniker bnoyial Eggs),"' by Rikiichi Ishida, Tak-
eo Sasaki, and Setsuko Arita; "Studies on the Bound
Water in Fish Muscle. A New Method of Bound Wa-
ter Determination and Some Application Thereof to
Fish Muscle," by Hiroshi Oshima; "Studies on the
Freezing Technique of Alaska Pollack in BeringSea
for the Material of Fish Sausage and 'Kamaboko'," by

August 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Gn)

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

Shu Tanaka and others; "Studies on Freezing and Re-
frigeration of Marine Products, Part Il. On Drip
and Heat Juice Loss in Frozen Cod Fillets,'' by Kaoru
Tamoto and Shu Tanaka; ''Studies of Muscle of Aquat-
ic Animals, I--On the Relation of Protein Solubility
to Setting-Forming Ability," by Kaoru Tamoto and
Toru Fukumi.

"Le Developpement de la Grande Peche Industrielle
Japonaise''(The Development of the Large Japanese
Commercial Fishing Industry), by F. Doumenge, ar-
ticle, La Peche Maritime, vol, 41, no, 1008, March
1962, pp. 147-155, illus., printed in French, La
Peche Maritime, 190, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris,
France.

JAWFISH:
Notes on the West Atlantic Jawfishes, OPISTHOGNAT-
HUS AURIFRONS, O. LONCHURUS and GNATHY POPS

BERMUDEZI, by James E, Bohlke and Lowell P. Thom-
as, Contribution No, 346, 14pp., illus., printed. (Re-

and Carribbean, vol. 11, no. 4, December 1961, pp.
503-516.) Marine Laboratory, University of Miami,
#1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Florida.

JELLYFISH:

"Synopsis of the Medusae of the World," by L. P.
Kramp, article, Journal of the Marine Biological As-
sociation of the United Kingdom, vol. 40, 1961, 469
pp., printed, $20. Marine Biological Association of
the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press,
200 Euston Rd., London NW1, England.

LOBSTER:

"Le Bandage des Pinces de Homards" (Securing the
Claws of Lobsters), article, La Peche Maritime,
vol, 41, no, 1008, March 1962, pp. 156-157, illus.,
printed in French. La Peche Maritime, 190, Boule-
vard Haussmann, Paris, France,

MACKEREL:

"Untersuchungen uber die Biologie der Makrele (Scom-
ber scombrus L.) in der Nordsee"’ (Research on the
Biology of the Mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) in
the North Sea), by Erdal Aker, article, Berichte der
Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Kommission fur Meeres-
forschung, N. F., vol. 16, no. 2, 1961, pp. 105-128,
illus., printed in German with English summary.
Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Kommission fur Meeres-
forschung, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhand-
lung (Nageleu. Obermiller), Stuttgart W., Germany.

MALAYA & SINGAPORE:

Scientific Facilities and Information Services of the
Federation of Malaya and State of Singapore, by
John O, Sutter, Pacific Scientific Information No, 2,
5lpp., illus., printed, 50 cents. The Manager, Pa-
cific Scientific Information Center, Bishop Museum,
Honolulu 17, Hawaii, 1961,

MANAGEMENT AIDS:

Improving Your Product's Value, by Robert E, Holmes
and Thomas M,. Trainer, Management Aids, No. 140,
4 pp., printed. Small Business Administration,
Washington 25, D, C., May 1962, Discusses steps
small businessmen can follow as they seek to im-
prove the value of their products. Among such steps
are determining what is "value" in a product, by-

effect you want the value improvement to have on
customers, looking for new ideas, evaluating new
ideas, tooling up tomake the improved product, and
keeping ahead of the demand for value, Points out
that an owner-manager canincrease his chances for
success by having several improvement ideas in
various stages of action, Sucha procedure also helps
him to inject current marketing information into his
value improvement projects.

MARINE BORERS:

Destructive Marine Borers, by F. A. McNeill, Aus-
tralian Fisheries Leaflet No. 4, 4 pp., illus., printed.
(Reprinted from Fisheries Newsletter, vol. 20, no.
5.) Fisheries Newsletter, Commonwealth Fisheries
Office, Department of Primary Industry, Canberra,
Australia.

MARINE ORGANISMS:

Relationships of Some Marine Organisms of the North-
east Pacific to Water Temperatures, Particularly
During 1957 Through 1959, by John Radovich, Fish
Bulletin No, 112, 62 pp., illus., printed. California
Department of Fish and Game, Printing Division,
Documents Section, Sacramento 14, Calif., 1961.

MARINE SCIENCE:

Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean,
vol, 12, no. 1, March 1962, 168 pp., illus., printed,
$2. Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami,
1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Virginia Key, Miami 49,
Fla. Contains, among others, the following articles:
"Seasonality of Fishes on a South Florida Shore," by
Victor G, Springer and Andrew J. McErlean; and "The
Biology of the Flyingfish, Hirundichthys affinis (Gun-

ther), by John B, Lewis, J. K. Brundritt, and A. G.
Fish.
MARKETING:

pp., illus., processed, Headquarters, Defense Sub-
sistence Supply Center, 226 W. Jackson Blvd., Chi-
cago 6, Ill., April 1962, Gives a brief history of the
Defense Subsistence Supply Center (DSSC), andde-
scribes how it buys food for the Armed Forces and
how one may qualify as a potential supplier. Also
includes a listing of meats and seafoods purchased
by the DSSC, a map showing location of supply cen-
ters, and samples of various forms used by the or-
ganization,

MINK RATIONS:

"Feeding of Raw Carp," by Phil J. Mingo, article, Na-
tional Fur News, vol, 34, no. 4, May 1962, p. 13,
printed. Broyles, Allebaugh & Davis, Inc., 200 Clay-
ton St., Denver 6, Colo. Use of special high-protein
supplements, along with fortified cereals, allows
ranchers in many areas to use large quantities of
products that are locally abundant and low priced,
One of these products is carp, or other rough fish
fed raw.

"Fish in the Mink Ration," by Walter G, Jones, article,
National Fur News, vol. 34, no, 4, May 1962, pp. 11,
30, 33, illus., printed. Broyles, Allebaugh & Davis,
Inc., 200 Clayton St., Denver 6, Colo, In the past 10-
15 years fish and fishery byproducts have become an
increasingly important staple in the rations of ranch
mink. Discusses the use of fish in mink food includ-

passing the pitfalls in judging value, deciding the

ing species of fish, source, and amounts used; prob-
lems encountered, and research being conducted.

gress, lst Session, House Document No, 9, Part 2,
615 pp., illus., printed. Smithsonian Institution,
Washington 25, D. C. Includes, among others, the
following reports: "Photography of the Ocean Floor,’
by A. S. Laughton; "History ofa Tsunami" (the ex-
periences of some fishermen in a seismic sea waye),
by Elliott B, Roberts; 'Luminescence in Marine Or-
ganisms," by J. A. C. Nicol; and ''Problems Involved
in the Development of Clam Farms," by Harry J.
Turner, Jr.

MOTHER-OF-PEARL:

"42 pe Fall in MOP Shell Take," article, Fisheries
Newsletter, vol, 21, no. 5, May 1962, pp. 17-18, il-
lus., printed. Commonwealth Fisheries Office, Dept.
of Primary Industry, Canberra, Australia, Contains
statistics of Australian production of mother -of-
pearl (MOP) shell during 1961. Includes tables
showing MOP and trochus production, 1957-61; ex-
ports of MOP and trochus shells; exports of all shell
(excluding re-exports); vessels and men employed,
1957-61; and labor force, 1961.

NAVIGATION:

United States Coast Pilot 1--First Supplement, Sixth
(March 26, 1960) Edition, 8 pp., printed. Coast and
Geodetic Survey, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D, C., January 6, 1962, Changes
through January 6, 1962.

United States Coast Pilot 2--First Supplement, Sixth
(September 10, 1960) Edition, 7 pp., printed. Coast
and Geodetic Survey, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D, C., January 6, 1962, Changes
from date of edition to Notice to Mariners 1 of Jan-
uary 6, 1962.

United States Coast Pilot 4--Second Su

4- lement. At-
lantic Coast, Cape Henry to Key West, Sixth Sep-
tember 12, 1959) Edition, 12 pp., printed. Coast and
Geodetic Survey, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C., January 6, 1962. Changes
from date of edition through Notice to Mariners 1
of January 6, 1962. _ 2

printed. Coast and Geodetic Survey, U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., January
6, 1962, Changes from date of edition through No-
tice to Mariners 1 of January 6, 1962.

United States Coast Pilot 8--Pacific Coast, Alaska--
Dixon Entrance to Cape Spencer, Eleventh Edition,
246 pp., printed, $2.50. U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington 25,
D. C., January 6, 1962.

Alaska, Cape Spencer to Arctic Ocean, Sixth (No-
vember 6, 1954) Edition, 36 pp., printed. Coastand
Geodetic Survey, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C., January 6, 1962, Changes
through January 6, 1962,

United States Coast Pilot 9--Seventh Supplement.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

NETS:

“Farg--Fisklighet. IV" (Color--Fishability. IV), by
G. Molin, article, Ostkusten, vol. 33, no, 5, 1961, pp.
21-25, illus., printed in Swedish. Sveriges Kust -
och Havsfiskare, Hudiksvall, Sweden,

Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions (Interna -
tional Fisheries Convention of 1946, Committee on
Mesh Difficulties, Report of the Scientific Sub-Com-
mittee, presented at the Seventh Meeting of the Per-
manent Commission, November 1958), vol. 151, 39
pp., illus., printed, Kr. 20 (US$1.75). Conseil Per-
manent International pour 1'Exploration de la Mer
(International Council for Exploration of the Sea),
Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark, November 1960. This
report is in two parts. Part I, the edited version of
which is reproduced here, deals with mixed fisheries,
that is, fisheries in which trawls with meshes smal-
ler than those specified by the 1946 Convention are
used for the purpose of capturing unprotected spe-
cies listed in Article 6 of the Convention, but in
which varying quantities of protected species listed
in Annex II of the Convention may also be caught. The
statistics for these fisheries up to the end of 1957
are presented, together with an assessment, so far
as is possible on the data available, of the signifi-
cance of the by-catch of protected species in rela-
tion to the fisheries for those species prosecuted in
the same area with Convention mesh sizes.

NIGERIA:

Report on the Fisheries of Nigeria, 1961, by Asghe
Longhurst, 57 pp., illus., processed, Federal Fish-
eries Service, Ministry of Economic Development,
Lagos, Nigeria. The result of a fact-finding survey
of Nigerian fisheries. It includes data both on the
status and development of the fisheries themselves
and of research and investigation programs under-
taken by the various governmental agencies con-
cerned with fisheries. Covers the organization of
fisheries administration; inventory of facilities;
survey of fish requirements, consumption, and im-
portation; account of fisheries resources available
to Nigeria. Also covers a survey of indigenous ma-
rine and fresh-water fisheries; development of the
present mechanized fleet; fisheries development pro-
grams; and management, investigational, andresearch
programs. Includes aregister of trawlers operating
out of Lagos, as of January 1, 1961; landing statis-
tics, Lagos trawlers, 1959-1960; and a bibliography
of literature relevant to Nigerian fisheries investi-
gations,

NORWAY:

Beretning fra Fiskeridirektoratets Havforskningsinsti-
tutt, 1958-59 (Report from the Sea Research facil
tute of the Fisheries Directorate, 1958-59), by Gun-
nar Rollefsen, 50 pp., illus., printed in Norwegian.
(Reprinted from Arsberetning vedkommende Norges
Fiskerier, no, 2, 1959.) A.s. John Griegs Boktryk-
keri, Bergen, Norway, 1961.

"Forekomst av egg og yngel av fisk i vest- og nord-
norske kyst- og bankfarvann varen 1961"! (The Oc-
currence of Egg and Larvae of Fish in the Western
and Northern Norwegian Coast and Seaways During
1961), by Kr. Fr. Wiborg, article, Fiskets Gang, no.
11, March 15, 1962, pp. 161-164, illus., aeintea in
Norwegian, Fiskeridirektoratet; Bergen, Norway.

August 1962

"A Industria de Conservas de Peixe Norveguesa em
1961" (Norwegian Fish Canning Industry in 1961), by
Olva Omland and Trygve Oree, article, Conservas
de Peixe, vol. 16, no. 192, March 1962, pp. 23-24,
illus., printed in Portuguese. Sociedade Astoria,
Lda., Requeirao dos Anjos, 68, Lisbon, Portugal.

"Les Peches Norvegiennes" (Norwegian Fisheries),
by M. Hohs. Sellaeg, article, France Peche, vol.
7, no, 59, February 1962, pp. 39-42, illus., printed.
France Peche, Boite Postale 179, Lorient (Morbi-
han), France.

OCEANOGRAPHY:

Reference Sources for Oceanographic Station Data
(Provisional), by National Oceanographic Data Cen-
ter, Catalog Series, Publication C-1, 201 pp., print-
ed, $2.00. U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Wash-
ington 25, D, C, This publication is an advance pro-
visional printing of a catalog of reference sources
for oceanographic station data and is intended for
limited distribution; a fully edited first edition will
follow. The National Oceanographic Data Center re-
ceives, compiles, processes, and preserves world-
wide oceanographic station data from all available
sources, serves as a central repository, and dis-
seminates these data for use by the scientific com-
munity and the general public. This publication has
been prepared as a catalog of the Center's holdings
of source material containing oceanographic sta-
tion data and to provide users of the data with the
necessary bibliographic information on source ma-
terial used.

Serial Atlas of The Marine Environment--Sea Sur-

lantic, 1953-1954, by Robert L, Pyle, Folio 1, 33
pp., illus., printed, $7.50, Serial Atlas of the Ma-
rine Environment, American Geographical Society,
Broadway at 156th St., New York 32, N. Y. A ma-
rine atlas based upon a study of sea surface tem-
perature observations in the western North Atlantic
for the years 1953-54, The objective of the study
was to evaluate these data for environmental re-
search and to develop techniques for converting
them into meaningful descriptions of the surface
temperature regime. The plates in this folio il-
lustrate the methods of analysis which have been
developed. The study demonstrates how this ma-
terial can bring out detailed patterns not attainable
otherwise, points out features of the data which are
pertinent to their usefulness for environmental re-
search, and describes pronounced differences in
temperature regime between the particular years
1953 and 1954. Subsequent folios of the Atlas will
study other aspects of the marine environment,
such as biological, geological, physical, or chem-
ical,

OCEAN PERCH:

"Zum Rassenproblem beim notbarsch--Rotbarsch-
formen aus dem zentralen nordatlantik (zwischen
den Faroern und Gronland-West)" (The Problem of
Race in the Ocean Perch--Shape of the Ocean Perch
from the Central North Atlantic, Between the Faroe
Islands and West Greenland), by Adolf Kotthaus, ar-

ticle, Berichte der Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Kom -

mission fur Meeresforschung, N. F., vol. 16, no. 1,
1961, pp. 18-50, illus., printed in German. Deutsche
Wissenschaftliche Kommission fur Meeresfor-

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

schung, E, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung,
(Nagele u. Obermiller), Stuttgart W., Germany.

OUTBOARD MOTORS:

ceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries In-
stitute, Thirteenth Annual Session, pp. 163-168, No-
vember 1960.) Outboard Marine International S, A.,
P. O. Box 830, Nassau, Bahamas, Describes the
vast potential for the outboard motor in the fishing
industry today. Explains how the mechanization of
fisheries through the medium of the outboard motor
has improved the economy and raised the standard
of living in more than a score of countries through-
out the world during the past six years.

Outboard Power Replaces Sails and Oars, 3 pp., il-

lus., printed, (Reprinted from Fishing News Inter-
national, October 1961.) Outboard Marine Interna-
tional S, A., P. O. Box 830, Nassau, Bahamas, Ex-
plains how the outboard motor is helping to provide
more food for a hungry world by means of increased
production in the fishing industry. Also discusses
the donations of outboard motors to underdeveloped
countries, the wide power range of outboards man-
ufactured today, and methods being employed for the
education of the fishermen in mechanization,

Outboards at Work, by William H. Taylor, 62 pp., il-

lus., printed, Outboard Marine International S, A.,
Box 830, Nassau, Bahamas. Portrays, with numer-
ous photographs, the extensive use and versatility
of the outboard motor, Chapter 2 describes the use
of the outboard motor in the commercial fisheries,
According to the author, ''Their suitability for most
kinds of commercial fishing has spread in two di-
rections. On the one hand, the outboard has taken
the place of the oar, the paddle and the sail among
small-boat fishermen who formerly depended on
those means of getting to and from the fishing
grounds and for hauling their nets and drags. On
the other hand, the outboard is taking the place, in
larger boats, of inboard engines. In both fields, it
is bringing in millions of pounds of fish that, with-
out the outboard motor, would not have been caught
to feed the world's people, and it is putting more
money into the pockets of fishermen who could not
make as much by their older methods."

OYSTERS:
Oyster Farming in the Maritimes, by J. C. Medcof,

158 pp., illus., printed, $1.75. Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. (Available from
Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ot-
tawa, Canada.) Contains information on oyster farm -
ing, which is the practice of one or more of the many
methods of improving the quality or increasing the
quantity of oysters produced, Outlines the methods
oyster farmers should follow, warns against the pit-
falls they will likely encounter, and gives informa-
tion on marketing and storing. All phases of the in-
dustry are covered, and are illustrated by photo-
graphs or drawings.

A System of Oyster Culture on Floating Shellfish Parks,

by M. Nikolic and I. Stojnic, GFCM, Studies and Re-
views No. 18, 17 pp., illus., processed. GFCM Sec-
retariat, Food and Agriculture Organization of the

ial ¥

118

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Carcalla, Rome,
Italy, March 1962. An account of the ecological con-
ditions and historical data on the development of
shellfish culture in Limski Fjord located in Istria,
Yugoslavia. Describes equipment used, rearing-
places, and the old and new systems of oyster cul-
ture pointing out the advantages of the latter.

PILCHARDS:

The Pilchard of South West Africa (SARDINOPS

~ OCELLATA)--Age Studies and Age Composition of
SARDINOPS OCELLATA in the Commercial Catches,
1952-1958, and a New Method for the Determination

of the Age of SARDINOPS OCELLATA, by O. Naw-

ratil, Investigational Report No, 2, 43 pp., illus.,

printed. Administration of South West Africa, Ma-

rine Research Laboratory, Windhoek, South-West

Africa,

POLAND:

"Les Peches Polonaises'' (The Fisheries of Poland),
article, France Peche, vol. 7, no. 60, March 1962,
pp. 19-21, illus., printed in French, France Peche,
Boite Postale 179, Lorient (Morbihan), France.

PORTUGAL:

"As Industrias de Conserva e da Pesca e Seus Mul-
tiplos Problemas" (The Canning and Fishing In-
dustries and Their Multiple Problems), by Mario
de Sousa, article, Conservas de Peixe, vol. 16, no.
192, March 1962, pp. 15, 17-18, 32, printed in Por-
tuguese, Sociedade Astoria, Lda., Requeirao dos
Anjos, 68, Lisbon, Portugal.

"As Pescarias no Algarve--Subsidios para a sua
Historia” (The Fisheries of Algarve--Subsidies in
Their History), by Alberto Iria, articles, Conser-
vas de Peixe, vol. 16, no, 191, February 1962, pp.
31-33; and vol. 16, no. 192, March 1962, pp. 27-31,
printed in Portuguese, Sociedade Astoria, Lda.,
Requeirao dos Anjos, 68, Lisbon, Portugal.

PRESERVATION:

La Exportacion Espanola de Conservas y Semicon-
servas" (Spanish Exportation of Canned and Semi-
Preserved Fishery Products), article, Industria
Conservera, vol, 28, no, 273, March 1962, pp. 62-
64, illus., printed in Spanish. Industria Conservera,
Calle Marques de Valladares, 41, Vigo, Spain. Pre-
sents regulations for canning fishery products for
export,

REFRIGERATED TRANSPORTATION:

Proyecto de Tratamiento, Conservacion y Trans-
porte por el Frio, de Pescado y Productos de la
Pesca (Project for Treatment, Conservation, and
Refrigerated Transportation of Fish and Fishery
Products), by Sergio Carvajal M., Divulgacion Pes-
quera Cartilla No, 1, 16 pp., processed in Spanish.
Departmento de Pesca y Caza, Ministerio de Agri-
cultura, Direccion de Agricultura y Pesca, Santi-
ago, Chile, January 1962,

REFRIGERATION:

Institut International du Froid (International Insti-
tute of Refrigeration), 1961-62 supplement au Bul-
letin de l'Institut International du Froid, 254 pp.,_
illus., printed in French and English. Institut In-
ternational du Froid, 177, Boulevard Malesherbes,
Paris (17€), France, 1961, Discusses the meeting

of Commission 7 held at Padua, Italy, from June 1-
3, 1961, onRefrigerated Transport by Land. In-
cludes, among others, the following reports:
"Chilled-air Distribution in Refrigerated Trailers,"
by P. R. Achenbach; ''Notes on Testing the Insula-
tion of Refrigerated Transport Equipment by the
Cooling Method," by F. L. Levy; "Performance Tests
of Thermostatic Control on Iced and Mechanically
Refrigerated Rail Cars," by W. H. Redit; "The Trans-
port of Quick-Frozen Foods in Great Britain in High-
ly Insulated Containers," by T, A. Eames; and"'Trans-
port of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperature in
Rail-Road Trailers in France,''by M. Chevallier. Al-
so covers the meeting of Commission 5 held at Bud-
apest, Hungary, from August 23-27, 1961, on Con-
struction of Cold Stores, Quick Freezing, Insulation,
Fruit Packing Stations. Includes, among others, the
following reports: ''Survey of Refrigeration Indus-
tries and Plants in Hungary," by P. Robert; ''Pre-
fabricated Single-Storied Cold-Stores," by V. I, Saf-
onov; "Study of a Type of Freezing-Tunnel," by E,
Gomez; ''Deep-Freezing in Tunnels and Means to
Obtain the Most Rapid Results Economically," by G.
Ganger; "Practical Results of Quick-Freezing in
Tunnels," by A. Lagoutte and J. Dalas; 'Apprecia-
tion of the Quality of Frozen Products," by G, Perti-
cara; ''The Importance of Equilibrium Relative Hu-
midity in the Cold Storage of Foodstuffs," by G,
Torok; ''Thermal Insulating Materials Used in the
Construction of Cold-Stores,” by N. T. Kudryashov;
"Some Applications of Polystyrene for the Insula-
tion of Cold-Stores," by J. Pau; "Insulation of Cold-
Stores with Single Layer of Expanded Polystyrene,”
by J. Toledano; and ''Insulation of Cold Rooms--New
Insulation Materials and New Insulating Processes

in Cold-Stores," by Ch. Fontanel,

RESEARCH VESSEL:

"Design of our New Research Vessel," by Jonathan
Lieby, article, Oceanus, vol. 8, no. 4, June 1962,
pp. 2-13, illus., printed. The Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. Describes
the new oceanographic research ship now under con-
struction by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu-
tion which will be the first major vessel designed
and constructed for oceanographic service by a
private laboratory in the United States since the 142
ft. ketch ''Atlantis' in 1931. It has been designed to
do effective all-weather oceanographic research
from the fringe ice to the tropics and will be able to
accommodate more than one scientific discipline on
a given cruise. Detailed diagrams of the vessel are
included,

SALMON:

"Nekotorye Dannye o Biologii i Promysle Lososiei v
Tikhom Okeane’’ (Some Data on the Biology and Fish-
ing of Salmon in the Pacific), by P. A. Dvinin, arti-
cle, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol. 35, no, 12, 1959, pp.
7-13, illus., printed in Russian, VNIRO Glavniproek-
ta, pri Gosplanie SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

Pacific Salmon, OTS 60-51139, 288 pp., illus., printed,
$3. The Israel Program for Scientific Translations,
1961. (Available from The Office of Technical Serv-
ices, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington
25, D. C.) Contains translations of selectedarticles
from various Soviet periodicals on Pacific salmon,
The following articles are included: ''Adaptive Fea-
tures of Young Pacific Salmon," by V. V. Abramov;

August 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

119

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

"Migrations and Morphometrical Characteristics of
the West Sakhalin Pink Salmon," by P. A. Dvinin;
"The Type of Dynamics of Stocks and the Character
of Spawning of the Chum and the Pink Salmon in the
Amur River," by G. V. Nikol'skii; ''Morphological
Differences Between the Summer and the Autumn
Chum Salmon," by L. D. Grigo; ''One of the Factors
of Prespawning Mortality of Pink Salmon in Rivers,"
by A. P. Makeeva; ''Histological Study of Gonads of
the Pink Salmon and the Summer Chum," by S. A.
Ivanova; ''Ecological and Morphological Character-
istics of the Development of the Amur Autumn Chum
Salmon," by N. N. Disler; ''Pattern of Development
of Summer Chum, Masu, and Pink Salmon," by S. G,
Soin; "'High-Seas Salmon Fisheries in the North Pa-
cific," by P. A. Moiseev; ''On the Artificial Raising
of the Water Level in the Spawning Grounds of Far
Eastern Salmon," by I. S. Vasil'ev; ''Condition of
Stocks of the Amur Salmon and Causes of the Fluc-
tuations in Their Abundance," by A. G, Smirnov;
"Changes in Chemical Composition of the Body of
Red (Sockeye) Salmon," by I, V. Kizevetter; "Data
on the Biology of the Amur Chum Salmon," by E. A.
Lovetskaya; Some Problems of the Biology and
Population Dynamics of Pink Salmon," by A, G. Ka-
ganovskii; ''Results of Tagging Pacific Salmon inthe
Gulf of Kamchatka," by K. A. Lyamin; ''Food of Pink
Salmon at the End of Marine Stage of Migration," by
N. F, Pushkareva; "Changes in the Blood Composi-
tion of Salmon During the Spawning Migration," by
N. M. Lysaya; ''Food of Pacific Salmon in Kamchat-
ka Waters, by A. I, Synkova; ''Morphology and Rate
of Embryonic Development of Pacific Salmon," by
M. Ya Ievleva; ''The Osmoregulatory Ability of
Young Autumn Chum Salmon Migrating Downstream,"
by V. YaLevanidoy; ''Physical and Mechanical Prop-
erties of Pink Salmon," by L. M. Men'shutina; ''Da-
ta onthe Biology of Young Silver Salmon During the
Marine Periodof Live," by I. A. Piskunov; ''Food of
Downstream Migrant Young Summer Chum Salmon
and Pink Salmon in the Amur Tributaries,’ by V.
Ya Levanidov and I. M. Levanidova.

"Serological Differentiation of Populations of Sock-
eye Salmon, Onchorhynchus nerka," by G, J. Ridg-
way, J. E. Cushing, and G, L. Durall, article, Bul-
letin, International North Pacific Fisheries Com-
mission, no, 3, 1961, pp. 5-10, illus., printed, In-
ternational North Pacific Fisheries Commission,
6640 NW. Marine Dr., Vancouver 8, B. C., Canada.

"Some Problems in the Marking of Salmonids,"’ by
Donald H. Fry, article, Pacific Marine Fisheries
Commission Bulletin, no, 5, 1961, pp. 77-83, illus.,
printed, Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission,
741 State Office Bldg., 1400 SW, 5th Ave., Port-
land 1, Oregon,

"Survival and Behavior of Sockeye Salmon Fry Mi-
grating into Brooks Lake, Alaska," by Wilbur L.
Hartman, Charles W. Strickland, and David T.
eries Society, vol. 91, no, 2, April 1962, pp. 133-139,
illus., printed. Secretary, American Fisheries So-
ciety, P. O. Box 483, McLean, Va.

SALTED FISH:
"Salted and Dried Fish. III--Washing of Used Salt,"

by M. K, Rowan, article, Annual Report, Fishing
Industry Research Institute, vol. 13, 1960, pp. 12-

13, printed. University of Cape Town, Rondebosch,
C. P., South Africa,

SARDINES:

Biologia y Tecnologia de las Sardinas Cubanas. I--

=HARENGULA PENSACOLAE CUBANA Rivas y HA-
RENGULA HUMERALIS (Cuvier) (Biology and Tech-
nology of the Cuban Sardines. I--Harengula pensa-
colae cubana Rivas and Harengula humeralis (Cuv-
ier)), by Jose A. Suarez Caabro, Pedro Pablo Duarte
Bello, and Julia Alvarez Reguera, no. 19, 87 pp., il-
lus., printed in Spanish. Instituto Cubano de Investi-
gaciones Tecnologicas, Apartado 4026, Via Blanca
y Carretera Central, Havana, Cuba, December 1961.

Fishery Biology of the Sardine, SARDINOPS MELANO-
STICTA (T. & S.), in the Waters Around Japan, Bulle-
fin No, 9, 227 pp., illus., printed in Japanese. Jap-
anese Fisheries Agency, Japanese Sea Regional
Fisheries Research Laboratory, Niigata, Japan,
1961.

"Refrigeration et Pre-Conservation des Sardines a
Bord du Bateau de Peche” (Chilling of Sardines in
Refrigerated Seawater on Fishing Boats), by T. Le.
Berre, article, Science et Peche, no, 91, March 1961,
5 pp., printed in French. L'institut Scientifique et
Technique des Peches Maritimes, 59 Ave. Raymond-
Poincare, Paris 16©, France.

SEAWEED:

Annual Report for 1961, 21 pp., printed, Institute of
Seaweed Research, Inveresk, Midlothian, Scotland.
Discusses developments in the Scottish and foreign
seaweed byproducts industry during 1961, and the
Institute's information and technical assistance serv-
ices. Also discusses production of alginates from
seaweed, use of Seaweed meal in animal feedstuffs,
and development of fertilizers from seaweed, In-
cludes results of investigations on algal polysaccha-
rides, biochemical studies on seaweeds, nitrogenous
constituents of marine algae, chemical composition
of marine micro-algae, and a list of publications on
seaweed published during 1961,

SHARKS:

"Wanted: Shark Hunters!" by James Wiles, article,
Sea Frontiers, vol. 8, no, 2, May 1962, pp. 84-93,
illus., printed. Marine Laboratory, University of
Miami, 1 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami 49, Fla.
No method for controlling sharks has yet provided
complete protection from them or had long-lasting
effects. Dyes, air-bubble shields, electronic fields,
and off-shore nets are all defensive measures that
have been taken, This article discusses the approach
of turning defense into offense by seeking methods to
eliminate or greatly reduce local shark populations
by means of fishing programs. The author feels that
through intensive systematic fishing, sharks not only
can be captured and destroyed, but also can be made
available to scientists for important studies,

SHELLS:

"Water Bottoms Bonanza,"' by McFadden Duffy, ar-
ticle, Louisiana Conservationist, vol. 14, no. 4, A-
pril 1962, pp. 21-24, illus., printed, Louisiana
Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, Wild Life &
Fisheries Bldg., 400 Royal St., New Orleans, La.*A
brief description of the operations of the Louisiana
shell industry and the industrial uses of shells in

120

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM,

petroleum, chemicals, Portland cement, lime, chick-
en feed, concrete masonry units, railroad ballast,
as well as all types of base construction for road
work, stabilization of bases for air fields, runways,
in addition to use in asphalt or plant mix, Shell
"fines'' are also used in the manufacture of roofing.
Dredging of shells, and operation of industries using
shells, are multi-million dollar activities in Loui-
siana, Obtaining shells for industry and the trans-
portation to processing plants offers employment to

several thousand people in Louisiana, Processing
plants in the State employ additional thousands of
persons.

SHRIMP:

"A Cooperative Study of Shrimp and Incidental Fish
Catches Taken in Shrimp Fishing Gear in California
and Oregon, 1958,"' by Alfred R. Morgan and Doyle
E, Gates, article, Pacific Marine Fisheries Com-
mission Bulletin, no. 5, 1961, pp. 85-106, illus.,
printed, Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission, 741
State Office Bldg., 1400 SW. 5th Ave., Portland 1,
Oreg.

SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT:

Building Sales to Younger Customers, Management
Aids No. 80, by S. E. Mahle, 4 pp., printed. Small
Business Administration, Washington 25, D. C, This
leaflet tells how to build sales to younger customers.
It emphasizes the younger group because cultivation
of these consumers can mean three things. First,
some small marketers can increase their present
sales by selling directly to teenagers. Second, other
small marketers can increase their sales through
the influence that teenagers exert on the family's
spending. And third, in some cases, small market-
ers can build loyalty that will mean increased fu-
ture sales--sales when these boys and girls grow
into the young adult group.

Measuring Your Growth Pattern, Management Aids,
No. 141, by Joseph Mullen, 4 pp., printed, Small
Business Administration, Washington 25, D. C.
Describes methods by which businessmen may
measure their growth pattern such as sales growth,
production efficiency, rate of return on invested
capital, customer turnover, new product develop-
ment, and personnel growth.

A Survey of Federal Government Publications of In-
~ terest to Small Business, 71 pp., printed, 30 cents.
Small Business Administration, ‘Washington, D.C,
(For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.)
Contains information about publications of interest
to small business owners. Some of the material
listed outlines the help available from Federal a-
gencies., Other publications listed explain, in non-
technical language, the laws which the agencies en-
force, and still others present statistical data use-
ful in marketing or specialized information perti-
nent to particular industries or trades. Most of
the publications included were published within the
last two years and are all readily available to the
small business owner-manager,

SMOKED FISH:

Selected Publications Concerning Smoked Fish, Cir-
cular No, 22, 5 pp., processed. Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, Technological Station, Vancouver,
B. C., Canada, May 1958,

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol, 24, No. 8

SOUTH AFRICA:

Die sardyn van Suidwes-Afrika (SARDINOPS OCEL-
LAT. The Sardine of Southwest-Africa--Sardin-
ops ocellata), by O. Nawratil, Research Report No.
2, 39 pp., illus., printed in Afrikaans. Adminis-
trasie van Suidwes-Afrika, Marine-Navorsingslab-
oratorium, Cape Town, South Africa Republic.

SOUTH PACIFIC:

line Islands: Raroia, Tusmotu Archipelago, | by Rob-
ert R. Rofen, AD-272 133, 118 pp., illus., printed,
$10.10. Pacific Science Board, National ‘Research
Council, Washington, D, C., Dec. 1961. (For saleby
the HQ Armed Services Technical Information Agen-
cy, Arlington Hall Station, Arlington 12, Va.)

SOUTH WEST AFRICA:

"The Fishing Industry at Walvis Bay," article, The
South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry
Review, vol. 17, no. 1, January 1962, pp. 53-109,
illus., printed, single copy 40 cents. Odhams Press,
South Africa, P. O. Box 2598, Cape Town, South Af-
rica Republic, Describes the growth and present
healthy state of the fishing industry of South-West
Africa's main seaport, Walvis Bay. Devotes aspe-
cial article to each of the six pilchard processing
factories.

SPAWNING:

Spawning Seasons and Growth of the Code Goby, Go-
biosoma robustum (Pisces: Gobidae), in the Tampa
Bay Area Area, by Victor G, Springer and Andrew J. Mc-
Erlean, Contribution No, 56, 10 pp., illus., printed.
(Reprinted from Tulane Studies in Zoology, vol. 9,
no, 2, November 10, 1961, pp. 87-98.) Florida State
Board of Conservation Marine Laboratory, St. Pe-
tersburg, Fla.

SPINY LOBSTERS:

"La Pesca Industrial de la Langosta en Cuba" (Com-
mercial Fishing for Spiny Lobsters in Cuba), by F.
de T., article, Puntal, vol. 9, no, 95, February 1962,
pp. 12-13, illus., printed in Spanish, 12 pesetas (20
U. S. cents). Puntal, Ramon y Cajal 3, Apartado
316, Alicante, Spain,

SPORT FISH:

Northern Fishes (With Special Reference to the Upper
Mississippi Valley), by Samuel Eddy and Thaddeus
Surber, 267 pp., illus., printed. The University of
Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1943,

STICKWATER:

Evaporadores de Agua de Cola (Stickwater Evapo-
rators), by Peter C. J. Molteno, Divulgacion Pes-
quera Cartilla No. 2, 12 pp., illus., processed in
Spanish, Departamento de Pesca y Caza, Minis-
terio de Agricultura, Direccion de Agricultura y
Pesca, Santiago, Chile.

SWORDFISH:

The Swordfish Gaphiss gladius L L.), Its Life-Histor
~and Economic Importance in the Northwest Atlantic
by S. N. Tibbo, L. R. Day, and W. F. Doucet, Bul-
letin No, 130, 53 pp., illus., printed, 75 Canadian
cents. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ot-
tawa, Canada, 1961, (Available from the Queen's
Printer, Ottawa, Canada.) A general account is

August 1962

given of the life-history of swordfish and the de-
velopment of a fishery for swordfish in the north-
west Atlantic. Special attention is given to the Ca-
nadian catch which has increased spectacularly in
the last decade from about 2 million pounds in 1949
to nearly 7 million pounds in 1959, The increase is
associated with a change in the nature of the fishery
from a small boat, inshore operation to the use of
long liners and draggers that can operate offshore
and over a wide area, The prospects for continued
expansion of this important industry are discussed.

TAIWAN:

Taiwan Fisheries Yearbook 1961 Edition, 194 pp.,
illus., printed in Chinese and English. Department
of Agriculture and Forestry, Provincial Govern-
ment of Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan, August 1961. Con-
tains statistical tables showing fishermen's organi-
zations and membership, fishermen, status offish-
ing vessels, status of ice making and cold-storage
industries, fisheries production, and quantity of
supply and sale of fishery products and their aver-
age value at principal fish markets. Also includes
data on processed marine products, fish culture
area, production of fish fries, number of casual-
ties of fishermen, losses and damage to fishing ves-
sels and gear, fishing activity at principal fishing
harbors by type of craft, foreign trade in fishery
products, and related information, Most data are
for 1960.

TARIFFS AND TRADE:

Operation of the Trade Agreements Program, 13th
Report--July 1959-June 1960, TC Publication 51,
255 pp., processed, United States Tariff Commis-
sion, Washington 25, D. C., 1962. During the period
July 1959-June 1960, the U. S. had trade agreements
obligations in force with 43 countries. Of these, 35
countries were contracting parties to the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and 8 were coun-
tries with which the United States had bilateral
trade agreements, The United States participated
in limited trade-agreement negotiations under the
General Agreement during this period with Cuba,
Belgium, Denmark, West Germany, Japan, the Neth-
erlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Canada.
The report describes these negotiations and, for
those that were completed, analyzes the changes
that they made in the schedules of concessions of
the respective countries. Also covers other im-
portant developments including the major devel-
opments relating to the general provisions andad-
ministration of the General Agreement; the actions
of the United States relating to its trade agree-
ments program; and the major commercial policy
developments in countries with which the United
States has trade agreements.

TEREDO BORER:

The General Biology of Teredo (Final Report 1954-
1960), by Charles E. Lane, 11 pp., processed. Ma-
rine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Ricken-
backer Causeway, Miami 49, Fla. Presents anar-
rative account of the research project concerned
with teredine borers--the principal findings and
their significance. The objectives of the investi-
gation were to define as broadly as possible the
principal features of the life history and defini-
tive physiology of the teredine borers. The re-
sults and conclusions derived from these studies

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

CE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

are included in the papers listed in the section en-
titled ''Publications."

TRADE LISTS:
The Bureau of International Business Operations,

U. S. Department of Commerce has published the
following mimeographed trade lists. Copies may be
obtained by firms in the United States from the Com-
mercial Intelligence Division, Office of Trade Pro-
motion, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., or from
Department of Commerce field offices at $1 each.

Canneries and Frozen Foods--Producers and Export-
ers--Costa Rica, 5 pp. (April 1962). Lists the names
and addresses, size of firms, and types of products
handled by each firm, Also contains trade and in-
dustry data, and a statistical table indicating the av-
erage annual imports of foodstuffs (including fish)
during the period 1959-61 and the average percent-
age of the total imported from the United States.

Canneries--The Netherlands, 13 pp. (April 1962).
Lists the names and addresses, size of firms, and
types of products handled by each firm. Includes
fish canneries and exporters. Also covers basic
trade and industry data.

Oils (Animal, Fish and Vegetable)--Importers, Deal-
ers, Producers, Refiners, and Exporters, Italy, 20
pp., processed (April 1962). Lists the names and
addresses, size of firms, and types of products
handled by each firm. Includes firms dealing infish
and whale oils.

TRAWLING:

"Tralernes Fiske i 1960" (Fish Trawling in 1960),
article, Fiskets Gang, vol. 48, no, 10, March 1962,
pp. 143-149, illus., printed in Norwegian, Fisker-
idirektoratet, Radstuplass 10, Bergen, Norway.

TRAWL NETS:

"Duchalut de Fond a Grande Ouverture Verticale au
Chalut Flottant" (From the Bottom Trawl with Large
Vertical Opening to the Midwater Trawl), by C. Nede-
lec, article, Science et Peche, no. 85, July-August
1961,13 pp., illus., printed in French. L'Institut
Scientifique et Technique des Peches Maritimes,
59 Ave. Raymond-Poincare, Paris 16©, France.

"On the Fishing Experiments Conducted with 10-ft.
Bean-Trawl Net,' by S. E, Deshpande, article, In-
dian Journal of Fisheries, vol. 7, no. l, 1960, pp.
174-186, illus., printed. Ministry of Food and Agri-
culture, New Delhi, India,

TUNA:
Catch Variations in the North Pacific Albacore, 2.

microfilm $2.70, photocopy $4.80. (Translated from
Nankai-ku Suisan Kenkyusho Hokoku, no, 10, 1959,
pp. 72-87.) Library of Congress, Photoduplication
Service, Publication Board Project, Washington 25,
DG:

On the Migration and the Growth of the Skipjack,
KATSUWONUS PELAMIS (Linnaeus) in the Izu and

Bonin Sea Areas and the Northeastern Sea Area A-

long the Pacific Coast of Japan, by Tsuyoshi Kawas-

122 COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW Vol. 24, No. 8

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

aki, Report No. 59-19341, 1959, 34 pp., printed, mi-
crofilm $3.00, photocopy $6.30. (Translated from
Tohoku Kaiku Suisan Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, no.
4, 1955, pp. 101-119.) Library of Congress, Photo-
duplication Service, Publication Board Project,
Washington 25, D. C,

On the Migration and the Growth of the Skipjack, KAT-
SUWONUS PELAMIS (Linnaeus) in the South-West-
ern Sea Area of Japan, by Tsuyoshi Kawasaki, Re-
port No. 59-19342, 1959, 41 pp., printed, microfilm
$3.00, photocopy $6.30. (Translated from Tohoku
Kaiku Suisan Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, no, 4, 1955;
pp. 83-100.) Library of Congress, Photoduplication
Service, Publication Board Project, Washington 25,
ID Tes

On the Ovaries of the Skipjack, KATSUWONUS PELA-
MiS (Linnaeus) Captured in the Fishing Grounds A-
long the Japanese Coast, by Masakazu Yao, Report
No. 59-18563, 1959, 15 pp., illus., printed, micro-
film $1.80. (Translated from Tohoku Kaiku Suisan
Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, no. 5, 1955, pp. 43-52.)
Library of Congress, Photoduplication Service,
Publication Board Project, Washington 25, D. C.

"A Pesca de Atum-Suas Possibilidades en Angola"
(Tuna Fishing - Its Possibilities in Angola), by A.
de Oliveira Neves, article, Boletim da Pesca, vol.
12, no. 66, 1960, pp. 79-87, printed in Portuguese.
Gabinete de Estudos das Pescas, R. S. Bento 644,
Lisbon, Portugal.

On the Stomach Contents of the Skipjack, by Hideyuki
“Hotta and Toru Ogawa, Report No, 59-19338, 1959,
33 pp., printed, microfilm $3.00, photocopy $6.30.
(Translated from Tohoku Kaiku Suisan Kenkyusho
Kenkyu Hokoku, no. 4, 1955, pp, 62-82.) Library of
ongress, Photoduplication Service, Publication

Board Project, Washington 25, D. C.

printed, microfilm $2.70, photocopy $4.80. (Trans-
lated from Nankai-ku Suisan Kenkyusho Hokoku, no,
8, 1958, pp. 31-48.) Library of Congress, Photodu-
plication Service, Publication Board Project, Wash-
ington 25, D, C.

URUGUAY:

Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras
(Journal of the Institute of Fisheries Research),
vol. 1, no. 1, 1962, illus., printed in Spanish with
English summaries, price in Uruguay 40 pesos or
US$3.65, other Western Hemisphere countries and
Spain $5.00, and all other countries $6.00. Instituto
de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Facultad de Veteri-
naria, Alberto Lasplaces, 1550, Montevideo, Uru-
guay. One article deals with the hydrolysis of whale
meat, Another article describes the determination
of the salinity through the Mohr-Westphal balance
and presents four tables of direct conversion from
specific weight to salinity.

U.S.5.R.:°
"Perspektivy Razvitiia Sovetskogo Rybolovstva v Vo-
dakh Atlantiki"’ (Prospects of the Development of
Soviet Fisheries in the Atlantic Waters), by A. V.

Mikheev, article, Rybnoe Khoziaistvo, vol, 35, no.
11, 1959, pp. 3-6, illus., printed in Russian, VNIRO
Glavniproekta, pri Gosplanie, SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

VESSELS:

"Das Kombinierte Fangschiff'' (The Combination Fish-
ing Vessel), by C. Birkhoff, article, Hansa, vol. 97,
no. 16/17, 1960, pp. 826-831, illus., printed in Ger-
man, Schiffahrts-Verlag 'Hansa'', Hamburg, Ger-
many.

Die nordeuropaischen Seefischereifahrzeuge, ihre
Entwicklung und ihre Typen (The Development and
Types of Marine Fishing Vessels in Northern Eu-
rope), by Gerhard Timmermann, Handbuch der See-
fischerei Norteuropas, vol. 11, no, 4, 1962, 204pp.,
illus., printed in German, DM 79.60 (about US$20.00).
E, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele
u. Obermiller), Stuttgart W., German Federal Re-
public. Contains a short history of ship construction
and conditions responsible for the form of the various
marine vessels in Northern Europe. Includes data on
vessels of Middle-Europe, Scandinavia, and Western
Europe, as well as information on vessels needed for
whale and seal catches, a listing of types ofvessels,
and a bibliography. The survey on this subject can
only be very general because there isn't sufficient
literature available on each individual type of ves-
sel. There were quite a few ships found that date
from the days of the Vikings, and there is some his-
torical source material available. Not until the 17th
Century, however, do we come across some material
describing certain marine vessels. Between the 17th
and 19th centuries there were exhaustive books written
on the subject, including valuable engravings display-
ing the various types of vessels. In the 20th century,
bulletins of museums contained information on the
folklore aspects of marine vessels. Later, wheneco-
nomic and technical considerations came into prom-
inence, more information on the subject could be
gathered from technical journals and books,

Proceedings of the International Economic Conference
on Small Catt Fisheries and Transportation (May

illus., printed in French and Spanish. Outboard Ma-
rine International S. A., P. O. Box 830, Nassau, Ba-
hamas.

VIET-NAM:
Scientific Facilities and Information Services of the

50 cents. The Manager, Pacific Scientific Informa-
tion Center, Bishop Museum, Honolulu 17, Hawaii,
1961,

VIRGIN ISLANDS:

Charting the Marine Environments of St. John, U. S.
Virgin Islands, by Herman Kumpf and Helen Randall,
Contribution 348, 8 pp., illus., printed. (Reprinted
from Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Car-
The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, #1 Rick-
enbacker Causeway, Miami, Fla., 1961. By use of the
diving sled in conjunction with serial photos, charting
of the marine biotopes of St. John, Virgin Islands, was
carried out expediently and accurately. The method
of operation of the diving sled is discussed and pos-

August 1962

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION ISSUING THEM.

sible application to other phases of aquatic investi-
gation are mentioned, The chart of the marine in-
vironments of St. John is figured.

WATER POLLUTION:

vols. I, II, and III, United Nations Publications, sales
number 61,II E/Mim, 24, 626 pp., processed, $5.00.
Sales Section, European Office of the United Na-
tions, Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 1961,
The secretariat of the United Nations Economic Com-
mission for Europe has assembled here the docu-
ments which were submitted to the Conference on
Water Pollution Problems in Europe. The documents
are assembled in three volumes and have been grouped
according to the major items discussed at the Con-
ference. Volume I contains documents dealing with
the most urgent water pollution problems requiring
attention; Volume II incorporates the papers con-
cerned with administrative and legal aspects of wa-
ter pollution control; and Volume III those which dis-
cuss the economic aspects of water pollution and the
possibilities for international action through estab-
lishment of international water pollution control
bodies and international exchanges of information,
The report of the Conference and the list of partici-
pants are also included in Volume III.

WEATHER CHARTS:

Coastal Warning Facilities Chart, Cape Hatteras, N.C.,
to Brunswick, Ga., 1962, 2 pp., processed, 10
cents. Weather Bureau, U. S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D, C. (For sale by the Super-
intendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D. C.) This chart shows sta-
tions displaying small craft, gale, whole gale, and
hurricane warnings, explanation of warning displays,
and schedules of AM and FM radio and TV stations
that broadcast weather forecasts and warnings.

Coastal Warning Facilities Chart, Montauk Point, N. Y.,
to Manasquan, N. J., 1962, 2 pp., processed, 10
cents, Weather Bureau, U. S. Department of Com-
merce, Washington, D. C, (For sale by the Super-
intendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington 25, D. C.) This chart shows
stations displaying small craft, gale, whole gale,
and hurricane warnings, explanation of warning dis-
plays, and schedules of AM and FM radio and TV
stations that broadcast weather forecasts and warn-
ings.

Coastal Warning Facilities Chart, 1962, Point Con-
ception, Calif., to Mexican Border, 20M, 2 pp., proc-
essed, 10 cents, 1962. Weather Bureau, U.S. De-
partment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.) Chart
shows stations displaying small craft, storm, and
hurricane warnings and explanations and schedules
of AM and FM radio and TV stations that broadcast
weather forecasts and warnings.

WHALES:

"Reproduction, Growth and Age of Southern Fin Whales,’
by R. M. Laws, article, Discovery, vol. 31, pp. 327-
486, illus., printed. Jarrold and Sons Ltd., Norwich,
England,

WHALING:

"Australia's 1961 Whaling Season," article, Fisher-
ies Newsletter, vol. 21, no, 2, February 1962, pp.
15, 26, illus., printed. Commonwealth Director of
Fisheries, Department of Primary Industry, Can-
berra, Australia. A summary of the whale catch
from the five Australian shore stations during 1961,
Includes data on location of catch; species, length,
sex and maturity of whales caught; oil and byprod-
ucts yield; the Antarctic catch; and summary of the
results of whaling from Australian stations since
1957,

"Pelagic Whaling in the Antarctic Season 1961/62,"
article, Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende, vol. 51, no. 4,
April 1962, pp. 156, 159-161, printed in Norwegian
and English. Norsk Havlfangst-Tidende, Sandefjord,
Norway. Discusses details of the catch and vessels
participating in the 1961/62 Antarctic whaling sea-
son under the flags of Norway, Japan, the United
Kingdom, U.S.S.R., and the Netherlands. Includes
statistics showing the weekly harvest of blue-whale
units with comparative data for the two previous
seasons; average number of blue-whale units per
catcher day by countries in the last four seasons;
last season's catch and production of whale prod-
ucts together with the average catch per catcher
day; production of whale and sperm oil of the in-
dividual expeditions for the last three seasons; and
other pertinent data for the whaling fleets of the
five nations.

WORLD TRADE:

The following World Trade Information Service Re-
ports, published by the Bureau of Foreign Com-
merce, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washing-
ton, D. C., are for sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash~
ington 25, D. C., at 10 cents a copy.

Licensing and Exchange Controls, Republic of South
Africa, Operations Report No, 62-12, WTIS Part 2,

12 pp., printed, March 1962.

YUGOSLAVIA:

Informativni bilten (Information Bulletin), printed
monthly in Serbo-Croatian. Institut za Tehnologi-
ju Ribe, P.O.B. 1lo, Zadar, Yugoslavia. Contains,
among others, the following articles:

, No. 1, January 1961. ''Dark Spots in Fish
Meat,” by E. Androvic; and ''On Retort Venting dur-

ing Sterilization,’ by H. Lisac.

, No, 2, February 1961, 'The Advantage
and Quality of Canned Sardines Produced by IMC
Machine," by N. Kucic; and ''The Comparative Pro-
duction of Solid Packs and Tunnyfish with Vegetable,"
by M. Lete.

, No. 3, March 1961, ''Proposed Changes
in Existing Standards for Fishery Products," by H.
Lisac,

, No. 4, April 1961. "Some Problems of
Soldering Fluxes," by K. Sepic.

, No. 5, May 1961. ''Regular Repairs in
Fish Canning Plants," by V. Perovic; and''The Big-

123

124

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES REVIEW

Vol. 24, No. 8

THESE PUBLICATIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FROM THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUT USUALLY MAY BE

OBTAINED FROM THE ORGANIZATION JSSUING THEM.

gest Export of Fish Products in 1960," by D, Djurd-
jevic.

, No. 6, June 1961. 'Seaming Machine
Adjustment," by K. Sepic.

, No, 7, July 1961, ''The Use of Juvidur
Piping in Fish Canning Plant," by V. Perovic.

, No, 8, August 1961, "Electrical Installa-
tion in Fish Canning Plant," by V. Perovic.

, No, 11, November 1961. ''The Use of
Decollage!/ Cans for Canned Fish," by V. Zaputo-
vic and S. Mramor; '"Soldered Joints on Tin-Plate
Cans," by K. Sepic; "Soldering Fluxes and Their In-
fluence to the Can Content," by S. Banjad; and "Qual-
ity Control of Tin Plate Cans,'' by D, Franolic.

, No, 12, December 1961. 'Aluminum, its
Characteristics and Application in Food Canning In-
dustry,'' by V. Perovic; ''Notes about Fishing In-
dustry in Japan," by S. Bacic; "Cans Volume and

Weight of Content," by S. Banjad; and ''The Causes
of Loosened Seams Formation on Square Cans during

Sterilization,"' by H. Lisac.

1fCan with soldered lid or cover,

, No. 9, September 1961, 'Fisheries of
Cambodia," by K, Sepic.

, No. 10, October 1961, "A Brief Resume
on Fish Handling and Processing in Egypt," by M.
Aref; and ''Fisheries of Cambodia--II," by K. Sepic.

Listings under Yugoslavia supplied by K. Sepic,

TROUT PLANTED BY PLANE

In the Mount Rainier National Park stocking pro-
gram, 53,300 fingerling rainbow trout (weighing a total
of 65 pounds) were stocked from the air in eight lakes,
according to areportfrom the Portland Regional Office
of the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
The fish, which were provided by Quilcene National Fish
Hatchery, were placed in plastic bags, oxygen added,
and the bags carried in cardboard cartons stacked in
the plane. A private flying plane was engaged to do the
job. The 3-hour job cost $90 for plane rental,a big
saving over costsfor pack stock and packers. The fish

were released in excellent condition.

Editorial Assistant--Ruth V. Keefe

Compositors--Jean Zalevsky, Alma Greene, Helen Paretti, and Raie Carron

sle ale cle ste ok
se kk: ok: ss

Cover and p. 72--Arnie J. Suomela, American Embassy, Tokyo, Japan;
pp. 6 & 7--Maine Development Commission, Augusta, Maine; pp. 28, 30
(fig. 2--left column),-and 31--F. B. Sanford & C. F. Lee; p. 30 (fig. 2--
right column), Fishery Technological Laboratory, E. Boston, Mass.;
p. 338--R. K. Brigham, Woods Hole, Mass.; p. 45--Andrew L. Pinto;

p. 60--Press Bureau, Danish Foreign Ministry; p. 84--Walter H.
Stolting.

FISHERIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1961

the landings of fishand shellfishin the United States by species, states, and areas; disposi-
tionof the landings; monthly
catch and utilization; do-
mestic catch from waters
off the United States andon
the high seas offforeign
coasts; quantity of gear used
and catch by gear; value of
the landings by species; em-
ployment, fishing craft, and
establishments engaged in
the fisheries; percapita
consumption; data onmanu-
factured fishery products;
value of industry and capital
investments; foreign trade;
available supplies of cer-
tain fishery products; and
data on world fisheries. In-
cluded areanumberof |.

graphs on various phasesof | *soUn3¢ o 5 1 1.5 2
the fisheries. Fig. 1 - United States catch by areas, 1960-61,

Note: The catch for Hawaii is included with Pacific Coast.

Pacific Coast =:

Great Lakes and Mississippi River

Per capita consumption
of fish in the United States increased to 10.9 pounds in 1961, a half pound more than in the
previous year. This increase was divided equally between ''fresh and frozen'' and canned
items.

The supply of domestically-produced fresh and
frozen products declined substantially, the report
_- shows, even though the annual harvest was the Na-
ee SOUL tion's second largest--5.2 billion pounds. Imports

See ai were up Sharply due to increased receipts of ground-

o fish fillets and blocks, and shrimp; however, both
edible and nonedible imports established records.

The total amount paid to United States fisher-
men and vessel owners amounted to $358 million--
nearly $4 million more than in 1960, but $15 million
less than the record $373 million paid in 1958. The
average price per pound was 6.94 cents, a low one
due to the record catch (2.3 billion pounds) of low-
priced menhaden.

San Pedro, Calif., was the leading United States
fishing port in 1961 with respect to both volume and
value--416 million pounds with an ex-vessel value
to the fishermen of $36 million.

The figures on the 1960 world catch--a record
83.2 billion pounds--recently compiled by the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations are included in the report. Five coun-
tries accounted for well over 50 percent of the total catch--Japan (16.4 percent), China
(Mainland) (13.3 percent), Peru (9.4 percent), U.S.S.R. (8.1 percent), and the United States
(7.5 percent).

Copies of C. F. 5. 2900 are available free from the Office of Information, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Washington 25, D.C.

Fig. 1 - United States per capita consumption,

87/13/95 198115 =a

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Full text of "Commercial fisheries review"

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