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COMPLETE ANGLER

AND

HUNTSMAN

BY
THOMAS HUBERT HUTTON
AND
STANLEY BLAKE

BERRY, KENTUCKY
1919

Copyright, 1919,
By
Thomas Hubert Hutton and Stanley Blake.

©0.2515912

JUN 19 tyty

INTRODUCTORY

PART ONE

The author of Part One of this book was born and
reared among the hills of Old Kentucky, and has always
been a close student of nature—a lover of the outdoors,
and, above all, an ardent angler—a true disciple of ‘‘Ike’’
Walton.

Thomas Hubert Hutton was born in the year 1892 at
the country town of Berry, County of Harrison, State of
Kentucky, where he still resides.

He has written for the leading outdoor magazines for
many years, having penned over 500 magazine articles on
various subjects, both of angling and hunting.

For several years he was associated with the Blue
Grass Farm Kennels, of which Mr. Stanley Blake, author
of Part Two of this book, is Manager, and enjoyed always
the most pleasant relations with that gentleman. Mr.
Hutton, at the time this book was published, held the posi-
tion of Postmaster, at the town wherein he is a resident.

While his principal recreative sport is angling for the
battling black bass, he also finds time occasionally to ac-
company his friends on a hunt.

TRAIL

OM

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SCOTT

PREFACE.

NATURE'S CALL:

There is instilled within each one of us a persistent
something that we eall ‘‘desire.’’ There are various
things to be desired—some desire one thing, some another;
some have many and numerous desires, while others may
have but few. It is a safe bet, however, that all of us
experience one desire that we cannot get away from—
namely the desire to respond to nature’s persistent call.

This call cannot be evaded. It may be postponed, but it
ever keeps on tugging at our heartstrings, and must be fi-
nally answered. For a time, nature’s call may be neglect-
ed, forgotten in the busy struggle ice life’s tempestuous
way, but the call will return a gain and again, and must be
responded to.

There is a something within each of us—a desire—to
commune with nature; no matter where we live, or what our
calling. The city-bred man especially has a constant yearn-
ing to get out and away from all the noise and bustle and
strife for a quiet vacation-time among the hills and along
the cool streams, there to try his skill and pit his knowl-
edge and resourcefulness against nature’s own, while
those living in the smaller centers of population and in
the rural districts experience and answer the same eall.
All of us have this great desire, and fortunate indeed is the
man who is able to answer the call promptly. A great ar-
my of would-be sportsmen, however, on account of their

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

business ties and for various other reasons, cannot explore
the wonders of nature as soon as they would like to. They
are none the less sportsmen, however, and keenly ardent
ones at that, for their heart’s in the right place and if they
had their way about things their longing would soon be
gratified, but ofttimes obstacles beset one’s pathway and
delay the realization of one’s fondest hopes.

To this great army of sportsmen, as well as to the ini-
tiated, we have faith that this book will appeal; that it
will open the doors which bar their vision of nature’s sub-
lime beauty; that it will in a small measure, at least, al-
leviate the suffering of those who would and cannot an-
swer the call at the present time; and we hope—very hum-
bly hope—it will be found both instructive and entertain-
ing to all.

There are many kinds of sport, but in this book we
have to do but with two classes, the angler and the hunter.

PART ONE

Angling.

To angle successfully is a fine art. It requires not
only skill, but a great amount of patience. Without
these prime requisites you are doomed to failure. Ang-.
ling comes naturally to some fishermen, to others it must
be taught, and, alas, to still others it cannot be taught.

So to be a successful angler, you must possess skill
and patience. The student-fisherman who is most obser-
vant is by far most apt to speedily acquire the art. Study
nature. Learn the habits of the finny tribe. Find out
what they thrive upon—what insects they devour in cer-
tain seasons of the year, and imitate these insects in con-
structing your artificial lures, if it is not practicable to
use natural ones. If you purchase your lures, use all the
judgment you possess in selecting them.

The successful hunter knows the habits of the animal
he is striving to bring to bag, and so must the successful
fisherman know the habits of the particular specie of fish
he is angling for.

No given set of rules may be set down for the guid-
ance of the angler. Conditions vary in such great degree
in different localities as to make given rules and regula-
tions seem foolish. We must adjust ourselves and our
tackle to conditions as we find them—this is the method
that spells success. Hence, in this book the author shall
not aim to write down any given set of rules in the art of
angling, but merely to write of conditions as he has found
them in his particular field of action.

8 ; THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

While we have before us the subject of angling, per-
haps it would not be amiss to offer a few general sugges-
tions as to tackle.

Tackle is a most important item. Poor and indiffer-
ent tackle means, in most cases, failure. Of course, we,
as a boy, caught our full share of fish on a crooked ‘stick
for a pole and a bent pin, but that is not our idea of art in

This Photograph by Courtesy the Canadian Pacific Railway Co.

FISHING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA—A SCENE THAT WILL BRING BACK
FOND RECOLLECTIONS OF OUR BOYHOOD DAYS.

the angling game. Most of that was pure blind luck, or
else the fish were awfully hungry in those days. We are
fully convinced that to really become an accomplished
fisherman, wise to all the tricks of the finny tribe, one must
have good, dependable tackle. Now, we don’t mean by
this that one should have extra heavy or very strong line
and stout reel. No! No! Rather, we mean very light

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 9

tackle, but something a jot better than the crooked pole
and the bent pin. In a word, tackle of hight but good
quality, that may be ‘relied upon in a close place. We
have in the angling world advocates of both light and
heavy tackle. Recognizing the respective merits of both
in given instances and under varied conditions, we prefer
to use our judgment in our selection of tackle to meet
these conditions as we find them, and recommend this
course to fellow-fishermen.

The weight and length of rod is largely a matter of
preterence of the individual. However, a medium weight
and a medium length rod will be found suitable for nearly
all ordinary occasions, and, therefore, is most acceptable.
The two extremes are necessary in some cases, but as a
general thing the medium is to be desired.

The author uses a 5 1-2 foot rod, made of selected split
bamboo, and constructed in two sections, having agate top —
and butt guide, between which it has high German Silver
guides, and is an outfit that will suit the average fisher-
man. Some anglers, who hanker more for convenience in
carrying a rod than for service to be obtained from it, pre-
fer a three-jointed affair. Speaking about reels—the reel
should be of good quality, an Anti-Back-Lash of the Heddon
type, a Milam, a Meek, or Blue Grass; it should be free
running and quadruple multiplying, with a narrow spool.
The reels mentioned are fairly high in price, but in buying
a reel, remember that quality counts most in this item of
tackle, and that no matter how magnificent is the rod, the
guides, the line, if you have not a good, free-running de-
pendable reel, the outfit is ‘‘null and void”’ so far as service
is to be obtained. There are many medium and low priced
reels on the market, some few of which possess merit com-
mensurate with their reasonable prices, but it takes real
money to buy a quality reel that will last long and be a joy
to your heart.

Then comes the subject of fishing lines. The writer

LO THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

likes a braided silk line fifty yards long, for bait casting.
Various and many are the lures to be found on the market
today, and there is a lure for every clime and for every oc-

casion, for all seasons and all places. Such being the ease,
the angler should purchase a set of lures that are adaptable
to local conditions. The idea is to study the particular in-
sect-life of the locality in which the angler resides—see
what insects are common along the rivers and lakes in that

Courtesy Canadian Pacific Railway Co.

FISHING IN ONTARIO.

particular region—and then buy lures as nearly in conform-
ity to them as possible. Imitate nature. By observation
along the waters of your locality, you will, no doubt, be able
to see what insects fly above the water, or float upon its
surface, and by close attention vou will be able to note what
the fish leap after most frequently. Get flies that are as
nearly like these real ones as you can. This course will
bring success if wisely carried out.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN nha

As to dry-fly fishing, while it has been an art long
practiced in Europe it is a sad commentary on our angling
progress when we say that until recently dry-fly fishing
in this country had not found popular favor. This is said
to have been due to the fact that wet-fly fishing in our tur-
bulent streams had met with so much success that new
methods and new tackle were not needed or desired. Tie
vour dry-fly in exact imitation of the winged insects.

A Day With The Wily Black Bass:

Memory harks back to a day in early springtime
when we journeyed forth in quest of the sport royal. With
well-filled fly-book, as well as a few nice live minnows in
our minnow-bucket, we stealthily crept to the old mill-dam
before the rising sun had dared show golden rays over the
eastern hilltops.

Oh, how bracing was the early morning air on the riv-
er! Put new life into a fellow. Made one’s blood fairly
tingle.

Soon, we were casting right and left, first trying the
minnows. After thirty minutes casting with live bait with-
out a strike, we decided to get out our brand-new fly-book
and make an offering of choice specimens thereof to the old
wily fighter of the mill-pond. Perhaps, if he was not real-
ly hungry, he would strike at an attractive lure through
pure viciousness, for which he is noted in the realm of
things aquatic.

Our surmise did not work out, at least not at first. The
old stand-by, ‘‘ Jock Scott,’’ utterly failed in its mission;
‘‘Lord Baltimore’’ was also completely ignored by the sulk-
ing bass. We then tied on a ‘‘Royal Coachman’’ and
awaited anxiously for results. Nothing doing. We were
dismayed, but still determined—so we tried a ‘‘Grizzly
King’’, and, casting well out, let it hght gently upon the
water with a slight jerk, reeling in rather hurriedly and

12 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

impatiently, (we had about lost all the patience we ever
possessed), but it was just then we got a strike, a strike
that indicated to us, as we gripped the rod, that the bass
was trying (in baseball vernacular) to knock a ‘‘home-
run.’’ It was a regular Hans Wagner strike! Zip! went
the line, or maybe it was the reel, maybe both—first thing
we knew Mr. Bass was heading for midstream and he was
one of those headstrong fellows that are not so easily turn-
ed. Presently, however, we did manage to start him on
the return trip, and then he came on so fast it was a perfect
job for us to keep him from getting slack line, which would
have been fatal and would have assured his escape. On
he came! Wind as hard as we could he did manage to get
a little slack—he then came to the top and leaped clear of
the water, shaking with all his might, trying to dislodge the
hook. Witha sharp jerk we took up the slack and brought
him back into the water, reeling like mad. The moment
he slid back into his element, he took another spell, this
time going straight to bottom and there sulking. Noth-
ing could seem to dislodge him. Seemed certain he had
gone under a rock TO STAY. We felt our hopes sink.
We were going to lose our prize-beauty. Not only that,
but we’d probably lose our fly and a good leader, not to
mention our temper.

After a lapse of several minutes, that seemed to
lengthen into weeks of anguish, he came to life with a sud-
deness that fairly startled us. With a mighty surge he
made for the bank on which we stood, and again we be-
came intensely occupied with the reel. It seemed not to
work nearly fast enough. That bass was sure speedy.

Approaching the bank, he must have spied his arch-
enemy—man—for he gave a haughty swish of his tail and
was gone again—to deep water.

We struggled again to turn him and for a time it seem-
ed uncertain who would be the vanquished and victor. At
last, we brought him to a halt and after a painful inter-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN ilies

val his halt was turned into a retreat—once more he came
toward land.

But he’ came leisurely. No slashing and slathering
waters were kicked up by terrific swishes of his tail. Boys,
he was tired out. He had fought the good fight—and
lost.

Lures for The Black Bass:

It has become a proven fact that no one lure or set of
lures can be depended upon to catch fish at any time in all
weathers. Especially is this true of the wily black bass,
which is a fish of moods. At certain times. of. the
day a particular lure will prove to be a bass getter, and at
the very same time on other days that particular lure will
be of no avail; on certain days one lure will appeal, where-
_ as on other days that lure will fail to attract. In cloudy
weather a certain lure may be used to advantage, whereas
on a sunshiny day it would not draw fish. So again at
certain seasons of the year a particular lure gets bass, be-
ing no good at other times. Hence, it is but a short step
to the conclusion that the bass is a fish of moods. Some
days the black bass will feed right under your lure, while
on other occasions he will savagely strike at anything you
have to offer. We come to the conclusion, after giving the
matter much thought, that there are several elements that
enter into the problem. They are:. The seasons, weather,
(which controls the mood of the bass); the time of day;
and the lure. This accounts for having good luck on a
certain day with a certain lure, while the same lure the
next day proves entirely inefficient.

A good many anglers object to the use of the treble
hooks on baits, their opinion being that their use is inhu-
mane and unsportsmanlike, while others prefer to fish with
the fly, which has but one single hook. In some states the
law pr ohibits the use of more than three hooks on one on
or one treble hook.

14 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

When one pauses to consider the cruelty of angling
with live bait, the angler will then look with some degree
of disfavor toward the method of casting or using live bait.
On the other hand, live bait casting has charms all its own,
and a great army of anglers swear by their live bait.

For those, however, that do not prefer live bait, there
is to be found on the market lures of all kinds.

One writer remarks that the best thing about top wa-
iter lures, especially the ones modelled after the minnows,
is that they will not sink. If the angler or uninitiated fish-
erman gets a snarl or back lash he may take his own time
in undoing it without fear of his bait sinking and finding
a permanent (perhaps) resting place in a weed bed or
among deep crevices or rocks. These lures (undoubted-
ly) that are classed as top water lures save the angler
‘‘oobs’’ of money in this respect.

With sinking baits it is the reverse. They are adapt-
ed to deep water trolling, but are cast also.

The best results are obtained by trolling in deep wa-
ter. Slow trolling allows the bait a chance to sink deep
besides giving the bass a better chance to strike at it.

Another favorite bait with the average angler is the
plug. However, it is condemned by many men because of
its nine hooks (three sets of trebles), but for those that
are after results (bother the method) the plug is right
there with the goods. It is best to troll it.

Finally, in fishing with artificial baits, one must realize
that he is only using imitations of the real thing, and
accordingly not place too great confidence in them, as their
successful use depends largely on season, weather, the
mood of the fish, skill of the angler, and the waters he is
fishing.

Hints on Fly-Fishing for Trout:

First, secure a rod that ‘‘fits’’ you, that is, one that you
can handle conveniently, either steel or split bamboo, as

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 15

you prefer, one not too supple and with plenty of power
and resiliency. You don’t have to have the highest-priced
rod on the market, neither is it advisable to buy the cheap-
est. Buy one commensurate with your ability. Of course
generally the higher priced rods are of better material and,
therefore, last longer and give better service. It pays to
buy good stuff, when it can be afforded. Try out the rod
before you purchase it; see if you like it in every particu-
lar.

Next comes the reel. The same doctrine applies to
the purchase of this important item as applies to the rod.
Get as good quality as your purse permits. A cheap one
will maybe be all right for a while but in the long run it pays
to purchase good tackle.

Then comes the line, which should be silk, of sufficient
weight to cast well in the wind and to fit the rod, one that
will not strain the rod and yet not so light that it will fail
to get the action out of the rod required. For a rod 9 1-2
feet long, weight 5 to 6 ounces, size E line is commonly
used.

The selection of the leaders is of next importance. For
rough streams use a heavy 3-foot leader, but on calm, shal-
low streams this will not do. A fine gut is an important
part of the tackle, and the leader should be at least six feet
in length if obtainable. Fine gut is sometimes hard to ob-
tain, but should be used whenever procurable.

The kind of fly you use, while important, is not nearly
so important as the manner of fishing it.

Sometimes, when trout are real hungry they will take
most anything in the lure of dry flies, but at other times
they appear to sulk and will bite at nothing, while some-
times a particularly fascinating lure will get their goat,
and at still other times a dull drabby color will appeal to
their taste. They seem to have moods, as well as fixed
habits, and we have to study their moods as well as their
set characteristics.

16 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Lastly, when you get a rise, don’t jerk the poor fish’s
head off; a simple turn of the wrist is sufficient, if you are
expert at the game. You must learn to pull ently and
at the same time firmly and quickly. This is acknowledg-
ed to be difficult and no suggestions that I can think of
will teach you how to do it; it’s an art that has to be ac-
quired by actual practice.

Fishing Through The Ice:

Perhaps no wintertime sport affords any more plea-
sure to the angling brotherhood than the sport of ice-fish-
ing.

An ice chisel and an axe, will serve the purpose of mak-
ing a hole in the ice through which to fish.

Winter fishing has the advantage over fishing at oth-
er seasons in that it does not take so extensive or costly
an outfit. Any simple rig-up will do.

On such trips it is well to take along a coffee-pot, or
receptacle in which soup may be boiled, for there is noth-
ing that makes an outer feel better and enjov himself more
on a cold winter day than a hot cup of coffee or a bowl of
hot soup. The frying pan should also find a place in your
outfit, for you will want to try some of the fish you will
eatch, and there is a sense of enjovment in partaking of
your eateh ‘‘right on the spot’”’ that is not found elsewhere.

This is a time of vear when nature has clothed the
landseape all about you with the snowy-whiteness of the
beautiful snow, and if you loved to w ander through these
favorite haunts in the glad summertime when everything
Was green and growing, vou will no less be enthralled now
in mid-winter with the scene of beauty as it unfolds before
you. Strange indeed, but true it is that tho’ most all liv-
ing things are asleep (some, alas! dead) at this season, there
is presented to view a scene equally if not more beautiful
than that presented in spring and summer and fall when

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 17

all nature is dressed in gala array in response to the glad
sunshine and growing rains.

I have in mind a little outing spent with a friend one
winter’s day in which we fished for pike through the ice.
Through 15 inches of solid ice we hewed a hole. The
rougher part was accomplished with the axe, but as soon as
the axe got through to the water beneath, I took the chisel
and shaped up the opening as best I could.

Putting on a minnow, while my partner cut himself
another hole not far distant, I lowered it about ten or fif-
teen feet beneath the surface and held it there. The end
of my line, of course, was tied securely to a stick, but in all
other ways it was nothing more than a hand-line, and real-
ly a hand-line it was indeed.

I now busied myself in gathering some wood for a fire,
and soon had a cheerful blaze on the bank nearby, where it
would be convenient to go and warm when we got chilled.
A fire is an important item in ice-fishing, for usually along
lakes the wind comes in pretty brisk and cold. Of course,
if you are fishing far out from shore, the fire may be built
on the ice at a respectable distance from where you are
fishing. Some claim the warmth of the fire goes through
to the water below and draws fish to that neighborhood.
These preliminaries over, we cut other holes until we had
six or eight cut and lines set.

In this manner we caught several good-sized pike.
While this sort of fishing does not give one the opportuni-
ty to display his skill to any great degree it is, at least, a
form of winter sport that helps to while away those long
winter days when the angler feels that spring will never
arrive, so that he may again rig up his favorite rod and
reel and go forth to battle with a big muskie, a trout, a
black bass, a pike or whatever species opportunity and lo-
cation presents.

We returned home that night feeling greatly invig-
orated by the day’s outing in the brisk winter air, and

1 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

CO

many a time thereafter we repeated the operation, which
made the whole year a fishing season—a condition we al-
ways thought should be evolved some way or other.

If live bait is unobtainable, we suggest using red flan-
nel lures, which prove very effective for most species of
fish.

No doubt, other artificial baits and lures may be em-
ployed with good success in ice-fishing, such as the dry fly,
the fluted spoon, the wet fly, and other fancy artificial
baits and lures.

ISAAK WALTON, BELOVED ANGLER AND
PHILOSOPHER.

Isaak Walton, whose memory every knight of the rod
and reel holds dear, was born at Stafford, County Stafford,
in England, in August 1593. At the tender age of nine-
teen summers we find him in London engaged in retail
shop-keeping. He was variously called a ‘‘linen-draper,”’
‘‘sempster,’’ and ‘‘milliner.’’ This business appears to
have prospered.

However, it was not as a business man that Walton
holds a claim to immortality, but as a writer of carefully
worded literature both of an ecclesiastical and nature-lov-
ing flavor. Most important, as to the latter, was his book
“The Compleat Angler,’’ which he wrote after his retire-
ment from business in 1643. He purchased a place near
his ‘‘native heath’’ in the vicinity of good fishing. Walton
was twice married—once in 1626 and again in 1646, losing
both wives by death. His book, to which possibly he owes
the major portion of his immortal fame, ‘‘The Compleat
Angler,’’ was published in 1653. Successive editions were
put out in 1655, 1661, 1668 and in 1676—the latter being the
last edition put out during the lifetime of the author.

While the book belies its name of being really ‘‘com-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 19

plete’’ for our day and age, it was probably ‘‘complete’’ for
the needs of the troublous times of Oliver Cromwell, in
which Walton lived. This book was written in the form
of a dialogue between Piscator and Venator, the former
representing the master angler and philosopher, the latter
his apt and willing scholar or pupil.

In order to convey to the reader the full measure of
Walton’s matchless art in his description of things natural,
it is best that we include excerpts from his book, ‘‘The
Compleat Angler,’’ as follows:

Piscator—O sir, doubt not that angling is an art; is it
not an art to deceive a trout with an artificial fly? <A
trout that is more sharp-sighted than any hawk you have
named, and more watchful and timorous than your high-
mettled merlin is bold; and yet I doubt not to catch a brace
or two tomorrow for a friend’s breakfast. Doubt not,
therefore, sir, but that angling is an art, and an art worth
vour learning. The question is, rather, whether you be cap-
able of learning it? For angling is somewhat like poetry—
men are to be born so; I mean, with inclinations to it, though
both may be heightened by discourse and practice; but he
that hopes to be a good angler must not only bring an in-
quiring, searching, observing wit, but he must bring a large
measure of hope and patience, and a love and propensity to
the art itself; but having once got and practiced it, then
doubt not but angling will prove to be so pleasant that it
will prove to be like virtue, a reward to itself.

Venator—Sir, I am now become so full of expectation,
that I long much to have you proceed, and in the order you
propose.

Piscator—Then first, for the antiquity of angling, of
which I shall not say much, but only this: some say it is as
ancient as Deuealion’s flood; others that Belus, who was
the first inventor of godly and virtuous recreations, was
the first inventor of angling; and some others say—for
former times have had their disquisitions about the an-

20 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

tiquity of it—that Seth, one of the sons of Adam, taught
it to his sons, and that by them it was derived to posterity ;
others say that he left it engraven on those pillars which
he erected, and trusted to preserve the knowledge of the
mathematics, music, and the rest of that precious knowl-
edge and those useful arts, which by God’s appointment
or allowance and his noble industry were thereby preserv-
ed from perishing in Noah’s flood.

These, sir, have been the opinions of several men that
have possibly endeavored to make angling more ancient
than is needful or may well be warranted; but for my part,
I shall content myself in telling you that angling is much
more ancient than the Incarnation of our Savior; for in the
prophet Amos, mention is made of fish-hooks; and in the
hook of Job, which was long before the days of Amos,—
for that book is said to be writ by Moses,—mention is made
also of fish-hooks, which must imply anglers in those times.

But my worthy friend, as I would rather prove myself
a gentleman by being learned and humble, valiant and in-
offensive, virtuous and communicable, than by any fond
ostentation of riches; or, wanting those virtues myself,
boast that these were in my ancestors (and yet I grant
that where a noble and ancient descent and such mer-
it meet in any man, it is a double dignification of that per-
son) :—so if this antiquity of angling, which for my part I
have not forced, shall, like an ancient family, be either an
honor or an ornament to this virtuous art which I profess
to love and practice, I shall be the gladder that I made an
accidental mention of the antiquity of it, of which I shall
say no more, but proceed to that just commendation which
I think it deserves. And for that, I shall tell you that in
ancient times a debate hath arisen, and it remains vet un-
resolved; whether the happiness of man in this world doth
consist more in contemplation or action?

Concerning which, some have endeavored to maintain
their opinion of the first, by saying that the nearer we

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN AL

mortals come to God by way of imitation, the more happy
we are. And they say that God enjoys himself only by a
contemplation of his own infiniteness, eternity, power,
and goodness, and the like. And upon this ground, many
cloisteral men of great learning and devotion prefer con-
templation before action. And many of the fathers seem
to approve this opinion, as may appear in their commen-
taries upon the words of our Savior to Martha (Luke x.
41, 42). |

ea on the contrary, there want not men of equal au-
thority and credit, that prefer action to be the more excel-
lent; as namely, experiments in physic, and the application
of it, both for the ease and prolongation of man’s life; by
which each man is enabled to act and do good to others,
either to serve his country or do good to particular per-
sons. And they say also that action is doctrinal, and
teaches both art and virtue, and is a maintainer of human
society, and for these, and other like reasons, to be pre-
ferred before contemplation.

Concerning which two opinions, I shall forbear to add
a third by declaring my own; and rest myself contented in
telling you, my very worthy friend, that both these meet
together, and do most properly belong to the most honest,
ingenious, quiet and harmless art of angling.

And first I shall tell you what some have observed, and
I have found it to be a real truth—that the very sitting by
the river’s side is not only the quietest and fittest place
for contemplation, but will invite an angler to it; and this
seems to be maintained by the learned Peter Du Moulin,
who in his discourse of the fulfillmg of prophecies, ob-
serves what when God intended to reveal any future events
or high notions to his prophets, he then carried them eith-
er to the deserts or the seashore, that having so separated
them from amidst the press of people and business, and
the cares of the world, he might settle their mind in a quiet
repose, and there make them fit for revelation.

ye ge THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

And this seems also to be intimated by the Children of
Israel (Psalm exxxvii.), who having ina sad_ condition
banished all mirth and music from their pensive hearts,
and having hung up their then mute harps upon the wiliow -
trees growing by the rivers of Babylon, sat down upon these
banks, bemoaning the ruins of Sion, and contemplating
their own sad condition.

And an ingenious Spaniard says that ‘‘rivers and the
inhabitants of the watery element were made for wise men
to contemplate, and fools to pass by without considera-
tion.”’ And though I will not rank myself in the number
of the first, yet give me leave to free myself from the last,
by offering to you a short contemplation, first of rivers and
then of fish; concerning which I doubt not but to give vou
many observations that will appear very considerable; I
am sure they have appeared so to me, and made many an
hour to pass away more pleasantly, as I have sat quietly on
a flowery bank by a calm river.

Piscator—And now you shall see me try my skill to
eatch a trout and at my next walking, either this evening
or tomorrow morning, I will give you direction how you
vourself shall fish for him.

Venator—Trust me, master, I see now it is a harder
matter to catch a trout than a chub, for I have put on pa-
tience and followed you these two hours, and not seen a
fish stir, neither at vour minnow nor your worm.

Piscator—Well, scholar, you must endure worse luck
some time, or you will never make a good angler. But
what say you now? There is a trout now, and a good one
too, if I can but hold him, and two or three turns more will
tire him. Now you see he lies still, and the sleight is to
land him. Reach me that landing net;—-so, sir, now he is
mine own. What say you now? is not this worth all my
labor and your patience?

Venator—On my word, Master, this is a gallant trout;
what shall we do with him?

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN Ue

Piscator—Marry, e’en eat him to supper; we'll go to
my hostess from whence we came; she told me as I was
going out of door, that my brother Peter, a good angler and
a cheerful companion, had sent word that he would lodge
there tonight, and bring a friend with him. My hostess
has two beds, and I know you and I may have the best;
we'll rejoice with my brother Peter and his friend, tell
tales or sing ballads, or make a catch, or find some harmless
sport to content us and pass away a little time, without of-
fense to God or man.

Venator—A match, good master; let’s go to that
house; for the linen looks white and smells of lavender,
and I long to lie in a pair of sheets that smells so. Let’s
be going, good master, for I am hungry again with fishing.

Piscator—Nay, stay a little, good scholar. J caught
my last trout with a worm; now I will put on a minnow,
and try a quarter of an hour about yonder trees for anoth-
er; and so walk towards our lodging. Look you, scholar,
thereabout we shall have a bite presently or not at all.
Have with you sir! 0’ my word I have hold of him. Oh, it isa
great loggerheaded chub; come hang him upon that wil-
low twig, and let’s be going. But turn out of the way a
little, good scholar, towards yonder high honeysuckle
hedge; there we’ll sit and sing whilst this shower falls
So gently upon the teeming earth, and gives yet a sweeter
smell to the lovely flowers that adorn these verdant mead-
ows.

Look, under that broad beech-tree I sat down, when I
was last this way a-fishing. And the birds in the adjoin-
ing grove seemed to have a friendly contention with an
echo, whose dead voice seemed to live in a hollow tree, near
to the brow of that primrose hill. There I sat viewing the
silver streams glide silently towards their centre, the tem-
pestuous sea; yet sometimes opposed by rugged roots and
pebble-stones, which broke their waves and turned them
* into foam. And sometimes I beguiled time by viewing the

24 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

harmless lambs; some leaping securely in the cool shade,
whilst others sported themselves in the cheerful sun; and
saw others craving comfort from the swollen udders of
their bleating dams. As I thus sat, these and other sights
had so fully possessed my soul with content, that I thought
as the poet hath happily expressed it,

“T was for that time lifted above earth,
And possessed joys not promised in my birth.”’

As I left this place and entered into the next field, a
second pleasure entertained me: ‘twas a handsome milk-
maid, that had not vet attained so much age and wisdom as
to load her mind with any fears of many things that will
never be, as too many men too often do; but she cast away
all care, and sang like a nightingale; her voice was good,
and the ditty fitted for it; it was that smooth song which
was made by Kit Marlowe, now at least fifty years ago, and
the milkmaid’s mother sang an answer to it, which was
made by Sir Walter Raleigh in his younger days.

They were old-fashioned poetry, but choicely good; |
think much better than the strong lines that are now in
fashion in this critical age. Look yonder! on my word,
yonder they both be a-milking again. JI will give her the
chub, and persuade them to sing those two songs to. us.

God speed you, good woman! I have been a-fishing,
and am going to Bleak Hall to my bed; and having caught
more fish than will sup myself and friend, I will bestow
this upon you and your daughter, for I use to sell none.

Milk Woman—Marry, God requite you sir, and we’ll
eat it cheerfully; and if you come this way a-fishing two
months hence, a grace of God, I’ll give you a syllabub of
new verjuice in a new-made haycock for it, and my Maud-
lin shall sing you one of her best ballads; for she and I both
love all anglers, they be such honest, civil, quiet men; in
the mean time will you drink a draught of red cow’s milk?
You shall have it freely.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 25

Piscator—No, I thank you; but I pray, do us a cour-
tesy that shall stand you and your daughter in nothing,
and yet we will think ourselves still something in your debt;
it is but to sing us a song that was sung by your daughter
when I last passed over this meadow, about eight or nine
days since.

Milk Woman—What song was it, I pray? Was it
‘‘Come Shepherds, deck vour heads,’’ or ‘‘ As at noon Dul-
cina rested,’’ or ‘‘Phillida flouts me,’’ or ‘‘Chevy Chace.”’
or ‘‘ Johnny Armstrong,”’ or ‘‘Troy Town’’?

Piscator—No, it is none of those; it is a song that your
daughter sang the first part, and vou sang the answer to
it.

Milk Woman—Oh, I know it now. I learned the first
part in my golden age, when I was about the age of my poor
daughter; and the latter part, which indeed fits me best
now, but two or three years ago, when the cares of the
world began to take hold of me; but vou shall, God willing,
hear them both, and sung as well as we can, for we both
love anglers.

From even these brief excerpts of Walton’s writings
it is easily seen what a nobility of character and what a
gentle, loving spirit he possessed. _We surmise that if he
was half as artful with his angling rod as he was with his
pencil, he deserves even greater fame as an angler than he
is renowned to have been.

FISHING REEL LORE:

More than three-quarters of a century back, viz: in the
year 1839, the makers of the ‘‘Milam”’ fishing reel recog-
nized the field awaiting to be occupied by a reel in which
material and construction should be so combined as to pro-

26. THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

duce an instrument absolutely reliable under any and all
conditions of use and abuse. There was wanting a reel
that should be light and compact in form, simple but pow-
erful in its makeup and above all, one not easily deranged
by the constant ‘‘wear and tear’’ inseparable from its use.
With a full recognition of these exacting conditions they
started in to make the reel that since has made the State
of Kentucky famous. In all the years that have passed
by since 1839 they have never deviated from the course
originally laid down for its production, namely: the invar-
iable use of the best obtainable material and upon such
material the bestowment of every resource of ingenuity and
painstaking workmanship. As a_ practical endorsement
of this policy it is of record that the first Milam Reel,
turned out by them in the year 1839, is still in perfect work-
ing order, and still giving a good account of itself on the
bass streams of that state.

The following letters from two illustrious personages,
addressed to the maker of this reel, attest its quality and a
right to a place in angling history equaled by no other
American multiplying and click fishing reel:

‘*Hxecutive Mansion, Washington.
‘*B. C. Milam, Esq:

‘‘My Dear Sir:—I ‘have received, through Messrs.
Blackburn and Breckinridge, the beautiful reel which you
have sent to me, and I beg you to accept my sincere
thanks for the same. I think it is the finest piece of
work in that line I have ever seen and the sight and hand-
ling of it makes me long for the time when T can put it to
use.

I have no doubt that it will be the means of affording
me much pleasure, and I hope that my pe may
do your handiwork no discredit.

Yours very truly,
GROVER CLEVELAND.
St. Paul, Minn.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN aT

‘*Dear Sir:—In reply to your note, I beg to say that
I have used one of your reels for 18 years and it is yet in ex-
cellent order. The make and fashion of your work is quite
unsurpassed.
‘*Raithfully yours,

‘JOSEPH JEFFERSON.”

The ‘‘Milam’’ is a combined multiplying and click reel,
and is therefore equally available for fly or bait fishing.
It multiplies four-fold and so light is the friction of its mov-
ing parts that a single smart stroke of the handle produces
hundreds of revolutions of the spool. In bait casting the
reel is used ‘‘clear,’’ 1. e. without either alarm or rubber,
and with a little practice, the bait may be dropped with ease
and precision on any desired spot within 50 or 60 yards.
For fly fishing it is customary to use the drag, and when
desired (as is usually the case), the alarm or ‘‘click,’’ but
any of these features can be utilized singly, or all of them
collectively at will. Thus, by their use, the reel may be
transformed progressively into a multiplying, click, or a
free running reel at your pleasure. These changes are
produced by sliding disks on the side of the reel and do not
complicate its operation. Pinions and pivots are of tool
steel carefully tempered and fitted with greatest accuracy.
No castings are used in this reel; nothing but wrought met-
als. Plates, caps, handles, ete., are all cut from hard-roll-
ed sheet metals. The reels are still made by hand, with pains-
taking care, now, as always since the industry was start-
ed about eighty years ago, and they are made in the same
iittle Main street shop in the city of Frankfort, which
is located on the Kentucky river, near the Elkhorn junc-
tion, both streams long noted for the black bass found
therein. Rey:

Interesting History:

Judge Shackelford Miller, of Louisville, Ky., rendered
an opinion in the suit of B. C. Milam & Son, asking for an

28 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

injunction to prevent the corporation, ““B. F. Meek &
Sons (J. H. Sutcliffe and others),’’ from using the words
‘‘Frankfort,”’ ‘‘Kentucky”’ or either of said words in de-
scribing a fishing reel, and, further, that the defendant be
compelled to disclose profits and that plaintiffs be given
judgment for all profits made by defendant on reeis
so manufactured and sold. Judge Miller granted the relief
sought. The facts as brought out in the case will prove of
interest to fishermen, as they show a concise history of this
famous reel and give credit to the real institutors of this
commodity. The product put out by Meek today may be
all that is claimed for it, but the angler must bear in mind,
after reading the following facts brought out in the trial,
that Milam and not Meek invented the reel, and should be
given credit accordingly:

The evidence shows that crude reels were made in
Kentucky before 1830 (investigation has shown that as
early as 1810 a reel was made in Paris, Ky.) Mr. Theo-
dore Noel, a watchmaker, made a reel in Frankfort about
1830. B.C. Milam was an apprentice under Mr. Noel’s
brother. Noel quitting the business, Milam went to work
with Jonathan Meek. Not hking watchmaking, he (Mi-
lam) took up the reel business and developed the multiply-
ing reel to its present state of perfection. He has devoted
his whole life to it. For over sixty years he did nothing
else. The first reels he produced were stamped: ‘‘J. F.
& B. F. Meek,’’ then ‘‘Meek & Milam’’ then ‘‘The Frank- —
fort, Kentucky Reel, B. C. Milam & Son.’’? By constant ap-
plication he has built up a great reputation for his reel,
built it under different names, but the same reel all the
time. At last he was forced to go to the courts to ask
protection for what he had been so many years honestly
acquiring, and the courts sustained him.

In 1835, Jonathan F. Meek moved to Frankfort from
Danville, Ky., and engaged in the jewelry business. His
younger brother, B. F. Meek, and B. C. Milam went to work

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 29

as apprentices. In 1839 he and his brother formed a part-
nership under the firm name of J. F. and B. F. Meek, B. C.
Milam still being associated with them. <A few reels were
made between this time and 1848, when B. C. Milam was
taken into the firm, and the name became J. F. Meek and
Company, B. C. Milam being the company and doing the
work on the reels and stamping them ‘‘J. F. & B. F. Meek.’’
as before. In 1852 this firm failed and Jonathan F. Meek
moved to Louisville, where he worked until his death at his
trade, watchmaking, for Wm. Kendrick.

January 1, 1853, B. F. Meek and B. C. Milam feria a
new firm under the name of Meek and Milam, to continue
the business of jewelers and reel making at the old stand
on Main Street. B. F. Meek attended entirely to watch-
making and jewelry on the lower floor and B. C. Milam had
entire charge of and did all the reel work on the second
floor of the same house. The partnership agreement was
in writing, and shows that upon dissolution Meek was to
have the watchmaking tools and Milam was to own the
reel-making outfit. This partnership was dissolved in
1885 by mutual agreement, and, according to contract,
Meek took the watchmaking business and Milam _ took
the reel making, both remaining in the old stand
on Main street, Frankfort, Ky., Meek on the lower floor
and Milam on the upper floor. During this partnership
Milam stamped the reels ‘‘ Meek and Milam”’ and after the
separation he continued to stamp them ‘‘ Meek and Milam,’
although Meek had no interest in the reel business, and so
stamped them from 1853 until about 1880, twenty-seven
years. During this long period the reel known as_ the
‘‘Meek & Milam’’ reel, and made exclusively by B. C. Mi-
lam, had become famous, not only throughout the United
States, but was known to the anglers of Europe.

In 1882 B. F. Meek moved to Louisville and began to
make a reel.

Tv 1898 B. F. Meek, having sold out to J. H. Sutcliffe

30 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

and others, who formed a corporation to continue the man-
ufacture of reels, returned to Frankfort, where he lived un-
til his death.

To quote Judge Shackelford Miller, further:

‘The plaintiffs, B. C. Milam & Son, now complain that
the defendant corporation, ‘B. F. Meek & Sons,’ with the
design and purpose to get plaintiff’s trade and to deceive
the public, is now and has since its purchase from Ben F.
Meek in 1898, been manufacturing reels in Louisville
which it puts on the market advertised as _ the original
‘Frankfort, Kentucky Reel,’ by reason whereof, it is claim-
ed, the public are deceived into buying defendant’s reels
as the reels of the plaintiff’s make.

‘‘No one of the Meeks is interested in or employed by
the defendant corporation, ‘‘B. F. Meek & Sons.”’

‘*Prior to 1882 the ‘Meek & Milam Reel,’ made in
Frankfort by B. C. Milam, had become generally known in
Kentucky as the ‘Frankfort Reel,’ and outside of the State
as the ‘Kentucky Reel,’ or the ‘Frankfort; Kentucky
Reel’ and was so advertised by Milam in 1882, and was so
stamped by him in 1896. The descriptive term or phrase,
‘Frankfort, Kentucky, Reel’ was first used by Milam,
Furthermore, B. F. Meek was never engaged in the manu-
facture of fishing reels in Frankfort after 1855, while Mi-
lam had been continuously in that business at the old
stand, 318 Main Street, in Frankfort, from 1848 to the pres-
ent time, a period of more than fifty years. Under this
state of facts, will the defendant be allowed to use the de-
scriptive words, ‘Frankfort, Kentucky,’ in describing its
reels?

‘The plaintiff’s reels have become famous during a
period of nearly fifty vears of exclusive manufacture at
Frankfort, Kentucky—in fact, they became so popular as
to be generally known and subsequently advertised as the
‘Frankfort, Kentucky Reel!’ To allow the defendant
corporation to reap the benefit of the plaintiff’s long and

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN al

honorable course in business by indirectly naming or e¢all-
ing its reel, made in Louisville, as the ‘Frankfort Reel,’
or the ‘Frankfort, Kentucky Reel’—something that Ben
F. Meek, its assignor, never attempted or claimed
—would be in violation of the broad and equitable rule of
fair trade laid down in the many authorities above cited.
‘*T am of the opinion that the plaintiffs are entitled to
the relief they ask.
“SHACKELFORD MILLER, Judge.’’ |

B. C. Milam’s son (John W. Milam) still conducts the
business at the old stand under the old firm name (B. C.
Milam & Son), he having been taught to make these reels
by his father, beginning his life work in the old shop at
318 Main street in 1877, since which time he has made
enough reels to become a veteran himself and a_ worthy
successor to his famous father, whose name had for so long
been familiar to myriads of anglers in this and more dis-
tant lands.

In the accompanying illustrations, which are repro-
ductions from photographs made in the old shop at Frank-
fort from which so many superb reels have been sent out
broadcast to anglers everywhere, it will be noted that there
is a marked absence of machinery and what is used is of the
simplest designs. But no explanation of this seems neces-
sary further than to say that ‘‘ Milam’’ reels are hand-made;
hence there is nothing old-fashioned or any obsolete uten-
sils in the factory, which makes no pretensions of turning
out reels rapidly and in large numbers by machinery. Just
the reverse method is applied and each reel represents so
much time, care and skill under deft fingers trained by a
lifetime devoted to the business, as well as watchful eyes,
that one who has been fortunate enough to witness the mak-
ing of a reel can only marvel that it can be made at a prof-
it though the selling price is high, as prices are reckoned
today. But one has only to be shown a reel made a half

AND HUNTSMAN

ANGLER

THE

s
~~

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 33

century ago in this old shop and still in perfect working
order to understand that neither age nor usage can destroy
these superb reels—the products of the Milams.

In the first illustration will be seen the material from
which Milam reels are made—German silver sheet and rod

made for this concern and solid, so that the reels are alike
all the way through and neither require or recelve any
nickel or other plating. This metal, according to our
friend, Jno: W. Milam, is so hard that a sheet of it would

34 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

make a very excellent saw if teeth were cut in the edge.
All parts of the reel are either cut from the sheet or the rod
German silver, and after being buffed are as handsome as
the finest watch, with which they will also bear compari-
son for adjustment. Each steel part that goes into these
reels, when it reaches that stage, is carefully tempered and
separately in the manner indicated in the second picture.

No. 3 shows the next step—the manner in which the
steel pivots and pinions are tested. These are the ends on
which the strain comes and they must be of material to
withstand the hard blows of the hammer or be rejected.

The fourth illustration shows the manner in which the
reels are made ready for assemblage. After all the parts are
gotten out six complete sets are selected and placed in read-
iness for that part of the work which so few men can do
well, assembling. This is the most particular part of reel
making, for no matter how excellent the individual parts
if they are not properly adjusted and put together the
reel will not be a success. Therefore he who assembles the
reel must be an expert, which are only produced by long
experience and careful training.

Illustration No. 5 hardly needs comment. It, too,
was made in the old Milam Shop. The reel that is being
examined so carefully by the angler is one that had been in
use for 60 vears and still in perfect working order. Think
of it—sixty years—longer than the average angler lives,
although, if any human being is entitled to long life it is
the angler, the sport being conducive to longevity beyond
the average span allotted to man.

The 6th illustration shows a corner in the office of B.
C. Milam & Son, and three diplomas given with medals of
first awards at three of the great international exhibi-
tions. The framed diploma at the left was awarded the
firm at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1894.
The central diploma was given with a gold medal at the
International Fisheries Exposition held in Bergen, Nor-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 30

way, in 1898, while the one shown on the right is the diplo-
ma won at the Paris Exposition in 1900.

I know from experience the great love that attaches
the angler to his favorite reel. He will not part with it
for anything, so great is his attachment to it, growing as
the reel does in favor with him with each succeeding year of
its use. Finally, it becomes a veritable heirloom, to be hand-
ed down to the next generation as a precious gift, to be
treasured by his offspring as few things earthly may be
treasured. If the reel possesses all the good points desired
by the angler, he ceases to look for something new from
time to time that will be better. He is quite satisfied. The
idea that other reels may surpass it in any respect is to
him the height of absurdity, and he would not exchange it
for a new and higher grade reel of the same make, lest it
should be found lacking in some important respect. Hence
it is that reels should be built up to the Milam standard,
even tho’ the maker forfeits the chance for a second sale
to the same customer for a good half century. A reel that
is clung to and treasured by an angler for fifty years, or
even for half that time, is a very effective advertisement for
the factory from which it came; the missionary work that
it performs is worth the profits from a dozen sales, and
probably brings the maker thrice that many. Even if com-
mon honesty did not dictate the use of the very best avail-
able material and the most perfect workmanship, this
course is prompted by business policy. The appearance of
goods may attract customers, but it takes quality to hold
them.

The ‘‘Milam’’ reel itself has been its best advertise-
ment and continues so today, as thousands of anglers will
aver. If the Milam people used the same effective ad-
vertising policy as do their competitors, no doubt the
‘“Milam reel’’ and not the ‘‘Meek reel’’ would today stand
out pre-eminently in this line.

36 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Points in Choosing a Canoe:

Over haste in buying a boat is pretty sure to bring re-
eret. The prospective purchaser should know where he is
going and what he is going to carry. Some sportsmen, who
carefully consider every other detail of equipment, seem
to figure that a ‘‘canoe is a canoe,’’ and let it go at that.

Mr. L. E. Eubanks, a specialist on this subject, writing
in the Sportsmen’s Review, says:

‘The birch bark, because it is the original Indian
eraft, is commonly regarded as the best canoe. But this is
not true; the birch has many excellent qualities, the chief
being its unequaled ability to weather a gale; but it is slow-
er than a wooden or a eanvas canoe. A new birch bark is
very satisfactory, but as it is used it gets a bit loggy from
soaking, and springs leaks easily. Also, it warps and
twists—you seldom see a straight birch. If you decide to
buy one of these canoes, try to procure one that an Indian
has made for himself; the ordered one may prove a disap-
pointment, bark full of tiny holes, and sewed with inferior
stuff instead of jackpine or cedar roots. But the Indian-
made eraft will always be too high at bow and stern; it is
fine for running rapids, but a poor all round boat.

‘““The wooden eanoe, the favorite in Canada, is smart
in appearance and satisfactory for most ordinary purposes,
while it is new. Like the birch, it absorbs water and hbe-
comes frightfully heavy for a portage. Of the two woods
generally used, cedar and basswood, the latter is the
tougher, but it more than loses this advantage by its over-
susceptibility to heat. It must be left in water all the time;
exposure on a sunny shore will open it up and unfit it for
use. The typical Canadian wooden canoe is built without
seats, the paddler resting hips on the thwart, but the
makers will put in a seat if so desired.

‘The canvas canoe is the master craft in the paddle
breed. It has the grace of a birch without the weight, the

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 37

smartness of a wooden canoe without the latter’s extreme
rigidity. The canvas canoe is a thing of life, pliant yet
strong, buoyant, yet stable. It has most of the virtues of
the other two, plus distinctive ones of its own; it is decided-
ly faster, being of the general model of the birch but with a
smooth surface instead of rough bark to glide through the
water. Secondly, it is delightfully light for portaging.
Thirdly, it is easily and dependably mended when it suf-
fersatear. It will cost you more than a birch bought from
an Indian, but less than any of the rib canoes.

‘‘Whatever material you prefer, there are other con-
siderations; you would not attempt to carry a ton in a lit-
tle 13-foot canoe built for one man and his pack. You
would require for this a freighter weighing four times as
much as the little boat and some twenty feet long. Canoes
weigh all the way from 50 pounds and less to 200 pounds;
and sometimes two canoes of the same size will differ sur-
prisingly in weight. Between these extremes, a man
can get nearly anything he wants, and it pays to insist on
suitability of your boat to the prospective use. For three
men and equipment to start out on a rough lake voyage in
a 14 or even a 15-foot canoe is apt to end in disappointment,
if not disaster. Their craft ought to be 18 feet long, 36 in-
ches wide and 13 inches deep. ‘T'wo men could use a 17-
foot canoe and yet have good capacity by selecting one with
good width and depth, but as a rule three men require a
long boat for satisfactory paddling.

‘*Sixteen feet is a good all-purpose length for a canoe.
The width may be from 31 to 36 inches, depending on the
degree of stability required in its use; the corresponding
depth from 11 to 14 inches.

‘*Shape is another vital factor. Even the uninitiated
can readily understand that a flat-bottomed canoe has more
stability in the water. And it is equally obvious that,
ordinarily, it would be slower. What the ‘‘will-be’’ sea-
man does not always know is the important part played by

CO

5) THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

the load in this comparison. Even some men of experience
use a round-bottomed boat, in spite of their intention to
load heavily, rather than sacrifice speed. As a matter of
fact, loading up a flat bottomed canoe brings out its vir- .
tues—and speed.

‘*You can’t have all the good qualities of canoes in one
boat, and it requires careful consideration to determine the
best combination—just how much speed you want to sac-
rifice for stability and capacity, just how much style for
service, etc. The best river canoe will not be as good ona
lake, and vice versa. But if you are headed for the North,
the Hudson Bay country, say, you must have an all-round
boat, not the best for any one place, but able to navigate
rivers and lakes, fairly easy of portage, fairly swift, yet
capacious enough for several months’ stores. Such an all-
purpose canoe must not be too long nor too short, we will
select a 16-footer. The ends must be high enough for run-
ning rapids, so the current does not grip them; yet low
enough to give us enough ‘‘wet keel’’ for safety on wind-
swept lakes. (You’ll encounter every old style of going in
the North Country.) An experienced canoeman on this trip
usually leans a bit to the straight keel, depending on his
skill to get through the fast water. This boat, 35 or 36
inches wide and 14 inches deep, if well made, will weigh 70
pounds and be heavy enough on some of the long portages,
but you won’t dare take anything much lighter for such a
voyage.

‘*Not all canoeists contemplate a long rough trip. The
sport is a winner in all its forms, and the man—or woman
—who must be content with a paddle in the placid park
lake will have a lot of pleasure at that. For such a pur-
pose we select a rather showy canoe, brilliant coat and gun-
wales, high, gracefully curved ends, Indian style. Need-
ing no capacity for supplies and no particular stability,
we can have a narrow, tapering boat that will cut through
the water with great speed. Assuming that it will be used

ar a ee

RNs” AL Sak I toe ee

THE HUNTERS’ HAPPY RETURN TO CAMP WITH A MOOSE TROPIIY.

40 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

by two persons most of the time, it should be about 16

feet long. A width of 31 inches, a depth of 10 or 11 inches,

and a rounded bottom will make the craft very light and
easily paddled.

‘‘Canoes are alike in one thing, they all require care.
Repair even a slight injury promptly; neglect permits if to
grow worse, and you can not tell when an extra strain on
the craft will cause an apparently trivial weakness to
prove serious. In the case of canvas canoes, there is no
excuse for neglect; adequate repair outfits are procurable
from the manufacturers, and the work is very simple.
Quoting an authority on the ‘wounds’ of canvas canoes:

‘** Melt the (canoe) glue until it is about the consistency
of thick paint. Turn back the edges of the cut and paint
the glue on the wood about an inch back all around the cut,
then lay the canvas back over the glue and iron with a hot
flat-iron. If the edges are badly frayed or far apart, and
if it is a bad tear, paint on another coat of glue and lay over
this a piece of canvas, cotton or silk about an inch larger
than the tear, then iron again with a hot flat-iron. After
this is done give it a heavy coat of shellac and paint any de-
sired color.’

‘But if a canoe is to be much left in the sun, marine
glue will not do asa finish; it melts too readily. All consid-
ered, white lead paste is the best thing. Rub this well
in and put on your varnish, and the wound is O. K.

‘‘About as many canoes are injured in the housing as
in use. Leaving a delicate, perhaps, expensive canoe on a
boathouse floor among scores of others, to be kicked and
jammed about every day, or turning it over on the beach
to stay indefinitely, is poor business. The best course is
to elevate it into the roof of some shed or garage. Canvas
bands of double thickness make good slings.’’

As pointed out in the practical suggestions given
above, it is a very wise policy when selecting a canoe to se-
lect one that meets your own individual requirements. This

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 41

is governed by whether you desire a boat for an extended
water trip, or merely one to use but a little in waters near
at hand.

There is on the market anything to be had in this line
from a birch to folding, telescopic, canvas and all the way up
to steel, not to mention wood and the more modern alu-
minum. |

In picking a canoe for a long trip one should remem-
ber there is not only the canoe to wearily drag from one
portage to another, but the ‘‘duffle’’ must go as well. So,

“THI EVENRUDE MOTOR.”

better get one as light as is consistent with your absolute
requirements. Some anglers, and some waterfowl hunt-
ers, hold the canoe or boat of some shape as indispensable
to the pursuit of the fish and the waterfowl, respectively.
Indeed it does add a great deal of pleasure to the already ex-
hilirating sports (I mean both fishing and waterfowl] shoot-
ing), and canoeing has every right to its lofty place in our
literature and in our hearts.

A fairly good boat can be purchased for about $15, a
better one for $25 and an extra good one for from $25 to
$50. For a long trip, you will need the best quality, and, in
most cases, it pays to buy the best for any use: This rule
uot only applies to canoes, but to everything else. It takes
money to obtain quality, and quality is what counts.

492 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

The Evinrude Detachable Motor is a great boon to the
angler and the hunter. It is easily adjusted, is portable,
and is indispensable to the outdoorsman in every particu-
lar. It enjoys a fame that it richly deserves, and I hearti-
ly recommend its use by all anglers and hunters.

The Fisherman and The Outdoor Motor:

To the disciples of Izaak Walton, the Evinrude makes
a mighty appeal. The long trip up to the ‘‘holes’’ where
the ‘‘big fellows’’ lurk, among the weeds and grasses, is
turned into an enjoyable ride, and what’s more, you can
troll all the way if you like.

When the wind or the shadows shift and the lure no
longer tempts, give the fly-wheel a pull, ‘‘mote’’ over to
the other side of the island, or across the lake, and try your
luck at another spot. Plow right through the weeds or
shallows, if you want to—the Evinrude i is built for it. With
the ‘‘cut-out”’ closed, there’s no chance of scaring the fish,
or disturbing vour fellow fishermen.

If you find the lake ‘‘ fished out,’’ the water roily or too
high, take your Evinrude—it’s portable, vou know—and
try another lake or stream. ‘Thousands of city sportsmen
ship their Evinrudes to the Northern woods and fish the
lakes for miles around the camp.

If you have ever pulled at the oars in the gray dawn,
before the warmth of Old Sol has dispelled the damp mists,
or with darkness coming on, labored painfully homeward,
fighting a head wind, you have felt the need of an Ev inrude
—the motor that lengthens the day.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE
FINNY TRIBE:
The Salmons of the Pacific Coast.

The author is indebted to Mr. John J. Brice, United
States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, and others, for

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 43

the following data concerning the various important game
fishes.

On the Pacific Coast are found five species of salmon
belonging to the genus Oncorhynchus, namely, the Chinook
or quinnat salmon, the Red or Blue-back salmon, the
Humpback salmon, the Silver salmon, and the Dog salmon.
The Pacific salmon differ very slightly from the Atlantic
salmon, the former possessing a larger number of rays in
the anal fin, and more branchiostegals, gillrakers, and py-
lorie coeca.

The Quinnat Salmon:

The scientific name’ is Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, be-
ing commonly called by several other names, including
chinook salmon, king salmon, Columbia salmon, Sacramen-
to salmon, tyee salmon, and saw-qui. This is by far the
most important of all the salmons, being not only superior
as to food qualities, but attains a greater size, has a wider
distribution, and thus has greater commercial value than
all others. In size there is no other salmon in all the world
to compare with it. In the Yukon River of Alaska it
reaches a weight of well over 100 pounds, and in the Colum-
bia River it sometimes attains a growth of 80 pounds. To
the southward, it gets smaller; however, in the Sacramento
river specimens of 50 to 60 pounds have been taken. The
average weight is about half the figures cited above. It
ranges from Monterey Bay to the Yukon, as far as experts
have been able to determine.

The Blueback Salmon:

The blueback salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is called
in different parts of its range as blueback, redfish, red sal-
mon, Fraser River salmon, and sock eye or saw-qui. This
fish is next to the smallest of all the salmons, the maximum
weight being about fifteen pounds, the average 5 pounds.

44 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

In many lakes it weighs only a half pound when mature,
and is known as the little redfish.

The Humpback Salmon:

This salmon (Qneorhynchus gorbuscha) is the smallest:
of, the Pacific salmons; average weight being only 5
younds, rarely weighing as much as 10 pounds. It ranges
from San Francisco probably as far north as the Mackenzie
River.
The Silver Salmon:

The Silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) is various-
ly called silver salmon, silversides, skowitz, kisutch, hoopid
salmon, and coho salmon. It is a beautiful fish, having a
very graceful form and a bright silvery skin.

The Dog Salmon:

This is the least valuable of the Pacific salmons, al-
though it is dried by the natives of Alaska for winter use.
Its average weight is twelve pounds, the maximum being
about 20 pounds. The range of this fish is from San Fran-
cisco, to Kamchatka, and it is especially abundant in Alas-
ka.

The Steelhead:

This salmon (Salmo gairdneri) is also known as Gaird-
ner’s trout, hardhead, winter salmon, square-tailed trout,
and salmon trout. In general appearance and size it re-
sembles the salmon of the Atlantic coast, being distinguish-
ed from other Pacific coast salmon by its square tail in the
spawning season, the small head, round snout, compara-
tively slender form, its light-colored flesh, and its habit of
spawning in the spring. Its average weight in the Colum-
bia is about 10 pounds, but it sometimes reaches a weight
of 30 pounds.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 45

Its range reaches from Santa Barbara on the southern
coast of California to the Alaskan Peninsula, and possibly
to the Arctic Ocean, and it is found in practically all of the
streams of the Pacific Coast States which empty into the
ocean.

SALMON FISHING:

If you hanker after thrills, hie yourself to the salmon
waters. This is a most reckles warrior, is the salmon, and
sure to give you a run for your money.

A rod of 14 feet is the longest you should get, and even
an eleven foot rod will be found long enough for the care-
ful handler, except in very swift water.

In the matter of flies, Jock Seott, Fairies, or Silver
Doctor are three good patterns, while there are many oth-
ers perhaps equally as good. Black Dose and Durham
Ranger are also excellent flies for salmon fishing.

The Atlantic Salmon:

This fish (Salmo salar) is moderately elongate and but
slightly compressed in shape; the greatest depth being
about one-fourth the total length minus the caudal fin.

Its range, originally, in America seems to have been
from Labrador or Hudson Bay on the north to the vicinity
of New York on the south, but in many of the lakes and riv-
ers which they entered, the species has been well-nigh ex-
terminated by civilized man, and in the remaining inland
parts of its range its numbers are apparently greatly de-
creased.

In certain lakes of Maine and northward the Atlantic
Salmon is completely landlocked, and has somewhat differ-
ent habits and coloration, but no distinct specific char-
_ acteristics.

The angler will find this species a game fighter worthy
his best equipment and best efforts. Newfoundland is
said to be the best salmon fishing region extant in the east.

46 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

The Landlocked Salmon:

This is only a variation of the seagoing form, and is
found in Sebago Lake and numerous localities of the Unit-
ed States and Canada. In our country it is known as Sal-
mo salar sebago, while in Canada it is called scientifically
Salmo salar ouananiche.

As far as is known to science, landlocked salmon exist
only in some of the lakes in Sweden, besides the lakes of
eastern North America.

This salmon is smaller and slenderer than the anad-
romous salmon, but the flesh is fat and rich and has a very
delicate flavor, being held in high esteem for its food qual-
ities.

In game qualities it is, for its size, the equal of any of
the larger salmon, and it affords keen sport to the fly fish-
erman. It is much sought after, and ranks in public fa-
vor among the foremost of fresh water species. For
thrilling action we recommend the landlocked salmon, and,
no matter how much it costs you to take a trip to its haunts,
we believe you will be well repaid.

The Rainbow Trout:

Salmo irideus, or rainbow trout has been the subject
of many a fishing narrative, and right well does it deserve
the honor and attention it has received at the hands of the
sporting public, for it is one of the grandest of all our
fishes.

Its original habitat was the Pacific Coast of the Unit-
ed States, being especially abundant in the mountain
streams of California. It is now distributed in its various
forms in many parts of the country. Ichthyologists have
recognized the following forms: The brook trout, the Mc-
Cloud river trout, the Kern river trout, the nashee or nis-
suee trout, the golden trout. In the wide section of the
West in which the fish abounds it has various names in the

By Courtesy U. S. Department of the Interior.

WIZARD ISLAND FROM TRAIL—CRATER LAKE, NATIONAL PARK. 2

48 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

different localities, such as ‘‘red sides,’’ ‘mountain trout,”’
‘‘brook trout’’, and ‘‘golden trout’’, also ‘‘rainbow trout,”’
while in the states east of the Mississippi River it is gen-
erally known as ‘‘rainbow trout”’ or ‘‘California trout.”’

The Brook Trout:

Salvelinus fontinalis, or brook trout is counted among
the most beautiful, active, and widely distributed of the
American trouts, preferring clear, cold, rapid streams, and
belongs to that group of trout known as charrs, but it may
be distinguished from the other charrs by the dark-brown
or black marblings on the back and the general absence of
spots on the back.

The brook trout is highly esteemed for its table quali-
ties, having a fine flavor. This trout is a dead game fel-
low and consequently is much sought after by the follow-
ers of Ike Walton. It has a voracious appetite and takes
advantage of every opportunity to satisfy it except
during the spawning season, at which time it will partake
of no food at all. Being strictly a carnivorous fish, its food
consists of crustacea, mollusea, and various forms of in-
sects and worms, but when pressed for hunger it will un-
hesitatingly devour its own kind.

The Lake Trout:

Cristivomer namaycush, or lake trout is the largest of
the trouts and is classed with the charrs. This species is
found throughout the chain of the Great Lakes, and in the
inland lakes of northern New York, New Hampshire, and
Maine; the headwaters of Columbia and Fraser Rivers,
streams of Vancouver Island, and even waters within the
Arctic Cirele. Excepting the whitefishes, it is possibly -
the most numerous food-fish of the Great Lakes, and for-
merly none exceeded it in weight except the sturgeon. Some
fishermen cite instances of lake trout weighing as much as

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 49

125 pounds, but the average weight will run probably from
20 to 30 pounds, perhaps less.

The Whitefish:

Coregonus clupeiformis, or whitefish, is essentially a
lake fish, existing throughout the Great Lakes region, and
being especially abundant in lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan,
and Superior, while the eastern limit of its range is Lake
Champlain, and it is found in Lake Winnipeg, and possi-
bly farther west.

THE BLACK BASSES, CRAPPIES, AND ROCK BASS:

These fishes are members of the family known as
‘*Centrarchidae,’’ or fresh-water sunfishes, namely, the
large-mouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides), the
small-mouthed black bass (Micropterus dolomieu), the
rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), the crappie (Pomoxis
annularis), and the calico bass (Poxomis sparoides).

Many fishermen find it hard to distinguish between
the large-mouth black bass and the small-mouth black
bass. The most reliable way to tell one from the other is by
the number of rows of scales on the cheeks. The colors of
each species vary with age and the size of the mouth varies
with the size of the fish, but the scales are constant under
all conditions. The following table will guide you:

Large-mouth.

Ten rows of scales on the cheeks; body scales large,
about 68 in the lateral line, 7 above and 16 below the line.
Small-mouth.

About 17 rows of small scales on the cheeks; body
scales small, 11-74-17.

The large-mouth black bass is variously known as
Oswego bass, lake bass, green bass, yellow bass, moss bass,

50 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

bayou bass, trout, Jumper, chub, and welchman. In the
North it is called black bass generally, and in Virginia and
North Carolina it is usually designated as the chub, while in
Florida and the southern states it is frequently called trout.

The small-mouth black bass has been given in various
regions the names: brown bass, lake bass, hog bass, ninny
bass, black perch (used in the mountains of Virginia,
Tennessee, and North Carolina) trout perch, brown trout,
jumper, mountain trout, and other names of purely local
use.

Rock bass are known in different parts of their range
as red-eye, red-eye perch, goggle-eye.

The calico bass has been given the names of strawber-
ry bass, grass bass, bitter-head, barfish, lamphghter, gog-
gle-eve, goggle-eve perch, speckled perch, and speckled
trout, while the crappie is known in its native waters as
crappie, new light, campbellite, sac-a-lait, bachelor, crop-
pie, cropet, and chinquapin perch.

Rock bass have a habit of settling down in dense, com-
pact masses, like a swarm of bees, and when once the ang-
ler gets a rock bass to creel he can count on there being
plenty others in the same spot. This fish will pugnacious-
ly strike at the lure, and apparently take the hook on that
account more than from a desire for food.

The calico bass is also a fairly game fighter, and will
give the angler many a sportful moment.

In Kentucky, the black bass has acquired a common
name which perhaps suits it better than any other applied
to it, namely ‘‘jumper.’’ Both the large-mouth and the
small-mouth are famous for their Jumping ability, to which
every angler can testify. Especially are they active and
have an inclination to show their Jumping ability when
they have temperate or cool water for a habitat. In warm-
er water they are a bit sluggish, but the black bass of the
colder northern waters puts up a fight worthy of the
salmon.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 51

Large-mouth bass have been known to weigh as high
as 23 pounds. Not infrequently, we are told, they are tak-
en from the San Marcos River, Texas, weighing 12 to 15
pounds, while six and eight pound bass in the southern
tributaries of the Mississippi and in the inland lakes of
Florida excite no surprise.

The small-mouth only attains a weight of 5 or 6 pounds
at a maximum, 2 1-2 pounds perhaps exceeding the average
size.

Rock bass usually weigh only from a half pound to
three-quarters of a pound, but some attain one pound, and
exceptions to the rule weigh as high as 3 pounds.

The crappie and the strawberry bass will, generally,
not exceed one pound in weight, but some have been
caught that weighed as much as three pounds.

MISCELLANEOUS FRESH-WATER FISHES:

In addition to the fresh-water and anadromous fishes
described in the foregoing pages, there are a number of
others, including some species which have been introduced
into this country from Europe.

Minor Trouts and the Grayling:

Salmo mykiss, or black-spotted trout is somewhat
similar to the European sea trout or salmon trout (Salmo
trutta) and in various parts of its range possesses the same
half-migratory habits. This species is widely distributed,
quite abundant and varies greatly in color and structure.
Its range extends from Alaska to Mexico, being abundant
in the streams of the Coast Range, Sierra Nevada, and
Rocky Mountains, and also in some of the lakes in the same
regions. It attains a weight of 30 pounds, with an average
much less.

Then there is the Lake Tahoe or Truckee trout (Saimo
mykiss henshaw1); the Colorado River trout(Salmon mykiss

ae THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

pleuriticus), and the vellow-fin trout (Salmo mykiss mae-
donaldi), all of which are handsome game fishes of great
food value.

The Scotch lake trout, or Loch Leven trout (Salmo
trutta levenensis), and the European brown trout or brook
trout, or Von Behr trout (Salmo fario), were introduced
into this country a few years ago by the U. 8. Fish com-
mission, and they have since become widely distributed in
this country.

European sea trout in small numbers, also called sal-
mon trout (Salmo trutta), have been introduced, while the
species called the Swiss lake trout, European charr, or sai-
bling (Salvelinus alpinus), has been propagated on a small
seale.

The Michigan grayling (‘Thymallus ontariensis) is nat-
urally found in some of the streams of Michigan, although
it is caught in limited numbers from other waters. It is
one of the most attractive of fresh-water fishes, and is a
game fighter from start to finish. The Montana gray-
ling (Thymallus ontariensis montanus) inhabits a limited
region in the headwaters of the Missouri river, and is quite
abundant in some streams. The Artic grayling (Thymal-
lus signifer) ranges from the Mackenzie River westward
through Alaska and northward to the Arctic Ocean.

The Muskellunge:

‘*The ‘*‘ Muskie,”’ as this, the largest member of the pike
family, is familiarly called, is one of our best game fish,
ranking right up in the front rank as a fighter, and there-
fore is a great favorite with the average angler. It’s
scientific name is ‘‘Lucius masquinongy.’’ It reaches a
maximum weight of about 80 pounds, but the average
weight is something like 25 or 30 pounds. It ranges thru
the Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi Valley, Ohio Valley,
and lakes in Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Ontario
and elsewhere.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN Do

The ‘‘muskie”’ is provided by nature with a formidable
weapon in the shape of a very large mouth and_ strong
teeth, enabling it to capture with comparative ease living
fish, which forms its principal diet. In order to effect
their capture, it lies in ambush for them among the water-
plants that carpet the lake or river bed, springing sudden-
ly upon its prey with lightning-like quickness. From its
very nature it is a hard and fast striker, hence much
sought after by anglers.

The Yellow Perch:

This fish (Perea flavescens), besides being known as
yellow perch, is called ring perch, striped perch and rac-
coon perch. It is very strikingly marked and is one of the
best known fresh-water fishes of the Atlantic and North
Central States. It is classified as of the spiny-rayed type
and by some scientists is given first place among fishes.
Its range extends from Nova Scotia to North Carolina in
coastwise waters, throughout the Great Lakes, and the
Upper Mississippi Valley, being abundant almost wherever
found. It bites readily at the baited hook and is caught
in large quantities by anglers.

The Striped Bass and the White Perch:

This fish, sometimes called the rockfish (Roccus line-
atus), ranges from New Brunswick to western Florida, and
is especially abundant from New York to North Carolina.
It is readily caught by anglers on the coast and in the bays,
sounds, and streams.

The white perch (Morone americana) is of the
same family as the striped bass, closely resembling it in
range, habits, ete., but it grows much smaller than the lat-
ter. At that, it is one of our choicest pan fishes.

The Sturgeons:

We have half a dozen species of sturgeon in the waters
of the United States, as follows: The common and the

oO4 . THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

short-nosed sturgeons (Acipenser sturio and A. breviros-
tris), which are found only on the Atlantic Coast, ascend-
ing rivers to spawn; the white sturgeon and green stur-
geon (A. transmontanus and A. medirostris) are found on-
ly in the waters of the Pacific Coast; the lake or rock stur-
geon (A. rubicundus) is found in the Great Lakes, Upper
Mississippi Valley, and other northern interior waters, and
the shovel-nose sturgeon or white sturgeon (Scaphirhyn-
chus platyrhynchus) is found in the Mississippi and va-
rious other streams of the South and West.

The common sturgeon of the Atlantic Coast grows as
large as 500 pounds, or over, but the average is probably
about 150 pounds. The lake sturgeon reaches a weight
of approximately 200 pounds, but the average is only 60
pounds. The Pacific white sturgeon attains a weight of
848 pounds, and those weighing as much as 500 pounds
were not scarce a few years ago in the Columbia river, the
average being 150 pounds, but now it is much less.

The Flatfish, or Winter Flounder:

This fish is known scientifically by the terrific and

lengthy tern: ‘‘Pseudopleuronectes americanus,’’ and the

body is regularly elliptical. The eves and color axe on the
right side, the upper side of the head being covered with
imbricated etenoid scales similar to those of the body,
while the blind side of the head is nearly naked. Having
a small mouth, this species feeds chiefly on small shells,
erabs, and other bottom animals. It is found on sandy, mud-
dy, and rocky bottoms, seeming to prefer sheltered coves
and bays. This fish is one of the most abundant flounders of
the Atlantic coast, and is especially numerous in southern
New England and New York. Its range extends as far
north as Labrador and as far south as the Carolinas, but is
not plentiful south of New Jersey. The average weight is
about a pound and one-half.

oO
Ol

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

MISCELLANEOUS MARINE FISHES:

Among marine fishes are several worthy of spe-
cial mention, such as the tautog, Spanish mackerel, pollock,
and haddock; also sea herring, scup, sea bass, squeteague,
cunner, sheepshead, and several flounders.

The Tautog: |

This fish (Tautoga onitis) 1s a strongly marked spe-
cies and belongs to a family (Labridae, or the wrasses)
characterized in part by one dorsal fin, thoracic ventral
fins, double nostrils, thick lips, and strong teeth in the
jaws. The eye is small and placed high on the side of the
head. This fish is found from Maine to South Carolina,
being most abundant in the waters of Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, and New York. Its strong and sharp teeth
enable it to consume mollusks and crustaceans, which con-
stitute its chief food, and it also eats sand-dollars, worms,
and other animals. It bites quite readily and isa ereat fa-
vorite with anglers. Its average weight ranges from 2 to 3
pounds, however tautog weighing 6 to 15 pounds are by no
means rare.

The Spanish Mackerel:

This fish (Scomberomorus maculatus) is widely dis-
tributed, being found on both coasts of North America.
On the west coast it does not enter United States waters,
but on the Atlantic seaboard it ranges from Texas to Mas-
sachusetts, and is especially abundant in the Gulf of Mex-
ico, among the Florida Keys, in Chesapeake Bay, and on
the coast of the Middle Atlantic States. It is one of our
most important food fishes.

Haddock, Pollock and Other Gadidae:

These are important food fishes. The pollock is found
from New Jersey northward, while the haddock ranges —

@

D6 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

from Delaware northward, and is, or has been, -quite nu-
merous on the ‘“‘banks’”’ lying off the New England shore.
It is similar to the cod in habits, being found in the same
places and at the same time as the latter. There is a fish
called the tomeod or frostfish (Microgadus tomeod), which
has been extensively propagated by the New York Fish
Commission. It is a small, but dandy food fish, and ranges
from New York to the Bay of Fundy. It is especially ex-
cellent in early winter, at which season it ascends the
streams for the purpose of spawning. It seldom exceeds 10
or 12 inches in length.

The Cunner:

This fish (Ctenolabrus adspersus) is a close relation
of the tautog, but on account of its small size, great abun-
dance, and comparatively little commercial value, the pro-
pagation of the cunner has not been seriously undertaken.

The Scup:

This is a rather important small food fish found along
“the Atlantic coast, scientifically called ‘‘Stenotomus chry-
sops.’’ Its range ‘extends from Cape Ann to South Caro-
lina, being most abundant in New England. It is a favor-
ite with some anglers.

The Sea Bass:

The sea bass (Centropristes striatus) is another im-
portant food fish, found from Massachusetts to Florida,
and is taken in large numbers especially from New Jersey
northward with both lines and other devices. It grows
to five pounds in weight, the average being, however, only
_ Lor 1 and 1-2 pounds.

The Squeteague:

The Squeteague or weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) is
one of the important food fishes of the Atlantic and Gulf

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN i

coasts, ranging northward as far as Cape Cod. It varies
greatly in size, but the average weight is under 5 pounds.
The weakfish, as it-is commonly called, however, has been
known to attain a weight of 30 pounds.

The spotted squeteague or ‘‘sea trout’? (Cynoscion
nebulosum) is also a valuable food-fish, and ranges from
Chesapeake Bay southward, being taken in largest num-
bers in Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, and the Gulf
States. It reaches a maximum weight of 10 pounds, the
average weight being about 2 pounds.

The Sheepshead:

This fish (Archosargus probatocephalus) is generally
accounted one of the best food-fishes of American waters.
It has a deep body, of a grayish color, marked by 9 trans-
verse black bands, and a peculiarly shaped head, with
mouth armed with prominent incisor teeth, which make it
easily recognizable. Its range extends from Cape Cod to
Texas, being found in greater abundance from Chesapeake
Bay southward. It reaches a weight of more than 20
pounds, the average on the Atlantic coast, however, being
not more than 7 or 8 pounds, and in the Gulf of Mexico it
seldom exceeds 3 pounds. In southern waters this fish is
a permanent resident, but in the northern portion of its
range it is found only during spring, summer and autumn.

The Sea Herring:

This fish is scientifically denominated ‘‘Clupea haren-
gus,’’ and exists in great abundance on both shores of the
Atlantic Ocean north of the latitude of about 37 degrees
north. On the coast of North America it is not regularly
abundant south of Cape Cod, but is occasionally found as
far south as Chesapeake Bay. In numbers this species is
said to be exceeded by no other fish. It is also found
abundantly on the Pacific Coast, but is there known as a

58 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

scientifically different species, being called ‘‘Clupea pal-
lasii.’’

The herring thrives upon minute invertebrates, prin-
cipally copepods, larval worms, and larval mollusks. It is
in turn eaten in great numbers by its enemies the cod, the
haddock, sharks and many other fishes.

The Sand-Dab and Four-Spotted Flounder:

Besides the flatfish or winter flounder, two other
flounders have been propagated artificially, namely, the
Sand-Dab and Four-Spotted Flounder.

Tarpon, or Silver King: (Megalops Thrissoides. )

This great game fish is common on the gulf coast. It
is.a huge creature often weighing several hundred pounds,
and takes a great amount of skill, endurance, and patience
to land one. The tarpon angler ofttimes has a lfe-and-
death grapple with his fish lasting over a period of many
hours, before he is able to land his prize. It is a very
thrilling feature of deep-sea angling, and nowadays light
tackle, or comparatively light tackle, is used with consider-
able success. Lightness of tackle must be offset by one’s
skill. Mullet is the bait commonly used for this class of
fishing.

Blue Fish: (Pomatomus Saltatrix.)

This fish ranges along our coast from Central Brazil,
Guianas, the Gulf of Mexico, north to Nova Scotia. They
are generally abundant and a species that prey upon other
fishes, which form their sole diet.

These fish are usually captured by trolling, and furnish
excellent sport.

The Pike: (Esox Lucius.)

Every angler who resides within their range, or who
has journeyed to the region wherein they have their habi-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 3 59

tat, will agree with us when we say that here is one of
America’s finest game fishes—a good fighter and a thor-
oughly game denizen of our inland waters. There are six
or probably seven species of this genus. Their princi-
pal range is throughout the lakes and rivers of the North-
west. This fish often attains a size of from eighteen to
twenty pounds, measuring up to three feet in length. It
is one of the gamest and most vicious fighters that ever
tied on to an angler’s lure, and will make you think you’ve
got a whale hooked instead of a mere inland game fish be-
fore you have finally landed him. <A good rod to use for
this kind of fishing is a rod about nine feet in length made
of choice lancewood or bethabara, and it is well to use a
good strong (but not too heavy) ‘line that can stand the
strain. The amateur will need heavier tackle for all fish-
ing until he gets to be a thorough-going angler, at which
time he can discard his heavy outfit a use regular sports-
man’s light weight tackle.

Wall-Eyed Pike: (Stizostedium vitreum.)

In the Northwest these fish are sometimes called
salmon, which is not a correct name. They readily take
the lure and are generally found in rather large numbers
within their range, which is most all Northern waters.
They are especially plentiful in the lake region of Northern
Wisconsin.

Pickerel: (Esox Genus.)

This is one of the members of the genus ‘‘Esox”’ hav-
ing several species, including the common Hastern Pick-
eral, or Green Pike, the Vulgate Humpbacked Pickerel, of
the Western States; the Banded Pickerel or Trout Pick-
erel, of the Atlantic streams; and the Little Pickerel, or
Western Trout Pickerel.

The pickerel is very pugnacious as a fighter and will
put up a stiff resistence for several long moments.

60 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

White Perch: (Roccus Americanus.)

White perch are game fighters and offer great sport
to anglers throughout their range. While not as promi-
nently mentioned as some game fishes, they are an impor-

tant species, and deserve greater notice from the angling
public.
Deep-Sea Fishing:

While the foregoing list of fishes includes our most im-
portant inland game fishes, there are found in the ocean’s
briny deep large and small game fish beyond the power of
our enumeration. In the ocean are found not only the larg-
est fish, but the largest of all living creatures, greatly
larger than any shore animal recorded in history, and
while the land surface of this old mundane sphere has
been pretty thoroughly examined from pole to pole, there
are depths of the seas vet unexplored and monsters of the
deep yet unrecorded on the page of science.

Man feels overawed on gazing upon for the first time
the stupendous elephant; but what is the elephant com-
pared to the whale, measuring from sixty to a hundred
feet in length, and correspondingly thick? This animal,
although it outwardly resembles a fish, is, nevertheless,
not classed as such, because it gives birth to live young
ones, whilst fish lay eggs, from which the young come
forth after some time. Fish breathe under the water
through their gills, whilst the whale has real honest-to-
goodness lungs, and so must from time to time come to the
surface to breathe; if it did not it would suffocate like other
animals which are accustomed to live in the open air.

Consider the mighty tuna, the swordfish, the sailfish!
Three mighty warriors are these, and many a sportsman
will tell you what game qualities each possesses. Some of
the most thrilling experiences the man with the rod and reel
ever had were had with one or more of these fishes. Some-
times the battle lasted for hours with the issue of the con-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 61

flict uncertain up to the last minute, yes, up to the very
last second that life existed in the member of the finny
tribe. Noted writers have described deep-sea fishing in
all its entrancing, exhilarating qualities. Yet the subject
has only been lightly touched. Much of mystery and charm
remains to be learned of the sea and its denizens.

It has been proven by a scientist (to whom I am indebt-
ed for this data, Prof. J. B. Martens, of St. Nikolas, Bel-
gium) that the sea is more densely populated than the land.
Think of the herring and codfish, which for centuries have
been caught by hundreds of millions without any apparent
decrease in their numbers.

The farther north you go on land the fewer is the
number of living beings on land you will find; the faculty
of growth seems to diminish, the plants shrink, and gradu-
ally animals become scarcer and scarcer. Not so in the
sea, which is full of life always and everywhere, and in lat-
itudes where the soil, frozen nearly the whole year round,
does not yield any harvest to man, he finds ample compen-
sation for this in the fisheries, for the water which washes
these northern shores contains such an abundance of pro-
visions that it can never be exhausted.

The large carnivorous animals, like the lion, tiger, &c.,
seldom ever live in herds; as a general rule only a couple of
them occupy the same given extent of territory. But in the
sea we find still greater carnivorous animals than the lion
and the tiger; among these are the various kinds of dolphins,
which, from a scientific point of view, must be classed with
the whales, because they also have lungs, and come to the
surface to breathe. Altho’ not as large as the whale, the
dolphin must nevertheless be classed among the larger sea
animals, for its length varies from eight to twenty and even
as high as forty feet. In olden times this animal was con-
sidered a friend to man, it even being said that the dolphins
could show affection, but to tell the truth, its only love is
for prey, and the dolphins are really nothing less than bar-

62 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

barous gluttons, which make great havoc among the in-
habitants of the sea. This bloodthirsty animal does not
live in couples like the carnivorous land animals, but are
found in large herds or schools. Could this be possible, the
scientist asks, if those animals on which these pirates of
the sea live did not increase in extraordinarily large
numbers?

The whale also lives on live animals. It can well be imag-
ined what a vast quantity of sea life it would have to de-
vour to satiate its appetite.

But, passing from the whales and dolphins to the real
fish, we find that they also, with very few exceptions, are
carnivorous. It has been said by a noted scientist that the
water is an enormous battle-field, where life is only main-
tained by constant slaughter. It is easy to observe the
eruel and gluttonous character of the fish. Put some of the
little fish—say sticklebacks, in a large glass full of water.
As they are quite lively little fellows, they will, in the be-
ginning, afford more pleasure than gold fish, which please
the eye by their beautiful red color, but which are so slow
in their movements that one might well think they are
pining away or else sick. If a little worm unfortunately
should attract the attention of the sticklebacks, it is made
the object of very violent attacks, and is soon devoured.

If you should put in the glass small fish, just a few
days old, and not any larger than tiny worms, not a single
one of them will escape these greedy gluttons. So greedy
are they after flesh that if properly fed they can be easily
trained. As soon as some small pieces of flesh are thrown
into the water they will approach rapidly, and by repeating
this experiment four or five times, they can be taught to
come to the surface as soon as they see the hand stretched
out over the water. This spectacle, however, is soon fol-
lowed by another pitiable one. The sticklebacks, confined
within the narrow confines of the glass, do not find food
enough, and thereupon begin to attack each other, and soon

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 63

a desperate civil war is being waged in the glass. The
stronger pursue the weaker, and although they are not able
to swallow them entire, they nevertheless inflict terrible
wounds on them. Soon some of the fish may be seen to be
hindered in their movements, having had their tails bitten
off entirely or in part. The wound soon grows worse, and
the poor little animal finally ceases to live; but even in its
death agonies it is assailed by its cruel enemies. The fish
continue this war until only two are left, which retire each
to a different corner of the glass, like fistic champions in a
boxing arena, and here they sit and watch each other with
eyes full of hatred and envy; and if one of them is bold
enough to enter the domain of his antagonist the result is
a combat to the finish.

Now, if this is the wav the little sticklebacks act, what
can we expect from the greedy pike, which scientists call
the scourge of fresh water, or the dangerous shark, which
reaches the size of the large dolphins and is_ constantly
roaming the seven seas, devouring everything that comes
its way? Woe to the unfortunate sailor who falls over-
board in shark-infested waters.

If we consider that nearly all fish are carnivorous and
live by robbing and murdering, we must confess that the
population of the sea must be infinitely larger than that of
the land, for in any other case fish would not find food
enough.

“If such is the case,’’ the close reader will ask, ‘‘ why.
is it that fish are still so plentiful?’”’ It would doubtless
appear to many that if these barbarous methods are pur-
sued, water life must soon die out and become extinct.
‘‘How can any race of animals exist when such a continu-
ous slaughter is transpiring?’’ ‘‘How is it that the larg-
er of these insatiable animals have not long since entirely
destroyed the smaller ones, finally to die themselves of star-
vation, leaving nothing but their skeletons in the waters
of the ocean which has by that time become a howling wild-

64 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

erness?’’ These are some of the questions the observant
person will ask, and these questions are very readily an-
swered.

In the first place, those animals which are intended
to serve as a prey to others are endowed with greater fe-
ceundity; they produce more young ones than those ani-
mals which live on them; nature has provided this balance;
so the carnivorous animals are therefore never in want of
food, which consists of weaker animals, and still the races
of the latter do not die out.

It will readily be seen how life in the water does not
become extinct, in spite of all the scenes of murderous ear-
nage which are enacted, if we remember that, as a general
rule, the water animals increase much more than land ani-
mals. There are animals destroyed in innumerable quan-
tities, both by their natural enemies and by man. Such
are the herring and the codfish whose numbers do not
seem to have materially decreased in the course of centu-
ries. This will easily be understood when we state that a
single herring produces 60,000 eggs, while the codfish ma-
tures as Many as 2,100,000. 1G: must also be remembered
that the young fry hatched from these eggs grows up with-
out any great difficulty. Young fish know how to care
for themselves the moment they emerge from the egg, and
father and mother need not look after them. The w vork of
the codfish would be overwhelming if, like the birds, it
had to feed its innumerable young.

The sea is not only rich in fish, but also in other ani-
mals. In its depths live all sorts of strange and unre-
corded monsters. Science has barely touched the subject.
Many revelations remain to be unfolded by future genera-
tions.

Only recently scientists were confronted with a baf-
fling specimen of the deep, caught by Captain Charles H.
Thompson off the Florida Keys. Leading scientists say
it is the world’s largest fish, yet some say it is only a mere
baby of its tribe.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 65

The strange monster was on exhibition recently in all
the leading cities approachable by the yacht, on board
which the monster was taken from place to place. The
following is the newspaper account of it published at the
time it was being shown in the principal lake, river, and
coastal cities:

‘What is declared by scientists to be the largest fish
known in history or ever captured in the history of the
world, will be on exhibition in this city on board the yacht
Tamiami. It is so big, in fact, it could have swallowed
twenty Jonahs without suffering the slightest pangs of in-
digestion. :

‘‘Of course it is harmless now, but before it sue-
cumbed to the effects of five harpoon thrusts and 151
good-sized bullets in a battle which lasted thirty-nine
hours its animal instincts were so fierce that a blackfish
weighing 1,500 pounds, an octopus weighing 400 pounds
and 500 pounds of coral only served it as an appetizer of
the mildest sort.

‘This is a big fish story, but it is a true one, and is

vouched for in every detail by the highest scientifie au-
thorities.

‘“The strange and mysterious monster, which, as
stated above, will be on exhibition in this city, on board
the yacht Tamiami, anchored at river front, foot of Vine
Street, from 9 a. m. to 10:30 p. m., is 45 feet in length and
measures 23 feet, 9 inches in circumference. It weighed
when captured 15 tons, or 30,000 pounds, and its liver
alone weighed 1,700 pounds.

“Think of harpooning such a monster as this and be-
ing dragged through the water at express train speed for
hundreds of miles over the ocean for two days and nights
before the game was up and the capture safely landed.
Think of catching a fish with a mouth big enough to hold
three men of ordinary size and of such ‘strange and pe-
culiar shape that men of science stood astounded. Sounds

66 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

like a Jonah story, doesn’t it? And for all one knows to
the contrary, it may be and unquestionably is the sequel
to that story in the Bible that for ages has proved the
stumbling block of men of science and made ministers of
every creed use their wit and ingenuity to logically ex-
plain the story of the big fish that swallowed the Hebrew
prophet some thousands of years ago.”’

Captain Thompson Proves Story:

It remains for Captain Charles H. Thompson, of Mi-
ami, Fla., to end the controversy, as to him belongs the
credit of capturing the monster that could have swallowed
Jonah with the greatest ease, had it been in the neighbor-
hood when the prophet fell overboard from the ship that
he was traveling on.

Nobody is better known in the world of sports than
Captain Thompson. [or years he has been and still is the
favored patron of the Vanderbilts, and Whitneys and
other millionaire sportsmen who frequent the lower east
coast and who invariably engage him to accompany them
on their trips through the Everglades and through the
magic waters of the Florida Keys after big game fish, for
which this section is noted.

Captain Thompson encountered this strange fish
while cruising off the lower Florida Keys in that stretch
of water that for more than a century was the scene of
countless thrilling adventures and romantic exploits alike
of Spanish explorers and bloodthirsty pirates.

Long the home of romance and mystery, it seems only
natural that this strangest and most mysterious of mon-
sters should have been discovered lurking in these magical
waters. Capt. Thompson had captured many a wonderful
inhabitant of these teeming waters, ranging all the way
from predatory sharks to terrible devil fish, but nothing
so strange, so weird, so unaccountable as this extraordinary

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 67

creature, this puzzle to the scientific world, which has be-
come known as the Deep Sea Mystery, ever came out of the
sea before.

With the first announcement in the papers of the re-
markable capture, Captain Thompson was flooded with
letters and telegrams from all over the country asking for
descriptions and particulars of the wonder, and the interest
became so widespread. and insistent that after having the
unique specimen preserved at great expense by Prof. J. 8.
Warmbeth, who was recommended by the Smithsonian In-
stitution at Washington, he decided to exhibit the wonder
throughout the country, and this he did.

He had a large sea-going yacht constructed, the entire
lower deck being especially designed. to accommodate the
monster fish, and was made sufficiently large for as many
as 500 spectators to view the fish from every side. This
palatial yacht was built at a cost of over $30,000.

The mouth of the Deep Sea Mystery is an enormous
cavitv 30 inches wide and 54 inches deep, situated right at
the end of the snout, and resembles that of a monstrous
catfish more than anything else. Inside the mouth is a
tongue 40 inches long, and gullet large enough to swallow
a giant octopus weighing 400 pounds. It has numerous
other characteristics of the true fish, which it undoubtedly
is. There are no ribs and in place of a backbone its spinal
column consisted of cartilaginous vertebrae, some of which
were 13 1-2 inches wide and showing signs of ossification.
This was proof beyond doubt that the creature was still un-
developed—it was a baby of its tribe in fact.

Naturalists are of the opinion that a full grown speci-
men would be two and one-half times as large as the baby
captured by Capt. Thompson, and that had this animal liv-
ed out its allotted time it would have attained the stupen-
dous proportions of 115 feet in length and 20 or 25 feet
broad.

The tail of this creature measures ten feet from tip to

6S THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

tip; the pectoral fin is five feet long, and three feet wide,
while the dorsal fin is three feet long and two feet nine
inches wide. With this huge muscular tail as motive pow-
er the creature was able to hurl itself through the waters
for hours with almost the speed of an express train, and,
dragging Capt. Thompson’s boat behind it, not even the
swiftest motor boat could have kept pace with it.

In appearance, the huge monster resembles a great
fish, but scientists are dumbfounded as to its place among
the species. It is beyond doubt a true fish, possessing all
the well-known characteristics of a fish, including the gills,
which are four feet long and by means of which it breathes.
Yet it does not resemble any certain species recorded by
science.

Here are some of the facts about the Deep Sea Monster:

Measures 45 feet in length; weighs 15 tons, or nearly
thirty thousand pounds; its liver alone weighed 1,700
pounds, or more than ten full-grown men put together; it
is twenty-three feet around the body, and its tail measures
ten feet from tip to tip; it has swallowed an octopus weigh-
ing 400 pounds, a blackfish weighing fifteen hundred
pounds, and five hundred pounds of coral was also found
in its stomach; it could have swallowed twenty Jonahs
without suffering the slightest pangs of indigestion; it
smashed a boat into thousands of pieces and crushed the
rudder and propeller of a thirty-one-ton yacht with a single
swish of its mightv tail; five harpoon thrusts and one hun-
dred and fifty large caliber rifle bullets only served to in-
crease its fury, and it took five days to finally kill it; the
battle lasted thirty-nine hours—two days and a night in
open water, with the monster dragging a small boat at ex-
press train speed for hundreds of miles; scientifie authori-
ties believe that the creature was an inhabitant of depths
more than fifteen hundred feet below the surface, and that
it was blown up by some subterranean or volcanic upheaval
which injured its diving apparatus so that it was unable to

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 69

return to its native depths; its hide is three inches thick,
enabling it to withstand the most enormous water pres-
sure, a pressure almost inconceivable to man; its eves,
which were small, have no lids and were never closed, indi-
eating that it lived at a depth where eyes were of no avail;
the creature is not classified in natural history, the genus
or species is unknown, and it is not only the most remark-
able zoological specimen, but the largest specimen of the
fish tribe known in history; every undertaking establish-
ment on the Florida East Coast from Jacksonv ville to Key
West gave up their entire supply of formaldehyde to pre-
serve the monster, and over nineteen barrels were used.

This is the greatest deep-sea fishing story in existence,
and this sport, while dangerous, is indulged in by an ever
growing army of ardent fishermen, who like to match their
wits and energy against these great fishes of the sea.

Many a page has been filled by the daring acts of the
deep-sea fisherman, and much still remains to be written
upon the subject. Capt. Thompson has contributed one
of the most daring feats vet recorded, but who knows but
that some day, sooner or later, one of these FULL-GROWN
Deep Sea Mysteries will be forced to the surface by some
mishap and that some sportsman may tie on to him as
Capt. Thompson did. Then will the w orld be astounded as
never before.

Tackle makers had better begin preparing for that
fateful day, and bend their wits to devising methods of
capture and tackle that will hold the monsters of the sea yet
undiscovered.

Scientists had always claimed that the depths of the
sea was nothing but a dark desert, without inhabitants or
vegetation, but this theory has since been exploded. In
those days they only reasoned from speculations, to engage
in which they need not leave thei comfortable studies, but
in our time it has been shown how deceptive such specula-
tions may be, and how necessary it is to examine nature

70 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

herself, and, so to speak, to catch her in the very act, if you
wish to learn her mysteries. Because we know that the
animals of the upper world live under such and such con-
ditions, we have no right to conclude therefore that the
depths of the sea remain uninhabitable, and so this huge
monster recently captured will cause some of the scientists
to re-shape their opinions along this line.

LAKE AND STREAM FISHING:

This class of fishing is the most important kind of
fishing to be had in America for the reason that the great-
er part of our anglers find it more convenient to fish in
nearby lakes and streams than to visit the distant sea.

Of course, large numbers of sportsmen living in close
proximity to the ocean may indulge in the luxury and pleas-
ure of sea-fishing, but the great mass of anglers find this
inconvenient and in some cases next to impossible. There-
fore, they must be content to enjoy the equally as pleasur-
able (if slightly less exciting) form of inland game fishing.

The inland fisherman is blessed with a variety of fish-
ing in America quite beyond compare, for here we find in
our lakes, rivers, and streams everything desired in the
way of game fish. Show me a species of the finny tribe
that can outfight the battling black bass, the mighty sal-
mon, the lake trout, rainbow trout, brook trout, the mighty
“muskie,?” and our other inland game fish! I do not think
the inland game fish of any other country can offer so
much fighting ability in so many species as can America.
Then there’s the Great Northern Pike, one of the most
brilhant fighters that ever tied on to an angler’ s line!

Indeed, what necessity is there for our inland anglers
to be jealous of their brethren along the sea-coast? None
whatever. If there is any jealousy to spare on either side,
we think it’s coming quite the other way, maintaining that
the sportsman who “has yet to land his first pike, his first

ee

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN Ti

black bass, or his first trout, has missed a great deal of
the joys of fishing. These are joys never forgotten. In
his old age, the angler will recall those pleasant memories,
memories that never die while life remains. The writer
can recall fishing trip after fishing trip just as vividly as
tho’ it happened yesterday. I distinctly remember one
outing in particular that I shall never forget.

Leisurely we paddled the small boat up the silently
flowing Licking River, nothing intervening to mar our
pleasure or peace of mind on the way.

‘Gosh, this is a darned sight better’n pining away back
there in town, isn’t it?’’ chimes Doe.

‘‘Those are exactly my sentiments, old top,’’ I an-
swered.

So we paddled on, finally reaching the mouth of Raven
Creek, fishing waters long noted in local history.

With a few deft strokes of the oars, Doe had the craft
in a good position in the center of the creek where it emptied
its crystal flow into the broad waters of the Licking;
then we fished down stream, the current carrying our
floats, or corks, swiftly toward the river. |

This is the season when artificial bait is used in this
region. Earlier it would have been useless to use flies, or
spinners, as the waters that flow through the level portion
of the State are very muddy during the rainy season.
Nothing less than live minnows, crawfish, angleworms, or
‘‘devils’’ would attract a denizen of the deep during that
period. ; |

Now, however, late in summer, the rains abated and
the water was clear as that of a mountain torrent, and so
flies and spinners were in order.

I distinctly remember every detail of the trip. It
comes back to me as a vivid dream, only more real, of
course. Doe was the first to land his quarry. - It was a
whopping black bass of the species ‘‘Micropterus dolo-
mieu,’’?a small-mouth. Submarines weren’t in the running

»)

72 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

at all in comparison with that bass. It sure was some
sprinter. Doe finally brought it to creel, however, after a
lengthy argument during which it was uncertain who would
win the joint debate.

The next one tied on to my line. And it was one of
those fellows with a head full of fish sense. He struck
right out toward the boat, accumulating the necessary slack
line, then, with a mighty ‘*flop, skip, ‘and a jump”’ ‘leaped
clear of the water and began shaking himself, trying to all
intent and purposes to ce the dratted hook out of his
mouth, but I saw what was up and gathered in the slack,
forestalling his bold attempt to escape. The effort of the
fish, tho’ vain, was oft repeated, and more than once be-
fore | finally plunked him safe aboard boat it looked lke
he had things ‘‘all his own way with a down-hill pull.”’
Gee! but it was.a plumb beauty, too. Tipped the scales
evenly at four pounds, one ounce. Some fish for these
waters, and every inch a fighter.

But there was a comic role to be played that eventful
day, and as fate would have it, Doc was the ‘‘goat.’’ He
had been watching me land the prize with a jealousy ill
concealed, and when finally he got another strike he bent
all his energies to landing the fish that he hoped would
outweigh and outdo mine,

He grasped the rod with both hands, thumb firmly in
place against the reel, all ready to snag Mr. Fish.

Whow-whizz! wh-r-rrr! sang the reel, as the big fish
went on his way liberty-bound. Finally, after successive
efforts, Doc turned him and then began the reeling in pro-
cess, ever watchful lest the fish should suddenly buck-
jump, or create slack line by running toward the boat.

When the specimen was finally got on board ship, after
much effort and time, what do vou reckon it proved to be?

I looked at Doe and Doe looked at me. I was giggling,
he was frowning. Boys, he had caught a bloomin’ water-
dog! J shall never forget the look of gloom and utter dis-

By Courtesy U. S. Department of the Interior,

SCENE IN CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK.

74. THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

gust on his face. Of course, this was my queue to accord
him the ‘‘horse-laugh,’’ which I forthwith did.

But [had yet to learn the truth of that time-worn adage
that, ‘She who laughs last laughs best.’’ It was my turn
next to land something, which I was most certain was a
member of the finny tribe of the black bass species. But
it was not. What I landed was a dum-goozled old hard-
shell turtle.

This was Doec’s time to laugh, and he laughed so hard
tears stood out on his cheeks. It was me that was the
‘‘goat,’’ after all.

Memories of outings on the rivers and lakes come back
to each of us, as does this memory of that fishing trip up
the Licking River with my friend Doc. Nothing can
erase such pleasures from the human memory. They will
be recalled, perhaps, in days of stress and worry, and serve
as a tonic, mayhap, to many an old man that has commenced
the journey down the western slope of life. He will find
new strength to buoy him up in his declining years as he
remembers the glowing days of his youth and manhood,
when with rod and reel and tackle-box he wended his way
joyfully down by the old mill-stream, or to the meadow-
brook, or beside the lake, there to while away pleasant
hours, enticing choice specimens of the cool depths there-
from by the employment of his angling art.

Art it is indeed! It takes pure, unadulterated art to
make a successful fisherman, whether your tackle be sim-
ple in construction, or magnificently modern. Here is
another thought: ‘‘It is not clothes that make the man,’’
so neither is it tackle that makes the angler. It is his art
and his ability to apply that art that counts most. Good
tackle, of course, is indispensable, but of itself it avails
nothing. Placed in the hands of one not accustomed to
the ways of the wily trout, the mighty salmon, the battling
black bass, tackle is nil, but placed i in the hands of the nat-
ural-born sportsman, educated to the ways of the craft,

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 75

good tackle avails much—it spells success in the angling
game.

The Anti-Back Lash Reel:

The back-lash, which occurs so persistently when us-
ing an ordinary reel, has done more to discourage the sport
of bait casting than even that oft mooted question: ‘‘Why
don’t they bite?’’ After the beginner has wrestled with a
good old fashioned back-lash for a dozen minutes, more or
less, right at a time when he knows his bait should be work-
ing and finally does get it untangled only to have it occur
again on the next cast, it’s not strange that he becomes dis-
couraged. In fact there is not a bit of doubt but what the
back-lash has kept many promising candidates from be-
coming disciples of Isaak Walton.

Those who have not the time, nor patience, to attain
the necessary skill required to manage an ordinary reel
will find an easy solution for the problem in the South Bend
Anti-Back-Lash Reel.

This reel obviates entirely the necessity of thumbing
the spool in casting. The caster has only to learn to
throw the bait properly; the carrying out of the line and
the speed of the spool factors are taken care of automati-
cally by the reel itself. In other words, the reel thumbs it-
self with a greater precision and accuracy than can be done
by the most expert seasoned angler.

Think what an invention of this kind means! It
means that the city man, who longs for the joys and thrills
of casting for big fish, does not have to cast for years and
years to learn to do it successfully. It means that any
man, woman or child who ean hold a fishing rod may enjoy
all the pleasures experienced by the seasoned angler, the
very moment this reel is made part of the equipment.

Aside from furnishing a solution for the beginner’s
greatest problem, this reel has advantages which appeal

76 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

to the skillful angler—advantages that the best caster that
ever ‘‘thumbed”’ a spool cannot well afford to overlook.

The use of the reel for night fishing work is an im-
portant feature for the angler who, though he may be ever
so expert, is handicapped bv his inability to see the bait
for the South Bend Reel thumbs itself and makes night
fishing a continuous enjoyment.

The Anti-Back-Lash feature of this reel, however, is
not its only advantageous factor, nor is its use a necessity.
The reel is made so “that the Anti-Back-Lash device may,
or may not be utilized. Simply turn the adjusting screw
a half-turn and you have a reel of the ordinary type, an
exceptionally high grade one; a masterpiece for free-run-
ning and wearing qualities and ease of operation; equal in
every way to any high grade reel on the market.

Many skillful anglers, owners of various makes of high
grade reels, prefer to use their South Bend Anti-Back-Lash
reels for all around work in preference to others.—From
**Davs of Real Sport.’’

THE CASTING ROD:

In successful casting the rod plays a very important
part, as is learned very quickly by the argler who takes up
the sport with the intention of vetting all there is to be had
in the way of pleasure, genuine thrills, invigorating excite-
ment, and true health- -giVv ing recreation.

Therefore, extreme care should be exercised in select-
ing the type of rod which embodies those factors which will
serve one best in his pursuit of angling pleasures.

You will find rods constructed of various materials, in
many different lengths, weights and degrees of resiliency.

As mentioned under ‘‘The Art of Casting,’’ the type
of rod, its weight, whippiness and material from which it
is constructed, will vary with the class of work that the
caster wishes to do. For general work, however, the split

lA

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN ki

bamboo rod of a length about the same as the caster’s
height, will prove to be most satisfactory from the view
points of action, ease of casting, accuracy and general
adaptability to all around work, and in the long run prove
to be the most serviceable rod.

A properly balanced bamboo rod supplhes the correct
resiliency or whip, which is so necessary to the easy, skill-
ful, graceful cast, better than any other material yet used
for making rods suitable for general work.

There are other advantages embodied in the Heddon
type of rod which makes these rods most desirable, namely:
the patented Locking Reel Band, the large diameter cork
erip in the peculiar shape that permits the angler to grasp
it more firmly, the short butt and long tip features, which
insures greater resilient action so necessary to good cast-
ing, and the modified size of the guides—these are all
characteristic features which make these rods, grade for
grade, superior to ordinary bamboo rods.

If vou want a rod that is easy to work; a rod that is
rigid, responsive, alive; a rod that will supply you with
power, poise and delicacy, with an action that is graceful
and almost effortless in its work, then vou want the Hed-
don type because it will fill the bill.

The South Bend Special Rod is manufactured by
James Heddon’s Sons and we are glad to recommend it as
a rod built for service, long and dependable, without any
frills or fancy trappings of any nature; a rod that will give
you everything that can be had as far as good work is con-
cerned, without the stvle and pretty decorations that us-
ually go with more expensive creations.

These people feature this rod in three different lengths
and in two different weights in each length. The one is
designed for casting heavier lures such as minnows, frogs,
pork rind, ete. This is the Standard type. The other,
known as the ‘‘Special Light,”’ is of lighter construction

78 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

and designed especially for use with lighter lures such as
spinner hooks, Buck-tails, flies and all other light lures.

The beginner will make no mistake in selecting this
type of rod because it is a rod that is built to stand the wear
and tear and give real, genuine service; a rod that you can
trust implicitly —From ‘‘ Days of Real Sport.”’

Description of the South Bend Anti-Back-Lash Reel:

The reel is of beautiful yet plain design, and possesses
a simple elegance all its own. The working parts of the
Anti-Back-Lash device are few and very simple. It is strong,
well made and designed to withstand successfully the wear
and tear of long and continuous bait casting. The frame
and all its component parts are made of 8 per cent solid
German Silver; very light, strong and rigid. Dimensions:
Capacity, measured by standard 16 or 20 pound test silk
line is 100 yards; Diameter of end plates 2 inches; length
of spool 1 7-8 inches; diameter of spool ends 1 1-2 inches.
Bearings: The spool and gear journals are of high grade
tool steel, accurately turned, ground, lapped and burnish-
ed to a mirror-like surface and run in phosphor bronze.
The end thrust is supported by adjustable jeweled ‘‘spool
journal’’ caps of screw-off pattern with spring tension grip.
Gearing: The gear consists of a special hunting tooth
train, the gear of which is made of solid Tobin bronze and
the pinion from special steel which produces a powerful,
vet absolutely quiet, smooth, free-runnning reel. The gear-
ing is quadruple multiplying. Crank and Click: The
crank is of pleasing, artistic design; correct in shape and
accurately counterbalanced; the grip is white Ivoroid.
The click consists of a pawl and rachet made of hardened
tool steel; it is operated by a thumb button on the tail plate
and actuated by a phosphor bronze spring.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 79

—)
lar

PS.
LP) _— ws
: — WS ANY IN
py ry SW

Style No. 1131A, South Bend Anti-Back-Lash Reel.
These reels may be had now at $10.00 each.

The Famous Bass-Oreno Bait:

The body of this bait is 3 1-2 inches long, weighs ap-
proximately 5-8 ounce. It is supplied in six standard high
grade enamel finishes—guaranteed not to crack. (Style
No. 973RH.) Bait here shown has a red head and white
body.

South Bend Midget Surf-Oreno:
This bait is made of special light wood, the bodv is 2
3-4 inches long. It weighs approximately 1-2 ounce. Sup-

plied in red head, white body, and in several other finishes.
Style No. 962RH.

South Bend Babe-Oreno:

The body of this bait is 2 3-4 inches long, weighs ap-
proximately 1-2 ounce. Equipped with one belly and one

SO THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

tail No. 1 treble hook. Supplied with red head, white
body, as well as in other colors. Style No. 972RH.

eS >

South Bend Standard Surf-Oreno:

Made of special hght wood, body is 3 3-4 inches long.
Supplied in many standard finishes of enamel. Style here
shown has red head and white body. Style No. 963RH.

at

ae bay: *
\ WS %

The South Bend Weedless Spinner Buck-Tail, a won-
derful lure, absolutely weedless, of size and weight easy to
cast. A remarkable game-fish getter than can be used in
the thickest of weeds. Complete with the pork-rind it
has an irresistible appearance in water. Furnished in red,
white, natural or vellow. Style No. 565W.

South Bend Weedless Buck-tail Spoon, particularly
suitable for casting in pursuit of those vicious fighting

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 81

small mouth bass in rivers or lakes. Also holds the record
of landing some big muskies. Hook is 3-0 Sproat. Used
with a pork-rind, it makes a very attractive lure. Furnish-
ed in red, white, natural or vellow. Style No. 1563AL.

7 Z Lip oa

South Bend Weedless Buck-tail Bass Spoon, a clean
sportsmanlike bait of just the right size and weight for
casting in the lily pads, docks, ete. With pork-rind at-
tached it makes a very effective combination. Style No.
1545 AL.

Single Hook Minnow. The demand for minnows
equipped with single hooks, instead of trebles, has been

82 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

constantly increasing. ‘This is probably due to a desire to
get away from the multiplic ity of hooks and brought about
also, by the requirements of laws in certain States which
limit the number of hooks that may be used by the angler.
Cut here shown is Style No. 904W-SD. Several of the
other baits these people put out are made with the single
hooks, as here shown, in various finishes.

South Bend Flies are furnished tied on straight eye
ringed Sproat hooks, not snelled, thus permitting attaching
a spoon or spinner. Supplied in twelve colors, various siz-
ed hooks. :

Casting For Game Fish:

The step from boyhood fishing days to that perfec-
tion in angling science known as casting, is one that can be
measured only in years. Generally it stretches over
‘about a dozen. It may vary more or less but in the main
the boy must have grown into a full, mature manhood, be-
_ re he takes up casting and attempts to pit his prowess

igainst such worthy foes as the Bass, the Muskie, the Trout
ae others of the gamy tribe.

With a free-running reel, a light silk line, a_ light.
flexible rod and suitable lures, the Tad who at one time was
fully satisfied with the small fry finds that hooking a lively
bass is an entirely different sensation and that he has
encountered a foe worthy of all the prowess his advanced
years have given him.

Just imagine a mighty black bass striking your lure
at the end of a well-made line—imagine him going down
through the cool, weedy depths, making the line fairly sing

7. )

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN (83

in the way it cuts the water—imagine how this plunging,
jerking, spirited fighter makes your frail-looking, slim,
six-ounce rod bend ‘to the danger point. Ah! no wender
vou give away to him, fearing to attempt to hold by mam
Force.

Splash, and he darts to the surface and in a seeing
frenzy throws himself into the air a shining silvery, quiv-
ering mass, filled with fight and anger. Splash! again—
and. he dives down to the bottom; you feel the burn of the
silk line as it slides through your almost trembling fingers.

By now he has you sweating; you start to get up, you
sit down, vou are on the anxious seat every one of the see-
onds which seem minutes.

Now, what do you think? Is he equal to vour skill,
your presence of mind, your craftiness or are you equal to
his cunning, his quickness, and his strength ?

Then slowly, oh, so slowly, you lead him to the boat.
Your hand slips into the water—you disdain to use a net
ora gaff ona prize like this—and then—

Swish! and he goes again—not conquered yet, you
must let him have this final fling. Again you slowly bring
him to the boat and then—your fingers slip down into his
gills or Jaws, vou swing him into the boat. He is yours
then.

That’s casting for game fish—that’s why men look
forward to every holiday; why they steal away from their
daily work as often as possible and use their Sundays as
frequently as convenient for fishing trips.

That’s why men leave luxurious homes and rough it
—at a camp, put up with fares far inferior to what they
vet at home, leave nice soft beds and sleep even in a barn,
rise at daybreak, when at home to rise at eight would be a
hardship, row a boat mile after mile without tirmg or com-
plaining—all these and a lot more trials of like nature will
men stand—

And for why? We know of but one answer. It’s for

S4 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

the pleasure and satisfaction that is secured in fighting the
gamy, battling king of the waters on his home ground in a
good square way—that’s the compensation.

There is another angle from which we may view this
question—it’s the health-building factor that goes with
angling.

Of all sports, we can’t think of a single one that pro-
vides the latitude for healthful recreation that can be had
in the practice of angling. A man with a surplus of vigor
and energy can work as hard as he likes and enjoy himself
accordingly, while his anaemic brother can take the sport in
hghter degrees, work slower and get suitable recreation—
both equally benefited by the outdoor exercise obtained.

To be a caster, vou must go out-of-doors. You must
go where the air is pure, where there is plenty of sunlight,
breezes, scenery, trees, shrubs, etc. You get close to na-
ture, away from vour daily environments; vou live a ditfer-
ent life, eat different food, breathe different air—every
thing is different and vour well-being is improved in con-
sequence,

This probably accounts for the reason that many of us
make fishing our hobby and, truly, it is a hobby with many
individuals.

Nowadays, a hobby is a necessity with a business man
—it provides a means which enables him to forget his busi-
ness, to employ his mind outside of business hours and at
the same time it is an excellent avenue of amusement.

Every red-blooded man should have a hobby. He
owes it to himself, to his family and to his country—hecause
it makes him a better, broader, wiser and more even-tem-
pered man.

Now, what could be a more commendable hobby—one
that is more enjovable, more entertaining and more worthy
the effort required to further it than that which brings von
into the closest possible touch with nature; in touch with

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 85

her streams, her rivers, her lakes, her shrubs, trees, bushes
and her acquatic peoples?

Think it over—what single sport offers a greater op-
portunity for personal action, recreation, pleasure, health
and excitement; what other sport destroys as httle and vet
provides so much?

The originator of the buck-tail bait was an ardent fish-
erman. So ardent in fact, that his business never grew in
proportion to the genuine merit which the baits possess.
The inventor of the South Bend Anti-Back-Lash Reel still
uses the grandmother’s funeral excuse very frequently in
order to go fishing.

The Origin of Artificial Minnows for Casting:

The legend has it that many years ago, after a lot of
hard work with nothing to show for it, a disgusted and very
much disgruntled fisherman sat in his boat wrestling with
that old theorem, namely: ‘‘Why don’t they bite?’’ After
divers remarks about fish, fishing luck and everything
connected with the fishing sport, he punctuated his final
decision by throwing an empty cigarette box into the water
with no little show of temper. As the box lit there was a
slight riffle on the surface, then something happened—

It looked as if an unseen hand had reached out of the
depths and punched the empty box a vigorous jab; it went
into the air some four feet. The angler was astonished.
He watched the colored box float away, suddenly something
rose and lunged at it again. This time he saw it all. It
was a big, black bass that had smashed up through the sur-
face and hit the vari-colored box with such vigor. This
gave him an idea, from which originated the use of artifi-
cial minnows as a bait for game fish.

This incident showed that a quest for food was not the
oniv incentive that impelled game fish to bite; but the lust
for play or fight was an inherent instinct in the fish, the

56 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

same as is known to be the case with other creatures in the
animal kingdom. .
From this simple beginning the cigarette box soon as-
sumed a beautiful, graceful, minnow-like form in divers
sizes, colors, shapes—all designed to more quickly excite
this propensity on the part of game fish. The develop-
ment, of course, was gradual and many vears passed from
the time the first crude block of wood covered with its
coat of house paint with the hooks suspended in any way,
to the real work of art evidenced in the minnows now be-
ing manufactured.

The Art of Casting:

And, when we say art, we say it with a full apprecia-
tion of what the term implies. Being able to cast a lure,
hght and fluffy as the Buck-Tail Fly, a bait heavy and un-
wieldy as is the case with most forms of live bait, or to cast
a compact, non-resisting bait such as an artificial minnow;
to east any of these lures against the wind, with the wind, or
diagonally into the wind and to cast 30, 40, 80, or 100 feet,
and to do all this with a precision that verges nigh on to
bulls-eve accuracy, 1s, in a word, art. It should be under-
stood, however, that the skill of the expert is not necessary
for ordinary practical fishing. We have seen beginners
eatch nice strings of fish under favorable conditions, but
naturally everyone wants to get out of the ‘‘beginners”’
class as soon as possible.

Therefore, if perchance, one may have had trouble at-
taining the proficiency in casting that he thought would be
his after a few trials, the caster can well console himself
with the fact that casting is, in truth, an art and the at-
tainment of perfection no trifle. We believe that perfec-
tion in casting can be summed up and stated in the use of
four P’s—

Patience, Practice, Precision and Perseverance.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN ST

Endless pages have been written on what to do and not
to do in bait casting, but here we will try to boil it down to
a few practical hints and in reading these remember that
perfection in casting is simply a matter of how well you re-
member and how intensely you apply the four P’s—Pa-
tience, Practice, Precision, and Perseverance.

The Creator gave you a wrist, supple, quick and active;
a forearm, with its power to grip and an upper-arm, with
its muscles for pushing and pulling. The wrist and fore-
arm were given vou for casting; the upper arm for holding
the fish—remember that, always.

Casting, practically speaking, should be accomplished
from the elbow down; this is really the only part of the arm
that should be brought into play. Many authorities even
20 so far as to advocate strapping the beginner’ S upper-arm
to the body in order to confine all the action to the fore-arm
and wrist.

Casting consists of five distinct operations—the back-
ward stroke, the forward stroke, a short period of waiting
for the bait to carry out, shifting the rod to the other hand
and, finally, retrieving.

One’s success, of course, depends a great deal on the
tackle—the reel, the rod, the ne and the lure. To a large
extent the types in these five factors vary according to the
stvle of work the caster is attempting to do.

A heavy lure can be worked successfully with a slow-
acting, heavy rod and a stiff-running reel with heavy line.
On the other hand a light lure necessitates a free-running
reel, a light line and a quick- acting rod—by quick acting we
mean what anglers usually term ‘‘whip”’ or resiliency. All
factors dove-tail in, one with another, so that the caster
must adapt his tackle to fit the class of work he wants

This is why so many seasoned anglers always carry
two complete outfits with them in the boat. One consists
usually of a rather long, light rod and a soft braid line for
casting light lures, such as Buck-tails, spinner hooks, flies

88 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

and pork strips; the other a shorter, heavier rod and strong-
er line for heavier baits such as wooden minnows, frogs, and
surface plugs.

With your outfit all rigged up you get into your boat,
then seat yourself with an idea of being Just as comfortable
as you can. You must net think casting is hard work, so
settle yourself as if you intended to take it easy and fully
enjoy a most pleasant recreation.

Note that we lay stress on SITTING DOWN; in cast-
ing from a boat a caster should never attempt to stand—it
is, above all, bad form; it is awkward; it is tiring and it is
dangerous because the general run of fishing boats were
not built for promenading. Anyway, there is no excuse for
one’s standing up; so sit down and enjoy yourself more for
1t. |

Now you are ready to cast. Wind your bait up to
within three or four inches from the tip of your rod. Be-
ware of winding it up so closely that the metal part of the
bait strikes the agate tip—it may mean a broken agate, a
cut line anda lost fish.

Aside from this a few inches of line between the tip
and the lure is necessary to get sufficient whip action in
the end of the rod when making a back stroke.

Here now you should exercise caution in the other di-
rection—do not leave too much line between the tip and

the lure, as too much may permit of your bait looping the
end of the rod. Watch this and it may save you the em-
barrassment of throwing vour rod in the lake.

Therefore, reemmber this—watch it always; let the
question of winding your bait with caution become a mat-
ter of ‘second nature’’ with you.

Now, ready for the back stroke, let us say that the only
reason nature provided vou with a shoulder for casting
work was that you could use it asa guide for the path
through which your rod must travel in making the back
stroke correctly,

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 89

Go straight back with the rod over the shoulder, the
hand at the shoulder, elbow down close to the body. Let
this be your ‘‘form”’ at all times, to be changed only when
conditions such as casting under over-hanging limbs and the
like necessitates variation.

By bringing the rod back over the shoulder and again
forward in the same path you at once eliminate all unecer-
tainty as to accuracy, side-wise or laterally, forgetting of
course, for the time being, the calculations that must be
made for wind, etc. Let the rod go straight back over
your shoulder and then bring it forward with both wrist
and forearm movement, pointing straight toward, but a
little above, the spot you wish to hit; vour bait will fly just
as true as it is natural for you to point straight.

Now analyze this action—you will see that during both
forward and backward strokes it keeps vour bait in a per-
pendicular plane with your arms and rod acting as a Sweep-
ing radius. This is your casting territory and by staying
in it, in this manner, you will not imperil the eyes, ears,
and other parts of vour companion’s anatomy. You can
cast to either side of the boat from your original position;
your territorial efficiency is nearly double that which it
would be should you cast in any manner, other than over the
shoulder. Therefore, does it not seem best to learn the over-
the-shoulder swing? We are of the opinion that this
overhead cast 1s easier to learn first than the side cast any-
way.

Try to make your movements smooth and easy, avoid
jerkiness and straining. Make vour rod do the throwing
rather than your arm, and, lastly, don’t try so much for dis-
tance, but to get accuracy. Distance will come gradually
without any effort and when you find a need to cast far you
will do it without actually giving the distance a thought.

In starting the back stroke, one’s thumb should be
placed firmly on the spool of the reel—you must hold it so
that your bait will not start until you are ready it should.

90) THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Bring the rod back as described above with a quick motion,
hinging at the elbow and bending the wrist freely. This
back stroke should be made with just enough snap to cre-
ate a bend or ‘‘whip’’ in the rod and remember the greater
part of the motion of the rod is secured by the action of the
WYist.

The forward stroke is accomplished by bringing the
hand forward through the same are you make on the back
stroke. Most of the action should be accomplished in the
wrist, ‘‘flip-like’’ seems to describe it best. The thumb is
then released from the spool and the bait is started out to-
ward the spot at which vou are aiming. The fore-arm is
then brought forward and the top of the rod held, point
fairly well up, while the line is allowed to run out until the
bait strikes the water or until the caster stops it by
thumbing the reel. As the line travels out and ‘‘settles’’
toward the surface the rod tip should be lowered and allow-
ed to follow the line. It is well to turn the palm of the hand
down a little at the finish of the stroke so that the reel
handle grip is pointed almost, but not quite, straight up in
the air. This permits a freer action of the wrist and also
tends to make the line run more freely through the guides.

From the instant the caster releases his thumb from
The reel spool at the beginning of the forward stroke, he
must carefully ‘‘thumb’’ his line, with a _ constantly
changing pressure. This is done so as to regulate the speed
at which the bait is traveling. If this is not done properly
the reel, due to the excessive impetus caused by starting the
bait, will travel faster than the line is being carried out and
result in the angler’s abomination, the back- lash. This in-
struction applies to ordinary reels. With the South Bend
Anti-Back-Lash Reel the ‘‘thumbing”’ care is unnecessary
as the reel is constructed so as to save the caster this atten-
tion, and for this reason it is used even by experts for night

casting when the largest fish are often caught.

Some time between the starting of the bait, at the be-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 91

ginning of the forward stroke, and the time when the bait
strikes the water, the caster must shift the rod from his
casting hand to the other hand, ready for retrieving. Now
let this sink in deeply: The caster should have made this
shift and be ready to have the bait moving back toward him
the very instant it touches the water—here lies much of the
secret of success, the secret of making them strike. It all
hinges on one’s ability to make the bait look ‘‘live’’ and
full of action the very instant it touches the water. More
strikes are ‘‘coaxed’’ in this little instant of correct bait
action than are ever created by vards and yards of the most
careful reeling.

In retrieving, hold the rod in the hand which has heen
idle up to this point—gripping it a little above the reel with
the thumb and index finger on the line so it can be *‘spool-
ed’’ evenly.

As the barefoot boy was inclined to jerk vigorously at
the slightest indication of a nibble, so the caster by in-
stinet, probably, will be prompted to jerk immediately he
feels a fish strike. However, it must be remembered that
striking a fish is not so much a matter of force and strength
as it is of dexterity and quickness. So the angler must
learn to respond quickly and snappily in answer to the
slightest signal that his quarry is ready to fight. Care
should be taken in this respect if you wish to ‘‘kill”’ a max-
imum number of hits and still keep your outfit intact.

All these factors mentioned may seem small each in
itself, but remember it is trifles that make perfection and
perfection is no trifle. So, be patient, practice; be precise
and persevere, and in a surprisingly short time you will
be known as belonging in the expert class in the art of Bait
Casting.

Special Baits for Muskellunge:

‘*King of the waters,’’ this game fish is called, and
rightly does he deserve this ene nickname. No bet-
ter fighter ever rose to the angler’s lure. He _ rushes

G2 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

through the water like a shadowy streak and when he
strikes!—Oh boy! Mr. Muskie goes right after your bait
just like he was bent upon swallowing not only the lure,
but the rod and reel as well and you too if he should be able
to drag vouin. And he certainly tries to drag one in. He
fights with a vengeance every inch of the way and is not
vour fish until absolutely i in the boat, and even then he may
spring a surprise on you and get away.

The writer knows of no better Muskie Trolling Min-
now than those put out by the South Bend people, which
have given general satisfaction so far as we can learn.

Their Muskie Trolling Min-Buck is also a well made
and reliable bait for trolling, and the Buck-tail spoons are
especially adapted for trolling purposes in the larger sizes,
while the smaller ones may be used for casting. They are
well-proportioned and designed so that you need have no
fear of any part breaking at the critical moment. This re-
assurance is worth a good deal to the angler.

There are other more or less dependable lures on the
market for Muskie fishing and some of them are very
good, but the above are given prominence because of their
known reliability. Lack of space forbids us deseribing all
the many lures on the market, hence we have endeavored
to describe only representative baits in each class of fish-
ing. This is not intended to detract in any way from the
merits the other baits possess.

Dependable Lures:

A dandy surface bait, the proportions of the body,
weight, trimmings, ete., of which are exactly right, is the
South Bend Surf-Oreno, and is a lure that has met with
great success wherever used. It floats at all times, rides
high in the water and the commotion and churning of the
water, caused by the revolving spinners, is a great game-
fish attraction.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 93

Another South Bend product is their splendid Surface
Minnows, designed especially for surface work. It has
proven to be a very good bait. The tail treble and under-
hung gang meet the strike j in a very effective manner. This
feature, and the attractive colors combine to make a very
efficient fish-getter.

The South Bend Weedless Surface Minnows are de-
pendable to bring results, as well as are their other designs
of weedless baits.

Probably the best bait, at least the most popular bait,
they produce is the famous South Bend Bass-Oreno, many
anglers claiming it is the greatest fish-getter ever made.
It is a wobbler type of bait that dives, dashes, darts and
wiggles, in the same manner an injured fish would act. It
has an erratic motion, which is probably the reason it is so
successful. It is unexecelled for Pike, Muskie, Bass and
Pickerel.

Their under-water baits are equally as effective. The
Under-Water Minnows Three Treble being a perfect min-
now for casting or trolling. They are equipped with a
spinner in both front and rear. Treble hooks are attached
with countersunk screw-eye. The trebles are removable
by simply unscrewing them. Then they make a bait call-
ed Weedless Under-Water Minnows, and one called Under-
Water Minnows—Five Treble, which also deliver’ the
goods. Their combination Minnow with buck tail, having
one treble hook, is good for use in comparatively weedy
water. It is an excellent river bait. The buck-tail masks
the hook.

Then in the matter of Buck-tail and Trout Flies these
people put out as good stuff as can be obtained anywhere.
Their spinners, Buck-tail single hooks, ete, ete., are all of
the very best workmanship and best of all they produce
the desired results... That is the best we could say for any-
body’s tackle-—From Days of Real Sport.

G4 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

CULTURE OF RAINBOW TROUT AND BROOK
TROUT IN PONDS:

The U. 8S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fish-

eries, has furnished us the following data in regard to the
culture of Rainbow and Brook trout in ponds. This data
was prepared by Glen C. Leach, Assistant in charge of Di-
vision of Fish Culture, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries:

‘The information herein given has been prepared for
the use of persons who may be in a position to propagate
trout under the more or less natural conditions existing in
farm ponds or other waters of a somewhat similar charac-
ter. To this has been added a chapter on intensive pond
culture for the benefit of those whose operations must nec-
essarily be confined to a limited area.

‘The fact is recognized that individuals engaged in the
business of farming or stock raising have not the necessary
time to devote to intensive fish culture. At the same time
there are, doubtless, many who would find it possible, at
trifling expense, to convert into trout ponds land areas
which are at present unproductive, either by the damming
of a ravine or the diversion of water from some neighbor-
ing stream into a suitable inclosure.

Water Supply—Volume, Quality and Temperature:

‘The first and most important requisite in such an un-
|

dertaking is the water supply. It should be derived from

springs or a spring-fed brook; it must be of suitable vol-
ume and temperature, and its source must be so located
that a constant gravity flow into the proposed pond is as-
sured. Ponds used for the watering of farm animals should
not be stocked with trout, unless the stock can be confined
to a certain portion of the pond by a fence, preferably near
the outlet, as successful results can not be expected where
the water is hable to become roiled or contaminated. How-
ever, trout ponds can safely be used as a source of supply
for ice. The best results may be expected if the source of

aa?

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 95

water is a spring or lake, and if from the latter the water
should be taken from below the surface in order to afford
a more even temperature Alkali water and water from
forests showing discoloration and traces of tannin are not
suitable.

‘‘The flow of water requisite in a fishpond will vary
with the nature of the soil, the species propagated, and the
water temperature. Soils containing a good deal of sand
will lose water through seepage, making it essential to pro-
vide for a larger inflow in order to maintain the pond level.

‘*Under ordinary conditions the rainbow trout, because
of its ability to withstand a higher temperature and a more
sluggish water circulation, will yield better results in ponds
than the brook trout. The brook trout thrives best in a
swift current fed by cold springs, and attains its maximum
excellence in streams. However, an exception is found in
certain lakes in Colorado, where the introduced brook
trout attains its largest size. Assuming that it is desired
to carry 1,000 vearling trout in a l-acre pond fed from a
spring or brook, a flow of from 150 to 200 gallons per min-
ute will be sufficient, provided the temperature of the wa-
ter at the point where it enters the pond does not exceed
60 degrees F. during the summer months. ‘Trout confin-
ed in small streams with a strong flow will withstand a
temperature of 70 degrees without harm.

‘Tf the water supply to the proposed pond is from a
spring, it should first flow into a reservoir and thence
through an open raceway into the pond. ‘This will permit
it to throw off injurious gases and acquire the normal
amount of oxygen. Logs placed across this open conduit
at frequent intervals will provide the riffles necessary for
varying the flow, thus approaching natural conditions. The
water is allowed to pass over them, although no harm will
result if it occasionally flows underneath. Rocks also may
be used to accomplish the desired end.

If a stream is to be the source of supply, a screen, so

96 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

constructed that it can not be washed out during freshets,
should be inserted in the intake to keep undesirable fishes
out of the pond. For the diversion of the water from the
stream to the pond it will be found necessary in many cases
to construct a small dam which should be located from 10 to
20 feet downstream from the point of intake. It should
be the exact height required to accomplish the desired ob-
ject and strong enough to withstand flood waters. Make the
intake sufficiently wide and deep to accommodate the flow
to the pond, and for its protection install below its mouth
a slat rack placed at an angle of approximately 60 de-
erees and facing downstream. In this position the water
will flow past the outside edge and return to the rack, caus-
ing most of the floating debris and ice to pass instead of
lodging against it.

‘‘Hor the interception of floating particles a galvaniz-
ed iron screen with 3 to 4 meshes to the inch, is installed on
a frame set from 18 to 24 inches back of the rack. The gate
is placed 12 to 18 inches below the screen and is used to
regulate the flow of water.

Selection of The Pond Site:

‘Care should be taken to choose a location that will be
free from inundation and surface drainage. If possible,
sandy, or porous soil should be avoided; but, if there is no
alternative, the bottom of the pond may be covered to a
depth of from 4 to 5 inches with clay, which should be
spread evenly over the bottom with a garden rake. Water
is then turned on and the clay is tamped and puddled until
it is impervious to water. If the trout are to be held under
natural conditions, gravel and sand should be placed on top
of the clay near the intake and around the shores of the
pond to a depth of 18 to 36 inches below the water surface.

“Tf the pond can be located a few hundred feet below
the intake, making practicable a supply ditch several
feet wide and 6 to 18 inches deep, a most excellent spawning

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN Q7

place for the fish may be provided by varying the depth
of the conduit at frequent intervals, so ‘that the current will
form eddies and ‘ripples, and by covering the bottom to a
depth of seve eral inches with sand and gravel. At the ap-
proach of the spawning season the fish will ascend this
passage and lay their eggs among the hollows formed, and,
as they prefer swift water for spawning, no harm will re-
sult if there is a current of 3 to 4 miles an hour. A race-
way so constructed will afford a better control of the fish
and ee very convenient as a storage place when it is
necessary to handle them or to clean the pond.

‘Ponds are usually drawn for the purpose of assorting
or reducing the stock, cleaning, removing objectionable
fishes, and for the elimination of surplus vegetation. They
shonld never be completely drained unless the fish can first
be transferred to some suitable reservoir where they w ill
have an abundant supply of good water.

Construction of Pond:

“The mode of procedure in building a trout pond will
vary with the physical characteristics of the site,and the
amount of money to be expended in the project, A trout
pond should be rather broad and deep at oneend, tapering
toward a long narrow neck at the supply, with the view
of providing for a decided current throughout a portion of
its extent. This form of construction will apply to the av-
erage pond made by placing a dam across a small ravine
or gully. Its size will of course, be governed in the major-
ity “of instances by the contour of the site, its location with
reference to the source of water supply, and the amount of
water available. It should be no larger than will admit of
its complete control in drawing off the water and handling
the fish. The size under most conditions will probably be
between 1 and 2 acres. On the other hand, it should’ 1st
be too small. A pond of less than an acre in area is apt to
become overstocked in a few years, especially where the

98 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

larger fish are not removed, and the resulting shortage of
natural food will necessitate artificial feeding, an impor-
tant factor for consideration.

‘‘A pond may be located in a ravine, necessitating only
the erection of a dam. If the ravine is subject to heavy
freshets, 1t will be best to construct the dam of masonry or
heavy timbers, at least at its crest, and a spillway must be
provided and screened to prevent the escape of the fish.
In this latter particular great precaution must be exercis-
ed, because if the screening is improperly done there will
be great danger of its clogging with ice and debris during
flood per iods, resulting in damage to the pond.

‘Ponds that are wholly or partly surrounded by trees
are desirable in many respects. If possible, the ponds
should be shaded during the summer months; but this does
not mean that they must be entirely void of sunlight, as
that is an important factor in the produce tion of small aqua-
tic animal life. If surface water is strongly discolored by
decayed vegetation or contains other deleterious matter, it
should not be permitted to enter the pond. Small trenches
cut around the sides of the pond will usually be found val-
uable in carrying surface water to a waste ditch. In the
fall of the vear care should be taken to keep the pond free
of leaves as far as possible, as they will cause considerable
trouble on the inlet and outlet screens.

‘*Ponds should be so constructed that the overflow may
be conducted to a similar pond at a lower level. The water
mav be used over a number of times by giving it a fall of
at least 12 inches, so that it will become aerated before
entering another pond.

‘Tf the pond is slightly lower than the source of the
water, the natural surface of the ground may form the bot-
tom of the pond. In that case the embankment may be of
earth, but in order to provide for a firm foundation an exeéa-
vation of at least one foot lower than the pond bottom
should be made where the embankment is to extend. Ina

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 99

region where muskrats occur it is advisable to place wire
screening in the embankment, extending it about 1 foot
above and 2 feet below the water level, and burying it in a
bank to a depth of 6 inches. For this purpose extra-heavy
poultry wire or close mesh stock-fence wire will answer. Ex-
cavating is not to be recommended if the earth required for
the embankment can be otherwise obtained.

“The inside slope of an earth embankment should be
approximately 18 inches horizontal to 1 foot vertical, the
exact proportion varying somewhat with the nature of the
soil. The outside slopes may be 1 to 1, and after settling,
they should be sodded. The thickness of an embankment
at the water level should never be less than the depth of
the water. For small ponds the top should be at least 3
feet across, and not less than 6 feet where the pond is large
enough to admit of considerable wave action. No under-
brush, logs, or other materials subject to decay should en-.
ter into an embankment, but imperishable substances, such
as rocks, may be used. The filling should not be undertak-
en in sections, but should progress by layers over the full
width of the embankment. If acquatic vegetation cannot
be obtained for planting.near the water edge, that portion
may be rip-rapped with rocks to prevent washing by waves.

“The depth of the pond must depend on the climate.
In regions where little or no frost is encountered, a water
depth of 5 feet is sufficient, but in northern latitudes it
should be from 10 to 12 feet. The outlet may be of lumber
or of cement.

“Tf spring water is the main source of supply, it may
freeze sufficiently to harm the fish. Under this condition
ithe deepest part of the pond need not be more than 5 feet.
If the pond has a good supply of water, no harm will re-
sult from surface freezing so long as the outlet is kept
open. The extreme depths given are for such ponds as
have a very limited supply and are apt to freeze to a con-
siderable depth.

L100 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

‘The outlet is a three-sided box extending into the
bank. In this position it can be reached easily from the
shore by means of a board walk laid from the top of the
bank to the top of the overflow box. The size of the box
will be determined by the flow of water. For a pond dis-
charging from 200 to 500 gallons per minute it should be
24 inches square, its depth being, of course, conditional on
the water level and the height of the embankment. The
bottom of the box should extend to the.deepest part of the
pond, and its top should be flush with the top of the em-
bankment. At the bottom a terra-cotta pipe is laid with
cement joints extending through the earth embankment,
and a slotted groove or frame of 2-inch material is fastened
12 inches from the rear of the box to hold the dam boards,
the latter to be 1 1-2 or 2 inch lumber from 6 to 8 inches
wide, each provided with two holes from three-fourths to
one inch in diameter and three-fourths of an inch deep on
one side to facilitate removal by inserting therein a hook or
the teeth of a garden rake.

‘*TInserted in front of the dam boards on the outer edge
of the box is a screen in either one or two sections. It is
made to work up and down in a groove, and, in order that its
lower edge may closely fit the bottom of the box, the latter
Is provided with a floor, and sheet piling is driven down in
front of it to prevent undermining. In front of the drain
box, and with its bottom sloping toward it, is the **kettle”’
or basin, made by excavating in front of the drain box, so
that in drawing down the pond all the water will flow to
this low point. The upper end of the ‘kettle’? should be
a foot lower than the bottom of the pond proper. <A kettle
for a l-aere pond should be about 75 feet long and 15 or 20
feet wide. It is preferable to have its bottom and sides of
cement or lumber, but if one does not care to go to that ex-
pense the unlined pond bottom will suffice.

“Tf natural conditions will permit, the water supply
should enter the pond through an open ditch or raceway,

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 101

the length and breadth of which will depend upon the size
of the pond, the amount of water passing through, and the
lay of the land. Fora pond of 1 acre it may be from 75 to
100 feet long, but if twice as long no harm will result, as
more spawning room will be afforded. Generally speak-
ing, the raceway for such a pond should average from 4 to
5 feet wide, but the width must necessarily be governed by
the flow of water which should not be more than a foot deep
throughout its length. It is immaterial whether the race-
way is straight or crooked, but it should have a gravel bot-
tom over its entire length. The water level of the raceway
and that of the pond may be the same or different. If the
pond level happens to be somewhat lower, a small dam
should be inserted in the raceway at the point where it dis-
charges into the pond. The dam may be a plank 6 inches
high, which will insure a sufficient water depth in the race-
way so that fish Jumping the dam will not be frightened.
The point where the water falls into the pond should be
protected by stone, to prevent washing, and there should
be an approach from the pond to the raceway entrance, so
that the fish may ascend and jump the falls, which they
will readily do during the spawning season. The height of
the dam should be so regulated that the fish will not be re-
quired to Jump more than 7 inches in passing from the pond
to the raceway.

‘“Commencing at the intake, the floor of the pond
should start from a featheredge and incline gently toward
the kettle in such a way that one-fourth of the bottom area
will range in depth from almost nothing to 2 feet. From
here the slope downward to the outlet must be gradual and
even, abrupt pockets or holes being avoided. In order to
facilitate drainage and to assist in ¢ sollec ‘ting the fish in the
kettle, there should radiate from it to all parts of the pond
three or four shallow channels, which, for a 1-acre pond,
should be from 8 to 10 inches deep and from 12 to 16
inches wide.

102 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN
Aquatic Vegetation:

‘In all pond fish-cultural operations aquatic vegeta-
tion is a prime necessity. Aside from its extremely im-
portant function of purifying the water by taking up the

carbonic gas liberated by decomposition and releasing the
oxygen so essential to all living organisms, it constitutes a
nursery for the development of a most ace eptable and nec-
essary fish food in the form of minute organisms, both ani-
mals and plants. It furnishes the young fish a means of
escape from their enemies, shades them from the sun’s rays
in warm weather, and the binding of the bottom soil by its
roots tends to ‘keep the water clear. Its one objec-
tionable feature is that if allowed to grow too luxuriantly it
impedes the movements of the fish and is hable to smoth-
er the younger and weaker individuals.

‘As soon as the pond is completed and before the fish
are introduced therein, it will be advisable to start in it a
erowth of some of the finer-leaved aquatic plants native
to the neighboring streams and lakes. Plants having
small foliage are preferable to those with large, regular
leaves, because they offer a greater surface expanse for
the exchange of gases. On account of their tendency to
drive out other forms of plant life, pond lihes are not ree-
ommended for fishponds. Cat-tails, grasses, and weeds
generally are to some extent beneficial, but it is very es-
sential that they be prevented from spreading over the en-
tire pond.

Desirable Species of Aquatic Plants for Fishponds:

‘Such of the plants herein figured or mentioned as are
indigenous to local waters may advantageously be utilized
by the trout culturist, but, if none of these can be secured,
such other native forms as are available may be substituted.
Most forms of acquatic vegetation will readily grow from
cuttings. Hence the plants may be raked or pulled from

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 103

their native waters and merely pressed into the soft
soil in the shallow sections of the new pond. During
the planting process the bottom of the pond should be cov-
ered with water to a depth of 6 inches. Plants may be
started in the deep-water sections of a pond by attaching
them to a weight and sinking them at the desired spot.

‘‘In many parts of the country the aquatic vegetation
in a pond forms such a dense growth in the summer months
that the removal of a portion “of it once or twice during the
season becomes imperative. If the pond is drained for
this purpose, the water should be drawn down slowly and
the vegetation carefully raked into piles with a g earden rake
as it appears above the surface, the operator wading out to
it in rubber boots. In the event that the pond is drawn
late in the fall for seining, not more of the vegetation should
be removed than is absolutely necessary to permit the work
in hand, as the growth serves to protect the fish during the
winter months.

Stocking the Pond:

‘‘When handling fish for stocking a pond, no time is
to be lost in making the transfer. Immediately on re-
ceipt of the consignment, compare the water temperature
in the shipping cans with that of the pond, and if there is
a difference of as much as five degrees proceed gradually
to equalize the two, by pouring water from the pond into
the cans, being careful not to subject the fish to a sudden
change in temperature.

‘‘Unless the pond is several acres in area it will not be
necessary to scatter the fish at different points, as they
will soon seatter throughout its extent. When the intro-
duced stock consists of, say 10,000 small fish from 2 to 5
inches in length, they should be able, in a pond an acre in
area and properly stocked with aquatic vegetation, to find
sufficient natural food for their sustenance until they have
attained the yearling stage, thus obviating artificial feed-
ing; but the natural ‘food in ponds varies so greatly that

104 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

no hard-and-fast rule can govern the number of fish it
should or may contain. |
‘After voung trout are placed in the pond not much
will be seen of them until the warm days of early spring,
when they will be observed around the edges and near the
outlet.
Feeding The Fish:

“Tf the natural food resources of the pond appear to be
inadequate, the fish may be artificially fed, once a day be-
ing sufficient under ordinary conditions. The food may
consist of almost any kind of fresh, wholesome meat, mix-
ed with shorts or a low grade flour. At the Federal trout
hatcheries in this country livers of beef, sheep, or hogs, and
also the lungs of these animals, are used. ‘The meat is run
through a chopper and reduced to pieces small enough for
the size of the trout to be fed, being cut very fine and all
eristle carefully removed when intended for fish not over
2 or 3 inches long. As before stated, however, trout held
in suitable ponds seldom require artificial feeding until
they have attained the yearling stage.

‘‘A favorite mush is made by stirring wheat shorts or
middlings in boiling water until it thickens, adding about
the same amount of salt as if seasoning for table use. Just
prior to feeding, chopped meat is stirred into the cold mush
in such quantities as may be desired up to four-fifths of the
whole, the smaller fish requiring a larger proportion of meat
than the older ones. It is best not to prepare the meat
more than a.day or two in advance, and it should be mixed
with the mush only as required for immediate use. ‘The
mush should always be fed cold, and, as it keeps well even
in warm weather in a cool place, enough of it may be made
at one time to last for several days. No foul or putrid
meat or moldy mush should ever be used.

‘‘In feeding, an attendant throws out a small portion
of the food, preferably near the pond outlet, and as he walks

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 105

along the banks toward the other end of the pond he seat-
ters the food with his hand or a large spoon, strewing it ov-
er as wide a water surface as he can. The fish soon learn
to follow him, and are thus prevented from rushing togeth-
er in a small space and injuring themselves.

‘The proper amount of food for a daily ration will de-
pend upon the size of the fish and the prevailing water
temperature. <A lot of 1,000 rainbow trout ranging from 5
to 6 inches in length, in a water temperature of about 50 to
60 degrees F., will require approximately 4 pounds a day,
while an equal number of 8-inch to 12-inch fish, under the
same temperature conditions, should have about 12
pounds. As the fish increase in size the food supply must
be increased accordingly, but in cold weather the amount
consumed will not be as large as during the summer months,
The feeding should be done in the late afternoon, so that
the fish will acquire the habit of searching for natural food
in the pond in the early part of the day.

Pond Capacity:

‘On account of the diversity of local conditions, it is
very difficult to estimate with any certainty how many
fish a pond will maintain. The general statement may be
made, however, that a l-acre pond having a flow of 200

gallons of water per minute at a temperature ranging from
50 to 60 degrees F., should carry from 8,000 to 10,000 year-
ling trout, provided it is well stocked with aquatic vegeta-
tion and the fish are regularly fed. A pond of this capac-
ity possessing the requisites stated, and with the addition
of minnows or other small aquatic animal life, should sup-
port 1,000 yearlings without the aid of any artificial food.

‘‘Such a pond should support 25,000 fish 3 inches long.
and would rear them to the yearling age, although 10,000
83-inch fish would probably produce better results at the
end of a year. Stocking a pond with fish is similar to
stocking a pasture with stock, and the same care must be

106 THE ANGLER AND: HUNTSMAN

exercised to guard against depleting the natural food.
Where there is a shortage in the food supply, the larger
trout will prey upon the smaller ones. Owing to their
cannibalistic tendency, exceptionally large fish should not
be allowed to remain in an inclosure with those of the av-
erage size.

Natural Enemies:

‘*Hish inhabiting a pond, especially the smaller ones, are
subject to the depredations of numerous enemies. Many
kinds of aquatic birds prev upon them, and eggs and
young are consumed by snakes and turtles. Among birds,
kinegfishers, herons, ducks, and fish hawks are the most
persistent poachers. Muskrats do not destroy fish, but
make burrows in the pond banks. Galvanized-iron wire
screens placed in the pond embankments will prevent the
burrowing of muskrats. They may be caught with ordinary
steel traps.

Spawning of Trout:

‘‘Under ordinary conditions neither the rainbow
trout nor the brook trout will mature earlier than the
third year, although where they have the advantage of good
ponds and an adequate and suitable food supply it is not
exceptional for them to deposit eggs at the end of their
second year. Experience at the hatcheries of the Bureau
of Fisheries has shown that from 15 to 25 per cent of the
female trout in a pond may be expected to spawn during
their second vear, 60 per cent in the third vear, and from
85 to 90 per cent. during each year thereafter up to the
seventh, after which it is “inadvisable to rely upon them as
a source of egg supply. Eges of the best quality are ob-
tained from fish that are from 3 to 5 vears old.

“Pwo-vyear old rainbow trout vield from 500 to 800
eggs; at 3 years old and thereafter the average is from
1,000 to 1,200 per fish. Brook trout yield from 150 to 250
eggs at 1 vear old, 350 to 600 at 2 vears old, and the older

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 107

fish produce from 500 to 2,500. At Manchester, Lowa, the
eggs hatch in from 30 to 35 days in a water temperature of
50 degrees F., and brook trout in from 35 to 40 days in a
temperature of 50 degrees F.

‘‘As a rule, rainbow-trout eggs measure from 225 to
250 per fluid ounce, being considerably larger than those
of the brook trout, which range from 325 to 600 per ounce

‘*Experience has shown that the fish hatched from a
single lot of eggs frequently show such a wide variation im
size that at the age of 1 vear some individuals will be only
four inches long while others will run from 6 to 8 inches.
This seems to be an inherent condition and is not easily
overcome, but the tendenev may be counteracted to a cer-
tain extent by sorting the fish as to size from time to time
and giving the smaller ones extra food and attention.

‘*The spawning period of the rainbow trout is affected
by geographical location. In the eastern States this fish
reproduces between early November and January; in the
middle western sections of the United States its spawning
season begins late in December and lasts for about three
months; while in the Rocky Mountain region and farther
west it spawns during a period of about six weeks, com-
mencing in April. Under natural conditions the fish make
a kind of nest by throwing up a mound of gravel in the bed
of the stream when the current is swift. The eggs float
into the gravel mound and lie in its crevices until ‘hatched.
The fry remain concealed in the gravel about a month,
until the yoke sac is absorbed; they then begin to swim and
search for food.

‘‘ Bearing these facts in mind, the trout culturist should
imitate natural conditions in the arrangement of his pond,
providing a raceway with a swift current of water and a
gravel bottom and allowing the fish access to it, so that they
may deposit their eggs at the proper time of the year. The
inlet to the raceway should be at least 4 feet wide and
from 75 to 100 feet long, both dimensions to be increas-

108 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

ed over those specified where it is possible. With the ap-
proach of the spawning season the removal of a large por-
tion of the vegetation in the raceway should be effected.
‘“What has been said regarding the requirements and
care of the rainbow trout will apply with equal force to the
brook trout, except that the latter being native to swift
mountain streams of the north, with occasional deep pools,
will require colder water and a more rapid current. This
species grows more slowly than the rainbow trout and
does not attain so large a size. It spawns in fall, the sea-
son usually beginning in September or October and con-
tinuing to the middle of December. Under ordinary con-
ditions the rainbow trout will be found to give greater sat-
isfaction, and the pond culturist who contemplates opera-
tions ona small seale is advised to select that species.”

Assignment of Fish to Applicants:

The Bureau of Fisheries is prepared to furnish trout
to parties who may desire to stock public or private wa-
ters, and blanks upon which to make application therefor
will be sent to you upon request. Delivery of the trout
will be made by the government free of charge to your
nearest station aS soon as your order is reached.

Winter Camping:

The foremost consideration in planning a winter camp-
ing trip is the selection of wearing apparel and camp neces-
sities.

In buying clothing it is of prime importance to select
something not so much for its attractiveness as for its
Wwarinth-giving qualities. Apparel that will successfully
keep off the chill rigors of winter.

It is unnecessary to recominend any particular brand
of clothing. There are many good kinds of winter cloth-
ing adaptable for camping. The climate in your section,
of course, will dictate the weight of it.

pone

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 109

To be warm, however, clothing does not necessarily
have to be exceedingly heavy. The lighter (if it is the
right kind of stuff), the better, for a pound or so off the
weight of it makes a great deal of difference to vou on long
hikes. You will not be burdened down, which is a vital
point ina close place. For instance, if you get into a rum-
pus with a wounded bear, or moose, if your clothing does
not impede vour movements you will have a much better
ehance to out-maneuver the animal, and so light clothing
may mean in such instances a matter of life and death.

But here is where the best of quality counts. If the
apparel is light, the quality must offset the weight. It
must be stuft that will withstand the elements in every.
sense. ‘T’o this end, it is well to avoid, as far as possible, all
cotton clothing. Woolen goods of medium weight is de-
sirable, supplemented by flannel shirts or wool shirts, with
turn-down collars. If the climate is especially severe, the
shirts should be double-breasted, or double all over, but
for a medium cold climate single thickness is sufficient.
Flannel underclothing is essential for severe climates. Over
this, it is well to wear a medium weight woolen sweater or
knitted coat. Buckskin leggings, and moosehide mocea-
sins make good footwear; especially are moceasins desir-
able if vou wish to still-hunt. For the pastime known as
still- -hunting, you want to select clothing that will not make
noises in the woods. Duck and corduroy are of a texture
that make these noises when moving about, therefore not
practicable for this purpose. Clothing of soft texture is
best, then, for hunting in the woods, where the slightest
sound serves notice on the quarry that an enemy is ap-
proaching and gives the ereature timely warning that
makes escape easy, much to the dismay and chagrin of the
trophy and meat hunter.

Good, warm woolen socks, or stockings, are essential
to keep the feet warm. Keeping the extremities warm is a
most vital thing. If the moceasins are soft and thin, it is

110 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

better to have a specialist in this line put on a double sole
for you. This will add to their warmth, durability, and
water-proofness.

A soft felt hat, or cap lned inside with fur and having
earflaps is good. The head must be kept warm at any
cost.

If you wear a felt hat in preference to a cap, don’t for-
get those ears. They are one of your most sensitive or-
gans and if injured by frost-bite vou may have lasting
cause to regret your carelessness. They may be protect-
ed by ear-muffs, which, though a little old-fashioned, are
extremely comfortable in severe cold weather Personal-
ly, we prefer the hood-cap, which is a cap with attached ear
and neck-flap, coming well down under the neck and un-
der the chin. It completely protects the back of the head,
the spine at the base of the brain, the ears, etc., which is
absolutely necessary to your comfort and health.

The more experienced outdoorsmen do not take along
an overcoat, as it is likely to be more in the way than use-
ful. Generally, it impedes walking and free, easy move-
ment, so essential to hunting. The overcoat is quite an un-
necessary adjunct, if proper attention has been paid to the
other garments.

Mittens are not desirable for obvious reasons. A fin-
gered glove is absolutely necessary. A glove is plenty clum-
sv at its best, and a mitten is an abomination to a hunter.

Snowshoes come next and are indispensable for camp-
ing in the northern wilds of Alaska and Canada, where in
winter snow covers the ground the entire season to a depth
of many feet.

A sewing kit, containing needles, thread, ete., is a val-
uable ally to have along. You never know when you're go-
ing to rip your trousers, on snag or barb, so be prepared.

If you only contemplate a short trip, say a week, it is
not necessary to take along a shaving outfit, as a week’s
growth of whiskers will do more good than harm in protect-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN hat

ing your face from the icy blasts apt to prevail in winter.
For more open hunting, where vou have a great deal
of walking to do, some prefer a sportsman’s boot or shoe
to the moceasin. ‘This is a matter of taste, and a matter
local conditions should dictate. .

We come now to the camp outfit proper. First in im-
portance, of course, comes the bed on which during the
long winter nights we shall rest our tired and weary
‘*bones.’’ Comfort and warmth are the essentials that go
hand-in-hand. If we attain these two requisites, we have
succeeded in obtaining a bed admirably suited to our
needs. On the market in large outfitters’ stores, may be
found a varied selection of beds, both simple and combina-
tion. The combination bed constitutes also a hammock,
shelter tent, and roll-up pack, in which may be carried all
the nick-nacks that are needed on the trip. In this way,
carrying them does not take up extra space.

Of course, the camp mattress must be waterproof. It
is like a bag without ends, in which may be stuffed drv
leaves; twigs, moss, etc., making an ideal bed. It has side
flaps, made of heavy material that will resist water, the
inside lining of which should be of wool, or other very
warmth-giving stuff. If properly made, this’ forms an
ideal covering, equal to three or four blankets. Aided by
the camp fire, with this outfit the camper should exper-
ience none of the cold chills of winter. The fire will not
only keep one warm, but is essential in frightening away
prowhlng wolves and other animals, and is proof against
these night marauders, for fire is their deadly fear and
strikes terror to their hearts. The fiercest animal of the
jungle will not venture very near a big brisk camp fire. They
have perhaps had this fear instilled into them by some
terrible experience in a great forest fire; it is a fear that
seems even to have been handed down to them by heredity,
and perhaps is. So much for the camp fire. Now let us
get back to a discussion of camp equipment.

112 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

If you have facilities for taking an extensive outfit,
including camp cot, camp stove, ete., of course the roll-
pack combination bed would not suffice, unless you prefer
to ‘trough it’’ instead of trying to purchase every article a
luxurious outing would de ‘mand. I am offering sugges-
tions for the average outer, recognizing that the average
outer is not a millionaire. However, even some million-
aires prefer as simple outfits as possible, which do not en-
tailthe worry and bother a lot of surplus parapher-
nalia eauses. Hence, it is not only useless to de-
scribe the more elaborate things that may be taken
on a winter camping trip, but it is unnecessary
because the average outer does not wish to be burdened
down with the manifold ‘‘household duties’? such outfits
incur. Their wives (if they are married men) have per-
haps given them an inkling of the manifold domestic duties
to be performed about the home, and they have no further
inclinations along this line. What they are after is life
as near the primitiv e as possible to attain, which is the
word ‘‘simplicity’’ itself.

“The greatest care must be used in picking out the eS-
sentials, and in eliminating the non-esse ntials. If the

camp is only to be a temporary affair, a sort of wigwam, or

tent, and the camper intends moving from place to place,
depending upon game signs, ete., then it is inexpedient to
take with one more than is absolutely and positively nec-
essary. When this rule is disobeve d, it results in the loss
of the greater part of the surplus luggage, for sooner or
later the camper will have to sacrifice a part of a too bur-
densome pack on some long portage or mountain trail, and
a little foresight will save him dollars as well as lost energy
and much aggravation. If these suggestions are carried
out, vou will be benefited.

The ‘*Grub’’:
The word ‘‘grub,’’ as here applied, is probably slang,
as it really means ‘‘to dig,’’ and in another sense means

— se

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 113

‘the larva of an insect,’’ but it is a term widely used and
widely understood to denote food. J have never heard how
it came to be called ‘‘grub,”’ but believe food was so desig-
nated by some wit because we have to ‘“‘dig”’ or ‘‘work”’
for what we eat. At any rate, it is a word common to out-
doorsmen, and hence here applied in its slang sense, mean-
ing food.

As far as possible avoid canned goods put up in tin.
If it is a reliable, commonly used brand it is perhaps safe,
but the best canned grub is put up in glass cans or glass jars.
Anything put up in glass is said to be safe from contami-
nation, which is not true of tin canned goods in every ease.
Most anything desired can be obtained in glass jars, for
instance, choice bacon, dried beef, sliced ham, olives,
pickles, preserves of all kinds, milk, ete., ete. If vou pitch
camp near a farm-house, butter, eggs, milk, ete., can be
readily obtained fresh.

—INTRODUCTORY TO PART TWO—

Stanley Blake, the author of Part Two of this volume,
was born in Ohio, removing to Cincinnati to engage in a
profession when but a young man. Since his early youth
he has been a hunter of note, having hunted in all parts of
the United States, both large and small game of all kinds.
Always very fond of dogs, it was natural that he should
own and breed some of the best dogs America has produced.
In his early career, he owned and operated the High-
land Kennels, at Newport, Kentucky, later removing to
Berry, Kentucky, where he now operates the largest hunt-
ing-dog kennels in the world, shipping more dogs than all
other kennels in this country combined, THE BLUE
GRASS FARM KENNELS, OF BERRY, KY.

He served in the Spanish-American war, and has widely
traveled in our island possessions and Mexico. He has
been all over the United States and knows hunting condi-
tions, as a whole, probably better than any other American.

He takes a keen interest in everything pertaining to
the outdoors, and aside from running the largest kennels
in the world, engages in scientific farming and stock-raising.
Starting in business on practically nothing, he has made a
phenomenal success.

114

bd

Pekar hw. O

BY" STANLEY BLAKE

THE INVENTION OF ARMS AND AMMUNITION:

History tells us that arms and ammunition were in-
vented by a naked savage in the dim ages of the past. The
invention, we are told, was made quite by accident. The
naked savage was out hunting one day, when suddenly he
was confronted by a huge wild beast, that, looking the sav-
age in the eye, licked its great chops i in a manner denoting
extreme hunger, and started to attack the man. What
was the savage to do? An insurmountable cliff cut off
any possible avenue of escape. He must face the beast.
He had no time to even think what he should do. Instine-
tively he knew, without weapons of any kind whatsoever,
that the beast could easily overpower and make a meal off
of him. ‘This was in the dim ages before even the most
primitive weapons were in use; nothing had as yet been
thought of for defense except human strength unaided by
anything else.

Then, as now, the law of self-preservation asserted it-
self, and in the twinkling of an eye he reached down and
grasped a jagged piece of stone and with all his might hurl-
ed it straight at the beast’s head. His aim was true. The
great force with which the savage had hurled the stone
sent it crashing against the animal’s skull with a noisy im-
pact that sent the beast to his knees in a senseless stupor,
giving the naked savage a chance to escape, which he lost
no time in taking advantage of. As he sped on his way to

115

116 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

liberty he paused just long enough to congratulate him-
self upon saving his own life. He knew he had done this.
But he had done something else, the magnitude and impor-
tance of which his savage brain had absolutely no concep-
tion. HE HAD INVENTED ARMS AND AMMUNI-
TION!

After the savage had escaped an untimely death by
hurling the stone with mighty force at the brute-beast, he
straightway went to the head tribesman and communicat-
ed his discover y. No doubt the chief was greatly amazed
and much pleased that one of his subjects had dared face
the great forest animal and actually knock him to his
knees in a dazed condition. No doubt he highly commend-
ed the bravery and skill of the naked man. Very likely
he called the whole tribe together and publicly acclaimed
the gallantry of this daring “ereature who had so success-
fully dared to face the oreat lord of the wilderness, mighty
beast.

Of course, once man had really begun to think, after
having re ealized by chance the possibilities of defending
oneself, it was but a comparatively short time until he had
begun to devise improvements on the ancient method of
heaving a stone by main strength of the body-muscles.

Came a time when greater force was desired. A way
must be found to cast a stone farther and with greater ve-
locity. How should it be done? That, no doubt, was the
burning question of the day, discussed in many a council

of war in many a chieftain’s wigwam as they were planning:

to swoop down upon their neighbors in a war of conquest,
or a war engendered by natural jealousy and hatred.

One day a great invention was heralded far and wide
by excited couriers. A tribesman had invented a weapon
whereby a stone could be thrown not only farther and with
ereater force, but straighter than had been possible be-
fore. This came to be known as the sling, and all the tribes-
men soon learned to be expert at sling-throwing. This

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 7

was the second step in the evolution of modern firearms. To
this day slings are used in certain countries, and are in
vogue by young boys here in our own country.

The third great step was the invention of the bow and
arrow, and the early settlers of America know what a
deadly weapon it proved to be in the hands of the blood-
thirsty Indians who roamed this country in colonial days.

The bow and arrow made man lord over every beast
that roamed the jungle or galloped over the prairies. As
time went on it was improved until it could be depended
upon to stop the most savage animal. Not only was it
employed against dangerous animals, but against the
members of other tribes, who vied with each other to see
who could invent the most deadly and fearful weapon.
This spirit, we regret to add, still thrives, as recently
shown in the great world war where every means was em-
ployed by the bloody Huns to gain their ends—liquid fire,
poison gas, shrapnel, big guns of wonderful range, ete., be-
ing freely used in an inhumane and unthought-of barbarous
fashion.

The mechanical age at last appeared and the cross-bow
was evolved. Every student of history knows the impor-
tant role the cross-bow has played on down through the
ages in many a bloody strife between tribes and between
nations.

The cross-bow was developed until it had the appear-
ance of our modern gun. This weapon was perfected in the
war between China and Japan.

It was by accident that the first primitive weapon of
defense was conceived, and so it was by accident also that
another powerful agency was found—an agency whose po-
tent qualities man little knew in those early days.

The age of chemistry was at hand. Two monks con-
ducted experiments in their monastery in an effort to
discover a mixture suitable for use to make fire, which was
to be thrown on enemy buildings, composed of such ma-

118 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

terial as pitch, sulphur, resin, saltpeter, and naptha. From
this ‘‘Greek fire’? was evolved. There is dispute as to who
first invented gunpowder, some claiming it was the Chi-
nese, but as China was entirely cut off and remote from the
balance of the world, it remained for the other countries
to solve the great problem for themselves.

One of the monks, Roger Bacon by name, was labor-
ing one night in his constant endeavors to make a satis-
factory , **fire’’ for uses stated above, and on this particu-
lar night he used pure instead of impure saltpeter, endeav-
oring, we can suppose, to get a most violent and longer
burning flame. He was busy at his work, watching the
progress of the experiments, when suddenly a terrific ex-
plosion rent the building. He narrowly escaped death.
The investigation proved that pure saltpeter could not be
used in the mixture for the purpose of making ‘‘fire.
Little did he realize that he had really discovered gunpow-
der. Thus in the thirteenth century Roger Bacon gave
to the world that potent agency of destruction now famil-
iarly known throughout the civilized world.

In the opinion of the writer Bacon died not knowing
the great importance of his discovery. In later years, a
man named Schwartz studied Bacon’s works and carried
on dangerous investigations of his own, and he was the
first man to give to Eurone and the world the fruits of
the discovery of gunpowder.

Needless to say, it was but a short time until the cross-°
bow and gun-powder had been so improved until the
matchlock was produced. Successive generations saw the
flint-lock, the early Persian gun, the Scotch wheel-lock,
the early Swiss pistols, the Dutch wheel-lock or double-
barreled pistol, the wheel-lock rifle, and various other
freaks and faney guns, until the present time when our
modern high-power rifles, our perfect shotguns and mod-
ern implements of war and peace have attained to a state of
perfection never dreamed of by our forefathers.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 119

The sportsmen of this day can thank their lucky stars
that they live in a progressive age like this, in peace, se-
curity, and contentment, and by the same token they can
thank high Heaven they did not live in those early times
when ‘‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness’’ was of-
ten not attainable—why? Because the weapons of that
day had faults that were more than likely to prove the undo-
ing of the hunter and the fighter and could not, therefore,
be fully depended upon at all times as can modern arms and
ammunition be depended upon in this age.

What a debt of gratitude we owe our forefathers who
battled against great odds and finally overcame them,
bringing civilization to the New World with all its conse-
quent blessings. |

The progress of nations is indeed closely linked with
the improvement and efficiency of its firearms.

GUNS AND AMMUNITION:

In the first place, the author desires to state that the
following article does not pretend to set itself up as an ab-
solute authority on the difficult question of arms and am-
munition for hunting different varieties of game. The
choice of arms and ammunition, like taste in neckties, is a
question of ‘‘many men, many minds.’’ We only wish to
point out the more commonly accepted standards and tastes
in both arms and ammunition. Even this constitutes prob-
lems that the individual must.solve for himself to meet his
own particular needs and his own peculiar desires. Hence,
our remarks on the subject must be purely general in char-
acter.

The writer has consulted several experts of national
reputation in regard to these matters, and briefly summa-
rizes their opinions below, withholding their names at
their request.

The first expert consulted has this to say on the
subject:

120 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

‘Taking first the question of small game; in recent
vears the use of small gauges such as the 16 and 20 has been
constantly increasing, and.under certain circumstances they
are very suitable and satisfactory. However, sportsmen
throughout the world have pinned their faith to 12 gauge
Winchester Repeating Shotguns, as the best all-around
game guns in the world, as they are suitable not only for
wild fowl, but for rabbits, hares, foxes, and all small game.

‘‘The question of suitable loads for water fowl is an
open one, due:to the difference in the size of the game.
They range from the little blue wing teal, which is slightly
larger than a quail, up to the big sea duck, or sea coot,
weighing from four to five pounds, and’ protected by a
thatch of feathers about an inch thick. For teal, sports-
men have found ordinary number 8 shot satisfactory. This
size of shot, naturally, would have very little effect on an
armored cruiser of the coast like the sea coot. The goose,
duck and such large birds as the swan, require a heavy
charge of powder and large shot. For quail and grouse a
medium to fairly heavy load of powder, and shot sizes six
to eight, has been found effective.

‘‘The wild turkey comes in a class by himself. In
certain sections of the South, BB shot is used so universally
for this bird that it is known to hunter and storekeeper
alike as ‘turkey shot.’

‘‘Tt would be better to eliminate the coon and opossum
from the list of small game animals, as they are nocturnal,
and are usually killed with a club in any ease. The skunk
is also nocturnal, and for other and ‘strong’ reasons it
would be wisest to hunt skunk with a high-power, long
range rifle.

‘‘The fox is also a special case. In the South he is
hunted on horseback with dogs during certain seasons, the
good old institution of the hunt still flourishing, and the
English sportsman’s horror of shooting a fox being a very
real thing. In the North, however, the fox is a commer-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 121

cial fur-bearing proposition (when he isn’t a chicken
thief), and is ruthlessly hunted and trapped. A 12 gauge
gun with big shot and a heavy load of powder is preferable
when on the trail of Br’er Fox, as his vitality is great and
he has an inconvenient habit of crawling into a hole to re-
cover, if his wound is not absolutely fatal. }

‘‘The Winchester Model 95 is a famous big game gun,
having been used by such eminent hunters as the late Ex-
President Roosevelt, with a success that is known to the
world. Admiral Peary on his trip to the North Pole, Sir
Ernest Shackleton in his explorations in the South, depend-
ed upon the Winchester gun to keep their outfits supplied
with bear, seal and walrus meat and hides. The ammuni-
tion used by the Model 95 is most powerful, especially the
405 W. C. F. and the .80 Government M-06 cartridges,
which have exceptional range and remarkable shocking
effect.

‘‘A light weight rifle handling very powerful cart-
ridges is the Winchester M-94. This gun is of the tubular
magazine type, and is operated by a finger lever under
the receiver. It is quite powerful enough for such game
as mountain lion, wild cat and deer, although it is not quite
as effective at long range as the M-95. But when every
ounce counts, as in difficult and wearying journeys and
mountain climbing, the M-94 has given great satisfaction.

‘‘However good an arm may be on leaving the fac-
tory, the only way to keep it in working condition is to
clean it after every using. Never allow your gun to go
over night without being cleaned. If you take care of it
carefully it will never fail you in one of those crucial mo-
ments when failure may mean great disappointment or
even life itself to the hunter.

‘‘Some men never clean their guns properly and get
away with it, but they are taking a big chance and never
have the satisfaction of being absolutely safe. Especially
is this true in the matter of oiling. You may neglect some

122 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

other process and be saved by your rabbit’s foot, but forget
to oil your gun and sooner or later you will be thoroughly
punished for your neglect, and moreover you will have to
buy a new gun.

‘*A gun is apt to be just as good as the care that is taken
of it; the Winchester Company, realizing this, have special-
ized on a line of metal cleaning and preserving prepara-
tions especially adapted to their own arms.’’

Another expert, when asked for his opinions concern-
ing arms and ammunition for the various game animals and
ha ds) had this oxcay*

‘*The best gun for all small game shooting is the modern
12 gauge and the most popular models are the autoloading
and pump action. For shooting quail, grouse, and other
upland game birds a gun bored modified choke is the most

satisfactory. For shooting ducks and geese, and also for
shooting turkeys, the gun should be bored full choke.

Or shooting rabbits, including the varying hare,
likewise for shooting various kinds of vermin, such as
hawks, the modified choke bore is most satisfactory. For
shooting foxes, a full choke gun should be used and shells
loaded with No. 3 or No. 2 buckshot. No. 3 shot is the
right size for turkeys. The latter load is also So Geta
for shooting coons, skunks, possums, and other small ani-
mals, including wild eats.

‘For shooting big game, the Remington autoloading
rifle is a favorite, but the Remington slide- action model is
also very popular. These rifles are made in the following
ealibers—.25 Remington, .30 Remington, .32 Remington,
35 Remington. The latter cartridge is the most power-
ful and the best adapted for the larger game animals such
as Alaskan brown and grizzly bears and for moose. The oth-
er cartridges are popular for shooting moose, caribou, deer,
goats, and sheep, depending upon the individual prefer-
ence of the shooter. We find the .30 caliber to be the most
popular all around eartridge.”’

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 723

Still another expert offers the following information
on the subject:

‘‘It would be impossible for me to lay down any defi-
nite rules along this line because there is a wide difference
in opinion among sportsmen and what one man considers
just the proper load for a given purpose, other shooters re-
gard as by no means the best. It all depends upon condi-
tions and individual preference. Of course the 12 gauge
shotgun is still more largely used than any other, although
the 20 gauge, 28 gauge and .410 are growing rapidly in
popular favor for shooting small birds and animals.’’

The Care of Firearms:

Several authorities were consulted on the care of fire-
arms, and replied as follows:

‘*Tn the early days of gun-making, firearms were very
crude affairs. The barrels were smooth bore, or approxi-
mately so, because in those days gun making machinery
was also very crude and the interiors of the barrels of the
guns made for many years were not even as smooth as in the
poorest and cheapest shotguns made today. There was no
way of looking through the barrel, for there was no open-
img at the breech, except a small passage from the flash
pan where the priming charge was placed. These ens
were inaccurate as compar ed. with modern firearms and it
really did not make much difference whether the barrel
was carefully cleaned or not since they would not shoot
straight anyway.

‘*Modern firearms, such as Remington U M C shot-
guns and rifles, are splendid examples of present day me-
chanical genius. While efficient in the highest degree,
when judged as pieces of machinery, they are yet extremely
simple in construction.

‘“The possession of a-Remington gun or rifle inspires
its owner with a desire to keep it in the perfect mechanical

124 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

condition in which he received it from the factory. Too
many men, because they are not familiar with the proper
methods of cleaning their guns, finally discard them because
of rust and corrosion.

‘*A rifle or shotgun will last the shooter a lifetime and
always give as good results as when first used if it be a
good one and is cared for properly.

‘Tt is absolutely necessary to clean a firearm as soon
after shooting as possible, to keep it in perfect condition.
Aside from the fact that the sooner you clean out the foul-
ing the less time it has to act on the steel of the barrel, it is
well known that the fouling, after anv considerable length
of time, becomes sticky and hard and requires more work
to remove than if the cleaning is done within, say, a half-
hour after the last shot is fired.

‘Always clean the barrel from the breech; if cleaned
from the muzzle the dirt is pushed back into the action, and
the cleaning rod is apt to wear or burr the muzzle of the
barrel and spoil its accuracy. Remington U M C firearms
are all made so that they can be cleaned from the breech.

‘‘Never use emery in a rifle barrel. It will destroy
the rifling, enlarge the bore and ruin its accuracy.

Shotgun Barrels:

‘Tt seems as though the tendency of any rifle or shot-
gun barrel to rust and corrode depends to some extent upon
the breech pressure and the temperature generated by
the explosion of the powder. Shotgun barrels, owing to
the comparatively low breech pressures which they produce,
are not so sensitive to rust or corrosion as rifle or revolver
barreis. Care in cleaning however, is well worth while for
there is a vast difference in evenness of pattern and uni-
form shooting qualities of a barrel in perfect condition and
a rusty foul one.

“As all shotgun barrels will lead more or less, depend-
ing on the rapidity with which they are shot and weather

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 125

conditions, we strongly recommend the use of a soft brass
cleaner, either the bristle type, or the woven wire type. Do
not use the iron wire brushes usually furnished with jointed,
wooden cleaning rods as the continued use of these iron
brushes for ordinary cleaning will spoil the polished sur-
face of the bore. Such brushes are useful only for cases
of severe rust.

“The following procedure will keep your barrel in
perfect condition, provided, of course, it was not rusty be-
fore you started shooting:

‘‘Serub the barrel thoroughly with a brass cleaner
which has been oiled with Rem Oil. Allow it to stand for
a few minutes, then run through several dry cloth patches
and finish up with one which has been saturated with
Rem Oil. You may now safely lay away vour shotgun
with the assurance that it will stay in perfect condition
unless you leave it where it is exposed to moisture.

.22 Caliber Rifle Barrels:

‘*To clean .22 caliber rifle barrels and other low power
sizes, scrub with a soft brass bristle brush soaked with Rem
Oil. Follow with four or five pieces of cloth, every other one
saturated with Rem Oil. Have the last one fit a bit loos-
er than the others, and have as much Rem Oil on it as pos-
sible so as to leave a good coating on the inside of the
barrel. Smokeless powder used in .22 caliber rifles is
more liable to cause rust than less smoke. To get the best
- results when smokeless powder is used, clean immediately
or just as soon as possible after firing the last shot.

‘‘Tf the rifle barrel becomes leaded and a brass bristle
brush fails to remove the lead, it may be cleaned by running
quicksilver through it. The lead will amalgamate with
the quicksilver. Plug one end of the barrel and put in
the quicksilver, the other end to-be held with the finger
and the barrel turned end to end, rolling occasionally so
that all the surface will be reached by the quicksilver. Ti

126 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

this treatment does not remove the leading, the barrel
should be returned to our factory where we can remove
it, unless the interior of the barrel is too badly pitted or
rusted, in which case a new barrel will be required.

High Power Rifle Barrels:

‘“Procedure for high power rifle barrels using metal
jacketed bullets is the same as for .22 caliber rifle barrels
except that a second cleaning one day later is necessary.

‘Sometimes parts of the metal jacket of the bullet will
adhere to the lands or grooves of the high power rifle bar-
rel. This condition is known as metal fouling and if pres-
ent only in small quantities can easily be removed by a vig-
orous rubbing with a cloth patch moistened with a concen-
trated solution of Ammonium Hydrate.

‘If metal fouling is present the patch will come out
a deep blue color. Patches with ammonia on them
should be run through until one comes out practically col-
orless. The ammonium hydrate treatment will remove
light deposits of metal, but when the fouling is very heavy
as is sometimes the case when the barrel has been shot
a number of times in rapid succession, we have found the
following preparation the best to remove it:

Ammoniung “Carbonate .75%ense oon 200 grains
VARA TAO MIN AEE VC PERRC A527: Rant eae 6 ounces
Ammoniim:-Persulphate® 222.24 22: “. lL Gunes
Dis tallied. swear Os oe), scene eae rere 4 ounces

“The method of applying is to cork up the breech of
the rifle and fit a short section of tubing over the muzzle.
The solution is then poured in until it fills the barrel and
part of the rubber tube so that the muzzle will be com-
pletely covered. The liquid should remain for thirty
minutes or an hour, then pour out. This preparation de-
teriorates with age and is most effective when fresh.

‘Care must be taken, if either of the above methods

ee

——————

— eer

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 1k

are used, to thoroughly clean out the inside of the barrel
and any metal part which has been wet with the solutions,
as if they dry on the steel, they are liable to cause rust.
Be eareful also not to let the ammonium hydrate solution
or the preparation mentioned above touch the wooden
stock or forearm as they will remove the finish. The
danger from metal fouling arises from the fact that clean-
ing cil is excluded from barrel surfaces covered by it and
rusting is very apt to follow.

Actions and Moving Parts:

‘The mechanism of all firearms should be cleaned and
lubricated with oil and a thin film rubbed on the outside
metal parts to preserve them from rust.’’ The above in-
formation on ‘‘how to take care of firearms’’ was taken
from the Remington U M C catalogue and incorporated
here on account of the intrinsic value of the suggestions,
and because the makers of guns are naturally best fitted
to know just how they should be taken care of.

ORIGIN OF HUNTING DOGS:

Nothing is definitely known as to the origin of the
English Setter, but there is also a lack of trustworthy in-
formation regarding the origin of all the other old breeds
of dogs.

Some writers of note claim that the English Setter
originated in a Spaniel ancestry. ‘To prove their claims,
they quote early writers on the subject, of which the fol-
lowing excerpts will show the foundation on which their
claims are based:

The author, Stonehenge, writing on the subject of
‘“The Dogs of the British Islands’’ in the year 1867, says:

As some difference of opinion appears to exist with
regard to Setters, we have determined thoroughly to sat-
isfy ourselves as to their origin and best form, and we
have called all the best authorities to our assistance. We

128 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

propose to place the result of our labors before the public,
and to add our own conclusions.

There is no doubt that the sport of hawking was known
and practiced by the ancient Britons, and that the Roman
was totally ignorant of the science; but the invader at once
came to the conclusion that the system might be improved,
and introduced the Land Spaniel, if not the Water Dog, also,
into this country.

These dogs roused the game, and this was all that the
hawker required of them in those early days; but in after

“PERFECT POINTERS.”

years, as we shall see, dogs were required to point, or, in the
language of the quaint old writer, ‘‘sodainely stop and fall
down upon their bellies,’’ and having so done, when within
two or three vards, *‘then shall your Setter stick, and by no
persuasion go further till yourself come in and use your
pleasure.’’

Eee eee

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 129

At first, then, without doubt, the Spaniel was merely
used as a springer for the haw k, which was subsec yuently
neglected for the net; and the propensity of the dog to pause
before making his dash at game was cultivated and cher-
ished, by breeding and selection, until, at last, gratified by
observing the action of the net, he yielded his natural im-
pulse of springing at all, and set, or lay down, to permit the
net to be drawn over him. After this, the hawker trained
his Spaniel to set; then he cast off his hawks, which ascend-
ed in circles, and ‘‘waited on’’ until his master roused the
quarry from its concealment, when he pounced upon it like
a pistol shot.

When used either with hawks or for the net (especially
in the latter case), a far heavier dog answered the purpose
than what we eall a ‘‘Highranging Setter.’’ The net en-
veloped a whole covey in its meshes, and few manors would
allow of many coveys being taken in a day; whilst the dis-
entangling the birds, and securing them, allowed time for
the heavy dog to rest and regain his wind.

Richard Surflet, who wrote in 1600, gives us the follow-
ing information. Writing of the Field or Land Spaniel, ‘‘ of
which sith before no author hath fully intreated,’’ he de-
seribes him as ‘‘gentle, loving, and courteous to man, more
than anv other sort of dog whatsoever’’; and as ‘‘loving to
hunt the wing of any bird, especially partridge, pheas sant,
quails, rails, coots, and such like.’”’ He tells us we are ‘‘to
choose him by his shape, beauty, metal, and cunning hunt-
ing; his shape being discerned in the good composition of his
body, as when he hath a round, tick: head, a short nose, a
long, well-compast, and hairie eare, broad and syde lips, a
cleere red ele, a thick neck, broad breast, short and well-knit
joints, round feete, strong cleys (high dew-cley’d), good
round ribs, a gaunt belle, a short, broad backe, a nae
bushie and long-haired taile, and all his bodie generally long
and well-haired. His beautie is discerned in his colour, of
which the motlevs or piede are the best; whether they be

130 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

black-and-white, red-and-white, or liver-hued-and-white;
for, to be all of one colour, as all white, or all blacke, or all
red, or all liver-hued, without any other spot, is not so
comely in the field, although the dogs, notwithstanding,
may be of excellent cunning. His mettall is discerned
in his freeand untired laboursome ranging, beating a
field over and over, and not leaving a furrow untrod-
den, or one unsearched, where any haunt is likely to
be hidden; and when he doth it, most coragiously and
swiftly, with a wanton playing taile, and a busie la-
bouring nose, neither desisting nor showing less delight in
his labour at night than he did in the morning and his
cunning hunting is discerned by his casting about heedfully,
and running into the wind .of the prey he seeketh; by
his stillnesse and quietnesse in hunting, without babbling or
barking; but when he is upon an assured and certain haunt,
by the manner of his ranging, and when he compasseth a
whole field about at the first, and after lesneth and lesneth
the circumference, till he have trodden every path, and
brought the whole circuit to one point; and by his more tem-
perate and leisurely hunting, when he comes to the first
scent of the game, sticking upon it, and pricking it out by
degrees; not opening or questing by any means, but whimp-
ering and whining to give his master a warning of what he
scenteth, and to prepare himself and his hawke for the
pleasure he seeketh; and when he is assured of his game,
then to quest out loudly and freely.”’

After describing Spaniels which ‘‘delight in plains or
the open fields,’’ and others more adapted for covert, he
goes onto sav: ‘‘There is another sort of Land Spannyels
which are called Setters, and they differ nothing from the
former, but in mstruction and obedience, for these must
neither hunt, range, nor retaine, more or less, than as the
master appointeth, taking the whole limit of whatsoever
they do from the eie or hand of their instructor. They must
never quest at any time, what occasion soever may happen,

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 13

but as being dogs without voices, so they must hunt close
and mute. And when they come upon the haunt of that
they hunt, they shall sodainely stop and fall down upon
their bellies, and so leisurely creep by degrees to the game
till they come within two or three vards thereof, or so neare
that they can not press nearer w ithout danger of retriev-
ing. Then shall your Setter stick, and by no persuasion go
further till vourself come in and use vour pleasure. Now
the dogs which are to be made for this pleasure should be
the most principall, best, and lustiest Spannyel you can get,
both of good scent and good courage, vet voung, and as lit-
tle as may be made acquainteed with much hunting.”’

There is no doubt that the Setter is a Spaniel, brought
by a variety of crosses (or rather, let us say, of careful selec-
tions ) to the size and form in which we now find him. He
is the most national of all our shooting dogs, and certainly
has existed for four centuries. His form probably has im-
proved.

Stonehenge, in another part of his works, says that
‘‘About the year 1555, a duke of Northumberland trained
one (he was writing on the Sussex Spaniel) ‘to set birds
for the net;’ and soon afterward the Setter was produced,
either by selection or by crossing the Talbot Hound and
Spaniel.”’

Another noted writer of his day was Laverack, who,
writing on ‘‘The Setter,’’ states:

‘‘T am of the opinion that all Setters have more or less
originally sprung from our various strains of Spaniels, and
| believe most breeders of any note agree that the Setter is
nothing more than a setting Spaniel. How the Setter at-
tained his sufficiency of point is difficult to account for,
and J leave that question to wiser heads than mine to deter-
mine. “The Setter is said and acknowledged, by authorities
of long standing, to be of greater antiquity than the Point-
er it this is true, and 1 believe it is, the Setter can not at
first have been crosse od with the Pointer to render him
what he is.’’

132 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

If such men as Laverack could not fathom the depths of
the mystery surrounding the origin of the Setter dog, the
reader will pardon us for candidly admitting our inability
to do so. Therefore, let us leave off as we began—there is
nothing definitely known as to the origin of the English
Setter, which is also true of all the other older breeds of
dogs.

We could quote the writings of early authors on the
possible origin of all the other old breeds of hunting dogs,
but this would be imposing upon vour time and patience, in-
as much as we would have established nothing for a surety
at the end, so we will allow our remarks and quotations on
the Enghsh Setter to answer for the other older breeds of
hunting dogs.

Big Game Hunting:

This is a fascinating subject—one upon which we lke
to write—but we must admit there is intermingled with our
feelings a sense of regret, of sadness, because the big game
of the United States is really and truly well-nigh a passing
inemory, an episode in the evolution of our progress as a na-
tion that is almost dead and gone—forever.

But a ray of sunshine and hope gleams through the dark

clouds of despair—tor there is Canada and Alaska vet—-big
game’s last retreat in North America. We turn, the n, hope-
fully to the North, to the great virgin forests and waste-
places as yet practically untouched and untrod by man.

When our forefathers came across the seas to this
country there was not only game of all kinds in abundance,
but there existed an actual over -supply. Subsequently, the
different colonies (and later the various States) found it
necessary to offer bounties for the pelts of the different
species of game animals that proved a source of annovance
to the early settlers in their pursuit of life and liberty.

With the steady encroachments of civilization on our
wild, each vear they have become less plentiful in many

4

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 133

States, and in the great majority have been utterly extermi-
nated. In a few remaining States some species are found
in hmited numbers.

Wild animals of the larger species have been forced to
take up their abode in retreats that man has not yet pene-
trated to any marked degree because these regions have

Courtesy Canadian Pacific Railway Co.

“A PARTY OF CANADIAN DEER HUNTERS.”

been unsuited to man from a climatic standpoint, being
either too dry or too cold. Therefore, Canada and Alaska
by reason of their geographical positions are the logical
modern homes for game that has been driven steadily north-
ward and westward by man with his potent agency of de-
struction—modern firearms.

134 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

So it is that the frigid regions of the North offer the
fast haven of safety for our big game animals. The climate
in years past has proven a tolerably safe barrier of security
for them, but even there they are not safe. Hardy sports-
men and natives annually take a heavy toll from their num-
bers and it only remains a mere matter of time until they
will be extinguished if the strong arm of the law, armed with
effective conservation legislation, does not intervene and
stay their execution.

We, and our neighbor to the North of us, have already
enacted some very humane and essential game laws, in fact
we have more laws than we have game left to protect, and
what we most need at the present moment is not more game
laws, but more rigid enforcement of those already on onr
statute books. This is the erying need of the hour. I say,
down with the game hog and market hunter, and all hail
to the true sportsmen, whom these protective measures,
properly enforced, will really benefit, as is apparent on the
face of the proposition. We claim to be living in a pro-
eressive age. Then, let’s do something that is really pro-
gressive. Suppose we make each sportsman a committee of
one to see that no game hogs and pot hunters stay around
his ‘‘neck of the woods’’ unpunished by law. ‘‘In unicn
there is streneth,”’ and ‘‘ United we stand, Divided we fall,”’
are two good mottoes for us to go by, for if all we sportsmen
“pull tog ether’’ and introduee a little*‘team work’’ into our
efforts, the result will be amazing and gratifying.

As the situation now stands, the sportsman of to-day
needs must travel afar to these northern or western abodes
of big game if he would not court failure. No longer is it
possible for those living in a thickly populated community
to go out and bag a bear, a moose, a sheep, a caribou, or a
deer, as in days of old, without investing a voung fortune in
equipment and railroad fare. They must hie away to some
remote spot whence the larger game has fled. This incon-
venience and expense caused the modern sportsman is di-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 135

rectly the result of the great slaughter encompassed by the
damnable and unspeakable eame hog and market hunter.
But sooner or later the sportsman will not even be able to
locate the game he desires by these long trips taken at so
much time and expense, for the game hog and market hunt-
er are right on the job all the time, slaughtering and trap-
ping the noble wild creatures in their distant haunts and
robbing you of your share of nature’s stores. It is easily
seen what condition this will eventually bring about.
It doesn’t take a pessimist to see the end of the beginning
in this case. The hand-writing appears on the wall, and it
spells nothing less than total extinction in a few more years,
if this needless and cruel slaughter is not brought to a halt.
I have already pointed out my idea of how to effect this halt
—not by enacting more game laws, but by rigidly and dili-
gently enforcing those we already have enacted. That is
the only practical solution to the problem, so far as I am
able to see.

As to the bear, some folks make the claim he does not
deserve protection, accusing him of pilfering the farmer’s
pigsties, and placing numberless other misdemeanors at his
door.

If those making these accusations against bruin will
but take the trouble to thoroughly investigate each instance
of this kind, they will find that it is not the bear who is to
blame for these thefts but the more sly and cunning thief,
the sneaking mountain lion. The latter will probably effect
the slaughter, devour all he wants of the kill, which, let us
presume is a pig, and then bruin will come along, get a scent
of fresh meat, go and finish what the lion left, and then Mr.
Farmer will come out next morning, see the huge bear
tracks, cuss the innocent bear, and perhaps organize a posse
of neighbors to lielp find and kill him for a crime for which
the mountain lion, and not he, is responsible. Every stu-
dent of. nature knows a bear will not ordinarily molest anv
animal, with the exception of small rodents and insects, un-

136 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

less himself attacked first. In this case the bear puts up a
pretty stiff fight and a convincing argument. I distinctly
remember one bear, in particular, that came near getting a
close friend of mine.

It was in British Columbia. My pal had gone there to
recuperate his health and rouse his drooping spirits in the
toxic air of the Canadian Rockies, and he did not let an op-
portunity slip to accompany anybody on a big game hunt,
as there were sportsmen from everywhere stopping there at
the big mountain hotel, where my friend was staying.

Now, ev erybody knows these Canadian bears are dead
game fellows and ve rv ferocious when cornered or wounded.
Any experienced sportsman who has fought a bear in these
northern wilds will tell you that.

Hunting in Canada is indeed a delight to the outer.
The scenic beauty of the mountains is enthralling, and the
natives have not been idle, but have taken stock of their
boundless scenic wealth, and got busy. They have studied
Swiss methods and improved upon them; they put business
men in charge of affairs and gave them power to do things
ina big way. Having railroad prosperity and local busi-
ness for their object, they planned carefully and executed
boldly. Picking out the Lake Louise region as their point
of first concentration, they began the establishment of its
trademark. They began advertising extensively and thor-
oughly.

Result? These countries, Switzerland and Canada,
to-day share the scenic reputation of the world. It has been
estimated that in peace times the Alps draw a hundred mil-
lion of American dollars a year. Abroad, the Canadian
Rockies are supposed to furnish the only scenic beauty m
North America worth looking at, and until quite recently it
was the fixed belief of most Americans that they excelled
anything in the United States. Thousands of citizens of
the United States go vearly to the Canadian Rockies for the
particular purpose of viewing what they think the most

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 137

stupendous thing in the way of scenery in the Western Hem-
isphere. And of course they think they have seen it, and
naturally they come home and spread its fame. British
colonies are active, even in these post-war days when the
world-at-large has not yet reached a definite peace footing.

Quite recently, for instance, an American motion picture

bureau received a gift of 25,000 feet of film, largely scenic,

from South Africa. But while Canadian mountain scenery
is all that is claimed for it, we want to pause to say right
here that it is not any more beautiful than our own Rocky
Mountain scenery. Even the Swiss Alps may be offset by
our Glacier National Park alone. Point for point, Glacier
will compete and usually score a triumph. There are
many other beautiful national parks and reserves in the
United States and in Alaska, but I will not follow this vein
of thought further.

I started out to tell you about the experience with the
bear my friend related to me, and so here goes. He had no
dogs with him, neither had his hunting mate. So they de-
cided to hunt not far distant from each other, for the sake
of safety, and for fear of my friend, who was unaccustomed
to these game fields, getting lost.

They had scouted around for perhaps an hour among
the foothills, but could discern no signs of game, so thev
decided to go higher. Two hours later found them well up
among the smaller trees, and presently my friend John
discovered a bear track in the thin layer of snow. Unques-
tionably the easiest and best way to hunt bears is with thor-
oughly trained hounds, or Airedale terriors, or better still—
hoth. Without them, it is an excellent idea to have a com-
panion, for you never know what’s in store for you, as this
explanation will show. Hither way you hunt you appar-
ently have the bear at a great disadvantage. One of the
chief reasons for fearing them is that such hugely exag-
gerated stories are sometimes told as a joke and circulated
tor the truth about them that some hunters hesitate on this

138 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

account to hunt these fiercely fighting northern bears; vet
those who have pluck enough to go after them once usually
welcome the second opportunity, and this same rule applies
to any other wild animal. There are some few hunters who
will positively refuse to risk a shot at anything bigger than
a titmouse, or where there is the least element of danger
from the animal’s defense of itself. These fellows are not
real sportsmen in the true sense of the word. They are
chicken-hearted, and they do not get out of the hunt the
sport that they should get. It is the element of danger and
excitement that really appeals to the true sportsman ; a
fighting chance is all he asks on a ‘‘give and take”’ basis.
Without the element of danger, excitement or chance, there
can be no real sport and no true sportsman.

In half an hour they had crept up on Mr. Bear, who re-
mained quite unaware of their presence, they having ap-
proached him up wind. The hunters decided to attack him
on two sides, John making a detour to the opposite side of
bim. The bear was beginning to get suspicious by this time
and had evidently scented John. But his natural powers of
smell served him too late. Turning away from the direction
in which the man scent came to him, he started down wind,
unconsciously going right into the vicinity of another man
enemy, J ohn’s partner. John whistled a warning signal
to the other fellow, and himself followed close on the bear’s
heels. The cordon was slowly being drawn tighter, bruin
was surrounded, escape cut off. But bruin was not vet
taken, and didn’t intend to be, if a stiff fight would accom-
plish anything. He was cornered, and a cornered bear will

fight, and nobody but silly fools would blame him for fight-
ing.

Presently, a rifle shot rang out on the crisp, mountain
air, rapidly followed by sev eral other shots. Both rifles
were speaking; sending forth their challenge to the lord of
the wilderness.

The bear was not long in answering the challenge.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN se

With a great roar of anguish caused by the immense pain
the bullet-wounds pr oduced, the huge grizzly bear reared up
on its haunches, Shapping and “biting frantically and
viciously ; then he charged directly at J ohn, his teeth bared
and giv ing forth ugly snarls as only a really mad bear knows
how. Seeing John’s imminent danger, his pal came to the
rescue, putting in a good shot on his side, but still the bear
proceeded to charge John, who was backing up degree by
degree, fearing to turn and run, lest the bear would follow
suit and catch him before he could reach a tree, for the bear,
tho’ clumsy in appearance, is really very agile and active,
especially when riled up, as was this fellow. The next shot,
however, caused the bear to turn on John’s friend and
charge him. This, of course, was my friend’s queue to go
to the assistance of his mate, which he did without delay,
opening fire from his side. John’s object was to break both
shoulders of the bear, thus rendering him comparatively
harmless. <A ball aimed at the head is seldom effective, un-
less placed just behind the ear, and shots through the ribs or
stomach serve only to make him intensely savage with pain,
end a bear thus wounded, I know, is all every writer ever
claimed and perhaps then some, often 10 or 12 hits being re-
quired to finish the job, unless a lucky ball be planted in a
vital spot. It is important to maintain as much distance
as possible between one and the bear while he is in his angry
inood, and a good plan is to keep backing steadily, firing
alternately with as much precision as you can possibly sum-
mon. Precision in aiming is a vital point, neglecting which
vou run great risk of eventually getting badly hurt or killed.
Suddenly the bear broke into a run and turned and
came at John on a dead run, thinking apparently to put an
end to one adversary at a time and do it quickly. John was
stampeded with fear. He said afterward he lost his rea-
soning power by the suddenness and violence of the attack.
He thought he was a goner. He broke and ran; seemingly
there was nothing else to do, tho’ he had always known this

140 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

was a very bad idea. The bear sure was camping on his
trail, and the first law of nature (that of self-preservation )
told him if he would preserve a whole hide and a healthy
look he had better beat it for the tall and uncut, and that’s
exactly what he did. He admitted to me that he sure broke
all speed records there that day, and opined the fact there
Was no stop-watch artist there to time him.

But just when he was beginning to think it was only a
matter of seconds for him before the bear would have him in
his powerful and death-dealing embrace, Fate came to his
rescue. He suddenly became aware of the fact that he was
no longer being pursued. Presently, summoning sufficient
courage to glance back over his shoulder, he made sure of it.
The great bear had fallen to rise no more. A little time and
loss of blood proved his undoing.

It was dark when they got back to their hotel with the
hear skin, and they were good and tired, tho’ supremely
happy.

SMALL GAME HUNTING:

(Note: Scientific descriptions of the various game
aimals, birds, and waterfowl were written from data fur-
nished by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. )

Huntng methods differ in many localities, for instance,
in nearly all of our Northern States and in Canada the fox
is hunted with a pack of dogs, and the hunters are each
armed with shotguns or rifles, the method being to shoot the
fox at the first opportunity, while in the Southern States,
notably in Kentucky, the foxhunters let the fox run ahead
of the hounds as long as he is able to elude capture, and do
not carry any firearms whatever. The Southern sportsmen
hunt mounted on spirited horses, while the Northern folk go
forth afoot.

The same rule applies to coon hunting, (except it is
hunted afoot universally). In the South, the coonhunter
fares forth at night with his lantern and perhaps also car-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 141

ries an axe with which to chop down the tree wherein his
ringtailed Majesty has taken refuge, but he does not need a
gun, for the coon is never shot. The usual procedure is to
get the coon out of the tree, or den, and let the dogs and the
coon fight it out to the satisfaction of all concerned. On
such occasions, not infrequently the coon gets the best of the
dogs and makes good his escape. It is a method, the writer
believes, worthy the traditions of sportsmanship, wherein
the hunter gives the quarry a fighting chance.

As to quail shooting, duck and geese shooting, wild tur-
key hunting, and other land and waterfowl hunting, the
methods all over our country appear to be much more
similar.

In the following pages we shall describe hunting
methods as applied to all sections of the country and which,
therefore, may be of benefit to sportsmen in every part of
North America.

These reflections and stories are the result of a lifetime
spent close to Nature’s Fount. If they prove an inspira-
tion to brother sportsmen and to those not as vet fully ini-
tiated into the secrets of Nature’s realm, they will abun-
dantly have achieved the author’s aim in writing them
down. He ean hope for no greater reward than that some
suggestion offered herein may help a fellow craftsman.

To aid another is really the creed of every true sports-
man, and if we have failed to aid you, either in lightening
your burden or by offering timely and instructive sugges-
tions, we have failed in our mission.

FOX HUNTING:

The fox hunter is held by many to be the most demo-
cratic of all outdoorsmen, for is not fox hunting the most
democratic of all sports?

When fox hunters assemble for the royal chase, all
caste and social distinction is thrown aside, and each man
is judged by his fellows solely on his merits as a sportsman.

142 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Thus, the ‘‘fox hunting fraternity,’’ as they lke best
to be ealled, is in reality nothing less than the brotherhood
of universal fellowship, brought about by the democratic
sport—fox hunting.

The southern portion of the United States claims credit
for introducing this grand sport into America. They claim

‘CAREY,” No. 27028 B. G. S. B. (BY TOBE-LADY), THE MOST SEN-
SATIONAL WINNING FOX HOUND, WINNING EVERY TIME
ENTERED IN THREE YEARS, 1916-17-18.

that for a long time it was strictly a southern sport, having
been introduced into this country from England about the
vear 1650, when the English colonists brought foxhounds
to Virginia and Maryland.

We have read somewhere that in England a pack of

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 143°

foxhounds, consisting of from'twenty-five to forty pairs, is
maintained either by the neighborhood or else by rich indi-
viduals. In this country, as a usual thing, each hunter owns
his own pack of hounds.

Before the Civil War, we are told, fox hte eine in the
South was much more popular than now, but this is not
meant to convey the idea that the roval chase is not still
much in vogue, for there are many more hunters now than
then, due to the increase in population, as well as to the
world war, which has learned men to live the simple outdoor
life and returned them to America, from which they sailed
to whip the Hun, full-fledged, unadulterated Sportsmen.
When we speak of the popularity of the chase prior to the
Civil War, therefore, we speak merely in terms of com-
parison. .

Prior to the Civil War, the hounds in use were the old
black and tan descendants of the ancient Talbot hounds,
whose pedigreed record may be traced back into the ages for
more than two thousand years. These hounds had the fa-
cility to trace a cold trail with perfect ease, and, possessing
enormous muzzles, they bellowed forth a voluminous cry
when in pursuit of their quarry. Again, they had very re-
markable endurance and ‘staving qualities, two requisites
that must be present in the make-up of the ideal foxhound.
These dogs, we are told, were accustomed to chases of great
length after the fleet gray fox, a fox found commonly
throughout the South. ie Maryland the English foxhound
was crossed with the Irish stag hound, producing hounds of
greater speed and more excellent quality than those used up
to that time. This cross was made because of the difficult
conditions in that State, a dog being desired that would
make a catch in quicker time and not require 6 or 8 hours as
did the Talbot descendants. Thus the first step in the im-
provement of the American foxhound took place, and sub-
sequent crosses and improvements has produced the great-
est foxhound the world has ever known.

144 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

In the vear 1738, the English colonists became dissat-
isfied with the common gray fox, and so they imported the
red fox from the mother country—Eneland, hberating it
along the shores of Chesapeake Bay. The red fox has a
habit of making great circles when being pursued, while the
grav fox seeks to elude capture by dodges and doubles.

Many sportsmen have taken it upon themselves to im-
prove the breed from time to time, hence we have various
strains throughout the United States, but all are directly
traceable to the hounds brought to this country by the early
settlers.

To enumerate them, the July dogs, which were origi-
nated in Georgia, is a very popular strain ;

The Birdsong hounds were introduced by George L. F.
Birdsong, also a resident of Georgia, who was a noted fox
hunter of his day;

Col. Hayden C. Trigg, and the Walkers, by judicious
crossing and careful breeding, gave to the fox- hunting
brotherhood the strains of fox hounds bearing their respec-
tive names.

To-day, each strain of the American foxhound has its
ardent admirers, and it would be suicidal for me to attempt
to state which strain is superior, even did I possess that
knowledge, which I think no man does really possess, for all
have their merits and are the result of generations of pains-
taking breeding, and none of them appear to have any faults
worth mentioning, no more than any species of dog, as a
whole, is faulty. Of course, we recognize the fact that there
are good, bad, and indifferent individuals in nearly all
breeds, with the possible exception of the Airedale, a breed
which some say possess uniform quality and merit. We will
not attempt to dispute that claim, for we have never seen a
bad Airedale terrier.

The modern American foxhound undeniably possesses
more skill, speed, endurance, staying qualities, and individ-
ual merit than any other strain of fox hound vet produced.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 145

That is taking in quite a lot of territory, but it is quite the
truth. To these pioneer breeders belongs the glory and
thanks of every fox-hunting enthusiast for all time. Let
us keep fragrant their undying memory, for they have done
more for the uplift of the sport within a short span of years
than all their forebears accomplished throughout history.

“THE PERFECT WALKER” FOX HOUNDS.
DOLLY AND SHERMAN.

Winners of the Georgia State Meet of 1918. Now the property of T. S. Cobb, bred
and sold by Blue Grass Farm Kennels, Berry, Ky.

The Chase:

The chase was instituted in the old country, where even
Royalty was wont to ride to the baving hounds in pursuit of
the wily fox. It was essentially a sport in the mother coun-
try in which the well-to-do classes and the nobility partici-
pated. To bean ardent lover of the chase—a member of the
fox-hunting fraternity—was to tell the world that you were

146 THE ANGLER AND: HUNTSMAN

a man of honor and high standing among men. It was a
sign of noble, or high breeding. Such was the opinion of
the chase across the sea.

But in democratic, free America, when the chase was
instituted by the early colonists, they saw to it that no race,
no creed, and no caste should claim superiority over their
common fellowman, for of all things the oppressed emi-
grants from England detested it was these things they hated
most, and which they had braved the stormy deep to escape.
So it was, that the fox hunting sport in America got a demo-
cratic start, and it has remained such on down to this time,
we are indeed thankful to say.

Perhaps the uninitiated would like Soe me to deseribe
a tvpical fox hunt. As nothing would give me more pleas-
ure, being an ardent lover of this sport, 7 will do so. Those
already members of the craft may also find some pleasure
and some food for thought in the brief description of the
chase given below:

As this is to be a southern chase, the assembled fox
hunters, riding their favorite mounts, carry no weapous.
Nothing more harmful than a riding whip is in evidence.

A sudden wind from the North the previous night
brought a light fall of snow, for snow is quite common in
winter in thé Blue Grass region of Kentucky. Indeed, quite
frequently during the winter months they have snows there
as deep as three feet, but more frequently the snowfall is
much lighter than that, probably a half-foot being the cus-
tomary depth.

3ut this was the first snow of the season, early in De-
cember, and, as I have said before, it was a light snow.
Still, it was a rather moist one, as most snows are this far
South, and during the night had packed down well, so that
when a bright day dawned Old Sol looked down upon a
world covered by the dazzling white sheen precipitated from
the clouds at the Master’s bidding. It was indeed a scene of
beauty! Nature had fairly outdone herself in thus setting

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 147

the scene for one of the greatest fox hunts that had taken
place in the annals of local history.

The Master of Hounds quickly called the sportsmen
about him to explain to them what was expected of each, for
to play the fox hunting game as it should be played thev
must have rules and regulations to go by, the violation of
which would be placed against the record of the hunter or
his hounds, depending only upon whom was at fault. And
thus when the scores of the different dogs were totaled up,
demerits should be credited to those who, unluckily, had
earned them, while the merits, of course, were placed to the
credit of hounds or hunter acting within the prescribed fira-
ternal law.

SHOOTING ROCKET No. 31006 B. G. S. B., BY
PRANK-ANNIE WALKER.

And so, with fox hunting, it is much the same in technie
as the rules laid down for other outdoor games; for instance,
baseball, which has what they eall ‘‘ground rules.’? Of
course, it takes'a radically different set of rules for fox
bunting, but they are rules just the same. But here is the
ereatest difference. In baseball, there often arises con-

!

148 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

tentious argument with the umpires over the rules, and fre-
quently we hear of an umpire being run off the field, the
players of one side or the other having rebelled against his
decision and refused to abide by it. Not so in the rules of
fox hunting. Rules in this game are but a matter of form,
for all obey the law—a law born and bred in the natural born
fox hunter, a law embodying the essence of true sportsman-
ship, without which there could be no democracy for man,
and without that there could be no government for, by, and
of the people. Henee this spirit of sportsmanship per-
meates the very structure of our great Nation. Without it
we could not be a free people. A King or a Kaiser would
rule over us and we would be but mere slaves.

The Master of Hounds at length gave the signal that
opened the chase. Each hunter unleashed his eager dogs,
and, with glad eries, that rang out shrill and clear on the
frosty morning air, the entire pack bounded off together in
search of the spoor of the fox.

A thirty minutes hunt brought the desired results,
‘* Bugle Boy,’’ announcing in a bell-toned voice the fact that
he had found the scent or spoor of the fox. Presently, the
balance of the pack, one by one, took up the trail until they
had all found it and were mouthing a happy chorus all to-
vether as they disappeared from the view of the hunters over
the brow of the hill.

Swift horses are needed for this work, and swift horses
did these hunters possess. So, with whip and spur gently
applied, soon they again came in sight of the chase w hen
they reached the hilltop.

The Master of Hounds reined in his charger, hastily
took from his satchel that was strapped over one shoulder
his field-glass, quickly adjusted it to his opties and scanned
all the surrounding country from his point of vantage, try-
ing to locate the whereabouts of Br’er Fox.

He watched the dogs as they noisily sped across the
wide valley toward the distant hills, and he surmised that

a

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 149

the fox was very wisely leading them to higher, dryer
evound. It was an old head; a fox with a head full of ea-
pricious pranks and cute tricks. Looked like it was going
to be a hard run, and he thus confided his view to his fel-
lows, who by this time had all drawn rein and were viewing
the chase through their own glasses. Must be one of those
old reds, they all concluded, and, replacing field glasses in
their receptacles, spur and whip were simultaneously ap-
plied and with a ‘‘Giddap,’’ shouted in unison, the eager
party of hunters were again on their way, whither they knew
or cared not, nor for how long they would require to bring
Mr. Fox to bay or capture.

The frisky Kentucky saddle-horses seemed quite as ea-
ger for the chase as did either the hunters or the dogs.
Some of them were ‘‘feeling their oats’’ it seemed, for they
were buck-jumping and doing all sorts of fancy stunts, but
when they came to a rail-fence, which is the usual kind of
fence encountered in the Blue Grass State, they always
hurdled same neatly and gracefully, without touching the
top rail in every case, no matter how high, and when sternly
rebuked by the rider they settled down like a bird-dog on
point, only kept moving. And when I say moving, it is the
intention to suggest speed, for these horses have speed to
burn. Fact is, as not a few of my readers, I trust, already
know, the Kentucky saddle horse is a marvel for speed, en-
durance, and staying qualities, just like the foxhounds
many of you now own and take pride in exhibiting before
your friends on any and all occasions that present them-
selves.

On and on went the dogs, giving tongue at every leap
and bound. On the still, cold morning air rang out the
lung-drawn, deep, heavy voice of old “Sailor, ’ that old bat-
tle-scarrved hound that had proven his worth many a time in
a fight to the finish witha big fox at the end of a day’s
chase. It was oft the anticipation of such a finish with old
‘Sailor’? in at the windup of the chase that goaded and en-

150 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

couraged the riders on, and on, and still on—over weary
miles, after Reynard had run clear out of the country, pit-
ting his endurance against that of the dogs and the hunters.
In such eases, the sportsmen knew that if they stayed on to
the finish they would be amply rewarded by witnessing the
mighty combat between the wily fox and Sailor. So this
old champion of the chase was a favorite hero. But not all
the honors belonged to him, for there was the strident, shrill,
high-pitched voice of ‘‘ Lady Gay,’’ than which there was no
dog with more fox sense or with four fleeter legs. It was
her we distine tly made out, and others, too, oat easily be
recognized. Old ‘Tobe’? could be heard mouthing in a
squalling voice; *‘Barney’’ was giving vent to his feelings
by quick, short howls; Old ‘‘ Bally,’’ was tongueing on track
with a voice delightful to the ear of the fox-hunter, and al-
together,—the high staccatos, and deep heavy bassos—the
chorus was blended into perfect harmony, just as though a
musical director was there and guiding them, so harmonious
and beautiful did the melody sound that morning.

Presently, the dogs entered the hills to the east, and,

galloping swiftly across the open valley, the huntsmen were
soon enteri ing the hills also.

The fox was, sure enough, leading them to higher
ground. Onee on the ridge, he began playing tricks on his
pursuers by doubling back on his trail, then scampering off
in a new direction. But those veteran dogs were not to be
fooled. Of course, for a little while, a prank would bother
them somewhat, but soon they’d pick up the scent spoor
again and continue the pursuit. With our glasses, onee we
had gained the ridge, the direction the fox was heading was
discovered, and all hands knew whither he was traveling—
he was making for the den, the location of which every mem-
ber of the party was aware of, so, in order to keep Reynard
from attaining his object, the Master of Hounds ¢ ‘commanded
all to ride immediately to the den and there await the fox’s
approach, which would have the effect of keeping him going

THE ANGLER AND. HUNTSMAN 151.

on toa more distant refuge, as this was the only den in the
vicinity, thus giving the eager dogs a chance, well deserved,
to capture their wily quarry in the meantime before he could
attain a second haven of safety.

We were assured by his actions now that he was about
all in, as otherwise he would not wish to take to earth, but
would keep on running, for the fox usually seems to enjoy
a race equally as much as the hunters and hounds, if not too
closely pressed.

“ASTRONOMFR"™ No. 2831 B. G. S. B., By FRANK-ANNIE
WALKER, IS THE SENSATIONAL WINNING
FOX HOUND OF 1916-17-18.

In twenty minutes the baying of the dogs came faintly
to us, and in a few short minutes Reynard was seen ap-
proaching the den where we stood guard to bar his entrance.
His tongue was hanging out and he was casting fearful,
furtive glances behind him. The dogs were indeed giving
him a run for his money, as the saying goes. Presently,
he discovered the party of hunters, and, with a look of hate
on his face, he veered his course sharply to the left in order
to avoid them, but this was a fatal step—Old ‘‘Sailor’’
caught him as he turned and together they rolled over and
over on the ground, the momentum at which both were go-

LEAP THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

ing causing them to bowl over; the fox regained his feet,
paused for one breathless moment, then rushed headlong
into the whole pack, facing death with a courage unexe elled
by man or beast.

Thus ended the day’s sport, each hunter empanale that
a fox so brave, so courageous, so fleet as this old red, had
but one life to live for the enjoyment of the fox hunting
fraternity.

We could doubtless record many and varied hunts, and
probably another writer could record better ones, but the one
given above, we think, embodies the typical southern fox
hunt, than which there is no more entrancing and soul-lift-
ing sport this side of Eternity and High Heaven.

In the North, they have fox hunts too, and they are in
nearly all respects just like those had in the South, only in
the North the hunters very frequently take along a gun ‘and
shoot the fox whenever the dogs bring him within range.

The Coon Hound:

The coon hound is not a recognized breed, but should be.
Are all the vears and generations of patient breeding
by coon hound enthusiasts to amount to nought? We sor-
rowfully admit the truth—the coon hound br eeder’s s efforts
have, so far, been in vain. Wemean in vain, so far as glory
and honor are concerned; in vain, if these veteran coon
hound breeders are looking for mere applause and nothing
else. But happily, they are not looking for these empty
honors; they did not start out to establish a breed of dogs,
put to adapt already existing breeds to coon-chasing; this
they have glor iously accomplished, and the only re ward
they expected or asked is that they be allowed to hunt coons
with the dogs they have produced after vears of toil by care-
ful crossing and careful handling.

There is a widespread difference of opinion among dog
men as to the origin of the coon hound, some maintaining
even that the coon hound constitutes a distinct breed, while

ee

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 153

others swear by the great horn spoon that the coon hound is
nothing more than a fox hound trained on coons, and cite
us to the fact that it was the fox hound (and not the coon
hound) that was brought over to this country from across
the seas to chase Br’er Fox, intimating that some of those
brought over were found no account for that sly animal and
just naturally were used for coon as a last resort. This is
probably the truth, for it is a matter of record that the fox
hound was introduced into this country, whereas there is no
record of the coon hound ever having been introduced.
Therefore, as the fox hound and the coon hound vary but ht-
tle in general appearance (the fox hound only possessing
more racey and graceful lines), it is natural to suppose that
the coon hound as constituted to-day is nothing more or less
than a fox hound, trained on coon. If cannot see any reason
in this fact why coon hound fanciers should object, as the
fox hound is as worthy a forbear as any dog on earth should
wish to have.

It would be just as reasonable to say that the rabbit
hound is a distinct breed of dogs, as it would to say that the
coon hound is a distinct breed of dogs. In the opinion of
the writer, neither would be stating the fact, for even as the
rabbit hound comes from the fox hound stock, so does the
coon hound come from the fox hound stock, and we defy all
dog fanciers and others to show us our mistake. Of course,
in a certain sense the coon hound is a distinct breed, for it
will chase nothing but coon, even as the thoroughly trained
rabbit dog will chase nothing but rabbit. Of course a coon
hound may chase an opossum, but this little nocturnal fellow
is so much lke the coon, we judge the scent is almost iden-
tical. Some coon hounds will chase any kind of varmint;
they usually call these varmint dogs. Others, more thor-
oughly trained, will run nothing but coon or opossum. On
the other hand, a fox hound will sometimes run a rabbit, but
a thoroughly trained fox hound is supposed to run nothing
but a fox. ,

1o4 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

The dog, no matter what his breed or strain may chance
to be, is nothing more thana creature of env ironment, as are
all other creatures, Whether they be animal or human beings.
The nature of the country in which they live and the nature
of the food they must necessarily live upon dictate their
characteristics. If the hound lives in a country wherein
rabbits are plentiful and there is an absence of practically
all other game for food, the hound will take naturally to
running rabbits; if the hound lives mn a country infeste “dl by

THE PERFECT COON HOUND.

foxes, other game being practically absent, that hound will
certainly chase foxes; if that hound lived in a land wherein
only coon furnished a means of satisfving his hunger, we do
not doubt that he would run coon. T nies is environment.

We believe that if a setter or pointer lived in a land un-
inhabitated by birds or fowl of any description, that dog
would eventually take to stalking or chasing the partic “ular
kind of game to be found there, whether it be coon, fox,
squirrel, rabbit or whatnot. The first law of nature—the

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 155

law of self-preservation—would dictate to that dog the idea
that if he would sustain life he must satisfy his hung er by
chasing or stalking whatever game he could find, no matter
what kind of ; game it chanced to be. And so the dog is
strictly a creature of environment, as is every other living
creature. We do not doubt that if away back there in the
ages of long ago the setter or pointer had lived in a country
where there were no birds, he would have become whatever
kind of dog the game in the region compelled him to be, and
we think it is Just a matter of accident that the hound will
chase the fox, that the setter and pointer will just point a
covey of birds, or that a pit bull will not hunt at all, but just
fight. Why is it that the pit bull will not hunt? Simply
because he has never had occasion to hunt game for food.
Usually he is the pet—the house dog—or wateh-dog, and his
mission (and he fulfills it well) is not to leave the vard, but
to bar the approach of all starngers and undesirables.

COON HUNTING:

_ Gang around, boys! For here is a sport worthy your
attention. The scent of the coon is identical to that of his
big brother—the bear—hence a good coon dog works well on
bear, and a good bear dog, likewise, works efficiently on
coon.

The coon is a masterful fisherman, hence he is usually
found living in close proximity to streams.

For trailing his ring-tailed majesty, give me a mixed
pack, part still-trailers (Airedale terriers preferred) and
some good old-fashioned coon-hounds. The reason I sug-
gest Airedales to run with hounds is because they are great-
er fighters, while the hound possesses the coldest nose, that
is, the most ability to track a cold trail. Together, this
sort of a pack is invincible and will put any old coon up a
tree in short order.

In the North, most hunters hunt the coon by day and
with a shotgun, with which the raccoon is shot from the tree
the minute the dogs tree it.

156 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

In the South, the usual practice is to hunt by night, with
a lantern and an axe, and, of course, a good pack of dogs.
The lantern is used to ‘‘shine’’ the coon’s eyes. That is, at-
tract his attention, and when he turns his face toward the
hunter his eves may be seen, as they look like balls of fire
after dark. Thus one is able to find out if the coon is in the
tree, already indicated by the dogs barking at bay. The axe
of course, is used to hew the tree down, if other means fail to
induce the coon to come down and intr oduce himself to the
waiting dogs.

Sometimes a venturesome hunter deigns to climb the
tree wherein his majesty sits. Sometimes the hunter suc-
cessfully performs the job, and sometimes the coon resents
the intrusion into his leafy domain, and a battle between
man and mammal follows, in which the man usually receives
enough seratches, cuts and gashes from the claws and teeth
of his adversary to make him ever after respect the raccoon.
Hf, perchance, the man succeeds in ejecting the ring-tailed

‘‘monster’’ to the ground, the waiting dogs will find to their
sorrow that they have something in the nature of a fight-to-
the-finish on their hands not altogethe r to be desired. Usu-
ally, however, the dogs are present in such overwhelming
numbers as to make the battle unequal and unfair. If the
coon had only one dop to whip, we will not venture to pre-
dict the outcome, but we have a sneaking notion that such a
dog would remember ever afterward that encounter, provid-
ing the coon was a full-grown one and in good fighting trim.

RABBIT HUNTING:

The little bunch of animated fur, as some eall the cot-
tontail, or ‘‘Sylvilagus floridanus,’’ is one of our most
widely distributed and most important small game mam-
mals. Perhaps every American is familiar with this form
of rabbit, because they are so numerous within our borders.
Tf not familiar with this form, then you are acquainted with

some of the cottontail’s relatives, since in one species or

a ~~ a

oe = wheee wrt irl beet be al a i a

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 157

another they range from the Atlantic to the Pacifie coast
and from the southern border of Canada south through our
country on down through Central and South America to
Argentina. They are not at all particular about the kind of
country they inhabit, being found in all sorts of localities
and in the different climes.

The junior hunter, especially, delights to go out and
enjoy a rabbit chase with his favorite dog, be it hound, non-
descript, or Airedale terrier. Or, having no dog, he loves to
track the cottontail in the snow, which, while having the dis-
advantage of being somewhat tedious, is a very exhilarating
form of outdoor exercise and sport. I don’t think, how-
ever, that the average junior is half so anxious for the exer-
cise as he’is for the sport.

The ideal hunting dog for this game is a foxhound trained
on rabbits, thus vou get “the speed necessary to bring the rab-
bit around to you (they nearly always run in a circle when
pursued by hounds) and within gunrange, and not only do
you get speed, but you get a dog with a head full of sense, up
to all the tr icks, hereditarily, that the average foxhound
possesses.

The Airedale terrier may be trained specially for this
work with more or less success, but for me, give me the fox-
hound trained on this game, for best results. The beagle
hound is also a good rabbit dog.

In habits, the rabbit family is mainly nocturnal, sleep-
ing by day and doing most of their traveling by nightso,; his
characteristic makes it essential to have a good dog to hunt
them out of their retreats in thickets, tall grasses, and brush
in which they make ‘‘forms’’ wherein they sleep.

‘*Br’er Rabbit,”’ is one of our game animals that con-
stitutes almost an institution (in a sense), because of the
interest and place they have in our folklore and literature.

Wherever shelter is absent in the form of a thin growth
of vegetation or wherever brushy bushes are lacking, the cot-
tontail usually occupy burrows in the ground. Sometimes

158 ‘THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

thev utilize deserted badger or prairie-dog dens, but fre-
quently they dig them for themselves under rocks and other
objects. Ofttimes they also make thei home in the crevices
of rock walls and rock fences. In fact upon occasion they
will make their nests most anywhere a likely spot may be
found. They have to do this to maintain preservation of
life, which is the first law of all nature. Increased culti-
vation of farm lands is the most serious stumbling-block to
their rapid increase, and, as it is, they seem to be holding
their own in most every community, and in quite a few lo-
calities they have even become so numerous as to be termed a

nuisance by a certain class of folks, who, while ee ee

are not exactly nature-lovers.

Granting that it is true they do some damage to growing
gardens, this fact does not justify their extermination, since
their meat forms one of the important meat supplies
whereby the human family subsist. The annual kill of rab-
bits mounts up in value into thousands of dollars, per-
haps even into the millions, while the damage they do, com-
paratively speaking, amounts to hardly anything. We are
for the rabbits, first, last and all the time.

The cottontail forms a target worthy the quick eve of
the trained gunner, as it bobs up and down, leap by leap, and
swift as a fleeting shadow. One must be ready to pull
trigger the instant Br’er Rabbit is Jumped by the dogs, or
without di o's, aS Some hunters hunt them. If vou are afraid
of shooting the dog when the rabbit is first jumped, or if the
rabbit gets up too far ahead and not within gun-shot, you
will be free to take vour time and await the time when the
rabbit cireles, as he assuredly will.

As a game animal the cottontail furnishes some of the
most enjovable and interesting sport to be had by American
hunters. The zigzag, headlong rush of a cottontail for the
nearest cover is replete with so much energetic action that it
excites a pleasant thrill in the onlooker, and even the ** pot-
hunter’? must experience some qualms of the heart in kall-
ing them.

ee i i ee el

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 159

They are also snared and trapped, but the true sports-
mman abhors the often prolonged suffering of the animal
kingdom necessitated by their use, desiring to use the most
humane manner of dispatching them possible, that of fire-
arms.

OTHER SPECIES OF RABBITS AND HARES:
Antelope Jack Rabbit (Lepus alleni):

This jack rabbit, sometimes called the Allen jack rab-
bit, is larger than the common western jack rabbit, and has
very large ears, long, slender legs, and short tail. They are
found in limited areas on the southern border of the United
States, particularly in southwestern New Mexico, and in
southwestern Arizona. The rabbits of each area, however,
differ somewhat.

California Jack Rabbit (Lepus californicus) :

This species is one of the best known species among thie
jack rabbits of the Western States. It has long ears, tipped
with black, a long, thin neck, long legs, and has grayish sides.

The Varying Hares (Lepus americanus):

These hares are better known, perhaps, as snowshoe or
white rabbits. They become white in winter and change to
dusky or brownish in summer. Nature indeed sees that
they are clothed in harmony with their surroundings, thus
making them invisible, well-nigh, both in the snowy winter,
season and in the early summer and autumn.

The Arctic Hare (Lepus arcticus) :

This species is about the size of the large jack rabbits,
but have heavier bodies, with much shorter ears, and short,
sturdy legs. In the southern part of their range they have
a dull iron gray color in summer, but in the northernmost
part of their range their coat remains white throughout the
vear.

160 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN
The Marsh Rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris):

This species is a close relation to the cottontail, but is
more heavily proportioned, has smaller ears, shorter and
more slender legs and feet, and shorter tail. The marsh
rabbit and swamp rabbits have aquatic habits, and both live
mainly in swamps, marshes, and along streams.

The swamp rabbit is a larger relative of the marsh rab-
bit and they are very numerous in certain wooded coastal
regions of the South.

SQUIRREL SHOOTING:

Sportsmen have found this is an art that requires lots
of vigilance, stealthy movement (where movement is re-
quired), and a super-abundance of patience.

To become a crack squirrel hunter, one must haunt the
wooded places a great deal, become fully acquainted with
and accustomed to the ways of the forest people; he must
learn to walk easilv on the dry leaves; learn to stalk your
game, even as the great carnivores stalk their prey; in short
you must become a thoroughly trained woodsman.

Woodcraft is a most entertaining and interesting sub-
ject—an entire book could not hope to cover the theme ade-
quately—and it is a craft that the suecessful hunter ac-
quires early inhis career. Without the knowledge of wood-
craft the huntsman confronts failure. We can think of no
better way of acquiring this art than by friction—contact
with nature. Go into the great forest, study, observe. Our
forebears were masters at the art. Why? Because a liv-
lihood depended upon their efforts to secure game for food.
But now, necessity no longer urges us to become acquainted
with nature’s storehouse, and it makes us none the better
woodsmen. We are too prone nowadays, it seems, to take
other people’s advice—follow other men’s directions—in-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 161

stead of delving into-tthe matter for ourselves to our best in-
terests.

Squirrel hunting was engaged in by our forefathers,
and many of us still possess the old squirrel rifle that was
the crowning climax in firearms in those early days. Even
as I write I see standing in the corner nearby the rifle my
folks used, and tho’ it has no notches carved on it for ‘‘dead
Indians,’”’ I’m quite sure if it could talk it could relate some
interesting and thrilling tales.

Some hunters use a twenty-two rifle for this work, but
the majority prefer the shotgun.

It takes a quick eye and a quick trigger finger to get
one of these ‘‘streaks of greased lightning,’’ as some call
them. They are great jumpers, and if the hunter is not
careful, they will leap to the ground, or from tree to tree
and make good their escape.

Still others hunt squirrels with a dog and gun. Loeal
conditions vary in different sections of the country in this,
as in all other sports, therefore we must use our own judg-
ment in these matters and adjust ourselves to these condi-
tions as we find them.

Not a few sportsmen prefer to hunt without dogs, as
this method gives them an opportunity to stalk the game
themselves, which they enjoy doing, while others would
rather use ‘dogs for the mere joy of seeing them perform,
and no doubt there is still another class who think better
results may be obtained by using one or more dogs.

Whether the hunter walks great distances through the
big woods, or sits nearby a big, towering tree, waiting the
appearance of Mr. Squirrel, who he has good reason to sus-
pect inhabits said tree, the sport is one that should commend
itself to a larger percentage of our sportsmen, inasmuch as
it offers splendid returns both in physical exercise and en-
joyment, as well as a deeper knowledge in that all-absorbing
subject—wooderaft.

162 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

The Red Squirrel (Sciurus hudsonicus) :

This httle gent is best known to those who have visited
the great woodland country of Canada and northeastern
United States, and who have listened to their rollicking,
(often impudent), chatter. This fellow is also known as
the pine squirrel and chickaree, its chief characteristic be-
ing its lack of shyness, which is present in all other species
of the squirrel family.

It builds nests of twigs, leaves, ete., lined inside with
fibrous bark and other velvety material.

Red squirrels do not hibernate, but are busy the entire
year, excepting in the coldest weather. They provide for
the cold dreary days, however, by laving in ample stores of
nuts and cones, having been known to put away as many as
ten bushels in one heap. Beechnuts also form one of their
articles of diet.

The worst trait the red squirrel possesses is his thor-
oughly proven habit of devouring the eggs and young of
small birds. During the breeding season he spends much
time in nest hunting and no one can calculate the harm he
does.

The Douglas Squirrel (Sciurus douglasi):

This squirrel is said to come from the same stock as the
common red squirrel, which we have already described. Like .
the red squirrel, it likes best to reside amid the grat coni-
ferous forests, and it is found from the Cascades and Sierra :
Nevada to the Pacific, and from British Columbia south to
the San Pedro Martir Mountains of Lower California.

In nearly all ways they are like the red squirrel.

The Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) :

This fellow is so well known to nearly all sportsmen as
to hardly need an introduction or description, nevertheless,
we don’t want to shght him, as he is well worthy our atten-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 163

tion, being one of the best game mammals that roams the
forest.

This is a North American species, having no near rela-
tion in the Old World; on the Pacific Coast, in the mountains
of the Southwest, and also in Mexico there are other squir-
rels with the same gray-colored bodies, but really are not
closely related to,this species.

Their barking and chattering noise and their graceful
antics among the trees lend animation and color to our
woodlands.

Most if not all States have a closed season on squirrel,
their numbers having been so reduced as to make them no
longer a menace.

Gray and Fox squirrels (the latter of the species Sciu-
rus niger) were favorite targets for our forefathers, and
these mammals have much in common with our folklore and —
literature. Records show the shooting ability of these pio-
neer marksmen, among them Daniel Boone, to ‘‘bark’’ a
squirrel, which meant so to cut the bark of the branch on
which the squirrel sat as to precipitate it to the ground stun-
ned without hitting the animal.

The gray squirrel is noted for its grace of movement,
being able to move along the ground by curving leaps and
bounds, and run through the tree-tops, leaping from branch
to branch with an ease and assuredness beautiful to behold.

Rusty Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger rufiventer) :

Three species of tree squirrels are found in the varied
forests of eastern North America.

In hunting fox squirrels it is imperative to have along a
dog, as otherwise they will discover your presence and run
away before you can eet within range, while a good dog will
put them up a tree and hold them there until you approach.
. The right thing to do would be to abolish squirrel hunt-
ing for a term of years and give them time to replenish their
numbers.

164 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Other species are the Abert Squirrel (Sciurus aberti) ;
the Kaibab Squirrel(Sciurus kaibabensis), Flying Squirrel,
(Glaucomys volans), ete.

QUAIL SHOOTING:

Perhaps quail shooting constitutes our most popular
form of sport, for the quail certainly is one of our best game
birds, and its wide range makes it a favorite with a large
part of our population. |

On account of their interesting habits and marvelous
diversity of form and color, the quails of the United States
are a very attractive group of game birds. They are all
very handsome, but the most striking and beautiful species
live on the Pacific Coast and in the Southwest.

Within Columbia’s gates we find seven species, only
one of which is found in the eastern States, the remaining
species being widely scattered from Texas to California and
Oregon. Their range was, and is yet, continuous along the
entire southern border of the country from ocean to ocean;
but there is an irregular belt along the northern border and
a large area in the interior, comprising the Great Plains,
the northern three-fourths of the Great Basin, and the
Rocky Mountains, in which they appear to have been orig-
inally wanting. |

The quail’s cheerful habits, their beauty, and their val-
ue as food, has made them welcome, generally, on the farms
throughout the country, but their real value to agriculture
is not even yet fully appreciated. The Bob White species,
especially, deserves some recognition for the great work
they do annually in the interest of the farmer, as they de-
stroy injurious insects and feed on injurious weeds to a
ereat extent.

This latter species—the Bob White—is the greatest
game bird of all seven varieties. This is the ouly quail in-
digenous to the eastern United States, where it ranges from

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN wa tee! 1 633,

southern New England to Florida and Texas; but owing to
climatic influences the birds of Florida and Texas differ
enough to be distinguished as geographic races. However,
the Bob White, wherever it occurs has the same e¢all and va-
ries but little as to habits. A closely related bird, the mask-
ed Bob White, inhabited southern Arizona until a few years
ago. Owing to dry seasons and the overstocking of its home
with cattle, this bird is now supposed to be extinct within
our confines; but some probably exist in parts of Sonora,
Mexico.

The Bob White, although a very handsome bird indeed,
is the plainest looker of the quail family, excepting the
‘cotton top’’ or scaled quail of the deserts of southern Tex-
as and Arizona, the latter being a slaty bluish color on its
upper parts, which are ornamented with large scale-like
markings and has a whitish crest.

The most bizarre and curious of all is the Mearns quail
of the high broken plains and mountain slopes of southwes-
tern Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona. It has a
short, round body, like a little guinea hen, and this superfi-
cial likeness is heightened by brilliant round white spots or-
namenting the dark sides. This bird is the gentlest of all
the quails and is said to be so unsuspicious that when it en-
counters one it often walks unconcernedly about or stands
looking curiously at the newcomer, at which times it is not
infrequently killed with a stick or stone, a characteristic
which, among the people where it is found, has earned for
it the name of ‘‘ Fool Quail.”’

Out in the southwestern desert is also found the Gambel
Quail, ranging throughout the brushy foothills and the val-
leys along watercourses. This is a beautiful member of the
quail family, its head being handsomely marked and adorn- —
ed with a jet black recurving crest, the flanks being bright
chestnut in color, brilliantly streaked with white. This
quail forms one of the most pleasant and conspicuous varie-
ties of desert life and is numerous wherever it can find suffi-

166 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

cient food and water. Its presence contributes a touch of
color and animation to the dreary monotony of many a lone-
ly desert ranch.

The California valley quail belongs entirely to the Pa-
cific Coast, and this is said to be the most beautiful of the
smaller gallinacous birds of the entire world. In appear-
ance it resembles the Gambel quail slightly, especially in its
recurving black crest, and general appearance, but exceeds
that bird in the richness of its colors and markings.

Then there’s the California mountain quail, which is the
largest and one of the handsomest of this group, inhabiting
the wooded mountains of the Pacific Coast. In appearance
it bears a superficial resemblance to the red-legged part-
ridge of Europe, and like the Mearns quail, its haunts are
usually more remote from cultivated lands than are those of
the other species.

The health and pleasure derived from the pursuit of
quail has resulted in the investment of millions of dollars,
both in hunting ue and in the establishment of quail
preserves in different parts of the country.

And so, it is with real pleasure that we write of the quail
family and quail shooting, for no other class of hunting out-
ranks this sport.

When a covey of quail is flushed, they rise from the
earth with an explosion so sudden and startling as to shock
one unaccustomed to hunting them and even the old-
timers experience some of the sudden thrill.

Let us go afield! The crisp November air and the
morning sun combines in exhilarating effect upon the soul
of the outer. The dogs are straining eagerly at leash for the
sport ahead. They know quite well what is in store for
them—a day’s hunt —and thus they impatiently tug and
pull at their leads to get there.

At length, we reach the hunting grounds, which for
miles in every ‘direction consists of stubble-field and uncut
clover, favorite Bob White haunts.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 167

We adjust our guns, the dogs are loosed, and everything
is made ready to begin the hunt.

The four dogs are experts—two of them being pointers
and two setters. They have hunted these fields before—
last season—hence we term them old veterans, which they
are indeed, not only because of much service, but because of
their tried and proven ability as bird dogs. We can depend
upon their efforts to produce results, if there are any birds
in the stubble-fields or clover-fields hereabout at all.

They are slow and cautious workers, which are to be
preferred by most hunters to the swift and harum-scarum
sort that are liable to burst right into a covey of quail head-
long and flush them all before the sportsmen can get within
shooting distance. It is a strange commentary, however,
that not a few hunters like just such dogs. Generally ner-
vous men are these, who have not the patience to hunt slow-
ly behind slow and painstaking dogs.

Presently, the dogs make a stand. Blake’s Sportzell,
a setter of noble breeding, is on point—as steady and true
as Gibralter’s Rock—Topsy, a pointer of high standing, is
backing. It is a picture fit for a king to gaze upon. We
sigh for our kodak, unfortunately left behind. It is ever
thus—just at the precise moment when the dogs are pulling
off a stand that would look well in a frame hung on the wall
of one’s den, the camera was left at home. Cruel fate!

My partner slowly approaches the dogs, commanding,
“Steady!’? This command was only a matter of form; no
command of any kind was needed, for these dogs were
thoroughly trained and knew their business quite as well as
anybody.

At the opportune moment, after we had taken up ad-
vantageous positions for shooting, the birds were flushed,
and, exploding like a trench mortar, or a Russian bomb,
they left the earth for parts unknown.

Bang! bang! bang! spoke our repeating shotguns, and
six of the flock fell to rise no more.

168 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Sportzell and Beauty broke into a race to get the birds,
which they retrieved tenderly and eagerly. Thus we
brought down our first birds of the season. .

The remaining portion of the covey had been seen to
scatter, and we knew it would be of no avail to try to follow
them. Birds of a scattered bevy are hard to find. Good
authorities say that when they alight after they have been
frightened, they remain quiet and compress their feathers to
the body, which results in withholding the scent, and so it is |
wise before attempting to hunt them to give the covey time
to reassemble and get over their fright, so they won’t lay so
close to earth and withhold scent.

Volumes have been written about birds, but the Bob
“White member of the bird family cannot receive too much
attention. He is a worthy subject. I would that I were
able to adequately portray the kindly feelings I have in
writing to the credit and glory of the Bob White, the king of
his race, and who is, in the opinion of many, the best bird
that flies. He has brought more rest and recreation to the
tired business man, more new life and vim to impatient and
nervous humanity, than any other single agency of nature,
and that is saying a great deal indeed, for Nature abounds
in game worthy our attention and appreciation, to say the
least.
CALL NOTES OF THE QUAIL:

The nuptial call note in the field of the cockbird is an in-
fallible guide to its identity, but this familiar challenge,
which sounds to the sportsman like "Bob White,”’ Bob-
Bob-White,’’ and to the farmer like ‘‘more wet,’’ or ‘‘no
more wet,’’ is by no means the only note of the species dur-
ing the breeding season.

The observer will probably hear the cock whistling

‘“‘Bob White!’’ and as he still calls, approaches the nest.
When within perhaps fifty vards of his mate he utters the
rally note, so thrilling to the sportsman’s ear, ‘‘ka-loi-kee,’

THE ANGLER AND. HUNTSMAN 169

which the hen often answers with a single clear whistle.
Then perhaps follows a series of queer responsive caterwau-
lings, more unbirdlike than those of the yellow-breasted
chat, suggesting the call of a cat to its kittens, or the scold-
ing of a caged gray squirrel, or, again, the alarm notes of a
mother grouse blended with the strident call like that of a
guinea hen. Sometimes, as a finale, comes loud rasping
noises, not unlike the effort of a poor broken-voiced whip-
poorwill. Their favorite calling stations seem to be rail
fences at a height of from five to ten feet, and the limbs of
trees along fence rows. They have been known to whistle
from trees, thirty-five feet from the ground. After the
breeding season the quail quits using this characteristic
eall. At other times the hen will answer thusly: ‘‘Whoil-
kee,’’? but this note is usually only used when a bevy has
been scattered, and is sounded, generally, in the late after-
noon as a get-together-for-the-night signal.

We cannot refrain, before closing this chapter describ-
ing the quail family and quail shooting, to implore better
care of our fast-declining quail supply, and particularly the.
Bob White supply. Inmany places they are suffering ruth-
less extermination by law-breakers, and also by reason of
severe winter weather.

The least the sportsmen of America should do is to hale
these ‘‘poachers’’ before a Court, and as to the weather, why
not put out a little grain for the starving birds to eat after
heavy sleets and snows? It would be not only humane, but
for the good of the sport.

OTHER GAME BIRDS:
Woodcock Shooting:

This form of sport has hitherto been a favorite with a
great many gunners, for be it known among all men that
‘*Philohela minor’’ is a game target that, in their fast and
erratic flight, requires a quick eye and a clear head.

i170 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

They breed throughout the eastern part of the United
States, as well as in the neighboring Canadian Provinces,
and spend the winter principally in the southeast of this
country. This upland game bird is nocturnal in habit,
feeding at night in swamps, along small streams, and ponds,
where the long bill they possess comes in handy in their
search for food.

Of late years, their numbers have rapidly decreased,
necessitating strict conservation laws. It would indeed be
a pity to see them utterly exterminated, as they are a game
bird held in high esteem by all sportsmen.

: Wilson Snipe:

The Wilson Snipe is found over nearly the whole of
North America, and, being a dweller of thickets and
marshes, its pursuit readily appeals to the true sportsman,
and so sudden, rapid, and irregular is its flight that it re-
quires the highest skill of the marksman to bring one down.

Upland Plover:

This is another of our fine game birds. Its scientific
designation is ‘‘Bartramia longicauda.’’ Like the wood-
cock, the plover is another of our best game birds that within
recent years have had their numbers dangerously depleted,
largely due to spring shooting. The protective measures
and closed seasons came too late, it is feared, to save them
from total extinction.

King Rail (Rallus elegans) :

These birds inhabit fresh-water marshes, generally
speaking, throughout the eastern part of North America.
in habits, they are very timid, keeping well under cover in
the tall grasses of the marsh, doing most of their feeding
by night.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 171

It is exceedingly difficult to flush them without the
aid of a dog, which, therefore, is an asset in their pursuit
the hunter cannot affor d to be without.

Once flushed, the rail family are dead easy targets, be-
ing very slow of wing, and able to fly only a short distance.
The worst shot in the world should have no trouble in get-
ting his share of them.

There are several kinds of lesser rails, including Clap-
per Rails, California Clapper Rails, Carolina Rails, Vir-
ginia Rails, Yellow Rails and Black Rails.

Ruffed Grouse: (Bonasa umbellus umbellus).

This splendid game bird is classed by a great many
sportsmen as America’s most popular game target that
flies. The family embraces several strains, but the ruffed
grouse is the recognized leader of them all. They are found
in wooded country, usually, and it requires a quick eye and
a steady nerve to bring them down, as they rise with a thun-
derous roar and rush that often ‘ ‘oets the goat’’ of the nov-
ice. These birds are found throughout the northern half
of the United States and in the southern half of Canada, in
wooded cover.

Who has not heard Mr. Grouse drumming on a log in
springtime, which is a sure sign the warm days of spring are
with us once again? This remarkable bird is beloved of all
sportsmen, and we regret to see their numbers decimated as
they have doubtless been in recent vears. It is a game bird
that adds a touch of spirited life to many a lonely glade
and glen.

In hunting grouse a good dog—Setter or Pointer—is in-
dispensable. <A careful, slow-working, steady dog, staunch
on point, is required.

Prairie Chicken, ‘‘Tympanuchus americanus’’:

Prairie chickens lie well to the dog, and are usually
found in open, easily traveled country. It is useless to try

172 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

to hunt them without having along one or more good, thor-
oughly trained dogs, either Setter or Pointer. While there
is a deal of sport in their pursuit and capture, they are not
as difficult to wing as the ruffled grouse. —

Sage Hen, (Centrocerus urophasianus) :

This is the largest member of the American grouse,
weighing as high as ‘eight pounds, and is found in the west-
ern portion of North America. They inhabit the Great Ba-
sin and arid planes of the region wherein found. Their name
itself suggests the nature of their cover—the sage brush.
They not only use this sage as cover, but feed upon its leaves,
which lends to their flesh a disagreeable taste. Owing to
the fact that they are easy marks, on account of their large
size, for the gunner, they are becoming scarcer and scarcer,
and are retreating to places not yet habited by man, whom
they try to shun.

Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) :

The wild turkey is not only the largest American game
bird, but it is a bird that claims attention from a great army
of sportsmen. In by-gone days wild turkey hunting was
one of the chief pursuits afield engaged in by a large num-
ber of hunters, but now, owing to its size, which made it a
comparatively easy mark for the gunner, its numbers have
heen greatly decimated.

The method usually employed in their capture consists
in trailing or calling them. ‘They have keen optics, and are
fleet both on land and in the.air.

If not molested by man for a few years, and if their
natural cover was not usurped by agriculture entirely, they
would probably again become a common and profitable
game bird.

The turkey has many champions who assert that it
should replace the eagle as our national bird. Truly it has
all the virtues and none of the vices that the terrible eagle

>)

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 173

does possess, and there is, therefore, not a little sound com-
mon sense in this argument.

At Thanksgiving dinner the repast would hardly be
complete without the big roasted turkey occupying the cen-
ter of the table, and drawing to its delicious careass the con-
centrated attention of all eves. While the domesticated
cousin of the wild turkey is delicious, it has not the gamey
taste that distinguishes all wild fowl.

DUCK AND GOOSE SHOOTING:

This sport-is a favorite with a large and ever-increas-
ing number of American hunters. In the art of duck and
goose shooting patience is as much a virtue as it is to the
angler, for it takes great patience indeed to he and wait
for returning ducks or geese in a blind on a cold, raw day.
But there is pleasure to be had in this sport more than off-
setting any minor inconveniences, say duck and goose
enthusiasts.

The lakes, rivers, streams, ponds and marshes of
America offer water-fowl a veritable paradise for a home,
and they seemingly realize the excellent quality of the food
and the cover our wild celery and wild rice marshes afford
them, for they continue annually to visit our shores in great
numbers.

Wild waterfowl are distributed practically all over
the entire world, and from time immemorial ducks and
geese have been held in high esteem by mankind, everywhere
being eagerly sought after for sport and for food.

Their food value needs no mention. They are noted
for the fine flavor and richness of their flesh—most species
—and are an article of diet to grace a king’s table. Neither
does their beauty need emphasis, other than the opportunity
to look admiringly upon them as they soar majestically in
ereat flocks toward or from their breeding grounds, or to
and from their feeding places. They lend a charm of life
and animation to the otherwise desolate ponds and lakes,

,

174 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

and they doubtless are of great value to agriculture, as most
seed-eating birds are. But great though all the other rea-
sons for desiri ing their presence may be, there is the crown-
ing reason in the fact that tired and worn-out humanity

can, by the exhilarating sport they afford, alleviate, or at
least offset some of the nervous strain to which the average
business man of this age is subject.

The flesh of wild fowl constituted an important item of
diet in the larder of the aborigines of this country, who, by
means of the bow and arrow we have already described, and
also by the use of numerous other devices, nets and traps,
succeeded in obtaining them in considerable numbers, es-
pecially when they were young and unable to elude capture
by flight. The Eskimo and northern Indians, in fact, would
fare badly but for the great numbers of waterfowl that visit
their country annually to breed, and their eggs are also
sought by the natives with avidity. The first settlers also
found waterfowl a necessary addition to their larders, and,
insofar as game was concerned, the fowling piece early be-
came a more important part of the settler’s equipment than
his rifle.

However, neither the natives or the settlers appreciably
reduced the numbers of ducks and geese that at given per-
iods covered the lakes, ponds, rivers and marshes of this fa-
vored land. The fact 1s, it was not until the perfection of
that potent engine of destruction, the breech-loading shot-
gun, that waterfowl began to decrease at an alarming rate.
This was due, not alone to the breech-loader, but to the ever
increasing population with a consequent increase both in
number of sportsmen and market gunners.

So rapidly are some species decreasing in certain States
that the supply is already threatened, and stringent laws
have been found necessary. The migratory bir d law, a
widely discussed and often criticised measure, has alr eady
proven its worth, and within a few years, with the abolish-
ment of spring shooting, the supply of ducks and geese will

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN Bye)

again be replenished. It seems that the wood duck, one of
the handsomest of our native birds, and one whose breeding
range lies almost entirely within our own borders, is the
species that has suffered most. In some sections, in fact, in
not a few sections, it has been entirely exterminated. It is
a question whether the wood duck will ever again be
plentiful.

Other species, however, since the enactment of the
spring shooting law, are showing an increase, and in due
time, let us hope, once more the sun may be darkened by the
flights of ducks and geese as they jovfully wing their way
through space, as in days of vore.

The successful duck and goose hunter must possess the
instinct of stealth. Silent movement, where movement is
required, is an art much needed to acquire skill both in hunt-
ing and in fishing. Not only silence, however, is required
in the matter of hunting waterfowl, but one must have the
proper talent to camouflage one’s movements and conceal
one’s presence from the duck or the goose that is ever watch-
ful for his mortal enemy—man. ‘They have the eye of an
eagle and will surely spot you, if you are not dressed in har-
mony with your surroundings. If your surroundings are
brown, such as dead horseweeds, or dead vegetation of any
sort, then assuredly you should have on a brown or tan out-
fit. Pay strict attention to every detail, such as your neck-
tie, if you wear one on your hunting trips, or your hat.
Don’t make the mistake of wearing a gaudy neck-piece or a
loud cap or hat. The waterfowl will certainly spy you out,
and won’t land near where you are. How often have you
been waiting for ducks or geese, and when a flock would ap-
pear they’d circle over you, and then, after the leader gave
a warning ‘‘ Honk, Honk, Honk!” they would again spread
wide their wings and soar away to parts unknown, much to
your discomfiture and angry regret? The reason was, of
course, that you were discovered, due, probably, to some
showy garment on your person.

176 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

There are 64 species and sub-species of ducks, geese, and
swans which are found in North America north of Mexico,
24 breeds of this number occurring in the United States.
The species commonly recognized as most important to us
are the wood duck, mallard, black duck, teal, canvasback,
redhead, and Canada goose. Séveral of these breed only
in our Northern States; but the cinnamon teal and ruddy
duck nest as far south as southern California, and the wood
duck breeds nearly anywhere in the United States in which
it receives any measure of protection, and the great bulk of
this species winters within our boundaries.

As we write, recollections of bygone days come flitting
back to us, of happy excursions to the marshes and ponds
after the elusive mallard, and many and pleasant memories
dance before our vision, of how we hid in a fodder-shock, or
among the tall dead grasses and weeds that had grown rank
in the fertile marshes.

Ducking is practiced by different methods in various
parts of the country. The commonest method being ‘‘ point
shooting’’ and this is the way they do it in the great Middle
West, a region in which mallards, pintails, teal and wid-
geon are plentiful along the numerous watercourses, and on
the lakes, ponds and marshes. In some of the southern
States a floating blind is used, consisting usually of an open
box, fitted with brush camouflage So as to screen the gunner
from view. While ‘out we est’’ they like to ‘‘pass hunt,’’
that is, the gunner takes up a position between two marshes,
and tries his luck as the fowls fly from one feeding place to
another, and along the coast where the red heads, broad bills
and a few canvasbacks are found, the hunter prefers what
is known as ‘‘the battery’’ in places where this device is per-
mitted by law. This consists of what is called commonly a
‘coffin box’’ that has a platform extending around it to
ward off the waves. When weighted properly it is sub-
merged just so as to keep it a trifle above water and insure
it against capsizing and makes it practically invisible a few

fond

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN LEC

yards away; the gunner is compelled, however, to lay flat,
which is necessary to effectively hide his presence from the
ducks. Decoys are usually anchored nearby, which attracts
real ducks to the vicinity and within gunshot.

But to get back to ‘‘point shooting,’’ as practiced in the
Middle West, the hunter generally puts out 25 or 30 decoys
near a spot where ducks are in the habit of passing, draws
his canoe or boat into the reeds and awaits the approach of
the next flock.

One of the most essential items in duck hunting is in
the matter of warm wearing apparel; something not only
warm but waterproof is desirable.

In the matter of guns for this purpose, give me a 12
gauge choke bored double-barrel gun, which is the generally
accepted gun for duck hunting.

As to shells, these should be loaded with 31/4, drams of
powder and 114 ounces of No. 4 shot.

Some hunters prefer the old ten gauge, bécause it makes
a better pattern with large shot, up to about size BB, but it
has nothing on the 12 gauge for range and in addition is
heavy to carry and handle properly.

In picking up a duck or goose from the water, pick it
up by the head, as this will cause the water to run right off;
if you pick it up by the feet, that method fluffs the feathers
and the waterfowl becomes water-soaked and heavy to carry.

The ducks and geese are a very interesting family, and
a whole book could well be written on that subject. IT wish
we had space to deal more at length herein on duck and goose
shooting, but it is impracticable and also unnecessary, for
those who have hunted waterfowl full well know how and
where and when to hunt, and those who haven’t vet indulged
in this thrilling sport must do so before they possibly appre-
ciate an article on this subject.

One of the most interesting members of the goose family
is the Canada goose, scientifically known as Branta cana-
densis. Its summer home, principally, is the interior of

178 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Canada, from Saskatchewan and Alberta north to the limit
of trees. Eastward it breeds in the interior of Ungava and
casually as far north as Okak and Ungava Bay. It also
breeds quite commonly in Newfoundland, and is fairly com-
mon on the islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and then
west through Quebec and northern Ontario to the south end
of James Bay.

In the interior, the breeding range extends somewhat
farther south.

The principal winter home is the southern half of the
Mississippi Valley west of the Mississippi River, but it is
not rare in the eastern United States from Florida to Mary-
land, occasionally to Massachusetts, and is recorded during
the winter in Maine, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and even in New-
foundland. Its normal winter range in the interior extends
as far as southern Indiana and southern Illinois, but a few
specimens have also been noted in Ohio, southern Ontario,
southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, Nebraska, southern
Colorado, and southern Utah, according to government in-
vestigators. The winter home also includes all of the Pa-
cific coast region as far north as British Columbia.

WINTER RANGE OF DUCKS:
American Merganser:

‘*Merganser americanus,’’ as this duck is called by
scientists, ranges on the Atlantic coast from Maine to South
Carolina, rarely to Georgia and Florida, and in mild winters
it occurs as far north as Prince Edward Island, while in the
interior it winters from the Gulf of Mexico to southern On-
tario, Lake Michigan, Kansas, northern Colorado, Idaho,
British Columbia, and rarely to Unalaska Island and the
Pribilof Islands. In winter it reaches northern Mexico and
northern Lower California, and also occurs occasionally
in the Bermudas.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 179

Red-breasted Merganser:

This duck, ‘‘ Merganser serrator,’’ has been known to
reach to the vicinity of Havana, Cuba, but rarely does it go
south of the eastern United States. It is not a rare visitor
in winter to Florida and along the gulf coast to Texas, but
it is quite rare in New Mexico and Arizona, and 1s common
throughout the whole of California and south to Lower Cali-
fornia. In winter it is common on the Atlantic coast as far
as Maine, and remains around the Gulf of St. Lawrence
until the bays freeze up. It is said also not to be uncommon
even in Greenland during the winter. In the interior it
braves the winter weather on the Great Lakes and north to
Wisconsin, Nebraska, Colorado, and Utah; north on the Pa-
cific coast to southern British Columbia, and is also a casual
visitor to the Hawaiian Islands and the Bermudas.

Hooded Merganser:

‘‘Lophodytes cucullatus’’ is the Hooded Merganser’s
official title. This duck remains during the winter as far
north as Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Lake Michigan, Ne-
braska, Colorado, Utah, and southern British Columbia.
Tn the central districts and Gulf States it is more plentiful
than elsewhere, while a few migrate to Cuba, Central Mex-
ico, and southern Lower California.

Mallard:

The mallard, ‘‘ Anas boschas,’’ is a fresh-water duck,
and in general it winters as far north as open water can be
found. The greater number, however, spend the winter in
the southern half of the Mississippi Valley, and during past
vears this region was the source of a large part of the market
supply. The numbers killed were almost incredible. |
have heard of instances where a single gunner killed and
sold as manv as 8,000 mallards. Fortunately market shoot-

180 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

ing is now forbidden and this deplorable slaughter has
ceased, or has been materially lessened.

The mallard winters casually in eastern Massachusetts
and central New York, accidentally in Nova Scotia, and
regularly from Virginia to northern Florida. It is less
common in Central Florida, and has been recorded in the
Bermudas, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Grenada, Carriacou,
Panama, and Costa Riea. Most of these localities have had
but one or two records each, showing that the mallard is only
a straggler to the southeast of the United States. It has
never been known, or at least, is not recorded from Central
America from Costa Rica to Mexico. The species is a com-
mon winter resident of northern Mexico and ranges south
to Jalapa, the valley of Mexico, Colima, and southern end of
Lower California.

The northern winter limit of the mallard in the interior
is in Ohio, northern Indiana, southern Wisconsin, Nebraska,
Wyoming, and central Montana. It is also a common win-
ter resident along the whole Pacific coast as far north as the
Aleutian Islands.

Black Duck:

The group of ‘‘Anas obscura”’ or ‘‘black and dusky”’

ducks comprises several species which resemble each other
closely and which have only in late years been distinguish-
ed intelligently. The black duck is the common breeding
duck of New England and northern New York.

This species spends the winter rarely in the West In-
dies, Bermudas, in central Florida and also in Alabama.
From Georgia northward it is more common, and from
North Carolina to New Jersey it is one of the most numerous
winter ducks. Both the species ‘‘A. obscura’’ and °‘A.
rubripes’? are common at this season in the vicinity of Long
Island and on the shores of Rhode Island and Massachusetts,
but the latter appear to winter to a greater degree in Massa-
chusetts than the former. West of the mountains there is

—* es a al

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 181

an uncertainty as to which form predominates during win-
ter. ‘*‘A. obscura’’ is a pretty common winter resident in
Louisiana, while ‘‘ A. rubripes’’ reaches Arkansas, and one
form or the other ranges in winter as far north as southern
Ohio, southern Indiana, and southern Illinois.

Fiorida Duck:

‘* Anas fulvigula,’’ or Florida duck, is a non-migratory
species, breeding commonly in the southern half of Flor-
ida, and less commonly in the northern part of the State.
It appears to be absent entirely from northeastern Florida,
but occurs along the northwestern coast.

Mottled Duck:

This bird, ‘‘ Anas fulvigula maculosa,’’ is a resident of
Texas and southern Louisiana. In the State of the ‘‘ Lone

~Star’’ it occurs from the mouth of the Rio Grande north-

ward and west to about the central part of the State. It is
also accidental in IKansas.

Abert Duck:

This species is known only from the type specimen
taken at Mazatlan, Mexico, designated ‘* Anas aberti.”’

Diaz Black Duck:

This duck, ‘‘ Anas diazi,’’ is a form of ‘‘black duck”’ re-
sembling very much ‘‘ Anas fulvigula.’’ It is non-migra-
tory and occurs in central Mexico.

Gadwell:

The principal winter home of the gadwell, ‘‘Chaulel-
asmus streperus,’’ is in the lower Mississippi Valley, es-

182 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

pecially in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas. Infrequently
it winters as far north as Llinois, and is more common to
the eastward in North Carolina and Florida. The winter
range extends to the southern end of Lower California, to
Mazatlan, and the City of Mexico. In the northern part of
Mexico this species is common throughout the winter, and
birds have been found paired in May, ‘the late date being an
indication that they intended to remain there and breed. Its
winter range extends commonly to Utah and Oregon ; seldom
to Washington and British Columbia.

European Widgeon:

This species ‘*‘ Mareca penelope”’ is a member of the Old
World family of ducks, but it occurs as a straggler on the
Atlantic coast in Florida, North Carolina, Virginia, Mary-
land, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts,
Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and in Greenland, while in the
interior it has been discovered in [linois, Indiana, Michi-
gan, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Nebraska, and even on the Pa-
cifie coast in California, British Columbia, and Alaska, but
it is not known to breed anywhere in the Western Hem-
isphere.

Baldpate, or American Widgeon:

‘‘Mareca americana’? is common on the Chesapeake
during the winter, but is rare directly northward at all
times of the year, and, therefore, it is evident that the mi-
eration is from the northwest. This species is quite com-
mon in wintertime in the Carolinas, less common in Florida
and Cuba, and rare in the Bermudas, the Bahamas, Jamaica,
Porto Rico, St. Thomas and Trinidad. Its winter home in
the Mississippi Valley extends as far north as Illinois, and
in the west to New Mexico, Arizona, probably Utah, and to
southern British Columbia. It is most common, very likely,
along the Pacific coast during the winter.

‘re

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 183
European Teal:

‘*Nettion crecca,’’ or European Teal, is a species that is
widely distributed in the Old World, and is accidental in
the Western Hemisphere. It has been recorded in Green-
land, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, Long Island, in the vicinity of Washington, D. C.,
California, and Alaska.

Green-winged Teal:

This duck, ‘*Nettion carolinense,’’ is common south of
the United States in Mexico, at least as far as Jalapa, the
City of Mexico, Michoacan, and Jalisco. It is also common
in the Bahamas, but is rare in Cuba, Jamaica, and Hondur-
as. This species is one of the most abundant ducks through-
out the southwestern United States during winter. It is very
hardy, and in general remains as far north as open water
may be found. It winters in western Montana, up to cen-
tral Utah, southern Nebraska, southern Lowa, central Illi-
nois, central Indiana, western New York, and Rhode Is-
land. Its principal winter home, however, lies in the Mis-
sissippi Valley south of latitude 37 degrees.

Blue-winged Teal:

99

‘“Querquedula discors,’’? or Blue-winged Teal, migrate
over a vast territory, and are found throughout northern
South America, south to Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile,
during winter. In Central America they are plentiful, as
well as in Mexico and the West Indies, and they are equal-
ly common during the winter in the Gulf States and north
as far as North Carolina. They do not range much north
of the Gulf States in the Mississippi valley, though a few
scatter widely as far as southern Indiana, and southern [I-
linois; while a few winter in Arizona, California and north
to southern British Columbia. This species is not com-

184 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

mon, in the strict sense of the word, much north of North
Carolina, though it is not rare on Chesapeake Bay and win-
ters as far north, even, as Delaware. It is not a hardy
species, and therefore, few individuals remain where there
is cold weather and ice.

Cinnamon Teal:

This species, ‘‘Querquedula cyanoptera,’’ does not re-
tire but slightly south of its breeding range for the winter.
It is found at this season as far north as Brownsville,
Texas, central New Mexico, southern Arizona, and around

r a) . ? ~ . ’
Tulare Lake, California. South of Mexico the only record
is of accidental occurrence in Costa Riea.

Shoveler:

A few ‘‘Spatula clypeata,’’ or shovelers, pass south in
winter to Columbia, South America, Panama, Costa Rica,
and through the West Indies. This species is accounted
rare in Florida, and seems not to have been noted in the
Bahamas.

The Carolinas are the only states on the Atlantic coast
where they are common, but it is not rare in Maryland, and
there are a few winter records for New Jersey; however,
the greater part of this species winters in the southern Mis-
sissippi Valley, north rarely to southern Illinois, and as far
south as central Guatemala, through Mexico. Many hun-
dred thousands are reputed to winter near Lake Chapala,
Jalisco. During winter this duck is also found in New
Mexico, Arizona, the whole of California, and a few are
found as far north as southern British Columbia. Great
numbers winter in the Hawauan Islands. During the flight
between their winter and summer home they pass through
the northeastern United States, frequently through Penn-
sylvania and New York, and formerly it was not rare in
Massachusetts; however, for the past fifteen vears, only in-

—y se

ve

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 185

dividuals of a small number have been recorded for the
whole of New England.

Pintail:

‘*Dafila acuta,’’ or Pintail, are quite common on the

coast of North Carolina, and as far south as Florida, while
many spend the winter in Cuba, a few pass on to Jamaica,
and individuals have been recorded in Porto Rico. This
species is known as one of the common winter ducks that
are found from Mexico to Costa Rica, and a few winter as
far north as Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Only a few
winter in the Mississippi Valley north of southern Llinois,
and from there the winter home extends through Texas,
New Mexico, Arizona, and on to the Pacific coast, where it
is abundant at this season as far north as British Columbia.
The species also is known to winter in southern Ohio, and
southern Indiana, also in southern Wisconsin.

Wood Duck:

This duck is one of the most popular of American wat-
erfowl, though greatly diminished in numbers from its for-

mer abundance, and is scientifically called ‘‘ Aix sponsa.’’

It migrates north tolerably early, after spending the win-
ter in North Carolina, occasionally in Marvland and Penn-
sylvania, and in the interior as far north as southern In-
diana, southern [linois and Kansas.

Redhead:

‘‘Avthya americana,’’ or redheads, have their winter

home not far from Texas, along the Gulf and Atlantic
coasts, to Chesapeake Bay, and a few winter near Long
Island, Cape Cod and Lakes Ontario and Erie; the Missis-
sippi Valley north to Illinois and Kansas, and in the west
to New Mexico, Arizona, sometimes Utah, Nevada, and
southern British Columbia, almost as far north as it breeds.

186 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Canvasback:

99

‘‘Aythya vallisneria,’’ or canvasback have for a sum-
mer home an area which begins over a thousand miles west
of Chesapeake Bay, which, until recently, was also a favor-
ite winter home for this species. The line of the Great
Lakes appears to be the general route traversed in this
southeastward migration, and a few ducks stop for the win-
ter as far north as gee Erie and western New York. The
large flocks that hitherto covered Chesapeake Bay are no
more; however, a few winter on the coast of the Carolinas.

The winter range extends from the Valley of Mexico
north to southern Tee. Colorado, Nevada, and southern
British Columbia.

Broadbill: Scaup Duck: Blackhead: Bluebill:

This is one of the most important game birds of the At-
lantic coast region from Massachusetts to Chesapeake Bay,
being probably more-common here during the winter than
it is in any other part of its range, while most of the lesser
scaups winter south of that district, being most common
from North Carolina to Florida.

The greater scaup also ranges nearly to the southwes-
tern boundary of the United States in southern Texas,
southern New Mexico, central Arizona, and to the vicinity
of San Diego, California, while a few winter in southern
Jolorado, southern Utah, and more commonly in Nevada,
and on the Pacific Coast north to the Aleutian Islands. It
also winters throughout the Mississippi Valley north as far
as southern Wisconsin, but is hardly more than a straggler
in winter north of the Ohio river. Its scientifie designa-
tion is ‘‘ Aythya marila.’’

Ring-necked Duck:

The principal winter home of this duck, ‘‘ Aythya col-
laris,’’ is the Gulf Coast, from Florida to Texas, and it is

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 187

locally the most abundant duck at this season in this region.
It is also a common winter resident of the Bahamas, of Cu-
ba, sometimes Jamaica, while on the mainland it is a rare
visitant to California and Lower California, but is common
in Mexico and ranges all the way to central Guatemala. Its
northward range extends to the Carolinas and on to Mary-
land and New Jersey, however being rare in the latter two
States; thence it ranges westward to southern Illinois,
northern Texas, New Mexico, and north on the Pacifie coast
to southern British Columbia.

American Golden-eye.

The American golden-eye is accounted one of the hard-
iest of ducks, its northern distribution in winter being govy-
erned only by the presence of open water, a necessity to
nearly all species of the duck family. Its scientific name is
‘‘Clangula clangula americana.’’ IJt is somewhat common
on Lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, and during mild op-
en winters it has been known to remain north to Prince Ed-
ward Island. All winter it is quite common along the New
England coast, continuing to be common all the way down
the coast to North Carolina, but gets less common south of
that State. In the interior it remains during the winter
north as far as lowa, Nebraska, and Utah, while on the Pa-
cific coast it is found at this time north as far as the Aleu-
tian Islands.

Barrow Golden-eye:

The great majority of the breeding birds of eastern
Canada stay through the winter around the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, however, ‘a few straggle southward, being record-
ed in Maine, New Hampshire ; Massachusetts, New York,
and Virginia. Scientifically it is known as “Clangula iS-
landica.”’

188 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

7 Buffle-head:

‘*Charitonetta albeola,’’ or Buffle-head, does not range
in winter, generally speaking, south of southeastern or east-
ern United States. To the westward a few enter Mexico
to the Valley of Mexico and Lower California to San Quen-
tin. This duck is a common winter resident of the southern
half of the United States, north to Massachusetts: Lakes
Ontaria, Michigan, and Huron; Utah, Idaho, British Colum-
bia, Unalaska Island, and the Near Islands.

Old Squaw:

These birds are common south to Chesapeake Bay, and
as far south as the North Carolina coast region are not rare.
In mild winters thev have been known to winter in the Gulf
of St. Lawrence, while some stay in southern Greenland.
They are an abundant winter resident on the Great Lakes;
on the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands southward,
being quite common to the coast of Washington and not rare
to northern California. Its. scientific designation is
‘*Harelda hyemalis.’’

Harlequin Duck:

During the winter season, the harlequin, or ‘‘histrion-
icus histrionicus,’’ is not rare in the southern part of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, is less common south to Long Island
Sound, and accidental on the coast of New Jersey. It isa
pine winter resident on Lake Michigan, winters in Col-

‘ado, which is the southern limit of its breeding range but
at several thousand feet lower altitude. It is abundant in
the Aleutians and the Pribilof Islands, west to the Near Is-
lands, the Commander Islands, and sometimes as far as Ja-
pan.

Labrador Duck:
‘‘Camptolaimus labradorius,’’ is an extinct species,
which within the last century nested from Labrador north-

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 189

ward, and during winter it visited the coast of New Eng-
land; as far south also as Long Island and New Jersey.

Steller Eider:

‘*Polysticta stelleri,’’ winters abundantly on the Near
Islands and as far north as Unalaska, the Shumagins, and
the Kenai Peninsula.

Spectacled Bider:

Winter records are few for this species, ‘‘ Arctonetta
fischeri,’’ but it is probable that the Aleutian chain consti-
tutes the main winter residence.

Northern Hider:

‘‘Somateria mollissima borealis,’’ or northern eider,
ranges in winter from southern Greenland and northern
Hudson Bay south on the Atlantic coast as far as Massa-
chusetts.

American Eider:

‘‘Somateria dresseri,’’ or American Eider, winters as

far north as Newfoundland; is common in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, and not uncommon as far south as the coast of
Massachusetts, while in the interior it occurs on the Great
Lakes and neighboring regions.

Pacific Eider:

‘‘Somateria v-nigra,’’ or Pacific eider, appears to
spend the winter, generally speaking in the vicinity of the
Aleutians.

| King Eider:

This duck breeds in the Arctic regions, and winters as
far north as open water may be found, at least north to
southern Greenland, being common in the Gulf of St. Law-

190 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

rence; the species has also been noted occasionally in the in-
terior on Lakes Cayuga, Oneida, Ontario, Michigan, and
Erie. The Pacific members of this species winter freely in
the Aleutians; south to the Shumagin and Kadiak islands.
Scientifically it is called ‘‘Somateria spectabilis.”’

American Scoter:

‘‘Oidemia americana,’’ is the scientific term by which
this duck is called, and it remains in winter around New-
foundland, except when driven away by drift ice. South-
ward it is not rare to Long Island Sound and the coast of
New Jersey. Inland, it is not uncommon on the Great
Lakes, and has been recorded at various places in neighbor-
ing states. The Pacific birds winter from the Aleutian Is-
lands south to Santa Barbara Islands, California, and also
west to Japan on the Asiatic side.

White-winged Scoter:

‘‘Oidemia deglandi’’ range in winter through the Gulf
of St. Lawrence, Scouth along the Atlantic coast to South
Carolina, while in the interior it ranges south regularly and
commonly to the Great Lakes, and less commonly in adjoin-
ing small bodies of water in the neighboring states. On the
Pacifie coast it winters from Unalaska Island to San Quen-
tin Bay, Lower California.

Surf Scoter:

99

‘Oidemia perspicillata,’? or Surf Scoter stays during
the winter around the Gulf of St. Lawrence until forced
away by ice, and passes the balance of the winter from about
the Bay of Fundy south to Florida. It is exceedingly abun-
dant from Massachusetts to New Jersey, and still common
to North Carolina. On the Pacific coast it extends from
the Aleutians south to San Quentin Bay, Lower California.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 191

Ruddy Duck:

‘‘Krismatura jamaicensis,’’ or Ruddy Duck, has a wide
winter range, some retiring in winter to the southern part of
the range, to southern Lower California, Tepic, Valley of
Mexico, Oaxaca, and Central Guatemala, while others re-
main as far north as southern British Columbia. It is also
found in winter in Southern Illinois, Pennsylvania, the
coast of Massachusetts, and even to Maine. Also from the
Chesapeake Bay to Florida it is quite a common winter
resident, though rapidly being diminished in numbers.

Mallards Best for Wild Duck Farms:

Raising mallard ducks is an industry that should par-
ticularly appeal to the average sportsman, an industry cal-
culated to supplement the decreasing natural supply of
game.

The ease with which the mallard can be bred makes it
the best species for wild duck farming, and its beauty, popu-
larity, hardiness, adaptability and fecundity fit it as no
other duck is fitted to become the game duck of the future.

When it is realized that only one-tenth of the food of
the mallard is derived from the animal kingdom and about
nine-tenths from the vegetable, it will be seen how easy the
problem of propagating these ducks would be. They feed
mostly on aquatic plants, such as the sedges, water grass,
smartweeds, pondweeds, duckweeds, coontail and other
semi-aquatic plants. A government expert recently found
in the stomach of one mallard 102,400 seeds of primrose wil-
low. It is also known that they feed on water beetles, bugs,
and dragonflies.

If you own ponds, lakes, or can improve such bodies of
water, it would be possible to breed and raise mallards in a
semi-domesticated state at little cost.

For the sportsmen who desire to engage in this worthy
enterprise, the writer has compiled information relative to

192 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

suitable aquatic plants for the attraction of waterfowl from
trustworthy sources.

Information concerning the propagation of valuable
wild-duck foods is constantly requested by State game com-
missions, game protective associations, and sportsmen’s
clubs, and “also by individuals interested in the protection
and propogation of waterfowl. The U. S. Biological Sur-
vey has endeavored to meet the demand by issuing this in-
formation in bulletin form, under the direction of W. L. Me-
Atee, Assistant Biologist, to whom I am indebted for this
data. The widest dissemination of this knowledge among
the American people is in line with the policy of the De-
partment of Agriculture.

Wild Rice and its Value as Duck Food:

Wild rice (Zizania palustris and Z. aquatica) im all
stages of its growth is eaten by one or another of North
American ducks and geese, and practically all of them feed
on its ripened grain. It is the staple fall food of many
ducks in the numberless rice marshes of the eastern United
States. The seeds are obtained mainly from the bottom in _
shallow water, where they have fallen into a bed of soft muck
to await germination. This is often so delayed that grain
may sprout at any time up to at least 18 months after ripen-
ing. This accounts for the fact that young shoots and ger-
ininating seeds of wild rice are found in ducks’ stomachs at
nearly all seasons. The shoots are devoured by many spe-
cies, the flowers have been found in the wood duck’s stom-
ach, and the stems and leaves of the mature plants are eaten
by geese.

The government expert says that of the food of 209 mal-
lards examined, more than 17% was wild rice, 12% of that
of 51 black ducks, and more than 11% of that of 75 wood
ducks. The Canada goose, snow goose, pintail, widgeon,
lesser and greater scaups or blue bills, canvas back, re .dhead,

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 193

zreen-winged and blue-winged teal, buffle-head, and ruddy
duck are also known to feed considerably upon this plant.

Description of Wild Rice:

Wild rice is a tall, round-stemmed grass with long, flat,
pointed leaves. The stem, which may be as much as 2
inches in diameter, is hollow, but is furnished with trans-
verse partitions between as well as at the joints. These par-
titions may be seen when the stem is cut lengthwise. The
base of the stem is in the form of a stout hook, and from it
arise the numerous fibrous roots which serve mainly to an-
chor the plant to the bottom. The flowers of wild rice usu-
ally appear during the latter part of July, but may be found
as late as November. The appearance of the flower head is
very .characteristic; the lower branches which bear the
staminate or male flowers, are widely separated and stand
out from the stem, while the upper branches of pistillate
flowers are erect and more compactly grouped. The grain of
wild rice is from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in
length, slender, of uniform diameter, and with rounded or
pointed ends. <A low rib runs along the whole length of one
side and a shallow groove along the other. The husk of
the seed has six longitudinal grooves and a long, pointed
beak, the whole being an inch and a half or sometimes even
more in length. The appearance of the flower head or of
the grain distinguishes wild rice from all other aquatic grass
in its range.

Distribution of Wild Rice:

Natural growths of wild rice occur from the northern
end of Lake Winnipeg eastward along the northern shores
of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River to New
Brunswick; from the central Dakotas, western Nebraska,
and eastern Texas to the Atlantic coast; and as far south
along that coast as central Florida. The plant is somewhat

194 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

local and of course is confined to the lowlands, the center of
its abundance being in Wisconsin, lowa, and Minnesota.

Propagation of Wild Rice:

Although wild rice does not grow naturally in every
re ae place within its range, in most cases it ean be made
o do so, says the bulletin, by transplanting. Formerly
wild rice was often transplanted by various tribes of In-
dians, and investigations by the Bureau of Plant Industry
have shown that with proper treatment of the seed the plant
may be propagated in any favorable waters in this country.
it has also been successfully grown in Huropean countries.
However, experimenters should be prepared for occasional
failure, for the plant sometimes refuses to grow in localities
which appear to have every requisite for its successful prop-
agation. The usual cause of failure has been improper
treatment of the seed between time of harvesting and time
of sowing, resulting in loss of vitality. When growing nat-
urally, the ripe seeds fall directly into the water, where they
sink, and, being equipped with barbed beaks, penetrate
deeper into the muck surrounding the roots of the parent
plant. There they le through the winter. They may
germinate in spring, or they may lie practically dormant
through still another cold season. The seeds therefore re-
main wet until ready to sprout; they are exposed to currents
of water; are not in close contact with each other, and are not
subje .eted to ver v high temperatures. As in everything else,
to succeed, one must imitate nature’s methods. To. keep
large quantities of the seed in close contact often causes fer-
mentation, but this may be prevented by cold storage.

So far as propagation depends on the preservation of
the vitality of the seed, the methods so carefully worked out
by the Bureau of Plant Industry insure success. Several

seed firms handle wild rice properly and will deliver 1
either in spring or fall as desired. Notable among these is

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 195

Clyde B. Terrell, of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, who has done a
great deal for the scientific propagation of wild rice and
wild celery. It isa pity that more sportsmen do not engage
in this field, as nothing is more beneficial for the increase
of wild water fowl, now so greatly decimated for lack of at-
tention and protection in years passed by.

Where to Plant Wild Rice:

Wild rice thrives best on a mud bottom, though it has
been known to grow in sand. This may be underlain by
various souls, but there should be a layer of mud from at
least 2 to 4 inches deep, preferably even deeper. Wild rice
usually does not do well where there is much current or
change in the level of the water, although it grows abund-
antly on tice flats. It is not adapted to entirely stagnant
water.

From 4 inches to 6 feet of water are about the limits of
its usual occurrence, and it does best in from 1 to 3 feet. In
shallow water it may be killed by heat in summer, so it is
best, in southern localities especially, to sow the seed in not
less than 2 feet of water.

How to Plant Wild Rice:

The least possible time should intervene between re-
moval from cold storage and sowing. Broadcast sowing an-
swers every purpose, and seed should be sown thickly, as,
when near together the plants support each other, the root
anchorage is protected, and a good stand is more likely to re-
sult than if the seed is more widely scattered.

When to Plant Wild Rice:

The most desirable time for sowing is usually said to
be in the fall, but it has been proven that spring sowing will
bring a full crop, and for several reasons spring sowing 1s

196 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

usually advisable. Where seed has been sown in fall, the
bottom may freeze and the seed will be carried off with the
ice floes of spring. Ducks and other water-fowl, as well as
some fishes, eat the seed, and the less it is exposed to their
depredations the better. Seed is likely also to be buried by
deposits of mud, or swept away by currents, especially in
freshets. These dangers may be avoided by sowing late
enough in spring to avoid the worst spring floods, but in
time to get the benefit of the first good growing weather:
that 1s, when the temperature of the water approaches 60
degrees I.

Wild Celery and its Value as Duck Food:

When we think of wild celery, we also think of the ean-
vas-back duck, for the two are closely associated in the an-
nals of American sport. It is a well known fact that the
canvas-back is very fond of the subterranean propagating
buds of this plant, vet the assertion that the flavor of the
ecanvas-back is superior to that of any other duck and that
this depends on a diet of wild celery is not proven, according
to Mr. MecAtee, to say the least.

The seaups, or bluebills, and the redhead are also very
fond of wild celery, and are fullv as capable of getting the
delicious buds as is the eanvas-back. Several other species
get more or less of. this food. Mr. McAtee finds that even
the scoters on a Wisconsin lake in fall lived almost exclu-
sively on it for the time. AI] parts of the plant are eaten by
ducks, but the tender winter buds and rootstocks are most
relished. Wild celery buds can usually be obtained only by
the diving ducks, such as the bluebill, red head, canvas-
back, and scoters. The nondiving species, like the mallard,
black duck, baldpate, and the geese, get an occasional bud,
but they more frequently feed upon the leaves. Wild fowl
not thus far specifically mentioned which also feed upon
wild celery include the wood duck, pintail, ruddy duck, but-

ug

THE ANGLER AND -HUNTSMAN 197

fle-head, whistler, green-winged teal, greater and lesser
scaups or bluebills, white- winged and “surf scoters, and
whistling swan.

Description of Wild Celery Plant:

Wild celery is a wholly submerged plant with long,
flexible, ribbonlike leaves of light translucent green and of
practically uniform width (anywhere from 14 to 84 inches)
from root to tip. Of course the leaves are narrowed near
the tip and may be somewhat serrate or wavy-margined
there, but they are never expanded and the venation is pecu-
ar: according to McAtee. <A leaf held up. to the light dis-
plays numerous fine straight parallel veins running the
whole length. There are, besides, one median and two lat-
eral prominent veins connected at intervals by irregular
cross veinlets. Wild celery (Vallisneria spiralis) may be
distinguished from eelgrass (Zostera marina), which lives
in brackish or salt water, by the fact that its leaves grow in
bundles from the rootstocks, while those of eelgrass arise
sinelv and alternate on opposite sides of the stem. The
leaves of wild celery generally are more than a fourth of an
inch wide, while those of eelgrass are about that width or
narrower. Pipewort (Eriocaulon), a fresh-water plant,
frequently having ribbonlike leaves, may be recognized by
the reticulation of the entire leaf into small cells by veins of
nearly uniform size.

In certain stages some of the arrowheads (Sagittaria)
are difficult to distinguish from wild celery, though they
usually have the end of the leaf expanded into a proper leaf
blade or else quite pointed, neither of which characteristies
will be found in Vallisneria. Investigation of the subter-

ranean organs will decide the matter, however.

The flowers of wild celery are usually to be seen in
July and are peculiar in appearance. The staminate
flowers, at first attached at the base of the plants, later float

198 THE ‘ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

on the surface of the water and fertilize the pistillate
flower. The latter is attached to a long, slender, round
stem, which contracts into a spiral, drawing the flower
under the water after fertilization. This spiral stem,
bearing the flower or pod, distinguishes wild celery from
the other plants mentioned. The seed pod into which the
pollenized flower develops is straight or curved, a little
slenderer than a common lead pencil, and from 3 to 6 inches
in length; it contains, embedded in a clear jelly, small dark
seeds, in number about 50 to the inch. Mr. McAtee states
no such pod is borne by any other fresh-water plant.

Distribution of Wild Celery:

Wild celery is found naturally from central Minnesota
through the Great Lake region to northern Nova Scotia, and
from eastern Kansas and eastern Texas east to the Atlantic
coast. Like wild rice it is more or less local in distribution,
and consequently may be absent from large areas within
its general range.

Propagation of Wild Celery:

Wild celery is comparatively easy to transplant. It
ean be propagated both by seeds and by winter buds, and
the plant itself may be taken up and set out at almost any
time. Floating fragments of the plant with a little of the
rootstock attached, picked up in midsummer by Mi. McAtee,
rooted and grew successfully. He states the prime requi-
sites in propagating celery are the same as in the case of
rice; the buds, plants, or seeds must not be allowed to dry
or to ferment between gathering and planting. The seed
pods ripen from September to November and fall to the
bottom. They are best collected (by net or rake) on days
when the water is least ruffled during the latter part of Oc-
tober and early November. The winter buds may be col-
lected at the same season, before the leaves have disap-

eS eed

vee

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 199

peared, by following the latter down and digging up the
rootstocks and buds; or the young plants may be taken up
in spring just as they sprout. They should be kept moist
and cool until wanted for planting. It, as well as wild rice
seed, may be stored in partly filled burlap bags, among
which blocks of ice are placed and the whole covered with

‘sawdust and kept wet. In cold climates seed may some-

times be perfectly preserved by keeping the seed in water
which is changed daily, and kept out of doors during the
winter, except when frozen, germinating very satisfactorily.
This also applies equally to wild rice.

Where to Plant Wild Celery:

Wild celery, Mr..McAtee found, grows best on muddy
bottoms in from 31 to 614 feet of fresh water, though it will
grow also in sand and in both deeper and shallower water.
A sluggish current suits it better than either stagnant or
rapid water.

How to Plant Wild Celery:

For sowing, the pods should be broken up (in water)
into pieces about 14 inch in length, which can be sown broad-
cast—not too thickly, as the plants spread rapidly by root-
stocks and will soon make a dense growth. The winter buds
or pieces of roots with tufts of leaves must be weighted to |
hold them to the bottom and enable them to take root. This
may be accomplished by loosely threading several plants
together and tying stones to them, or by embedding them in
balls of clay. The broken seed pods also may be put mto
clay and dropped into the water.

When to Plant Wild Celery:

Tf not likely to be covered by mud, the best time to sow
the seed pods is in the fall. Winter buds collected in fall
should be kept in cold storage, and these, as well as young
plants gathered in the spring, should be set out in May or
June.

200 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

As wild rice and wild celery constitute the principal
aquatic plants suitable for the attraction of wild waterfowl],
we deem it unnecessary to take up the consideration of the
less important ones.

THE AIREDALE TERRIER:

Although not imported into this country from Eng-
land until about the years 1897-98, the Airedale terrier has
become immensely popular i in the New World in this short
span of years. This is attributed to the fact that this dog,
because of his keen Scenting powers, gameness, and general
hardihood, is much esteemed by all men who rejoice in a
good, strong, sensible and faithful companion, whether it be
within the confined quarters of a city life or in the more
epen and workaday surroundings of the forest and river.
Strictly speaking, the Airedale is a waterside dog. He
takes his name from the valley or dale of the river Aire in
Yorkshire, England; and it was in the early ‘‘seventies’’
that he was recognized as a distinct and separate breed on
the British benches. It was in the ‘‘eighties’’ that the first
of these dogs were imported for exhibition purposes; they
were placed in the miscellaneous classes at shows. ‘Today
they are peculiarly representative in the United States and
Canada. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to say that America
now possesses as good Airedales, perhaps as a body, better
than are owned anywhere else inthe world. The foresight.
acumen, inclination and liberality of certain owners on this
continent, who have in their kennels only the best dogs and
bitches of the breed they could obtam anywhere, are the
things that have aided the ascendency of the Airedale to his
present state of popularity.

The Airedale terrier, ike many other useful domestic
animals, was originated from two, three or more breeds.
The foresight of fanciers of fifty or more years ago was
responsible for what we have today in the make and shape
of the beautiful black or blue grizzle and tan Airedale of the

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 2h:

moment. The finesse of the intelligent breeder is seen
in every limb and muscle of the dog’s body; his high breed-
ing and faultless outline, combined with his apparent utility,
is patent to any man or woman who cares to take in his gen-
eral appearance and reason out the whys and the where-
fores of his existence. From the old-fashioned rough Seot-
tish terrier, or maybe the rough black and tan kennel ter-
rier of other days, crossed with the hardbitten bull and ter-
rier, we are said to have obtained the first progeny that was
the one root of the now deservedly popular Airedale. But
our workingmen friends, fond of a bit of hunting on the
small river and brook sides of the dale of the Aire, wanted a
dog with more nose—one that could wind a rat or a moor
hen across the stream, or pick up the drag of a chance otter
whose presence they might discover through the track of his
peculiar hind-toeless ‘‘seal’’ on some silted sand or landing
place on the side or middle of a creek. This trail, perhaps
already six and thirty hours old, the Scottish fighting-dog
cross would fail to recognize, and, naturally, the lone hunt-
ing fellow would cast about for some dog possessed of suffi-
ciently acute olfactory organs to be able to recognize this
scent and carry it on to where the otter was surveying the
river from a point of vantage in the fork of an old willow
tree, on the bank, safe below in his hole, the opening of
which he would dive to reach, or the snug surroundings of an
eozier bed, hassocks of moorgrass or the dry and warm bed
on top of a hedge or bank. Ina jiffy our sportsman knew
lie must have something else in his already cross-bred dog;
his mind at once went out to the Otter hound or Welsh
hound, for well he knew that both of these had a rightful
reputation for wonderful noses, handed down to them in
turn from the mighty old Talbot hound, the Adam of all, or
nearly all, hounds and dogs that depend upon their scenting
powers to provide their masters with the sports of the chase
and the benefits of the well-filled larder. Again, the Otter
and Welsh hounds were rough and wiry in coat; they were

202 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

good water dogs, and their constitution was such that they
could withstand all weathers and the wear and tear of work
ina foreign element that is particularly trving to humans and

carly all quadrupeds. Out, then, of the rough terrier, bull
terre and hound cross there arose the dog that we know
today as the Airedale terrier; and a better creature does not
stand on four legs, when we consider him from the points of
elegance, unison of build, thoroughness in dash and inten-
sitv of purpose; in the contour of his breedy appearance,
and his known adaptability to all climates and under any
and all conditions where he is called upon to act as a real
companion to man. This is, assuredly, a great character,
but no phrase or set of phrases can be found that adequately
describes this great strain of the canine family. The Aire-
dale is ina class all to himself and deservedly so. Today the
Airedale enjoys wide popularity. He is everywhere. I
have seen him at the hardest of the most devilish work, midst
the extremely severe winters of ice-clad Canada and the swel-
tering forests and bush looking out onto the Indian Ocean
and the blue waters of the South Pacific. For the large
carnivore, he is in considerable use in this country, espe-
cially in the regions of the Great Divide—the backbone of
the continent, the mighty and always alluring Rockies. As
a tracker of wounded deer he is at vour service, while it
doesn’t take vou long to make him an ideal coon dog. Rats
in his mouth are as ‘strawberri les in yours, while as a duck
dog he will retrieve with the best of them. He is, indeed,
something more than the poor Sunday-hunting workingman,
operative or mill hand, watersider or “manufacturer”? 7
dreamed he was. For the local Aire dog has become a
world-wide celebrity, used by the human being of ability for
almost everything ; hunting large and small game; as a
‘trained policeman’s dog; the pick of all dogs for army am-
bulance service. The Airedale is truly a jack of all the
dog trades. The many thousands that watched the public
work of the New York City police dogs at Madison Square

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THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 203

Garden, New York, in February, 1908, were satisfied that
the most satisfactory performance given was by an Aire-
dale, although there were several of another breed (Belgian
sheep dogs) that had been trained abroad. The muzzled
Airedale rushing in between the supposed felon’s legs, soon
had him on the ground and at the mercy of the representa-
tive of law and order.

With all the go-aheadness and sprightliness of the Aire-
dale, it cannot be said he is quarrelsome. The hound blood
that is within him appears to have wiped out, for the nonce,
the sheer wickednss of the bull and terrier. We know that
a hound will rather run than fight, any day. Alone he is a
bit of a coward; in a pack he becomes brave as a villain in a
mob. It is the other way with a bull and terrier. And so
it was with the old cut-eared Scotch dog, another such with
the arguments of his teeth. But the Airedale is, broadly
speaking , all right, until he is set on to his own kind or any-
thing else that breathes. With the rising of his hackles
something’ Ss going to suffer, even if he dies in the battle.
And that must be the reason for the universal popularity of
the dog now under notice.

There has been a steady upward value in Airedales
ever since 1890. <A fancy price to put on a dog, a champion,
at a show in England, at that time would: have been a hun-
dred pounds sterling (about $500). He could probably
have been obtained at half that figure, or less. A good or-
dinary dog would have cost about $50, and this dog could
have won with the leading champions of the day out of his
way. Now, matters have changed, and $1,000 has been paid
for dogs now in America.

The Airedale is essentially a general purpose, and can
be taught to do anything a dog can learn. As a hunter he
has no superior, and his wonderful popularity in the West
is due to his aid to the huntsman of big game, being possessed
of a marvelous nose, a powerful physique, and the agility of
a cat, which, coupled with the grit equal to a pit Bull dog

204 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

without the quarrelsome disposition, has won him friends
innumerable in every clime. The Airedale takes to water
hike a muskrat, having been crossed in his early ancestry
with the Otter hound, and being used in England to hunt
the streams as well as the thickets. As a duck dog he is con-
sidered superior to the Chesapeake or Spaniel. His coat
dries quickly, being wiry and not shaggy. As a watch dog
and companion for children he is unexcelled, guards the
home faithfully, is affectionate, kind and very intelligent,
but is not everybody’s dog and does not fall in love with
Tom, Dick and Harry just because they pat him on the head.

TheAiredales, when born, are black and grow lighter
as they grow older.

The head is long with a flat skull, not too broad between
the ears, and narrowing slightly to the eves, free fronr wrin-
kle; stop hardly visible, and their cheeks are free from fuil-

ness. The jaw is deep and powerful; well filled up under
the eyes, ee tight; ear ‘‘V’’ shaped, with a side carriage,
small but not out of proportion to the size of the dog; the
nose black, the eyes small, dark in color and full of te rrier
expression.

The teeth are strong and level.

The neck should be of moderate length and thickness,
eradually widening towards the shoulders and free from
throatiness.

The shoulders should be long and sloping well into the
hack, shoulder blades flat.

Chest is deep but not broad; back short, strong and
straight.

The hips are well sprung.

Hind-quarters should be strong and muscular, with no
droop; hocks well let down

The tail is docked and set on high and carried gaily,
but not curled over back.

The legs must be perfectly straight, with plenty of bone.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 205

The feet should be small and round, with a good depth
of pad.

The coat should be hard and wiry, and not so long as to
appear ragged, lying straight and close, covering the dog
well all over the body and legs.

The color of the Airedale is as follows: The head and
ears, With the exception of dark shadings on each side of the
skull, should be tan, the ears being of a darker shade than
the rest, the legs up to the thighs and elbows being also tan,
the body black or dark grizzle.

Size of the Airedale should be—dogs, 40 to 45 lhs.,
bitches, slightly less.

(Note: The following news items were taken from
Ledger & Blade, of Chicago. )

Dogs of St. Bernard:

All but a pitiful half-dozen of the famous St. Bernard
dogs kept by the monks of that ancient monastery in the
Alps were killed during the world war, according to a re-
port from Paris. Meat shortage was the stated cause of
this blind act.

The St. Bernard pass is of historical interest, as it con-
nects the valleys of the Rhone and the Dora Baltes. It was
traversed by Roman legions many centuries ago, and in me-
diaeval times this pass served the armies of conquerors and
the bands of mercenaries. Napoleon crossed the Alps at
this point in 1800.

The great monastery was built in the middle of the 16th
century. It was maintained for the relief of travelers who
were surprised and overtaken by snow-storms while cross-
ing the Alps. The St. Bernard dogs were used to find the
frozen victims of the storms in the snowdrifts. They were
especially trained for this work of relief and carried first
aid to the injured in a little basket attached to their collars.
These dogs rescued thousands of human beings, many of

206 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

whom were of historic prominence. And for the first time
in the history of this famous monastery the dogs had to be
slaughtered for apparent lack of food.

At less critical times a report of this sort would create
widespread indignation, but at the present time the human
race is thinking so much of its own dilemma that it has no
svmapthy to spare for dog heroes living more than 8,100 feet
above the surface of the sea.

Trees From Which Many Medicines Are Made:

Any physician will tell you that the most useful and
most used stimulant to the heart and for the nervous system
is ‘‘Strychnia.’’ This is an alkaloid found originally in the
seed of the strychnos nux-vomiea, the poison-nut tree, found
in India, Burma, and Siam, and erowing also in Cochin
China and Australia. It is of moderate size and has a fruit
the size of a small orange, with a hard shell and a bitter pulp
enclosing one to five seeds, less than one inch in diameter
and one-fourth inch thick and shaped like disks. It is the
bitterest substance known, and when one has heart failure,
or nervous exhaustion, or is run down or needs a tonic, some
doctor is sure to give him the alkaloid from one of these
peculiar Indian trees.

Textbooks on medicine frequently refer to *‘emergency
heart stimulants,’’ meaning by this drugs used by hypoder-
mie injection to produce prompt stimulation of a weakened
heart. Some of the most valuable heart stimulants require
a good deal of time after being taken to produce their ef-
fects, hence the need of emergency heart stimulants.
Strychnine, we know, is a splendid emergency heart stim-
ulant.

A tree which has various species throughout the world
and is of some medical interest, is the acacia. The acacia
senegal is the type of tree which furnishes gum acacia, or
eum arabic. While acacia is not possessed of any marked
curative properties of itself, it is a constituent of many im-

ihe ie

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 207

portant preparations in pharmacy, as, for instance, in the
making of emulsions, where its heavy mucilaginous quaii-
ties make it a valuable vehicle for oily and resinous sub-
stances. It is also widely used in the preparation of pills
and troches.

Gum catechu, a substance containing tannic acid and
used in dyeing, which was at one time extensively used as a
remedy in colitis and dysentery, comes from the acacia
eatechu and acacia sumnis, both native to India.

The Holy Land—A Paradise For Birds:

Swarms of European birds visit Palestine in winter,
and many breed there. The cranes, for instance, pass
through in winter and in spring the voice of the turtle-dove
is commonly heard.

The Holy Land is appropriately a stronghold of the
pigeon family; turtle-doves are found, the wood-pigeon
comes In Myr iads in winter, and the common pigeon, the true
Seriptural dove, is still abundant, both wild and tame,
throughout the country. Contrasted to these is found the
crow tribe of several species, and birds of prey from the
great griffon vulture, the ‘‘eagle”’ of Scripture, to the spar-
row-hawk.

In the deep tropical Jordan valley we find a sort of
aviary of real tropical birds, which found there a refuge
from the last glacial epoch—the lovely little sunbird, or
‘* Jericho humming- -bird,”’ the land-feeding white- breasted
kingfisher, and a species of gregarious thrush.

On the coast is found the great Indian fishing owl, and
among the rocks of Marsaba the monks have half- tamed the
orange-winged blackbird, which is really a starling of Afri-
can ty pe, as much out of his latitude as the hyrax. One of
the birds peculiar to Palestine is the pretty little pigmy Mo-
abite sparrow, which lives in the reed- beds and is one of the
rarest birds in the world.

208 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Reptiles are abundant, and even the Nile crocodile, the
leviathan of the Bible, lingered long enough to give Tris-
tram the chance of obtaining a specimen nearly 12 feet long,
while, in addition to the African cobra, we find the grass-
snake among the harmless species, and the wicked little
horned viper lies in wait, as in olden times, to bite the heels
of the horses.

As for the fish, they are as abundant and varied as ever,
and it is interesting to note that the Sea of Galilee is still
full of them, and that the commonest kinds are of an African
family, an interesting illustration of the scientific interest
which unites with the religious to make Palestine among
the most interesting of all countries.

Six-Foot Lizards That Furnish Delicious Steaks:

Most persons are averse to the idea of eating the flesh
of a reptile, yet when we eat turtle soup or terrapin we are
doing just that. Prof. A. M. Reese, of the University of
West Virginia, in a magazine statement, admits that no
American would knowingly eat a snake, but he thinks that
lizards are among our possibilities, and he especially recom-
mends some of the larger ones. Alligators, too, he says
make fine eating, and but for silly pr ejudices would make a
voluminous contribution to the supply of flesh food. He
goes on to say, writing in the Scientific Monthly:

‘‘Tizards are important to mankind chiefly as insect
destroyers, but a few of them are used as food in tropical and
semi-tropical lands. Of these the giant iguanas, reaching a
length of six feet or more, are the most important. The
flesh of these lizards is said to be of a delicious flavor, resem-
bling chicken. In the Bahamas the lizards were formerly
one of the most important articles of food ; they were hunted
with dogs, and kept in captivity until wanted.

‘The eggs of the larger lizards are also used as food in
some countries.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 209

“Though snakes are esteemed as food in many lands,
it is not likely they will ever be an important article of diet
in this country, both because of the almost universal repug-
nance with which they are regarded and because of the com-
parative scarcity of large serpents within our borders. Our
larger black snakes, though reaching a considerable length,
are so slender that the amount of flesh in their bodies is not
ereat, and there is probably not one person in ten thousand
who would knowingly eat a snake.

With the crocodilia the matter of size cannot be raised
as an objection, since the largest members of this family
may reach a length of 30 feet and a weight of many hun-
dreds of pounds. Of course, neither an alligator nor a croc-
odile is a very attractive looking animal, but when skinned
and dismembered the body looks no more repulsive than any
other careass that may be seen in any butcher’s shop, and
the flesh is as white and attractive looking as the best beef
or pork.

‘The eggs of the crocodilia, which are usually about as
large as those of a goose, are often eaten by the natives in
the tropics. Never having eaten an alligator egg, I cannot
speak from personal experience of its flavor; but it has al-
ways seemed strange to me that more use is not made of thie
flesh of the alligator. This flesh is often said to have too
strong a flavor to be palatable; I have eaten it, and it had no-
such rank taste, but was dee idedly agreeable, being as might
be expected of so amphibious an animal, somewhat like both
fish and flesh, vet not exactly either.

‘Perhaps greater care should be taken in skinning an
animal that is to be used for food in order that the flesh be
_not tainted with the musk. It may be a lack of care in prep-
aration that has given rise to the impression that alligator
meat is too strong to be pleasant.

‘In many parts of tropical America the various species
of crocodiles and cavmans are said to be very abundant, so
that if a means could be devised to preserve the flesh near

210 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

the place where the animals are killed a large supply of
meat might be obtained.”’

Wild Burro Steak, a la Shashlik:

The little wild burro has become a pest in certain parts
of Arizona. These long-eared brethren are not exactly
wild, for the very eood reason that they do not possess
enough energy and spirit to be inclined that way. The
mountain valleys of not only Arizona, but of New Mexico
and northern Mexico are overflowing with droves of bur-
ros. They infest the mining camps and ranches and are
pronounced by those who should know as a nuisance. Hun-
dreds of them are annually killed for their hides and grease,
and for the sport they afford in running them or stalking
them.

A famous Russian traveler, Dr. C. Gi oun who has
lived in the southwest for some few years, suggests that their
meat be used for food. Dr. Young states he has eaten the
flesh of camels and various breeds of sheep and that these
do not compare favorably with burro meat.

‘‘So far as the meat of the young burro is concerned |

can only state that I have eaten it for months and like it,”’ he
said.

‘CA fat burro about 1 year old furnishes a steak that
will satisfy the taste of the most fastidious, especially if pre-
pared in ‘shashlik’ fashion, which means that after the
steak has been cut into short pieces and properly seasoned
it is put on a spear and placed into the low flame of burning
saksaul until done.

‘‘Burro shashlik is not as delicious as shashlik made of
Karakul mutton, but it is good enough for anybody, and for
that reason I cannot understand why there exists so much
aversion to burro meat in this southwestern country, es-
pecially when one bears in mind that there is no cleaner do-
mestic aninal in existence than the burro.

byt ®

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 211

‘‘Smoked burro meat, called ‘bastrama,’ is very nice
and is eaten raw like Westphalian ham, and is especiaily
adapted on long journeys and in hard countries.

‘‘Dried burro meat, resembling the well known Mexican
carne seca, is not bad, providing the burro is killed while
voung, otherwise the meat is very tough, but free from the
odor of an old goat.’’

Jungle Can Furnish Food:

During the war period when food conservation was be-
ing discussed pro and con as to ways and means, Randolph
L. Summerfield, of Singapore, who has lived for forty
vears in the Malay States, arrived at Seattle on a govern-
ment mission, and made the statement that ‘ ‘the world’s live
stock market has been decimated, but if worst comes to worst
and there’s a real meat famine, the jungles of the Malay
States can supply vast quantities of meats and fats. Our
forests are full of monkeys of all kinds. Our streams teem
with crocodiles. The huge anaconda snake is numerous and
prolific. Monkey meat, cooked French or Spanish style,
billed on the menu as veal, would make an epicure yearn for
more. There’s no disagreeable sentiment about killing’ a
crocodile or the boa constrictor. Portions of the ‘croco’s’
tail are extraordinarily good, and the boa constrictor is a
culinary favorite in India. Fried in butter, or certain oils,
the boa constrictor is considered a delicacy.”’

Risk Lives to Catch Fish:

Lads of the tender age of nine to twelve years at the old
Indian settlement of La Push, nestling behind the pinnacle
rocks that rise out of the Pacific Ocean off the mouth of
the Quillayute river in Washington, nobly did their share
toward winning the war involving nearly all the world.
These lads, scantily clad, are wont to dash across the beach
to meet the incoming tide, wade into the water and wait for

ZAQ THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

the waves to break with fish. As the combers break the
lads dash into the boiling surf and rake the ocean for fish.
Frequently the waves dash over the boys’ heads, but they
never lose their footing and the danger of the work does not
excite more than passing attention from the old women
weaving baskets.

During the day the Indians at La Push village average
fully a ton of fish caught with dip nets. The older men
help with the curing when their dav’s work is done, but it
is the boys’ task to capture the fish.

With each tide thousands of smelt are driven ashore.
Hach lift of the dip nets from the surf generally brings a
basketful of fish.

There are now 250 men, women and children in the lit-
tle settlement, and each did his or her share with fishing,
war gardens and other activities to help win the war.

HISTORY OF HUNTING LICENSES:

How many sportsmen, I wonder, are familiar with the
early history and development of the hunting license, its
objects and limitations? There are some sportsmen, no
doubt, who even think the hunting license that has to be pur-
chased before they are allowed to hunt is unnecessary and
unjust; others, perhaps, think licensing game-hunting is O.
k., but they are of the opinion the hunting license is a mod-
crn device, and so to set all these gentlemen right in their va-
rious opinions and beliefs, let us briefly consider the facts
as gleaned from trustworthy sources.

First, it is a fact that although most of the present laws
have been enacted during the last ten or twenty vears, even
a hurried review of the subject will suffice to show that the
system originated at a very early date in the United States,
and was really an outgrowth of a discriminating attitude to-
ward nonresidents. Hunting licenses were required in
some of the colonies, particularly Virginia, more than two

ae

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 213

hundred years ago, though their object was a little different
from those of our time. I quote below one of the early
statutes entitled ‘‘An Act for a Free Trade with Indians,”’
passed in Virginia in 1691, its object detailed as follows:

‘‘And for the future prevention of such mischiefs as
have frequently happened at huntings, commonly called
fire huntings and other huntings remote from the planta-
tions, Bee it enacted by the authority aforesaid, and it is
hereby enacted, That no person or persons whatsoever shall
hereafter presume to goe an hunting remote from the Kneg-
lish plantations without first having obtained the lycense
and permission of their Majesties leiutenant governour or
commander in chief for the time being and the couneell of
state under such restrictions, limitations and conditions as
at the time of giveing such permission shall be by them
thought fit to be enjovned and appointed.”’

In 1719 nonresidents in New Jersey were prohibited
from taking oysters or putting them on board a vessel not
wholly owned by a resident.

North Carolina enacted a game law in 1745 providing
that all persons not possessed of a settled habitation in that
province were required to certify that they had planted and
tended 5,000 hills of corn and have said certificate in their
possession before they were allowed to hunt deer.

Section 4 of this Act reads as follows:

“That every person who shall hunt and kill deer in the
King’s waste within this Province, and who is not possessed
of a settled habitation in the same shall be obliged to pro-
duce a certificate when required of his having planted and
tended five thousand corn-hills, at five feet distance each
hill, the preceding year, or season, in the county where he
shall hunt, under the hand of at least two Justices of the
Peace of the said county and the hand of at least one of
the churchwardens of the Parish where such person planted
and tended such corn, as aforesaid.”’

214 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

This and similar laws from which has sprung the mod-
ern hunting license, plainly reveals the discrimination in
those early days against the nonresident, which still con-
tinues as important sections of our later laws. The law
quoted above was amended 23 years later so as to deny per-
sons the privilege of hunting deer who did not possess a free-
hold of 100 acres of land in the province, or who had not
tended 10,000 corn-hills during the previous year. If these
laws had progressed in the same direction on down to this
day, only the very wealthy would now be able to enjoy the
pursuit of game in localities wherein they were nonresident.

Virginia, it is recorded, in the year 1840 prohibited
nonresidents from hunting wild fowl on beaches and
marshes below the head of tide water, retaining this re-
striction until as late as 1903. New Jersey, in 1846, made
nonresidents punishable by a fine of $15 and for feiture of
their guns to the informer for trespassing with a gun, while
residents euilty of the same offense were liable merely to
a fine of $5 and costs, or less than a third of the penalty im-
posed on nonresidents. In 1854, North Carolina passed
the bill preventing nonresidents from hunting wild fowl in
Currituck county, the preamble of which reads as follows:

‘*Whereas, large numbers of wild fowl collect during
the fall and winter, in the waters of Currituck county,
which are a source of great profit to the inhabitants thereof;
and whereas, persons from other States, not residents of
this State, shoot and kill, decoy and frighten the same, to the
great annoyance and detriment of the citizens of our own
State: Now Be it enacted, ete.”’

Under this law all persons who did not reside in the
State for at least one year were prohibited from hunting or
killing wild fowl in the waters of the county above men-
tioned. Quite recently in North Carolina and Virginia
nonresidents hunting wild fowl in certain counties were
prohibited from shooting from sink boxes or boats, in order
that this privilege might be reserved for residents alone.

eae en ee ee ee

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 215

In 1858 Georgia passed an act preventing nonresidents
from hunting or fishing within the limits of that State, in
_ order, as stated, to prevent strangers and others from hold-
ing conversation with slaves.

Delaware in 1863, following the example of ‘Vir ginia,
made ita misdemeanor for the nonresident to kill wild
ducks, geese, or other water-fowl on any of the marshes or
waters of that State, the penalty for so doing being fixed
at $50 to $100. In 1866, Florida got busy and prohibited
nonresidents from camping or fire hunting, with or with-
out dogs or guns, in the counties of Taylor and LaFayette.
In 1880 we are told that Maryland prohibited nonresidents
of the five counties bordering the Patuzent from shooting
snipe, rail, and wild fowl on the waters and marshes of the
river, and also tabooed the use of sink boxes in Queen Anne
county by others than residents of the county. Later laws
in the different States went further, but Space does not per-
mit the enumeration here of any more instances of diserimi-
nation against the unhappy nonresident. Sportsmen of to-
day, even, get a taste of it when they go to some distant game
field, and so they will know how to sympathize to some ex-
tent with their less fortunate Colonial fathers.

Mr. T. 8. Palmer, who has studied this subject exhaus-
tively for the U.S. Government, and to whom I am indebted
for this data on the history of hunting licenses, tells us that
the local license had its rise in the Eastern States, the first
law containing a nonresident-license provision being ap-
parently that passed in 1873 in New Jer sey, under the title,

“An act to incorporate the West Jersey Game Protective
Association.’’ Section 7 of this act of incorporation last-
ing for fifteen years reads as follows:

‘That if any person or persons nonresidents of this
State, shall kill, destroy, hunt, or take any doe, buck, fawn,
partridge, moor fowl, grouse, quail, or ‘woodeock, at any
time within the counties of Camden, Gloueester, Atlantic,
Salem, Cumberland and Cape May in this state without com-

216 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

plying with the bylaws of this Game Protective Society then
the person or persons so offending shall forfeit and pay the
sum of #50 each, for each and every offense... provided ,
nothing in this Act shall prevent re sidents of this state from

taking game or fish, subject to the existing laws of this
state.’

The membership fee being 5 for the first vear and $2
for everv vear thereafter, and nonresidents. being re quired
to procure membership certificates before hunting in the
Six counties above named. These certificates became in
.effect nonresident hunting licenses. In 1878 a broader and
general act was passed, applying to other associations of
that State. Other States later adopted the same plan, and
thus the hunting license that we have today, though
changed from time to.time, came into being.

The second phase of licensing the hunter is called the
enactment of market-hunting leenses, the effect in some
of the southern States being to restrict market hunting and
to prevent export of game from the State for commercial
purposes, which brought about this legislation. This is the
blow that was needed to control the unlawful activities of
the market-hunter, what is now called in outdoor parlance,
‘‘the pot-hunter’’. Much good legislation has been enacted
with a view to counteracting his evil practices, but he is still
very much at liberty in not a few localities, no doubt.

The resident hunting license had its origination in
the svstem of special licenses as developed im some of the
counties of Maryland in the early seventies and eighties.
Shooting: wild fowl from sink boxes, sneak boats, or in some
cases from blinds was prohibited except under license, and
these licenses, the record says, were issued only to residents.
Hence they constitute the beginning of the resident hunt-
ing license. The first of these laws was passed in 1872 for
the protection of wild fowl! on the Susque ‘hanna Flats, at the
head of Chesapeake Bay. Section 7 of the act provides:

‘*No owner, master, hirer, borrower, emplovee of any

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN aod ad

owner, or other person, shall use or employ any sink box,
or sneak boat of any description whatever, for the purpose
of shooting at wild water-fowl therefrom, northward of the
line named and described in section 380. ..without first ob-
taining a license to so use and employ the same as is herein-
after provided.’’

The license fee for a sink box was $20, and for a sneak
boat $5. Section 11 of the same act requires that they make
oath that they are bona fide residents of the State, and a fine
of $50 to $100 was provided for violating any of the license
provisions, one-half of which was to be paid to the informer
and one-half to the school commissioners of the county.

In 1876, the use of sink boxes in the waters of Anne
Arundel county with certain exceptions, or on Chesapeake
Bay within the limits of the county, was restricted to h-
censed residents of the county, these costing $30 each. In
1882 licenses at $2 each (and a clerk’s fee of 50 cents) were
required for the use of ‘* booby or bush’’ blinds on the Mago-
thy, Severn, and South rivers. It is noticed, however, that
the issue of licenses for blinds was not restricted to residents,
and that the owner could extend to any person the privilege
of shooting from his blind during the open season.

In 1878 residents of Cecil county were required to get
licenses, costing $10, to use sink boxes on the waters of the
Elk and Bohemia rivers: and in 1880 similar $10 licenses
had to be obtained in Queen Anne county, and in Cecil and
Kent counties for the use of sink boxes on the Sassafras
river. .

In Canada, a special $5 license came into use in the
Province of Quebee in 1887. This leense was different
from ordinary licenses in being issued only for killing five
deer and five caribou in excess of the limit prescribed by
law. - The system of general resident licenses apparently
originated in Michigan in 1895 as a measure to restrict the
slaughter of deer, but was being advocated in [lhnois at
about the same time.

218 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

THE LAW-BREAKER:

All sportsmen realize the great benefits that accrue to
them in those states where game and fish laws have been
properly enforced, because all true sportsmen believe in the
principle of conservation of the natural resources of the
country.

The various states having game and fish commissions
appreciate the kindly interest shown by the advocates of
conservation, I am sure, and it is (or should be) the aim of
the State Commission to render direct and personal service
to every hunter, every farmer, every angler, every lover of
wild life, and to inform the public of the work they intend
to do for the common good.

Sometimes the charge is made that the Game and Fish
Laws were designed for a few city sportsmen. It is ad-
mitted that about 90 per centum of the hunters’ licenses are
issued to persons living within corporate limits of cities and
towns (in States where a landowner is permitted to hunt on
his own land in season without license), and improved con-
ditions will add much to his pleasure, but the real benefit is
to the landowner in the protection he is getting because of
fewer numbers of trespassers and gangs of irresponsible
and careless persons that formerly trailed across his farm
in season and out. Under old conditions in most States, to
protect his property, it was necessary to personally swear
out a warrant and prosecute for trespass; now he has the
added service of a Game Warden in all, or nearly all States
who when the offender is hunting without license or out of
season, will relieve him of a disagreeable Job, and prosecute
offenders in the name of the State, which is one good and
sufficient reason for the maintenance of a State Fish and
Game Commission and Game Warden in every State in the
Union.

The sport of pursuing game and fish is delightful,
every sportsman knows, but if this pleasure was eliminated,
the economie value of our game and fish alone, makes it

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 219

worth our while to surround them with every law and safe-
guard necessary for their protection and conservation. In
order to protect them, effective laws not only must be en-
acted, but ENFORCED with fairness to all and injustice to
none. If this is not done promptly our remaining fish and
game stands face to face with utter extermination; our game
birds may suffer the same fate of the Carrier Pigeon and
the historic Auk.

It is the aim of the several States, or should be, to en-
deavor to increase the supply of game and fish-for the bene-
fit and enjovment of our home people who can not take long
and expensive journeys to distant game fields where they
are abundant. If all the people who hunt will take out their
license, this would give each State sufficient funds to look
after the protection and conservation of the game and fish
in a businesslike way.

Every sportsman will agree that the man who hunts
without his license, or who hunts out of season, is a cheater
and is robbing yvou—each brother— who are complying with
the law; he should be made to obey the mandates of the law.
Statistics show that when the law is known 85 per centum of
the people obey it; of the other 15 per centum, 10 per centum
will behave themselves when once corrected; the other 5 per
centum must be continually watched and made to realize that
the strong hand of the law will punish them whenever
possible.

It is recognized by State officials that before any law
can be properly enforced it is necessary to have public
opinion in favor of such enforcement, and they ask for your
assistance in placing clearly before the public the justice
and reason for enforcing the Game and Fish Laws. They
need your co-operation and the value of your influence.

These facts are put before the angling and hunting fra-
ternity in the hope that they will call your attention to the
fact that co-operation is a necessity, and will work to your
own individual advancement.

220 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Help your State to prove to the people the value and
pastors reason for strict enforcement of the law. The

at majority of these laws are just and reasonable, and
Py more liberal than is really consistent with absolutely
effective conservation of our swiftly diminishing wild life.
Help them to get the facts before the people; uphold the law
in your own community ; be a good example to your fellow-
inan in abiding by the law vourself, and be jealous of its vio-
lation by others.

It is easy to criticize, and hard to perform. Give the
designated authorities vour kindly assistance in return for
the great good they are rendering the cause you, as well as
they, have deeply at heart.

One farmer, who was either aiming to be exceedingly
generous or else very sarcastic, posted a notice on his farm
which reads as follows:

‘‘Hunters, Take Notice: Hunt all you durn please and
when you hear the horn blow, come to the house for dinner.
If you accidentally kill a cow, skin her and hang the hide in
the barn. If the quail are scaree, kill a chicken or two, and
if vou can’t get any squirrels kill a hog.”’

Game Refuges and Live Stock:

Forest Examiner Ward Sheppard, of Bernalillo
County, New Mexico, writing in the Breeders’ Gazette, has
this to say on the subject—a subject of most timely interest
to the sportsman :

‘“A step of great importance to the conservation of the
remnant of wild game in the western United States was
taken at the late meetings of the two national live stock asso-
ciations at Salt Lake City. Resolutions were passed ex-
pressing the interest of the stockmen in this problem, and
urging upon the Government the creation of Federal game
refuges within the National Forests. A great body of prac-
tical men who, through intimate contact with the question
know the present status and future value of our game ani-

~7neeere

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 22k

mals, have committed themselves to the game refuge idea
as the means of saving from extinction the beasts and birds
that have formed so picturesque an element of western
American life.

** Admitting the principle of game refuges—a step that
gives hope to every game conservationist—the stockmen
have qualified their endorsement with a restriction which,
if put into effect, would place enormous difficulties in the
way of reaping the fruits of this rational method of game
conservation and propagation. They wish to have these
refuges restricted to areas where the grazing of live stock
will not be interfered with in any way. Presumably this
means areas unsuitable for the grazing of cattle or sheep.
Briefly, the Federal game refuge plan provides for the set-
ting aside, through Act of Congress and Presidential procla-
mation, of certain areas of National Forest land whereon
hunting would be forbidden. These areas, so far from being
co-extensive with the National Forests, would be compara-
tively small, but in sufficient numbers to form reservoirs of
game animals which could breed in safety from molestation,
and which would overflow into the surrounding country.
The principle is analogous to the principle in forestry, of
saving seed-trees from the axe to assure a future crop of
trees, or to the principle in stockraising of preserving an
tmimpaired breeding stock.

“The stock associations apparently desire to have these
breeding grounds restricted to regions which, by the rough-
ness of their topography or the nature of their vegetation or
from other causes, are unsuitable to the grazing of range
stock. This restriction is apparently based upon the mis-
taken assumption that stock grazing will be excluded from
the refuges, as in Yellowstone Park grazing is not allowed.
This assumption is erroneous. There is no intention, in
any responsible quarter, of making such an exclusion. The

game refuge plan will permit a relativ ely small number of
game animals—particularly deer—to live unharmed either
en waste land or on ranges chiefly devoted to stock grazing.

pape THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN
That wild game will flourish where domestic stock can not
earn a living is well known to anyone conversant with wild
life. Nevertheless, the restriction suggested would, if
adopted, seriously interfere with the game refuge plan; and
there are other remedies which sould fully protect the in-
terests of stockmen.

“The areas of western mountain range unsuitable to
the grazing of domestic stock are comparatively small and
seattered. The term ‘unsuitable’ is in itself a relative one.
Suitability is largely controlled by the factors of accessi-
bility, water and tvpe of vegetation; and the first two fac-
tors are frequently subject to human control. Areas which
are unsuitable for stock, owing to difficulty of access and
lack of water, and which may nevertheless be adaptable to
the propagation of wild game, are frequently made acces-
sible by trails and bridges and usable through the develop-
ment of watering places.

‘“‘It is safe to say that most wild animals do not inhabit
the most rugged and inaccessible regions through choice,
but from necessity. They are driven thither by their ene-
mies—above all, by their arch-enemy man. Elk and deer
ence were abundant in the plains and foothill region east
of the Rockies. Rough topography is unquestionably a
strong factor in the protection of game animals from ex-
tinction; but the very things which render it unfavorable
for stockraising—lack of water, lack of feed, difficulty of
trave wise render it unfavorable for the propagation
of game, though less so than in case of domestic animals. It
then follows that if the question at issue is the preservation
of a breeding stock of game, and the propagation of a supply
for hunting, favorable conditions must be afforded for
these purposes. If the stockmen are really concerned about
game conservation they must apply to game breeding the

same line of reasoning they apply to stock breeding, allow-
ing of course for the ‘differ ence in habits between the two

classes of animals. They must recognize the necessity ot
providing the three essentials of feed, water and practicable

Cae

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN MOS

country. Recognizing this necessity, they will then realize
that they have several forms of protection against any undue
competition for range by wild game. The most important
of these safeguards are (1) difference in habits between
wild and domestic animals, (2) limitation in size of refuges,
(3) control of refuges through flexible administrative regu-
lations analogous to the grazing regulations of the United
States Forest Service, (4) control of amount of game
through the hunting of the surplus stock.

‘Tt is well known that such animals as deer and moun-
tain sheep can do well where domestic stock can not. Of the
western game animals it can safely be asserted that the wild
sheep and the Rocky Mountain goat will never compete
with live stock, since, by preference, they inhabit the most
inhospitable fastnesses. The elk, it must be admitted, does
compete with live stock; but the elk will never come back.
In the case of the deer, we are concerned with a browsing
animal which will never offer any serious competition with
domestic herds. No one can point out an authentic in-
stance of deer hampering the live stock industry, and there
are no conditions in the West under which they can concely-
ably do so. As for turkey and other game birds, the ques-
tion of competition does not enter at all; they are an invalu-
able by-product which in no wise interferes with stockrais-
ing. The difference in habits must be taken full advantage
of, and game refuges should where possible be limited to
the areas that are least suitable for stock grazing.

‘“A cardinal factor of a successful game refuge policy,
however, lies in geographical location. The refuges must be
in sufficient numbers and so situated as to assure a supply
of game in every region where it is desirable. There may or
may not be waste range unsuitable for stockraising. Where
there is no waste range this fact should not bar the ereation
of a needed refuge, for the refuge will not exclude stock
erazing or interfere with it. In some cases the refuges will
embrace lands both suitable and unsuitable for domestic
animals, but in anv event, with the single exception of the

224 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

elk, the competition between game and live stock will be
negligible; and so far as the elk is concerned there is little
probability that any attempt will be made to bring him
back in large numbers on the National Forests. Like the
buffalo, he was doomed to go as a free-ranging game animal,
and henceforth he will necessarily be localized.

‘* Another important safeguard to stockraising interests
lies in the limited size of the proposed refuges. None of the
proponents of refuges expects or desires the creation of
game preserves coextensive with the National Forests.
Even if any did so desire, they would be faced by insur-
mountable obstables. The focking up of resources is alien
to the spirit of the Forest Service; all it insists upon is the
prudent use and protection which will assure a permanent
supply of these resources. The locking up of game re-
sources in particular is foreign to the democratic ideal of
American sportsmanship, Ww hich would never tolerate any-
thing that remotely approached the European system of
special privileges in the chase. What is desired is a com-
paratively large number of small refugees which would have
to be located “geographic ally as to assure’ an overflow of
eame to the surrounding regions adapted to it, in sufficient
numbers to satisfy the legitimate demands of sportsmen.
In the location of these refuges there is no reason why the
stoeckmen should not have an important influence.

‘“Game refuges within the National Forests would be
under the administrative jurisdiction of the Secretary of
Aericulture, as are the forests themselves. The National
Forests were and are created under a general enabling stat-
ute by Congress, which authorizes the Secretary of Agri-
culture to promulgate rules and regulations for their goy-
ernance. These regulations have the force of law. <Ad-
ministrative regulations of this kind are the most flexible
system of laws vet devised. Everyone is acquainted with
the enormous difficulty of changing statutory laws; it 1s
much easier to secure changes in administrative regulations.
Here then is a safeguard whose value can not be overesti-

ie

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 225

mated. The stockmen, being fundamentally interested in
game, can, through their local and national advisory boards,
secure the protection of their vital interests in helping to
shape the whole policy of game refuges.

‘“The interest of stockgrowers in wild game is not a
mere sentimental one. There is a privately-owned fenced
yrange in New Mexico containing one of the largest herds of
antelope remaining in the Southwest. They are carefully
protected, and their presence on that range adds materially
to the selling price of the outfit. Sportsmen and stockmen
have at least one vital interest In common: the extermina-
tion of predatory animals, which prey indiscriminately on
wild game and domestic stock. In New Mexico the State
game protective association, with a membership of 1,200
sportsmen, is actively engaged in the campaign against pre-
datory animals. Wherever there is any game sportsmen
and stockmen will unite in a relentless warfare against these
enemies of valuable animals. The exclusion of hunting
from certain areas of range will in itself be a benefit to
stock interests.

‘‘Game conservationists do not wish or expect to have
the National Forests overrun with great herds of wild game.
They do wish and hope to assure its preservation and to give
a reasonable amount of wholesome sport to the average
American citizen. Any surplus of game animals is easily re-
movable. The killing of game can “be regulated ona volume
basis, as the amount of stock on a given range is now regu-
lated on a volume basis. There will always be a hundred
guns to every deer; if a surplus of game on game refuges
should ever menace the live stock industry (a menace now
inconceivable) the remedy would he in permitting the sur-
plus to be killed.

‘*Any man interested in the preservation of the magnif-
icent game animals of our western mountains will admit
that the present protective system is a failure. The gane
is-going. Much of it is near the vanishing point. Long-
closed seasons are difficult to obtain, and are far less de-

226 THE ANGLER’ AND HUNTSMAN

sirable from the stockman’s viewpoint than game refuges,
for the reason that they are inflexible. The game refuge is
the last hope. Unless it comes, America will be a gameless
continent. What rider of the range is willing, for the sake
of a paltry mouthful of browse, to forego the thrill of seeing
the supple form of a white-tail buck vanish into the fringing
timber of a mountain park?: What man ‘blooded to the
open and the sky,’ wishes to see the far-flung, ample moun-
tain ranges of the West stripped of every vestige of animal
life that can not be converted into dollars and cents? The
sportsman of the West calls upon the stockgrowers of the
West to dismiss imaginary fears, and to say the word that
will give impetus to the one remaining chance of preserving
from r annihilation the wild life of western America.’

The foregoing presents the case fairly and accurately.
The stockgrowers, the farmers, of this great country have it
in their own hands to materially aid in conserving the fast
fading game supply. I considered this such an excellent
exposition of the basic facts in the case that I desired to have
every reader of this book study it, hence its incorporation
herein. It is high time the farmers and the sportsmen got
together and worked together for the common good. —\

Things To Remember:

The sportsman in the field or mountains without match-
es can start his campfire by the aid of his shotgun. IJt has
been successfully experimented upon and is both simple and
feasible. First, make preparations to start vour fire from
the flame by building up your wood ready to light, standing
kindlings up on end against the larger sticks wigwam fash-
ion, leaving an opening at the bottom for the tinder, shred-
ded bark, dry pine slivers or any dry splinter pounded be-
tween two rocks, any of which make 2ood tinder. After re-
moving the shot from the cartridge, sprinkle the most of the
powder on the tinder, leaving only a few grains in the shell.

NOTE:—We are indebted to the Sportsman’s Review for ‘Things to Remember.”

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN O27

Then tear a bit of dry cotton cloth with fluffy edges (a bit
of lining from vour clothes if nothing else is available), fill
this loosely into vour emptied cartridge. Put the shell
into your gun and fire straight into the air. The cloth will
drop close to you and either be aflame, or at least smoulder-
ing, so that you can easily blow it into a blaze. Drop this
quickly into vour tinder and vour fire is made.

Accidents from the handling of firearms, much are they
to be regretted, are bound to occur so long as there remain
so many careless handlers of the gun. If you have a boy,
make him a present of a gun early in life, but instruct him
carefully how to handle it, and he will have no trouble all
through life. It‘s just a matter of getting started out right.
One of the highest accomplishments of a man’s life is to
know how to shoot well, and this is another argument to be-
gin early.

The California Fish and Game Commission tells what
to do with a deer:

To transport a deer on a saddle horse throw a_ rope
across the saddle, pulling a loop of it forward through each
cinch ring.

Place the buck across the saddle and put the head
through one loop and the haunches through the other.

Draw the ends of the rope tight, make a loop in one,
reeve the other through it and make fast. |

To skin a deer head for mounting, cut the skin around
the neck well down on the shoulder and breast.

Then cut along the upper side of the neck to the top of
the head. - Thence make diagonal! cuts, one to each horn.

Cut off the ears close to the skull, turn them inside out,
and cut away the meat, leaving the cartilage. Skin care-
fully around the eyes. Cut the lips close to the skull, leav-
ing them attached to the skin. Split them trom the mside
and fill the cut with salt.

Rub plenty of salt into the flesh-side of ail parts of the
skin and let it dry slowly in the shade or roll it up hair side
in and ship at once to a taxidermist.

225 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

To butcher a deer, hang it up by the hind legs, slit the
skin along the middle breast and belly and to the end of
the tail; then along the inside of each leg.

Cut off the feet at the joints and peel off the skin. Cut
through the wall of the abdomen without piercing the in-
testines; loosen the diaphragm at the back and sides; cut
away the lower intestine close to the bone and empty out
the entire contents of the carcass. Split the breastbone with
a hatchet.

The best cuts of venison are the saddle and hauneh.

To make jerked venison or ‘‘jerky’’ use lean meat cut
into strips about one-half inch wide. Lay these side by side
ona frame made of slats or poles supported about four feet
from the ground and keep a small smoky fire going under-
neath until the meat is thoroughly dry.

Fresh meat should be hung up and protected from
flies by cheesecloth.

America for the first time in history now leads the
world in all breeds of dogs. This was brought about by the
world war, during which most of the famous kennels of Ku-
rope were practically wiped out and the cream of breeds
seattered broadeast. As a result lovers of the different
breeds are expected to come to this country in quest of the
fine blood which is concentrated here. The Shepherds
(formerly the German Sheepdog), Belgians, Airedales, Fox
Terriers and Brussels Griffons are almost a rarity abroad
now. At the beginning of hostilities entire kennels of these
war dogs were turned over to the various governments, and
few are left to be returned to their former owners. Many
of them were killed in action and others died from various
causes in the trenches. Thev did yeoman work for human-
itv. Hundreds of fanciers will now endeavor to replenish
their kennels and America is the only country which will
be able to help carry out their plans. A golden opportunity
now presents itself to the American dog fanciers.

Carefully extinguish your camp-fire when leaving. To

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 229
show you how disastrous forest fires have become in late
years, the President in 1918 had to authorize a loan of one
million dollars to the Forest Service for fire- fighting ex-
penses, to meet the serious emergency conditions in the
National Forests of the Northwest and the Pacific Coast
States. The loan was made from the special defense fund
of fifty million dollars placed at the disposal of the Presi-
dent by Congress. While only a small percentage of blame
can be placed at the door of the outer, it behooves each
sportsman to carefully extinguish camp-fires. If we would
guard the wild life that remains, we should use every means
to prevent forest fires at our disposal.

The hunter has indeed arrived! Each returned soldier
is intensely imbued with the spirit of sportsmanship caused
by living and camping out as did our primitive fore-
bears, and the brotherhood of man is now more fully
apparent than ever before.

Fox-hunters of the old school believe that a fat fox
caught in the fall denotes a hard winter.

Tf all hunters would wear red coats when hunting, this
would doubtless reduce the number of fatalities greatly
from accidental shooting.

The United States Department of Agriculture suggests
the following ways of more largely utilizing the deer kill:

‘Do not kill a spike buck or doe when you can obtain
a full-grown buck.

‘‘TDo not kill a deer when weather conditions or diffi-
culties of transportation prevent saving the meat. _

‘‘Save every pound of meat.

‘Save the skin and the heoe also if the antlers are in
good condition.

‘Do not shoot deer at Poe or in the water, or un-
less you can clearly see the animal aimed at is a full-grown
buck. Failure to observe this rule usually results in a vio-
lation of the game laws, and often in the loss of human life.”’

930 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

To Soften Boots and Shoes:

KXerosene is good to soften boots or shoes that have
been hardened by water.

To Destroy Cockroaches:

Sprinkle hellebore on the camp floor at night. The
cockroaches will eat it and get poisoned.

To Preserve Soap:

Cut the bars of soap into small pieces, which will be-
come hard and last longer. This is the economical way.

To Prevent Lamp Wicks From Smoking.

Soak the wicks in vinegar, after which dry them thor-
oughly.
Insect Stings and Bites:

Hartshorn should be apphed to the affected part. This
will stop the pain and prevent further swelling. Oil of sas-
safras is also good, especially for bee stings.

To keep matches dry, cork them in a tight bottle.

You can easily catch frogs with a hook and line baited
with a bit of red flannel, which is also a good lure for fish
in certain waters at given times.

Take one part rosin, two parts beeswax, three parts
tallow, if you want a good waterproof oil for boots and
shoes.

It is generally understood among hunters that a dis-
tress signal consists of three shots in rapid succession, fol-
lowed a moment later by another shot.

What to do when vou get lost: Don’t lose your head,

but sit right down and think. Don’t wander on and on,.

thinking you’ll eventually find your way out; usually you
won’t; you'll only get farther off the track. Camp right
where you are until aid can reach you, or you can take time
to study out where you are and how to get back where you
started from.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN Del

Use This Match-Box to Light Your Cigar in the Strongest
Wind:

Now comes an invention, patented by George Frank
Waugh, a private in the U. S. Army, which seems to solve
the difficulty of hghting a match in the wind. It is con-
tained in Popular Science Monthly, as follows: The de-
vice is simple. A small, round hole is made near one end
of the cover of an ordinary match-box. Some abrasive ma-
terial is pasted on the corresponding end of the tray itself.
In order to light your cigar, slide open the cover of the box
until the hole is free, insert your match in the hole and strike
it on the abrasive material on the end of the box. The re-
leased end of the cover provides a small walled-in space, in
the shelter of which the cigar can be quickly and conven-
iently lit.

Sure you must carry your hunting license with vou, as
this has been the law for years. If it was not there you
might go back home and get a permit after the warden had
caught you. Practice safety first by always toting your
license along.

The wife of a Methodist minister in West Virginia has
been married three times. Her maiden name was Partridge,
her first husband was named Robins, her second Sparrow,
the present Quale. There are now two young robins, one
sparrow and three little quales in the family.

One grandfather was a Swan and another a Jay, but
he’s dead now and a bird of Paradise. They live on Hawk
ave., Eagleville, Canary Island, and we’ll bet the fellow we
borrowed this item from is a Lyre and a relative of the
family.

Backwoods Lights:

During the ‘‘lightless nights’’ enforced during the late
war, even city folks learned to use backwoods lights, such
as blazing tallow dips, fir cones and pine knots. All these
appeared in the city of Philadelphia during the war.

232 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

In the Bustleton district, on the small truck farms, blaz-
ing pine knots took the place of coal oil, being used for out-
coor purposes also. Fastened to the tops of posts, first
made fireproof by being covered with turf, they blazed
away, throwing out a brilliant light (Gif a bit fitful), and
filling the air with the fragrance of burning pitch.

Incidentally, it was discovered that the smoke and
fumes of the blazing knots proved an effective mosquito ex-
terminator. At least, where they were used to any extent
few mosquitoes lingered ’round to torment one in the early
evening, it was found:

In the same section of Pennsylvania pine or fir cones,
first dipped in a solution made by putting fats in coal oil and
turpentine, were also found good for outdoor illumination. |
‘Those who have tried both say that the cone does not last as
long, although, while burning, it produces a brighter and
steadier light.

Quite a novel use is being made of pine knot illumina-
tion by canoeists, and this is an item that may interest the
prospective outer, who does not care to burden himself down
with lanterns, or other hghting apparatus.

Putting Away The Tackle:

When the season for fishing is over, anglers who pos-
sess first-class tackle will be ready to store it away for the
winter. The artificial flies will be gone over carefullv one
by one, the fly-book sterilized and when the flies are placed
therein sprinkled with camphor to keep out moths and silver
fish. All snooked hooks will be inspected, placed in pack-
ages, and laid with tested leaders in the tackle-box. The
lines will be carefully gone over, dried, perhaps oiled, and
rewound carefully on the reels. The rods also will be given
attention and either sent to the tackle store to be overhauled,
straightened, rewrapped and reshellaced, or this will be done
at home during the winter months.

i)
Se)
a0)

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

How to Repair Shot Chargers:

In the repairing of shot chargers of a gun, the usual
method is to remove the lever and put the stud back in place.
Wet the joint inside the charger with soldering acid. After
holding it with the stud downwards, apply a bit of soft solder
upon the joint, holding it until it melts over an alcohol
lamp. In case the lever spring slips out, take any kind of
cartridge primer which has had the priming removed and
put inside it a drop of soldering acid with a bit of solder.
After warming it up till the solder fuses, and after it has
cooled the char ger should be wet with a bit of the acid where
the spring’s bend comes, placing the primer with the solder
directly in contact with the wet place. After holding over
the lamp until the solder is melted, replace the spring.

Keep Within The Law:

When the sportsman goes hunting, he goes with the in-
tention of keeping within the law. He buys a license. He
knows the money realized from the sale of these licenses is
used by his State Game and Fish Department to protect
game and fish. He understands that this protection is his
henefit, as it increases the amount of game and fish in his
State.

Another law the true sportsman always obeys when cut
hunting is the ‘‘bag hmit.’’ By carefully complying with
this law he knows he is co-operating with the designated au-
thorities to increase the game and fish.

The Case Against The Crow:

The crow is generally known to be one of the greatest
destroyers of bird life on the American continent. It is an
arch-enemy of game birds and crops. The Pennsylvania
Game Commission has estimated that each crow destroys
more wild life annually than any fox, weasel, wildcat, mink
or human hunter.

tw
4

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

During the first several weeks of their life, the young of
eame birds and of perching birds are fed on animal food,
chiefly in the form of insects, and each will consume daily
an amount equal to its own weight.

A young crow while on the nest will consume an amount
of food equal to three or four times its own weight, and only
a small part of this food consists of insects, Most of it is

made up of eggs or the young of other birds which, if left
alive, would be of benefit in the protection of crops.

In addition to the harm done in destroying useful birds,
crows spread contagious and infective disease.

Crow shooting forms a fascinating and useful sport,
and 1S one we can engage in without the danger of being
called a ‘*game hog,”” for the more of them we kill, the
ereater our service to other game life.

What can be accomplished when the sport is properly
organized is illustrated by the activities of the ‘‘ Crow Shoot-
ers and Would-be Crow Shooters’’ of Canton, South Dakota.
Each year they hold a crow hunt. In the last two hunts a
total of 158 shooters participated and a total of 516 crows
were killed.

The Flight of Game Birds:

While there is a good deal of variation in the speed et
flight of game birds, the table given below may be taken as
«u most accurate approximation of the comparative speed at
which the better known wild birds fly.

The crow may be taken as an example of the slower fly-
ing birds, which travel at a rate of 35 to 55 feet per second,
with an average speed of 45 miles per hour, while many
species of hawks attain a remarkable speed, some going as
fast as 200 feet a second.

ea

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

The table follows:

Bird. Feet per

seeond. Average.
Deane eases Cs 2 65 to 8) 75
Roited, Grouse. ...... 60 to 90 15
SULT CENA Se ta 50 to 70 65
WC hee Dc) ern (OO: tO7390 80
Gatiada, Geese ....... 100 to 120 110
ify O'S Perel 6 CRO haa 110 to 130 120
ATVs GAG, 26 sno... 130 to 160 145
IE TEN Gs Raa ee eine Do tOn a oe ia
OES 1 NRO ne oat Aaa oe 120 to 140 130

It may be said that if ducks are frightened they can
reach maximum speed at will, and this sprinting flight is
usually what the gunner has to make allowance for. On
the other hand, many wildfowl are jumped and killed while
hovering over decoys and moving slowly, and birds like
snipe and quail are often killed before they have attained
full speed. Upland birds are not often shot while passing
the gun at right angles, but going straight away, quartering
or twisting.

Pigmy People Lazy, But Great Hunters:

High up on the slopes of Mount Mariveles, in the Phil-
ippine Islands, dwell the last remnants of an ancient and
mysterious race—the negritos, or ‘‘little negroes.”’

Scientists differ hopelessly as to their origin and his-
tory, but the visitor who is fortunate enough to penetrate
into their carefully hidden villages finds the quaint little
people extremely interesting.

Tho’ they are disinclined to work, the negrito is inde-
fatigable in the chase, and will hunt all day without any-
thing to eat but the mango, or banana, that he may seize as
he rushes by. If the dogs are scarce for any reason, women

236 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

are pressed into service, and these go loping through the
brush, velping in imitation of the canines for whom they
are substituted.

Sometimes a beater will emerge from the brush earry-
ing a pig he has encountered and killed or, moré important
still, bringing news of the sighting of a python. In such a

case the whole hunt is called in and its energies directed to
the capture of the big snake, which, when killed, is carried
in triumphal procession to the village, where it furnishes a
feast for all who can be gathered for the festive occasion.

The Calling of Ducks:

No matter whether one shoots ducks over decoys, on the
pass, Jumping or wading, the call is very essential. Yet of
the great number of men who shoot, comparatively few are
able to call well or with judgment. Nor is it necessary to
cultivate many different calls. Two or three are quite
enough.

For the inland water-fowl, mallard, widgeon, teal, gray-
duck, spoon-bill, wood-duek, black-duck and all non-diving
ducks, the mallard and teal call is sufficient. In fact, the
mallard eall alone is usually enough for the attraction of all
non-diving ducks.

For diving or deep-water ducks, the blue-bill call will
answer, although if one has also at command the purring call
of the redhead, it will greatly help in the day’s sport. In
shooting over ordinary waters where sport is to be had at
vedheads, blue-bills, broad-bills, whistlers, butter-balls and
others of this class, most of the ducks will respond readily
to the blue-bill or the broad-bill call. Blue-bills are great
callers, and on calm days can be heard hailing every passing
flock. Sometimes the blue-bill calls the ker- r-r once, then
twice and three times, and occasionally even four times.
When they are feeding they often sound. a contented kind of
chuckle which is similar to that of the mud-hen when un-

disturbed.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN Tosi

Sound travels a long way in a still marsh. When the
call is loud the mallard, black-duck and widgeon detect
easily the fraud in ealls; therefore, it is well to modulate
the voice inamarsh. Ofttimes these wary birds, after com-
ing into a marsh in response to your eall, will settle among
your decoys; or they might alight outside of gun-range and
study the decoys to satisfy themselves of their being all
right. If not disturbed they will then slowly move toward
the decoys, feeding and chuckling as they swim.

Do not eall too loud or too often.

Call to attract the bird’s attention to decoys, then modu-
late your call. In a marsh remember the birds can detect
the imitation much more readily in a loud than in a muffled
voice.

For deep-water birds call louder, or else give a low
chuckle that they can just hear.

If birds start to circle away, a few low ealls will often
bring them back.

When in open water, the birds will often go entirely
around you to discover what the suspicious bunch of weeds
contains, and at such a time lie low and do not try to keep
them in sight all the while. Your moving will scare them
away quicker than anything else. Lie low, and stay low,
and if the birds come in do not jump up if you happen to be
on shore. Rest just high enough to clear your blind when
you shoot. Be assured the ducks’ eyes are on the shore side,
for there is where they watch for eines and any mov emai
sends them scattering.

Are Fish Color-Blind?

Ever and anon this question bobs up somewhere in
print. It is, has been, and apparently always will be, a
much mooted question for a lot of fellows who do not stop
a moment and do a little common-sense thinking.

All anglers know that a trout will bite at a certain color
fly at a certain season. No other color will appeal to the

938 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

trout during that period. To our mind this is all the proof
required to convince even a candidate for the feeble-minded
institute that a fish can and does distinguish between colors.

Have Fishes Memory?

Experts in fish culture and piscatorial experiments are
convineed that at least some of the fishes of the sea are en-
cowed with memory, as well as other brain faculties that are
often surprising.

Capt. John Patton, former commander of a whaling
vessel, upon his return from Alaska, is authority for the in-
formation that the most astonishing results have been ob-
tained, especially as regards the gray perch, which lives
principally on small silvery hued sardine.

He took some of these and colored them red, and they
were then placed in the tank where the perch was, with sev-
eral silvery sardines.

Of course, the normal sardines were at once seized and
devoured, but it was not until hungry that the perch made a
tentative meal of one of the red colored victims. On recog-
nizing the sardine flavor, however, he promptly demolished
the remainder.

Later the perch devoured the sardines irrespective of
color, thus showing not only traces of a memory, but also
the power to differentiate color.

Subsequently sardines colored red and blue were placed
in the tank together with the silver ones. The same scene
was repeated, the blue sardines not being attacked until the
others were eaten and hunger compelled investigation of
the newcomers.

Where Birds Are Actually Used as Lamps:
The price of coal-oil is not an item of interest to the
inhabitants of the Island of St. Kilda, which is a favorite

haunt of that animated oil-can, the fulmar. So rich is this
sea bird in oil that the natives simply pass a wick through

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 239

its body and use it as a lamp. ‘This oil is also one of the
principal articles exported from the island. It is found
in the birds’ stomachs, is amber-colored, and has a peculiar-
ly nauseous odor. The old birds are said to feed the young
with it, and when they are caught or attacked they lighten
themselves by disgorging it.

In St. Kilda it is legal to kill the fulmars only during
ene week of the year; but during that week from eighteen
to twenty thousand birds are slaughtered.

The mutton-bird of the Antartic also carries its oil in
the stomach and ean eject this oil through the nostrils as a
means of defense against enemies. Quantities of mutton-
birds are slaughtered every year for their oil on the coasts
of Tasmania and New Zealand. In its composition and
properties this oil resembles very greatly the oil of the
sperm-whale.

Tackle For Tarpon:

A tarpon pole should be about seven feet long and made
of carefully selected pieces of bamboo, greenheart, or some-
thing similar. The guides should be very smooth and all
precaution must be taken to prevent the wearing of the line.
The reel must be carefully examined, and big enough to
carry six hundred feet of line. A reel of inferior quality is
apt to jam as soon as subjected to a great strain, and no one
should ever try to economize in purchasing this part of the
outfit. Hooks, too, must be of the best workmanship, as
the mouth of the tarpon consists of almost solid bone, and it
takes a good hook, indeed, to find lodgment in one’s mouth
and hold fast. For trolling, piano wire leaders are used,
which seldom break under the heaviest strain, to which
should be attached the best hooks you can buy. The leaders
should be six feet in length.

Besides the nuts used in confectionery, the Indian
eashew tree yields an insect-repelling gum, a juice that
makes indelible ink and three kinds of oil, one edible, the
cthers used to tan fishing nets and preserve wood.

240 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

In Tasmania all snakes are venomous, though only five
are really deadly, and these are rarely encountered.

The Australian continent is abundantly supplied with
lizards, there being three hundred and ninety species re-
corded, and they may be seen not only in woods and prairies
and deserts, in the water, among rocks and in trees, but also
in the less frequented city streets.

The smallest known bird is a Central American hum-
ining bird that is about the size of a bluebottle fly.

The bill pouch of the pelican will hold from three to

eight pounds of fish.

Overcooked fish is dary and tasteless, while undercooked
fish is not safe.

The deepest place in the ocean yet found is off Min-
danao, Philippine Islands—32,088 feet.

The most primitive mammals, the monotremes, are con-
fined to Australia. There is the platypus, a strange beast
which lays eggs like a turtle, has horny pads for teeth and a
bill like the duck; its front feet are webbed and both back
and front feet have claws.

A good remedy for insect bites is to rub the skin with
x little vinegar and water. Scented verbena leaves are said
to have the same effect.

Don’t kill snakes unless you know that they are poison-
ous. They keep down the rodents so injurious to agricul-
GUE.

Goat’s milk is much purer than cow’s milk because the
goat is immune to most of the infectious diseases that the
cow is subject to.

RECIPES FOR CAMP COOKING:
Venison:

The hunter should be familiar with the different parts
of the deer and should know what each portion is best suited
for. The shoulder is used for roasting. The fore-loin may
be used for roasts and steaks; the haunch or loin for roasts.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 241

steaks, and stews. Cut the ribs close and use for soup.
This part is also good smoked. The breast may be baked
or stewed. The scrag or neck for soup. The ideal deer for
meat is the flesh of a female about four years old. Buck
venison is also excellent, but either male or female deer re-
quires skill in dressing for preservation.

Broiled Venison Steak:

Venison steaks are best when broiled over a clear fire,
and they should be turned often. When done, season with
salt and pepper to taste, pour over two tablespoonfuls of
eurrant jelly melted with butter, if handy, and serve hot.
Excellent steaks may be cut from the loin.

Venison Hashed:

Cut into small pieces, or slices, and place the trimmings
and bones in a saucepan with just sufficient water to cover
them. Stew thus for one hour. Then strain the hquid
into a stewpan, add some small pieces of butter, rolled in
flour, and the gravy left from the venison from the pre-
vious meal. Add the meat, keeping it over the fire just a
time sufficient to warm thoroughly, but not allowing it to
come to a boil again.

Fried Venison Steak:

Cut a breast of venison into steaks. Take a fourth of
a pound of butter and let it get hot in a pan. Rub the
steaks with a mixture of a little salt and pepper; dip them
in flour, or if this is not handy, rolled crackers or bread
erumbs will do, and fry to a rich brown. Take the meat up.
Place a heaping teaspoonful of flour in the butter in the
pan and stir well until it browns, being careful not to burn
it. Adda cup of boiling water with some currant jelly dis-
solved into it if obtainable. Stir a little while and then
strain it over the meat and serve at once.

242 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Rabbit Fricassee:

Brown some butter in a hot iron skillet. Then fry the
hare, previously cut up, brown on both sides. Then cover
the meat with hot water and stew until it is thoroughly
tender, seasoning it to suit taste. When stewing is finished,
let the meat again fry brown.

To Roast or Bake Geese or Ducks:

Wash in soda water, wipe dry. Stuff with a highly-
seasoned dressing, using more onion than is commonly used
for turkey or chicken, also a little sage. Dredge the fowl
with salt, pepper and flour. Put a little water in the pan
and baste often. Bake until tender, allowing twenty or
twenty-five minutes to the pound. Serve with sauce.

To Broil Squabs, Pigeons, Partridges:

Here are two good ways, either of which may be used

with success:
~ Wash in soda water, wipe dry and put in a baking pan

heated very hot. Put the skin side down and press it flat
on the back inside of a‘hot oven. Cook about fifteen min-
utes, turn the bird and cook until a nice brown. This
usually requires thirty minutes. When done, season with
salt and pepper and pour melted butter over it. Serve with
pastry crullers. You can broil the bird on top of the stove
on a hot griddle, or on a wire broiler over hot coals.

Another way: Split bird down the back. Sprinkle
with pepper and salt, dredge with flour and put in a piece
of breakfast bacon under each wing and leg. Put three or
four pieces of bacon in the broiler, or in the pan, and lay bird
onit. Broil in the oven or over coals. If in the oven, baste
with drippings from the bacon, and if there is not enough,
use a little butter and water mixed.

(Note: These are all tested. recipes furnished by
brother sportsmen. )

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 243

To Fry Fish, Game, Etc:

Clean well, season, drop in hot fat and fry brown. Be
sure the fat is hot, as this sears the outside, or surface, and
retains the juices and game flavor. If fried in cold fat, this
fries all the juice out and flavor as well, and makes the meat
tough. Salt the meat after it is placed in the pan, when al-
most done.

Camp Coffee:

To each cup of water put in one tablespoon of ground
coffee, then add one for good measure. Put on in cold
water and place on embers to boil. Just allow it to boil up
once and remove pot from fire. Use just a little water,
about one-fourth cup, to settle grounds, and serve steaming
hot.

Camp Tea:

Allow one teaspoonful to each person, and one for good
measure. Pour over fresh boiling water and set aside for
few minutes to steep, then serve.

Fish:

To fry fish, dredge the pieces with flour or cornmeal,
liave ready hot lard or drippings sufficient to cover the
pieces. When brown on one side, turn over in the fat and
brown other, remove from frying pan, and serve with to-
mato sauce.

To Fry Pan Fish:

Select small fish. When they are fried quite brown
ready to turn place cover over them, drain off fat, invert pan
and they will be left unbroken on the plate. Put hot fat
back in pan, place fish in pan as before and fry on other
side. Drain and slip them on a warm platter and serve hot.

Fried Eels:

Clean eels well, cut in small pieces, wash and wipe them
dry, roll in wheat flour, and frv as directed for fish, in hot

244 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

lard or other lard substitute. They should be cooked thor-
oughly done.

Fried Halibut:

Fry a few thin slices of salt pork in an iron frying pan;
then take up but keep warm until the halibut is “fried.
Wash and dry the sliced halibut, season with salt and pep-
per, dredge with flour, and place the strips in the hot pork
drippings and fry brown on both'sides; then serve the fish
and the pork together.

Fried Brook Trout:

Clean, wash and dry the fish, split them to the tail, sea-
son with salt and pepper, and roll in flour. Lard or the fat
of fried salt pork may be used to fry them with. If lard is
used, add a piece of butter to pr event sticking, and which
also aids in browning them properly. Have your fat very
hot; quick frying is essential. Serve hot. Usually fried
with heads on.

Fried Smelts:

Fry with heads on, same as brook trout.
Fried Frogs:

This is the usual way to prepare frogs. The hind legs
and quarters are all that is used. Clean well, season, and
fry in egg-batter, or if eggs are not available fry them in
fat.

Baked Pickerel:

Clean and wipe the fish care ‘fully, place it in the pan
with just sufficient hot water to prevent scorching. Bake
slowly, basting frequently with butter and water. When
done, stir in two large spoons of melted butter, and season
to taste.

Fresh Salmon Fried:

The slices should be cut about three-fourths inch thick.
Dredge with flour, or dip in egg and roll in cracker crumbs.

x
ess

=

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 245

Fry until a hght brown. This method will answer for all
large fish that has to be cut into steaks. Season to taste
with salt and pepper.

Boiled Bass:

Thoroughly clean and place in a pan with enough water
to cover; add two tablespoonfuls of salt; place pan over fire
and allow it to boil about five minutes. Test, and if found
done, take up and serve with tomato or some other sauce
easily carried to camp with vou.

Boiled Fresh Cod:

Sew up the portion of fish to. be cooked in a thin eloth,
or if this is impracticable tie it up as best you can. Boil m
salted water, allowing the water to be boiling when the fish
is put in the pot; boil for about fifteen minutes to each
pound. Unwrap and serve with any sauce you like or have
with you.
Game Soup:

Take two grouse or two partridges; three medium-
sized onions; one can of dried beef; some fried bread; pep-
per and salt and celery salt; three quarts of water.

Prepare and cut up the game, also cut the onions into
small pieces, place in soup pot, add the beef, pour on the
water, heat slowly and cook gently two hours.

Fry some bread in butter and serve with the soup.

If the grouse or partridge is not at hand, a couple of
rabbits will make a good substitute.

Squirrel Soup:

Prepare the squirrel for soup; add one teaspoonful
* salt; one gallon water; cover the soup pot close, place on back
of camp oven to boil gently; add corn and other vegetables
if obtainable. When meat has boiled tender, strain soup;
then return soup to oven and boil gently 15 minutes.

PAO THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Vhieken with flour and flavor with celery salt; serve with
toasted bread.
Green Turtle Soup:

One turtle, seasoned with onions, juice of one lemon,
four quarts of water.

After removing entrails, cut meat into small pieces, add
water and stew slowly until meat is tender, then add onions,
pepper and salt, stew very slowly and do not let it cease boil-
ing during this time. Add additional water, if necessary ;
thicken with brown flour, simmer a few minutes longer.
if there are eggs in the turtle cook separately, throw them
in the soup when done before taking up soup.

Roast Goose:

A wild goese something less than one year old is best
and the fatter the better. Stuff with bread crumbs and a
goodly portion of butter, or salt pork if no butter is obtain-
able. Bake two hours or longer.

Roast Wild Duck:

It is better, if the weather is cold, to keep a wild duck a
few days before cooking. Before roasting, they should be
parboiled, which will remove the fishy taste, that most ducks
have. Place an onion inside the boiling duck. Carrot is
good if you prefer. Season to taste with salt and pepper.
Roast young ducks from twenty-five to thirty minutes,
erown ducks an hour or longer. Baste frequently.

Canvas-Back Duck:

This bird requires no seasoning, having a perfect fla-
vor of its own. It feeds largely on wild celery, which ac-
counts for its good flavor. Roast quickly over a hot fire.
Dress the due ‘k in the customary way by plucking, singeing, «
and drawing, then wipe with a wet towel or cloth, after
which place in a pan, put in oven and roast, basting often.
Roast for about thirty minutes. Most sportsmen prefer it
a little rare. Serve hot.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 247

Roast Pigeons:

Pigeons should be roasted same day killed, as thes
otherwise lose their flavor. They may be roasted in the
-usual manner. Generally it requires from twenty to thirty

minutes’ time.
Woodcock Roasted:

Pluck feathers, skin head and neck of bird, and when
prepared place in pan, baste with butter, dredge with flour,
and roast from fifteen to twenty minutes over a hot fire.

Roasted Snipe:

Prepare and roast same as woodcock, only not quite

as long.
Reed Birds:

Prepare carefully, salt and dredge with flour, and roast
over a quick fire about fifteen minutes. Serve on toast, and

season to taste.
Roast Quail:

Steam them until they are quite tender, dredge with
fiour, and dip well in butter, season with pepper and salt
and roast about fifteen minutes. Roast Partridge, Roast
Pheasants, and Roast Grouse prepared same as Roast Quail.

Fried Rabbit:

Thoroughly clean, wash, and place in boiling water; al-
low it to boil ten minutes, then drain, and when cooled eut
up, dip in egg and bread crumbs, season with salt and pep-
per, and fry in butter or lard. Fry to a rich brown on both
sides. To make rabbit gravy, add a spoonful of flour and
a cup of milk (canned if none other is obtainable), and allow
to boil onee.

Squirrel Fried:

Cook this same as you cook fried rabbit. They may be

also broiled or stewed.

248 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

HINTS TO SPORTSMEN:
To Keep Meat Away From Flies:

Tie up in sacks of muslin, after previously wrapping
in paper. Hang it up in a cool, dry place, out of reach of
carniverous animals. The muslin allows the air to enter
and it is really better not to use paper, if the sack can be
padded with straw, or something, so that the flies cannot
reach through.

To Rid the Camp of Insects and Vermin:

Take two pounds of alum and dissolve in three-fourths
gallon of water. In order to thoroughly dissolve the alum
allow it to stand over night. Apply with a brush, or rag,
while boiling hot to cracks, holes, or wherever the insects
and vermin are located. This is usually quite effective.

To Make Tough Meat Tender:

Tough meat may be made tender by laving it for a few
moments in strong vinegar water.

To Keep Ants Away From the Sugar Box:

A heavy chalk mark laid all around the sugar box is
said to be a safeguard against ants, as they tlle not cross
the mark.

To Keep Out Mosquitoes:
Leave a bottle of the oil of pennyroyval uncorked in your
tent, or camp hut, at night, which is effective in keeping ont
mosquitoes.

To Keep Knives From Rusting:

Steel knives not in constant use may be prevented from
rusting if dipped in a strong solution of soda, made of one
part water to four of soda. Then wipe dry, roll in flannel,
and keep in a dry place.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 249

Never Boil Tea:

Tt dissolves from the tea tannin, which is not beneficial
to the digestion.

How to Make Tea:

Let the water boil hard. Take one teaspoonful of tea
for each cup to be made, and add the boiling water. Let the
water stand upon the tea leaves for five mites, then serve.
Tea should be made in an earthen pot, which has previously
been warmed by having hot water put into it before the tea
is made. If you do not prefer the tea rather strong, let it
only steep three or four minutes.

How to Make Baking Powder Biscuits:

2 cups flour ; 2 tablespoons lard ;
1 teaspoon salt ; 1 cup sweet milk ;
2 teaspoons baking powder;

(Use water if vou have no milk).

Sift flour into a pan and with a large spoon measure
two cups, putting the flour into the cups gently, and not
mashing it down. Put the flour that is measured back in
the sifter and add to it two teaspoons of baking powder and
one teaspoon of salt. Sift it all into the crock or a large
bow! and add two tablespoons of lard. Rub the lard into
the flour (‘‘Crisco’’ is a good substitute if vou have no lard).
Rub lard into the flour, using tips of fingers, or a spoon,
until this is well mixed. Add the cup of sweet milk (or
water) slowly, working the dough all the time with the fin-
gers or spoon until it is as soft as it can be handled. Take
the dough out of the crock and place it on a board sprinkled
with flour. Work it with the hand just a little, then roll it
out with a rolling pin to about one inch thick. (The empty
olive bottle makes an ideal rolling pin). Cut with a small
biseuit cutter, which may be the baking powder can, and put
inashallow pan. bake ina hot oven for about fifteen min-
utes until thoroughly done.

250) THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

How to Make Soda Biscuits:

2 cups flour 1 cup buttermilk
14 teaspoon soda 2 tablespoons lard

1 teaspoon salt

Sift some flour into a pan, and with a large spoon meas-
ure two cups, putting the flour into cup gently, and not
mashing down. Put the flour that is measured back into
the sifter and add to it one teaspoon of salt and one-half tea-
spoon of soda. Rub the lard into the flour using tips of
fingers, until it is mixed well. Add the cup of buttermilk
slowly, working the dough all the time with the tips of the
fingers, until it is soft as can be handled. Take the dough
out of the crock and put on a board sprinkled with flour,
working it with the hands or kneading it just a little, then
roll it out with the rolling pin to about one inch thickness.
Cut with a small biscuit cutter and put in a shallow pan.
Bake in a hot oven for about fifteen minutes. (This recipe
was taken from U.S. Extension Circular No. 35).

Magic Yeast Bread:
14, cake magic yeast 14 teaspoon sugar
1 tea cup warm water 1, teaspoon salt

2 medium size potatoes

Thoroughly cook and mash very fine the two potatoes
in water in which they were cooked, add salt and sugar, add
flour enough to make thick batter, then dissolve yeast (14

cake in warm water) and place the bowl in which the batter
is mixed in another bowl of warm water and let stand for
ten to fifteen minutes; allow to rise, twenty-four hours be-
ing usually required in cold weather. (This recipe was
taken from U.S. Extension Circular No. 35).

Dandelion or Beet Greens:

Remove the roots, pick over the leaves, throwing away
all the wilted ones and wash several times to get elean.

Se eeeESE—e————————eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Oe

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 251

Cook in boiling salted water, with not quite half as much
water as greens. Cook one hour, drain, and add a little but-
ter and salt. Eaten with hard boiled eggs and vinegar they
are good. (This recipe was taken from U. 8S. Extension
Circular No. 35).

Boiled Hominy:

Wash one cup of white hominy and after draining,
place in a saucepan down in a big kettle over the fire. Add.
one teaspoonful salt and one quart boiling water. Keep it
boiling till tender but do not boil hard. (U.S. Extension
Circular No. 35). |
Boiled Onions:

Peel off the entire outer skin. Put them ina saucepan
and pour boiling water over them. Put as much as for boil-
ing potatoes (enough to cover them) and let them boil until
soft when stuck with a fork, which takes about one hour.
Drain off the water and add a little salt and pepper and a
very little butter. (U.S. Extension Circular No. 35).

Beans:

Wash the beans and cook in boiling water about an
hour or an hour and a half, putting in a little salt the last
half of the time they are on the stove. Have just enough
water to keep them from sticking to the pan, but not enough
to have to drain off the water, after they are cooked. Serve
adding more salt if necessary. (U.S. Extension Circular
No. 35).

How to Fry Ham:

Cut the slices about half an inch thick, or to suit your
faney. Cut off rind, and place in the frying pan w hich has
been. previously heated. (It should be an iron frying pan).
Fry the ham from ten to fifteen minutes, according to heat
of fire. Do not allow to become too done; it is better cooked
well done, but what I mean is that the fat should not be al-
lowed to fry all out. It is much better ‘‘juicy.”’

952 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Bouillon Cubes:

Bouillon can be purchased anywhere in cubes, and this
is a handy article of diet to have along, for nothing is more
beneficial than a cup of steaming hot bouillon on a cold raw
winter’s day. The following varieties of canned soups are
also recommended to the camper:

Vegetable soup, split pea soup, navy bean soup, inock
turtle soup, black bean soup, cream of corn, beef bouillon,
mulligatawny soup, beef soup, oxtail soup, tomato soup, to-
mato bouillon, tomato rice with curry, cream of tomato, con-
somme, beef stew, and chicken soup.

These soups are already prepared in cans, boiling water
being all that it is necessary to add to complete them. Truly
a nice innovation for the outdoorsman. They may be ob-
tained at any grocery store.

The First Aid Kit:

Every camper should take with him on his trip a medi-
eal kit, containing such necessary drugs and medicines as
thought necessary, as well as solutions with which to wash
the throat and mouth, a disinfecting solution, ete., the con-
tents of the kit having been recommended to you by your
physician or druggist.

Cuts:

Any camper is hable to receive cuts, and something
must be taken along as a first aid treatment. ‘The follow-
ing, taken from ‘‘Health and Sanitation,’’ by Dr. W. L.
Heizer, who is Executive Secretary of the Kentucky Board
of Tuberculosis Commissioners, in collaboration with Mrs.
V.O. Gilbert, is considered authoritative medical advice on
the subjects ‘‘cuts,’’ ‘‘punctures,’’ ‘‘bruises,’’ ‘‘bites of ani-
mals,’’ ‘‘stings of insects,’’ ‘‘foreign bodies in the eye,”’
‘‘snake bites,’’ ‘‘breaks and dislocations of bones.’’

“This is one of the most common accidents to those who
are careless in the handling of knives, ete. The cut may be

ws.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN ZOO

so serious as to require the attention of a physician. This
will be indicated by a cut long enough to gape open, deep
enough to cut a blood vessel, which would be indicated by
a free flow of blood. If the cut is upon the face, the atten-
tion of the physician should at once be directed to it in order
that an unbecoming scar may not result. If there is a con-
tinuous flow of blood in considerable quantities, either in a
continual stream or in squirts, a tightly folded handkerchief
pressed over the site of bleeding will usually stop the flow
of blood in five minutes. If the flow of blood is continuous,
in an even stream, the bleeding is mostly from a vein, and a
handkerchief folded lengthwise and tied firmly around the
bleeding member on the side of the wound farthest from
the heart, will easilv control the bleeding. If the bleeding
comes in spurts, an artery has been cut and such a handker-
chief should be tied around the member on the side nearest
the heart. The handkerchief may be tied loosely, and then
a small stick run through it and twisted or turned around
until the handkerchief becomes tight enough to stop the
flow of blood. A physician or surgeon should then be called
to dress the wound properly and to. prevent further
bleeding.

‘‘For small cuts, the treatment is very simple—clean
water and a clean piece of cloth, or absorbent cotton, should
be used to wash the dirt from around the wound. The
operator’s hand should be thoroughly cleaned before at-
tempting this. A bit of absorbent cotton wrapped around
a toothpick and dipped in tincture of iodine (which should
be kept on hand for such purposes) should be thoroughly
rubbed over the cut and into its depths. A small piece of
clean gauze, or linen, a little longer than the cut and about
half as wide as long may be placed across the cut. <A strip
of adhesive plaster, which should be kept (in camp) for such
emergencies, might be placed across the cut over the gauze,
care being used to pinch the edges of the cut together, and
the adhesive plaster then placed so that the edges of the cut
will not gape open, but be brought closelv together, as they

254 THE. ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

ought to heal without a scar. Unless‘there is an accumula-
tion of pus, or a free discharge, or an angry looking swell-
ing shown by redness and inflammation and pain, this dress-
ing ought to remain on three or four days until the cut is
healed.’’

Punctures:

‘This isa common condition, especially among children
who go barefoot. The offending agent is usually a nail,
and oftentimes it is about a barn-lot, which makes ace idents
more serious because of the danger of tetanus, or lockjaw,
following. (Note: While this advice was written evi-
dently for children, it is equally applicable in its essentials
to the older ones, to the outdoor sman). Lockjaw germs, or
seed, grow only in deep wounds to which the air cannot enter.
For this reason it is necessary to give a special kind of treat-
ment to these deep punctures, or penetrating wounds. It
is probably best, when convenient, to go to a competent phy-
sician, who might find it necessary to enlarge the mouth of
the wound. At any rate,such wounds should be thoroug hly
cleansed and disinfected. A simple method of doing ‘this
is by the use of a bit of absorbent cotton wrapped around
the end of a toothpick, saturating it with pure tincture of
iodine, and then inserting it boldly down to the very bottom
of the wound and allowing it to remain there two or three
minutes. It is better to repeat this in order that the iodine
may be certain to reach the bottom of the wound. If the
wound be very deep, and a physician cannot be secured, it
is probably best to make a little wick of gauze or linen satu-
rated with tincture of iodine, and after having used the
iodine as above deseribed, this wick should be left in the
wound for a day or two and should reach about half way to
the bottom of the wound.’’

Bruises:

‘‘These may result in various ways, either by falls, or
being struck with a club or some other blunt instrument, or

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 255

by the falling of objects upon one. There is sometimes con-
siderable swelling and pain, and the bruised portion may
turn dark. If severe, the child should be kept at rest, and
cold or hot compresses may be used over the site of the
bruise. This may be done by wringing out of as cold or as
hot water as can be borne, folded bath towels or flannels,
and having them placed for five or ten minutes over this
bruise, and repeated often enough to relieve the pain. The
hot and cold compresses can both be used alternately. If the
skin is broken, the wound should be painted over thoroughly
with tincture of iodine to kill any germs of blood poison.’’

Bites of Animals:

‘‘This is a condition that is causing health officials a
creat deal of worry on account of the increasing number of
cases of hydrophobia from the bite of ‘mad dogs’ or other
animals. Many times the pet of the household has been
found to become suddenly vicious and his manner changed;
he has a disposition to run away from home, or by his ae-
tions, 1s shown to be peculiar. For this reason, the bite of
an animal should be regarded with suspicion, and the dog,
or whatever animal causes the wound, should be confined
for two or three weeks, feeding and watering it carefully, in
order to see whether or not it really had hydrophobia. If
so, the victim should be given the Pasteur treatment imme-
diately. This treatment is furnished free by the State
Board of Health, and requires twenty-one days to adminis-
ter. The only expense necessary is the payment of the
patient’s board while the treatment is being given (in most
States). Under favorable conditions, the treatment mav
be administered by the physician at home, provided fresh
anti-toxin can be secured. When bitten, the wound should
be thoroughly washed and mopped with tincture of iodine,
as in the case of cuts; or if the wound is deep, it had best be
taken to a physician for it to be cauterized.’’

256 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Stings of Insects:

ia

Chis is a painful, though not serious condition, and the
pain may usually be relieved by the application of cold com-
presses placed over the site of the sting. The swelling usu-
ally disappears in a day or two and usually no harm results.
The pain of the sting is caused by the acid of the poison of
the insect, and it is a favorite household remedy to make a
little poultice of common cooking soda and apply over the
site of the sting, or to wet a bit of cotton with ammonia
water in an effort to neutralize the acidity.”’

Foreign Bodies in the Eye:

6ér

“his causes a great deal of pain and such an offending
body should be removed at once if possible. Do not permit
the patient to rub the eve, as this rasps the surface of the eve .
and may cause serious damage. If the body has not im-
bedded itself in the lining of the eyelid or eyeball, frequently
the tears will wash it out if the eyelashes are caught be-
tween the thumb and finger, and the eyelid held away from
the eyeball for a few minutes.

‘If this does not succeed, a bit of absorbent cotton,
wrapped about a toothpick and soaked in warm salt water,
made by adding a teaspoonful of salt to a pint of water, may
be used to brush lightly over the lid or the eyeball, and if
the offending body can be seen, it may be entangled in the
cotton and removed. This is especially true of cinders and
particles of dust.

‘*Hrequently the offending body can be seen if the
upper eyelid is turned backwards over a small lead pencil.
This can be done by grasping the eyelashes between the
thumb and finger of one hand, placing the point of the pencil
over the upper eyelid behind the thumb or finger, and
pointing in a downward direction ‘gently with the pencil
while pulling and lifting the edge of the lid forward and up-
ward. The ld will be found to turn out, and if the offending
particle is in reach it may be brushed off with cotton
wrapped on the toothpick.’

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN DOT
Snake Bites:

‘‘Contrary to the general belief, the spreading head
Viper is not a poisonous snake. The poisons from poisonous
reptiles kill the victim by getting into the blood stream; con-
sequently, the very first thing to do is to shut off the blood
in the part of the body that has been bitten, from the rest
of the body. This can be done, if the bite is upon an arm or
a leg, by tying a handkerchief loosely around the member
between the wound and the heart and putting a stick under
the bandage, turning or twisting it until it is tight enough
to stop the flow of blood in that part of the body. This
procedure, if done early, will probably save the life of the
individual. The next thing to do is to enlarge the openings
of the wound where the fangs of the reptile entered by
means of a thoroughly clean knife blade. This is done for
the purpose of permitting the poison to find its way out of
the flesh. If there are no cuts or wounds upon the mouth of
a healthy individual, the wound may be sucked vigorously
in an effort to draw out the poison. A toothpick wrapped
with cotton and soaked with pure carbohe acid may be in-
serted freely into the wound. The best thing to use, if it is
available, is a strong solution of permanganate of potash.
This is made by taking the crystals of potash and dissolving
a teaspoonful into a half elass of water. This solution should
be used freely in the wound repeatedly, and if one lives in
a district exposed to such reptiles, it is well to have this
remedy in the house (or camp) for such purpose. A com-
petent physician should be called, of course, who will assist
in the further treatment of the patient, and by gradually
admitting the blood from the part bitten to the rest of the
body, the patient can be made to resist the poison that may
not have been removed or rendered harmless. The wound,
after this, should be treated according to the directions given
for cuts, or it should be treated according to the directions of
the attending physician.

‘It is a common error that has been responsible for

958 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN ;

much harm, that whiskey or alchohol in large quantities is
the best thing to use for snake bites; and many times the
patient has been found to be in a drunken condition—much
worse as a result of the alcohol than could have been as a
result of the snake bite.’’

Breaks and Dislocations of Bones:

‘These are serious accidents, and call for the attention
of a physician. Until the doctor arrives, the patient should
be kept entirely at rest. The broken limb should be gently
straightened, if possible, in order to relieve the pain and ten-
sion upon the blood vessels; and in case of either a disloea-
tion or a break cold or hot compresses can be used over the
injury to reduce the inflammation or pain. The physician,
upon arriving, will reduce the dislocation, that is, the bones
will be put back together in proper position, and his direc-
tions as to rest and other management should be carefully
followed.

‘*Tn the case of fracture, or the breaking. of a bone, it
may be necessary to apply some sort of splint, either of wood
or plaster of Paris, or some sort of an extension device so .
that there will be a constant pull upon the bone, especially if
it be a long one, in order that it may not become shortened
while healing. The directions of the physician or surgeon
should be followed carefully, and should not be changed un-
less there is a plain indication that something is seriously
wrong, in which case, the physician should again be ealled
for advice and new instructions.

“Tf a splint has been applied, and it slips down out of
place, or is causing serious damage to the skin, or too much
suffering after twenty-four hours, the physician should be
notified at once so that the trouble may be corrected.’

What the First Aid Kit Should Contain:

Every sportsman doubtless prefers a special kind of an-
tidote or remedy for a given accident or illness, hence it
would be impracticable to give a list of medicines for the
first aid kit that would please everybody.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 2.59

Perhaps a few general suggestions will suffice:

Liver pills for a torpid liver; (not many sportsmen
have a bad liver).

Pepper and ginger in hot water for cramps and chills;

Quinine tablets for fevers, aided by a laxative, if
needed; Quinine also for colds;

Antiseptic solution for mouth- wash, sore-throat, and
disinfectant ;

Cold cream for chapped face and hands;

Todine for cuts, stings, ete. ;

A quantity of sanitary 2 gauze and absorbent cotton ;

Ammonia, camphor, valuable for mosquito bites;

Carbolie acid solution ;

And other articles to be suggested by your physician.

Many remedies can be made from common things that
are included generally in the camp outfit. For instance:

Sore throat is often cured by using a piece of pork or
bacon tied around neck by a dry sock or stocking ;

Burns will be relieved by the appheation of common
baking soda, fat or oil;

Scalds may also be relieved with common baking soda
applied on a wet rag;

Toothache can frequently be stopped with warm vine-
gar and salt by holding in the mouth;

For poisoning, warm water often acts as an emetic if
mustard and salt are put init. Tobacco will cause vomiting
if swallowed, providing you have no better remedy.

Poultices may be made from potato, rice, flaxseed,
onion, mustard,. bread, ete.

The Manifold Value of Common Salt:

Salt placed on the fingers when cleaning game birds
and animals, as well as fish, will prevent slipping.

Salt dashed on a coal fire when broiling steak will pre-
vent blazing from the dripping fat.

Salt thrown into a coal fire which has burned low will
revive it.

260 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

Salt thrown on burning fat will stop the smoke and
odor.

All vegetables that grow above ground should be cooked
in salted water, while those that grow under ground must
be cooked in fresh water.

Hither sugar or salt will preserve meat, as either ab-
sorbs the moisture in it, which prevents decomposition.

For stings and bites of insects, apply dampened salt.
Bind it tightly over the affected part. It will usually bring
relief and a cure quickly.

Salt, dissolved in alchohol, is good to remove grease
spots on clothing.

A pinch of salt added to each gallon of drinking water
boiled for drinking use, will relieve that flat taste common
to boiled water.

A tiny pinch of salt added to the coffee before the boil-
ing water is poured in will add to the delicious flavor and
aroma.

Various Uses of the Lemon:

Lemon juice put in milk and allowed to curdle, which
is then bound upon the parts of the body swollen with rheu-
mnatism will ofttimes bring relief and reduce swelling.

Lemon juice applied to insect bites allays the irritation.

A dash of lemon juice in water makes a cleansing tooth
lotion that will remove the tartar and sweeten the breath.

Two or three slices of lemon added to a cup of strong
tea usually cures a nervous headache.

Half a lemon dipped in salt is good to clean articles of
copper and brass.

A few drops of lemon juice added to scrambled eggs
while they are cooking improves them wonderfully.

A teaspoonful of lemon juice added to a quart of water
will make rice whiter and keep the grains separated when
boiled.

Lemon juice and sugar will releve a tickling sensation
in the throat and an irritating cough.

Ws dt

—s. | '

ek ha i.

—

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 261

_ Lemon juice in black coffee,unsweetened, will cure sick

headache.

Strong, unsweetened lemonade, taken before break-
fast, will cure a sick headache.

Lemon juice applied on soft cloth to a corn for several
nights can then be pared off.

Lemon juice applied to a wound on a cloth over night
is good to stop bleeding.

Gargle a severe sore throat with strong solution of
lemon juice and water.

A little lemon juice added to the shampoo aids in cut-
ting the oil on excessively greasy hair.

Hot lemonade is invaluable in colds and influenza.

Lemon juice and salt will remove iron rust.

Kerosene:

Kerosene is not only good to remove dirt, fresh paint,
rust, ete., but is fine used as a disinfectant and insect ex-
terminator, which often bother the camper. Ants, cock-
roaches, bed bugs, ete., leave ‘‘for parts unknown’? when
kerosene is apphed in appropriate places.

Uses of Vinegar:

When cooking a tough fowl or other meat, if you will
place one tablespoonful of vinegar in the water, it will save
from one to two hours’ boiling.

Vinegar and meal, used on hands when chapped by cold
weather will be softened by their use.

Vinegar added to stewed prunes while they are stewing
improves their flavor.

Vinegar, one teaspoonful, eaied to boiling whitefish
improves ‘the flavor of them wonderfully.

A vinegar stew, made of honey and vinegar, is fine for
a severe cold.

262 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

GOOD POINTS:
Food from the Forest:

‘‘Guard against waste of wild meat’’ should be the slo-
gan of every hunter. All edible portions of the animal
killed should be utilized.

Do not let wild game be an added luxury; let it take the
place of your market meat. No more game than can be
eaten should be killed. Do not let your desire to tell a big
story when you reach home lead you to shoot everything in
sight. Good sportsmen will observe these conservation sug-
gestions in addition to the game laws.

Point Duck Shooting:

Point shooting is the favorite method of the duck gun-
ner. The decoys float in the water a short gunshot from the
blind, and the ducks flying by see the decoys and come in to
them. - This kind of shooting is done on various waters all
over the country, conditions varying in different localities.
On the shores of some northern lakes and broad rivers the
blind is built of stones laid up in the form of a wall, or in
winter, of blocks of ice. In the marshes of the South At-
lantie ducking grounds, stems of cane form the blind, or
branches of trees or bushes are used.

Dynamiting the Pothunter:

The newspapers of the country have almost everywhere
been a powerful force in erystalizing the sentiment of the
protection by proper laws of fish and game as important
resources of the commonwealth.

A New Jersey editor, a thorough sportsman, says Wild
Life, recently received from a reader who desired to take
a fish by questionable means a letter that contained this
request:

‘*Please advise me how to dynamite a stream.’”’

Note: Good Points were taken from Mosby's Missouri Message.

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 263

The newspaper man sent the following advice:

‘*Rour sticks of dvnamite are sufficient. Tie them se-
curely around your neck, attach fuse, light it and run as
fast as you can away from the water to avoid injuring the
ether snakes and reptiles.”’

Camp Hints:

Going very light, most campers carry soap; yet 1t seems
that for one reason or another, it is rarely if ever mentioned.
There is a word to be said about it, however.

White soap is easy to be seen at night and, as most of
the white soaps float, they are to be preferr ed to other kinds
for camp use. Often the cake of Soap is thrown into the
canoe, where it runs riot at large, gumming up everything
insight. The added drops of water from a passing shower
produce slippery footing and assorted expletives.

The celluloid or hard rubber soap box is not suited to
campers, not only because it has to be handled like an egg,
but because it is always larger than the soap. The metal
box, though less easily smashed, is made to fit special toilet
soaps, which is a great disadvantage.

A soap bag is easily made from a piece of canvas of
suitable length and sides sewed up, after which this small
bag, or envelope, was turned right side out. A metal sus-
pender button was sewed on the front and a button hole
made in the flap.

In use this soap container has proved its worth over
and over again. It will take the largest size cake of soap
and is never larger than the soap happens to be. Its cost
is but a few cents and you ean sit on it and walk on it with
pleasure. When you have used the soap you place it on
the flap of the bag, not on the sand, and, after rinsing, it is
not necessary to touch the soap. Just pick up the bag bv
the flap and the button, dump in the soap and throw. the
bag anywhere among your duffle. Again, should the soap
bag be forgotten and left out in the rain all night, there will
be some soap left and no mess of it over the ground.

264 THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN

As wild eats are known to be great game destrovers, it
is permissible to publish the following suggestion for their
capture by trapping:

A Pen for Wild Cats:

The wild cat is a shy, slinking night prowler, found
alike in hilly regions and thick swamps. It has no great
degree of cunning, but can not be attracted to a trap from
much of a distance, for the reason that it does not have a
verv keen nose. Scents help considerably in bringing this
animal to the trap.

A wild cat has little appetite for decayed meat, so the
meat must be fresh. Rabbits and partridges are good. It
is best to build a pen by driving stakes into the ground, with
an opening for the animal to enter. Set the trap in this
opening and cover lightly with suitable material. Then
hang the bait inside. A few evergreen boughs thrown over
the pen will keep the snow out and make it look more hid-
den. Rabbits and squirrels are often a great bother to this
set, by getting into the trap. It will help to keep the rab-
bits out if some dead brush is dropped in front of the pen.
They do not like to Jump through dead brush. A little

springy stick under the pan of the trap will often prevent
small animals from snapping, and so keep it ready for the
heavier game when it comes along.

At butchering time a wild eat or two may be eaught if
the offal is taken to a likely place in the woods, and ‘traps
are set around it. The writer took three one winter in traps
set around a dead horse.

When small game is plentiful, wild cats do not take
bait very well. A set that may be used then, is prepared by
making a long, narrow pen, or passage, that the animal can
walk through, and hanging a piece of red cloth in it, with
some scent on the cloth.

Along the edges of lakes, when they are frozen over, is
a good place to set traps for wild eats. Here, or any place
for that matter, it helps to hang a rabbit skin from a string

a

/
oe *+@nry<

THE ANGLER AND HUNTSMAN 269

near the trap. On the ice, the animal may travel too far out
to scent the bait, and its eyes are always keener than its nose.

THE CARE OF DOGS:

Do not allow other dogs or strangers to disturb the fe-
male until the puppies are at least three weeks old. Never
feed grown dogs and puppies together ; start to feed puppies
at three week’s old, buttermilk twice a day, morning and
evening; this will clean their stomachs of worms. Leave
the mother with them until they are at least five weeks old;
then, for her own health, as well as for the health of the
puppies, allow her to stay with them one hour a day for one
more week, then feed twice a day, buttermilk or beef broth
with bread crumbs (corn bread is best), little strips of raw
lean meat is good twice a week, but very little until they are
past four months old, at which time they will get their sec-
ond teeth and can masticate more substantial food and will
grow strong. Avoid sweet stuff, fresh milk or meat, as it
has a tendency to produce worms.

Be sure to see that your kennels are well ventilated;
if possible, have running water, at any rate a goodly supply
of fresh water at all times. Disinfect thoroughly at least
once a week. If nature does not provide it, have a good ar-
tificial shade and a perfectly dry kennel in damp and cool
weather. Feed grown dogs not more than once a day, corn-
bread and table-scraps as a mixed diet. Best of all, corn
meal and middlings with well cooked meat and soup, baked
toa pone ormush. Dogs will eat this substance readily and
it keeps them in perfect health. Exercise or work on game,
if possible, at least once a day. To prevent fleas, and for
mange and for all forms of skin diseases, use one part creo-
line to 100 parts of water, and dip dog, head and all. For
eankered ear, saturated solution of boracic acid. Massage
or rub thoroughly. For distemper, allow the dog his liberty
and give him all the raw eggs and fresh milk he will eat.
Give him a good dose of castor oil about twice a week.

NS

SOOMMOWOOWAQQOAAQAnnennnn°g“nynqqweco“us3eg“g7n gee Ss
MG qq QQ nw\\

The Red Ranger

The Red Ranger, published at Rush-
ville, Mo., by L. F. Gingery

in the interests of hounds and hunting is the
only periodical in America which fearlessly
and independently stands up at all times for
the dog. Every dog lover should lend his or
her influence to The Red Ranger by sub-
scribing to this fearless champion of the dog
for the great good that this magazine 1s ac-
complishing. The Red Ranger, published
monthly, sells at #1.00 per vear. The Red
Ranger Publishing Co. also publishes an-
nually the American Foxhound Breeders’
Stud Book, i which are recorded thousands
of the prominent American foxhounds.
Price of recording foxhounds, $1.00. Price
of Stud Books, $2.00 each volume.

Address all communications to

The Red Ranger, Rushville, Mo.
U.S. aa

MG ".-"._D>

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| MOSBY’S Missouri MESSAGE |

The most widely quoted journal in Missouri, and
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A Missouri city is now the leading fur market of

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the world, and Missouri is one of the leading game

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THE MESSAGE PUBLISHING CO.
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THE MICHIGAN
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The Livest, Most Readable and Fascinating Magazine
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Filled with outdoor stories from the real ‘“‘old-timers’” of the north woods—the
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The Michigan Sportsman covers the State thoroughly. It is a magazine for every
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The present subscription price of The Michigan Sportsman is $1.50 a year. If you
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Gentlemen :—

Herewith. iSeSt20 - 4. Gon for my subscription te The Michigan Sportsman
for one year. beginning withhs-. 25: << see ale wien tae ot ee eee anette issue.

NSU Sacro se ome eens See ee, Se Oe a ay

1 Year

$1.50

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FISHERMEN!

YOUR ATTENTION, please, to the fact that there is a special magazine exclusively devoted to your
special hobby. It is four years old; a strong, healthy youngster, ably managed by a little coterie of real sports-
men who know the business from A to Z. You should see it!

The American Angler

THE ONLY ALL-ANGLING MAGAZINE

Covers every phase of angling. Contains well-written, beautifully illustrated stories by and for anglers; how
to get the most sport near home; stories of famous angling waters by noted anglers who have “‘been every-
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tackle making; fly, bait and surf tournament. Salt water angling is generously treated and angling humor is de-
lightfully illustrated. Published monthly. Sold only on subscription; not on news-stands.

SPECIAL TRIAL SUBSCRIPTION $
Six Splendid Numbers ]

Regular Yearly Subscription $2; Canada, $2.35;
Foreign, $2.60

Send Check or Postal Money Order to

THE AMERICAN ANGLER 1408 BR VoRrK

sonren | HUNTER—TRADER—TRAPPER

Twelve big numbers each year, filled up with close-to-

nature reading. The best coon and fox hunting stories
you ever read. The latest up-to-date trapping methods
from the boys who have had life-long experience. Send
for your copy today. The price is 20 cents. A yearly
subscription only $1.50. After you read the first copy
you wili eagerly look for succeeding issues. Ask Stanley
Blake. EVERY. ISSUE FULLY ILLUSTRATED.

HUNTER - TRADER - TRAPPER

59 E. MAIN ST., - - COLUMBUS, OHIO

GAME BREEDING a New and Profitable Industry

The breeding of Game and Game Fish is profitable and interesting. The
Game Breeders’ Magazine is devoted to the interests of those engaged in this
new American Industry. It contains practical articles written by breeders and
notes from The Game Farms and Preserves.

Many people now make an excellent living breeding Game and Fish.

Many sportsmen now have excellent Shooting under the new laws, encourag-
ing Game breeding.

Subscription price $1.00 per year. Sample copies Ten Cents.

THE GAME BREEDER
150 Nassau Street, - - - - - - - - New York

When, Where and How to Go
and What to Find —
| That is the Problem

Yes, sir, it's Your problem, too.

And it took us years to get this “dope” together for YOU.

Real information, gathered by real Outdoorsmen.

The “good places” in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois
and Indiana—the “worth while” streams and lakes.

Game and Fish Laws, too, and lots of good, sound, practical hints
for real sportsmen.

That’s what you will find in the

| AMERICAN |
“MOUTERS'GUIDE |
i MIDAESTERR~EDITION =

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160 pages, illustrated, bound in handsome green cloth cover stamped
in Gold

ONE DOLLAR

will bring this book to you prepaid.
Send order today to

Ravenswood Press Publishing Co.
4610 Ravenswood Ave. Dpt. K Chicago, Jl.

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4s Your Tikiadivel Stock
Registered? If Not,Why Not?”

The get produced from registered stock

is always marketable at about twice the

prices of fattened stock for slaughter-
ing purposes.

Register your stock with the

BLUE GRASS BREEDERS’
NATIONAL GAZETTE

Fee $1.00, including certified pedh-
gree for three generations and registra-
tion certificate. $1.00 additional for

fourth generation.

STANLEY BLAKE, Keeper

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= BUUE GRASS BREEDERS’ NATIONAL GAZETTE—

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Pedigrees and Registrations

“ASTRONOMER,” No. 28,321 B. G. S. B.
By Frank—Annie Walker, is the Sensational Winning Fox Hound of 1917-18
Astronomer winner at the Fifth Annual Lynn F. H. A. Meet

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All dogs offered for sale are Registered or Pedi-
greed Specimens, eligible for Registration. Registra-
tion fee is one (1) dollar, including Certified Pedigree
for Three Generations. If Fourth Generation is de-
sired one (1) dollar additional is required. Any dog
having a Pedigree for Three Generations is eligible
to Register, with the necessary Certificates for such.
We can furnish you with the best Blood to be found,
as every dog we breed is well intermingled with Field
Trial and Bench Show Winning Blood predominating.
We guarantee Blood lines unexcelled.

Ss

SS
Y

STANLEY BLAKE, Manager

Blue Grass Farm Kennels Also Keeper Blue Grass Stud Book
BERRY, KENTUCKY.

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.

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Book on Dog Diseases and

How to Feed

SS ER ES

Application to

The Magazine
of The West

Every issue is cram full of the things which interest
every true sportsman—stories of ‘delightful fishing,
hunting and camping trips, splendid photographs,
helpful gun talk—in fact, everything that is of interest
to the outdoor man.

OUTDOOR LIFE is published in Denver, Colorado,
right at the door of the Rockies, where the big game of
this country has its last stand. Our editor, J. A. McGuire,
has had over 25 years’ actual experience in hunting, and

has hunted in all the big game fields of this continent, and is able
to give to our readers authentic advice on game conditions in Various
localities, and all the information of interest to our readers,
through the columns of OUTDOOR LIFE.
SUBSCRIPTION PRICE---$2.00 PER YEAR

This insures our subseribers of twelve issues of good reading matter.

THE OUTDOOR LIFE PUBLISHING CO.

1826 CURTIS STREET, DENVER, COLO.

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ARE YOU INTERESTED in BEAGLES and GOOD

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BEAGLE

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ILLUSTRATED

Acneriea’s most beautiful farm publication—and, as Practical as the Best.
An annual subscription to twelve numbers, includes 1,200 pages illustrated with
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The philosophy, achievements and experiences of men truly seasoned in the
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Photographic illustrations of the winners in beef, dairy, horse, sheep and
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can stand comparison with THE FIELD service along these lines.

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Livestock

Monthly THE ADVANCED AGRICULTURAL PUBLISHING COMPANY
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The ONLY MAGAZINE of its kind devoted to constructive work for

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Sportsmen of the World!

Keep in Touch with Western Canada
---It will Pay You

. Littlebury’s Magazine .

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mailed regularly every month. Circulates
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FORTY PAGES

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All For a Dollar Bill DO IT NOW
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Carey, winner of the V. H. C. at the Fifth Annual Lynn F. H. A Meet. Bred by Stanley Blake

”

Blue Grass Farms, Berry, Kentucky

THE BLUE GRASS FARM KENNELS senrvcky

Offer For Sale Setters and Pointers, Fox and Cat Hounds, Wolf and Deer Hounds
Coon and Opossum Hounds, Varmint and Rabbit Hounds
Bear and Lion Hounds, also Airedale Terriers

All dogs shipped on trial, purchaser to judge the quality; satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded.

Sixty-eight page, highly illustrated, instructive and interesting catalogue for ten cents in stamps or coin.

WE DID NOT RAISE OUR PRICES DURING THE WAR

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

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