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MAR 0 5) 1988 


L161—H41 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
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NAUTILUS 


A MONTHLY JOURNAL 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF 


CONCHOLOGISTS. 


VOL. V. 


MAY 1891 to APRIL 1892. 
— oS 


PHILADELPHIA: 


Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON. 


PLV Ci IVR Aw” 


INDEX 


ort E. NAUTILUS, eer. Vo 


INDEX TO TITLES. 


Acmea candeana vs. Acmea antillarum ; 85 
Agriolimax columbianus Gld. formatypicus 31 
Agriolimax columbianus Gld. forma maculatus, Ckil. : 31 
Agriolimax columbianus Gld. forma nigra : 32 
Agriolimax agrestis L. sub. sp. hyperboreus 30 
Agriolimax agrestis L. synopsis of the principal jabs ae 70 
American Association of Conchologists —. S805 60,30 
Anodonta corpulenta Cpr. destructionof .  . &9 
Antipodean oysters. : ; . : : : 116 
Australian slugs : : : : , 11 
Baculites compressus, on <P young of ; “ 19 
Bulimulus Ragsdalei, (Plate If > 4 é : 39 
Bythinia tentaculata : ‘ , Pham ais 
Carychium exiguum mexicanum, n. var. . : é 9 
Chondropoma caymanensis, n. sp... ; : 83 
Colonization of fresh water shells ! : 133 
Cytherea texasiana, n. sp. 134 
Do mollusca show change of lima in New igeyanal valle 115 
Donations to the United States collection : 80 
Donax of Eastern North America. : : : : 125 
Edible mollusks, ete. : ‘ : : : 2 
Edible shell notes ; ‘ : 25 
Kutivela, new subgenus of Micratemt : : a7 
Exchanges : ; . 46, 71, 95, 108, 119 
Familiar mollusks, Be on : : : bg 
Florida Helices ' ‘ ‘ : : LES 
Fluminicola Merriami, n. sp... ; ; é: 143 
Fissurella picta, note on. ; ; 82 
Fissurellidee of the United States : : , : 102 


ill 


32422 


lv THE NAUTILUS. 


Fissurellidz, additional U.S. species : : ! 113 
Food of snails. ; : : ; . ; : : 107 
Food of Limneide . ‘ 94 
Galapagos Islands, some types new to ‘the Grins of the 97 
General notes. : : 11, 23, 40, 71, 82, 93, 107, 1t6p ee 
Goniobasis Crandalli, (P1. I], figs. 4, Buy: ; : 39 
Helix Hardfordiana Cooper, It ii 12, 138, 14.) ; 40 
Helix xanthophaes, n. sp. 5 : 38 
Helix (Plagioptycha) Ninhiards, n. Sp. ; 83 
Helix aspersa in California : 4 : ; 71 
Helix jejuna , ; ; 119 
Hewston, Dr. Geo., Co ‘ : 71 
Hyalina, description of a new species : ; 10 
Jay, John Clarkson, (obituary.) : : : : 95 
Land shells of Vancouver Island : 91 
Land shells of Cayuga Lake Valley ‘ : 137 
Land shells of New Jersey , : ‘ . ‘ 141 
Leidy, Dr. Joseph, (obituary) . , : d 12 
Leucorhynchia Tryoni Pils. n. sp. . ‘ a 91 
Limacella ; : : : o, 21, 53 
Limax agrestis L. in Coins ; . 101 
Limax agrestis L. on, the Pacific coast —.. : : 92 
List of the land and fresh water mollusca collected in 
Jamaica. ; 52 


List of species sailed on ie slanell St. Tiaras , St. Kitts, 
Barbados, Jamaica, and at Pensacola, Fla., with pre- 


fatory notes 65 
List of shells collected on Rees 1s hens: aie on the 

Madeira Islands, with prefatory notes , ; 49 
Loeal variation : : : 83 
Marine mollusks from the Bonthern Gast of Braeil F : 42 
Marine pliocene beds of the Carolinas ; ; : 128 
Meretrix (Eutivela) perplexa Stearns, n. s. ; : 28 
Meretrix (Eutivela) Iheringi, Dall.n.s. . os 
Mollusks of San Francisco Co., Cal. ; : : . 4, 94 
Mollusks in Portland, Oregon market , ; ‘ 58 
Mollusks of Spoon River, Ill. . ' : ‘ : 61 
Mollusks, new species of , : 142 


Mollusks of Dorcheat Bayou, sia Tbe Bistavenn, Lange 109 
Mollusks as catfish food. ’ . ; ‘ : 124 


THE NAUTILUS. Vv 


Newcomb, Dr. Wesley, (In Memoriam.) . : ; ‘ 121 
Note on Mr. Pilsbry’s “ Article IV ” : : , 58 
Orizosoma, new subgenus of Strapeniles “| 
Paludina japonica, for sale in the San Francisco Ohiitiess 

Markets. . : é ‘ : ; : : 114 
Paludomus Palawanicus, n. & ; ‘ ; ‘ 17 
Patella Boninensis, n. sp. . : : ; : : 79 
Patula Cooperi, sinistral. . : ; ; i 83 
Philomycus. : : ’ ‘ 4, 21, 53 
Physa osculans, var. Bab aibeenais n. var. , 9 
Planorbis trivolvis, etc. . : : ~ 94,95 
Polygyra (Triodopsis) Mullani, var. Binera, n. var. ; 47 
Potamopyrgus? Bakeri, n. sp. : : : 9 
Preliminary notices of new Mexican shells. : : 8 
Prophysaon pacificum. : ; : 31 
Prophysaon andersonii, var palliqnae He Var.) |". 31 
Publications Received. : ; : : 24, 72, 120, 128 
Pupa syngenes. (PI. II, figs. 1, 2) i 4 : 39 
Pupa muscorum, Notes on. ; : ! : 45 
Pupa Holzingeri Sterki, in Ohio. , : : ‘ 93 
Pyrgulopsis? Patzcuarensis, n. sp... 5 ; : 4) 
Scutellina, use of the generic name. . : é 88 
Shells of the Erie Canal. . : : 23 
Slugs from British Columbia. . ‘ d ; 2 30 
Streptostyla (Orizosoma) tabiensis, n. BP : i 9 
Tebennophorus, on the genus. . , eae ey 4 
Terebratulina (unguicula Cpr. var 2) inlet CPE a 

fies, 4,5). . ; 18 
Terebratulina unguicula, oo ty pea (PL. I. Biss 6, Oe 18 
Terebratula Stearnsii. (PI. I, figs. 1, 2, et : 19 
Terebra Stearnsii, n. sp. Japan. : : : 93 
‘Testacella Maugei in Philadelphia. . : ‘ ; 83 
Thylacodes meduse, n.sp. Japan. . . ‘ : ; 93 
Unio Pilsbryi, n. sp. Arkansas. : ib 
Unio Pleasii, n. sp. Arkansas. é 2 
Unionidez in the Southeastern U. S. icsth of anew: 

tion of f , : j 15 
Unio Singleyanus, n. sp. Florida. , : 29 
Unio Ferrissii, n. sp. Florida. ; : : : 30 


Unionidz, On the Byssus of ; ihe, a0 


vi THE NAUTILUS. 


Unionide of Eastern Texas, Critical notes on . 74 
Unio radiatus and Unio luteolus, Distinguishing charachen 

eet ; . : 3 gue tt, 
Unionide, Notes on f . ‘ : ; : ; 86 
Unio Oscari, n, sp. Florida. . q : 124 
Vaginulus Schivelyz. (PI. I, figs. 6, if 8) : : 39 
Vallonia, Notes on North American forms of . ; : 100 
Vivipara, New variety of : ‘ 142 
Zonites Shimekii. (PI. II, figs. 9, 10, 1) : : 39 


Zonites Brittsii, n. sp. : : 5s . 99 


INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS. 


ooo 


Adams, Chas. C. : : : : ; 127, 148 
Bailey, Albert. ve ; , 23 
Banks, Nathan. : : ; ; : : : : ton 
Beauchamp, Rev. W. M. . : i : 52 
Brot, Dr. Aug. ; : 17 
Cockerell, T. D. A. . ; LAE SO... CO 
Par Wm. HH. . : , 10, 13; 26,42, 97, 125, 134 
Dean, Geo. W. : : : : ; ney af een 8b 
Dore, Harry E. ; ; 58 
Farrer, W.J. . ; : : é ; : 141 
fox wm. J. . d : : : ; ; ; as 
Johnson, C. W. : : ; ; #322 83.102 
fund, Dr. G. D. ; : : : ! 107 
Marshall, Wm. B._. : : : f ; 138 
Marsh, Wm. A. ; Se oa 
Pilsbry, H. A. 4, 8,21, 39, 4B, TA, 79, 85, 88, 91, 99°102; 141, 142 
Raymond, W. J. : ; : . 04, 101 
Rivers, J. J. ‘ ) . : : : iit 
fies Wm H. . .. . : ; : . | 49, 65 
Simpson, Chas. T. : TGS 
Stearns, R: E. C. 5 : . : Moe raw 20, bad 
Sterki, Dr. V. . : 73, 84, 90, 94, 95 10r 318, 135 
Strode, Dr. W. S. ; : ; ‘ : ; ‘ a Ola 80 
Taylor, Rev. Geo. W. se 915-92 
Vaughan, T. Wayland : ; : 109, 139 
Walker, Bryant ; : ; , 93 
Webster, Geo. W. : : : P ‘ 119 
Winkley, Rev. Henry W. : , ; . 83, 115 
Wood, Williard M. ; ueno4.- O04 sin 4 
mrmchitserlin H. . : : , 124 
Yates, Dr. Lorenzo G. : ; : : : ; 71 


vil 


mHE NaAvTILus. 


VOL. Vv, MAY, 1891. No: 1; 


DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF UNIO, FROM ARKANSAS. 


BY WM. A. MARSH. 


Unio Pilsbryi. 

Shell quadrate, somewhat oblique, plicate, striate, slightly inflated 
before, compressed behind, very inequilateral, obtusely angular 
before, sub-biangular posteriorly, valves thick before, thin behind, 
beaks small and flat. Epidermis dark reddish-brown, without rays. 
Cardinal teeth compressed, oblique, grooved, double in both valves, 
lateral teeth long, slightly curved, solid, anterior cicatrices deep, 
pit-like, granular, posterior cicatrices not very distinct, confluent, 
nacre dull white. 

Habitat. Little Red River, Arkansas. 

Remarks. This species bears some resemblance to U. perplicatus 
Con., which is abundant in the same stream, but differs in being 
much flatter, beaks very much smaller, the growth lines much closer ; 
it also differs in being coarsely striate over the entire surface of the 
shell; in its undulations it is very different, the plications being very 
small, and much broken up; in fact, semi-nodulous; from U. 
undulatus Barnes, which is also abundant in the same stream, it 
differs entirely in outlines, in the manner and disposition of its folds, 
color of epidermis, nacre, teeth, etc., ete. 

I name this shell in honor of Mr. H. A Pilsbry, Conservator 
Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila., who 
first called my attention to its specific value. Specimens may be 


2 THE NAUTILUS. 


seen in the United States Collection of the American Association of 
Conchologists, in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 


Unio Pleasii. 


Shell smooth, oval, slightly elliptical, very inequilateral, valves 
rather thin, somewhat compressed, regularly rounded before, obtusely 
angular behind, beaks very small and flat, undulations very minute. 
Epidermis greenish-olive, usually covered with green capillary rays 
posteriorly, sometimes rayless. Cardinal teeth small, erect, cren- 
ulate, single in the right, and double in the left valve, sometimes 
tripartite in left valve; lateral teeth short and slightly curved, an- 
terior cicatrices deeply impressed, posterior cicatrices very slightly 
impressed, confluent; nacre varying from pale rose to pale salmon, 
often silvery white and iridescent. 

Habitat. Little Red River, Arkansas. 

Remarks. In general form this shell bears some resemblance to 
Unio spatulatus Lea, but differs from that shell in being a much 
smaller and thinner shell, very much more compressed ; its cardinal 
teeth are entirely different ; it is not spatulate in form, and is very 
much more inequilateral ; the nacre differs entirely ; the very peculiar 
character of the females of this species must distinguish it from all 
others; they are deeply emarginate, very oblique, and sharp pointed 
posteriorly, bearing some resemblance to the females of Unio 
conradianus Lea. 

I name this shell after my friend, Mr. Ellwood Pleas, of Indiana, 
who collected this species, with many other rare shells, in the interior 
of Arkansas. Typical specimens of both male and female are in the 
American Association Collection in Philadelphia. 


EDIBLE MOLLUSKS, ETC., HERE AND THERE. 


Mr. Carpenter’s article in the last number of THr NAUTILUS, is 
fully as entertaining and profitable as his previous communications. 
It may be his last is a trifle more thrilling, and when this is supple- 
mented by the usual spice of discrepancy, the picturesqueness 
is enhanced and the thoughtful reader is for awhile diverted from 
the plodding habit of careful definition and rational interpretation, 
and led unconsciously to soar far and wide on the reckless wings of 
fancy, and revel free and easy, in the salubrious atmosphere of 
fiction. The author’s loyalty to Rhode Island is certainly commend- 


THE NAUTILUS. 3 


able, and his belief that that illustrious commonwealth is the 
Banner State of the Union, in the matter of Oysters, Clams, 
Seallops and earless Cats, and such creature comforts, is heartily 
appreciated. Iam prepared to wager—in vulgar parlance to bet— 
a bowl of “clam-chowder” against a “pan-roast,” with Mr. Car- - 
penter or any other conchologist brother, that the mollusks referred 
to are abundant and nowhere of better quality than in Rhode Island, 
and whether I lose the bet or not, in the spirit of fraternal sympathy, 
to pay the bill; but here, let us “drop a stitch,” as the old ladies 
do sometimes in their knitting, and pick it up further on; let us 
leave the realms of romance and come down to the simple facts of 
terra firma. 

If Mr. Carpenter will kindly turn to Mr. Keep’s article in the 
January Nauti us, he will perceive two facts. rst, the title is 
“Mollusks of the San Francisco Markets.” Not the Edible 
Mollusks of California. Second fact; nowhere in Mr. Keep’s paper 
does the word California occur. 

Yet Mr. Carpenter, in the last three lines of his article, on page 
137 (of the April Nauriuus), says: ‘“‘ As we have seen, California 
has but five species and Maine only four regulars and two occa- 
sional, while Rhode Island can show eight every day and five irreg- 
ular as below.” The careful reader will look in vain to see any 
such statement in Mr. Keep’s paper, and the species enumerated 
named therein, are such as are usually on the stalls in the San 
Francisco markets. 

In addition to those named by Mr. Keep I have occasionally 
seen, and have purchased, Macoma nasuta, Saxidomus aratus, 
Acmea patina, Platyodon cancellatus and Haliotis rufescens. The 
big Cephalopod Octopus punctatus is frequently met with, especially 
in the Clay Street market, and is a common article of food among 
the Italians and Portuguese. Another cephalopod, a small ten 
footed species or squid, is frequently, if not usually, purchasable in 
the Chinese markets, and dried Abalones or Haliotis meats, are a 
regular article of food in Chinatown. I have supplemented Mr. 
Keep’s five species with others that pertain to the San Francisco 
markets, and do not propose to extend the list by going outside of 
the territory of that city, and up and down the seven hundred and 
more miles of the sea board of California, to name the twenty-five or 
thirty other species, that may fairly be regarded as “ edible clams” 
and sufficiently abundant as to warrant their inclusion in a list of 


4 THE NAUTILUS. 


species available for food supply, and therefore of commerical 
importance. Nor have I mentioned species that are ‘‘ occasionally 
thrown into clam-bakes,” or others that “ were formerly eaten by the 
** > *§ Indians.” A comparison in harmony with Mr. Keep’s paper 
requires a list of those species of mollusks that are ordinarily on 
sale in the markets of Providence and Newport, and this is what 
Mr. Carpenter should have given. 

The space occupied by this criticism, ete., is perhaps out of pro- 
portion to the importance of the matter criticised; so I will only 
take up the stitch previously. dropped and in closing express my 
surprise and astonishment at the effect of Rhode Island “scallop- 
rims,” on Pawtuxet and East Greenwich cats, tabbies or tommies, 
not specified, and marvel greatly over the possibility of turning 
mules into horses by the same kind of fodder. 

Another and more serious matter is hinted at, for the mollusks of 
California, Maine and Rhode Island are referred to as “ regulars” 
and “irregulars.” This has the flavor of war. I have never seen 
any military clams on the West Coast. I presume the “ regulars ” 
belong to the standing army, and the “irregulars,’ are to be 
regarded as militia only. 

R. EV Css: 

April Tth, 1891. 


ON THE GENUS TEBENNOPHORUS BINNEY, OR PHILOMYCUS, RAF. 
BY H. A@etasBRY. 


A recent discussion of this genus in the pages of the valuable 
English magazine, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, is proba- 
bly of sufficient interest to American conchologists to justify us in 
reprinting the several articles. 

Article I. (Ann. Mag. NV. H., Nov., 1890.) 

Not+s on Slugs chiefly in the Collection at the British Museum. By T. D. A. 
COCKERELL. 

THE GENUS Limacella, BLAINVILLE. 


While working on the slugs at the British Museum I came across the type spec- 
imens of Limacella lactiformis, Blainville. The two examplesare in a bottle with 
the label “ ZLimacella lactescens,” and another label, apparently written by Dr. 
Heynemann, “Original zu Fig. 1, Taf. 7. Fér. Hist. Nat.” They are true 


THE NAUTILUS. 5 


Philomycus, presenting no generic difference from the well-known species of that 
genus. Heynemann (1884) has referred them to Avzon, but he could not have 
examined them sufficiently, and was no doubt misled by the figure in Man. de 
Mal. (1827), pl. xli. That they are really Blainville’s types need not be doubted, 
as they agree with his figures in outline, and his original description, notwith- 
standing that he misunderstood the characters of the slug, is sufficient to show that 
he had not an Avion before him. He refers to the absence of a shell and the 
genital orifice at the base of the right tentacle. The outline of the figure, and 
especially the anterior portion of the mantle, suggests at once a Philomycus. The 
supposed 477on-like mantle indicated in the figures is really due to an outline of 
some of the internal organs, visible on account of the transparency of the slug. 
The figures in Journ. de Phys., November,*1817, show how the mistake began, fig. 
4 having even a sort of spiral coil in the middle of the anterior part of the mantle, 
The figure of Z. e/fortiana in Man. Mal. is the same outline, but apparently 
patched up from an Arion ater, with altogether fictitious rugz on the back. 
Férussac’s figure is afier one of those in Journ. de Phys., and is fairly recognizable. 

Altogether I think it must be held that Blainville described and figured his 
genus Limace//a sufficiently for recognition, and as it antedates Phzlomycus by 
three years, the name must be used. JLimacel/a, Brard, 1815, need not be con- 
sidered, as it is identical with Zzmax, Linné,1767. The synonymy of Limacella, 
Bl., will accordingly stand :— 


LIMACELLA, Blainville. 


1817. Lzmacella, Blainville, ‘“‘ Mém. sur quelq. Moll. Pulm.” Journ. de Phys. 
Dec. 1817, p. 448 (text), and Nov. 1817, figs. 4, d. 

1820. Philomycus, Rafinesque, Ann. of Nat. p. 10. 

1820. Lumelus, Rafinesque, Ann. of Nat. p. 10. 

1824. Meghimatium, v. Hass. Bull. Univ. Sci. iii. p. 82. 

1842. Juctlaria, Bens. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 486. 

1842. Zebennophorus, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 171. 

1864. Pallifera, Morse, Journ. Port]. Soc. i. 8, fig. 5, pl. ili. fig. 6. 


It does not seem necessary to recognize more than one genus here, though v. 
Ihering (Nachr. d. m. Ges. 1889) recognizes three—Philomycus, Pallifera, and 
Meghimatium. FPallifera may be conveniently retained as a subgenus. 

The species of Limacel/a are as follows :— 


Limacella lactiformis, Blainv. 


1817. Limacella lactiformis, Blainv. Journ. de Phys. Dec. p. 444. 
1821. Limacellus lactescens, Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. pl. vii. fig. 1. 
1825. Limacella elfortiana, Blainv. Man. de Mal. et de Conch. p. 464. 


This appears to be distinct from any species since recognized. The British 
Museum types may be briefly described as follows :—42 millim. long; respiratory 
orifice 7 millim. from anterior border of mantle. Sole, lat. 7 millim. Entirely 
greyish-white; mantle pellucid, semitransparent, finely granulose. Sole slightly 
ochreous, unicolorous. A distinct groove round the edge of the foot. Liver pale 
chocolate. 

Gray in 1855 (Cat. Pulm. p. 158) has referred this species to PAz/omy'cus. 


6 THE NAUTILUS. 


Limacella carolinensis ( Bosc). 


Limax carolinensis, Fér. Hist. 77, pl. vi. fig. 3. 

There are two specimens of this species in the British Museum from Virginia 
(Dr. J. Wyman), agreeing excellently with Férussac’s figure. This slug is cylin- 
drical, curved, and zarrow (in alcohol); sole narrow, ground-colour and colour 
of sole pale yellow, back thickly marbled with brown-grey, and with ¢wo longitu- 
dinal series of dark egg-shaped spots. Jaw bright-coloured, not ribbed. (De- 
scription from Brit. Mus. specimens.) 

Dr. Gray (Brit. Mus. Cat.) also describes Z. carolinensis. 


Limacella nebulosa. 


? Eumelus nebulosus, Raf. Ann. of Nat. 1820. . 

Tebennophorus carolinensis, Binney, Terr. Moll. U. S. vol. ii. p. 20. 

This and the last have hitherto been included together under the one name 
carolinensis, and it iS not without misgivings that I venture to separate them 
here.* Yet, from the specimens which I have examined, there would certainly 
seem to be a specific distinction between the northern and southern forms referred 
to carolinensis in the Eastern United States and Canada. The British Museum ~ 
contains specimens of 2¢bzlosa as follows :— 

(1) From Mr. W. G. Binney, labelled 7. cavolinensis.—Ochreous, marbled 
with black above, the marblings rather inclined to be in three longitudinal 
series. Sole unicolorous. 

(2) W. Canada (Dr. Maclagan).—Pale yellow, marbled above with brownish- 
grey, the markings being a broadish dorsal and narrower lateral brownish- 
grey bands, with irregular spots over the rest, except sides near foot. Sole 
unicolorous. 

(8) Amhurstburgh, Canada West (Dr. O. W. Maclagan).—Like the last, but 
mottling grey and more diffuse; two narrow dorsal and narrowish lateral 
bands, rather obscurely indicated in grey. Grey mottling thicker. Ground- 
colcur pale yellowish. 


Comparing carolinensis with nebulosa, we note :— 

(z) The Virginia carolinensis.—Sole narrow, yellowish, pale, without trans- 
verse strize; body smoothish. 

(3) nebulosa, 10. 1 above.—Sole broad, brown, with strong transverse striz; 
body rugose. 


Or, taking measurements :— 


(a) The Virginia cavolinensis.—Long. 35 millim., sole, lat. 3 millim. 
(6) nebulosa, no. | above.—Long. 85 millim., sole, Jat. 74 millim. 
(c) mebulosa, no. 2 above.—Long. 36 millim., sole, lat. 8 millim. 


Rafinesque described five supposed species belonging to: Phzlomycus and 
Eumelus in 1820 as guadrilus, oxurus, flexuolaris, fuscus, and fividus. They 


* Mr. W. Binney writes (27 /2¢¢. Sept. 9, 1890) :—‘* I am rather sceptical about 
there being two species . . . . as you say .. . .—there zs a big species of Zeben- 
nophorus confounded with carolinensis, but having a ribbed jaw.” 


THE NAUTILUS. if 


will probably prove to be varieties of #ed.ss/osa or carolinensis, but they have not 
yet been identified, 
x x x x % x x x x% x x % x 


Limacella dorsalis (Binney). 


Philomycus dorsalis, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1842, iv. 174. 
Pallifera dorsalis, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc. 1864. 


N. E. United States. Jaw ribbed. 
- Limacella Wetherbyi (W. G. Binney). 


Pallifera Wetherbyi, W. G. Binney, Ann. Lyc. of Nat. Hist. of New York, 
ere tt ol, pl. ii. figs. 1, 2. © 
Kentucky. Jaw ribbed. 
Limacella Hemphilli (W. G. Binney). 


Tebennorphorus Hemphill, W. G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land-Shells, 1885, p. 
247; Third Suppl. Terr. Moll. U. S. 1890, pl. vi. fig. H. 


Georgia and North Carolina. Jaw ribbed. 


Article II. (Ann. and Mag. N. ., Feb., 1891.) 


Critical Notes on the Genus Tebennophorus and the recent literature relating to 
zt. By Henry A. PILsBRy, Conservator of the Conchological Section, Academy 
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 

The slugs of this genus have been commented upon lately by a number of 
English and continental authors, who have arrived at very different results, it has 
occurred to the writer that a presentation of the subject by one who has studied 
the species in their native forests would not be without interest. 

Firstly, regarding the proper name for the genus. We will consider the several 
designations in the order of their publication. 

In 1817 Blainville proposed a genus Zimacel/a with the following characters: 

** Body limaciform, entirely naked, provided with a foot as wide as itself, but 
separated by a groove. 

*«Orifices of the organs of generation widely separated and communicating be- 
tween each other by a furrow which occupies the entire right margin of the body.” 

Blainville refers to his plate ii. fig. v, illustrating the type species, Z. Zact¢formis. 

A moment’s reflection will convince any competent malacologist that the above 
description does not indicate 7esennophorus, a slug in which the genital organs 
have acommon outlet. It cannot be supposed.that Blainville has made a mistake 
in observation, because in the same paper he describes at length the external 
anatomy of Veronzcella, and correctly locates the orifices. The figure given is 
equally non-committal ; so much so that Mr. Cockerell (who supposes Limacella 
to equal 7ebennophorus) really cites *‘ figures 4, 5’? instead of 5 only*—his inabil- 
ity to tell Blainville’s figure of Zémacc//a (fig. 5) from that of Veronicella (fig. 4) 


* That this is not mere inadvertence on Mr. Cockerell’s part is demonstrated by his 
remarks on Blainyille’s fig. 4 on p. 380 of the ‘ Annals’ for November, 1890. 


8 THE NAUTILUS. 


being evidence enough that the former is not generically recognizable. As to the 
fact that Mr. Cockerell has found a couple of slugs under the name “ Zimacella 
lactescens”’ in the British Museum, which he swfoses are the types of Z. /acti- 
formis, it is absolutely irrelevant to the subject. What evidence is there beyond 
the merest guess-work that they are Blainville’s types? And even if they were 
(a most improbable hypothesis !), their mere existence does not constitute publica 
tion. We have nothing whereby to judge Zimace//asave the original figures and 
description, and these certainly indicate a type of slug different from 7edennophorus. 

It may also be noted that the name Zimaced/a is preoccupied, having been used 
by Brard in {815. If we care to be really consistent we must use Lzmace//a in 
place of Agriolimax ! 

The second name for the genus is Phi/omycus, Rafinesque. This genus, says 
its author, ‘‘ differs from Zzmax by no visible mantle, the longer pair of tentacula 
terminal and club-shaped, the shorter tentacula lateral and oblong.” Rafinesque 
describes four species and says there are many more in the United States. Not 
one of those he described has been identified with any certainty, and only ¢wo 
species of Zebennophorus occur in the regions visited by him. Rafinesque also 
describes the genus Humeles—“ differs from Z7max by no visible mantle, the four 
tentacula almost in one row in front and cylindrical, nearly equal, the smallest 
pair between the larger‘ones.” Of this genus he describes two species, one of 
which, £. xebulosus, has been recognized by Mr. Cockerell, whose penetration 
and facilities have enabled him to identify new or old species which have escaped 
the observation of specialists on the American fauna. 

We will not comment on these Rafinesquian genera; those who find slugs 
corresponding to them should of course use the names. wmeles is especially 
remarkable, and we would invite the attention of conchologists who hunt slugs 
(in old collections of museums and elsewhere) to the unusual arrangement of the 
tentacles in this genus, and to the fact that a number of Rafinesque’s species are 
still at large. 

The genus Meghimatium, v. Hasselt, 1824, was founded on a species of this 
genus from Java, and was quite recognizably described. The names Tebenno- 
phorus, Binn., and Juczlaria, Benson, were both proposed in 1842, the probable 
priority being in favour of the first. 

Morse in 1864 established the genus Pa/ifera for a species with ribbed jaw. 

This review shows that several names for the genus, more or less certainly 
applying to it, were proposed anterior to 1842, the date of Zebennophorus. Of 
these names Phzlomycus and Meghimatium are the only ones available, Hzsmeles 
and ZLimacella being clearly inapplicable. Since continental authors generally 
have adopted the name PAz/omycus, it seems advisable to retain that designation 
for the genus if Zedennophorus must be rejected. , 


- (To be continued.) 


PRELIMINARY NOTICES OF NEW MEXICAN SHELLS. 
BY H. A. BELSBRY. 


The shells here described were collected by the expedition from 
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and will be fully 
described and illustrated in the Proceedings of the Academy. 


THE NAUTILUS. 9g 


Orizosoma, new subgenus of Streptostyla. 
Shell perforated, the columella thickened, simply concave, almost 
imperceptibly sinuous above. 


Streptostyla (Orizosoma) tabiensis, n. sp. 


Shell ovate-turreted, ratber thin, smooth, the base deeply indented 
and minutely umbilicated; whorls 6, the three earlier distorted ; 
aperture narrow, 2 the length of the shell, outer lip sinuous; colu-- 
mella thickened, concave. Alt. 9°8, diam. 4°8 mill. 

Cave at Tabi, Yucatan. 


Carychium exiguum mexicanum, n. var. 

Shell cylindrical; whorls 42; aperture equalling or a trifle ex- 
ceeding 3 of the total length. Outer lip thickened at and below the 
middle by a very heavy deposit of callus upon its face; columellar 
fold subobsolete. Surface delicately striated. Alt. 1°8, diam. °$ mill. 

Orizaba, Mexico. 


Physa osculans var. Patzcuarensis, n. var. 

Shell thin, obconic, broad above, narrow below; spire small, 
acute, whorls 4, rapidly enlarging ; columella long, vertical, slightly 
sinuous; color light brown or whitish. No internal lip-rib; surface 
smooth.. Alt. 15, diam. 11 mill. 

Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico. 

Holds the same relation to Ph. osculans Hald. that aneillaria + 
Parkeri hold toward Ph. heterostropha. The rationale of these 
bulging, broad-topped forms of Physa is discussed in my paper in 
ffoc, A. N.S. Phila. 


Potamopyrgus ? Bakeri, n. sp. 

Shell slender, elongated, composed of 52 very convex whorls; 
aperture ovate, its length contained more than three times in the 
length of the shell. Surface marked by delicate growth-lines, hay- 
ing low, inconspicuous longitudinal folds, sometimes quite regular 
and well marked on the upper whorls, and encircled by numerous 
fine, subobsolete spiral striz. Alt. 4, diam. 1°9 mill. 

Yautepec, Mexico. 

Has much the general aspect of Tryonia protea Gld. It is named 
in honor of Mr. FranxK C. BAKER who collected the specimens. 


Pyrgulopsis ? Patzcuarensis, n. sp. 
In general form like P. nevadensis Stearns. Whorls acutely 
keeled in the middle, convex above the keel, the last whorl obtusely 


10 THE NAUTILUS. 


shouldered above the median keel. Covered with an olive epi- 
dermis. Surface marked by delicate growth-lines and excessively 
fine, close spiral strie: Alt. 52, diam. 3 mill; alt. of apert., 2, 
width 1°3 mill. 7 
Lake Patzcuaro, West Mexico. 
This species is very different from other American Amnicoloids. 
(To be continued.) 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HYALINA. 


BY WM. H. DALL.! 


Dr. V. Sterki, of New Philadelphia, Ohio, has of late years been 
giving special attention to the minute forms of Pulmonata, Vertigo, 
Pupilla, Hyalina, etc. In 1886 he collected a small Zonites, of the 
section Hyalina or Conulus, which, being submitted to several 
naturalists, appeared to be a new species, although of remarkably 
small size. In 1887 a few more specimens were obtained, which 
he has submitted to me with the request that I describe them. 

Shell minute, thin, yellowish translucent, brilliant, lines of growth 
hardly noticeable, spire depressed, four-whorled ; whorls rounded, 
base flattened, somewhat excavated about the cen- 
ter, which is imperforate; aperture wide, hardly 
oblique, not very high, semilunate, sharp edged, 
the upper part of the columella slightly reflected ; 
upper surface of the whorls roundish, though the 
spire as a whole isdepressed. Max. diameter 0.044 
inch (line a—n, Fig. 1); alt. 0°026 inch. 

This little shell is clearly not the young of a 
Pupilla or of any of our other small Zonites. It 
is certainly the smallest American species. . 
parvula Rang, from Cape Verde Islands, has a 

Sy little less diameter, but is higher in the spire. 

aS bes pygmea and H. minutissima Lea are decidedly 

wr) larger, besides belonging to a different group. It 

is probably one of the smallest species known, and remarkable for 
its imperforate umbilicus. 


1 From Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. xi, 1888, p. 214. 


THE NAUTILUS. i 


It was collected on a grassy slope, inclining to the northward, 
and covered with grass, moss, and small bushes, and so far has not 
been found anywhere else. Its permanent place in the system will, 
of course, be determined by an examination of the soft parts, which 
remains to be made. 


GENERAL NOTES. 


Owing to continued illness in his family, Mr. CAMPBELL, President 
of the American Association of Conchologists, has been unable to con- 
tribute the monthly reports on Association affairs. He hopes to 
resume them in the June issue. 

Mr. C. W. Jounson, Junior Editor of the Naurrius, and Mr. 
Wm. Fox, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, have spent the 
month of April in that paradise of land snails, Jamaica. They will 
return about the middle of May, and doubtless bring with them 
hosts of shells and insects. 

The personal interest felt by younger students in their predeces- 
sors in science, is our excuse for clipping the following from a re- 
cent letter : 

“Tn the March number of the Nauririus, Mr. Roper said that 
Mr. Mayo was probably the oldest student of conchology in 
America. Mrs. Mary B. ALLEN KiNG, of Rochester, N. Y., is 
92 years old, having been born in January, 1799. She has studied 
and collected shells before Mr. Mayo (whom she met at one time) 
did; and has corresponded with most of the U. 8. Conchologists. 
She was elected-a member of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science in 1886, at the Buffalo meeting.” —A. M. K. 

AUSTRALIAN Stucs.—Mr. Charles Hedley exhibited and offered 
some remarks on specimens of Vaginula leydigi, Simroth, and V. 
hedleyi, Simr., two interesting slugs from Brisbane, recently added 
to the molluscan fauna of Australia (vide Zoologischer Anzeiger, 
1889, p. 551; and Abstr. in Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc., 1890, p. 21). 
These slugs are very abundant in the Brisbane botanical gardens, 
occurring also in lawns and gardens in that part of the city which 
was formerly scrub land. After a shower they may be collected in 
abundance, crawling rapidly over the asphalt paths and the grass. 
V. leydigi is much commoner than V. hedleyi, which it resembles in 
shape, size and habits, but from which its coloration distinguishes it 
in all stages of its growth, the former being a blackish-brown with 


12 THE NAUTILUS. 


atawny yellow dorsal stripe, the latter a dark form without any 
stripe. These molluscs are the first real representatives of their 
genus found in Australia, the only Vaginula previously known 
here, V. australis, Heyneman, belonging to that trigonal group 
which embraces V. prismatica, Tapparone-Canefri, from Dutch 
New Guinea, V. touwrannensis, Souleyet, from Cochin-China, 
and V. trigona, Semper, from the Philippines, constituting a 
natural but as yet unnamed genus. He also took the opportunity of 
pointing out that he had submitted specimens of Limaz queens- 
lundicus, Hedley (P. BR. 8. Q., Vol. V, p. 150, pl. 5), to Dro Sim- 
roth, who had determined them to be Agriolimax levis, Muller. 
This species is probably the slug (Journ. des Mus. Godeff., XII, p. 
159) mentioned under the name of L. rarotonganus, Heyn., as occur- 
ring in Australia. Few if any land molluscs range so widely, since, 
under different names by various authors, this form has been re- 
corded from Europe, North and South America, the West Indies, 
Madagascar, and many islands of the Pacifie—VFrom advance proof 
sheet Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Australia, Dec., 1890. 


Dr. JosEPH LEIDY. 


Professor JosEPH Lrtpy, M. D., LL. D., the eminent scientist, 
died at his home in Philadelphia on April 30th, 1891. Dr. Leidy 
was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1823. His ancestors on both 
sides were Germans, from the valley of the Rhine. His taste for 
natural history was exhibited at a very early age, and when a mere 
boy he collected and studied minerals and plants. _ His father pro- 
posed for him the career of an artist, but so absorbed was the boy 
in anatomical and natural history studies that, with the encourage- 
ment of his mother, at the age of seventeen he began the study of 
medicine, graduating in 1844. In 1845 he was appointed Prosector 
to the Chair of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. 
Leidy’s first scientific work was a paper on the anatomy of Litorina, 
published by the Boston Society of Natural History. In 1844 he 
began, at the instance of Dr. Amos Binney, to study the anatomy 
of land snails. The result is seen in his beautiful anatomical draw- 
ings in the first volume of Binney’s “Terrestrial Mollusks,” and in 
the chapter on special anatomy written by him. In 1845 Dr. 
Leidy was elected a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia. He has been closely connected with this institution 


THE NAUTILUS. ill 


in various official positions ever since, and has been its President 
since 1880. Dr. Leidy published very extensive memoirs on verte- 
brate paleontology, on Rhizopods (a truly magnificent quarto vol- 
ume), on the anatomy of Insects, and especially on Entozoa and 
Vermes generally. Indeed, nearly every branch of zoological lit- 
erature has received valuable additions at his hands. His work is 
so many-sided that in the broadest sense of the word, Dr. Leidy 
may be called a Zoologist. He was an honored member of many 
scientific societies in both hemispheres, and had received substan- 
tial tokens of the value of his work from the Boston Society (Wal- 
ker Prize, $1000), the Geological Society of London (Lyell Medal), 
and other learned bodies. 

In his private relations Dr. Leidy was of a most kind and help- 
ful disposition. He had an almost morbid dislike of contention of 
any kind. The loss to American zoology is irreparable. 


ed 


nt NS geet tee rene et 


THE NAUTILUS, 189". PL We 


ile 


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Ho MALS 
LEO 


STEARNS’ JAPANESE BRACHIOPODA. 


[HE NAUTILUS. 


VOL. v. JUNE, 1891. No. 2. 


ON THE MEANS OF DISTRIBUTION OF UNIONIDA IN THE 
SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. 


BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


In the March number of the Nautiius Mr.8. Hart Wright in some 
notes on the distribution of Unionide in the Southeastern United 
States thinks it remarkable that many of the species of Georgia and 
the Carolinas should be found in Southern Florida, and that they 
should pass from one stream to the other. I think when we fully 
consider all the conditions of environment of these mollusks it will 
be easy to understand how they have migrated. 

The region is one of excessive rainfall. Over a wide area of 
territory bordering on the Gulf and the Atlantic it is nowhere less 
than 45 inches a year, ranging up to 75 inches in the vicinity of 
Cape Hatteras. North of latitude 30° the most of this moisture 
falls during the winter and early spring. South of somewhere near 
that line the regular dry and rainy seasons of the tropics set in, and 
nearly all the precipitation occurs in June, July and August. Of 
course these conditions vary somewhat with different seasons and 
under different circumstances, but as a rule in any part of this area 
the greater amount of the annual rainfall occurs within a limited 
period, producing extensive floods. 

It is well known that all the region indicated, or at least a wide 
belt of it extending along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, is exceedingly 
low and flat, consisting for the most part of level, sandy plains, 
rising as a rule but a few feet above, and alternating with swampy 
streams. 


16 THE NAUTILUS. 


Having thus outlined the physical conditions of their environment, 
it may perhaps be well to speak of the manner in which the 
Unionide migrate from one locality to another. 

The number of young produced by the species of this family is 
simply enormous. Lea counted some 600,000 perfectly formed 
embryos in the ovaries of an Anodonta undulata, and estimated that 
a female Unio multiplicatus contained no less than 3,000,000 shells. 

It is believed that these young bivalves sometimes attach them- 
selves to fishes and are thus carried from place to place; no doubt 
others are taken up in mud on the feet or feathers of aquatic birds, 
and may survive a short transit through the air, and certainly 
they might be swept from stream to stream across the country dur- 
ing the time of floods, when almost the entire surface of that level 
area is covered with water, in many places flowing with a rapid 
current. During the rainy seasons in South Florida I have repeat- 
edly seen the whole country a sheet of water, with myriads of fish 
swimming in every direction among the palmettoes and over the 
fields. That the Unionide are carried out over the land is, I think, 
proved by the fact that I have found Unio obesus existing in great 
numbers in low places and drains in the piney woods of South 
Florida, at quite a distance from any stream, where there was not 
a drop of water outside of perhaps three months of the rainy season, 
and where during the remaining nine months of the year they 
must have lain dormant in slightly damp sand. I have dug these 
unios alive out of such sand banks in such places, and during the 
dry season, by the bushel. 

It is a well-known fact and one which seems to me much more 
strange than the migration of unios across such a country, that. 
artificial ponds and reservoirs often become densely peopled with the 
Naiades, even when their outlets are altogether too insignificant in 
size to be a residence for these molluscs. In such cases it would 
seem most probable that aquatic birds had been the means of such 
distribution, and possibly in rare instances they may have been lifted 
from their original homes and carried by cyclones. 

But once having reached the lower part of the St. Johns River, I 
cannot conceive of any difficulty mollusks would encounter in . 
spreading toward its sources. The stream is really little more than 
a freshwater estuary for a long distance from its mouth, and has but 
a few feet of fall throughout its entire length. Let any of the 
Unionide be placed in any part of a stream and if the conditions 


THE NAUTILUS. I af 


are favorable they will migrate against the current as well as with 
it. Any one who has ever collected these mollusks at all extensively 
will notice their furrows on sandy or muddy bottom, often extending 
for forty or fifty feet, and made apparently without any regard to 
the direction of the stream. I am led from my observations to 
believe that most’ of the unios if placed in favorable conditions 
would migrate over considerable stretches of water in a comparatively 
short period. 


PALUDOMUS PALAWANICUS, n. sp. 


BY DR. AUG. BROT, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND. 


T. imperforata, globoso-turbinata, solidula, fusco-olivacea non- 
nunquam obscure flammulata., Spira breviter exserta, subintegra, 
sed superficialiter erosa ; anfract. 42-5, rapide crescentes, valde con- 
vexi, vix infra suturam submarginatam paulo planulati, sub lente 
tenuissime spiraliter striati et striis incrementi subgranosa decussati, 
striis infra suturam et ad basin postioribus, filiformibus. Anfractus 
ultimus magnus, basi striis elevatis filiformibus nonnulli distantibus, 
ornatus. Apertura ampla, late ovata, intus fusco-brunnea, margine 
dextro subserrato, vix incrassato, intus albo limbato; columella 
incrassata, alba, callo parietali albo crasso. 

Operculum ? 

Alt. 19 mm., lat. 17 mm.; apert. alt. 18 mm., lat. 10 mm. 

Habit. I. Palawan, Philippines (legit E. L. Moseley). 


Shell globose with a short exserted spire, moderately thick, 
dusky-olivaceous, sometimes with irregular translucent interrupted 
flames. Spire short, almost entire, but superficially eroded. Volu- 
tions 42—5, very convex, slightly flattened under the suture, which is 
finely marginated, covered with fine spiral unequal striz, and 
decussated by the lines of growth; last whorl globose, with some 
distant filiform striz at the base and along the suture. Aperture 
wide, ovoid, inside dusky-brown, sometimes with one or two narrow 
pale bands; columella thickened, white; outer lip obscurely ser- 
rated, slightly thickened inside, white at the margin. 

This interesting new shell, although the operculum is unknown, 
belongs certainly to the genus Paludomus and is, I believe, the first 
species of the genus mentioned from the Philippines. It cannot be 


18 THE NAUTILUS. 


confounded with any other; it might be compared only to Paludo- 
mus lacunoides Aldrich, from Borneo, but that species is larger, 
heavier, has a more elevated spire, less tumid volutions, and is 
entirely smooth, not to speak of the characteristic peculiar structure 
of its umbilical area. 

The Paludomus Palawanica was collected by Mr. E. L. Moseley 
in a brook about ten miles from Puerto Princesa in the Island 
of Palawan, Philippine Archipelago. 


TEREBRATULINA (UNGUICULA CPR. VAR?) KIIENSIS, DALL 
AND PILSBRY. 


? T. unguicula Cpr. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 201, figs. 1-4. 

? T. caput serpentis, var. unguiculata Dav. ‘Trans. Lin. Soc. iv, p. 25, 1886. 

Terebratulina sp. Dav. Challenger Brach. p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 10, 1880. 

Habitat: Phillippines, in 82 fathoms N. E. from Mindanao, 
Chall. Exp. ; Coast of Province Kil, Japan, Stearns; N. W. coast 
of America, various authorities including Carpenter, Dall, Whit- 
eaves, etic. ; 

Among the shells collected by Mr. Stearns in Japan, and 
sent to Mr. Pilsbry for identification, is a coarsely radiately 
striated Terebratulina which has been carefully studied, but in the 
absence of more material, cannot be finally pronounced upon. It 
appears to be the adult of a form of which a young specimen was 
submitted by Dr. Davidson in 1879 to Mr. Dall for examination 
and which had been collected by the Challenger Expedition. It 
was not named at that time in view of the fact that it was obviously 
young, and the number of nominal East Asian Terebratulinas ob- 
viously too great for the known species. 

This shell is sculptured like 7. wnguicula Cpr. and the larger the 
specimen, the more wnguicula seems to resemble the Japanese form. 
T. unguicula under the name of caput-serpentis has been recognized 
already in Japan, by Davidson. 

The present form differs from the largest wnguwicula with which 
we have been able to compare it in the following particulars. It is 
larger and proportionately somewhat wider and the beak propor- 
tionately shorter, much such differences as would come about by 
increased size in such a species as wnguicula. If more material 
should prove that the supposed variety cannot be connected with 
unguicula, the varietal name can be taken as specific. The specimen 


THE NAUTILUS. 19 


noted measures 44 mm. in total length ; 38°5 mm. in the length of 
the hemal valve; 40 mm. in maximum width and 21°5 mm. in 
maximum diameter. It is waxen white with extraneous brown 
stains and has no anterior flexure. Davidson’s figure of Tr. Crossei 
(Trans. Lin. Soc. IV, pl. 3, fig. 6) resembles it, but is more faintly 
sculptured and less transverse.— W. H. D. and H. A. P. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. 


_ Figs. 1, 2,3. Terebratula Stearnsii Dall & Pilsbry. 
“ 4,5. Terebratulina var. Kiiensis Dall & Pilsbry. 
Oy F. Mi unguicula Cpr., typical, a large specimen. 


ON THE YOUNG OF BACULITES COMPRESSUS SAY. 


BY AMOS P. BROWN, PHILADELPHIA. 


The young of Baculites compressus Say has been recently dis- 
covered by me in some cretaceous marl from the vicinity of Dead- 
wood, South Dakota. Associated with them in the same material 
were several species of Baculites, Scaphites and Inoceramus. The 


in length from 1 to 3 cm., with a diameter of 0'4 to2 mm. Other 
larger fragments with the spiral end broken off were found from 


20 THE NAUTILUS. 


15 to 6 cm. in diameter. An examination of the form of the septa 
and suture lines showed the forms to belong to the Ammonitide, 
and by the examination of an extensive series it was possible to 
determine the genus and species. 

The shell originates in a spiral of two to two and one-half turns, 
ranging in breadth from 0°8 to 1 mm. thence it extends in a straight 
line, tangent to the spiral (figure 1) or sometimes slightly reflexed 
(figure 2). The straight portion of the shell rapidly increases in 
diameter from 0°38 to 0°40 mm. at the spiral, to about 1°5 to 2 mm. 
at 2 cm. length. Many shells were covered by the nacreous shell 
substance, some being preserved entire, figure 2, while in others the 
shell had been dissolved away leaving the suture lines exposed as 
in figure 1. On breaking away the pearly exterior of forms like 
figure 2 it was found that the last chamber occupied about one-half 
the length of the shell. The shell of the outer whorls somewhat 
envelops the inner so that from the outside view the exact form of 
the spiral cannot be measured ; it was found, however, to closely 
approximate the mathematical curve known as the hyperbolic 
spiral. That the spiral origin of this shell was not smaller than 
that of allied genera was demonstrated by grinding cross sections of 
the shell of Scaphites Conradi Morton; the first two turns of its 
spiral being 1 mm. in breadth. The siphon in Baculites is excentric 
and was found to lie near the outer margin of the spiral, being 
easily seen in the fractured spirals. 

The species was determined from an examination of the form of 
the sutures which may be traced from the simple form of that of 
figure 1, through forms of gradually increasing complexity shown 
in figures 3, 4, 5, and 6, the latter being the typical sutures of the 
adult of Baculites compressus Say. In figure 5, an individual of 
6 mm. diameter, the suture of the aduit form is already well out- 
lined, the specific distinction, the two deep sinuses on the right 
hand, being well marked. 

I have been unable in the literature of, the subject to find any 
reference to this spiral termination of Baculites, and believe the 
observation to be new. That this spiral termination has not been 
formerly observed is not strange in view of its small size and frag- 
ile character, it being probably broken off long before the shell 
had attained adult size; and it would only be preserved when as in 
the present instance the shells were preserved in their immature 
condition. This observation tends to prove that Baculites origi- 


THE NAUTILUS. | 


nated from a coiled form, and is not as supposed by some palzeon- 
tologists the original form of the Ammonitide, but is rather to be 
louked upon as an uncoiled form developed from originally coiled 
parents. 


ON THE GENUS TEBENNOPHORUS BINNEY, OR PHILOMYCUS, RAF. 


(CONTINUED.) 
BY H, A. PILSBRY. 


Article III. (Ann. Mag. N. H., March, 1891.) 
Letter from Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell to Eds. Ann. Mag. N. H. 
The Genus Limacella. 


On pp. 184-186 of the February number Mr. Pilsbry has some remarks on the 
genus 7ebennophorus or Limacella, to which I may perhaps be }.ermitted to reply, 
taking his several points in order. 


(1) That plate of Blainville’s has certainly received bad treatment. The figures 
have been inaccurately copied; Férussac quoted it wrongly ; and now, as 
Mr. Pilsbry has shown, I also have erred with regard to it! There are two 
figures iy., labelled respectively 1 and 2. Fig. 2is obviously Veronzcel/a, 
but fig. 1, for which alone my reference was intended, looks like Zzmaced/a, 
though from Blainville’s text it is clearly intended for Veronzcella also. I 
quite agree with Mr. Pilsbry that fig. iv. no. 1 might or might not from its 
appearance be of the genus under discussion ; and as it is stated to be Ver- 
onicella, there apparently remains no doubt that my reference of it to Lim- 
acella was erroneous. [I am still of the opinion, however, that fig. v. rep- 
resents the genus Americans writers call Zebennophorus. 


(2) There is, I think, no doubt about the slugs I described being Blainville’s 
types; nor are these the only British-Museum slugs described by Blain- 
ville. The Museum is mentioned in the original paper. 


(3) It is very difficult to say whether inaccuracy of description, when there is no 
doubt what was intended, ought tocondemna name. If so, there will have 
to be considerable slaughter of the genera described by early authors, or, 
for that matter, by some recent ones. Phz/omycus, which Mr. Pilsbry 
thinks might be adopted, was also inaccurately defined. So farasis known 
there is no slug in existence really agreeing with the original descriptions 
of Limacella or Philomycus taken literally. 


(4) Limacella, Brard, if it is anything, is Zzmax of modern authors, not Agrio- 
limax. But a genus founded for the she//s only of species of the Linnean 
Limax cannot be recognized as valid, and the only authors who have 
adopted it are Dr. Jousseaume (1876) and Dr. Turton. The former 
writes Limacella for Limax auctt., and Limax for Arion; while Dr. Tur- 


29 THE NAUTILUS. 


ton (1831) kept the name for the shells of Zzmax and allied genera, though 
spelling it Zzmeacellus, We are told, for instance, that Lzmacellus parma, 
Brard, is “ found in the Limax maximus,’ as though it were a sort of 
parasite ! 


(5) I think it nearly certain that my Ziémacel/a nebulosa is Rafinesque’s species 
£., nebulosus ; but if so, of course that author described itincorrectly. Mr. 
Pilsbry will observe that I have given the reference with a query. 


While on the subject, it may be well to mention that there is a figure and de- 
scription of Lzmacella lactiformis (as £lfortiana) in Knight’s ‘ Pictorial Museum 
of Animated Nature,’ vol. ii. and fig. 2598. The figure is very bad, being a rough 
copy of that in Man. de Mal.; but the generic description, so far as it goes, is 
accurate. T. D. A. COCKEREDL: 


3 Fairfax Road, Bedford Park, Chiswick, W., 
February 3, 1891. 


Article IV. Bye. A. PItspry. 


In concluding I wish simply to emphasize a few points upon 
which both Mr. Cockerell and myself have already touched. 

(1) That Blainville’s figures are so poor that Mr. Cockerell could 
not tell his Veronicella from his Limacella, but repeatedly confused 
them in his first article. Blainville’s description most certainly 
indicates Vaginulus rather than Tebennophorus, as anyone can see 
by reading the translation of it given in my article. We can allow 
for some inaccuracy in descriptions by early authors, but we cannot 
suppose that when they say “black” they mean “ white.” 

(2) As to Limacella, Brard. The name as used by Brard covers 
species of both Limax and Agriolimax. Since the Limaces are 
already provided with a name, why should we not adopt “ Lima- 
cella” for the other species, namely the Agriolimax, as has been 
done in scores of similar cases? Still I do not care to advocate the 
use of “ Limacella” for any group, as no definition worthy of accept- 
ance has been given of it. 

(3) As to the Limacella nebulosa (Raf.?) Ckll., I do not see how 
it is to be separated from carolinensis as that species is figured by 
Férussac. The characters given by Mr. Cockerell are wholly 
insufficient. Why does he not tell whether the jaw is ribbed or 
smooth? We would then have some clue of value. Measurements 
taken from variously and generally badly contracted museum spec- 
imens of slugs are practically of but little use. | 


THE NAUTILUS. 23 


(4) Mr. Cockerell truly says that Philomycus like Limacella was 
inaccurately defined by Rafinesque. It would be well for us to 
adopt Fischer’s course, and write “ Philomycus Férussac, 1821.” 
Férussac fixes the identity of the genus with certainty by including 
the species carolinensis, which he describes and figures very well. 

Nore. The writer desires to make a more careful study of the 
species of Philomycus (Tebennophorus), and will be glad to receive 
specimens. ‘They are best if prepared by drowning in a vessel of 
water from which air has been excluded. ‘Transfer to alcohol (or 
whiskey) and water, the former slightly in excess. They may then 
be sent safely by mail in an ordinary box, if removed from the 
spirit and wrapped in paper or muslin wet with spirit—H. A. P. 


GENERAL NOTES. 


Mr. Henry HeEmpuitt has left San Diego for a summer in the 
north. 

SHELLS OF Erte Canau.—Taking advantage of the annual 
spring cleaning of the Erie canal, I spent one day in April of the 
present year collecting mollusks between Ilion and Utica with the 
following results : 


Unio Tappanianus Lea, ‘ 4 350 specimens. 
Unio rubiginosus Lea, : : 15 > 
Unio luteolus Lam., : QF “ 
Unio complanatus Sol., : : 38 
Margaritana marginata Say, : 1 ee 
Margaritana undulata Say, ; 18 tf 
Margaritana rugosa Barnes, ; ; 28 c 
Anodonta edentula Say, ; , 24 - 
Anodonta subcylindracea Lea, :; ; 6 a 
Anodonta Lewisii Lea, f : : 91 Ms 
Physa heterostropha Say, ; ’ 150 : 
Campeloma decisum Say, ; 46 ¢ 
Goniobasis Virginica Gmelin, 379 as 
Vivipara contectoides W.G. Binney, . 5 . 
Planor bis trivolvis Say, : , : 8 4 
Spherium striatinum Lam., . ; ; 12 5 
Limnea catascopium Say, . 2 ‘ 


All were collected without a ara eh ort Bailey, Chepachet 
New York. 


D4 THE NAUTILUS. 


The late Epwarp R. Mayo of Boston left no will, but his. chil- 
dren have generously donated his valuable conchological collection 
to the Boston Society of Natural History —E. W. R. 

CoLLECTION FOR SALE.—We learn that the Collection of Dr. 
Hartman is for sale, together with his Conchological Library and 
other works on Natural History. The Collection embraces about 
8000 species of Marine, Terrestrial and fresh-water shells of the best 
quality, many of which are rare and difficult to obtain. ALI parts 
of the world are represented in this Collection, which has taken a 
period of forty years to accumulate. They are all correctly named 
and many are mounted. Inquiriesshould be addressed to Dr. W. D. 
Hartman, West Chester, Penna. 


PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. 


Mo.uusca oF SANTA BARBARA Co., CAL., etc., by Dr. Lorenzo 
G. Yates. A useful contribution to our knowledge of the distribu- 
tion of West Coast shells, is this extensive local catalogue. We note 
a number of errors in nomenclature, such as the retention of the 
name “ sanguineus” for the common Leptothyra, etc., but such defects 
do not really diminish the usefulness of the list. The following are 
described and figured as new: Venus Fordii Yates, Vertagus Lordi 
Yates, Vermiculus Fewkesi Y ates. 

Breaks OF UNIONIDH * * or ALBANY, N. Y., by Wm. B. Mar- 
shall (Bull. N. Y. State Mus. II, p. 170) A careful and well 
illustrated study of the undulations of the beaks in Unionide, with 
especial reference to the distinguishing marks of the various species. 
This excellent work should be studied by all interested in Unionidae, 
and extended by observers in various parts of the country. We 
have elsewhere expressed the opinion that excellent group characters, 
as well as specific characters are furnished by the beaks.—H. P. 


mE NAUTILUS. 


Vot. v. JULY, 1891. No. 3. 


EDIBLE SHELL NOTES, FOR THE NAUTILUS. 


BY ROBT. E. C. STEARNS. 


In addition to the species of edible mollusks in the San Francisco 
markets heretofore noted by Professor Keep and myself, a recent 
letter from Mr. W. M. Wood of San Francisco informs me that 
“ Tivela crassatelloides is very often sold in the San Francisco 
markets especially the ‘California Market’ so-called. I bought 
quite a lot of them a couple of weeks ago. They were of huge size 
about six inches in length. I observed they had some five hundred, 
or so behind the counter, for sale. The proprietor of the fish stall 
told me they were brought up from the vicinity (shore) of San Luis 
Obispo county. Near Fort Point (on the entrance to San 
Francisco Bay) known as ‘ Fort Winfield Scott’ the soldier’s boys at 
the Presidio go out near the fort and dig Schizotherus Nuttalli, with 
which their mothers make clam-chowder or clam-pies. In fact I 
have collected them myself.” What good mothers! 

Schizotherus Nuttalli beats any clam yet discovered for chowder, 
soup or pies. It is nearly like an oyster in consistency, has a very 
small foot, the proportion of hard or tough muscle being rauch less 
than in Mya arenaria ; the mere memory of the soups and chowders 
I have eaten at various times, where Schizotherus was the grand 
staple, is like a gleam of sunshine through a London fog, and worth 
having; it is a noble and estimable clam. The California Indians, 
as well as those further north around Puget Sound, know them well 
and like ’em. In this conchological respect, I appreciate the red 
man’s malacological taste and judgment. Schizotherus burrows 


26 THE NAUTILUS. 


pretty deep, and sometimes weighs over a pound, which considering 
that the shells are usually rather thin and consequently light in 
weight, shows that the soft parts or edible portion is a jolly good 
junk of nutritious aliment, fit for the best conchologists on earth, 
and their friends also, without regard to age, sex or condition. Un- 
like Mya arenaria and Panopea generosa, the end of the double 
siphon tube or sleeve is protected by two hard, valvular pieces. The 
siphons are not as long in proportion as in Mya arenaria nor does 
it ever reach the dimensions of Panopea ; the latter sometimes attains 
the weight of fifteen or sixteen pounds, and from tip of extended 
siphons to the opposite end, measures three feet. It will easily be 
seen, that it is no small job to dig out one of these deep burrowing 
fellows. The “meat,” is very nice when parboiled and fried in 
batter, and as tender as a humbird’s eye. Bathymetrically their 
station is so low or deep, that is to say usually that they are not 
to be procured except at very low tides. Around Puget Sound they 
are called ‘“Geoducks,” and they are really a delicious article of 
food, and a truly noble bivalve. 

Tivela crassatelloides makes a good chowder or soup and is justly 
held in high esteem, being highly estimable and of good character 
among its fellows of the edible mollusea, but it is more of a “ mus- 
cular Christian” than the others, and not so well adapted for frying 
or for pies. It is abundant at many places along the southerly 
coast of California, and at low tide can be plowed up in great 
numbers. 


Washington, June 9, 1891. 


ON A NEW SUBGENUS OF MERETRIX, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF 1WO 
NEW SPECIES FROM BRAZIL. 


BY W. HeepaLL. 


The shells which have passed under the name of Sunetta Link 
(1807, type Donax scripta L.) and Tivela Link (type Venus corbi- 
cula L.),—otherwise Meroé of Schumacher (1817) and Trigona 
Megerle (or Pachydesma Conrad), so far as the hinge is concerned 
occupy in the Meretricine much such a place as Venus (mercenaria 
and its allies) occupies in the sub-family Venerine of the Veneride. 
In both the subligamentary area is elevated and corrugated or trans- 
versely striated so that in some cases it is hardly to be termed a 
tooth. In both Sunetta and Tivela the shell is nearly equilateral as 


. THE NAUTILUS. 27 


regards the beaks, sub-trigonal and with a small rather rounded 
pallial sinus indicating short siphons. Both have compressed and 
inflated species; in both the epidermis in fresh specimens is con- 
spicuous. 

Sunetta differs from such species of Meretrix (or Cytherea) as M. 
ovum Hanley chiefly by the impressed lunule, excavated escuteheon, 
and crenulated margin of the valves. In both the subligamentary 
ridge is transversely striated. Allowing for the mechanical differ- 
ences due to the differences in form of the cardinal margin, the hinge 
is essentially the same, and both have the shallow pallial sinus. 

On the cther hand in Tivela we have the cardinal margin and 
also the entire basal margin of the valves of Meretrizx, while the hinge 
differs in that the subligamentary ridge or furrow is radiately 
coarsely rugose, instead of transversely regularly striate. There are 
flat species and inflated species as in Sunetta. 

On the southeastern coast of South America there seems to be a 
group hitherto unrecognized which to the general characters of 
Tivela in regard to form, pallial sinus and hinge, unites the crenulated 
margin of Sunetia. ‘To this section the name of Eutivela may be 
applied. 

Tivela (or Pachydesma) crassatelloides Conrad, of California, has 
the gills small, double on each side (W-fashion) dark flesh-color ; the 
_ heart is orange colored, pulsating once in ten seconds; the mus- 
cles are reddish, the mantle dark flesh-color with the edge waxen, 
wrinkled transversely; the foot is hatchet-shaped, livid, with a 
swollen, wrinkled flesh-colored basal edge, the sides below the body 
compressed, vertically wrinkled and granulose; the body is livid 
flesh-color, the liver brown, the organ of Bojanus yellow; the palpi 
are small, single and bifid on each side; both siphons are white with 
black dots at the end, the incurrent granulose and the excurrent 
shorter, plain-edged and smaller ; they are joined together for nearly 
all their length. The intestine is white and there is at the entrance 
of the stomach a curious cartilaginous translucent hollow organ 
through which the food must pass, difficult to describe in words, the 
lid or upper part of which has the form (—~— >) of a bracket, while 
the whole is somewhat T-shaped, or perhaps vasiform. The whole 
thing is about 6 mm. in longest diameter and resembles an internal 
mandibular apparatus more than a gizzard; at least its size would 
seem to be insufficient for an organ of the latter kind. I have not 
been able to examine specimens of the smaller Tivelas with the soft 
parts or to get any light on the features of the soft parts of Sunetta. 


28 THE NAUTILUS. 
MERETRIX (EUTIVELA) PERPLEXA Stearns, n. s. 


Shell waxen-white, porcellaneous, covered with a greenish-yellow 
epidermis recalling that of Iphigenia brasiliensis or Mactra ponder- 
osa Jan. The surface under the epidermis is smooth or marked with 
lines of growth only. The figure sufficiently illustrates the other 
characters of the shell. The specimen figured measures 45 mm. long 
by 33 in height and 23 in diameter. There is an impressed 
lanceolate lunule 15 mm. long 
and about 4°5 mm. in greatest 
width. Asin Tivela there isa 
prolongation forward, between 
the beaks, of the dark epidermal 
coating of the ligament; forming 
a blackish lanceolate area in 
front of the beaks about 5 mm. 
long, resembling the dark area 

Hutivels perp) ose ates. in Arca. This and the rugose 
subligamentary ridge are reminiscences of the period when the ances- 
tors of Tivela had a more archaic type of hinge. ‘There is no 
defined escutcheon. 

The soft parts in alcohol present several differences when com- 
pared with Tivela crassatelloides. 

The gills are double, as in that species, but proportionately much 
larger and broader ; the edges of the mantle are double with a groove 
between them ; in both species they are open from the sinus to the 
anterior adductor ; there are no papille or granulations in E. Ther- 
ingi; the foot is elongated, linguiform, and sharp-edged, without 
sulci or granulations; the palpi are large and distinctly paired on 
each side instead of being partially fused ; the siphons are extremely 
short but rather large, the incurrent with several ranks of rather 
elongate tentacular processes, the excurrent with a single row of 
obvious papille; the siphons have blackish maculations toward 
their ends and are joined for most of their length on the adjacent 
sides. From the dark color of the tissues in alcohol, they were prob- 
ably reddish or, at least, not white in life. 

On a single shell of many, are two small brown macule, so that 
the species may sometimes be colored with brown markings. But 
the differences of proportion and of solidity which seem to be very 
constant, forbid us to unite the present species with EH. Ihering. 

This species was dredged by the U. 8. 8. Albatross in several 
places off the mouth of the Rio La Plata in 10-15 fathoms, muddy 
bottom, associated with Pectunculus and sundry Nuculide. 


it v 
u 
tpesorene vet 


THE NAUTILUS. 29 
MERETRIX (EUTIVELA) JHERINGI! Dall, n. s. 


Shell thinner, more equilateral and more elongate than FE. per- 
plexa, waxen-white with more or less interrupted rays of brown ex- 
tending from the beaks toward the margin, modified by whitish zig- 
zags. The exterior is smooth, with a well marked epidermis and 
faint, obscure radiations corresponding to the interior marginal cren- 
ulations. The interior of the 
beaks and the cardinal re- 
gion on both sides of them 
below the margin more or 
\ less marked with purplish 
\ brown. The lunule is nar- 

oe WS lanceolate and faintl 
a ar row lanceolate and faintly 
SS ae wy impressed. The figure illus- 
: a trates the characters of the 
pee cingt Dall. single valve upon which the 
species 1s founded, which measures 41 mm. long, 27 high, while 
the double diameter would be about 18 mm. 

It is named in honor of Dr. H. von Ihering, from whom it was 
received, and by whom it was collected on the beach near Santa 
Caterina in southeastern Brazil in about latitude 26° south. 


7G tt 
a eet s 


DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF UNIO FROM FLORIDA. 
BY WILLIAM A. MARSH. 


Unio Singleyanus. 

Shell smooth, oval, slightly depressed, inequilateral ; valves rather 
thick, squarish before, rounded behind; beaks smail and flat ; 
epidermis yellowish-brown, shining, with or without rays, usually 
rayless. Cardinal teeth crenulate, oblique, single in right valve, 
double in left. Lateral teeth short and straight ; anterior cicatrices 
small, deep, not confluent, posterior cicatrices confluent, slightly im- 
pressed ; nacre white, iridescent. 

Habitat. A small creek near Pilatka, Florida. 

Remarks. Seven shells of this species were sent to me by T. L. 
Cunningham a number of years ago. This species belongs to the 
parvus group, but differs very much from any other member of that 
group in the yellowish color of its epidermis, in its peculiar outline 
and much flattened form of the females. Some specimens are coy- 


30 THE NAUTILUS. 


ered with rays, others without rays and having a bright yellow shining 
epidermis. In general outline it approaches U. marginis Lea, but is 
not pointed anteriorly like that species and differs altogether in the 
color and texture of the epidermis. 

I name this shell after my friend Mr. J. A. Singley of Texas, a 
gentleman who has done very much towards collecting the mollusca 
of that state. ? 

Unio Ferrissii 

Shell oblong, inflated, smooth before, slightly plicate posteriorly, 
rather thick and solid, epidermis dark green or black and shining, 
with green capillary rays, sometimes rayless, squarish before, pointed 
behind, umbonial slope raised, obtusely rounded. Cardinal teeth 
compressed, thick and solid, oblique, single in right valve, double in 
left, striate. Lateral teeth short and slightly curved, anterior cica- 
trices not confluent, very deep, posterior cicatrices distinct, nacre pink 
and iridescent. 

Habitat. A small creek near Pilatka, Florida. 

Remarks. Several years ago I received two shells of this species 
from Mr. J. B. Upson, at the time I supposed them to be a variety 
of U. Anthonyii Lea, but having some doubts as to their be- 
longing to that species, I sent them to Mr. Chas. T. Simpson of the 
Smithsonian Institution, who after a very careful examination, pro- 
nounced them distinct. They differ from U. Anthonyw Lea in being 
a much smaller species but more inflated and solid, less wide, more 
cylindrical; they are not angular over the posterior slope, with a very 
different epidermis and nacre and much heavier teeth. 

I name this shell after my friend Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss of Joliet, a 
gentleman who has done much towards bringing to light many in- 
teresting species from our own state. 


THE SLUGS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 


BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. 


Mr. H. F. Wickham sent me some slugs from Victoria, Vancou- 
ver Island, in November, 1889; and the Rev. J. H. Keen recently 
sent some slugs from British Columbia to the British Museum, so I 
have been able to examine sufficient material to offer a list of the 
slugs of that province, with notes: 

(1) Agriolimax campestris subsp. hyperboreus (Westerlund). 
Mr. Binney sent me a specimen of this collected at Comor, 140 


THE NAUTILUS. ol 


miles north of Victoria (Taylor). It is figured in 3rd suppl. Terr. 
Moll. U.S., Pl. viii, fig. f. On p. 205 of his 3rd suppl. Mr. Binney 
refers to a slug from British Columbia, apparently LZ. hemphilli W. 
G. Binney. Limazx hemphilli is, I think without doubt, a variety 
of Agriolimax Berendti (Strebel), and was hardly to be expected so 
far north. 

In my copy of Pl. viii of Mr. Binney’s 3rd Suppl. Terr. Moll., 
figures of Ag. hemphilli and Ag. montanus have some appearance of 
dark lateral bands, owing to the ink having run in printing. All 
the four forms of A griolimax figured on that plate resemble Ag. levis 
in general appearance, and of course, have no dark bands. I found 
them to differ slightly in the position of the longitudinal line or 
groove on the margin of the foot, and the figures given of the foot- 
margins were intended to show this difference. It will be seen that 
in montanus the line is near the upper edge of the margin, in occi- 


. dentalis it is lower, in hyperboreus it is about median, and in hemp- 


hilli it is nearest the lower edge. I have not, however, examined 
this character in a sufficient number of specimens to say whether 
it is of really of classificatory value. 

(2) Prophysaon pacificum Ckll.: Victoria, Vancouver Island 
(Wickham). Figured in Binney’s 3rd Suppl. Terr. Moll. U.S., 
Pl. vii. In this work, Pl. vii, fig. e, is the jaw of P. humile, and 
fig. f that of P. pacificum: these names are unfortunately transposed 
in the plate, on p. 225. P. pacificum was described from two speci- 
mens, one of which is now in the British Museum, and the other in 
the U.S. National Museum. 

(3) Prophysaon andersoni (Cooper) var. hemphilli (B. & B.): 
British Columbia, six specimens (Rev. J. H. Keen). 

(8b) Prophysaon andersonii var. nov. pallidum. Paler, ochre- 
ous, the bands on mantle evanescent, reticulation on body not dark, 
back not darker than sides, neck pale. Two specimens from British 
Columbia (Rev. J. H. Keen), the largest 46 mill. long (in alcohol). 
One has the tail cut off, in the same way as has been described in 
other species of the genus. All the eight examples of Prophysaon 
sent by Mr. Keen have the sole strongly wrinkled. 

(4) Ariolimax columbianus (Gould) forma typicus. Without 
black spots. British Columbia, two specimens (Rev. J. H. Keen). 

(4b) Ariolimax columbianus forma maculatus Ckll. This spotted 
form seems to be rather more frequent than the type.' Mr. Keen’s 


1 Artolimax subsp. californicus forma nov. maculatus is a precisely sim- 
ilarly spotted form of the Californian subspecies. There is an example in the 
British Museum from Mr. W. G. Binney, 45 mm. long. 


au THE NAUTILUS. 


sending contains four specimens. Mr. Wickham sent me two from 
Victoria: one being immature, only 21 millim. long; in this small 
specimen the sole was not visibly divided into tracts. There is also 
a specimen of f. maculatus in the British Museum from Vancouver 
I. (Lord I. Russell ; coll. by the Boundary Commission), which is 63 
mill. long (in alchohol), tail well keeled for 18 millim. ; a large spot 
on mantle; sole with median area smooth though wrinkled, lateral 
area rough; jaw dark, with 15 ribs. | 

(4c) Artolimax columbianus forma nov. niger. Entirely black, 
except the sole, which is rather olivaceous. One specimen, 
57 mill. long (in alch.), from British Columbia (Keen). 

Mr. H. F. Wickham was so good as to send me some notes on the 
Victoria slugs, as follows: ‘The very large slugs [_A. columbianus 
f. maculatus| from Victoria are found in the heavy woods on the 
island in rather damp situations, especially around and in the cracks 
of rotten logs. In damp weather I have seen them crawling around 
on logs and on the ground. The little ones [P. pucificwum] from 
Victoria also occur under logs, but I got them in much damper 
places, especially under logs in ditches by the roadsides, and few or 
none in the woods ” (in Jitt., Dec. 12, 1889.) 


LIST OF LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA COLLECTED 
IN JAMAICA. 


BY :C. W. JOHNSONB@s WM. J. FOX, 


The following is a list of the mollusea obtained on our recent trip 
to Jamaica, during a part of April and June. As the species are 
extremely local in there distribution, and our collecting confined to 
the eastern part of the Island, and time largely occupied in collect- 
ing insects, this list, represents but a small part of the Island 
fauna. 

Collections were made near Kingston, Bogwalk in the Parish of 
St. Catherine, Morant Bay, Manchioneal, Port Antonio, Hope Bay 
and Swift River. At Kingston, Orthalicus wndatus was abundant 
on the trees, ascending to the height of ten or twelve feet; as it was 
very dry weather, they were all tightly closed with an epiphragm, 
and so firmly attached to the bark that it required considerable force 
to remove them. Helix invalida, Cylindrella brevis and Tudora 
armata were also numerous. Though the shells were quite plentiful 
we did not succeed in finding a living Sagda Jayanus. At Port 
Antonio, Tudora auguste, Cyclotus Portlandiensis and Hyalosagda 


THE NAUTILUS. 33 


similis, were the{most abundant species, while near Hope Bay, Helix 
acuta, Cylindrella alba and Lucidella aureola predominated. We 
desire to express our thanks to Mr. Henry Vendryes of Kingston, 
for his kindness in directing us to collecting grounds, for valuable 
information regarding’distribution, and for specimens. 


. List OF SPECIES. 


Oleacina ( Varicella) leucozonias Walch. Portland? This species 
was given to me by a gentleman in Port Antonio. . 

Oleacina procera C. B. Ads. Bogwalk. Two specimens. 

Oleacina nemorensis C. B. Ads. Near Manchioneal. 

Oleacina similis C. B. Ads. Bogwalk. 

Oleacina (Melia) propinqua C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay and 
Swift River. 

Oleacina perplexa C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay and Swift River. 

Oleacina leviuscula. Near Hope Bay and Swift River. 

Zonites (Proserpinula) discoidea C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay. 

Zonites opalina C.{B. Ads. Bogwalk. 

Helix (Sagda) Jayanus C. B. Ads. Long Mt. Kingston and 
Bogwalk. 

Helix (Sagda) connectans C. B. Ads. Long Mt. Kingston. 

Helix (Hyalosagda) similis C. B. Ads. Morant Bay, Port 
Antonio and Swift River. 

Helix (Hyalosagda) Haldemaniana C. B. Ads. Morant Bay, 
Manchioneal. 3 

Helix (Microphysa) turbiniformis Pfr. Bogwalk and Port Antonio. 

Helix (Microphysa) peraffinis C. B. Ads. Port Antonio. 

Helix (Microphysa) vortex Pfr. Port Antonio. 

Helix (Microphysa) diminuta C. B. Ads. Port Antonio. 

Helix (Microphysa) perdepressa C. B. Ads. Kingston. 

Helix (Incerna) acuta Lam. Near Hope Bay. 

Helix (Lucerna) acuta var. nobilis C. B. Ads. Bogwalk. 

Helix (Lucerna) acuta var. ingens C. B. Ads. Near Manchioneal. 

Helix (Lucerna) valida C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay. 

Helix (Lucerna) invalida C. B. Ads. Near Long Mt., Kingston. 

Helix (Lucerna) sinuosa Fér. Bogwalk. 

Helix (Dialeuca) subconica C. B. Ads. Bogwalk, Port Antonio 
and Hope Bay. 

Helix (Dialeuca) nemoraloides C. B. Ads. Bogwalk. 

Helix (Dialeuca) nemoraloides var. gossei C. B. Ads. Bogwalk. 

Helix ( Cysticopsis) tumida Pfr. Bogwalk. 

Helix ( Cysticopsis) tenerrima C. B. Ads. Bogwalk. 


34 THE NAUTILUS. 


Orthalicus undatus Brug. | Kingston. 

Stenogyra octona Linn. Common in all the localities. 

Stenogyra octonoides C. B. Ads. Common in most of the localities. 

Cylindrella elongata Chemn. Bogwalk. 

Cylindrella alba C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay and Swift River. 

Cylindrella rubra C. B. Ads. Swift River. 

Cylindrella Dunkeriana Pfr. Bogwalk. 

Cylindrella brevis Fér. Near Rockfort and Kingston. 

Cylindrella sanguinea Pfr. Bogwalk. 

Cylindrella rosea Pfr. Near Manchioneal and Port Antonio. 

Cylindrella lata C. B. Ads. Bogwalk. 

Leia Maugeri Wood var. striatula C. B. Ads. Bogwalk. 

Pupa fallax Say. Kingston. 

Pupa contracta Say. Near Hope Bay. 

Succinea latior C. B. Ads. Common in all the localities. 

Succinea angustior C. B. Ads. Morant Bay. 

Vaginulus sloanti Fér. Port Antonio. 

Vaginulus occidentalis. Port. Antonio. 

Planorbis affinis Ad. In a spring near Rockfort and Kingston. 

Amnicola? sp.? Brackish water near Kingston. 

Hemisinus lineolatus Wood. Rio Cobre at Bogwalk. 

Ampullaria fasciata Lam. Rio Cobre at Bogwalk. 

Geomelania procera C. B. Ads. Near Hope Bay and Port 
Antonio. 

Adamsiella Grayana C. B. Ads. Bogwalk. 

Tudora armata C. B. Ads. Rockfort and Kingston. 

Tudora fecunda C. B. Ads. Rockfort and Kingston. 

Tudora maritima C. B. Ads. Near Manchioneal. 

Tudora fascia Gray. Bogwalk. 

Tudora Anguste C. B. Ads. Port Antonio. 

Fudora Anguste var. rufilabrum. Swift River. 

Cyclotus Portlandiensis Chitty. Port Antonio. 

Helicina megastoma C. B. Ads. Port Antonio and Hope Bay. 

Helicina neritella Lam. Port Antonio and Hope Bay. 

Helicina depressa Gray. Bogwalk. 

Alcadia solitaria C. B. Ads. Port Antonio. 

Lucidella aureola Fér. Bogwalk, Port Antonio and Swift River. 

Lucidella nana Pfr. Port Antonio and Hope Bay. 

Stoastoma chittyana C. B. Ads. Port Antonio and Hope Bay. 


fs) 
oO 


THE NAUTILUS. 


[CONTRIBUTED. ] 


AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


JUNE 23, 1891. 


Owing to long continued illness in the family of the President and 
absence of the Secretary in Jamaica, we have been unable to 
communicate our usual monthly notes to the Nautrrius. For the 
same reason correspondence has been delayed and the affairs of the 
Association, so far as the President and Secretary are concerned 
have dragged somewhat. Members have been very indulgent and 
their kindness is appreciated. 

The Association still grows. In fact, its rapid growth has 
astonished its projectors and has shown that such an organization 
was needed. American Conchologists were unacquainted with each 
other and in many instances had no one with whom to confer in 
their studies. Now they have at their command scores of willing 
associates, ready to extend them aid in solving disputed problems or 
in acquiring knowledge. Those members who have corresponded most 
perceive how valuable the Association has been. Before long we 
will not only have almost every American Couchologist enrolled, 
but many students and beginners will be induced to take up the 
study and collection of shells. 

Next month we will resume the publication of the lists of new 
members, donations to the United States Collection ete. 

Members desiring to donate shells to the United States Collection 
would do well first to send their lists of species to the President who 
would will mark off the species already received and thus save 
duplication. Send all shells to the President, care of el of 
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 

The annual election of officers of the Association took place, by 
correspondence, upon the 1st Wednesday of June, and the officers 
assumed their duties upon June 15th. Except a few scattering 
votes, by the officers and others, the present officers received all the 
votes polled, and were therefore re-elected for another year. ‘They 
wish to return their thanks for the many kind words of approval of 
their conduct and for the great interest taken by the members in the 
election. The positions involve much hard work and the giving of 
much time to the affairs of the Association but the work is lightened 
by the ready assistance and co-operation of the members. 


36 THE NAUTILUS. 


A new edition of the pamphlet “ List of Members” of the Associa- 
tion, is in preparation. So many new members have been elected 
since its publication (October 1, 1890), that a new edition is much 
needed. As soon as completed a copy will be sent to every 
member. 

Members desiring to propose new members should do so at an 
early date, so that their names may be included in the new “ hist 
of Members.” 

Miss C. A. Shepard of New Britian, Conn. and C. A. Hargrave, 
Danville, Ind. are Associate Editors of “The Observer” a natural 
history monthly, published at Portland, Conn. 

James H. Ferris, recently elected a member, is Editor of the Daily 
News, Joliet, Ill. He has chosen for his subject, the Land and 
Fresh Water Shells of Illinois. 

William McCormick, Palm Beach, Fla. is spending the summer 
North, and stayed, en route, some days in Philadelphia. 

John Ritchie Jr., Boston, Mass., has fortunately recovered from a 
serious attack of typhoid fever. Accompanied by his wife, he spent 
nearly a week in Philadelphia during the present month, coming 
and returning by steamer. 

Francisco E. Blanes, Key West, Fla., is now on a visit to gabe 

I. Greegor has finishes his winter’s Pusiriesas in St. Augustine, Fla. 
and is now at Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. He stopped in Philadelphia 
for a few days on his way home. 

Dr. Lorenzo G. Yates, Santa Barbara, Cal. has changed his 
subject to “ West Coasts shells.” Harry E. Dore, Portland, Oreg. 
a new member, has chosen the same subject. Willard M. Wood, 
San Francisco, Cal., a new member, has chosen “ California 
Mollusca” as his subject. 

W.S. Teator, Upper Red Hook, N. Y., recently paid a visit to 
Philadelphia. 

Rev. Joseph C. Carrier is Professor of Natural Sciences in the 
College of St. Laurent, near Montreal, Canada. 


WANTED. The June number of The 
Nautilus; Vol.: 11 1889. .|Ten cemee 
per copy will be paid.—@. W. Johnson, Manager 
of the Nautilus, Philadelphia. 


i 


1891. 2h (es 


THE NAUTILUS, 


ON NEW AMERICAN MOLLUSKS 


) 


PILSBRY 


Tue NaAuwtTILus. 


"Vol. v. AUGUST, 1891. No. 4. 


ON HELIX HARFORDIANA COOPER, AND OTHER SHELLS. 


BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. 


The accompanying plate’ illustrates a number of species deséribed 
originally in THe Naurti.us and elsewhere, as follows : 
Figs. 1, 2, Pupa syngenes. 

Pupa syngenes Pils., Toe Nautitus IV, p. 3, May, 1890; Proe. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 296. 

This is the first sinistral Pupa described from America. It is 
from Arizona. 
Fig. 3, Bulimulus Ragsdalei. 

B. Ragsdalei Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 63, 296 ; 
Tue Naovtitus LV, p. 122, March, 1890. 

Northern Texas. 
Figs. 4, 5, Goniobasis Crandalli. 

Gon. Crandalli Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 301. 

Mammoth Springs, Arkansas. 
Figs. 6, 7, 8, Vaginulus Schivelye Pils. 

Bermuda. 
Figs. 9, 10, 11, Zonites Shimekii. 

Z. Shimekui Pils. Toe Nautizus, IV, p. 3, May, 1890, Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 297. 

This species has been familiar to me for some years, under the name 
of Zonites limatulus. It agrees with that form in the number of 


a Reprinted by permission from Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 


4() THE NAUTILUS. 


whorls and sculpture, except that the Shimekii is more strongly, reg- 
ularly ribbed above. It differs from Jimatulus in being far more 
robust, more elevated, with rounder mouth and narrower, deeper 
umbilicus. Upon comparing specimens of the two species, I am sur- 
prised that they were ever confused; for, except in sculpture, the 
J. Shimekii is far more like Z. nitidus than to Z. limatulus. The 
specimens described and figured were collected by Prof. B. Shimek, 
of Iowa City, Iowa. 

This form is interesting as being the only well-defined species of 
Loess fossil which seems to have become extinct ; although there are 
a number of others, such as Helicina occulta and Patula strigosa var., 
which survive in greatly reduced numbers in a few limited locali- 
ties, or only in a distant part of the country. 

This species is rather widely distributed throughout the Loess 
formation of Iowa and eastern Nebraska. The name is bestowed 
in memory of the many happy days spent together by Prof. Shimek 
and the writer, then college classmates, hunting fossils and shells. 
Fig. 12, 13, 14, Helix (Polygyrella) Harfordiana. 

Deedalochila Harfordiana Cooper, Amer. Journ. of Conch., vol. 
V, pt. 4, 196, plate 17, fig. 8. See also tom. cit., p. 214. 

Helix (Dedalochila) Harfordiana Coop., Tryon, Manual of Con- 
chology, 2d Series, vol. III, p. 180, pl. 27, figs. 55-07. 

Polygyra Harfordiana Coop., W. G. Binney, Manual of N. A. 
Land Shells, p. 114, fig. 81, but not the description ! 

Not Triodopsis Harfordiana Cp., W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. U. 
S. etc., V, p. 309, fig. 203, 1878. 

This shell has been so much misunderstood and so incorrectly 
figured that I feel impelled to refigure it and to offer a few sugges- 
tions concerning the systematic position of the species. It was dis- 
covered in the year 1869 by Mr. W. G. W. Harford in the “ Big 
Tree” district, Fresno County, California. The locality is an ele- 
vated one, lying 6500 ft. above the sea level, in lat. 37°. 

In thus devoting space to the consideration of this question of 
systematic position, I do not wish to be understood to attach any 
great importance to those divisions of our Helices which some 
authors call sections, some subgenera, and still others designate as 
full fledged genera. I am fully aware that many of these divisions 
coalesce; we can no more trace the separating line between their 
species than we can unmix mingled milk and water. Thus, the 
species Texasiana, triodontoides and Levettet bridge the space between 


THE NAUTILUS. 41 


Polygyraand Triodopsis ; Mullani, appressa, etc., form passages from 
Triodopsis to Mesodon ; and through germana with its allies on either 
side, Mesodon flows into Stenotrema. The recognition of the fact 
that these sections are all varying manifestations of one type, and 
that a native American one, lead me to associate them under the 
oldest name, Polygyra, in my check-list of our land shells.’ 

So much for the one side. And on this side there is full as much 
danger in holding extreme views, as on the side of excessive analysis. 
Let us not profess sweeping views on coalescence of minor groups 
until we have the species which actually show transition ; and (to 
pass from generalizations to a special case), it may be noted here 
that while the species of the Polygyra+ Triodopsis+ Mesodon-+ Steno- 
trema group, invariably have a reflected lip, the two species belong- 
ing (as I claim) to Polygyrella have a blunt lip, not in the least ex- 
panded or reflexed. I prefer to keep very different things apart. 

Dr. Cooper’s original description is excellent, but the figures are 
bad. ‘The latter are copied by Tryon in the Manual of Conchology. 
Binney described a wholly different shell in his two publications— 
a shell which has, he states, an expanded lip. In his Manual of 
American Land Shells the species is said by him to have four whorls 
and is placed in Polygyra. Still later (8rd Supplement to Terr. 
Moll. V.) Mr. Binney seems to entertain a suspicion that the Trio- 
dopsis Roperi Pils. (which he places in Polygyra/) is the same spe- 
cies. An examination of the type would doubtless have convinced 
Mr. Binney that it is, as Dr. Cooper states in his original descrip- 
tion, most intimately allied to Polygyrella polygyrella. Figure 81 
of the Manual of American Land Shells is incorrect in showing 
the parietal tooth too far within the aperture. The original figures 
have the same defect. ! 

With Polygyrella polygyrelia, this species agrees in general form, 
color, sculpture and texture, as well as in the form of the aperture 
and the blunt, not at all expanded lip. In teatwre and character of 
the lip, both species are very different from Polygyra and Triodopsis ; 
the species of these last two sections having the lip expanded and re- 
flexed. 

The section Polygyrella may be defined thus : 

Shell disk-shaped, the spire nearly flat, periphery rounded, even 
in the young; -umbilicus wide within, showing all the whorls. 
Texture somewhat vitreous and subtranslucent ; ribbed-striate above, 


1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 193. 


42 THE NAUTILUS. 


polished beneath; color yellow, yellowish-green or light brown. 
Whorls six to eight, narrow, slowly widening, the last a trifle descend- 
ing in front. Aperture subtriangular, oblique; peristome blunt, 
not expanded, thickened within, with or without lip teeth; parietal 
wall bearing a stout, triangular, erect entering tooth. 

The species may stand as follows: 

(1.) No lip-teeth ; body-whorl with several internal pairs of 


denticles visible through the base. HH. polygyrella. 
(2.) _ Peristome with two lip-teeth ; no denticles inside the body- 
whorl. HI. Harfordiana. 


Dr. Cooper’s ingenious supposition that the internal denticles 
of H. polygyrella are “swallowed” lip teeth I find to be erroneous, 
as they are formed quite a distance within the whorl, not at the 
edge of the advancing lip. 

H.. Harfordiana has been found only at the spot named above, 
and only two specimens are known; that figured on the plate ac- 
companying this paper, and one other, a young shell, in the collec- 
tion of Dr. Cooper. The earlier whorls are broken in the type spec- 
imen. 


ON SOME MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE SOUTHERN COAST 
OF BRAZIL. 


BY DR. W.( DALL. 


In the preliminary report on the mollusca obtained on the voyage 
of the Albatross around Cape Horn (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XII, 
No. 773, pp. 219-3862, 1889) I enumerated a number of Antillean 
mollusks which were found to extend their range from the coast of 
the United States to the eastern shores of Brazil, to the Abrolhos 
Islands and even further south. Subsequently a few others, also 
from the Albatross collection, were noted as extending to Brazil, in 
Bull. 37, U.S. Nat. Museum. Since then I have received from Dr. 
H. von Ihering, of Porto Allegre, a small collection of very poor, 
beach-worn material, largely in fragments, but still identifiable, 
which still further enlarges the range of some of the species, and 
adds to the list of species some of the common forms of the United 
States coast which had not before been suspected to reach such 
southern latitudes. It is probably that the great volume of fresh 


THE NAUTILUS. 43 


water issuing from the Rio La Plata acts as an effective barrier 
against the more southern extension of shallow water species which 
may reach to its northern point of entrance; so that we may expect 
that few, if any, of these northern stragglers will be found south of 
Montevideo. 

In the following list will be found the names of the species received 
from Dr. von Thering and a few, not hitherto noted, from the Alba- 
tross collection, the whole embracing between fifty and sixty species, 
a good many of which have not hitherto been identified from the 
region in question, and two of which appear to be new to science. 
The northern range of most of the species common to the northern 
Antilles and to the coast of the United States will be found entered 
against the name of the species in Bulletin 37 above referred to. 
In some cases the identity of the species has hitherto been obscured 
by the southern specimens having been separately named ; as in the 
case of Tagelus platensis Orb. which is positively indistinguishable 
by any character from 7. caribeus. 

The localities are Santa Caterina near San Francisco, in about 
Lat. 26° S.; Rio Grande do Sul in S. Lat. 32° 30’; and the mouth 
of the Rio La Plata near Montevideo and Tozitos in about S. Lat. 
30°. 

Ostrea virginica Gmelin var. puelchana Orb. Santa Caterina. 

O. cristata Born. Santa Caterina. 

Placunanomia rudis Brod. Santa Caterina. 

Modiola suleata Lam. Rio Grande do Sul. 

Mytilus canaliculus Hanley (edulis of E. A. Smith). Rio Grande 
do Sul. 

Mytilus magellanicus Reeve. Montevideo. 

Area candida Chemnitz. Santa Caterina. 

Area martinii Recluz. Santa Caterina. 

Areca imbricata Bruguiére. Santa Caterina. 

Arca americana Gray. Santa Caterina. 

Area incongrua var brasiliensis Orb. Santa Caterina. 

Lucina jamaicensis Lam. Santa Caterina. 

Divaricella quadrisuleata Orb. Santa Caterina. 

Chama congregata Conrad. Santa Caterina. 

Cardium brasiliensis Lam. Santa Caterina. 

Cardium muricatum L. Santa Caterina. 

Dione circinata Lam. Santa Caterina. 

Dione purpurata Lam. (+ ligula Anton). Rio Grande do Sul. 


44 THE NAUTILUS. 


Cytherea rostrata Koch (+ tehuelea Orb.) Santa Caterina. 
Anomalocardia macrodon Desh. Santa Caterina. 

Tivela mactroides Born. Santa Caterina. 

Tivela fulminea (Val.) Philippi. Santa Caterina. 

Tivela ventricosa Gray. Rio Grande do Sul. 

Eutivela perplexa Stearns, n.s. Off Rio La Plata, 112 fathoms. 
Eutivela iheringi Dall, n.s. Santa Caterina. 

Donax rugosus Lam. Rio Grande do Sul. 

Donax owenii Gray. Montevideo and Maldonado. 
Iphigenia brasiliensis Lam. Santa Caterina. 

Tagelus gibbus Spengler (+ T. platensis Orb.). Rio Grande do Sul. 
Soletellina rufescens Chemn. Santa Caterina. 
Sanguinolaria rosea Lam. Santa Caterina. 

Tellina versicolor Cozzens. Santa Caterina. 

Macoma constricta Bruguiére. Santa Caterina. 

Mactra brasiliana Lam. Santa Caterina. 

Mactra scalpellum Deshayes. Santa Caterina. 

Mactra symmetrica Deshayes. Santa Caterina. 

Mactra byronensis Gray. Montevideo. 

Mactra? isabelleana Orbigny. Santa Caterina. 

Mactra alata Lam. Santa Caterina. 

Labiosa canaliculata Say. Santa Caterina. 

Mesodesma mactroides Deshayes. Rio Grande do Sul. 
Pholas campechiensis Gmelin. Santa Caterina. 

Barnea costata Linné. Santa Caterina. 


Pisania variegata Gray. Santa Caterina. 
Murex senegalensis Lam. Santa Caterina. 
Purpura hemastoma Linné. Santa Caterina. 
Litorina irrorata Say, var. columellaris Orb. Santa Caterina. 
? Paludestrina australis Orb. Montevideo. 
Crepidula aculeata Gmelin. Santa Caterina. 
Polynices brunnea Link. Santa Caterina. 
Sigaretus maculatus Say. Santa Caterina. 
Sigaretus perspectivus Say. Santa Caterina. 
Acmea onychina Gould. Santa Caterina. 
Fissurella rosea Gmel. Santa Caterina. 
Glyphis cayennensis Lam. Santa Caterina. 


THE NAUTILUS. 45 


NOTE ON PUPA MUSCORUM LINNE. 


BY H. A. PILSBRY. 


There has been considerable discussion regarding the proper name 
of this species, some authors preferring the name “ marginata Drap.” 
In all disputed questions regarding Linnean names, we may turn 
with confidence to Hanley’s book “The Shells of Linneus.” Han- 
ley bestowed a vast amount of study on the actual types of Linnus’ 
own collection. He says of this species: 

“Turbo Muscorum. This shell (pl. 1V, fig. 6) still remains in the 
collection, is enclosed in a paper inscribed in the hand of Linneeus, 
and is the sole species in the entire cabinet which at all agrees with 
the diagnosis. It is a curious edentulus variety of the Pupa mar- 
ginata of Draparnaud, to which species it had been assigned by Nils- 
son, in his valuable treatise upon the land and fresh-water shells of 
Sweden, a work especially illustrative of the Helices and Turbines 
of the ‘Fauna Suecica.’ From a sentence in the last mentioned 
work, ‘aperture ovate-acuminata, mucrone obtuso’ we are led to 
imagine that our author was aware of the frequent presence of a 
denticle in the mouth of the shell, although in the ‘Systema’ he had 
termed it edentulous. None ofthe Linnean examples, however, are 
provided with a tooth; yet in England, where this Pupa is most 
abundant, it is rarely that we obtain an example which is not thus 
furnished.” 

Hanley figures the type shell of Linnzeus ; and we have, it seems, 
little excuse for rejecting the name muscorwm in favor of the later 
marginata. The following tabulation of the varieties of this species 
I take from a MSS. of T. D. A. Cockerell : 

“In the number of teeth or lamelle in the aperture of the shell, 
this species presents a beautifully graduated series from none at all 
to three, as follows: 

a. edentula Moq-Tand. No teeth. Colorado, Massachusetts, 
Europe. ; 

b. unidentata Stabile. One tooth on parietal wall. 

ce. bigranata Rossm.—sterri v. Voith. Two teeth. This form 
is figured by Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 78, 
fig. 40. 

d. blandi Morse. Three teeth, one being on columella. 

“ Bigranata and blandi are often considered as species apart from 
marginata, but I think on wholly insufficient grounds.” 


46 THE NAUTILUS. 


Mr. Cockerell is not responsible for the name muscorwm as applied 
to this shell. The first variety, edentula Moq.-Tand., is of course 
equal to the typical muscorum. 


NOTES AND EXCHANGES. 


The following extract from a letter written to the Ed. by Dr. W. 
D. Hartman, will be of interest : 

“T have just learned through Mr. Rossiter, of the Island of 
Noumea, that Mr. de Latour and his son (from whom I have 
received so many new shells from Aura Island, New Hebrides) have 
been murdered by natives; Mr. Garrett was wont to tell me of the 
- great danger to be encountéred by these collectors in these islands 
from the natives. When he was collecting in some of these islands 
he was obliged to be a walking arsenal and would never trust a 
native behind his back for fear of being stabbed and dragged off 
into the bushes and eaten. 

I much regret the loss of de Latour as a collector. The last box 
he collected was lost in a vessel that was wrecked, and after float- 
ing about on the ocean was wafted to shore, and was found and 
sent to Mr. Rossiter.” 

Some of the shells contained in this box were figured in Dr. 
Hartman’s last paper in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences of Philadelphia.— Ep. 


Wanrep.—Atlantic and Gulf Coast Shells in exchange for land 
and fresh-water shells of the Mississippi Valley —Elwood Pleas, 
Dunreith, Indiana. 


We learn that our valued correspondent, Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, 
has been appointed Director of the Natural History Museum at 
Kingston, Jamaica. Mr. Cockerell has many warm friends among 
the conchological fraternity of America, who will be glad to hear 
that he has been called to a field so rich for the Naturalist.—£d. 


Correspondence invited, with view to exchange of Conchological 
specimens. Desiderata: Florida, Texas, California and West Indian 
land shells. Offers: British, European and South African land, 
fresh-water and marine—C. LZ. Smout, 40 Braybrook Road, Hast- 
ings, England. 


THE NAUTILUS. 47 


Potyeyra (Trioporsis) MuLLANI var. OLNEY«.—Shell very 
much depressed, the spire nearly flat; aperture transversely oval, 
the upper and basal lips parallel; peristome completely revolute, 
more curled over than in any other form I have seen; basal lip with 
a white callus but no tooth; no trace of a tooth on the outer or 
upper lip; parietal wall having a small tooth. Alt. 6, diam. 13 
mill.; oblique alt. of aperture 63, width 83 mill., measured outside 
of peristome. The specimens are from Spokane, Washington, sent 
- by Mrs. Mary P. Olney.—#. A. P. 


THE ConcHo.oaist is the title of a new periodical published at 
Leeds, England. It is issued quarterly and is devoted for the 
greater part to the mollusks of Great Britian. The second number, 
just issued, contains the following articles: Note on the locality of 
Helix mandarina Gray, by E. A. Smith; The glacial Period and 
British non-marine mollusca, H. E. Quilter ; The Land and Fresh- 
water mollusca of Oxfordshire, W. E. Collinge; Adventitious Pro- 
tection in Fresh-water mollusca, C. Clare Fryer; On the Burrowing 
Habits of Testacella, C. D. Horsman. The Conchologist is edited 
by Mr. W. E. Collinge, of Leeds, England. We wish it success. 


ON SOME NEW * * Wesr AMERICAN SHELLS, ETC., by Wm. 
H. Datu. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, p. 173-191; three plates.) 
The dredgings of the Albatross, as well as a number of West Coast 
collectors, Mr. J. J. Rivers, Miss Ida M. Shepard, Mrs. M. Burton 
Williamson and others, have contributed the shells described and 
illustrated in this paper. The species of Euplewra, both East and 
West, are first discussed and figured. Nassa californiana Conr., 
originally described as a Miocene fossil under the generic name of 
Schizopyga by Conrad, has been found living from Drake’s Bay to 
Cerros Island, 25-65 fms. Fusus Kobelti Dall, F. Harfordi Stearns, 
Trophon triangulatus Cpr. and clementia subdiaphana Cpr. are fig- 
ured for the first time. Trophon Cerrosensis, Cancellaria Crawfordi- 
ana and Tellina Ide, spp. nov., are figured and described. The 
paper concludes with brief descriptions of the following: Benccinwm 
strigillatum, taphrium, molinia frielei, strombella middendorfii, fragi- 
lis, melonis, chrysodomusithius, periscelidus, phanicens, eucosmius, 
hypolismus, acrosnius, halibrectus, Trophon scitulus, disparilis, punc- 
trella (galeatea var. ?) major, solenya johnsoni, calyptogena pacifica 
(new genus and species of carditide), Limopsis vaginatus. All are 
West Coast forms, mostly from Alaska. We hope that illustrations 


48 THE NAUTILUS. 


of these will follow shortly. Trophon triangulatus is a fine species, 
resembling “ Chorus” Belcheri, but smaller, without the basal groove 
and tooth. It has probably escaped the notice of Dr. Dall that 
Belcheri is not a chorus at all, the type of that genus being C. gigan- 
teus Lesson, of Chili, a shell that looks like a big smoothish 
monoceros.—H. A. P. 


List or N. A. LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS RECEIVED FROM 
THE U.S. DEPT. oF AGRICULTURE, WITH NOTES AND COMMENTS 
THERON by RoBERT E.C.Srrearns. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.) The 
species noticed in this paper were mainly collected in Texas, Ari- 
zona and Wyoming. Helix humboldtiana Val., a Mexican species, ~ 
is added to our fauna, the single specimen being from. Altuda, Texas, 
at an elevation of 5000 ft. Dr. Stearns erroneously places this in 
the section Pomatia; but it by right belongs to the Arionta brother- 
hood, in Fischer’s section of Arionta called Odontura. H. (Poma- 
tia) aspersa, the common European edible snail, is in the National 
Museum from Puebla, Mexico. The members of the Academy of 
Science’s expedition to Mexico also found this shell very abundant 
around the City of Mexico, doubtless imported, as the species is an 
excellent traveller and successful emigrant. Dr. Stearns has been 
able to connect the Bulimulus Ragsdaler with B. dealbatus by inter- 
mediate examples, showing a gradual transition from the strongly 
ribbed to the smooth form. Under the old name B. alternatus are 
placed as synonyms, B. schiedcanus, B. patriarcha, B. marie and 
B. mooreanus. Iam quite disposed to accept this arrangement of 
our Bulimuli, and would add at least two of the Mexican so-called 
species to the list of synonyms under alternatus. A large number of 
new localities are quoted for other and well-known species.—H. A. P. 


THe NautTILus. 


VoL. v. SEPTEMBER, 1891. No. 5. 


LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED ON FAYAL ISLANDS, AZORES; AND 
ON MADEIRA ISLANDS; WITH PREFATORY NOTES. 


BY WILLIAM H. RUSH, M. D., U. S. NAVY. 


While serving as medical officer on board the Pennsylvania 
Nautical School-Ship Saratoga during the practice cruises of the 
year 1890 and the Spring of 1891, advantage was taken of the 
opportunities thus presented to collect any molluskan forms of animal 
life that by a little trouble and some searching could be found. No 
special outfit was provided other than the usual collecting box, with 
its forceps and knife, and the rake. Surface towing nets, made of 
the common bobinet, were used when sailing to collect the pelagic 
forms. ‘Two dredges were kindly loaned by the Smithsonian 
Institution but no opportunity presented for their use. 

During the cruises of the Summer of 1890, stops were made at 
Horta, Fayal Is. Azores; at Southampton, England, where no 
attempt at collecting was made although a few H.( Trichia) rufescens 
Pennant were taken at Netley Castle; and at Funchal, Madeira. 

During the stay at Horta two trips were made to the small fresh 
water pond in the extinct crater in the mountains, for the purpose 
of procuring a supply of Pisidium Dabneyi De Guerne; but not a 
single specimen rewarded the visits. The journeys were made on 
the back of a small donkey, which knowing animal, as soon as the 
higher parts of the mountains were reached, selected the deep ruts 
in which to walk, often leaving the rider, unless with special attention 
upon his part, stranded ; and the pleasures of the journey were not 
materially increased by the community of fleas inhabiting the hang- 


50 THE NAUTILUS. 


ings and cushions of the saddle. To reach the edge of the crater it 
took four hours; the donkey with the guide, and his yelling com- 
panions, were then left to amuse themselves while the descent 
into the crater was made. 

The crater is said to be seventeen hundred feet deep, and its sides 
are very steep so that the actual time of descent was quite small, 
but the amount of time, patience, wear and tear consumed in com- 
ing up was considerable. 

At Funchal, Madeira, the ascent to the mountains was made in a 
vehicle upon runners and drawn by oxen over roads laid with very 
small paving stones and often in patterns of ornamental designs. 
Upon arrival at the desired elevation, the oxen were detached, 
allowed leisurely to make their way down, and the vehicle was 
pulled to one side of the road to await the time for making the 
return trip. That time having arrived the sledge is pulled into 
position, a man, holding the steering rope attached to the fore cor- 
ner, stood upon each side, and then, with a shout, a push anda 
little confusion of the respiratory rhythm, away the whole affair 
goes amidst a great scattering of sparks, clouds of dust and a con- 
fusion of noises; but in an incredibly short time the trip was made 
that previously had taken the oxen a couple of hours to do. 


List of Species Collected. 


Argonanta argo L. A living specimen kindly presented by 
Mr. Dabney, Consul at Horta, Fayal Is. 

Purpura (Stramonita) hemastoma L. 

Triton nodiferus Lam. Two living specimens. 

Ranella (Lampas) scrobiculator Linn. One dead. 

Fusus rostratus Oliv. Dredged in 800 fms. near Graciosa Is. 
by the yacht L’Hirondelle, Duke of Monaco, kindness Mr. 
Dabney. 

6. Nassa (Hima) incrassata Strom. 

7. Mitra fusca Swainson. Is smaller but agrees in internal and 
external coloration with the specimen labelled M. Adansonii 
Phil., in Phila. Acad. Nat. Sciences. 

8. Olivella nivea Gmel. Pico Is. 

9. Columbella mercatoria Linn. 

10. Columbella (Nitidella) levigata Linn. Pico Is. 
11. Trivia pediculus Linn. Pico Is. 
12. Bittium reticulatum Da Costa. Pico Is. 


jak 


ef 


13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
£7. 


18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
50. 
dl. 
32. 


39. 
34. 
30. 
36. 
of. 
38. 
og. 
40). 
41. 
42. 
43. 
44, 
45, 
46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 


THE NAUTILUS. 51 


Littorina (Melaraphe) striata King. 

Littorina (Melaraphe) czerulescens Lam. 

Fossarus ambiguus Linn. 

Rissoa (Cingula) cingulus Mtg. 

Leptothyra carinata Cantr., var. peloritana Cantr. 800 fms., 
near Graciosa Is. 

Monodonta sauciata Koch. Madeira Is. 

Haliotis coccinea Rve. 

Patella vulgata Linn. Horta and Funchal. 

Patella Azorica Linn. Horta and Funchal. 

Bulla striata Briig. Pico Is. 

Hyalinia (Polita) cellaria Mull. Horta and Funchal. 
Hyalinia (Polita) erystallina Mull. Horta and Funchal. 
Hyalinia (Polita) atlantica Mull. Horta and Funchal. 

Helix (Patula) rotundata Mull. 

Helix (Acanthinula) monas Morelet. 

Helix (Caracolina) barbula Charp. 

Helix (Vallonia) pulcbella Mill. Horta and Funchal. 
Helix (Placentula) fictilis Lowe. Funchal. 

Helix (Placentula) vespertina Morelet. . 
Helix (Plebecula) nitidiuscula Sby. In the public garden at 


~ Funchal. 


Helix (Leptaxis) undata Lowe. Funchal. 

Helix (Leptaxis) Drouetiana Morelet. 

Helix (Leptaxis) Azorica Alb. Young specimens. 
Helix (Pomatia) aspersa Miller. | 
Helix (Cochlicella) ventricosa Drap. 

Buliminus (Ena) vulgaris Morelet. 

Buliminus (Ena) Hartungi Morelet. 

Buliminus (Ena) delibutus Morelet. 

Buliminus sp. 

Cionella (Zua) lubricus Mull. Horta and Funchal. 
Pupa (Leucochila) fuscidula M. & D. 

Pupa (Leucochila) microspora Lowe. 

Pupa (Leucochila) fasciolata M. & D. 

Pupa (Leucochila) umbilicata Drap. Horta and Funchal. 
Balea perversa L. 

Pedipes afra Gmel. 

Dentalium sp. 800 fms. L’Hirondelle. 

Strigilla carnaria Linn. Pico. Two odd valves. 


52 ‘THE NAUTILUS. 


51. Pisidium Dabneyi De Guerne. Kindness Mr. Dabney. 
52. Pinna rudis L. 

Where no locality is mentioned in the list, Horta, Fayal Islands, 
Azores, is to be understood. 


NOTES ON FAMILIAR MOLLUSKS. 


BY W. M. BEAUCHAMP. 


It is the custom to call Melantho rufus Hald., a variety of M. 
decisus Say, and there are some good reasons for this. It is more 
than a mere color variety, however, as those familiar with its habits 
know very well. The shell is usually grayer and more polished 
_ without, besides the rich purple within. It requires warmer water 
than M. decisus, and in New York is restricted to favorable localities, 
while the other has a very wide range. Those who have taken the 
animal from the shell, find that it has a greater muscular adhesion, 
not separating readily. The young mollusks have well marked 
‘features from the very first. Thus far in New York, I have found 
the shell only where canal boats have been. 

Some have also thought Valvata tricarinata and sincera Say, 
varieties of one species. There is little to suggest this in the forms 
or habits of these little shells. The outer appearance is very differ- 
ent, they have not the same haunts, nor do they eat the same food. 
If they are ever found together, it is in death rather than in life, as 
far as my experience goes. 

Bythinia tentaculata Linn, has become very abundant since I 
first reported it many years ago. ‘In portions of the Erie Canal it 
has driven out Gloniobasis livescens and Virginica, merely by eating 
up their food. It prefers canal waters to any other, as many species 
do. | 

In the Erie Canal I collected Pleurocera subulare Lea, but with 
this I found P. intenswm and pallidum, of the same author, which 
seem only varieties of the former. Mr. Tryon agreed with me in 
this. The variations are by no means as great asin Gon. Virginica 
Gmel.; in fact there seems little difference beyond the color and mark- 
ings. 

I have had Margaritana margaritifera Linn from tributaries of 
the Mohawk river, but nowhere west of these in New York.  Itis 


THE NAUTILUS. 53 


likely to occur elsewhere, as the Unionidae are not the worst of 
travellers. I once found a number of Anodonta Benedicti, which 
had been thrown ashore by the waves on Onondaga lake, raising 
themselves on edge and working their way to the water. Can any 
one point out an invariable feature distinguishing Unio radiatus 
and luteolus ? The distinctions do very well for some, but others 
seem a good deal mixed. Has not every collector some which he 
has not named ? 

Shells are not abundant in Colorado, and I took pleasure in show- 
ing the actions of Helix Cooperi W.G. B. to some there who had 
never seen a snail. This snail is abundant in Williams’ Cajfion, 
near Manitou, but I found it nowhere else, perhaps for want of time. 
In Cheyenne Cajion I collected some very small snails, which I 
unfortunately lost before identification. Conditions there are sel- 
dom favorable but something might be done by a zealous naturalist. 
For myself I confess that other things proved more attractive for 
the time. In the East, rocks are better collecting grounds, which 
reminds me how greatly Helix albolabris, on rocky islands, differs 
from the same shell in more fertile lands. 


A NOTE ON MR. PILSBRY’S “ ARTICLE IV.”’ 


BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, INSTITUTE OF JAMAICA, 
KINGSTON, JAMAICA. 


It is very unfortunate that so much discussion should seem nec- 
essary about Limacella or Philomycus, but I am obliged to add still 
a few remarks to remove what seems to be a slight misunderstanding. 
(1) Limacella Brard. My slug notes are not just now at hand, but 
I think I may safely assert that when Limacella was proposed in 
1815, the Limaz of modern authors was not specially provided with 
aname. The Linnean Jimaz included Arion, Limax, Agriolimax 
and even an Holis. The first mentioned species in the Linnean 
Limaz is what we now call an Arion (A. ater). Brard’s first Lima- 
cella, I believe was Limax maximus of modern authors. Thus, if we 
were to adopt a very strict rule of priority, we might write as fol- 
lows : 

Limax Linn. (=Arion Fér.) 
Limacella Brard (=Limax Auctt.) 


54 THE NAUTILUS. 


As indeed was done by Dr. Jousseaume. But Linné did not specify 
types in his genera, and there are good reasons for believing that he 
did not regard the first mentioned species specially as the type. 
Accordingly, Férusac having next proposed Arion for another 
division of Limaz L., we may adopt his name, and the residue (leav- 
ing out Eolis, the true affinities of which had been recognized mean- 
while) namely Agriolimax of modern authors, remains as Limaw L. 
Thus we get: 

Limax L. = Agriolimax Morch. 

Arion Feér. 

LTimacella Brard = Limax Auctt. 

I do not adopt this arrangement, because I do not consider that 
we can recognize Brard’s name, but this is the logical result if 
Limacella Brard be adopted. 

(2). Philomycus (or Inmacella) nebulosus. It is hardly fair to say 
that I give no characters for this, as I expressly state that it is the 
T. carolinensis of Binney, the anatomy, jaw, and other characters of 
which are well described in the Terr. Moll. U.S. Ibelieve still that 
it is distinct from true carolinensis, but I rejoice that Mr. Pilsbry is 
going to make a more careful study of these slugs, and if he finds 
after examining ample material that I was mistaken, nobody will 
more readily accept the fact than myself. 


MOLLUSKS OF SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY. 


BY WILLIARD M. WOOD, OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., AND WM. T. 
RAYMOND, OF OAKLAND, CAL. 


The following species have been collected by ourselves, with the 
exception of Alexia myosotis, Limnea nuttalliana, obrussa, Physa 
diaphana, Planorbis ammon and Ancylus fragilis, which are given 
on the excellent authority of Dr. Cooper and others. While the 
list is undoubtedly incomplete, we believe it indicates fairly well the 
molluscan fauna of this County. There is no evidence that Can- 
tharus gemmatus and Scala grenlandica have been found living 
here. Their occurrence on our beaches is probably accidental. 


THE NAUTILUS. . 55 


PELECYPODA. 


Ostrea lurida Cpr. 

Placunanomia macroschisma Desh. 

Pecten hastatus Sby. (valves). 

Hinnites giganteus Gray (valves). 
Mytilus edulis Linn. 

Mytilus edulis Linn., var. glomeratus Gld. 
Mytilus Californianus Conr. 

Adula stylina Cpr. 

Anodonta Oregonensis Lea (Nuttalliana Lea). 
Kellia Laperousii Desh. 

Cardium corbis Mart. 

Pisidium occidentale Newe. (abditium Hald.) 
Tapes staminea Conr. 

Tapes staminea, var. diversa Sby. 

Tapes staminea, var. ruderata Desh. 
Tapes tenerrima Cpr. 

Petricola carditoides Conr. 

‘Tellina Bodegensis Hds. (valves). 
Saxidomus aratus Gld. 

Macoma nasuta Conr. 

Matoma inquinata Conr. 

Macoma inconspicua B. & S. (valves). 
Angulus modestus Cpr. (valves). 

Angulus salmonea Cpr. (valves). 
Schizotherus Nuttallii Conr. 

Standella Californica Conr. (valves). 
Lyonsia Californica Conr. 

Lyonsia (Entodesma) saxicola Baird. 
Cryptomya Californica Conr. 

Mya arenaria Linn. (introduced). 
Saxicava arctica Linn. (? pholadis L.) 
Siliqua patula Dixon. 

Pholadidea penita Conr. 

Pholadidea penita var. parva Tryon. 
Zirpheea crispata Linn. (valves). 
Xylotrya setacea Tryon (pennatifera Blv.) 


56 THE NAUTILUS. 


GASTROPODA. 
A. pulmonata. 


Selenites Vancouverensis Lea. 

Limax campestris L. var. occidentalis Cooper. 

Limax campestris L. var. zonatipes Ckll. (MS) new variety. 
Limax Hewstoni Cooper. 

Zonites cellarius Mill. (introduced). 

Ariolimax Californicus Cooper. 

Punctum conspectum Bland. 

Helix Californiensis Lea. 

Var. Nickliniana Lea, (also albino form). 
Helix arrosa Gld. (Common in Marin county). 
Helix armigerus Ancey. 

Helix loricata Gld. 

Pupa Californica Rowell. 

Succinea Oregonensis Lea. 

Alexia myosotis Drap. (introduced). 
Limpea palustris Mull. 

Limnea palustris var. proxima Lea. 
Limneea palustris var. Nuttalliana L. 
Limneea palustris var. Rowellii Tryon. 
Limneea palustris var. umbrosa Say. 
Limneza palustris var. Traskii Tryon. 
Limnea Adelinae Tryon. 

Limnezea humilis Say. 

Limnea humilis var. ferruginea Hald. 
Limneea obrussa Say (desidiosa Say). 
Limnza bombycina Lunge (introduced). 
Physa Gabbi Tryon. 

Physa Gabbi var. D’Orbignyana Lea. 
Physa Gabbi var. Traskii Lea. 

Physa diaphana Tryon. 

Physa virginea Gld. 

Planorbis tumens Cpr. 

Planorbis ammon Gld. 

Planorbis opercularis Gld. 

Planorbis vermicularis Gld. 

Ancylus fragilis Tryon. 


THE NAUTILUS. 


B. Ctenobranchiata. 


Pleurotoma Carpenteriana Gabb. (fragment). 
Olivella biplicata Sby. (dead). 

Cantharus gemmatus Rve. (one only dead). 
Nassa fossata Gld. 

Nassa mendica Gld. 

Columbella (Amycla) carinata Hds. 


Columbella (Amycla) carinata, var. gausipata Gld. 


Ocinebra lurida Midd. 

Ocinebra interfossa Cpr. 

Cerostoma foliatum Gmel. 

Purpura saxicola Val. 

Purpura saxicola, var. ostrina Gld. 
Purpura saxicola, var. emarginata Desh. 
Purpura lima Mart. (canaliculata Desh.) 
Purpura crispata Chem., var. septentrionalis Rve. 
Monoceros engonatum Conr. 

Seala crebricostata Cpr. 

Scala greenlandica Perry. (one only, dead). 
Odostomia gravida Gld. 

Litorina planaxis Nutt. 

Litorina scutulata Gld. 

Lacuna porrecta Cpr. 

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. 

Pomatiopsis intermedia Tryon. 
Assiminea Californica Cooper. 
Crepidula navicelloides Nutt. 

Lunatia Lewisii Gld. (dead). 

Acmeza mitra Esch. 

Acmea pelta Esch. 

Acmzea persona Esch. 

Acmeza persona, var. umbonata Nutt. 
Acmea testudinalis L., var. patina Esch. 
Acmea testudinalis var. scutum Esch. 
Acmea testudinalis var. Cumingii Rve. 
Acmeea spectrum Nutt. 

Chlorostoma funebrale A. Ad. 
Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart. (dead). 
Glyphis aspera Esch. 

Fissurella voleano Rve. (dead). 


o7 


58 THE NAUTILUS. 


POLYPLACOPHORA. 
Cheetopleura Hartwegii Cpr. 
Tonicella lineata Wood. 
Ischnochiton Cooperi Cpr. 
Mopalia ciliata Sby. 
Mopalia ciliata, sub-species lignosa Gld. 
Mopalia ciliata, sub-species Hindsii Sby. 
Mopalia wossnessenskii Midd. 
Katherina tunicata Wood. 
Nuttallina scabra Rve. 
Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. (young). 


MOLLUSKS IN THE PORTLAND, OREGON, MARKET. 


BY HARRY E. DORE. 


Prof. Keep’s article in the January number of THe NAuTILus 
on the Mollusks in the San Francisco market interested me very 
much as it was in direct line with observations and notes made by 
me here in Portland a little more than a year ago. 

The small number of species which are usually exposed for sale 
is as noticeable here as it isin San Francisco though not so much 
to be wondered at for we are 120 miles from the ocean and further 
still from points whese the mollusks are to be found, but I find that 
occasionally something out of the ordinary run is sent to the fish 
dealers, as for instance: about three years ago the deep sea fisheries 
were first attempted and the schooner “Geo. H. Chance” started 
outside the Columbia River Bar from Astoria for fish. Through 
lack of experience the nets were thrown too deep and were badly 
cut by the large pectens, Amusiwm caurinum Gld. allowing many 
of the fish to escape. In the first shipment to Portland were about 
two dozen large fine examples of this beauty, nearly all of which 
I was fortunate enough to secure at a moderate price. I have never 
seen it in the market since. At another time I secured one very 
large and perfect example of Lunatia Lewisti Gld. sent with bivalves 
to the market. 

In this connection I will state that I remember when a boy and 
living in San Francisco that Macoma nasuta Conr. was commonly 
sold in the market; it was very abundant on the mud flats near Long 


THE NAUTILUS. 59 


Bridge in Mission Creek at that time. It is probably not sold there 
now or Prof. Keep would have included it in his list. 

There are practically but four species of mollusks sold commonly 
in the Portland fish markets: 

1st. The native oyster, Ostrea lurida Cpr. which is so abundant 
on Puget Sound and Shoal Water Bay. Nearly all of the oysters 
sold come from either Olympia, Wasb. or Oysterville, on Shoalwater 
Bay, Wash. The few eastern or transplanted oysters sold here 
are shipped from San Francisco. There are also a great many 
canned oysters sold here. 

2d. The hard shell clam has an excellent representative in Saat- 
domus squalidus Desh., which may prove to be merely a variety of 
S. nuttalli Conr. These come from Puget Sound and are very 
abundant, have a large, heavy shell and can be found at all times 
in the fish markets. They are cheap enough to be indulged in by 
all, selling for one cent apiece or even less. 

3d. Tapes staminea Conr. is also very common. ‘The variety sent 
here is larger and fuller than the variety usually sold in San Fran- 
cisco but not as finely sculptured. 

4th. Mya arenaria Linn. as well as Tapes staminea are sent here 
from Shoal Water Bay, Wash. It was introduced here from the 
Eastern States and grows to a very large size. 

By the above it would seem that Portland depends upon her 
neighboring state for her supply of shell fish. There is, however, a 
source of supply in Oregon which will become better known and 
its shell fish product more eagerly sought for in the near future— 
this is Yuquina Bay. Occasionally there are shipped to Portland a 
few sacks of Ostrea lurida and several boxes of the rock oyster, 
Pholadidea penita Conr. Newport, at the entrance to the bay, is 
the home of this fine piddock which attains large size and is excel- 
lent for eating. : 

Machera patula Dixon and Cardium corbis Mart. are also occa- 
sionally offered for sale in the Portland markets; and the Chinese 
eat the squid which is sometimes shipped here. 

The edible mussel, Mytilus edulis Linn. seldom finds its way so - 
far inland ; but still we seem to have our share of mollusks. 


60 THE NAUTILUS. 


[CONTRIBUTED.] 


AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


SEPTEMBER 9, 1891. 


Though the usual notes have not appeared for some time in the 
Navutiwus, the work of the Association goes on. Judging from the 
correspondence received, there has been much activity among the 
members during the last summer and much valuable material has 
been collected. Quite a number of new members have been enrolled, 
and the new “ List of Members,” which will contain all their names, 
will be ready not later than September 30th and probably by Sep- 
tember 20th. If there are any new names to be proposed send them 
to the Secretary. 

Two of our members, Chas. W. Johnson, Secretary of the Associa- 
tion, and Wm, J. Fox, brought back with them from their Jamaica 
trip last spring a large amount of valuable material, collected by 
them in that island. Most of it has been presented to the Academy 
of Natural Sciences and the Wagner Institute, Philadelphia. 

Prof. Benjamin Sharp, Corresponding Secretary of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences, was a member of the Peary Expedition to 
Greenland. He returned home on the 7th inst. 

George T. Marston, Green Bay, Wis., recently paid a visit to 
Philadelphia and inspected the U. 8. Collection. He expressed 
himself as much pleased with its progress. He has been on vacation 
for the benefit of his health. 

President Campbell paid a flying trip to Washington in the early 
part of August and was the recipient of much courtesy from Profes- 
sor Dall, of the Smithsonian Institute. Prof. Dall is up to his eyes 
in work, and is one of the busiest of our members. A painstaking, 
conscientious student, he does everything well and stands among 
the foremost of living conchologists to-day. The Government is 
fortunate in having such a man at the head of its conchological 
work. 

Vice-President Ford has been summering along the New Jersey 
Coast and discovered several “finds” of living Naticas, Fulgurs, 
Solens, ete. He got tired collecting them, the specimens were so 
numerous. ‘There is no man in the United States, who can clean, 
prepare and mount shells as beautifully as Mr. Ford. His private 
collection, a labor of love for more than thirty years, is one of the 
finest in the country. 


Tue NavtTILus. 


VOL. v. OCTOBER, 1891. No. 6. 


MOLLUSKS OF SPOON RIVER, ILL. 


BY DR. W. 8. STRODE, BERNADOTTE, ILL. 


Spoon river is a tributary of the Illinois. Fora hundred miles 
from its junction with that stream its average width is about one 
hundred and fifty feet. It is a clear, swift-running stream, pursuing 
a sinuous course through a valley a half mile wide. Its banks are 
fringed by willows that here and there sweep the current in rhythmi- 
cal response to every passing breeze. Overshadowing this border 
are silver-leafed maples, elms, and intertwining undergrowth, and 
beyond, towering above all like gigantic sentinels, stand the monarchs 
of the forest—giant sycamores. 

No systematic study of the mollusks of this river has ever been 
made. Prof. Jno. Wolf, an aged naturalist of Canton, Ill., has 
made some researches, and probably knows more of the mollusks of 
the Illinois and Spoon Rivers than does any other living man, but 
he has written little of his discoveries. 

Some of the Unios found, attain a size and perfection of form 
rarely equalled by shells of the same species found elsewhere. This 
perfection is due to the fact that each species finds in the variety of 
deep and shallow water, swift and sluggish currents, deposits of 
black mud, blue clay, sand, rock, and gravel, or a mixture of all 
these, the environment most suitable for perfect development. 

Specimens of U. multiplicatus have been found over eight inches 
in length, and weighing three pounds. Margaritana complanata also 


62 THE NAUTILUS. 


grows very large, one specimen found two years ago being nine 
inches long. 

A half a mile below the milldam at Bernadotte there is a noted 
mussel bed where for many years the fishermen have resorted for 
bait for their trout lines; here in a few minutes an ample supply of 
big fat mussels was to be had, and a catch of the toothsome channel 
cat assured. If an eel was desired the red meat of a trigonus was 
thought to be almost a sure means of luring the slippery Anguillide. 
Here within a space of two feet square I have taken at one time © 
such species as Unio plicatus, ventricosus gibbosus, asperrimus, 
pustulosus, tuberculatus, anodontoides, and Marg. rugosa. A little 
higher up in deeper water and muddier banks U. multiplicatus, 
and Marg. complanata were plentiful. A little lower down, where 
there was much sand, the U. occidens and anodontoides could be 
found by tracing the path made by them in moving about. A 
half mile further down stream are great ledges of rocks that in 
places project far out over the water. This is a favorite resort for 
pic-nics, fishing parties, and experts at throwing the gig or fish-spear 
can sometimes obtain fine buffalo or catfish that are disporting 
under the shadows of these immense rocks. 

At this picturesque point are to be found in considerable numbers, 
U. trigonus, gracilis, pustulosus, tuberculatus, and Jlevissimus. 
The latter, up to date, I have not succeeded in finding in any other 
location on the river. 

Above the dam, where the water for a distance of five miles is 
from eight to fourteen feet deep, the Ano. grandis and the little U. 
parvus are the main shells. Here also are to be found many Sphe- 
rium solidulum, and Paludina integra. The Physa heterostropha 
and Somatogyrus subglobosus I find below in more shallow water. 

On a large moss-covered rock I found at one time last fall large 
numbers of Plewrocera Lewisii, and in a few minutes gathered an 
oyster-can full. Visiting the locality again a few days later not 
one could I find, nor could I again locate them during the season. 

The pearl craze struck this village last fall and wagon loads of 
the larger species were carried ashore and eagerly opened with the 
expectation of finding pearls that would at once enrich the pos- 
sessor. ‘The mussel bed before mentioned was almost annihilated. 
The final summing up showed about one hundred pearls of various 
sizes and colors. These were sent to Geo. F. Kunz, gem expert with 
Tiffany & Co., N. Y., who reported them of little or no value. 


‘ 


THE NAUTILUS. 63 


I append a list of the mollusks that I have found to date. 


Unio multiplicatus Lea. Unio ventricosus Barnes. 
plicatus LeS. luteslus Lam. 
anodontoides Lea. ligamentinus Lam. 
rectus Lam. lacrymosus Lea. 
gracilis Barnes. cornutus Barnes. 
alatus Say. © elegans Lea. 
pustulosus Lea. zigzag Lea. 
tuberculatus Barnes. Marg. rugosa Barnes. 
metanevrus Raf. complanata Barnes. 
trigonus Lea. Anodonta grandis Say. 
coccineus Lea. | edentula Say. 
fragosus Cond. plana Lea. 
verrucosus Barnes. Paludina integra Say. 
parvus Barnes. Physa heterostropha Say. 
occidens Lea. Somatogyrus subglobosus Say. 
gibbosus Barnes. Spherium solidulum Prime. 
laevissimus Lea. Pleurocera lewisii Lea. 


asperrimus Lea. 


LOCAL VARIATION. 


BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY. 


A good title for nature would be “ Unity differentiated,” and the 
words may be used uot only of the whole, but of any part. Take 
as examples, the cell with its modifications, the class mollusca 
and its species, (an excellent comment on the variations as contribu- 
ted by Mr. Chas. T. Simpson, to the February NautiLus and 
reminds the writer of a few which are noted below.) 

A large continent is a grand field for the evolution of many varie- 
ties. Yet small areas often afford excellent examples of local varia- 
tion. I mention a few as seen in this State. 

Examples of Fusus Islandicus Gmel., from Eastport, Old 
Orchard or the Sheepscote now are before me. Specimens with 
about the same number of whorls vary greatly in size, being 3; 
32, and 12 inches respectively. The color variations are also 
marked. 


64 THE NAUTILUS. 


At Eastport numerous specimens of Chiton marmoreus Fabry. 
are found. In the midst of two hundred individuals distinctly 
marked with shades of red, one specimen was found whose color was 
a clear blue, a striking contrast in a species where there is much 
similarity. 

Buecinum undatum Linn. is famous for its color variations. Its 
form is strikingly modified. ‘Two specimens before me have the fol- 
lowing characters. Length 23, divergence 75°, and length 4 inches, 
divergence 50°. They are from near Eastport and Old Orchard 
respectively. The deep water specimens near Old Orchard are apt 
to be elongated. At the northern end of Grand Manan, (near East- 
port) a variety occurs which has no waves, and is thus deprived of 
the very characteristic which gives the name undatum to the species. 

Purpura lapillus Lamarck, is also famous for its variation in 
color; black, white and orange may be found, with multitudes of 
mixtures. The variation in thickness isconspicuous. Asarule this 
may be explained by its surroundings. Individuals on the open 
coast, exposed to the surf, are thick shelled, and in sheltered bays a 
thin shell suffices. I was much puzzled last summer to find them 
extremely thick at a point ten miles from the sea on the Sheepscote 
river. The situation being most sheltered I could not account for 
this extra strength. There is a possible explanation in the climate. 
The temperature at the sea shore is very much warmer than ten 
miles inland. Perhaps there is a protection against the cold in this 
case, where the surf is certainly not responsible. 

The fauna of the Sheepscote river has an unusual combination. 
As mentioned in a previous article, oysters are found living at a 
point some fifteen miles inland. There are representations of a 
more southern fauna a few miles nearer the sea, Pecten tenwicostatus 
Mighels & Adams is very abundant. ‘To return to the example 
mentioned, 7. e. Purpura lapillus and its dwelling place, we may 
observe another variation. The removal of a long pile from the 
bridge gave me a chance to examine the mollusca attached to it. 
Mytilus edulis, Linn. was conspicuous, also Saxicava and others. 
Those living in the deep water were delicate in color and texture, 
resembling forms found in warm water. Directly over these, 
between tide marks, occur specimens, as above noted, of extremely 
thick shells. These are but chance examples to illustrate a varia- 
tion which is as great as that seen in the human race. Could we 
perfect our knowledge of the lower forms we could name them as 


THE NAUTILUS. 65 


individuals as we do men, and feel that each had some marks even 
though slight, to distinguish him from his companions. 


LIST OF SPECIES COLLECTED ON THE ISLANDS ST. THOMAS, ST. 
KITTS, BARBADOS, JAMAICA, AND AT PENSACOLA, FLOR- 
IDA ; WITH PREFATORY NOTES. 


—_ —— 


BY WILLIAM H. RUSH, M. D., U. & N. 


The first four months of 1891 were spent by the Pennsylvania 
School Ship Saratoga in cruising in the West Indies, the stops being 
at Bridgetown, Barbados; at Basseterre, St. Christopher’s Island ; 
at Charlotte-Amalia ; at Kingston, Jamaica, and at Pensacola, Fla. 
At Bridgetown, St. Leonard’s Church-yard and St. Agnes’ Ceme- 
tery were the chief resorts. In the former were seen many speci- 
mens of Bulimus oblongus, Mill, all buried, to within a whorl or 
two of the apex, in the damp-ground next to the vaults and under 
the roots of trees. They appear to be night vrowlers as the sexton 
stated that he had often observed them walking at night, especially 
when moonlight. Their eggs were discovered around the roots of 
trees upon the surface of the ground, but none were found buried 
with the animal in the burrow in the earth. 

In the latter cemetery were taken specimens of Helix, Streptazis, 
Stenogyra and Bulimulus. 

A narrow-gauge railroad crosses the island from Bridgetown to 
the eastern coast and advantage was taken of it to make a trip to 
Bathsheba Beach. 

At all the other islands carriage hire was too expensive and the 
time at my disposal too short for any extended trip, so footing it 
was resorted to as the only way to reach reasonably near hunting 
grounds. In this manner the deep gorges up in the mountains of 
St. Kitts, at an elevation of one or two thousand feet, were visited, 
and the delightful view from that elevation, the cool continuous 
trade wind, and the beautiful forms of vegetation almost caused the 
object of the journey to be forgotton. However, many specimens of 
Bulimulus, Helicina, Helix and Amphibulima were taken. 

On Jamaica, Long Mt. and Rockfort, both near Kingston, were 
visited at the suggestion of Mr. Henry Vendryes. At Mona House, 


66 THE NAUTILUS. 


Long Mt., thousands of dead specimens of the genera Helix, Cylin- 
drella, Cyclotus, Choanopoma, etc. were observed, but only a few liv- 
ing Lucidella aureola Fér., were found. At Rockfort Orthalicus 
undatus Beck were seen estivating and a supply obtained, each 
epiphragm being carefully preserved. 

At Pensacola two cemeteries were visited. In the older one Helia 
(Deedalochila) pustula Fér., were tolerably abundant, and a few 
Hyalinia. In the newer one Helix (Mesodon) jejuna Say, var. Mobi- 
liana Lea, were seen in great numbers. As the soil is very sandy 
and as it had rained the night before, each shell was covered with a 
small heap of sand. They were found on the head and foot stones 
and on posts. They had crawled up from one to two feet from the 
ground. 

The following are the lists for the regions visited : 


West Indian Islands. 


Where no locality is mentioned it is to be understood that the 
specimens were found equally abundant at Barbados, St. Kitts and 
St. Thomas. No marine forms were collected at Kingston, Jamaica. 


1. Hyalea limbata D’Orb. Surface N. Atlantic Ocean. 

2.. Hyaleea gibbosa Rang. Surface N. Atlantic Ocean. 

3. Cleodora pyramidata D’Orb. Surface N. Atlantic Ocean. 

4. Styliola subula Quoy and Gaimard. Surface N. Atlantic 
Ocean. 

5. Styliola, (Hyalocylix) striata Rang. Surface N. Atlantic 
Ocean. 


6. Cuvieria columella Rang. Surface N. Atlantic Ocean. 

7. Murex (Chicoreus) brevifrons Lam. St. Thomas. 

8. Murex (Chicoreus) pomum Gmel. St. Thomas. 
9. Purpura patula Linn. 

10. Purpura hemastoma Linn. 

11. Purpura undato Lam. 

12. Purpura deltoidea Lam. 

13. Ricinula (Sistrum) nodulosa Ad. St. Thomas. 

14. ‘Triton nobilis Conrad. Purchased at St. Thomas. 

15. Triton (Simpulum) pilearis Linn. St. Thomas. 

16. Fasciolaria tulipa Linn. 

17. Fasciolaria distans Lam. 

18. Leucozonia cingulifera Lam. Bathsheba. 

19. Cantharus Coromandelianus Lam. Bathsheba. 


20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24, 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
dl. 
32. 
33. 
34, 
30. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
42, 
43. 
44, 
45, 
46. 
47. 
48, 
49, 
50. 


51. 
52. 
53. 
54. 
55. 
56. 
57. 
58. 


lord 


THE NAUTILUS. 67 


Phos Guadeloupensis Petit. St. Thomas. 

Nassa, vibex Say. St. Thomas. 

Mitra Barbadensis Gmelin. St. Thomas. 

Olivella sp. St. Thomas. 

Columbella mercatoria Linn. St. Thomas. 

Columbella (Nitidella) leevigtata Linn. 

Columbella (Nitidella) cribaria Lam. St. Kitts. 
Columbella sp. Barbabos. 

Conus mus Hwass. Barbados. 

Pleurotoma (Drillia) fuscescens Gray. Barbados. Semi-fossil. 
Strombus pugilus Linn. Purchased at St. Thomas. 
Strombus gallus Linn. Purchased at Barbados. 

Cassis flammea Linn. Purchased at Barbados. 
Cyprecassis testiculus Linn. Barbados. 

Vermetus varians D’Orb. St. Thomas. 

Eulima Jamaicensis C. B. Ad. St. Thomas. 

Littorina nodulosus Gmel. 

Littorina muricatus Linn. 

Littorina ziezac Chem. 

Littorina meleagus Beck. St. Thomas. 

Littorina sp. Barbados. 

Modulus lenticularis Chem. St.Thomas. 

Planaxis lineatus Da Costa. 

Planaxis nucleus Lam. 

Litiopa bombyx Rang. On gulf-weed, N. Atlantic Ocean. 
Cerithium (Lampanella) minimus Gmel. 

Cerithium (Lampanella) minimus vas se temstriatum Say. 
Cerithium (Lampanella) atratum Born. St. Thomas. 
Rissoina (Schwartziella) Chesnelii Mich. St. Thomas. 
Rissoina sp. St. Thomas. 

Choanopoma interruptum Lam. Two dead and badly 
weather-worn specimens, Long Mt. 

Tudora fecunda Ad. All dead, from Long Mt. 

Cyclotus Jamaicensis Ch. All dead, from Long Mt. 
Helicina sp. St. Kitts. 

Helicina Antillarum Sby. St. Kitts. 

Helicina induta Shuttl. St. Thomas. 

Helicina convexa Pfr. Bridgetown. 

Lucidella aureola Fér. Long Mt. 

Nerita fulgurans Gmel. 


68 


59. 
60. 
61. 
62. 
63. 
64. 
65. 
66. 
67. 
68. 
69. 
70. 
71. 
72. 
793. 
7A. 
70. 
76. 
Wie 
78. 
79, 
80. 
81. 
82. 
83. 
84. 
85. 
86. 
87. 
88. 
89. 
90. 
shile 
oz. 
93. 
94. 
95. 
96. 
97. 
98. 


THE NAUTILUS. 


Nerita tessellata Gmel. 

Nerita peloronta Linn. 

Nerita versicolor Gmel. 

Neritina virginea Linn. St. Thomas. 
Phasianella (Tricolia) umbilicata D’Orb. St. Thomas. — 
Astralium (Lithpoma) tuber Linn. 

Astralium brevispina Lam. St. Thomas. 

Livona pica Linn. 

Chlorostoma maculostriatum C. B. Ad. St. Thomas. 
Chlorostoma scalare Anton. St. Kitts. 

Chlorostoma fasciatum Born. St. Kitts. 
Chlorostoma excavatum Lam. 

Chlorostoma sp. St. Kitts. 

Fissurella (Cremides) nimbosa Linn. 

Fissurella (Cremides) nodosa Bom. 

Fissurella (Cremides) barbadensis Gmel. 

Glyphis listeri d’Orb. St. Thomas. 

Glyphis alternata Say. 

Subemarginula octoradiata Gmel. St. Thomas. 
Acmeea cubensis Rve. Barbados. 

Acmeea candeana d’orb. St. Kitts. 

Acmeea punctulata Lam. St. Thomas. 
Lepidopleurus pectinatus Say. Barbados. 
Lepidopleurus productus Rve. St. Thomas. 
Lophyrus marmoratus Chem. 

Lophyrus squamosus Linn. and vars. 

Lophyrus fasciatus Wood. 

Lophyrus assimilis Rve. 

Lophyrus ? viridis Spengl. St. Thomas. 
Acanthopleura piceus Gmel. 

Atlanta peronti Les. Surface N. A. Ocean. 
Oxygyrus keraudrenti Rang. Surface N. A. Ocean. 
Bulla striata Brug. St. Thomas. 
Aplysia sp. St. Thomas. 

Aplysia sp. St. Thomas. 

Streptaxis deformis Fér. Bridgetown. 

Hyalinia incisa Pfr. St. Kitts. 

Hyalinia indentatus Say. Pensacola, Fla. 

Helix (Microphysa) vertex Pfr. St. Thomas. 
Helix (Microphysa) subaquila Shuttl. Barbados. 


99, 
100. 
101. 
102. 
103. 
104. 
105. 
106. 
107. 
108. 
109. 
110. 
111. 
$19. 
113. 
114. 
115. 
116. 
TT. 
118. 
119. 
120. 
O40 
£57 
123. 
124, 
£555. 
126. 
12%, 
128. 
129. 
130. 
131. 
132. 
133. 
134, 
135. 
136. 
137. 
138. 


THE NAUTILUS. 69 


Helix (Microphysa) sincera ad. Long Mt. 
Helix (Microphysa) perdepressa ad. Long Mt. 
Helix (Sagda) jayanard. Long Mt. 

Helix (Deedalochila) pustula Fer. Pensacola, Fla. 


Helix (Mesodon) jejuna Say var. Mobiliana Lea. Pensacola. 


Helix (Doreasia) similaris Fer. Bridgetown. 
Helix (Lucerna) sinuata Mill. Long Mt. dead spec. 
Helix (Lucerna) acuta Lam. var. lamarckii Fer. Long Mt. 
Bulimus oblongus Mull. Barbados. 
Bulimulus multifasciatus Lam. St. Kitts. 
Bulimulus exiles Gmel. 

Amphibulima patula Brug. St. Kitts. 
Orthalicus undatus Brug. Rockfort, Jam. 
Orthalicus zebra Mill. Bridgetown. 
Stenogyra beckiana Pfr. Bridgetown. 
Stenogyra octona Ad. 

Stenogyra subula Pfr. Long Mt. 

Stenogyra octonoides Ad. Bridgetown. 
Stenogyra leviusculus Ad. Jamaica. 
Cylindrella brevis Pfr. Long Mt. 

Cylindrella minuda Ad. Long Mt. 

Succinea augustior Ad. Rockfort. 

Succinea barbadensis Pfr. Bridgetown. 
Succinea approximans Shuttl. St. Thomas. 
Succinea sp. St. Kitts. 

Melampus pusillus? Gmel. St. Kitts. 

Pedipes mirabilis Muh]. Bathsheba and St. Kitts. 
Physa jamaicensis Ad. St. Thomas. 

Macoma constricta Burg. St. Kitts. 
Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta Gmel. St. Kitts. 
Donax denticulatus Linn. St. Kitts. 

Venus cancellata Chem. St. Thomas. 

Venus granulata Gmel. St. Thomas. 

Chama lazarus Linn. St. Thomas. 

Lucina trigerina L. 

Arca gradata Brod. 

Arca nos D’Orb. St. Thomas. 

Arca fusca Brug. Yg. of St. Thomas. 

Arca barbata Linn. Yg. of St. Kitts. 
Mytilus exustus Linn. 


70 THE NAUTILUS. 


139. Perna alatus Gmel. 

140. Lima scabra Born. St. Kitts. 

141. Semele decussata Gray. St. Thomas. 
142. Semele orbiculataSay. St. Thomas. 


SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL VARIETIES OF AGRIOLIMAX 
AGRESTIS (L.) 


BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. 


As this species is now quite extensively naturalized in America, 
and varies considerable, it is of interest to ascertain what varieties 
exist on this continent, and whether they are identical with those of 
Europe. The following table has been prepared as a guide to the 
identification of the more usual forms. In some cases varietal 
names have been interpreted rather more widely than used by their 
original authors, but a certain amount of modification must be 
allowed under varietal groupings, just as examples of a species must 
be admitted to diverge from the original type. 


A. Without Spots. 


(1) Ashy or pale ochreous” - - : - - *typicus Less & Poll. 
(2) Reddish-ochre - - - - - -  vrufescens Less & Poll. 
(3) Reddish-ochre above, white beneath - - *succineus Westerlund. 
(4) Yellowish-amber, tentacles bluish-brown - - xanthosoma Fischer. 
(5) Purplish or lilac-brown - . - - - - lilacinus Mog. 
(6) Grey, rather dark - - : - - - - - griseus Ckll. 
(7) Greyish-white, mantle darker - - - - : cineraceus Moq. 
(8) Whitish or nearly white - - - - - -  *albidus Picard. 
(9) Albino - - - - : - - - - - albus Ckll. 
(10) Very dark brown - - - : - - - -  tristis Mogq. 
(11) Black - - - - - : - - - niger Butterell. 
B. Spotted or blotched. 
(12) With numerous black or blackish points - - - punctatus Picard. 
(13) With grey or blackish mottling - *sylvaticus Moq. (non Drap.) 


(14) Often reddish; spots blackish, inclining to reticulation on body 
*veticulatus Moq. 
(15) Grey, with black spots or mottling, tentacles fuscous *varzans Westerlund. 
(16) Grey, with black markings tending to coalesce, tentacles dark 
nigricans Westerlund. 
(17) Reddish-ochre, with obscure brownish mottling or brown spots. 
*obscurus Moq. 


THE NAUTILUS. rat 


The varieties marked with an asterisk have been found in Amer- 
ica. I have seen no American varieties that differ at all from those 
of Europe. Vars. sylvaticus, varians and succineus were sent to me 
by Mr. H. F. Wickham, who collected them at Portland, Oregon. 
This is, I believe, the first record of the species from the Pacific 
coast, but Mr. W. G. Binney informs me that he has L. agrestis 
from San Francisco. 


NOTES AND EXCHANGES. 


WESTERN RANGE OF BYTHINIA TENTACULATA.—This intro- 
duced European species is rapidly spreading in America, having 
already invaded a large part of Canada and New York. It has 
recently been found by Wm. H. DeCamp, M. D., in Black Lake, 
Ottawa Co., Michigan. Dr. DeCamp has deposited specimens in 
the collection of the American Association of Conchologists. 


HELIX ASPERSA IN CALIFORNIA.—Apropos of the remarks in 
the August Nautilus on Prof. R. E. Stearns’ “ List,” recording this 
snail from Puebla, Mexico, reminds me that I have some fine speci- 
mens of Helix (Pomatia) aspersa, collected in a garden in the city 
of San Jose, Santa Clara County, California, some twelve years ago; 
they were doubtless introduced by some of the European resi- 
dents of that place. Lorenzo G. Yates, Santa Barbara, Cal., Sept. 
1891. 


ExcHAnGcrE.—W hat am I offered in exchange for a collection of 
California Land, Fresh-water and Marine shells containing 65 
species and numbering 130 specimens? Have plenty of duplicate 
sets of the above collection. Address, Williard M. Wood, C. C., 
2817 Clay Street, San Francisco, Cal. 


DR. GEORGE HEWSTON 
Diep Sept. 4, 1891. 


Dr. George Hewston, well-known to most American conchologists 
for his great interest in shells, died Sept. 4, at his residence, 1132 
Sutter street, San Francisco, California, from Bright’s disease of 
the kidneys. He was born at Philadelphia on Sept. 11, 1826, 


72 THE NAUTILUS. 


graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, and for a short 
period was demonstrator of anatomy in the Philadelphia College 
of Medicine. Dr. Hewston removed to San Francisco in 1860 and 
has practiced medicine there ever since. In addition he served one 
term as a member of the Board of Supervisors and at the time of 
his death was second Vice-President of the Academy of Sciences 
and Past Grand Master of Apollo Lodge, Independent Order of 
Odd Fellows. Dr. Hewston was for many vears an enthusiastic 
collector and student of shells. Several species discovered by him 
bear hisname. Dr. Hewston leaves a widow, two sons and daughter, 
as well as a large circle of friends and correspondents to mourn his 
loss. 


NEW PUBLICATIONS. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GroLogy oF Mrssourr. By F. A. 
Sampson. Published by the Geological Survey of Missouri. Mr. 
Sampson has given to the compilation of this bibliography the labor 
of several years. The result, an 8vo. of 178 pages, leaves little to 
be desired, and will be found indispensable to the student of the 
geology or paleontology of Missouri. Under each title, a brief 
résumé of the contents, or list of species described in each publica- 
tion, is given. ‘The amount of investigation and labor required for 
the production of such a volume can be appreciated only by those 
who have attempted similar projects. Mr. Sampson is to be con- 
gratulated upon the completion of his work—H. A. P. 


List oF SHELLS CoLLECTED ON THE West Coast oF SouTH 
AMERICA, etc. (From Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiv, pp. 807-335). 
By Robt. E. C. Stearns, Adjunct Curator, Dept. of Moll., U. 8. Nat. 
Mus. <A valuable contribution to our knowledge of the distribu- 
tion of West American mollusks, with critical notes in Dr. Stearns 
inimitable style. A new species, Tectarius atyphus, from Manta, 
Equador, is named but not described.—H. A. P. 


mae WN AUTILUS. 


VOL. v. NOVEMBER, 1891. No. 7 


A BYSSUS IN UNIO. 


BY DR. V. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO. 


In the early morning of Oct. 2nd, while collecting “ mussels” in 
the Tuscarawas river, I founda young specimen of Unio ligamentinus 
Lam., 27 mill. long, with a thread-like byssus 8 inches long, at the 
distal end attached to a small stone of about 8 mill. diameter. The 
whole thing was wound up, wrapped in a paper and put in the 
pocket. Several hours later, when I had time to look at it, the 
thread was dry, brittle, and broke, becoming detached from the stone. 
Thus the object was put in water with some glycerine and carbolic 
acid, for microscopic examination, for which I found leisure two 

days later. 

The thread was now rather dark-brown in coloration, while, when 
fresh, it had shown different shades from horn color to light-brown; 
as far as seen in the shell—4-5 mill —it still was colorless. Irregularly 
cylindric or somewhat flattened, it had a diameter varying from 
0°18-0°26 mill. The distal end, where it had been attached to the 
stone, was flattened and split into several irregular flat filaments, 
while the proximal end, which now slipped out of the shell as soon 
as I laid hold on it with the pincers, was thickened to ashort bulb of 
0-42 mill. in diameter. 

The inner or main part of this byssus is composed of hundreds of 
finest fibres, of different diameters from about 0°0015-0:007 ; but 
many of them still show more or less distinct longitudinal striation. 
Even at the proximal or bulb end I could not see any other forma- 
tion. Outside of this cord of fibres there is a cortical layer of a 


T4 THE NAUTILUS. 


different structure; it shows a somewhat irregular, more or less 
oblique and waving, but in general transverse, i. e. circular stria- 
tion. These undulations are almost everywhere of two different 
kinds; larger, averaging in width from 0:01 to 0°022° mill., and 
smaller, between them, about 0°004, also only 0:007 mill. In many 
places the two systems are not distinct, and in others the undulations 
are mingled with similar figures of quite irregular form and distribu- 
tion. On the youngest part, that is the inner end near the bulb, 
there is nothing of this transverse striation, but in its place a 
rather thick layer of spindle cells of about 0°006 mill. diameter, 
more or less transversely arranged, which become the longer and 
narrower as they are farther from the bulb, and it is evident that 
the circular striation is derived from these cells. Some acetic acid 
added brought to appearance the endoplasts (nuclei) in some of the 
cells, but not very distinctly; probably the object was not fresh 
enough. 

It is to be expected that more such specimens will be found, also 
of other species of Unionide; for U. ligamentinus is hardly the only 
one to have a byssus long after the embryonic stage. And some 
points, in which my examination was not sufficient, may then be 
better ascertained. 


CRITICAL NOTES ON EASTERN TEXAS UNIONIDE. 


BY H. A. @eESBRY. 


A collection of Uniones lately obtained by the writer from Mr. 
W. L. McDaniel of Tyler, Texas, has given new localities for a 
number of species, as well as occasion for notes on their synonyae 
and relationships. 

The species of the southern Mississippi River, described originally 
from Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas, will mostly be found in 
eastern Texas, and constitute nearly the entire naiad fauna of that 
region. There are besides these, a few forms common to the whole 
Mississippi drainage, and found also in the Alabama basin, and a 
few peculiarjto Texas and Mexico, the latter becoming more and 
more numerous as we travel southward. 

Most of the characteristically Texan species belong to Mississippi 
River types, a circumstance which first struck me when working up 


- THE NAUTILUS. 75 


the Uniones collected by myself in Texas, during two visits some 
years ago. 

In the matter of synonyms I have mentioned only such indispu- 
table facts as have forced themselves to my notice while identifying 
the specimens in hand. Far more extensive name duplication 
exists in many cases. 

It has been obvious to me for years that Lea’s system of sections 
founded on contour, for the classification of Unionide, is hopelessly 
and radically wrong. It builds up false groups in about nine cases 
out of ten. Lea doubtless knew this as well as we, intending his 
system merely to be a convenient working guide. In this case, as 
in most others, the natural system will supercede the artificial, as it 
will, when well worked up, be found vastly more convenient. 

One of the main characters of the new system will be the sculpture 
of the beaks, which is greatly varied in the different types, and 
remarkably constant specifically. The importance of collecting 
young with old specimens cannot be too strongly impressed upon the 
field naturalist. The character of being winged over the hinge- 
ligament is of minor importance. Lea’s alate group including a 
number of very diverse types. 

Among the more prominent groups represented in the collection 
here commented on, are the group of U. plicatus; the group of U. 
parvus (including parvus, Bealei, Texasensis, Sayi, camptodon, ete., 
etc.); the group of U. pustulosus, Gneluding Houstonensis, and 
nodiferus below, and a number of northern species); the group of 
U. alatus (including purpuratus, alatus, levissimus, etc., etc.) 

The species are as follows: 

U. plicatus Les. Leon Cr., Lee Co., Texas. Common and 
typical at least as far south as the Colorado River at Austin. 

U. trapezoides Lea. Sabine River, Shelby Co., and Neches River 
near Tyler, Texas. Say’s name interruptus has priority, despite 
Lea’s assertion to the contrary, but it had better be dropped on 
account of the earlier interruptus of Rafinesque, Conrad, et al. 

U. perplicatus Conrad. Big Eddy in Neches River near Tyler, 
Texas. Apparently distinct from the numerous plicate Uniones 
of Texas, many of which are mere varieties. 

U. Chunii Lea. Big Eddy in Neches River near Tyler, Texas. 
Belongs to the trigonus group, but is far less angular. It is very 
variable. 


76 THE NAUTILUS. 


U. castaneus Lea. Neches River near Tyler, Texas. A compact 
little shell, described originally from Alabama. Specimens from 
“ Ouichita, Kansas” are also before me. Mr. Simpson called my 
attention to the identity of these specimens with the Alabama 
species. 

U. Houstonensis Lea. West Yegua Creek, Lee Co., Texas. A 
smooth species of the U. pustulosus group. It is somewhat allied to 
U. petrinus Gld., an unfigured species of which U. Bollit Call is a 
synonym. 

U. nodiferus Conrad. Big Eddy in Neches River near Tyler, 
Texas. Lea unites this with his Schoolcraftii, but it is apparently as 
distinct as most of the pustulosus group. 

U.asper Lea. Kickapoo Creek, Henderson Co., and Neches River 
at Tyler, Texas. This Janus looks on one side toward apiculatus 
Say, and on the other in the direction of Jachrymosus Lea and 
fragosus Con. Some queer episodes will sometime be revealed in the 
family history of the “ apiculatide.” The mingling of blood has 
been something scandalous. 

U. tuberculatus Barnes. Neches River near Tyler, Texas. Some 
specimens have the tubercles arranged very distinctly in V-shaped 
rows, as in Unio apiculatus Say. In fact, tuberculatus belongs to 
this same group, despite its different contour. This shell is found 
throughout the Mississippi (including Ohio and Missouri) drainages, 
as well as in the Alabama River. Some southern specimens have 
the nacre pink, a character I have never observed in Northern 
shells. 

U. Berlandiervi Lea. Colorado River near Austin. This is very 
closely allied to U. Tampicoensis and U. Tecomatensis of Lea. 
Belongs to the group of U. crassidens Lam. 

U. purpuratus Lam. Big Eddy in Neches River near Tyler, 
Texas. Stands between alatws and coloradoensis. Lea gives the 
correct synonymy. 

U. Hydianus Lea. Kickapoo Creek, Henderson Co.; Neches 
River near Tyler, and Texarkana, Texas. An apparently distinct 
species of the duteolus type. Varies in color from black to yellow 
or red rayed with green. The males and females are notably dis- 
similar in form, as in U. luteolus, etc. Compare U. approximus 
Lea. 

U. Bealei Lea. Near Forney, Texas. Closely allied to U. Tewas- 
ensis Lea, but the teeth are much more compressed. 


THE NAUTILUS. 77 


U. Texasensis Lea. Wimberly Lake, Lee Co., Texas. Allied to 
U. parvus, U. Bealet, etc. Lea’s U. Bairdianus is a synonym. 

U. Sayi Tappan. Texarkana, Texas. Allied to camptodon, but 
easily separable from the types of that species. U. subcroceus Con. 
seems to be the same. 

U. camptodon Say. Water works reservoir, Tyler, Texas. I do 
not propose to go into the tremendous and involved synonymy of 
this member of the U. parvus group. Typically the camptodon is 
distinguished by the form of the hinge-line, which is decidedly 
curved under the beaks. Forms very similar are found from the 
Ohio River to East Texas and to Florida. 

U. declivis Say. Sabine River, Shelby Co., Texas. More angular 
posteriorly than U. symmetricus. U. geometricus of Lea is a synonym, 
as Lea himself ascertained, 

U. symmetricus Lea. A species allied to declivis Say, but less 
angular. It has much the general appearance of the common 
eastern U. complanatus. The synonymy of symmetricus includes U. 
porrectus Conrad, U. manubius Gould, and (according to Mr. 
Simpson) U. Jamesianus Lea. Mr. Simpson kindly compared spec- 
imens with the types of symmetricus, confirming my identification. 
The localities are Blackfork Creek, near Tyler, Texarkana, and 
West Yegua Creek, Lee Co., Texas. 

U. subrostratus Say var. Lutersvillensis Lea. Texarkana; 
Wimberly Lake, Lee Co., Texas. The extensive synonymy of this 
species has been worked out by Prof. R. E. Call, (Bull. Washb. 
Lab.) 

U. anodontoides Lea. Blackfork Creek near Tyler; West Yegua 
Creek, Lee Co., Texas. Exhibits no variation from the common 
Mississippi and Ohio River types. 

Anodonta Stewartiana Lea. Neches River near Tyler. Belongs 
to the A. corpulenta group. A. virens Lea is probably a synonym, 
and H. Iinneana Lea is closely allied. 


ON THE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS OF UNIO RADIATUS 
AND UNIO LUTEOLUS. 


BY GEO. W. DEAN, KENT, OHIO. 


In the September Nauritus, Rev. W. M. Beauchamp has the 
following queries: “Can any one point out an invariable feature 


78 THE NAUTILUS. 


distinguishing Unio radiatus and luteolus? The distinctions do 
very well for some, but to others they seem a good deal mixed. 
Has not every collector some which he has not named ?” 

After long familiarity with Juteolus in many streams and reservoirs 
and having several suites of radiatus from different localities, and 
seeing it plentiful in the Susquehanna River at Muncy, Pa., the 
thought has not come to me that they were even closely related; nor 
do I think they are. Sometimes there is an indescribable something 
plainly discernible to the eye of an expert that separates species, 
but there is no such difficult or intangible distinction in this case 
and I think I can make the distinctions plain to Mr. Beauchamp. 

I can emphatically say that I have nothing at all like either species 
that is not easily named. 

As a first distinction I give the form of the female of luteolus which 
at maturity becomes very broad and inflated at the posterior end and 
truncated, while forward it remains narrow and very small, com- 
paratively. This characteristic I have not seen in radiatus and do 
not think it exists. The difference between the male and female is 
so great in luteolus that Anthony thought them distinct and gave to 
the male the name of U. distans. 

Another and very marked difference is in the epidermis. In 
luteolus it is, in its perfect state, polished and hard as glass, giving 
to the radiating stripes a distinctness rarely seen in the genus. 
While the lines of growth in radiatus are very much larger, giving 
the surface to the naked eye more the appearance of velvet or fine 
plush also giving to the radiating stripes a corresponding dimness. 
Of course these distinctions in the epidermis come out only in cleaned 
shells or young specimens naturally clean; they would not be 
noticed in mature shells as taken from the water. But even in this 
state I should readily distinguish either species as it came to the 
light. If there is such a thing as an intermediate specimen, I 
should like to see it and would agree to put it in the right place at 
sight. 

As a third distinction, the range of color in the nacre of radiatus 
is very great, whilst in luteolus, as far as I have seen, it is uniformly 
light-blue. I have heard of /uteo/us with pink nacre but have never 
seen one. I do not know either whether these two species are ever 
found together. 


THE NAUTILUS. 79 


A NEW JAPANESE LIMPET. 
BY H. A. PILSBRY. 


In the pages of the Nautitus some months ago, the writer 
described a new species of Patella collected in Japan by Mr. 
Frederick Stearns of Detroit, Mich. It was with great surprise that 
still another large and apparently undescribed species was received, 
in a recent sending from the same source. 

The new species, which it is proposed to call PATELLA BONINENSIS, 
was seen and purchased by Mr. Stearns at the Third National 
Exhibition at Tokyo, in 1890. It belongs to the subgenus Helcion- 
iscus, as far as shell-characters enable one to judge. 

The shell is large (90-100 mm. in length, 40 in alt.), solid, erectly 
conical, of a somewhat soiled buff color. It is sculptured with from’ 
48-53 riblets, which vary from crenulated to markedly tubercular. 
The interior has a snow-white muscle-scar, surrounded by a broad 
brown zone, outside of which there is a silvery zone of equal width, 
the extreme edge being narrowly bordered with brownish or yellow. 
The central callus is creamy with a dark border of umber-brown. 
From each of the lateral angles of the ‘ head-piece” of the central 
spatula, diverges a brown streak. 

The nearest ally of this species is apparently the Patella nigri- 
squamata of Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, vol. 8, pl. 2, figs. 3a, 
3b, a species reported by Reeve from Australia, but of which I have 
specimens from the Province of Concepcion, Chili. Reeve’s species 
differs in having the central spatula of the interior constantly much 
smaller, having no diverging streaks, ete. 

The Japanese know this species as Yome-gaisara or “ Bride-cup 
shell.” 

The species of Patella now known from Japan may be tabulated 
as follows: 

Shell more or less silvery or iridescent inside (Felcioniscus.) 

Conical, having about 50 strong, close, elevated riblets, alternating or subequal] 

[in size. 

Large, light buff; border of the inside narrow, yellowish, P. Bonznensis Pils. 
Variegated with brown; border of the inside conspicuously black-blotched, 

P. Stearnsit Pils. 


Conical, having several smaller riblets in each interval between the larger ribs, 


P. paliida Gld. 
Ribs fine or obsolete. 


Solid, with radiating dark lines; spatula brown or orange; ribs obsolete, 
P. nigrolineata Rve. 


80 THE NAUTILUS. 


Thin, with very finely beaded riblets or strize, P. amussitata Rve. 

Thin, with very fine striz, not beaded, P. toreuma Rve. 
Shell porcellanous inside, opaque, not iridescent (Scutellastra.) 

Depressed, having strong irregular ribs, P. stelleformis Rve. 


[CoMMUNICATED. | 


DONATIONS TO UNITED STATES COLLECTION. 


Owing to illness in Mr. Campbell’s family, he was unable for 
several months, to pay much attention to the United States Collec- 
tion, but since September 10th, work has been fully resumed and 
the collection is making its usual rapid strides. It would be im- 
possible in the limited spaced granted to us in the NAuTILUS to — 
acknowledge all the shells sent since the date of the last acknowl- 
edgment, but the following will give an idea of them. 


I. Greegor, Jacksonville, Fla.— 


Ranella Californica, Hinds; Oliva litterata, Lam. and Nassa vibex, Say. 


F. E. Blanes, Key West, Fla.— 


An interesting lot of Key West Shells including Marginella guttata, Dillw., 
and pellucida, Pfr.; Cypraea cinerea, Gmel.; Olivella nivea, Gmel. and 
floralia, Duclos; Natica lactea, Guild, and canrena, Linn.; Ianthina com- 
munis, Lam.; Nerita tessellata, Gmel. and versicolor, Linn; Glyphis listeri, 
D’Orb.; Astralium longispinum, Lam.; Murex Salleanus, Adams; Conus 
verrucosus, Hwass; Strophia incana, Binney; Helix cereolus, Miihl. and 
numerous others. 


Prof. Josiah Keep, Mills College, Cal.— 


Punctum conspectum, Bld. and Pedicularia Californica, Newc. 


H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Pa.— 


Helix Koemeri, Pfr.; Corbula undifera, Meek, cretaceous of Wyoming. 


J. J. White, Palm Beach, Fla.— 


A number of marine species from Lake Worth, Fla. including Arca Noe, 
Linn. ; Columbella mercatoria, Linn. ; Cassis sulcosa, Born; Ovulum gibbosum, 
Linn.; Astralium tuber, Linn.; Iphigenia Brasiliana, Lam. and Echinella 
nodulosa, Pfr. 


W. S. Teator, Upper Red Hook, N. Y.— 


More than 30 species of land and fresh-water shells, including Helix pulchella, 
monodon, labyrinthica, palliata and hirsuta; Succinea obliqua, avara, ovalis 
aurea; Limnzea humilis, columella, palustris and catascopium; Zonites 
fuliginosus and nitidus; Planorbis bicarinatus and campanulatus. The 
Succinea obliqua Say are magnificent specimens, the largest we have ever 
seen, and beautifully cleaned. 


THE NAUTILUS. 81 


Chas. LeRoy Wheeler, Cape May, N. J.— 
Purpura hzmastoma, Linn., dredged at Cape May, not known there hitherto 
and the largest specimens we have seen; Venus mercenaria, Linn.; Modiola 
modiolus, Linn. 

John H. Campbell, Philadelphia, Pa.— 


Pholas Pacifica, Stearns; Unio ligamentinus, Lam.; Tellina Gouldii, Cpr. 


Dr. Wm. H. Rush, U. S. N,, Philadelphia, Pa.— 
Atlanta Peronii, Les.; Xylotrya fimbriata, Jeff.; Oxygyrus Keraudrenii, 
Rang; Litiopa bombya, Kien.; and a fine series of Pteropoda, including 
Hyalzea limbata, tridentata, longirostris, gibbosa and labiosa; Cleodora pyra- 
midata, Lessonii and spinifera; Cuvieria columella, Rang and Diacria tri- 
spinosa, Les. 

John Ford, Philadelphia, Pa.— 
Fasciolaria gigantea, Kiener, (a real giant); Oliva idonea, Conr. (Miocene) ; 
Oliva araneosa, Lam.; Strombus costatus, Gmel.; Terebratella Sayii, Morton 
(cretaceous, N. J.) 


Geo. T. Marston, Green Bay, Wis.— 
A suite of the finest and largest Limnzea megasoma Say we have ever seen, 
(Oconto, Wis.) 

Dr. J. J. Brown, Sheboygan, Wis.— 
Unio Canadensis, Lake Ellen, Wis. 


Joseph Willcox, Philadelphia, Pa.— 

A fine lot of recent and fossil shells from Florida and Md., including the 
Fulgur described by Prof. Heilprin as rapum, Heilpr.; Fulgur contrarium, 
Conrad (Pliocene); Arca plicatura, Conrad (Pliocene) ; Arcaidonea, Conrad 
(Miocene) ; Fasciolaria scalarina, Conrad (Pliocene); Mitra lineolata, Heilpr. 
(Pliocene); Panopzea Americana, Conrad (Miocene); Panopzea Floridana, 
Heilpr. (Pliocene); Acanthopleura picea, Gmel.; Melampus coffeus, Linn. ; 
Helix varians, Mke.; Cardita Floridana, Conr.; Perna ephippium, Lam.; 
Conus proteus, Hwass; Avicula alaperdicis, Reeve. 


Dr. Wm. H. De Camp, Grand Rapids, Mich.— 


Goniobasis livescens, Mke. (a fine series showing varieties) ; Goniobasis 
depygis, gracilior and brevispira; Planorbis bicarinatus, Say; Anodonta sub- 
gibbosa, Anth.; Physa integra, Hald. 


Henry A. Ward, Rochester, N. Y.— 

Spondylus princeps (fine large, white specimen.) 
John Shallcross, Philadelphia, Pa.— 

Spondylus princeps (fine large, red specimen.) 
Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, University, Cal.— 


Melampus olivaceus, Cpr.; Chlorostoma ligulatum, Mke.; Helix Traskii, 
Newc.; Scalaria Hindsii, Cpr.; Bittium armillatum, Cpr. (Post-pliocene) ; 


82 THE NAUTILUS. 


Margarita lirulata, Cpr. (Post-Pliocene); Mytilus ungulatus, Linn.; Macoma 
nasuta, Conr.; Donax flexuosus, Gould; Solen rosaceus, Cpr.; Acmza 
Spectrum, Nuttall; two very interesting specimens of Haliotis Cracherodii, 
Leach, showing pink iridescent tints inside; and others. 

Chas. W. Johnson, Philadelphia, Pa.— 


Triton Oregonensis, Redf.; Arca ponderosa, Say and Americana, Gray; 
Lithophagus appendiculata, Linn.; Ancylus filosus, Conr.; Alexia myosotis. 
Drap. and a magnificient specimen of Turbinella regina, Heilprin, from the 
Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie River, Florida. 

Rev. H. W. Winkley, Saco, Maine.— 


Lacuna vincta, Turton; Nucula proxima, Say; Margarita helicina, Fabr. ; 
Melampus lineatus, Say; Margaritana margaritifera, Linn.; Limneea desid- 
iosa Say—all fine specimens. 
Total to date 329 genera, 706 species, 855 trays. (Hight large 
display cases are already devoted to the collection.) 


All of the above have been mounted and placed in the collection. 
Others have yet to be mounted and will be announced in future. 
Owing to the rapid growth of the collection, it would be well for 
members, wishing to contribute to the collection, to send lists in 
advance to the President of the Association and he will check off the 
species already received and thus avoid duplicating. 

All shells should be addressed to John H. Campbell, care of 
Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and Race Streets, Philadelphia, 
where he and his Philadelphia associate members assemble once a 
week, to superintend the naming, preparation and placing of them in 
the collection. . 


NOTES AND EXCHANGES. 


Aw ExcHanGe Cotumn will be opened in our next number, 
Subscribers wishing to exchange shells may insert their notices free, 
the limit of length being 40 words. 


Mr. C. W. Jonson, Business Manager of THE Nautiuus, has 
been collecting fossils in the Carolinas for the past several weeks. 


Nore on FissurRELLA PictaA Gmel. In looking over the plates 
of Martyn’s beautiful book, Universal Conchology, (London, 1784), 
I noticed on plate 64 a splendid figure of the above-mentioned 
species, under the name Patella personata. All authors seem to 
have overlooked this figure heretofore, including myself, for I had 
not seen it when I called the species picta in the Manual of Con- 


THE NAUTILUS. 83 


chology, xii, p. 144. There remains now nothing to do but to restore 
Martyn’s name to this fine shell— H. A. Pilsbry. 

TESTACELLA IN PHILADELPHIA. Mr. Robert Walton has found 
during the summer, the European Testacella muuget Fér. in a green- 
house at Lower Roxborough, Philadelphia. From their being so 
numerous and the green-house an old one in which no new plants 
have been introduced for some years, we would infer that they have 
been living there for some time. The specimens brought by Mr. 
Walton were from very small to extra large ones— C. W. Johnson. 

NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS.—At the regular meeting of the Academy 
of Nat. Sci. of Phila., Tuesday Nov. 3, Mr. Pilsbry offered descrip- 
tions of and remarks on the following new species of West Indian 
land shells; Choanopoma caymenensis, a shell having the general 
form and characters of C. newtont Shutt., 5 whorls remaining ; 
sutures impressed, remotely beaded, whorls encircled by spaced, un- 
equal spiral lire, the longitudinal striz very close, every 8th one on 
the body-whorl stronger ; light-yellowish, having zigzag longitudinal 
chestnut streaks. Umbilicus moderate, lip formed as in C. newtoni, 
except that the columellar edge is fluted. Alt. 16, diam. 9 mm., 
alt. of apert. 6 mm.; measured outside peristome. Caynem Is. 


Helix xanthophaés, the smallest known species of Hemitrochus, 
measuring only, alt. 67, diam. 8 mm. It is subglobose, obtusely 
carinated, narrowly rimate. Whorls 4. Surface shining, striat- 
ulate. Obliquely streaked with reddish-chestnut on a pale, yellowish 
ground, with or without a dark peripheral zone, bordered below 
with light. Locality Inagua. Helix (Plagioptycha) Maynardi, 
allied to H. Brownii Pilsbry, but not carinated, having thread-like 
strize, banded with chestnut above the periphery, and having numer- 
ous lighter brown bands above and below. Umbilicus nearly covered 
by the reflexed baso-columellar lip, which has a heavy callus 
within. Alt. 8, diam. 133 mm. Bahamas. 

PatuLaA CooPERI, SINISTRAL.—Mr. Leslie M. Cockerell, writing 
from Norwood, San Miguel Co., Colorado, informs us that he has 
found a sinistral specimen of the above. This is a rare malforma- - 
tion in America, but it occurs more frequently in P. cooperi than in 
most species, as several cases are on record.—H. A. P. 

REcENT CHanGeEs IN NoMENCLATURE.—Mr. R. B. Newton, in 
the Systematic list of British Oligocene and Eocene Mollusca, London, 
1891, has made a number of changes in generic nomenclature, the 
principal of which are as follows: 


84 THE NAUTILUS. 


For Pecturculus Lam. 1799, is substituted Axinea Poli, 1795. 

For Hindsia Desh. 1858 (not of A. Ad., 1853) is substituted 
Hindsiella Stol. 

For Cyprina Lam. 1818, is substituted Arctica Schum, 1817. 

For Terebellum Lam. (not of Linn.) is substituted Seraphs Montf. 

For Triton Montf. (not of Linn.) is substituted Lampusia Schum., 
1817. 

For Pteronotus Swains. 1840 (not Gray, 1838) is substituted Trz- 
plex Humph., 1797. 

For Leiostoma Swains. 1840 (not Lacépéde, 1802) is substituted 
Sycum Bayle. 

For Lampania Gray, 1847, is substituted Batillaria Bens., 1842. 

For Pomatias Hartm. 1821 (not Studer, 1789) is substituted 
Hartmannia Newton, 1891. 

For Proserpina Sowb. 1839 (not Htbn., 1816) is substituted 
Despena Newton, 1891. 

For Cylichna Loven, 1846 (not Burm,, 1844) is substituted 
Bulinella Newton, 1891. 

A portion of these changes may prove unnecessary, as in the case 
of Proserpina, where Mr. Newton’s new name must be suppressed in 
favor of one of the several subgeneric names already proposed under 
Proserpina. Some others hang upon such preoccupation as Cyprinus 
for Cyprina, and it is still doubtful whether these should be con- 
sidered equivalent as names. A further review of the work will 
appear later. 

IN THE ADDUTOR MUSCLES OF Untonrp&.—The newly formed 
parts, anterior, and posterior, are easily distinguished from the 
older parts by their coloration, being lighter, even whitish. ‘This is 
found most marked in spring and early summer when new growth 
is going on rapidly; but also in fall I have seen it in different 
species— Dr. V. Sterki. | 

In Europe, A SMALL FIsH, Rhodeus amarus, is known to deposit 
her eggs, by means of a long, flexible ovipositor, through the mantle 
opening, in the cavity of fresh-water mussels, Anodonta, where they 
are hatched, and remain until developed sufficiently to live without 
protection. Is anything like this known from our continent ?—By 
the way, we know that young Unionide attach themselves on the 
fins, etc. of fishes, after leaving the branchial uteri of their mothers. 
But observations of this kind are, probably, seldom made, and it 
would be of value to report on each instance observed. Malacologists 
living in the neighborhood of fisheries could do good work in this 
direction—Dr. V. Sterki. 


mer He NAUTILUS. 


VOL. v. DECEMBER, 1891. No. 8. 


ACMZA CANDEANA VS. ACMZA ANTILLARUM. 


BY H. A. PEESBRY. 


So difficult a group are the limpets that their nomenclature has 
been in a condition little better than chaotic from the earliest times. 
Years ago the West American species were studied by CARPENTER, 
whose genius reduced them to comparative order. It was, however, 
left for DALL to point out, with penetrating insight, their generic 
relationships. 

The species of the Gulf of Mexico have never been studied with 
the same facilities as those of West America. Dall, in his ‘ Blake’ 
Report, enumerates the forms he had seen, with critical notes on 
their nomenclature; and the writer has this year given a somewhat 
elaborate account, founded upon the specimens in the Philadelphia 
Academy and the Smithsonian Institution collections. 

In the case of A. Candeana however, the earliest publication of 
the species, under the name Lottia Antillarum, has been overlooked 
by all. In this case, as elsewhere, we can only find safety amid the 
flood of conflicting names, by taking our stand upon the solid rock 
of priority. 

Sowerby’s figure of Lottia Antillarum is an excellent and char- 
acteristic picture of this species in its finest development. 

The synonymy will stand as follows : 

Lottia Antillarum SowERBY, Genera of Shells, fig. 4. (Issued 
before 1831.) 

Lottia Antillarum Sowersy, A Concholog. Manual, p. 59, fig. 
231, 1859. (A somewhat different color-form.) 


86 THE NAUTILUS. 


Lottia Antillarum Sowb., REEVE, Conchol. System., pl. exxxvii, 
f. 4 (printed from same plate as Sowerby’s Genera) 1842. 

Patella tenera C. B. ApAms, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 8 (1845). 

Patella tenera Ad., REEVE, Conch. Icon. fig. 104. 

Patella Candeana Ors., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 199, atlas pl. 25, 
figs. 1-3. 

Acmea Candeana Orb., DAuu, Catal. Mar. Moll. S. E. U. S., p. 
159. 

Acmea Candeana Orb., Prrspry, Manual of Conchology, xiii, p. 
38, pl. 5, figs. 91-95, and pl. 42, figs. 92-95. . 

? Patella (Acmea ?) elegans Putuippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib. iii, 
p- 34, Patella p. 6, pl. 2, fig. 2 (1846), 

? Not P. antillarum Sowb., Putiippr, Abbild. ii, Patella pl. 2, 
fig. 12. 

Acmea Antillarum is found throughout the West Indies, from the 
Bahamas and Southwest Florida to Tobago. 


NOTES ON UNIONIDE. 


BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON. 


The November number of the Nauriius seems to be devoted 
mostly to Unios, and to me is an exceedingly interesting issue. 

Lea’s classification of the Unionide was almost wholly an artifi- 
cial one, and I believe he instituted it for convenience in working, 
just as Linneus founded the artificial system of classification in 
botany. Both these great pioneers in science recognized the natural 
systems, and probably used these as makeshifts. All through the 
latter part of his writings, Dr. Lea acknowledged the fact that the 
Unionide were divisible into natural groups. ‘To some capable 
student of the future is reserved the task of determining these 
groups and assigning the species to them. The accomplishment 
of this will be well worth a working lifetime of careful and honest 
study. 

Mr. Geo. W. Dean claims to be able at sight, to refer to its 
proper species any specimen of either Unio luteolus or radiatus. I 
confess that this is more than I can do, and I have handled many 
thousands of specimens of both, collected from the entire territory 
inhabited by these familiar forms. The distinguishing features 


THE NAUTILUS. 87 


given by Mr. Dean are excellent. There is generally that intangi- 
ble something which is apparent to the experienced eye by which 
they may be separated, a difference more particularly in the texture 
of the epidermis than anything else; but even this difference is not 
always visible to my eyes, and I have handled many specimens that 
were so puzzling and close that I have been obliged to ask, ‘‘ Where 
did they come from?” before ] even dared to guess what they were. 

Generally Juteolus is solider, more inflated, wider posteriorly and 
narrower anteriorly, as well as smoother than radiatus, but not 
always. A specimen of radiatus in Dr. Lea’s collection from Lake 
Champlain, collected by Dr. Ingalls (Museum No. 85035), is very 
solid, and as much inflated as U. hydianus, is narrow before, and 
broad behind, and can only be distinguished from Juteolus by the 
color and texture of the epidermis. 

It was one of the great objects of Dr. Lea in making his collection, 
to get material from all the different parts of the territory through 
which the species were distributed, to get all the variations possible, 
and carefully preserve the name of the collector, and the record of 
the place in which they were obtained. Had he never done any- 
thing more than get together in this way this unequalled collection 
—requiring, as it did, the educating and training of a corps of able 
assistants in various parts of the world—he would have deserved 
the gratitude of students of conchology for all time to come. 

In this collection are varieties of radiatus of every possible form, 
from a great number of localities; they vary from flattened and 
almost lenticular, to oval, quadrate, elongated, obovate and inflated. 
One of these shells from Newton Creek, N. J. (85058) which is 
labelled Unio radiatus, has a smooth yellowish epidermis, save 
when eroded, and I should unhesitatingly pronounce it M. luteolus 
if it had come from Ohio or Indiana. 

Are luteolus and radiatus ever found together? From the fol- 
lowing table it will be seen that although U. luteolus is a Mississippi 
drainage species, and radiatus belongs to the waters that flow into 
the Atlantic, the habitats of these species considerably overlap. 
This last includes only a few of the localities of specimens in the 
Lea collection. 


Unio radiatus. Unio luteolus. 
Saratoga Lake, N. Y. Niagara Falls, N. Y. 
Troy, N.Y. Mohawk R., Erie, N. Y. 


Little Lakes, Lycoming Co., N. Y. Genessee R., N. Y. 


88 THE NAUTILUS. 


Genessee R., N. Y. Cohoes Falls, Hudson R. 
Ottawa, Can., Rideau Canal. Seneca Lake, N. Y. 
Montreal, Can. Oneida Lake, N. Y. 

St. Lawrence R., Thousand Isles. Moose R., Hudson Bay. 
Camden, S. C. Lake Winnipeg. 
Oguchee R., Ga. Athabaska Lake. 
Savannah R. Great Slave Lake. 

Charles Co., Indiana! Small Lakes, Mackenzie R. 


Red River of the North. 
New Mexico. 

I have collected Unio luteolus in Eastern Colorado, and it is in 
the General Collection of the National Museum from Mississippi 
and Texas. It probably ranges from the Artic circle to the Gulf of 
Mexico, and from the Rocky Mountains east to the Atlantic, except 
in the southeastern states lying east of the Appalachian Chain. A 
small form occurs in Canada and the more northern states, which is 
quite solid, and has a dark, rather rough, brown epidermis, often 
without rays, sometimes almost black, and in form and texture is 
is strikingly like some specimens of U. Downiei from Southern Ga., 
but has not a lurid nacre as the latter has. This was named Unio 
borealis by A. F. Gray, and differs sufficiently from the type to be 
considered a distinct species, but it connects insensibly through 
forms found in Wisconsin and Michigan with the western shells. 
One of these in the collection of Dr. Lea (85045) from Montreal, 
was referred by him to radiatus. Other forms of this protean spe- 
cies are so close to ligamentinus that it is almost impossible to sepa- 
rate them and this is true of certain specimens of radiatus. 


ON THE USE OF THE GENERIC NAME SCUTELLINA. 


BY H. Aw@eiEsBrY. 


The name Scutellina was proposed by Gray in 1847, to replace 
Scutella of Broderip, preoccupied by Lamarck for a genus of EKchi- 
noderms. It has apparently escaped the attention of malacologists 
who have written upon this small but excessively interesting group, 
that Agassiz, in 1841, used the name Sceutedlina for a genus ot Echi- 
noderms allied to Scutella Lam. This generic term is still in use, 
appearing in the latest publications relating to that group. It 


THE NAUTILUS. 89 


therefore becomes necessary to substitute a new generic name for 
the mollusean Seutedlina, and since the root of that word has become 
associated with the Echinodermata, a change to something totally 
different may be advisable. As a substitute, therefore, I offer the 
term PHENACOLEPAS, “a deceptive limpet.” 

The synonyms are as follows: 

Scutella BRopERIP, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 47 (Gn part). 

Not Scutella Lamarck, An. s. Vert. ii, p. 7 (1816). 

Scutellina Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 168, and of authors generally. 

Not Scutellina Acassiz, Monogr. d’Echinodermes, Second Monog. 
des Scutelles, p. 98 (1841). 


DESTRUCTION OF ANODONTA CORPULENTA CPR. AT THOMPSON’S 
LAKE, ILL. 


BY W.S. STRODE, M. D., BERNADOTTE, ILL. 


Recently while on a collecting trip to Thompson’s Lake on the 
Illinois River, I was greatly surprised at the immense numbey of 
dead mussels that lined the shores from one end of this body of 
water to the other. 

A windrow of them extended a little beyond the water’s edge 
clear around the lake a distance of not less than ten miles. 

Upon going on to the lake in a boat I found that dead shells, with 
the animal still in them, were also floating all over its surface. 
There was absolutely thousands of them and it certainly amounted 
to extinction of a very beautiful and interesting species, the Ano- 
donta corpulenta of Cooper. 

The other Anodonta, the suborbiculata of Say, for which this lake 
is headquarters, did not seem to be affected and there were not more 
dead ones to be seen than in previous years. 

I immediately set about to ascertain the cause of this wholesale 
destruction of the corpulenta. 

On enquiring of Captain Schulte and other fishermen who owned 
the lake, they had but one theory as to the cause, and that it was 
the common northern bull-head catfish, Amiurus nebulosus L. S., 
that was doing the mischief. 

They explained that this fish would attach his wide mouth over 
one end of the shell and suck until the muscular power of the mus- 


90 THE NAUTILUS. 


sel was exhausted, the shell relax, when the juices would be with- 
drawn, after which the animal would die. 

On further enquiry I could find no one that had ever caught 
Mr. Catfish in the act, and I was not altogether satisfied with this 
theory. 

This lake, in common with the Illinois, Mississippi and nearly all 
of the western rivers, is at lower ebb than ever before known in the ~ 
history of the country. From accounts in the daily papers there is 
great mortality among the fish of the Mississippi River, and immense 
numbers are dying as a result of this low water. 

Might not this be the cause of the death of the mollusks in this 
lake? Is the same phenomena observed in other bodies of water ? 
Let us hear from other points. Or, have the catfish in this lake, 
like an egg-sucking dog, learned a trick and are making the most 
of it. 


ON THE BYSSUS OF UNIONIDZ. II. 


BY DR. V. STERKI. 


Some time since I succeeded, not without hard work, in finding 
three more specimens of Unio with a byssus, one U. luteolus Lam., 
15 mm. long, one U. (prob.) ligamentinus, only 9 mm. long, and U. ? | 
8mm. Unfortunately [ had not leisure to make an examination as 
exact as I wished; yet to my account in the last Nautitus I can add 
the following: the threads were for the most part colorless, or only 
slightly brownish. On the parts examined I found the cortical layer 
little developed. The byssus were more or less branched ; on a piece of 
one about three inches long, I counted seven branches. Of the forma- 
tion of these I can give an idea best by comparing them with a grass 
stalk : the branches sprung out from like leaves with short sheath, the 
latter with circularly arranged fibres, apparently not derived from 
the inner part of the “stem,” but at a short distance, the branch, first 
flat, like a leaf, further off growing more or less cylindrical, was 
entirely composed of longitudinal fibres, which consequently are 
formed for themselves by apposition and the main thread is not 
split. 

Later I had a chance to get some other very young mussels, among 
which was one only 3°5 mm. long, the smallest I have found so far, 


THE NAUTILUS. 91 


and none of them had a byssus. Possibly it was detached while 
being caught and washed—with other materials—in the net. 


A NEW SPECIES OF LEUCORHYNCHIA. 


BY H. A. BELSBRY. 


Leucorhynchia Tryoni Pilsbry. 

Shell having the contour of LZ. Crossei Tryon, but larger, the um- 
bilical tongue of callus much smaller. The margin of the umbilicus 
has several strong lobes or teeth. Surface smooth except the first 
half of the base, in front of the aperture, which shows about eight 
radiating grooves. Color white. 

Alt. 2°38; diam. 3°8 mm. 

Collected at Singapore by Dr. S. Archer. 

Four specimens are before me. This group is considered by 
Fischer a subgenus of Teinostoma H. & A. Adams. Leucorhynchia 
was founded by Mr. H. Crosse in 1867, for a species from New 
Caledonia. In 1888, Mr. Tryon, in his monograph of Teinostoma 
described a second species as 7. (Leucorhynchia) Crosset. 

The subgenus now consists of three species which may be distin- 
guished as follows: 

Umbilical lobe of callus large ; surface smooth, 


Periphery carinated, LI. Caledonica Crosse. 

Periphery rounded, L. Crossei Tryon. 
Umbilical lobe small; base radiately grooved, 

Periphery rounded, L. Tryoni Pilsbry. 


LAND SHELLS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. 


BY G. W. TAYLOR, ST. BARNABAS RECTORY, VICTORIA B. C. 


. Selenites Vancouverensis (Lea). 
. Selenites sportella (Gould). 

. Limax agrestis Linn. 

. Limax hyperboreus Westerlund. 
. Vitrina Pfeifferi Newcomb. 

. Hyalina arborea (Say). 
.§Hyalina milium (Morse). 


Noo P CNW Fe 


92 THE NAUTILUS. 


8. Hyalina Binneyana Morse. 

9. Conulus fulvus (Miller). 
10. Pristiloma Lansingi (Bland). 
11. Pristiloma Stearnsi (Bland). 
12. Ariolimax Columbianus (Gould). 
13. Prophysaon Hemphilli Bland & Binney. 
14. Prophysaon Pacificum Cockerell. 
15. Patula striatella (Anthony). 
16. Patula asteriscus (Morse). 
17. Punctum minutissimum (Lea). 
18. Punctum conspectum (Bland). 
19. Lysinoe fidelis (Gray). 
20. Mesodon Columbianus (Lea). 
21. Mesodon devius (Gould). 
22. Stenotrema germanum (Gould). 
23. Pupilla corpulenta (Morse). 
24. Vertigo simplex (Gould). 
25. Vertigo ovata Say. 
26. Ferussacia subcylindrica (Linn.). 
27. Succinea Nuttalliana Lea. 
28. Succinea Oregonensis Lea. 
29. Succinea rusticana Gould. 
30. Onchidella Carpenteri W.G. Binney. 
31. Onchidella borealis Dall. 
32. Carychium exiguum (Say)? 


LIMAX AGRESTIS LINN. ON THE PACIFIC COAST. 


BY G. W. TAYLOR. 

In the October number of the Nauriius, Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell 
writing of Limaz agrestis, recorded its occurrence at Portland, Oregon, 
and remarked that he believed this to be “the first record of the 
species from the Pacific Coast.” However two years ago I myself 
noticed the introduction of the species into this part of the world, in 
a little paper on “The Land Shells of Vancouver Island” published 
in the Ottawa Naturalist, vol. 3, p. 84, ete. (December, 1889.) 

I believe that I first observed this slug about seven years ago in 
the Victoria gardens, and it has since developed into a dreadful 
pest. There cannot I think be any doubt as to the species being an 


THE NAUTILUS. 93 


introduced one as it has not yet been noticed in any part of 
Vancouver Island other than in Victoria, and the specimens 
resemble British ones in every respect save that the milky slime is 
not nearly so copious. The principal varieties occurring here are 
those that Mr. Cockerell would call sylvaticus and varians. I have 
appended to this note a list of the Terrestrial Mollusca of Vancouver 
Island as at present known to me. Further information concerning 
their occurrence may be found in my paper above referred to, a copy 
of which I shall forward with pleasure to any conchologist who may 
desire it, so long at least as my stock hoids out. 


GENERAL NOTES. 


Pups HouziIncerRi STERKI, IN Onto. Three, specimens of this 
species occurred among other small species collected last spring at 
Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie. A comparison with specimens 
received from Dr. Sterki leaves no doubt in my mind as to the 
identification.— Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich. 


Unio coMPLANATUS SOL. IN NoRTHERN MicuicAn. In the 
Navrtiuus for June 1889 @vol. 3, p. 16) I recorded the discovery of 
an isolated colony of this species at Ocqueoe Lake, in the northern 
part of the lower peninsula, and queried as to how it got there. 
Since then I have found the species in the St. Mary’s river at Lime 
Island, Michigan. The occurrence of the species at this locality 
would seem to make it probable that it will be found quite generally 
distributed through the upper peninsula and also affords an expla- 
nation for the existence of the Ocqueoc colony.—Bryant Walker, 
Detroit. 

New JAPANESE SHELLS. Terebra Stearnsii, n. sp. Shell large, 
much elongated, having 22 whorls remaining, the apical portion 
(probably + the entire length) being broken off. The whorls are 
narrowly but distinctly shouldered just below the suture. The sur- 
face of the body-whorl is divided into three subequal parts by two 
spiral grooves, and below the lowest of these grooves there are sev- 
eral others. Base cut by about 15 unequal impressed lines; growth- 
striz faint. Whitish, with a single series of brown spots. Total 
length 105, breadth 172 mm.; length of aperture 12, breadth 7 
mm. 

Thylacodes meduse n. sp. Shells large, generally clustered, 
resembling Thylacodes polyphragma Sassi, of the Mediterranean, but 


94 THE NAUTILUS. 


the sculpture (consisting of spaced longitudinal cords, theintervals tri- 
striate), continuous around the whole circumference of the cylinder. 
Aperture circular, its diameter averaging 13mm. For illustrations 
see Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1891.—H. A. Pilsbry. 


Foopor Limnaz1p#&. Our fresh-water snails are generally believed 
to be herbivorous. But they greedily feed upon animal matter when- 
ever and wherever they find such; on insects, worms, mollusks (even 
their own species), flesh of any kind, even when living. A Limnea 
palustris was seen last summer haying a small leech (about 3 cm. 
long and 4 mm. wide) in his mouth; he slowly drew it in and rasped, 
while the victim was moving and winding about in vain efforts to 
escape. This I observed for about half an hour, but had not seen 
how the snail had caught the worm. Afterward the Limneza held 
the leech, its anterior part projecting and constantly moving, firmly 
in his mouth, not rasping, now resting, now creeping about as usual, 
for an hour and a half more. At that time I had to go away and 
when I came back no leech was to be seen; whether it was eaten or 
dropped I do not know. 

When these animals are grazing on stones, glass walls in the 
aquarium, on leaves, or on each other’s shells, they always find a 
good supply of small animals besides alge, etc., as anyone knows 
who has examined those “ pastures.”—Dr. V. Sterki. 


ADDITIONAL MoLuusKS OF SAN FrRANcIsco County. Since the 
list by Mr. Wm. J. Raymond and myself was published in the 
September number of Tor Naurruus, I have found five more species 
as follows: 

Tnmax agrestis Linn. 

Limax maximus Linn. 

Prophysaon Andersoni J. G. C. var. marmoratus Ckll. 

Acmea fenestrata Nutt. 

Mopalia Wossnessenskit Midd. var. Swansti. 

Making the total number found up to date, 126 species. But two 
specimens of Limaz maximus have I collected, they being apparently 
young specimens.— Williard M. Wood. 

PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS Say, and also other related forms, has a 
peculiar way of moving on or in sand; he goes “a step,” as far as he 
conveniently can, with the shell deep down and close to the head ; 
then he pushes it forward and upward, thus shoving the sand away, 
and making room for another “step.” It is more than probable 


THE NAUTILUS. 95 


that this digging is done not merely for locomotion—for,he could do 
it much easier—but in search of food.— Dr. V. Sterki. 


SOME OBSERVATIONS on how snails move their odontophores, may 
be of interest, and more should be done in this|direction. Limneide 
feeding on glass are easily observed, if not by the naked eye, then 
with a good glass. In Planorbis the radula is narrow, and is moved 
from behind forward—as seen in quite a number of species. Physa 
moves its wide, expanded radula from the sides toward the middle, 
not forward. Limnea moves it forward, but not as decidedly as 
Planorbis, and at the same time somewhat from the sides to the 
middle. These different ways will be found to correspond with the 
formation of the teeth in the different genera—Dr. V. Sterki. 


EXCHANGES. 


Mr. A. W. Hanuam will be glad to correspond with members of 
the American Association of Conchologists with a view to exchang- 
ing land and fresh-water shells. Address, Bank of British North 
America, Quebec, Canada. 

WantEp—Zonites from any locality in exchange for British 
Land and Fresh-water shells—Robert Walton, Charles St., Lower 
Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa. 


Nortuwest Louisiana land and fresh-water shells for exchange. 
Wanted, other shells—T. Wayland Vaughan, Mt. Lebanon, La. 


ANODONTA SUBORBICULATA Say. I have fine specimens of this 
beautiful Anodonta, as well as many other Unionide for exchange. 
—W. 8. Strode, M. D., Bernadotte, Illinois. 


JAPANESE SHELLS. A large variety of Marine, Fresh-Water and 
Land Shells of Japan and of the Bahamas, my own collection, 
printed list—To exchange for species not now in my cabinet from 
any part of the world; rare American Unionide, Strepomatide etc., 
desired.— Frederick Stearns, Detroit, Michigan. 


OBITUARY. 


DR. JOHN CLARKSON JAY. 


Dr. John Clarkson Jay, a son of Peter Augustus Jay and grand- 
son of Chief Justice John Jay, a distinguished member of the First 


96 THE NAUTILUS. 


Continental Congress, died at his home, “ Rye,” at Rye, Westchester 
County, N. Y., on Sunday, being inthe eighty-fourth year of his age. 
The immediate cause of his death was senile gangrene. Mr. Jay 
was graduated from Columbia College in 1827, and afterward took 
his diploma as M. D. Upon his marriage with Laura Prime, a 
daughter of Nathaniel Prime, a well-known banker, he left the 
practice of medicine and for a short time was engaged in the bank- 
ing business, but in 1843 retired from both business and professional 
pursuits, to live at the country seat at Rye, on Long Island Sound, 
left to him by his father’s will. This beautiful residence gave him 
full occupation, as it embraced upward of 400 acres of land. 

Dr. Jay was well known in the scientific world as a specialist in 
Conchology, and his collection of shells was for many years the most 
noted in the United States. It was purchased several years ago by 
Miss Catharine Wolfe, and presented by her to the American’ 
Museum of Natural History. 

Dr. Jay was for many years a trustee of Columbia College, was 
one of the early presidents of the old New York Club, and was one 
of the founders of the New York Yacht Club. He was a Republican 
in politics, and one of the early members of the Union League Club 
of this city. An Episcopalian, he was a moderate Churchman, 
strict in his own religious observances, but not in the least intolerant 
as to the views of others. 

Dr. Jay was also actively interested in the Lyceum of Natural 
History (now the New York Academy of Sciences) and was its 
Treasurer from 1832 to 1843. At this time he was a man of twenty- 
five or thirty, of light complexion, open and pleasing countenance, 
and somewhat nervous temperament. During his more vigorous 
years Dr. Jay was much interested in aquatic sports and was the 
owner of a famous yacht called “Coquille.” The valuable addition 
to the treasures of the Natural History Museum purchased by Miss 
Wolfe is now known as the Jay Collection. The shells gathered 
during the expedition to Japan under command of Commodore 
Matthew C. Perry were submitted to Dr. Jay and he wrote the 
article on them that appeared in the Government Reports. Dr. Jay 
was the author of “ Catalogue of Recent Shells,” which was published 
here in 1835; “ Descriptions of New and Rare Shells,” and of later 
editions of his Catalogue, in which he enumerated about 11,000 well- 
marked varieties and about 7,000 well-established species. 


mer He NAUTILUS. 


CS JANUARY, 1892. No. 9. 


ON SOME TYPES NEW TO THE FAUNA OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS. 


BY WM. H.,DALL. 


Dr. G. Bauer has recently made some energetic and praiseworthy 
explorations in the Galapagos Islands, with the view of obtaining 
material for a discussion of the origin of their fauna. Among 
other things obtained was a series, small but extremely interesting, 
of the land shells of the various islands of the group. This collec- 
tion in all probability is not exhaustive, but it seems by far more 
complete than any yet made at this point and a full report upon it 
is in preparation by the writer. Among the mollusks, which com- 
prise a large number of races of Bulimulus (of the sections Pleuro- 
pyrgus, Nesiotus, Raphiellus, etc.) and Succinea (S. Bettii E. A. 8.) 
are four minute forms each of which introduces a wholly new group 
to the faunal list of Galapagos land shells. Preliminary descriptions 
of three are appended ; the fourth is a Pupa of the usual Antillean 
type. 

Helicina (Idesa) nesiotica n. s. 

Shell small, depressed, four-whorled, with periphery rounded, base 
moderately arched, and peristome not thickened nor reflected ; epi- 
dermis of a bright reddish-chestnut, polished, but with very evident 
and regular incremental lines, base with a thin white callus merg- 
ing into the lower lip without notch or angle; spire depressed, 
suture very distinct, not channelled; operculum smooth, whitish, 
angulated only at the upper extreme; alt. of shell 2°3, max. diam. 
3.0 mm. 


98 THE NAUTILUS. 


Found on leaves of plants on Chatham Island at an elevation of 
1600 feet above the sea. 

No species of this family has been reported from the Galapagos 
before. The type is not unknown in the Panamic region but is said 
to be absent from the west slope of the Andes. 

Leptinaria chathamensis n. s. 

Shell small, horn-colored, with a blunt apex and six rounded 
whorls; suture very distinct, surface polished, delicately marked 
with lines of growth; base rounded, widely umbilicated; aperture 
with the margin hardly thickened ; rounded in front and at the 
suture; pillar broad, thin; body with a single elevated thin, sharp 
lamina, extending spirally inward from a point a little behind the 
peristome and nearly equidistant from the inner and outer lips. 
Alt. of shell 3:0, max. diam. 1°6 mm. 

Chatham Island, on ferns at 1600-2000 feet above the sea. 

Somewhat analogous forms are found in the mountains of the 
Panamic region. 

Zonites (Hyalinia) Baueri n. s. 

Shell small, horn-colored, polished, with four whorls; periphery 
subangular or rounded; dome of the base more elevated than that 
of the spire; suture distinct ; surface with delicate incremental lines 
and finely grooved throughout by sharp but microscopic spiral striee. 
Aperture rounded-lunate without sharp angles, wider than high; lip 
sharp, unreflected, throat unarmed; base minutely perforate; alt. 
of shell 1°5, max. diam. 2°2, min. diam/ 1°6 mm. 

South Albemarle Island on weathered bones of tortoises. 

The single specimen of this very interesting form may not be quite 
adult, and therefore the slight tendency to angulation on the 
periphery may be lost in the full-grown shell. The absence of any 
form of Helix or Zonites has been commented on by most of those 
naturalists who have treated of the Galapagos shell fauna and it 
was certainly a most extraordinary deficiency from any point of 
view. This discovery of Dr. Bauer’s removes the most striking 
anomaly of the fauna. 

In addition to the above Dr. Bauer obtained specimens of an un- 
described Bulimulus (Pleuropyrgus) which had also been collected 
by Dr. Habel on his visit to the Galapagos in 1868. Dr. Habel 
presented the writer with specimens on his return and these have 
been named in manuscript by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns B. (Pleuro- 


THE NAUTILUS. 99 


pyrgus) Habeli. This species is distinguished from B. (P.) Chem- 
nitzioides by its nearly smooth polished surface, light-brown spiral 
bands on a white ground and usually more slender form. It has 
about fifteen whorls, a blunt apex and rounded base. It measures 
18:0 by 3°5 mm. It was also collected on Chatham Island by the 
U.S.S. Albatross on her late voyage from Norfolk to San Francisco. 
It does not appear among shells enumerated by Wimmer from the 
Habel Collection in his catalogue of the Galapagos mollusk-fauna. 


A NEW SPECIES OF ZONITES FROM ARKANSAS. 


BY H. A. PILSBRY. 
Zonites Brittsii n. sp. 

Shell imperforate, depressed, obtusely angled at the circumference, 
about equally convex above and below. Color yellowish-green, 
somewhat translucent, becoming light straw-yellow and opaque on 
the last fourth of the last whorl. Surface shining, having oblique 
strice under the sutures, the growth lines being quite light on the 
_ rest of the surface; base seen under a lens to be very densely con- 
centrically striated. Whorls 6. Base slightly indented at the axis. 
Aperture slightly oblique, depressed-lunar, the outer and basal walls 
lined with a heavy, opaque-white calcareous layer. 

Alt. 5, greater diam. 8°5, lesser 7°7 mill. Aperture, oblique alt. 
4, width 5°6 mm. 

Hot Springs, Arkansas. 

This species was collected by Mr. Joun H. Brirrs, and sent by 
him to the collection of the American Association of Conchologists, 
where the types may now be seen. ‘They were submitted to the 
writer by the President of the Association. 

The more prominent characters of this shell are its imperforate 
base, depressed, almost quoit-like form, the base closely concentric- 
ally striated, the shining surface, and the contrasting colors of the 
last whorl. 

Mr. Britts sent also, specimens of the rarely found 3-toothed form 
of Helix appressa Say, from Booneville, Mo., and a number of other 
interesting shells. 


100 THE NAUTILUS. 


SOME NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN FORMS OF VALLONIA. 


BY DR. V. STERKI. 


According to the investigations of Dr. v. Ihering’ this group 
is to be separated from Helix and regarded as a genus, for anatom- 
ical characters. The study of these forms seems to have been some- 
what neglected in our country. These are some distinct and char- 
acteristic forms and probably more will be found. Those known to 
me at present are shortly pointed out in the following, in order to 
direct the attention of conchologists to them and have them col- 
lected wherever and whenever possible, with records of the natural 
features of their habits. 

1. . V. pulchella Miller, the common form of the old and new 
continents. Here it seems to be remarkably constant in its appear- 
ance throughout the country, while on the other hand, slightly but 
constantly different forms may be found in neighboring places. 
Besides the smooth surface it is characterized by the slowly increas- 
ing whorls, the inner ones being comparatively large, and the last 
not so peripheric as in most of the other forms. 

2. V.costata Muller. The typical form seems to be not gener- 
ally distributed, in North America. It deserves specific rank, be- 
side pulchella, and differs from the latter not merely by the rib-strie, 
but by the more depressed spire, the more rapidly increasing whorls, 
the last one being more peripheral, so that a costata may be recog- 
nized, even when the ribs are wanting; generally it is also some- 
what smaller; thus I found them in Europe as well as in this coun- 
try. And the fact that the two forms keep distinct side by side, on 
both continents, is in itself a strong evidence in favor of their being 
different species. In some localities the one is found predominant, 
or exclusively, in some the other, and frequently they are found 
together. 

3. From Illinois (Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss), lowa (Prof. B. Shimek 
and Mr. Geo. W. Webster) and Kansas (Mr. Frank J. Ford) I have, 
in 1890 and ’91, obtained a peculiar form: it is decidedly smaller 
(in bulk about 3 of pulchella), strongly costate, the umbilicus com- 
paratively wider than in costata, especially widening towards the 
aperture by the last whorl receding to the periphery, so that the 


1 Les Relations Naturelles des Cochlides et des Ichnopodes, Bull. Scient. 
1891, p. 214. 


THE NAUTILUS. 101 


aperture is very narrowly coherent with the penultimate whorl, and 
the aperture is circular, almost continuous, with a strongly thick- 
ened lip. The first whorls are remarkably small, the last grows 
rapidly in width and is more predominating than in the other forms. 
The spire is flat, but the whorls are well rounded above and the 
suture is very deep. 

4. Ina lot of minute shells, kindly sent for inspection a few 
days ago by Mrs. Judge Geo. Andrews, collected in damp moss on 
rocks at the Cliffs on Holston river, near Knoxville, Tennessee, 
there were a few specimens of a form nearly related to the preced- 
ing, and of the same size, yet with peculiar characters: the umbill- 
cus is very wide, the “ribs” less strong, the last whorl compara- 
tively narrower, widening more gradually; the peristome is con- 
tinuous, somewhat “free” and the margin only slightly expanded, 
thin with no lip-thickening. 

5. Mr. Theo D. A. Cockerell sent me two specimens of V. 
cyclophorella Ancey, from West Cliff, Colorado. They are of about 
the size of a typical costata, densely rib-striate, the spire is higher 
umbilicus a trifle narrower, the whole shell more compact in its 
appearance. The whorls are more slowly and regularly increasing, 
such as it is in pulchella, and the peristome is only slightly “reflected ;” 
thin without a thickened lip. 

Whether, and in how far, these forms are to be regarded as distinct 
species, or partly rather as well marked varieties, will and can be 
decided only after careful comparison of much more extensive 
material from different parts of the country. The soft parts also 
will have to be examined. 

NEw PHILADELPHIA, Onto, Dec., 1891. 


LIMAX AGRESTIS LINN. IN CALIFORNIA. 


BY W. J. RAYMOND. 


In the Nautiius for October and December are notes concerning 
the earliest recorded appearance of this slug on the Pacific Coast, 
from which it appears that Rev. G. W. Taylor first observed it 
about seven years ago in Victoria, and recorded its presence there, 


———_ 


1 Containing also, Pupa contracta, curvidens, and Vert. Lollesiana. 


102 THE NAUTILUS. 


in the Ottawa Naturalist for December, 1889. I believe that the 
species was brought into Oakland about the same time as into 
Victoria, or, perhaps, a year or two earlier ; certainly in 1884-5 it 
had become very abundant here, in gardens. In the Proc. Cal. 
Acad. Sci., Second Series, Vol. I, p. 13 Gissued Dee. 31, 1887) Dr. 
J. G. Cooper published my observations on the presence of this imax 
in Oakland, and predicted that it would become a pest to gardeners, 
as in fact it has done. This is the earliest published record of which 
I have knowledge, and the specimens, sent to Mr. Binney at that 
time, are probably those mentioned at the close of Mr. Cockerell’s 
article. This slug is now gaining a foot-hold in San Francisco, for 
Mr. W. M. Wood has lately submitted specimens, from that city, to 
me, for examination, and has added the species to the San Francisco 
County list. 


CATALOGUE OF FISSURELLIDEA OF THE UNITED STATES. 


BY H. A. PILSBRY AND C. W. JOHNSON. 


A complete catalogue of the shells of the United States has long 
been desired by the many collectors who devote their energies espe- 
cially to American mollusks, and naturally wish to know just what 
species are to be had. Mr. Campbell has already in these pages 
catalogued the Haliotide, and from time to time other groups will 
be taken up by various members of the American Association of 
Conchologists. 

The Fissurellide of our area may be easily known by these 
peculiarities: the shell is limpet-like, and has either a perforation at 
or near the apex of the cone, or a slit or notch in its front edge. 
There are many anatomical characters also, peculiar to the family. 

The group has been divided into three subfamilies, as follows : 

I. Apex of shell entirely removed by the perforation, which is 
bounded inside by a callus-rim which is not truncated be- 
hind. Central tooth of the radula narrow. Shell entirely 
external, | FIssuRELLINE. 

II. Shell as in Fissurelline, but hole larger. Central tooth of 
radula very broad, not narrowed above. Mantle wholly or 
nearly concealing the shell. FIssURELLIDINZ. 


THE NAUTILUS. 103 


III. Apex of shell subspiral, not removed ; or if it be removed, the 
hole-callus inside is truncated or has a pit behind; or 
there is a plate inside, as in Crepidula. Central tooth of 
radula wide, EMARGINULIN2E. 


Subfamily I. Fissurelline. 


There is only one genus, Fissurella. 

A. Summit of the shell near the middle; basal margins level, not 
elevated at the ends, Subgenus Fissurella. 

a. Edge of shell not crenulated, dark-bordered inside-true, 
Section Fissurella. 
b. Edge of shell crenulated, not dark bordered inside, section, 
Section Cremides. 
B. Shell flattened, shield-shaped, the narrow hole in front of the 
middle; ends of shell elevated, Subgenus Clypidella. 


Genus 1. FissuRELLA Brug. 


1. FF. volcano Reeve. Santa Cruz, Cal., southward. 


(Section Cremides H. & A. Ad.) 


2. F. barbadensis Gmelin. Charlotte Harbor, Fla., southward. 
One of the commonest West Indian shells, easily known by its 
almost circular perforation. 
3. F. nodosa Born. Florida Keys. _ 
The ribs are nodular, orifice oblong. 


(Subgenus CLYPIDELLA Swains.) 


F. pustula Lam. Cape Lookout, southward. 

F. fascicularis Lam. Florida Keys. 

The anatomy of these is not known. Collectors should preserve 
specimens of the animal. 


Subfamily Il. Fissurellidine. 


A. Mantle entirely or nearly covering the shell; hole large. 
a. Edges of shell nearly level, beautifully crenulated, 


i. 


Lncapina. 
b. Edges of shell elevated at each end, blunt at the sides, not 
crenulated, Megatebennus. 


B. Mantle not enveloping the shell. 
a. Perforation about central, the shape of the shell, 
Lucapinella. 


104 THE NAUTILUS. 


Genus 2. Lucapina Gray, 1857. 


6. JL. crenulata Sowb. Monterey to San Diego, Cal. 

The largest and most beautiful of the American Fissurellide. 
7. LL. adspersa Phil. Key West, Florida. 

(Fissurellidea fasciata Ptr. of authors.) 
8. IL. cancellata Sowb. Tortugas. 

The edges of the hole are bluish-black. 


Genus 3. MEGATEBENNUS Pilsbry, 1890. 


9. M. bimaculatus Dall. Monterey, Baulinas Bay, Purissima and 
Lobitas, Cal. 
(Clypidella bimaculata of collectors.) 


Genus 4. LucAPpine.ua Pilsbry, 1890. 


10. L. callomarginata Cpr.. Lobitas and San Diego, Cal. 
11. L. limatula Reeve. Key West, Florida. 


Subfamily III. Emarginuline. 


A. Apex absorbed by the hole, which is bounded inside by a pos- 
teriorly-truncated callus, Fissuridea. 
B. Apex absorbed or remaining; anal fissure either a hole or a 
slit in the front margin; no hole-callus, but having a more 
or less developed septum back of the hole or slit. 
a. A perforation at apex or on front slope, Puncturella. 
C. No internal hole-callus or septum ; apex not absorbed. 
a. Having a distinct slit in front, and a slit-band extending 


from it to apex, Emarginula. 
b. Having a hole on the front slope, Rimula. 
ce. Slit short ; no slit-fasciole, Subemarginula. 


Genus 5. FissuRIDEA Swains, 1840. 


This name was proposed for a highly arched species from the 
Philippine Is. It has hitherto been regarded as a subgenus of Fis- 
surella. Its synonymy is as follows: 

Fissuridea Swains., Malacol., p. 856, 1840, type F. galeata Helbl. 

Glyphis Carpenter, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 223, type G. aspera Esch. 

Not Glyphis Agassiz, 1843, nor of Gibbes, 1848, a genus of fishes. 


12. 


13. 
14. 


15. 


16. 


THE NAUTILUS. 105 


(Atlantic and Gulf coast species.) 


F. Listeri Orb. Florida Keys. 

A strongly latticed species, related to the F. grewa of the 
Mediterranean Sea. 

F, fluviana Dall. Florida Straits, 76-100 fms. 

F’. alternata Say. Chesapeake Bay, southward. 

Dead specimens have been collected at Cape May, N. J. by 
Prof. C. LeRoy Wheeler, but the species is not found there 
living. 

F. Tanneri Verrill.. Off Delaware Bay to Hatteras, in 104-142 
fms. 

F. minuta Lam. Turtle Harbor, Fla. 

According to Deshayes, this is not the minuta of Lamarck ; We 
believe, never-the-less that itis. If not, however, it will be 
called F. granulata Anton. It is often called by Reeve’s - 
later name, gemmu/lata. 


Several other small species, allied to minuta will probably be 


found in Florida, such as F. variegata Sowb., F’. arcuata Sowb., etc. 


i: 


18. 


19. 


20. 


( West coast species.) 


F’. aspera Eschscholtz. Sitka to Monterey. 

The common West Coast form. 

F. saturnalis Carpenter. Santa Barbara and San Diego, Cal. 

This has been known universally as “Glyphis densiclathrata 
Reeve,” but I am informed by: Dr. Dall and Dr. Stearns 
that Reeve’s shell is a young F’. aspera. 


(Fossil species.) 

F. redimicula Say. Miocene. Yorktown and James River, 
Va.; Patuxunt River, Md. 

Allied to F. alternata, but with far finer sculpture, and the 
hole nearly round. FF catilliformis Rodgers (Trans. Amer. 
Philos. Soe. n. ser. vi, pl. 26, f. 4, 1839) seems to be a syn- 
onym. 

F’. alticostata Conrad. Miocene. St. Mary's, Md.; James 
river, Va. (See Foss. Sh. Med. Tert. Form. p. 28, pl. 44, f. 
3.) 

The type is in the Acad, N.S. Phil. coll. Typically quite dis- 
tinct from redimicula, but transition forms collected by Mr. 
Johnson in Va., seem to unite the two. 


106 
Ai 


22. 


23. 


24. 


25. 


26. 


THE NAUTILUS. 


F. Marylandica Conrad. Miocene. Calvert Cliff, Md. 

Types in Acad. Coll. Allied to F. tenebrosa Con., of the Ala. 
Eocene. (See Fos. Med. Tert. p. 79, pl. 45, f. 4.) 

F’. nassula Conrad. Miocene. St. Mary’s, Md. 

Type in Acad. Coll. Distinguished from the following species 
by its larger size,more depressed form, etc. The riblets are 
notably equal, close, and not conspicuously latticed. (See 
Foss. Med. Tert. Form. p. 78, pl. 44, f. 8.) 

F’. Griscomi Conrad. Miocene. Stow Creek, betw. Salem and 
Cumberland Cos., N. J. (See Foss. Med. Tert. Form. p. 78, 
pl. 44, fi. 8.) 

Type in Acad. Coll. 

F’. tenebrosa Conrad. Eocene. Claiborne, Ala. (See Foss. 
Med. Tert. Form. p. 39, pl. 14, f. 9.) 

Type in Acad. Coll. 

fF’, Mississippiensis Conrad. Eocene. (See Jour. A. N.S.P., 
2d.ser.; p. 118, pl. 11, f. 2% 

Allied to F. tenebrosa in sculpture, but the hole is quite differ- 
ent. Type in Acad. Coll. 

F. Carolinensis Conrad. Miocene. 


A very distinct species, of which Mr. Johnson has collected 


specimens on the Cape Fear River, N.C. (See Kew’s Rep. Geol. 
Surv. N.C. I, 1875, p. 22, pl. 4, figs 1.) 


27. 


28. 


29. 
30. 


9 
oO . 


32. 
39. 


34. 
35. 
36. 


Genus 6. PuNcTURELLA Lowe, 1827. 


P. noachina Linn. Circumpolar, extending south to Cape 
Fear in deep water. 

P. galeata Gld. Puget Sound. 
Dr. Dall has lately described a mammoth variety of this 
species (var. major), from Bering Sea; it will probably occur 
in Alaskan waters. 

P. Oooperi Carpenter. Catalina Id., Cal. 

P. cucullata Gld. Puget Sound to Monterey. 

P.cireularis Dall. Florida Strait. 539 fms. 

P. eritmeta Verrill. Off Rhode Island, 1451 fms. 

P. erecta Dall. Off N. Carolina, 107 fms. 


Genus 7. EmarcinuLa Lam., 1801. 


E. compressa Cantraine. Fla. Strait in deep water. 
E. bella Gabb. Monterey, Cal. 
E. radiata Gabb. Eocene. California. 


THE NAUTILUS. LOT 


We have not seen this species. 
37. E.arata Conrad. Eocene. Claiborne, Ala. (See Foss. Tert. 
Form. p. 44.) 
A magnificent species, having some characters of Subemargin- 
ula. 


Subgenus Ruwua Defrance, 1827. 
38. R. frenulata Dall. W. Fla. and Keys. 


Genus 8. SUBEMARGINULA Blainv., 1825. . 


39. 8S. octoradiata Gmel. Tortugas. 
40. SS. Rollandii Fischer. 8. Fla. 
Al. 8S. emarginata Blainy. Florida Keys. 


* OK 


42. Cemoria crucubuliformis Conrad. Miocene of Cal. 

We have not been able to find this species among Conrad’s 
types. Its generic position is of course doubtful. 

43. Cemoria oblonga H. C. Lea. Miocene. Petersburg, Va. 
Type in Coll. A. N.S. P. (See Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 
1843, p. 247, pl. 35, f. 37.) 

We would consider this tiny shell a Rimula were it not that 
there is no anal fasciole extending from fissure to apex, and 
for the callus around the hole inside. These features cause 
us to believe it a very young Pissuridea (“ Glyphis’’), prob- 
ably F. alticostata Conrad. 

The authors will be glad to have any criticisms on this list, and 


also any extensions of the geographic or geologic range of the 
species. 


GENERAL NOTES. 


Foop oF Snaits. Have kept since last May a dozen Helix albo- 
labris in confinement. Have fed them 53 species of plants of which 
number they have refused to eat but five species, as follows: Achil- 
lea millefolium L., Brunella vulgaris L., Vernonia nove boracensis 
Willd., Xanthium Canadense Will. and a species of Euphorbia. 
They generally prefer the tenderest plants but refuse some that are 
tender and eat of others that are hard and stringy. They refuse the 
stalk and leaves of young growing maize but dig down and eat the 
germinating kernels. I kept them in a box with soil in the bottom 
and wire on the top. ‘The corn was planted in the soil and grew to 


108 THE NAUTILUS. 


the height of three or four inches. I shall continue these experi- 
ments next summer.—Dr. G. D. Lind, St. Louis, Mo. 


Mr. ELtuwoop Pusas, of Dunreith, Indiana, has returned from 
a very successful collecting trip in Alabama. He secured about 
100 species of marine shells from the Gulf, nearly 20 species of land 
shells, about 50 Strepomatide and 50 Unionids. About 250 spe- 
cies of fossils were collected, many very large and choice specimens 
among them. 


EXCHANGES. 


ExcHANGE.—Land, fresh water and marine shells from France 
and all other regions—shells also purchased readily. Species of the 
genus Pecten solicited —Mr. Bavay, Grand rue, Brest, France. 


For Excuance.—The beautiful Anodonta suborbiculata Say and 
corpulenta Cp. from Thompson’s Lake, Ill. Also many fine Unios 
from Spoon River, Ill. Fine Helix multilineata Say, and others. 
Will exchange for any species, not in my collection, land or sea.— 
Dr. W. S. Strode, Bernadotte, Ill. 


A FEW NEW AND RARE SHELLS for exchange for other rare shells. 
Clementia subdiaphana Carpenter, Nassa californiana Conrad, Sur- 
cula carpenteriana Gabb, Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall—QJ. S. 
Arnheim, 8 Stewart St., San Francisco, Cal. 

ExcHancer.—Offered British shells, land, fresh water and marine, 
for other shells not in my collection —E. R. Sykes, 15 Doughty St., 
London, W. C., England. 


Wantev.—Pacific Coast land and fresh water shells, slugs in- 
cluded. Will give British ]and and fresh water and marines, or 
Virginia land and fresh water species. Address, Capt. W. J. 
Farrer, Box 43, Orange, Va. 


OFrrERED—Helia profunda, tridentata, albolabris ; Zonites fulgi- 
nosus, tnornatus, ligerus; Patula perspectiva, alternata ; Selenites 
concavus ; Physa heterostropha; Spherium striatum; Ancylus fuseus. 
Wanted, United States land and fresh water shells.—S. H. Stupa- 
hoff, E. E. Pittsburgh, Pa. 

W antTED.—Zonites from any locality in exchange for British land 
and fresh water shells—Robert Walton, Charles St., Lower Roa- 
borough, Philadelphia, Pa. 


Wantep.—Vallonia from all localities—Dyr. V. Sterki, New 
Philadelphia, O. 


mir NAUTILUS. 


VOL. V. FEBRUARY, 1892. No. 10. 


MOLLUSKS OF DORCHEAT BAYOU AND LAKE BISTENEAU, 
LOUISIANA. 


BY T. WAYLAND VAUGHAN. 


Dorcheat Bayou might, with some degree of propriety, be called 
ariver. It is the largest stream crossed by the V. 8. and P. Rail- 
Road between Shreveport and Monroe. 

It rises in Nevada County, Arkansas, flows across Columbia 
County, in that state, into Webster Parish, Louisiana. ‘Toward the 
southern portion of Webster Parish, it widens out, and forms Lake 
Bisteneau, which extends out of Webster Parish, forming the bound- 
ary between Bienville and Bossier Parishes, and empties into Red 
River, between Bossier and Red River Parishes. 

I do not know precisely the length of Dorcheat. Its width and 
depth are both variable, depending upon the flooding rains. When 
I collected there in June, during low water, in some places one could 
wade across without getting in water much over knee deep. The 
stream was from twenty to fifty feet wide, I should judge. My 
collecting was done near the railroad crossing. Here Dorcheat had 
well defined banks, often composed of whitesand or pebbles. These 
pebbles are very note-worthy. In some places, they form the bed 
of the bayou, and are fine places to collect from. 

Lake Bisteneau is almost thirty miles long. Its width varies 
from thirty to sixty feet in summer to one mile in winter. There 
are no well defined banks to Bisteneau, the land sloping down 
gradually to the water’s edge. The bottom of this body of water is 
abominable; one often mires almost to his waist in the nasty mud. 

(109) 


110 THE NAUTILUS. 


This is a striking contrast to the firm, pebbly bottom of Dorcheat. 
My collecting was done near Port Bolivar in Bienville Parish. 

Before the railroad was built from Shreveport to Monroe, in high 
water steamboats ascended Lake Bisteneau and Dorcheat Bayou to 
the steamboat landing two miles from Minden, in Webster Parish. 

This stream, Dorcheat and Bisteneau really being one stream, is of 
considerable interest on account of its shells. Of these it has a fair 
number of species. There are some interesting facts presented as 
regards the differences in the mollusks of the different portions of 
this same stream; for instance: I could not find a single specimen of 
Unio hydianus, castaneus, nigerrimus or turgidus in the portion of 
Bisteneau that I examined, while all are very abundant in Dorcheat. 

The specimens of castaneus were nearly all much thickened ante- 
riorly, something that was not noticed in specimens of costaneus col- 
lected elsewhere. The nigerrimus were larger and thicker shells 
than any other specimens found here. The specimens of nigerrimus, 
hydianus, castaneus and anodontnides, in Dorcheat, were found usu- 
ally where they had bored into the sloping banks, about at the 
water’s edge. The other specimens of Unio were found mostly on the 
rocky bottom. I have only one mississippiensis from Dorcheat. It 
was given me in a large lot of shells from there. 

The anodontoides from Lake Bisteneau were large, heavy shells. 
It was the most abundant species of Unionide there. The bottom 
of Bisteneau in many places was almost covered with Campeloma 
decisa, and Vivipara subpurpurea. Ammnicola cincinnatiensis was 
very abundant. ' 

The following is a list of the species with their localities. 

Unio anodontoides Lea. Bisterneau, Dorcheat. 

Unio boykinianus Lea. Dorcheat. 

Unio castaneus Lea. Dorcheat. 

Unio chunii Lea. Dorcheat. 

Unio gracilis Bar. Bisteneau, Dorcheat. 

Unio houstonensis Lea. Bisteneau. 

Unio hydianus Lea. Dorcheat. 

Unio lachrymosus Lea. Bisteneau, Dorcheat. 

Unio mississippiensis Con. Dorcheat. 

Unio multiplicatus Lea. Dorcheat. 

Unio nigerrimus Lea. Dorcheat. 

Unio purpuratus Lam. Bisteneau, Dorcheat. 


THE NAUTILUS. 111 


Unio pustulatus Lea. Bisteneau. 
Unio pustulosus Lea. Bisteneau, Dorcheat. 
Unio texasensis Lea. Bisteneau. 
Unio trapezoides Lea. Bisteneau, Dorcheat. 
Unio trigonus Lea. Dorcheat. 
Unio tuberculatus Lea. Dorcheat. 
Unio turgidus Lea. Dorcheat. 
Unio zigzag Lea. Bisteneau. 
Margaritana confragosa Say. Bisteneau. 
Anodonta imbecillis Say. Bisteneau, Dorcheat. 
Anodonta stewartiana Lea. Bisteneau. 
Anodonta tetragona Lea. Dorcheat. 
Spherium transversum Say. Bisteneau, Dorcheat. 
Campeloma decisa Say. Bisteneau, Dorcheat. 
Vivipara subpurpurea Say. Bisteneau, Dorcheat. 
Physa heterostropha Say. JBisteneau. 
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Bisteneau. 

_ Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anthony. Bisteneau. 


(Extract from Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 2d. Ser., Vol. III.) 


A NEW VOLUTOID SHELL FROM MONTEREY BAY. 


BY J. J. Riw@ens: 


Scaphella (Voluta) Arnheimi. 

Shell regularly formed, elongate-ovate; body whorl more than 
two-thirds as long as the spire; the spire an inch long, and madeup . 
of six whorls, the terminal nucleus being very small, pointed and 
oblique, which latter character places this species in the section 
Scaphella of Dall. 

Ground color obscure yellow, covered by a layer of chalk-like 
deposit. The body whorl has some coarse longitudinal elevations 
and depressions, remnants of former lip extensions, and there are 
two large patches of dark rusty red at a wide interval which do not 
appear to form an interrupted band. The aperture is elegantly 
formed and measures 1-# inches long by ¢ inch wide. The inner 
lip is regularly outlined on the columella; columellar plaits four, 


13 THE NAUTILUS. 


sharply oblique, the last one strongest, forming a prominent ridge 
parallel to the canal. The upper outlines of the mouth meet in a 
sharp angle, but the base has a well defined bifurcation. The whole 
of the aperture and the edge of the outer lip are heavily coated with 
enamel of a yellowish tint, and rust stained. Size 3% inches long, 
and 1% inches wide. Animal without operculum. 

Dredged in Monterey Bay, California. 


MORE ABOUT UNIO LUTEOLUS AND U. RADIATUS. 


BY GEO. W. DEAN, KENT, OHIO. 


I must admit after reading Mr. Simpson’s notes in the December 
Nautitus that Unio radiatus is too erratic for my abilities. A 
species that takes on every possible form I apprehend would baffle 
any expert. 

A specimen exactly like /uteolus and wholly unlike radiatus as I 
know it, although in the Lea collection labelled radiatus with the 
locality Newton Creek, N. J., would, I fear, get into my collection 
in the tray with luteolus. 

Locality is certainly important but with me does not overshadow 
everything else, and labels have told me so many lies that I have 
not the respect for them that I otherwise should have. With me 
the shell is the central idea, not the locality or the label. “These are 
usually aids in determining species—not always. 

Mr. Lea named a shell, now found in the Mahoning, Unio sub- 
ovatus, though from what locality his types came I do not know. 
It is now known to be the mature male of U. occidens Lea. The fol- 
lowing are, I think, all occidens: U. ventricosus Barnes, U. ovatus 
Say and JU. cariosus Say. 

Another Mahoning River shell Mr. Lea named U. kirtlandianus. 
This is probably a variety of that protean species U. swbrotundus, 
Lea. | 

It is a beautiful shell when young and may very properly retain 
the name as a variety. 

I am in favor of weeding out the surplus names as fast as possible, 
but I apprehend that both duteolus and radiatus will remain good 


THE NAUTILUS. iis 


and well defined species, all attempts to connect them proving 
failures. 

I recognize the existence of abnormal sports and possibly hybrids 
and albinos, etc. These I did not contemplate, nor did I consider 
very young or old and eroded or decayed specimens. Barring these 
I still think I could find a dividing line sufficiently distinct. 

I have not seen the dark colored U. borealis Mr. Simpson mentions 
but the types were furnished to Mr. Gray by Mr. Latchford of 
Ottawa, Canada and were taken from the Ottawa river. Mr. Latch- 
ford has given me a good suite of like specimens. They seem dis- 
tinct enough for a good species but it is a close relative of luteolus, 
so close indeed that very young specimens are not easily separated. 
The glass, however, shows the lines of growth a little coarser and the 
shell consequently a little rougher. 

My mind still dwells on the wonderful vagaries of the Unio 
radiatus as described by Mr. Simpson. I should have some dread 
of looking over the Lea collection with him for fear of getting so 
confused that I should not know my wife unless I had her labeled 
and was sure of her locality. 


4 


ADDITIONAL U. S. FISSURELLIDZ. 


We are informed by Mr. T. H. Aldrich that two species were 
omitted from the Catalogue of this family published in the last 
NAUTILUS, viz: 

GLYPHIS ALTIOR Meyer and Aldrich.—Eocene, Ala. Jour. Cin. 
Soc. N. EH. 1886, p. 41, pl. 2, figs. 16, 16a, 16b. Described under 
the genus Fissurella. 

PUNCTURELLA JACKSONENSIS Meyer.—Eocene, Jackson, Miss. 
Bericht der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu 
Frankfort a. M., 1887, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 15. 


The types of both of these species are in the collection of Mr. 
Aldrich—H. A. P. & C. W. J. 


114 THE NAUTILUS. 


PALUDINA JAPONICA MART. FOR SALE IN THE SAN FRANCISCO 
CHINESE MARKETS. 


BY WILLIARD M. WOOD, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 


While on my way down town to business from my residence 
one morning, about nine o’clock, I found it necessary to pass 
through Chinatown in order to reach a certain store where I 
desired to leave an order, and while walking through the narrow, 
crowded, ill-smelling streets of that portion of the city, which by 
the way, contains some twenty-five thousand Chinese, my attention 
was called to a very large flaring red sign, upon which were Chinese 
letters, hung in front of a Chinese vegetable and butcher shop. I 
stopped a few moments to glance down toward the bottom of this 
sign, and saw a good sized wooden bucket. This was filled up to 
the top with dirty looking water and little brown shells. 

J examined one and found it alive. Now was my chance to 
obtain a Japanese species for my cabinet; a species which I had 
never seen alive in this State before. 

I found the proprietor of the shop and said to him, “ Where did 
you get these, John?” ‘Me no sabbe,” was his reply. Then I 
ventured to ask him for how much he sold them, and again came 
his reply, ‘‘ Me no sabbe.” Just then a Chinamen who was stand- 
ing by, turned around, and evidently saw that we could not make 
each other understand, for he stepped up to me and said in very 
good English, “ What you want? I tell him. I speak English.” 

By this fellow acting as interpreter, I found out that the shells in 
the bucket were the first lot brought alive from Japan. He in- 
formed me that they were called by the Chinese “Teen Law.” I 
immediately asked him for the translation of this name. It means 
Field Shell. | 

He went on to tell me that these shells were very good to eat, and 
he had just bought some, intending to take them to his wife. She 
would throw them into boiling water, letting them remain for a few 
moments. Then they were to be taken out, the operculum removed, 
and the foot separated from the soft body, salted, peppered and 
eaten. 

Having asked all the questions I desired, I thanked the inter- 
preter and then purchased some, for which I paid the small sum of 
ten cents per dozen. 


THE NAUTILUS. 135 


I visited the aforesaid Chinaman the next day intending to buy a 
few more of the shells, but was told that so eager were the Chinese 
in this city to eat the delicious meat of these shells that all of them 
had been sold in a very short time after arriving from the Steamer. 

Not knowing the exact name of this species, I forwarded a few to 
my ever-helpful friend, Mr. Wm. J. Raymond of Oakland, Cal., who, 
comparing them with some of his Asiatic Paludinide, found them to 
be identical with a pair of specimens under the name of Paludina 
Japonica, Mart. 

While preparing some of the shells for my cabinet, I discovered 
that each specimen contained inside, from twelve to eighteen young 
shells, about the size of a small Succinea. 

I have kept two of the larger specimens alive ina tumbler full of 
water, changing it every two or three days, and often putting in a 
piece of cabbage leaf for them to feed upon. 

A gentleman who recently arrived from Japan, tells me that 
children of the poorer classes go out in the rice fields, near Yokohama 
and gather the shells, selling them for a few cents a quart. 

As this was the first shipment to America of this species alive, and 
it being also an additional species offered for sale in the markets of 
San Francisco, I write the above, hoping that the same will be 
recorded in the ‘‘Nauritus” and will be of some interest to its 
readers. 


DO MOLLUSCA SHOW CHANGE OF CLIMATE IN NEW ENGLAND? 


BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY. 


A few days ago I received from Connecticut a series of shells 
which I was asked to identify. The specimens being in all proba- 
bility a species of G'oniobasis, I was not only unable to identify, 
since I know little or nothing of that genus, but also I had never 
known an instance of that genus being found in New England. If 
it is common in Connecticut will someone kindly inform me, and if 
not, may I ask observers if there is a tendency among shells to 
migrate in a northerly direction? 

Reasons for the above question are as follows: A change of cli- 
mate is claimed for New England, said change bringing a warmer 


116 THE NAUTILUS. 


temperature and is probably due to the removal of forests. Itis a 
well-known fact that species formerly common on the coast of 
Maine are now extinct, or nearly so, but these would indicate a 
colder temperature of the sea. 

In support of the changed climate of the land, botany has revealed 
some proofs. The writer.had just published a note on this subject 
in “The Observer” when the above named shells were received, 
and hence the question naturally arose, is this species a new-comer 
from the south? I should be glad to hear from others, for I see no 
reason why the mollusca may not give interesting facts as well as 
plants or other animal forms. 


[SELECTED. | 


ANTIPODEAN OYSTERS. 


If I have a deep and lasting affection for anything in this world, 
it is for oysters. Wherever I go, one of the first inquiries I make is 
as to the oyster supply. If that is all right, I can look at the rest 
of things through rosy spectacles. I find a bivalvular view of life is 
always a cheerful one. I have made many strange acquaintances 
among oysters in the South Pacific, but never had any great difficulty 
in adapting myself to my company. You remember how wisely and 
feelingly dear old Tom Moore sang on that point : 

Tis sweet to know that where’er we rove 
We are sure to find oysters delicious, if dear ; 

And when we are far from the beds that we love, 
We have but to make love to the beds we are near. 

I may not have quoted the lines quite correctly, but they are near 
enough. The chosen Paradise of the oyster-eater is the North Island 
of New Zealand, for there the oysters are not only delicious but 
ridiculously cheap. Along theseashore in the lonely, sheltered friths 
and inlets about Auckland, every rock consists of a mass of oysters 
clustered together in a wonderful manner, but easily detached and 
opened when you know how. The best oyster-opening machine is a 
Maori girl with a brad-awl. The Auckland rock oysters have long, 
deep, ragged shells, but the oysters themselves are very small, plump, 
and beautifully shaped, very sweet and not at all coppery or watery. 
They are equally good raw, stewed, fried, frittered, or in a pie or 


THE NAUTILUS. Wy 


timbale. If you want to get them in perfection, however, you should 
sail down to the Island of Waihéké, in the Frith of Thames, fifteen 
miles from Auckland, a veritable Fairyland. Have your fairy on 
hand with her brad-awl; pick out a rock just awash at high tide; 
sit under a tree-fern, or in the shade of the sail of your boat; swallow 
the oysters alive as they come from the nymph’s deft hands in their 
pearly, cup like shell; give each just one bite, to bring out all the 
flavor, as it goes down; and offer up peans of praise to the Giver of 
all good things. Charles Kingsley declared a genuine Havana cigar 
was a thing to thank God for, and Charles Lamb wanted a form of 
grace to be said after reading an interesting book. The soul of man 
ascends to Heaven in gratitude, without a shadow of profanity, after 
assimilating a peck or so of Waihéké oysters. . They are the most 
ethereal of all food. From time immemorial the Maoris have come 
from all the neighboring parts, and even from long distances, every 
summer, to feast on oysters in a particular bay at Waihéké. I have 
been there often. It is worth a pilgrimage from the other end of the 
earth. In the middle of New Zealand there are the famous Queen 
Charlotte Sound oysters, round and flat, and very firm in flesh, with 
just that sub-flavor of copper which some connoisseurs set such a 
value on, but which I confess I am not very partial to. Not but 
that I can eat a couple of dozen of Queen Charlotte Sound oysters 
with pleasure at any time—when Auckland rocks are not to be had. 
In the far south, at Stewart’s Island—Providence has been very 
gracious to those people—superb oysters of quite a different kind are 
obtained in vast quantities, just when Auckland rocks are out of 
season. Stewart’s Island oysters are large, round, flat, symmetrical 
oysters, which look simply splendid on the half-shell, and have a 
grand flavor and plenty of it, which makes them invaluable for 
cookery. A timbale or soufflé of Stewart Island oysters is something 
to make your hair curl, But nothing can shake my devotion to the 
Auckland oysters. It is founded on a rock. Iam quite safe in say- 
ing that the biggest edible oysters in the world are found at Port 
Lincoln in South Australia. They are as large as a dinner-plate, 
and the same shape. I have seem them more than a foot across the 
shell, and the oyster fits his shell so well he does not leave much 
margin. It is a newsensation, when a friend asks you to lunch at 
Adelaide, to have one oyster set before you fried in butter or egg 
and bread-crumbs. But it is a very pleasant sensation, for the 


118 THE NAUTILUS. 


flavor and delicacy of the Port Lincoln mammoths are proverbial 
in that land of luxuries. I mean, when they are cooked. Many 
people eat them raw, cutting off pieces with a knife and fork. I 
draw the line there. I was going to tell you about the Sydney 
oysters, in New South Wales, on the other side of the Australian 
Continent; but I must refrain. The memories are too tenders As 
Mr. Guppy said: “There are chords in the human _heart.”— 
Edward Wakefield in Once a Week. 


GENERAL NOTES. 


SHELLS IN Pine Forests.—In “Some Notes on American Land 
Shells,” Prof. A. G. Wetherby states that ‘‘it is not worth while to 
search under or about pine logs for snails . . . and such I have 
ever observed to be the case in Tennesse, Kentucky and North 
Carolina; and the scarcity of land shells in forests almost or exclu- 
sively pine, is a fact well known.” This statement has been of espe- 
cial interest to me, having collected mollusca in Switzerland for 
years. There pine—especially fir—are the principal, and to a great 
extent exclusive, components of the forests in the valleys, and to a 
great percentage in the mountains, both Alps and Jura, and many 
of these forests are rather rich in snails. I can state from remem- 
brance that almost all the land mollusca living in forests at all are 
found also in pine woods; and on the very trunks, logs, etc. of the 
same wood I collected Limaz, Vitrina (as high as 3 feet from the 
ground), Helix (personata, obvoluta, etc.), Buliminus montanus 
sometimes higher than can be reached by the hand; B. obscurus ; 
Clausilia, different species, ete.—Dr. V. Sterki. 


LAND SHELLS IN PrInE Woops.—As a supplement to Dr. Sterki’s 
observations, we must say that our collecting in pine districts both’ 
North and South, has given the impression that Prof. Wetherby’s 
conclusion is correct as far as the Eastern U.S. is concerned. We 
have always found land shells rare in pine woods. In the Catskill 
Mts. where the writer collected during the past summer, the land 
shells ascend only as far as deciduous trees grow, none being found 
in the coniferous belt.—H. A. P. 


THE NAUTILUS. 119 


Mr. Cuas. T. Simpson left Washington last month for a collect- 
ing tour in Florida. 


THe Puysa seem to be a rather difficult object of study, 
as they present various aspects in different ages and from different 
places. They should be carefully collected and labelled and com- 
pared from a locality in the various seasons, as far as possible.—_ 
Conf. Mr. Stearn’s article in Nautinus IV, 5.—Dr. V. Sterki. 


Frioripa Herices.—We collected 500 well developed Helix 
jejuna on the tops of grass and weeds where they had taken refuge 
from the water a foot or more in depth. We also found a small 
form of Vertigo ovata and V. ovulum Sterki, also Helix auriculata 
and a variety of Helix Postelliana in great abundance. The 
water had driven them out to where they were easily found.— Geo. W. 
Webster, Lake Helen, Florida. 


In Zoe, vol. I, p. 1384, Mr. Henry Hemphill has given a list of 
the West Coast mollusks which he has himself eaten, or known to 
be eaten by others. ‘“ All four of the Abalones, rufescens, corru- 
gata, fulgens and Crachrodii, are edible, and their fine flavor has 
long been known to the sailors, fishermen and ranchers along the 
coast of California.” 

Hetix JEJUNA is found in the pine woods of Florida, and, so far 
as I know, is the only snail found in high pine timber.— Geo. W. 
Webster. 

A specimen of Plewrotomaria Adansoniana Crosse & Fischer, 
lately found on the Island of Tobago, West Indies, has been pur- 
chased by Mr. R. F. Damon, of Weymouth, England. It is the 
largest specimen of the species known. Mr. Damon has published 
a life-size figure of this magnificent specimen. 


—<$_$____ 


EXCHANGES. 


MARIN, land and fresh-water shells to exchange for the same from 
other localities. Lists exchanged. Would also exchange shells for 
works on conchology.— Thomas Morgan, P. O. Box 164, Somerville, 
as 

For EXCHANGE.—Land, fresh-water and marine shells from East 
and South-east Fla., for shells from other localities—Geo. W. 
Webster, Lake Helen, Volusia Co., Florida. 


120 THE NAUTILUS. 


I stILL HAVE a few more sets of California land, fresh-water and 
marine shells to exchange for other Pacific Coast and Eastern 
species, etc. Kindly send lists to— Williard M. Wood, 2817, Clay 
St., San Francisco, Cal. : 

VALLONIA WANTED.—Dr. V. Sterki, of New Philadelphia, Ohio, 
desiring to make a critical study of the American forms of this 
groups, solicits specimens of Vallonia from all parts of the Country. 
Named sets will be returned to each person contributing specimens. 


The editor heartily recommends collectors to communicate with Dr. 
Sterki.—Ed. Nautilus. 


NEW PUBLICATIONS. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF ScIENCES, III, 
Sept. 1, 1891, contains the following conchological papers: 

Notes on the Subalpine Mollusca of the Sierra Nevada near Lat. 
38°, by W. J. Raymond, with appendix by Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
A vaiuable paper, giving the altitudes at which many species were 
found, with other useful notes. In an appendix Dr. Cooper gives 
additional notes on the same subject and describes and figures 
Spherium Raymondi n. sp., S. lenticula Gld., 8. partumieum Say, S. 
truncatum Linsl., Ancylus caurinus Cp., A. fragilis Tryon, Planorbis 
subcrenatus var. disjectus n. var., with many useful comparative 
notes. As a generic term for the “ calyculate ” species of Spherium, 
Dr. Cooper proposes Primedia. This name becomes a synonym of 
Calyeulina Clessin, founded upon the same peculiarity. Planorbis 
subcrenatus, v. disjectus is a form like Ingersoll’s P. plexatus, having 
the inner whorls on a different plane from the last one. 

On land and fresh-water shells of Lower California, by Dr. J. G. 
Cooper. The following species are described : Budimulus inscendens 
W. G. B. var. Bryanti, Rhodea california Pfr. subsp. ¢ ramentosa.’ 
The last is an extremely interesting discovery, as the genus has been 
supposed to be entirely South American, the Californian citations 
of earlier authors having been discredited by many. 


CATALOGUE AND SyNoNyMy of the recent species of Muricide, 
by Frank C. Baker. The species of Muricine are enumerated in 
this paper by Mr. Baker, with notes on their distribution, variation, 
ete. 


\\ 


Dr, WESLEY NEWCOMB 


Tue NauwtTIcus. 


VOL. V. : MARCH, 1892. No. 11. 


IN MEMORIAM—DR. WESLEY NEWCOMB. 


Dr. Wesley Newcomb, the last of the old school of conchologists, 
died at his lfome in Ithaca N. Y. on the 26th. of January at the 
advanced age of 84 years.. His name belongs on the roll of honor 
as one of a distinguished group of American Naturalists, who made 
themselves illustrious by their services in the development and 
advancement of the study of Natural History in this country, and 
their contributions to scientific knowledge. Among those who may 
be specially regarded as Dr. Newcomb’s contemporaries, the names 
of Gould, Binney the elder, C. B. Adams, P. P. Carpenter, Bland, 
Conrad, Lea, Anthony, Couthouy ete., at once occur. While Lea 
and Jay were among the last to pass within the folds of 

‘ee * the low green tent,” 
before Dr. Newcomb, sad as it was, no doubt, to him, to note the 
loss of one old friend after another, he was happy in this, that his 
prolonged life, brought him in contact with many kindred spirits 
among the younger men and workers of the present, and he had the 
knowledge of their friendship and regard as a consolation. 

In his early life he was more fortunate than many of his scientific 
friends. He had the conspicuous advantages of excellent teachers 
and a good education. He first attended the Academy at White 
Plains N. Y., and afterwards the Rennseler now the Polytechnic 
Institute, at that time in charge of one of the best of the earlier 
scientists, Professor Amos Eaton; subsequently at the Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, and last at the Castleton Medical 
College, Vermont, where he graduated most creditably. Asa pupil 


of Professor Eaton, he was, to use his own expression “ forced into 
(121) 


127 THE NAUTILUS. 


the study of shells,” in order to intelligently study fossils, of which 
otherwise he would have learned but little that was satisfactory. 
Living or recent shells were then termed “ Concha Marina”—a 
lumping together amusingly indefinite and vague as seen in the 
light of to-day. To quote him further “I fancied recent shells 
would furnish a key to Paleontology and I expected in a few weeks 
of study to master the science of conchology.” The result was 
somewhat disappointing; he found as all true students have found, 
whatever the path of study, that fresh vistas, eternally new, are con- 
stantly opening, and that with increased knowledge comes a wider 
and more distant horizon, and so like others who have the love and 
thirst and courage of learning, undaunted he kept right on. 

His father, Simon Newcomb, of the fifth generation of the family 
in America, the first being Andrew who came to this country in 
1635, was a physician. The son it will be noticed followed the 
father’s profession. In 1858 he was fortunate in making a marriage 
that was in every way congenial; his wife a most estimable woman, 
his companion and friend for 54 years, survives him. After prac- 
tising medicine in Albany, and a prolonged visit to the Antilles in 
1846-7, in 1849 he went to California, thence to the Hawaiian 
islands in 1850, where he resided for five years. Here the oppor- 
tunity for studying the interesting shells of the Achatinellidae was 
open to him, and he added over a hundred species to the number 
previously known. His exhaustive series of these beautiful forms 
is probably the finest extant, and the conclusions reached by him 
are without doubt more nearly correct, than those of other authors 
who have published on this rather difficult group. 

In 1856 he returned to New York. In 1857 he went to Europe 
and part of the time had Dr. Gould for a companion. In London 
he had the pleasure of meeting many of the leading naturalists of 
the old world, Reeve, Gray, Sowerby, Adams, Hanley, Owen and 
others, and Deshayes, Kiener, Bernardi, Hupé and others in 
Paris. On his return to the United States he went to California in 
1858 and established himself as a physician in Oakland, where he 
became well and agreeably known and soon had an ample practice. 
Here as elsewhere he continued his conchological studies, ever 
enthusiastic and ever ready to assist others as he had been from the 
beginning and was unto the end, all the while adding to his collec- 
tion, already magnificent, and one of the finest and best arranged 
in the world. His generous encouragement to collectors as well as 


YVHE NAUTILUS. 123 


occasional field-work himself, resulted in his adding several new 
species of Land, Freshwater and Marine forms to the molluscan 
fauna of the West Coast. 

In 1867 the Newcombian collection was Peetiiead by *Sir 
Cornell for the University that bears his name. Doctor Newcomb 
soon followed it to Ithaca and its re-arrangement and installation 
in the Museum of said institution, received his personal attention. 

The same liberality that characterized his dealings with brother 
conchologists and collectors in the past, and the comprehensive 
system of exchanges established years before, notwithstanding the 
serious gaps that death had made in the list of his correspondents, 
continued to yield good fruit, and the collection after it had ceased 
to be his property, still received his fostering care, and was enriched 
by numerous and valuable accessions. 

Dr. Newcomb was no closet naturalist wise in books yet unfamiliar 
with the things themselves. His erudition was inclusive and 
covered both. Twice he visited Europe, the chief object. of his first 
visit being the further study of his profession; thrice he collected 
on the reefs in the Bay of Panama and southerly to Ecuador ; also 
at many places in the United State of Colombia, Costa Rica, 
Nicaragua, Honduras and San Salvador. In 1846-7 before briefly 
referred to, he collected on twenty-one of the West Indian islands 
from Santa Cruz to Demerara, and subsequently at San Domingo, 
Hayti and Key West, also one winter on the Gulf coast of Florida 
where he made a large collection on the shores and by dredging the 
Sarasote Bays. In 1870 he was appointed sanitary expert to the 
San Domingo expedition by President Grant, the voyage being 
made on the U.S. 8. Tennessee, and the following year, he was made 
one of the commissioners, to examine and report on the Sutro Tunnel, 
Nevada. 

Dr. Newcomb was an honorary and corresponding member of | 
many scientific societies at home and abroad. His numerous papers 
covering the period from 1849 to 1866, have appeared in their pub- 
lications. . 

From the above it will be seen, how active was his life, and how 
enthusiastic his love of Nature. This love possessed him to the last. 
Of his character nothing can be said but praise. All who knew 
him will bear testimony to his noble sincerity and great goodness of 


124 THE NAUTILUS. 


heart, unconsciously exhibited in numberless acts of kindness, 
generosity and benevolence. 

So closed a life well rounded with fullness of years, of good will 
and of generous service. R.. ey Ome 


A NEW FLORIDA UNIO. 


BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT, LAKE HELEN, FLORIDA. 


Unio Oscari, n. sp. 

Shell smooth, oblong, subcylindrical, greatly inflated; abruptly 
rounded anteriorly below and subangular above; basal margin 
subemarginate, posterior margin truncate and biangular, dorsal 
margin slightly arched; valves solid and not thick; beaks not 
prominent and always eroded; epidermis reddish-brown, darker 
toward the umbos and in the juveniles with fascicles of broad green- 
ish and narrow orange-colored rays; umbonial angle rather sharp ; 
posterior slope depressed in adults but broad; sides deeply grooved 
near the umbonial ridge with concentric rounded furrows; cardinal 
teeth very broad but depressed and not thick, oblique, very vari- 
-able but usually double in the left and single in the right valve; 
lateral teeth curved and double in left valve; cavity of the beak 
nearly obsolete, cavity of the shell deep; cicatrices well impressed, 
the anterior distinct, posterior confluent, dorsal under the base of 
the posterior branch of the cardinal tooth; nacre purple and some- 
what iridescent. 

Diam. °8, length 1, breadth 2:4 in. (extreme). 

Habitat. A creek from Lake Osceola, at Winter Park, Florida. 

Collections of G. W. and O. B. Webster, B. H. and Dr. 8S. H. 
Wright, Museum Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila. and National 
Museum. . 

Remarks. Over 100 specimens of all ages of this well marked 
and beautiful species were taken by the Messrs. Webster and sub- 
mitted for examination. They are remarkably uniform in char- 
acter and most nearly related to U. Aheneus Lea, from which it 
differs in having a smoother and nearly polished epidermis, cavity 
of the shell very much deeper and the lateral teeth shorter, heavier 
and wider. . 


THE NAUTILUS. 125 


It must not be confounded with U. Hazelhurstianus Lea, which 
has a rougher, blackish epidermis, greater breadth and not so in- 
flated. 

We take pleasure in naming this species for the discoveror, Mr. 
Oscar B. Webster, of Lake Helen, Florida. 


ON THE SPECIES OF DONAX OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 


BY W. HeeDAGL. 


Genus Donax Linné. 


The name Donaz is derived according to most authorities from a 
Greek word meaning a reed or pole, perhaps in allusion to the 
radiating strie which might recall a tuft of reeds. This word is 
derived from the feminine verb doneo, to wave or shake, and the 
author of the genus has regarded the resulting noun as feminine, 
forming the terminations of his adjective specific namesin a. Some 
later authors have taken the derivative Latin Donaz a reed, or, 
secondarily, a slender fish (Pliny), as the original form and have 
regarded the word as masculine. It would seem best to fellow the 
original usage. In the endeavor to identify some species of this 
genus from the Tertiaries of North Carolina it has been necessary 
to review the recent species of the genus from the eastern coast of 
the United States and the result may be summarized in the follow- 
ing table. 


DoNAX S§. S. 


A. With a distinctly sculptured lunule. 
a. Strise punctate, lunule smaller than the truncation. 
D. denticulata Linné. Texas, Bahamas, West Indies to Rio Janeiro, 
b. Strize simple, lunule co-éxtensive with truncation. 
D. rugosa Linné. Extra-limital, West Indies to Rio. 
B. Without lunule, striz simple. 
1. Sharply truncate. 
a. Riblets of the truncate area simple. 
D. striata Linné. Extra-limital, Antilles, Colon. 
D. Roemeri Phil. Short, triangular. Galveston to Vera Cruz, 
D. variabilis Say. Longer, sculpture feeble. Hatteras to Galves- 
ton; W.I.? 


126 THE NAUTILUS. 


b. Riblets granular or vermiculate. 
D. texasiana Phil. Small, shape of variabilis. Galveston to Vera 
Cruz. ; 
2. Posterior end more rounded, sculpture feeble. 
a. Shell compressed. 
D. fossor Say. Olive with blue rays. New Jersey to Mayport, 
Florida. 
D. incerata Hanley. Small, subovate, very flat. Extra-limital, 
Bahamas. , 
b. Shell inflated. 
D. tumida Phil. Small, very stout, polished. St. Augustine to 
Texas and Vera Cruz, Mexico. 


IpHIGENIA Schumacher. 


L. brasiliana Lam. Lateral teeth obsolete. Indian River, Florida 
south to Rio Janeiro. 


Donax protractus Conrad is an extremely large and senile speci- 
men of D. fossor. D. variabilis presents similar modifications when 
very old, becoming abnormally long and arcuate. D. parvula Pha 
is the very young D. fossor. D. Lamarekii Desh., is identical with D. 
striata Linné. D. angustatus Sow. is a well-grown D. fossor, not 
quite so old as the type of protractus, D. elongatus Sow. and Han- 
leyana Phil. (fide Sow.) equal rugosa Linné, non Sow. The writer 
has received adventitious specimens of D. californica Conr., D. navi- 
cula Rve. and D. punctostriatus Hanl. from Florida, as indigenous 
to that coast. The following species are known in the fossil state 
from the eastern United States: D. idonea Conrad is supposed to 
be Miocene and was described from a valve cast up on the coast of 
North Carolina and supposed to be from a submarine bed of fossils ; 
D. emmonsii Dall (Emmons Geol. N. C. p. 298, fig. 227 which has 
been misplaced in the text) from the later tertiaries of Cape Fear 
River; D. equilibrata Dall, same locality, collected by Mr. C. W. 
Johnson; D. fossor Say occurs in the Pliocene of Florida and South 
Carolina; D. variabilis in the Pleistocene of South Carolina. The 
Miocene references to these two forms are in need of confirmation 
and the variabilis of the Pliocene of Tuomey and Holmes is D. 
fossor. The Eocene forms referred by Conrad to the genus Egeria 
are doubtfully related to Donax. D. equilibrata may be briefly 
characterized as follows: shell longer in proportion to its height 
than in any of our recent species, rounded in front, the posterior 


THE NAUTILUS. 127 


end rostrate and pointed; truncated area impressed, its borders not 
carinated and ill defined, rostrum faintly grooved, the rest of the 
shell polished, with obsolete impressed lines; inner margin denticu- 
late ; hinge teeth well developed, laterals strong and near the cardi- 
nals; pallial sinus rounded and extending a little in front of the 
beaks ; the latter are well-defined, not prominent and nearly central. 
Lon. of shell 17, Alt. 8:9, diam. 6 mm. 


MOLLUSKS AS CAT-FISH FOOD. 


BY CHAS. C. ADAMS, 806 EMPIRE ST., BLOOMINGTON, ILL. 


In the Navurivus for Dec., 1891, Dr. W.S. Strode spoke of the 
destruction of Anodonta which some thought was the work of cat- 
fish. 

Speaking of the food of the cat-fish, Ictedurus nebulosus, L. S. in 
Vol. I, p. 461, Bull. Ill., St. Lab. Nat. Hist., he says: ‘ Mollusca 
make one-fifth of the entire amount of the food—more than one 
half of them Spherium. This genus made nearly all the food of a 
large group taken from the Illinois River at Pekin in September, 
1882, and also of two other specimens taken in the Illinois River at 
Peoria in Oct., 1887. Univalves were rarely present, amounting to 
only two per cent. of the food, taken, however by eight of the spec- 
imens. ‘These included the usual forms— Valvata, Melantho, and 
Amnicola, taken with two or three specimens of Physa. Examples of 
Pisidium were rarely noted, and two had eaten Unios.” 

Speaking of Ictelurus punctatus, Raf., p. 456, he says; “‘ Molluscan 
food was a decidedly important element, being found in fifteen of 
the fishes and amounting to fifteen per cent. of the whole. Several 
specimens had taken little or nothing else—notably six secured at 
Havana in Sept., 1887, and one at Peoria in Oct., of the same year. 
The Mollusca were about equally divided between gasteropods and 
lamellibranchs, the former largely Melantho and Vivipara, 
the latter usually Unio or Anodonta.” 

“ Notwithstanding the number of bivalves eaten by these fishes, 
no fragment of a shell was ever found in their stomachs, but the 
bodies of the animals had invariably been torn from the shell while 
yet living as shown both by the fresh condition of the recently 
indigested specimen and likewise by the fact that the adductor 


128 THE NAUTILUS. : 


muscles were scarcely ever present in the fragments. Indeed, in 
only a single bivalve had the posterior adductor been torn loose. 
The Unionidee were usually large and thin—probably in most cases 
Anodonta. 

‘“T have been repeatedly assured by fishermen that the cat-fish seizes 
the foot of the mollusk while the latter is extended from the shell, 
and tears the animal loose by vigorously jerking and rubbing it 
about. One intelligent fisherman informed me that he was often 
first notified of the presence of cat-fish in his seine, in making a 
haul, by seeing the fragments of clams floating on the surface, dis- 
gorged by the struggling captives.” 

“Still more interesting and curious was the fact that the univalve 
Mollusca found in the stomachs of these fishes were almost invari- 
ably naked, the more or less mutilated bodies having only the oper- 
cles attached. How these fishes manage to separate mollusks like 
Melantho and Vivipara from the shell, I am scarcely able to imag- 
ine, unless they have the power to erack the shells in their jaws as 
a boy would nuts, and then pick out the body afterward. Certainly 
the shells are not swallowed, either whole or broken. 

“The number of Mollusks sometimes taken by a single cat-fish is 
surprising. As high as one hundred and twenty bodies and opercles 
of Melantho and Vivipara were counted in a spotted cat-fish taken 
at Havana in September of last year.” 


PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. 


Tertiary Mouuusks oF Fioripa, by W. H. Dall. Part IT. 
On the Marine Pliocene Beds of the Carolinas. (Trans. Wagner 
Institute, 1892.) In connection with his studies of the Calovsa- 
hatchie Pliocene fauna, Dr. Dall found it necessary to consider the 
other east American faunas supposed to be of the same age. The 
area where Pliocene might be expected to occur is bounded on the 
north by part of Virginia, and extends southward along the coast to _ 
South Florida. In his studies of the Carolinian fauna, which 
Heilprin has called “Carolinian or Upper Atlantic Miocene,” Dr. 
Dall was “ forced to the conclusion that the fauna catalogued and 
illustrated by Tuomey and Holmes in their ‘ Pleiocene Fossils of 
South Carolina’ was not a true fauna at all, but a confusion of 
several distinct faunas, of which one was of true Miocene age, like 


THE NAUTILUS. 129 


the Virginia Miocene, while another might reasonably be regarded 
as genuine Pliocene, and the stratigraphical equivalent in South 
Carolina of the Caloosahatchie beds of Florida. 

“These views having been communicated to Mr. Joseph Willcox, 
of Philadelphia, that gentleman, with the assistance of Mr. Chas. W. 
Johnson, Assistant Curator of the museum of the Wagner Free Insti- 
tute of Science, undertook to contribute to the solution of this inter- 
esting problem. In the autumn of 1891 Mr. Johnson, under the 
direction of Mr. Willcox, after conferring with the writer, under- 
took the search for genuine Pliocene beds in South Carolina. It 
was thought that the search would be most likely to be successful on 
the Waccamaw River and vicinity, a majority of Tuomey’s really 
Pliocene species having come from that region, while the seaward 
position of it relative to known Miocene of the State enhanced this 
probability.” 

The sections obtained by Mr. Johnson during his investigations, 
and the collections obtained, enable Dr. Dall to “assert with confi- 
dence that—1, the presence of genuine Pliocene beds has been 
established in both the Carolinas; 2, the Pliocene of Tuomey and 
Holmes has been shown to be a confusion of species belonging to at 
least two horizons; and 3, that the classifications based upon the 
supposed characteristics of this non-existent fauna may now be con- 
signed to oblivion, or at least removed from the geologic pathway 
in which they have been so long a stumbling-block. That their 
biological anomalies enabled the writer practically to predict this 
result is satisfactory testimony to the value of paleontology in geo- 
logical work—a value which some modern writers have too hastily 
called in question.” 


The general conclusions reached upon the conditions from the 
close of the eocene to the present time are of such general interest 


that we cannot forbear quoting them in full: 

«“ The close of the Eocene was marked by a movement in elevation which raised 
Central Florida as an island above the level of the sea, separated by a wide strai- 
from the continental shore-line of Georgia. At the same time a change of condi- 
tions took place by which the character of the fauna was subjected to a notable 
alteration. Mummulites and Orbitoides, genera which had formed until then most 
conspicuous members of the fauna, together with other foraminifera of smaller 
size, disappeared entirely, with numerous molluscan genera, and were replaced by 
others, notably Orédztolites. The fauna was a subtropical assemblage similar to 
that of the Central Antilles, and this continued for a time to be its character. 
Orogenic changes elsewhere intervened, and, probably by modifying the course of 


130 THE NAUTILUS. 


the ocean-currents, affected the character of the Floridian fauna even more pro- 
foundly than did those changes which terminated the Eocene. 

‘¢ The period between the inception of the Miocene and the modification of its 
original fauna covered the deposition of the beds comprising the Chattahooche 
group of Langdon and the Tampa group of Dall, and, from the fact that its warm- 
water fauna is best displaved in the Chipola beds of Northwest Florida, along the 
river of the same name, may be called the Chzfola epoch. During this epoch sub- 
tropical mollusks, such as Cywza and Volufa, flourished as far north as New 
Jersey. -The temperature-indications of the fauna do not differ essentially as far 
as our knowledge goes, from those of the previous later Eocene fauna. At no 
succeeding epoch do we find subtropical or tropical mollusks extending northward 
to such a distance from their present range. If any of the leaf-beds of Greenland 
are really Miocene, these facts authorize the suspicion that the period when wal- 
nuts ripened on the shores of the Arctic Sea may have been synchronous with the 
warm Chipola epoch of the early Miocene. 

‘¢ Whether an eastward deflection of the Gulf Stream, connected with elevation of 
the Great Carolinian Ridge, or some other undetermined cause, offered the oppor- 
tunity, a colder inshore current seems to have crept southward along the conti- 
nent, penetrated the strait between Georgia and Florida, and washed the northern 
shores of the Gulf of Mexico. With it came the cold-water fauna appropriate to 
its temperature. This fauna began early in the north, nearly the whole mass of 
the New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia Miocene being of this character. Souih- 
ward the mass relative to that of the Chipola epoch gradually diminishes, being 
less in the Carolinas and least in the Floridian region. With this fauna were 
introduced the conspicuous forms which are known as characteristic of the Mio- 
cene of Maryland and Virginia, the large Pectens and Arcas, Venus and Ecphora. 
Profusely developed about Chesapeake Bay, where it is found in those beds to 
which Darton and the writer, independently, came to apply the name of Chesa- 
peake, the period in which it flourished may appropriately be designated as the 
Chesapeake epoch. ‘The fauna introduced at this time has left lasting traces on 
the fauna of the Gulf of Mexico even to the present moment, but never reached as 
far south as the Florida Keys or the southern portion of the peninsula. The 
faunal change was decidedly the most important mutation which is traceable in 
the fossil vertebrate faunas of the Gulf and Floridian region during the whole of 
Post-Eocene time. 

‘“‘ The Chipola epoch here, in general, was a period of very slow and gentle ele- 
vation, followed at or near its close by a slight depression equally gentle. 

‘The Chesapeake epoch in the South was in the main a period of quiescent * 
deposition, and was closed by a very important movement in elevation. In the 
Central American region (notably Costa Rica), the Miocene rocks were elevated 
to a height of 12,000 feet above the sea. The Panamic connections between the 
Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean were definitely terminated, and the connec- 
tion between the continents of North and South America finally brought about. 
On the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico the elevation was more moderate, 
but considerable, and by it the island of Florida was united to the Georgian 
mainland and the previously existing strait permanently closed. This event, in 
the classification proposed by the writer, terminates the Miocene. 


THE NAUTILUS. 131 


“«The products of erosion resulting from the rising of the land were probably 
those laid down as the Grand Gulf beds of Hilgard and the Altamaha Grits of 
Georgia. The water in which they were deposited was for the most part fresh or 
brackish, and the littoral subsidence so gradual as to practically exclude the sea 
and its fauna. 

‘The Pliocene of Eastern America, as understood by the writer, begins with 
the culmination of the movement in elevation just described, and ends with the 
beginning of the Glacial period. 

“The elevation on the continent resulted in the immediate increase of fluvial 
erosion, and the continued and accelerated creation of perezonal formations simi- 
lar to the above-mentioned Grand Gulf-beds, especially the Lafayette or Appo- 
mattox formation of McGee. The discharge of immense quantities of sediment 
must have rendered the shores less adapted to profuse molluscan life than they 
had been during the Chesapeake epoch. At all events, the Chesapeake fauna 
seems to have receded, and to have been gradually followed up by the warm- 
water fauna which succeeded the Chesapeake and is preserved in the Caloosa- 
hatchie beds. As the peninsula of Florida has preserved an unbroken record of 
this era, it would seem appropriate to apply to it the name of the Floridian epoch, 
and slightly modifying Prof. Heilprin’s use of the term, to refer all deposits of 
similar paleontologic contents to a single assemblage in the system under the name 
of the Floridian group. 

It is probable that the South American vertebrates, such as Glyptodon, which 
found their way northward after the union of the continents, did not immediately 
reach the Floridan peninsula; but, whatever their migrations, it is certain that 
during the Middle Pliocene they made their appearance in that region. Their 
bones, sandwiched between fossiliferous rocks of Pliocene age, establish this fact 
beyond controversy. 

The invertebrates appear—in Florida, at least—to have flourished peacefully, and 
the extinction of some of the most conspicuous forms of the fauna appears to have 
been brought about by a movement in elevation which raised their favorite shallows 
above the sea—an elevation not necessarily of many feet in altitude. At all 
events, a majority of those species which live preferably in moderate depths of 
water, as opposed to littoral forms, still persists in similar situations, unmodified to 
any notable extent. 

The orogenic independence and singular tranquillity of the area which orginally 
formed the island of Florida, contrast strongly with the disturbances in elevation 
or depression of which both continental and Antillean geology give evidence. It 
would seem almost as if Florida had rested on the axis of the disturbances, and 
the tilting northward and southward been minimized at that point. 

For the beds exhibited in South Carolina along the Waccamaw, above the 
Cretaceous marl, as sectionized by Tuomey and Johnson, the name of Waccamaw 
beds may be adopted. For those which are found along the estuary of the Neuse 
River the local Indian name of Croatan beds may be used. Both, as will subse- 
queatly appear, may be referred to the Floridian group or epoch. The relations 
of our later Tertiaries may be broadly summarized as follows: 


132 THE NAUTILUS. 


Later Eocene. 
Vicksburg group (Jackson, Vicksburg and Salt Hill formations). 
Ocala group (Nummulitic beds of Florida). 
MIOCENE. 
Chipola Epoch. 
Chattahoochee group (Hawthorne and Ocheesee beds). 
Tampa group (Shiloh marl, Tampa and Chipola beds). 
Chesapeake Epoch. 
Chesapeake group (Maryland, Virginia, etc.). 
Grand Gulf group (Grand Gulf beds, Altamaha Grit, etc.—Epoch of elevation 
begun and in progress). 
PLIOCENE. 
Floridan Epoch. 
Lafayette group (Lagrange beds, Orange sand, etc.; culmination of elevation). 
Floridian group (Caloosahatchie, De Soto and Waccamaw beds, etc.). 
PLEISTOCENE. 
Glacial Epoch. 


A FOURTH SUPPLEMENT TO THE FirrH VOLUME OF THE TER- 
RESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS OF THE UNITED STaTEs, by 
W.G. Binney. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxii, no. 4). Mr. Binney’s 
series of Supplements has become one of the established Institutions 
of our Conchological World. This last number is no less interesting 
and useful than its predecessors. It contains a resumé of systematic 
work in this department from the date of the 3d supplement to July 
1, 1891. Most of the descriptions of new forms have already 
appeared or been noticed in the Naurinus, except the following: 
Glaudina decussata var. Singleyana W. G. B., Central Texas ; 
Zonites shepardt Hemphill, Santa Catalina I.; Z. carolinensis Ckll., 
Mts. of N. C.; Z. diegoensis Hemphill, Julian City, San Diego Co., 
Cal.; Polygyra 7-volva var. Floridana Hemph., Oyster Bay, Fla. ; 
Pupa coloradoensis Ckll., and a number of new color-varieties of 
Patula and Aglaia. 

Mr. Binney gives generic diagnoses of the genera Pristiloma and 
Punctum, groups which he had formerly referred to Muicrophysa. 
Much useful matter has been added to our knowledge of the West 
Coast Slugs, the figures and anatomical details being especially 
acceptable. The four plates illustrate the new species and varieties 
described. There are also numerous figures in the text. We con- 
gratulate Mr. Binney on the completion of this supplement, and 
hope that he will, in due time, give us still another. 


THe NAurILus. 


VoL. v. APRIL, 1892. No. 12. 


NOTES ON THE COLONIZATION OF FRESH-WATER SHELLS. 


BY WM. B. MARSHALL, N. Y. STATE MUSEUM, ALBANY, N. Y. 


In the American Journal of Conchology, vol. iv, 1868, p. 245, Dr. 
James Lewis said: 

“ With a view to derive useful information for experiments in the 
colonization of species of mollusca, it may be well to remark that, 
in continuation of experiments heretofore attempted, in June, 1868, 
a considerable number of species of mollusca were transported from 
the Mohawk River to the outlet of Schuyler’s Lake, in Otsego 
County (about 18 miles south from Mohawk). The species which 
were deposited there are as follows: Melantho integra DeKay, M. 
rufa Hald., Trypanostoma (Mel). subulare Lea, Goniobasis niagar- 
ensis Lea, Somatogyrus isogonus Say, Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. 
and Bythinella (?) obtusa Lea. 

“Tf in future years any of these species should be detected in any 
portions of the Susquehanna River, it may be presumed they are 
derived from stock colonized in the outlet of Schuyler’s Lake. 
Experiments made, having in view the establishment of Vivipara 
contectoides Binney, (Pal. vivipara Say), in the Mohawk River and 
Erie Canal, do not seem to have been successful. It is, however, 
thought desirable to continue these experiments, as the results of 
them may possibly be such as, in some instances, to throw light on 
the causes which influence the production of varieties. Contribu- 
tions of living molluses for this purpose are much desired by the 
writer.” 


(133) 


laa THE NAUTILUS. 


It would be gratifying to know the results of these experiments. 
Dr. Lewis’ language implies that the species which he deposited in 
Schuyler’s Lake in 1868 did not inhabit the Susquehanna nor any 
of its tributaries previous to that year. Perhaps some of the readers 
of the Nautiuus have specimens of some of these species taken from 
the Susquehanna. If so they may be able to show that Dr. Lewis 
was mistaken in supposing that the species did not inhabit the Sus- 
quehanna; or that his experiments were successful. 

So far as Vivipara contectoides is concerned, his attempt to 
colonize it in the Mohawk River and Erie Canal has been eminently 
successful. The species is firmly established in both the canal and 
river, and has spread many miles from the place of its introduction. 
Beautiful specimens are abundant in the neighborhood of Albany, 
occurring in the Erie and Champlain Canals and in the Mohawk and 
Hudson Rivers. The specimens found here do not show any varia- 
tion from specimens taken in the natural habitat of the species. 

Incidentally it may be remarked that Dr. Lewis’ experiment 
emphasizes the importance of carefully prepared local lists of 
species ; and the importance of recording the dates on which spec- 
imens are collected. There is no doubt that the geographical 
distribution of many species of mollusca is being more or less 
influenced by human agencies. ‘This is especially true of fresh- 
water species. Canals have been dug in various parts of the 
country, connecting the waters of streams which differ widely in their 
faunz. Other canals are in the course of construction and many 
others are projected. It is probable that some species of fresh-water 
shells will thus be afforded the means of extending their habitats. 

In future years it will be desirable to know, for a given locality, 
what species are indigenous and what species have been introduced. 
In order to obtain this knowledge it is absolutely necessary that 
there should be exhaustive lists or collections of the species of the 
given locality made before the operation of man’s disturbing 
influences. 


ON AN UNDESCRIBED CYTHEREA FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO. 


BY W. H. DALL. 


Cytherea texasiana, n. s. 
Shell resembling in general features C. conveza Say, but larger 
more elongate in proportion and with a more delicately sculptured 


- THE NAUTILUS. 136 


surface. Shell moderately inflated, beaks not very prominent, sur- 
face white, the young nearly smooth but gradually becoming finely 
concentrically wrinkled toward the margin and the wrinkles wavy 
or more or less interrupted; lunule large, similarly sculptured, 
bounded by an impressed line but not depressed ; there is no defined 
escutcheon; epidermis thin, pale, closely adherent and smooth ; 
interior chalky white, polished; pallial sinus angular and deep; 
margins smooth; sockets of the hinge deep, hinge teeth normal, 
slender; the anterior tooth small but well defined. 

Shape of the shell very nearly a true oval, the height greatcst 
about midway between the two ends; base and ends evenly rounded. 
Lon. of shell 67:0; alt. 49°0 diam. 32:0; beaks behind the anterior 

end 20:0 mm. 

_ This fine species is No. 291 of my list in Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. 
Mus., where it was referred with doubt to a fossil species which 
proved to be of a different character. It was first collected by 
Wurdeman during the earliest Coast Survey work on the Texan 
coast (about 1856) and has since been sent to the National Museum 
from Galveston by R. R. Gurley of the U. S. Fish Commission and 
later by J. H. Singley of the Texas Geological Survey. Itis a 
Dione of the section represented by D. Sayana or convexaand must, 
when in really fine condition, be a very elegant species. 


A FEW OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING DEATH OF FRESH WATER 
MOLLUSCA. 


BY DR. V. STERKI. 


In the last number of the Nauriuus Dr. Strode reports the death 
of Anod. corpulenta Cpr., in Thompson’s Lake, Ill. To his case I 
would add a few observations of a similar nature, though not so strik- 
ing, which may, in some way, help to elucidate the question. 

A few years ago, at exceptionally low water, I found in the 
Tuscarawas River, numerous Unio subrotundus Lea, dead, in their 
natural positions, buried in the gravel, the valves slightly gaping. 
The soft parts were in a more or less advanced state of putrefaction, 
partly dark colored. This last fall I noticed the same phenomenon 
in the same place; it was amidst the river bed, around some small 
low-water banks, in very shallow and comparatively quiet water, 


136 THE NAUTILUS. 


while quite near, in deeper and running water, the mussels were 
alive and healthy as usual. There is: hardly a doubt as to the 
cause of death in this instance: fish certainly did not kill them, 
nor any other animal; but evidently it was the sun heating the 
bottom and the water, probably also changing the latter, and in 
addition, promoting the development of bacteria, etc., causing 
disease. 

As to the wholesale destruction related by Dr. Strode, the case is 
somewhat different, since there was a lake 5 miles long, but very 
shallow, as the doctor says in the April number, and Anod. corpu- 
lenta lived near the shore. May we not draw the conclusion from 
these facts, that the long continued heat and evaporation, directly 
and indirectly, probably were the cause of that terrible dying? On 
the other hand, we may think that one species is more delicate, more 
predisposed to and less resistant against certain destructive agents. 
It is too well known that the past late summer and fall were 
exceptionally dry, and [ presume that not only millions of fish as 
well as Najades and other fresh-water animals fell its victims in a 
great part of the country—from drying up as well as from deteriora- 
tion of the water—but also of the minute and delicate land snails a 
great percentage probably perished. 

In October past I visited a few small ponds, sloughs, where the 
water had dried up for the most part in some, still standing 1-13 
feet deep in others. Most of the aquatic plants, thrifty in spring 
and early summer, were rotten or in poor condition, a dark, sooty 
mass covering the bottom, evidently the remnants of decayed organic 
matter. Of mollusca, there were very few alive, and to my surprise, 
the Limneide were almost all dead, while in one place numerous 
Amnicola were living, in another Valvata tricarinata: is it’ not 
strange that “ pulmonata” could not survive where branchiata were 
doing well ? 

Again in November I found on Tuscarawas river, a small mud 
hole, about 5 feet long, the water two feet deep, on the bottom a 
thick layer of that dark, soot-like mass. There were a number of 
Melantho, evidently in good health, while I could not detect a single 
specimen of Limnea, Planorbis, Physa or Ancylus. 

These observations were made somewhat hastily, and might have 
been more exact; yet I think they are not without some interest. 


THE NAUTILUS. 137 


THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF THE CAYUGA LAKE VALLEY. 


BY NATHAN BANKS. 


Cayuga Lake is one of a series of lakes in central New York. 
The region around its upper end is very interesting, not only on- 
account of its beautiful and varied scenery but also because of its 
rich flora and fauna. The hills are high, and there are numerous 
streams which have worn deep gorges in the hillsides. At the head 
of the lake is a large marsh. Not far from the lake (about ten 
miles from Ithaca) are several Sphagnum bogs. The varied natural 
conditions favor an augmentation of species; and, I think fora 
- locality in the northern part of the U.S., the following list is mod- 
erately large. Some of the smaller species are not represented, 
perhaps because I did not look sufficiently close for them. Many 
notes were made on local variation, distribution and the habits of 
the more common species. The fresh water shells were also col- 
lected and made a good showing. In the list I follow nearly the 
arrangement of Pilsbry’s list. 


. Selenites concava Say. Common. 

. Limax maximus Linn. Uncommon. 

. Limax flavus Linn. More common. 
Limax campestris Binn. Quite common. 
. Vitrina limpida Gld. Rare. 

Zonites fuliginosus Griff. Common. 

. Zonites friabilis Binn. Rare. 

. Zonites levigatus Pfr. Uncommon. 

. Zonites intertextus Binn. Frequent. 

. Zonites ligerus Say. Uncommon. 

11. Zonites inornatus Say. Frequent. 

12. Hyalina nitida Mull. Not uncommon. 
13. Hyalina arborea Say. Very common. 
14. Hyalina radiatula Alder. Frequent. 

15. Hyalina indentata Say. Frequent. 

16. Hyalina limatula Ward. Uncommon. 
17. Hyalina minuscula Binn. Frequent. 

18. Hyalina milium Morse. Rare. 

19. Hyalina binneyana Morse. Rare. 

20. Conulus fulvus Drap. Common. 

21. Gastrodonta multidentata Binn. Frequent. 
22. Tebennophorus carolinensis Bosc. Common. 
23. Tebennophorus dorsalis Binn. Frequent. 
24. Patula alternata Say. Very common. 

25. Patula perspectiva Say. Uncommon. 

26. Patula striatella Anth. Frequent. 


est 
SOMNBATPWNHH 


138 THE NAUTILUS. 


27. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Common. 

28. Punctum minutissimum Lea. Common. 
29. Mesodon thyroides Say. Common. 

30. Mesodon albolabris Say. Very common. 
31. Mesodon dentiferum Binn. Rare. 

32. Mesodon sayii Binn. Uncommon. 

33. Stenotrema hirsuta Say. Very common. 
34. Stenotrema monodon Rack. Very common. 
30. Triodopsis tridentata Say. Very common. 
36. Triodopsis palliata Say. Frequent. 

37. Vallonia pulchella Mull. Very common. 
38. Strobila labyrinthica Say. Uncommon. 
39. Pupa corticaria Say. Frequent. 

40. Pupa rupicola Say. Uncommon. 

41. Pupa armifera Say. Common. 

42. Pupa contracta Say. Common. 

43. Pupa simplex Gld. Rare. 

44. Pupa milium Gld. Uncommon. 

45. Vertigo ovata Say. Uncommon. 

46. Vertigo gouldii Binn. Frequent. 

47. Vertigo bollesiana Morse. Uncommon. 
48. Vertigo pentodon Say. Frequent. 

49. Ferrussacia subcylindrica Linn. Frequent. 
50. Succinea avara Say. Rare. 

51. Succinea obliqua Say. Common. 

52. Succinea ovalis Gld. Frequent. 

53. Carychium exiguum Say. Rare. 

I include Carychium on the list because I have always found 
it, though in damp places, quite removed from bodies of water. It 
was usually found on the roots of various plants that grew in damp 
places. The Succinea avara was found but once, and not far from 
water; the S. ovalis usually near the lake shore. Ferrussacia was 
frequent under leaves in very damp places. V. pentodon was the 
most common Vertigo, often on the exposed roots of cedar. Pupa 
simplex was found but once, and in a very wet locality. P. con- 
tracta and armifera were common in various places; but P. con- 
tracta was found in more places than P. armifera. LP. corticaria 
was always seen on trees. Strobila was found in places where P. 
armifera and contracta were common and EF. multidentata was occa- 
sional. Vallonia pulchella could be found both in wet places and 
under dry stones, high up on hills. Triodopsis tridentata was 
everywhere but TJ. palliata was usually found in damp and shady 
glens. SS. hirsuta and monodon anywhere under stones and pieces 
of wood. Mesodon albolabris was larger on the hillsides than in 
the valleys. In some small localities M. thyroides was more com- 


THE NAUTILUS. 139 


mon than MM. albolabris. M. dentifera was only seen in very dark, 
cold, wet swamps, in places where TZ. palliata seemed to flourish 
best. M. sayii was found on hills in dry places. I have noticed a 
curious habit of economy in some specimens of M. thyroides. On 
watching them crawl alternately over very rough and glazed paper, 
I saw that while moving over the rough paper the whole length of 
the foot was upon the paper; but on glazed paper the animal would 
only touch the paper in two or three points, keeping two or three 
parts of the foot free from the paper. Thus, the track of the snail 
over the glazed paper consisted of a series of spots of dried slime 
where the foot had touched, while the intermediate spaces were per- 
fectly clean. H. lineata was usually found in wet and rocky places. 
P. striatella was found in similar locations, while P. perspectiva was 
found under logs and chips of wood in dry places far removed from 
bodies of water. P. alternata hibernates in large communities ; forty- 
four specimens, over a year old, were found under a single over- 
turned rotten stump. JT. carolinensis usually in rotten logs, but 
sometimes climbing trees. 7. dorsalis in very wet places. H. 
indentata, radiatula and nitida were most abundant in damp places. 
Z. inornatus usually in the valley, while Z. levigatus and intertextus 
were most common on hills and rocky places. Vitrina was only 
found on a low island in a pond, almost at the water’s edge. L. 
maximus was sometimes seen quite a distance from buildings. S. 
concava was most common in rocky situations. 


A FEW QUERIES AND NOTES. 


BY T. WAYLAND VAUGHAN. 


In the discussion of Messrs. Simpson and Dean, relative to the 
distinguishing characteristics of Unio radiatus Barnes, and Unio 
luteolus Lamarck, one point seems not to be brought out, that would 
surely interest all lovers of Najades. Are there ever any variations 
that show the gradual vergence of the hard, highly polished 
epidermis of /uteo/us into the rougher epidermis of radiatus ? 

Of hydianus, a close relative of luteolus, I can say: to-day, I 
examined over 250 specimens (I counted the specimens), from four 
streams in Northwest Louisiana, to see what variation there might 
be in the character of the epidermis. In nearly every specimen, the 
epidermis was perfectly smooth, glass-like, throughout. In a few 


140 THE NAUTILUS. 


large somewhat overgrown specimens, towards the margin of the 
shells, the epidermis was somewhat rough, corresponding to the lines 
of growth ; but then, not in the least presenting any such appear- 
ance as shown by U. radiatus. 

As showing how variable in form U. hydianus is, the following 
measurements from two female specimens may be of interest. 

First specimen, length 61°5 mm., height 42 mm., diameter 36 mm. 
Second specimen, length 55 mm., height 33 mm., diameter 20 mm. 

The great amount of this variation may be made clear to the eye, 
by laying off on a line the length of the first specimen, on a line per- 
pendicular to the first, lay off the diameter of the first specimen ; on 
the same lines as axes, lay off the corresponding dimensions of the 
second specimen. 

In this day of scientific enlightenment, men have come to look 
upon chance as having no place in Nature—but all is the outcome 
of certain definite causes, which may often act in a complex manner. 
Accordingly our friends in the botanical world have tried to explain 
to us the origin and use of the varied beautiful forms and colors 
that we find among flowers; the entomologists try to explain to us 
the origin and use of various colors—some sombre, some gaudy—that 
we find in the insect world. A certain amount of study has been 
put upon the origin and use of colors among marine molluscs ; and 
dynamical causes have been proposed for structures found among 
marine molluscs. Has anyone ever tried to account for the radia- - 
tions in our Unionide ? or for the magnificent purple nacre of the 
Uniones purpuratus, graniferus or verrucosus? What is the origin 
and use of the pustules, found in the many groups of Unionide ? 
What is the origin and use of the plications in our various plicate 
Unionide ? Also, have the adult Unionide been found to have any 
natural enemies, that feed upon them? Do turtles ever eat mussels, 
might be asked. 

These are questions that no one is paying any attention to, seem- 
ingly, and surely offer room for much work among students of 
Unionide. 


WE HAVE LATELY RECEIVED specimens of Helix vendryesi n. sp. 
from Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, of Kingston, Jamaica. The new 
form closely resembles H. sloaneana, but is more depressed than 
usual in that species, is more carinated, and of a very handsome 
dark purple-brown color. It is from Montego Bay, Jamaica.—H, 
P: Oe ae 


THE NAUTILUS. 141 


MORTALITY IN MUSSELS AT ORANGE, VA. 


BY W. J. FARRER, ORANGE, VA. 


Referring to Mr. Strode’s paper in the December number of the 
Naurtitus, I, too, have been lately much puzzled at finding dead 
mussels in large quantities in the ponds about this place; hundreds 
may be picked up each morning on the edges of one pond, especially 
that belonging to a grist mill. U. hyalinus and A. williamsiti seem 
to be the principal sufferers, for although A. edentata, M. undulata 
and U. complanatus abound in the same pond, only a few empty 
shells of these latter are found and they seem to have been cleaned, 
out by raccoons; the other two species are always found with the 
animal entire and for the most part full of spawn. This, as well 
as the other ponds about, has been unusually low throughout the 
last two months and with Mr. Strode I think low water and not 
catfish, accounts for the bivalve mortality. 

I may mention that in the same pond large numbers of cat- 
fish have died throughout the summer and autumn; some I took 
in a dying state had a growth of fungus on the body. 


LITTORAL LAND SHELLS OF NEW JERSEY. 


BY H. A. PEESERY. 


The Atlantic shore of New Jersey is so sandy that few land snails 
find suitable conditions there. I have seen specimens of only the 
following species from the immediate neighborhood of the coast, 
restricting this to a strip of say one or two miles inland. 

Helix (Mesodon) thyroides Say. 

All the eastern New Jersey specimens are thin and light, 
resembling the bucculenta form more than the typical thyroides. 

Those from Asbury Park are toothless, have the umbilicus half 
covered, and measure from 17 to 19 mm. diameter. 

Specimens from Point Pleasant, N. J., collected by Messrs. F. H. 
Brown and Witmer Stone are even smaller than those collected by 
myself at Asbury Park. Compared with the typical thyroides these 
specimens are much smaller, generally more globose and conoidal, 


142 THE NAUTILUS. 


although this character is variable. The umbilicus is about half 
closed. Specimens measure: 

a. Alt. 12, diam. 163 mm. 

b. Alt. 103 diam. 17 mm. 

A very small tooth is developed in some examples. The shells 
correspond more closely to the southern variety bucculenta than to 
the usual thyroides of ‘the north. It appears, indeed, as Mr. Stone 
has suggested to me, that this form is a member of the Carolinian 
fauna, which extends far to the northward in eastern New Jersey. 
Helix (Mesodon) albolabris maritima Pils. 

Many specimens from the vicinity of Cape May, N. J., have been 
examined, collected by Mr. Witmer Stone and Prof. C. LeRoy 
Wheeler. They exhibit but little variation. I have also seen spec- 
imens from a locality in Long Island, N. Y., and a form which Mr. 
Bryant Walker tells me is quite similar, has been found in Michigan, 


inhabiting a locality having much the same physical features as the 
sand hills of Cape May. 


Zonites arboreus Say. 
The writer has collected this at Asbury Park. 
Philomycus carolinensis Bosc. 


A small specimen was found at Asbury Park. 


PRELIMINARY NOTICES OF NEW FORMS OF FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS. 


BY _H. A. PRESBRY. 


Vivipara georgiana var. altior Pilsbry. 

Shell pyramidal, elongated, composed of 62 to 7 whorls, separated 
by deep sutures. The whorls are flattened or sunken around the 
upper portion, convex below, giving a decidedly cadaverous appear- 
ance to the shell. Some specimens have a scaliform appearance. 
The surface is marked with growth-lines and irregular wrinkles, 
but some specimens show distinct spiral lire. All of the specimens 
seen (30 in number) are bleached, but some show faint traces of 
reddish bands. The umbilicus is narrow, often a mere chink. 

Alt. 46, diam. 25 mm. 

Alt. 48, diam. 24 mm. 


THE NAUTILUS. 143 


From an aboriginal shell-heap on the left bank of Hitchen’s 
Creek, near the entrance of the St. John’s River into Lake George, 
Florida. Collected by Mr. C. B. Moore. 

The great variability of these shells and their distorted aspect 
inclines me to place them as a local variety of V. georgiana, 
but they are so very different in appearance from that species, that 
in the absence of intermediate examples, I am inclined to regard 
them as an individualized race deserving a name. 


Fluminicola merriami Pilsbry and Beecher. 

Shell small, globose-turbinate, narrowly but distinctly and deeply 
umbilieated. Spire low-conic, acute; whorls 4, slightly shouldered 
below the sutures, the upper-lateral portion rather flattened, periph- 
ery and base convex. Surface smooth, horn-colored. Aperture 
oblique, ovate, angled above, broadly rounded below ; upper portion 
of the inner lip adherent to the body-whorl, lower portion arcuate, 
without a callous thickening. 

Alt. 3, diam. 23 mill. 

Collected from a warm spring (temperature 97° F.) in Pahrana- 
gat Valley, Nevada, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, and submitted to the 
writer by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns. 

This species differs from F’. fusca Hald., in the much more distinct 
umbilicus, thin texture, and the non-thickened inner lip. 

Specimens may be seen in the National Museum (no. 123,626) 
and the Academy of Natural Sciences collections. F. merriami will 
be figured in the monograph of American Ammnicolide now in 
preparation by Mr. C. E. Beecher and the writer. 


GENERAL NOTES. 


A correcrion. In the March Nauti vs, p. 127, line 13, instead 
of he says read Prof. Forbes says.-C. C. A. | 


EXCHANGES.—We purpose to devote one of the inside cover 
pages, hereafter, to offers of exchange, and all subscribers are 
invited to offer their duplicates and call for their desiderata therein. 
Exchanges will be inserted free of charge, but they should not 
exceed five lines in length.— Eds. 


144 THE NAUTILUS. 


A NEW GENUS of Helicinide has been described by Commandant 
L. MoRE LET, in the last number of the Journ. de Conch. It is like 
Helicina in form, and in absorbing the internal whorl-walls, but 
differs in having several plice or folds upon the parietal wall. 
This type, which is named Calybium, is from Laos, (Indo-China). 

The operculum is unguiform, with terminal nucleus. It appar- 
ently represents there the Proserpina and Ceres of tropical America. 
The type is C. massiei n. sp., a form measuring over three-fourths of 
an inch in diameter.—H. A. P. 


Dr. W. H. Dat, of the Smithsonian Institution, is about to leave 
Washington for California, where he will engage in field-work for 
three months. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


SruprEs AMONG Mo.Liusks—INstiIncr AND GENERA, by Henry 
Hemphill. (Zoe. Jan., 1892). The author discusses certain 
apparent anomalies in the structure of land mollusks, freely criticis- 
ing the conclusions reached by the anatomical school of investigators. 
He elaborates the idea formerly advanced by himself, that snails 
display instinctive impulses in the building and decoration of their 
shells. “ The shell bears the same relation (mechanically) to the 
animal, that the web does to the spider.” While we are obliged to 
disagree totally with Mr. Hemphill’s conclusions, the paper is still 
in some respects suggestive. | 


Toe American Naturauist for January, 1892, contains an 
article upon the shell-bearing mollusea of Portage Co., Ohio, by 
Mr. Geo. W. Dean. An annotated list of the species is given. The 
proof-reader is not quite as punctilious as we could desire, in the 
matter of spelling names, and one or two difficult species are prob- 
ably wrongly identified, such as Physa ampullacea Gld.; but the 
list is generally useful.  Bythinella nickliniana is reported from 
Portage Co., a locality west of any we have hitherto noticed. 

The Naturalist is now published by Messrs. Binder & Kelly, of 
Philadelphia, the editors being Professors Cope and KINGSLEY, as 
in the past. The editors and publishers purpose to make this once 
excellent magazine even better than it has been in the past— 


H. Ale 


THe 


NAUTILUS 


A MONTHLY JOURNAL 
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF 


CONCHOLOGISTS. 


VOL. VI. 


MAY 1892 to APRIL 1893. 


PHILADELPHIA; 


Published by H,. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON. 


IN Dix 


TO 


fee NAW Tlias, VOL VI. 


INDEX TO TITLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


Acanthopleura and its subgenera : ; ; : 104 
Acmea saccharina, note on : p 89 
Additional shells from the coast of eather Beal ; : 109 
American Association of Conchologists —.. é BF, 18 
Amnicoloid genus — with the description of a new 

species : ‘ : : : 61 
Amphitomura (s. g. oy : 105 
Annotated list of Alabama land ‘Milner : 76 
Anodonta Mearnsiana Simpson, n. sp. : 134 
Appearance of an Asiatic Anodonta in the Cinnexe mark- 
ets of San Francisco . : 4 ; , , 51 
Bifidaria, a new subgenus of Pupa_. , 99 
Bulimulus (Pleuropyrgus) Habeli Stearns (n. =) ; 86 
Bulimus, description of a new species ; 116 
Calliostoma Crumpii (n. sp.). (PI. I, fig. 3). 105, 1383 
Campolemus (n. g.) , 96 
Cantharidus iris (young) . 132 
Chlorostoma gallina Forbes var. mie loas Biearna, nN. Var. 86 
Clementia subdiaphana = in San Pedro Bay, 116 
Collecting notes . : 4 : Oo” 
Conulus Sterkii, note on . : : 106, 118 
Crepidula, of Atlantic coast ; , 40 
Crepidula, additional notes on . : 52 
Cypreea, a new fossil ; : 50 
Cyprea Squyerii, n. sp... ; ; 51 
Cyprea chrysalis Kiener_ . ; : : : 119 


Cyprza amphithales Melv. 119 


ill 


lv THE NAUTILUS. 


Cytherea convexa, note on . 52 
Cyprza cruenta Gmel. var. Grose a Vv Ha Pl ig 

figs. 4and5)  . : : 112, 183 
Exchanges, : : 12, 24, 36, 60, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132 
Extracts from a ieleae: of Dr. Wm. H. Rush : : 81 
Goniobasis virginica in Connecticut . : 36 
Gould’s types and mss. : : : : 95 
Gould’s types of Nassa and Coluniiaalii . . ae 47 
Gould’s types North Pacific Exploring eager : 84 
Helix Sargenti, n. sp. (see page 48) . E ; 8 
Helix Sargentiana J. & P. ; : , : 48 
Helix alauda var. weeksiana, n. var. : ; eee 
Helix nemoralisin Wisconsin. : : 131 
Helices of the Biologia Centrali Agericana, notes on, 117, 128 
Helices of New Zealand, Observations on the. . 64, 121 
Helices colonized in Herkimer Co., N. Y. ; ; : 126 
Helicoid Group Charopa and allied forms Z : ; 67 
Helicina occulta in Western Pennsylvania ‘ é : 24 
Hyalina leviuscula, n. sp. . : 53 
Japanese Limpets ! : : ; ; 69 
Lichtenthaler, G. W. : : : , 131, 141 
Littoral land shells of New Jersey _.. : : 19 
Littorina (Tectarius) galapagiensis Stearns, n. sp... : 87 
Littorina (Tectarius) atyphus Stearns, n. sp... ; 88 
Lyogyrus Dalli Pilsbry & Beecher, n. sp. . : : 62 
Lyogyrus, noteson_. : ne 83 
Maugeria Gray . : ; ‘ : 104 
Mesodon andrewsi in Missouri. : 90 
Mesotomura (n. nov.) ; 105 
Nanina (Ariophanta) te ae n. sp. (PLL EE is 1, 2) .. 30) ae 
Nitidella incerta Stearns, n. sp. . A 88 
Notes on “‘ New Mollusks of St. Helena” : 96 
Notes on Dr. von Ihering’s Observations . f : : 12k 
Onchidium Lesliei Stearns, n. sp. mae: 87 
Origin of the Land Fauna of Queensland, eee 124 
Panda, note on the group . : : : 9 
Partula, catalogue of the genus . ‘ : ae 
Patula strigosa Gould in Arizona ; : ; 1 
Physa heterostropha Say _ . : : ; . Soe 


Placostylus alienus, n. sp. . ; , : : : 116 


THE NAUTILUS. Vv 


Planorbis multivolvis 5 : : ; ‘ . eae: ae 
Post-pliocene shells. : 103, 119 
Provancher, Abbé (obituary) ; é 9 
Preliminary list of N. American Pies : : 2 
Preliminary descriptions of new Molluscan forms, etc. : 85 
Shell bearing mollusca of Michigan, . , 18, 31, 42, 68, 135 
Shell collecting at Eastport : F ; ; 49 
Shell of William’s cafion, Colorado . : : 102 
Slugs injuring coffee ; : : 127 
Some remarks on New Jersey com Beil: : 25 
Spirula fragilis found at Gay Head,. Mass. Ad alee 119 
Succinea, notes on the North American species . leo ae 
Subulina octona in Philadelphia : : : : 107 
Unionide, On a revision of the American . : ,  F6vee 
Unionidz of Florida and the Southeastern States, hates on 118 
Unio coruscus Gould, notes on . ; F : : 126 
Unio muddle. : : 118 
Unio subluridus Simpson . ; 148 
Uvanilla regina Stearns, n. sp. . ’ : 85 
Veronicella Sloanii var. coffez, n. var. ; : 128 
Ward’s, a visit to : : : 91 


Zonites Sterkii Dall in ae : : : . ‘ 118 


INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS. 


Aldrich, T. H. 

Binney, W.G. . 95 
Campbell, John H. : 50 
Cockerell, T. D. A. 21,29, 428 
Crandall, O. A. . . 20, 108. 
Dall, Wm. H. 52, 84, 109. 
Elrod, Morton J. 141 
Farrer, W. J. : 36: 
Ford, John . 20; 142 
Hartman, W. D. ia, oF 
Hedley, Chas. 124 
Thering, H. von 121 
Johnson, C. W. 8 
Marshall, Wm. B. : 19, 47, 126. 
Pilsbry, H. A. ae. 9, 54, 61, 67, 104, 105, 116, 117, 128, 129. 
Raymond, Wm. J. 131 
Roper, Edward W. 49 
Rush, Wm. H. 24, 81 
Sampson, F. A. 90, 102 
Sargent, H. E. : 76: 
Simpson, Chas. T. 37, 78, 184, 143. 
Stearns, Robt. E. C. 1, 85. 
Sterki, V. . 2, 53,99, 10G 
Stone, Witmer, 40: 
Taylor, Rev. Geo. W. : . 69; 89: 
Walker, Bryant . 4 13, 31, 42, 63, 94, 135. 
Williamson, Mrs. M. Davin. 116. 
Winkley, Rev. Henry W. 63. 
Wood, Williard M. 51, 72 
Woodworth, J. B. 120: 
Wright, S. Hart 80: 


Wright, Berlin H. 


80, 118, 126 


v1 


moe N®OTILus. 


Vot. v1. MAY, 1892. SENG: 1: 


PATULA STRIGOSA GOULD, IN ARIZONA. 


BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


The National Museum has recently received from Mr. Marcus 
Baker, of the U.S. Geological Survey, numerous specimens (Mus. 
no. 123,576) of the above snail shell collected by him at Coon 
Mountain, in Arizona. From Mr. Baker I have learned the fol- 
lowing: ‘Coon Mountain, from which these shells came, is a name 
locally applied to a possible volcanic crater, situated some ten miles 
south of Canyon Diablo, Arizona. Itis near lat. 35° N., long. 111° 
W. The crater is some 500 or 600 feet deep, ranging from 5200 
feet above sea level at the bottom, to 5700 feet at the crest of the 
rim. Within the crater is bedded sandstone, limestone (Aubrey) 
and talus slope. The region is excessively arid. The dead shells 
are found scattered along the interior slopes of the crater, more 
especially on the south side. Almost allaredead. I think I found 
a single living one, in the course of a week’s working about, in this 
vicinity. I do not remember finding any outside of the rim. Many 
of the specimens were fresh, most of them dead and bleached.” 

Compared with examples from more northerly regions where this 
form abounds, and exhibits, as is well-known, extraordinary vari- 
ability, these Coon Mountain specimens are rather under size or 
dwarfed. They are also rather flat than elevated, and some of them 
are more or less angulated at the periphery. The fresher examples 
are slightly rufous, with two narrow revolving bands on the body 
whorl. 


bo 


THE NAUTILUS. 


This species has heretofore been found, I believe, in New Mexico. 
Mr. Baker’s collection carries it farther to the south than before 
reported. 


PRELIMINARY LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN PUPIDE. 
(NORTH OF MEXICO.) 


BY DR. V. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO. 


It will take several years more before we can attempt a revision 
and approximately complete a list of this most interesting group of 
our land mollusca. The past few years have brought us a good 
number of new forms, and yet we have to expect, not only more 
such but also a more extensive knowledge of their geographic 
distribution and local variations. Strange as it may appear, the 
specimens extant in the many museums and private collections I have 
examined, represent only avery limited parc of our country. There 
are areas of 100,000 square miles from which none of these minute 
denizens are known, or only a few from single spots. Very little, in 
some places nothing, has been collected in the South Atlantic and 
Gulf States, excepting Florida and Texas; in Kentucky, Wisconsin, 
Minnesota, the Dakotas, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon; some more, but | 
still very insufficiently, in a part of the New England States, Pennsyl- 
vania, except the southeastern region, Michigan, Maryland, Ten- 
nessee, Arkansas up to Jowa and Nebraska, Montana, Washington, 
Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, not to speak of British 
North America, a part of whose regions are, however, better known 
in this regard than some of the oldest states of the Union. Com- 
paratively, most has been done in Maine, Massachusetts, New York, 
Ohio, Florida, parts of Texas, and California; sufficient to give us 
a fair knowledge of the distribution of not even a majority of the 
species, in any one State! 

It appears, therefore, advisable to give a preliminary list of the 
species and forms described and cited as from our continent. In 
many instances it is impossible, as yet, to say whether a certain 
form is to be considered a species or a variety, for want of 
sufficient material; and future critics will have to decide. In all 
such cases I prefer, here, leaving the question open, and simply filing 
the names, and giving localities representing areas of distribution. 


THE NAUTILUS. 3 


There are two groups whose members deserve our special attention 
and study; that of P. muscorum L. and that of Vertigo decora Gld. 
and their allies, ‘and especially of these, any Apres from known 
localities will be of much value. 

A number of forms must be added here, not yet published, as 
known only from one or few specimens each, most of them, in all 
probability, being good species. But it must be borne in mind that 
varieties and local forms very often are of a higher interest than 
new species for systematic zoology and zoogeography. 

The present article has, consequently, two aims: first, to show what 
is known, at present, of species and varieties and their distribution ; 
second, to point out those parts. of the continent where collecting 
and as far as possible strenuous and careful search is most needed. 
Any conchologist who has a chance of visiting parts of those “blanks” 
will be sure to do good work, especially by using expedient methods 
of collecting: sifting from dead leaves, moss, grass; brushing off 
rocks, stones, logs, stumps, pieces of bark, old chips, etc. Fine 
sifted drift on rivers, brooks, ete., should be carefully gathered 
wherever possible, and the results will, almost everywhere, be richer 
than expected, not only in Pupidz but also in Sep and other 
small and minute land shells. 

I am‘indebted to Messrs. H. A. Pilsbry, Baw. S. Morse, Theo. D. 
A. Cockerell, Henry Hemphill and many other fellow-malacologists 
all over the country for kindly sending me specimens and valuable 
notes ; to all of them my hearty thanks, 

A few notes will be found at the end of the list. 


SrrRosiLa Mse,! 


Str. hubbardi Brown. Gulf States. 
Str. labyrinthica Say. Eastern Prov, 


Pupa Drap. 


Subg. Pupilla Leach. 


P. muscorum L. (type). Northeastern U.&. 
var. ? Nevada. 

P. blandi Mse. Rocky Mountains. 

P. signata Mouss. Rocky Mountains. 
hebes Anc, Rocky Mountains. 
sublubrica Anc. Rocky Mountains. 


4 THE NAUTILUS. 


. sterri Voith. (?) Rocky Mountains, 

. sp. Rocky Mountains. 

. sterkiana Pilsb. South (and Lower) California. 
. syngenes Pilsb.’ Arizona. 


Bg rg rg 


Subg. Leucochila Alb, & Mart. 


. fallax Say. All east and S. W. to Arizona. 
.modica Gld. Ga., Fla. 


ED 


Subg. Columella Mart. (Edentulina Cless.). 


P. edentula Drp.’ (simplex Gld.). All N. A. except tien 
v. alticola Ing. Rocky Mts. 
var. Wash., Alaska. 


Subg. Bifidaria Sterki.' 
Sect. 
P. arizonensis (Gabb) W. G. B. Colo., N. M., Ariz. 
v. saxicola Ckll. Colo. | 
P. corticaria Say. E. of Rockies, except extreme south. 


Sect. Albingieteterhi. 


. armifera Say. ANN. A. 

. contracta Say. All N. A. East of Rockies. 

. holzingeri Sterki. Ohio to Manitoba, N. M., Kas. 
v. fordiana Sterki. Kas. 


yy 


Sect. Bifidaria s. str. 


hordeacea Gabb. Tex. to Ariz. 

procera Gld. R. I. to Minn., 8. C. to Tex. 
hordeacella Pilsb. Fla. to Ariz. 

. rupicola Say. S.C. and Fla to La. 
.servilis Gld. La. ? 

. (riograndensis Sterki mss.). Hidalgo, Tex. 


rs rg id hd tof 


Sect. Vertigopsis CkIl. mss. 


. pilsbryana Sterki. N. M., Ariz. 

. curvidens Gld. All N. A. east of Rockies. 
v. gracilis Sterki. R. I., Ohio, Tenn. 

v. floridana Dall. Fla. 

P. pentodon Say. All N. A. east of Rockies. 


ro 


THE NAUTILUS. 5 


Subg. Isthmia Gray.® 


P. calamitosa Pilsb. South (and Lower) Cal. 
P. hemphilli Sterki. South (and Lower) Cal. 
P. clementina Sterki. San Clemente Id., Cal. 


Subg. Angustula Sterki.' 
P. milium Gld. All eastern N. A. 


Subg. 
P. dalliana Sterki. Lake Co., Cal. 


Vertico Mill? 
Subg. 


V. variolosa Gld. Fla. 
V.sp. San Diego, Cal. 


Subg. Nearctula Sterki. 


V. californica Row., type. Cal. (near San Francisco). 
_ var. elongata Sterki. San Clemente Id. 
var. catalinaria Sterki. San Clem. and Catalina Ids. 
var. diegoensis Sterki. San Diego. 
var. trinotata Sterki. Monterey. 
var. cyclops Sterki. Placer Co. 
V. rowelli Newe. Cal. 
V.decora Gld. North. 
V. corpulenta Mse. Rocky Mountains. 
V. castanea Sterki. Lake Co., Cal. 
V. borealis Mor. Alaska. 
V. ingersolli Anc. (californica Ing.). Colo. 
var. haydeni Ane. Cunningham Gulch. 
var. accedens Anc. | 
V. coloradensis Ckll. Colo. 
V. hoppei Moell. Greenland, Anticosti. 
V. columbiana Sterki mss. Wash., different places. 
var. utahensis Sterki mss. Utah. 


Subg. Vertigo s. str. 


Y. binneyana Sterki. Manitoba to N. M. 
V. pygmza Drp. Northeast. 
var. callosa Sterki. Ohio. 


6 THE NAUTILUS. 


V. rugosula Sterki. -South Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Cal. 
var. ovulum Sterki.” Fla. | 
V. ovata Say. All N. A. 
V. ventricosa Mse. Northeast to Ohio. 
V. gouldii Binn. Northeasc to Mont. 
approximans Sterki. Il. 
Y. bollesiana Mse. Maine to Ind., Va. and Tenn. (also West 
Indies. 
var, arthuri v. Mart. ? 
Nosps* lex. 
V.sp. N. Mex. 
V. tridentata Wolf. Me. to Ohio and Minn. 
parvula Sterki. Ohio. 
V. oscariana Sterki. Fla., Tex., Tenn. 


Houosprra Alb. & Mart. 


H. roemeri Pfr. Tex. (Mex.). 
var. minor Ckll. mss. 

H. goldfussi Mke. Tex. (Mex.). 

H. arizonensis Stearns. Ariz. 


SrropuiA Alb. 


Str. incana Binn. S. Fla. 


Pupa krausseana Reinh. ? 
Vert. arctica Wall. ? 


1. The proposition to place Strobila under Pupidee will hardly 
meet with much opposition ; it seems to be its nearest natural posi- 
tion. The soft parts agree with those of Pupidee, and so does the 
shell, except its more depressed form which, however, can be no 
objection if we compare it with Hypselostoma, etc. Acanthinula, 
too, we might range here, as also Morse did,* for the American 
species. 

2. This species is evidently related to P. australis Ad. & Ang. 


3. There are, among the common low form, high specimens with 
narrower penultimate and wider last whorl, found everywhere 
occasionally in this country as well as in Europe; and thus P. alti- 


* Pulmonifera of Maine, p. 32. 


VHE NAUTILUS. 7 
eola Ingersoll is not even a true var. here, just as var. gredleri 
Clessin on the old continent. The most beautiful specimens of 
this formation I have seen are from Maine, in the collection of Mr. 
Edw. S. Morse. | = 

4. This subgenus—in mss. for nearly two years—will be charac- 
terized in another article in the Nauriuus. | 

5. P. curvidens is very variable. The two extreme forms, gracilis 
and floridana, would unhesitatingly be regarded as widely distinct 
species, if not connected by intermediate forms; the latter comes 
nearest P. pentodon, the former resembles some forms of P. hordea- 
cella Pilsb. ; 

6. These species resemble the European forms so much in out- 
line and general aspect that it seems best to range them in this 
group or subgenus, although the apertural folds are much more 
developed. | 

7. The subgenus has been criticised by my esteemed friend, Mr. 
Pilsbry* as being identical with Vertilla Moq.-Tand. If this were 
the case, it would of course, be worse than useless. Vertilla was 
established for the European Vert. pusilla Mull. and Venetzit Charp. 
(angustior Jeffr.), on account of their being sinistral. But the two 
are quite different in structure, for while the former is simply a 
Vertigo reversed, the latter, together with one similarly built, P. 
(Vert). milium Gld., constitute a peculiar group, which I have 
called Angustula, mainly characterized by the long and high gular 
lamella and some other peculiarities. 

8. It is difficult to draw a limit between Pupa and Vertigo and 
may prove to be impossible; if so we will have to regard and 
treat the latter as a subgenus of Pupa, as many prominent Euro- 
pean conchologists do. And it appears more natural standing in a 
line with Torquilla, Pupilla, Bifidaria, and its groups co-ordinate as 
sections with those of the subgenera named. 

_ 9. This interesting form has been detected in eastern Florida, 
Volusia Co., by Messrs. Geo. W. and his son Oscar B. Webster, of 
Lake Helen. These gentlemen spent several weeks in collecting 
this and other small mollusca, making a trip of over a hundred 
miles, and they first called my attention to this Vertigo. It is 
decidedly different from rugosula in several points, and, as I have 
seen no intermediate forms so far, it may prove to be distinct. 


* NAUTILUs ITT, p. 84. 


8 THE NAUTILUS. 


Although in shape and apertural parts much like V. ovata Say, 
ovulum is quite distinct, but it should be compared carefully with V. 
antivertigo Drap., of Europe. 


A NEW AMERICAN HELIX. 


BY C. W. JOHNSON AND H. A. PELSBRY. 


A collection of shells made during the past winter at Woodville, 
Jackson Co., Alabama, by Mr. H. E. Sargent, and submitted to us for 
determination, contains numerous specimens of a large Helix, which 
proves to be undescribed. The species is a member of the section 
Triodopsis but it does not exhibit the characters typical of that 
group, t. e., a three-toothed aperture, but rather belongs in the 
neighborhood of the Helix appressa of Say, a species which lacks 
the upper lip tooth of Triodopsis. The new species may be 
described as follows: 

H. Sargenti n. sp. 


Shell depressed, imperforate, lens-shaped, carinated. Surface 
strongly rib-striate, the striation disappearing toward the center of 
the base; under a lens the surface between the rib-like strize is seen 
to be finely granulated. The aperture is wide, oblique; lip broadly 
reflexed, flattened, the basal lip bearing a long lamella, as in H. 
appressa. Upon the parietal wall there is a strong, high curved 
tooth, like that of H. elevata but longer. There are6 whorls. The 
color is light russet above, paler or whitish below. 

Alt. 11, diam. 24 mm. 

Alt. 12, diam. 24 mm. 

Alt. 9, diam. 22 mm. 


This species differs from H. appressa in its larger size, stronger 
striation, the granulated instead of spirally striate microscopic 
sculpture, the strong carination, etc. It is allied in shape and 
sculpture to H. carolinensis Lea, but differs in totally lacking the 
upper lip tooth, in being flatter, more concave below, etc. The 
young shells differ markedly from young H. appressa, being flatter 

above, acutely carinated, and broadly umbilicated. 
: Figures will be published later, illustrating this unusually large 
and strongly characterized species. , 


THE NAUTILUS. 9 


Among other species Mr. Sargent found at Woodville the follow- 
ing interesting forms: Patula cumberlandiana, Helix exoleta, H. 
stenotrema, H. spinosa, H. major, Zonites levigatus, Z. gularis, Z. 
intertextus, Z. internus, ete. 


NOTE ON THE GROUP PANDA. 


BY H. A. PERESERY. 


During the course of some studies upon certain Australian land 
shells, sent by the well-known conchologist Dr. J. C. Cox of Sydney, 
N.S. W., my attention was drawn to specimens of Bulimus atomatus 
Gray. Upon examining these shells under a lens, I at once noticed 
the minute sculpture and peculiar color-pattern characteristic of the 
two species hitherto included in the section Panpa,—H. falconert 
Rye. and H. maconelli Rve. A consideration and comparison of the 
shells impresses me with the belief that Panda has heretofore been 
misunderstood and wrongly grouped. Iam disposed to regard it 
now as a development from the Bulimoid branch of the Helicide, 
instead of from the Helicoid stem. The diagnosis of Panda must 
be enlarged to include elongated forms, (Bul. atomatus and perhaps 
some other Australian species), but it will not require much change 
otherwise. The prominent features of the group, as far as the shell 
goes, are (1) the entirely simple, non-thickened, non-expanded lip, 
reflexed at the columella, (2) the sculpture of minute, close incised 
lines, and (3) the painting of fine close wavy brown lines on a 
yellowish ground. This last character is not invariable, for clear 
yellow examples of most if not all of the species occur. 

The character of the lip and embryonic whorls separate Panda 
from Helicophanta and the other sections formerly grouped by me 
under the generic name Macroon. It will be noted that I formerly 
included it in that place with doubt, on account of these peculiarities. 


OBITUARY. 


THE ABBE PROVANCHER. 


It is our painful duty to record the death, in his 72nd year, of 
the Abbé Léon Provancher, who for many years, despite great dis- 


FO THE NAUTILUS. 


couragements and disadvantages, labored zealously and assiduously 
to develop and disseminate a knowledge of the natural history of 
Canada, and especially of his native province. He was born in 
1820, at Becancour, Quebec, and for some years was Curé of Port- 
neuf, and one of his earliest entomological writings was a list of the 
Coleoptera of that district. Compelled by enfeebled health to 
relinquish the regular and more active duties of the ministry, he 
removed to Cap Rouge, near Quebec, and devoted his remaining 
time and strength almost entirely to the study of the natural 
sciences. In 1869 he commenced the publication of the Naturaliste 
Canadien, and notwithstanding many discouragements, ‘completed 
in 1891 the 20th volume, when its issue was reluctantly abandoned, 
through the Quebec government ‘refusing to continue the scanty 
annual grant it had received. In 1858 Provancher published an 
elementary treatise on botany and in 1862 his Flore du Canada. 
Subsequently he devoted his attention chiefly to entomology, and in 
1874 commenced his Faune Entomologique du Canada, of which he 
completed three volumes.* Provancher was also, especially latterly, 
an enthusiastic conchologist, and as such became known by corre- 
spondence to many of the principal conchologists of the States. 
His last publication was a monographic illustrated treatise, Les 
Mollusques de la Province de Quebec, embodying the results of the 
author’s researches in Canadian conchology. 

The occasional inaccuracies of Provancher’s conchological work 
will be excused when we consider the great disadvantages under 
which he labored, His death is a loss that will be felt long by the 
small band of Canadian Naturalists. 


NEWS AND NOTES. 


Epiror or Navutitus, Dear Sir: Thinking that the following 
extracts from a letter sent me a short time ago by a Western friend, 
would prove of interest to your readers, I take the liberty of offer- 
ing them for publication. 

The writer says: ‘I notice that much has been said in the NAv- 
TILUS lately about the recent discovery of Unios having a byssus. 
In reference to this matter it would not be irrevelant for me to state 


*See’ article. by W. H.; H. in the Canadian Entomologist, May, 1892, from 
which the preceding is taken. 


THE NAUTILUS. 11 


that I found, nearly fifty years ago, Unio lapillus, Say, fabalis Lea, 
attached by a white, silk-like byssus to a fragment of an old shell. 
This fact I mentioned afterwards to John Bartlett, an old collector, 
whereupon he related to me the following story : 

“A., a collector of shells, residing in Cincinnati, Ohio, and K. 
also a collector, residing in Cleveland, Ohio, were quite intimate. 
K. found the above mentioned species attached (as I did) by a bys- 
sus, whereupon he, K., wrote to A. at Cincinnati, stating the fact, 
and inviting him up to Cleveland, promising if he came, to go out 
with him and show him the wonder. A. was not long in respond- 
ing to the invitation, and the two went out together and saw the 
shell attached by a byssus, sure enough. 

“A. returned to Cincinnati soon afterwards and at once wrote to 
his London correspondent that he, A., had discovered a Unio 
attached by a byssus, and that he had invited his friend K., of 
Cleveland, to come down, and had taken him out to see the wonder. 

“Soon after this K., being in correspondence, as it happened, 
with the same London party, wrote to him that he, K., had made 
this wonderful discovery in Cleveland, and had taken his Cincin- 
nati friend out to seeit. <A., it seems, was ignorant of the fact that 
K. was in correspondence with the same London party, and so got 
himself inextricably trapped. 

“My friend informed me that A. went by the name of ‘Old 
Byssus’ for a long time afterwards. 

“So much for a Jack of truth and candor. When the byssus was 
first discovered by myself, I, in my innocence of the facts just related, 
wrote to A. about it. He at once replied that it was not a new 
thing. It had been found before. Jexchanged with A. quite a 
number of years after this and received some good things from him. 
Peace to his ashes! He is gone now, as are also most of the old 
collectors of Cincinnati.” 

These are the extracts and my only regret in sending them is the 
fact that I do not feel at liberty to give the name of the writer. 

Very truly, 
eat 

Dr. R. E. C. Srearns, adjunct curator of the Department of 
Mollusks at the National Museum, has left Washington for the 
West Coast, for a season’s rest. 


Mr. Henry Hempui.y will spend the summer in Idaho. 


12 THE NAUTILUS. 


A. B. Kennie, D. D. has changed his residence from 11 Hanson 
Place, Brooklyn, to 287 Williams St., East Orange, N. Jersey. 

Gro. T. Marsron has removed from Dupere, Wis., to Quincey, 
Illinois. 

Mr. FREDERICK STEARNS of Detroit, Michigan, who has been 
spending the winter in the Sandwich Islands, has sailed for Japan, . 
where he will travel during the summer. 

FRIEND PitssBRy: Will you not suggest in the Naurruus, that 
any conchologist travelling about the country should make it a point 
to call upon his brother collectors, if he goes near their homes? I 
hope no member if the A. A. C. who comes to Boston, will fail to 
visit me at Revere, only six miles away. Surely introductions are 
unnecessary in our little circle—Edward W. Roper. 

We heartily endorse this suggestion, friend Roper! 


EXCHANGES. 


Exchange notices of moderate length will be inserted free for subscribers. 

I HAVE SEVERAL hundred unusually fine specimens of Limnea 
megasoma Say, to exchange for specimens of Spheriwm and 
Pisidium.— George T. Marston, care of State Savings Loan and Trust 
Co., Quiney, Ill. 

W anrep.—Marine univalves, especially of Mexico, Central and 
South America. Offered—many specimens, Marine, Land, and 
Fresh-Water, both U.S. and Foreign.—C. Browne, Framingham, 
Mass. 

Wantep.—To Exchange Northern Alabama Land and Fresh- 
water Shells for shells from any other locality. Send lists and 
receive mine.—H. E. Sargent, Woodville, Jackson Co., Ala. 

Marine, Land and Fresh-water shells to exchange for a pair of 
good singing Canary birds. I will send my exchange list to any 
one that has such to exchange, or for shells that are not in my collec- 
tion.— Thomas Morgan, P. O. Box 164, Somerville, N. J. 

Wantep.—Arca and Zonites, from any locality, in exchange for 
British land and fresh-water shells—-Robert Walton, Charles St., 
Lower Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa. 


HE NAUTILUS. 


VOL. VI. JUNE, 1892. | No. 2. 


THE SHELL BEARING MOLLUSCA OF MICHIGAN. 


BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH. 


In the ten years which have elapsed since the last catalogue of 
Michigan shells was published, many species have been added to 
the fauna of the State and our knowledge of the distribution of 
others has been very largely increased. While it is not probable 
that mm the future the number of species will be largely added to, 
there yet is abundant opportunity for our local collectors to add to 
what must be admitted to be, on the whole, a meagre knowledge of 
the exact range of the different species within our borders. Every 
local list, carefully compiled, has its value; and if the publication of 
this paper shall, by its incompleteness, serve to provoke the publica- 
tion of the infurmation already in the possession of the different 
collectors scattered over the state, it will have accomplished not the 
least of the purposes of its compilation. 

The first catalogue of Michigan shells was published by Dr. 
Abram Sagar, Zoologist of the Geological Survey, in 1839, and 
enumerated seventy-six species. 

The second, by Dr. Manly Miles, State Zoologist, was published 
in the “ Report of the Geological Survey for 1860.” 

The third was compiled in 1868 by Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand 
Rapids, and was published as one of the “ Miscellaneous Publica- 
tions of the Kent Scientific Institute.” 

In. 1879 the writer published a fourth list in the Journal of 
Conchology, Vol. 2, p. 325. 

(13) 


14 THE NAUTILUS. 


The fifth and last general catalogue was published in 1881 as 
“Miscellaneous Publication No. 5 of the Kent Scientific Institute,” 
and was compiled by Dr. W. H. De Camp, of Grand Rapids. Dr. 
De Camp has very kindly furnished me with a manuscript continu- 
ation of his catalogue to December, 1891, and I have made frequent 
use of it for this paper. Species cited upon his authority and not 
included in his original paper as published, will be understood to 
be quoted from this supplement. 

In 1859 Mr. Currier published a “ List of the shells collected in 
the Grand River Valley,” and in 1865, “A Catalogue of the Mol- 
lusca of Grand Rapids, Michigan,” (Am. Jour. of Conch. I, p. 292.) 
As Mr. Currier’s catalogue of 1868 undoubtedly embodied all his ~ 
researches up to that time, the few particulars in which these earlier 
lists differ from it do not require special mention, and references 
hereafter made are to that publication. 

In the “Report of the United States Fish Commission for 
1872-3,” Mr. Sidney I. Smith, in a “Sketch of the Invertebrate 
Fauna of Lake Superior,” gives a list of the mollusks of that region 
which, while it is largely a compilation from the publications of 
Binney and Gould, includes the result of a series of dredgings made 
under the direction of the United States Lake Survey, and is espe- 
cially valuable in showing the depths at which the various species 
were found. 

Preliminary reports of the same dredgings are to be found in 
Vol. 2 of the “ Report of the Secretary of War for 1871,” and in 
the “ Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts” for December, 1871. 

A local list of the species found near Ann Arbor, Washtenaw 
county, was published by Mr. C. E. Beecher and myself in the 
“ Proceedings of the Ann Arbor Scientific Association for 1875-6.” 

In addition to these lists many scattered references to Michigan 
species occur in the American Journal of Conchology and in the 
various writings of Binney, Gould, Lea, Tryon, Prime, Conrad and 
Call. 

In compiling the present catalogue I have endeavored to include 
every species which has at any time been cited as an inhabitant of 
the State. Where any such species is not represented in my own 
collection I have given the authority for the citation. 

In addition to my own collections, which have been mostly made 
in the southeastern and northern portions of the state, I am indebted 
to Dr. W. H. De Camp and Mr. L. H. Streng, of Grand Rapids, 


THE NAUTILUS. 15 


for many specimens from the western part of the state; to Dr. M. 
L. Leach, of Wexford, for a great deal of valuable material from 
the central and northern portions; and to Mr. Jerome Trombly, of 
Petersburg, for the local species of Monroe County. 

Dr. V. Sterki has very kindly examined all the Pupide in my 
possession, so that there can be no question as to the species of this 
family so far as they are cited from my own collection. 

It is greatly to be regretted that so littie is known of the shells 
of the upper peninsula. It is practically a terra incognita to the 
conchologist. With the exception of Gould’s citations in A gassiz’s 
“ Lake Superior” and 8. I. Smith’s paper above referred to, I have 
~ not been able to find any published information in regard to the 
fauna of that very important portion of the State. Some very 
inconsiderable collections from a few points along the St. Mary’s 
river comprise all my personal knowledge in this particular. 

As no localities are given as a rule in the earlier catalogues, it is 
impossible to say what information, if any, their compilers had on 
this subject. 

In view of this condition of affairs it might have been better to 
have limited the title of this paper to the lower peninsula. As it is, 
however, it will be understood that unless otherwise specified, all 
remarks as to distribution are confined in that portion of the state 
south of the Straits of Mackinac. 


Selenites concavus Say. Throughout the lower peninsula and 
probably further north, as it occurs at Lime Island in the St. Mary’s 
river. 

Vitrina limpida Gld. Traverse City and Lime Island in the St. 
Mary’s river are the only localities yet recorded for this species. 

Zonites fuliginosus Griff. Southern part of the State. 

Z. ligerus Say. Not uncommon in the southern part of the 
State. 

[Z. inornatus Say. Cited by Sagar and Miles, but does not appear 
to have been found by more recent collectors. | 

Z. cellarius Mull. A few specimens were found several years ago 
in a green-house in Detroit. 

Z.mitidus Mull. Abundant everywhere. 

Z. arboreus Say. Abundant everywhere. 

Z. radiatulus Alder. Common but not as abundant as «rdoreus. 

Z. indentatus Say. Common everywhere. 


16 THE NAUTILUS. 


Z: limatulus Wd. Cited by De Camp from Traverse City; also 
by Miles and Currier. 

Z. minusculus Binn. Generally distributed through the state. 

Z. milium Mse. Islands in the St. Mary’s river. 

Z. binneyanus Mse. Cited by Binney from Tawas City. [have 
found it from Traverse City north to Lime Island. It is probably 
confined to the northern part of the state. 

Z. ferreus Mse. Traverse City and Petoskey. 

Z. exiguus Stimp. Generally distributed through the northern 
part of the State. 

Z. fulvus Dr. Common everywhere. 

Z. suppressus Say. Rare. Cited by Binney but does not appear 
in any of the catalogues. Dr. M. L. Leach sent me specimens from 
Fenton, Genessee County, a few years ago. 

Z. multidentatus Say. Rare. Petoskey is the only locality 
known to me. Cited also by Currier and De Camp. 

Patula alternata Say. Abundant everywhere. 

P. alternata alba. This form oceurred quite commonly with the 
type at’ Lime Island and Mackinac Island. Specimens from both 
localities exhibit all gradations from the typical coloring to the 
pure albino. 

P. solitaria Say. An inhabitant of the southern portion of the 
state; very rare in the southeastern part, where in some localities it 
is extinct; more common in the western part. 

P. perspectiva Say. Throughout the State. 

P. striatella Auth. Common everywhere. 

P. striatella alba. Mackinac Island is the only locality where I 
have found this form. 

[ P. asteriscus Mse. This species was cited in my catalogue of 
1879 by mistake. J am not aware that it has yet been found in 
the state. | 

P. lineata Say. Common everywhere. 

P. harpa Say. Petoskey is the only locality thus far recorded. 

Punctum pygmneum minutissimum Lea. Appears to be generally 
distributed through the state, but is easily overlooked on account of 
its small size. 

H. clausa Say. Cited by Sagar and Miles but not by any recent 
collector. 

H. multilineata Say. Common in the southern part of the state. 

H. multilineata alba. Associated with type but not common. 


THE NAUTILUS. Fe 


H. multilineata wnicolor. Cited by Currier and De Camp. 

H. thyroides Say. Common throughout the state. 

H, thyroides bucculenta Gld. Cited by De Camp. 

H. albolabris Say. Common everywhere. 

H. albolabris dentata. Occurs occasionally with the type. 

H. albolabris martima Pils. Traverse City. Specimens of this 
well marked form were sent to me by Dr. M. L. Leach, which 
appear to be identical with examples from New Jersey. It has 
been persistent in its present form for ages, as it is found unchanged 
in the marl-beds upon which the living specimens were found. Dr. 
Leach thus describes the habitat of the species: “ The locality is 
limited, containing only a few acres on and around the marl-bed 
where their remains in connection with fluviatile shells are found in 
a fossil condition. I find only now and then one of the same 
variety anywhere else and that always not far away.” 

A single specimen collected by Dr. Leach at Black Lake, Presque 
Isle county, is probably referable to the same variety. This would 
indicate a range across the entire northern part of the lower 
peninsula. 

H. exoleta Binn. Common in the southern part of the state. 

H. elevata Say. Rare, if found at all in the state. The Grand 
Rapids collectors have not found it, nor have I. Cited by Sagar 
and Miles whose citations are followed in later catalogues. It 
occurs in recent deposits near Ann Arbor, but is now extinct there. 

H. profunda Say. Occurs commonly through the southern part 
of the state. 

H. profunda alba. Occasionally associated with the type. 

H. sayii Binn. Cited in most of the catalogues but appears to 
be rare and confined to the northern part of the state. Black Lake, 
Presque Isle County, where it was collected by Dr. Leach, is the 
only locality I know of. 

H. hirsuta Say. Common everywhere. 

H. monodon Rack. Common everywhere. 

H. monodon fraterna Say. Not as common as the type. 

H. leaii Ward. Southern part of the state, common. 

H. tridentata Say. Appears to be generally distributed through 
the state as it is cited in all catalogues. 

_ HI. fallax Say. More abundant than tridentata, judging from my 
own experience. 


18 THE NAUTILUS. 


H. palliata Say. Probably throughout the state although I have 
seen no specimens from localities north of Gratiot County. 

Hi. palliata alba, Cited by Currier. 

H. inflecta Say. Southern part of the state. 

HI. pulchella Mull. Common in the southern part of the state. 
The costate form does not appear to have been found in the state as 
yet. It occurs on Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie, and no doubt 
will eventually be found within our borders. 

HT, labyrinthica Say. Everywhere in greater or less abundance. 

Pupa fallax Say. Cited by Miles. Ann Arbor is the only local- 
ity from which I have it. 

P. corticaria Say. Cited by De Camp from Kent County. 

P. armifera Say. Southern part of the state. 

P. contracta Say. Everywhere. Common. 

Vertigo decora Gld. Cited by De Camp from Kent County. 

V. ovata Say. Generally distributed over the state. 

[V. gouldii Binn. Cited by Miles and De Camp. My own cita- 
tion of 1879 was an error based on a specimen now referred to 
tridentata. | : 

V. bollesiana Mse. Very generally distributed through the state. 

V. ventricosa Mse. Cited by De Camp from Kent County. 

V. tridentata Wolf. Ann Arbor. 

V. pentodon Say. Common. 

V. curvidens Gld. Oakland and Macomb Counties. 

V. edentula simplex Gld. Not common but ranges generally 
over the state. 

V. milium Gld. Southern part of the state. 

Ferussacia subcylindrica L. Generally distributed over the state. 

Succinea aurea Lea. Cited by De Camp from Kent county. 

S. avara Say. Abundant everywhere. Also cited as S. vermeta 
Say, by Miles, Currier and De Camp. 

[S. campestris Say. Cited by Sagar, but evidently a mistake for 
S. obliqua which does not occur in his list. Miles gives obliqua but 
also gives campestris, probably quoting blindly from Sagar in this 
as in other instances. | 

S. obliqua Say. Common all over the state. 

S. ovalis Gld. Abundant everywhere. This species is occasion- 
ally infested by a species of Leucochloridiwm similar to the L. 
paradoxum Carus, found in the S. putris L. of Europe and figured 
by Baudon in Jour. de Conch. V. 27, pl. X, fig. 6. In the same 


THE NAUTILUS. 19 


journal (V. 28, p. 205) is published a note from the late Thomas 
Bland, recording a similar occurrence in a specimen of S. obliqua 
Say. 

S. ovalis decampii Tryon. Described originally from Marshall in 
this state. 

S. ovalis peoriensis Wolf. A number of years ago, at the sug- 
gestion of Dr. James Lewis, I sent examples of a Succinea, common 
in this vicinity, to Mr. John Wolf, of Canton, Illinois, who identi- 
fied them as a form he had named as above. I am not aware that 
a formal description has ever been published. It is a well marked 
form, easily separated from ovalis, and occurs abundantly in all 
parts of the state. It is closely allied to S. decampw Tryon and 
may be identical, but differs in color and lacks the black margin 
said to be characteristic of that species. 

S. ovalis higginsti Bld. Specimens from Alpena received from 
Dr. W. A. Nason and said to have been identified by Dr. James 
Lewis, are the only ones I have seen from this state. The speci- 
mens referred to lack the parietal tooth supposed to be characteristic 


of the form. 
( Zo be continued.) 


LITTORAL LAND SHELLS OF NEW JERSEY. 


BY WM. B. MARSHALL. 


H. A. Pilsbry’s list of shells, published under the above title, in 
the April Navriuus, is deficient by at least one species. In 
August; 1890, I collected one specimen of Succinea avara Say at 
Cape May, N. J. The exact locality was on the ocean front, at 8th 
Avenue, Mt. Vernon, between Cape May City and Cape May 
Point, and was not more than 200 feet from the line of high tide. 

Mr. Pilsbry says, ‘The Atlantic shore of New Jersey is so sandy 
that few land snails find suitable conditions there.” It is very true 
that land snails are very uncommon along the shore, but, in my 
opinion, their rarity is due to some cause other than the nature of 
the soil. The chalky dead shells of mollusks and crustaceans, which 
are abundant in the vicinity of the shore, furnish the snails a ready 
supply of lime; and the wild pea vines which grow in tangled 
masses, covering large areas of ground, afford a succulent article of 


diet. 


yy, () VHE NAUTILUS. 


PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA. 


BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO. 


Is there such a species as that described by Say? If so, what is 
it? I am led to make this inquiry after a study of this genus for 
several years. The first question will of course be answered unani- 
mously in the affirmative, but how many will agree as to the main 
characteristics of the species? I have examined during the last 
year many lots labelled P. heterostropha Say, and have not found 
two lots alike. They include all forms from the cylindrical P. gyrina 
Say, to the shouldered P. ancillaria Say, and have any number 
of whorls from three to six. Most of them were labelled by ama- 
teurs, who have no means of identifying the species except by fol- 
lowing a rather meagre printed description ; and it can hardly be 
expected that all should agree. Very few collectors have oppor- 
tunity to see type specimens, and it is very annoying to have to 
send every “find” to some noted conchologist for identification. 
Besides, I find about as much diversity of opinion regarding Physe 
amongst our professors as amongst amateurs, hence, I write this 
article for the purpose of procuring a correct description of this 
species. Say describes the shell as “subovate, having four whorls, 
the first large, the others terminating rather abruptly in an acute 
apex; aperture large, somewhat oval, three-fourths the length of 
the shell, or rather more.” These are the only characteristics given 
that are not common to many other shells. Binney, in “ Land and 
Fresh Water Shells of N. A.,” part 2, page 84, gives two figures: 
Fig. 144 from Say’s type and Fig. 145 from Say’s figure, which are 
about as near alike as a bean and a pea. Which shall we follow? ~ 
The description is silent as to the form of the spire whorls and sut- 
ures, but from the fact that Fig: 144 shows convex whorls and 
impressed sutures, and from the other fact that Binney, after havy- 
ing seen the type specimen, placed in its synonymy P. philippw 
Kuster, P. cylindrica Newcomb, P. fontana Hald. and P. pheata 
De Kay, all of which have somewhat convex whorls and impressed 
sutures, it is fair to presume that these characters belong to the 
shell under consideration. 

Add this presumption to the description given by Say, and we 
have a very fair description of what is generally considered one of 
onr most common shells, and which ought to be easily identified by 


THE NAUTILUS. 21 


any person who will hold strictly to the distinctive characters 
mentioned. But unfortunately Mr. Binney has placed P. fontana, 
having only three whorls, P. plicata, having four to five whorls, and 
two other species having five whorls each, and two species having 
flattened whorls, in the synonymy of this species, which has four 
convex whorls. There never can be a systematic classification of 
species until we cease to mix forms in this manner. The number 
and form of the whorls are the most reliable characters upon which 
a species can be based. It is one of the laws of nature that every 
animal, every bird and every insect, of the same species, builds its 
house in the same form. So the structures of every snail shell of 
the same species must be substantially the same as to texture, and 
number, and form of whorls. They may vary in color, height of 
spire, form of aperture and other characters that may be affected by 
aceident or environment, but as to the structural form of. its own 
skeleton it must follow its progenitors. So I conclude that every 
adult member of the same species must have the same number of 
whorls. 

Coming back again to the main question. What is Physa hetero- 
stropha Say? Itisashell subovate in form, having four whorls, 
spire whorls somewhat convex, sutures impressed, spire elevated, ter- 
minating in an acute apex, aperture large and oval, but not inflated. 
The spire whorls are more convex than in P. gyrina Say and not so 
much as in P. showalteri Lea or P. halei Lea. It holds an inter- 
mediate place between the flattened and most convex whorls. It is 
never cylindrical, and the type is not inflated nor ventricose. 
Varieties may be slightly inflated but never so much as to resemble 
P. vinosa Gld. or P. sayu ppt, which are frequently taken for 
this species. 

If I am not correct, will some person who has seen the type speci- 
men, revise and correct the description herein given ? 


NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SUCCINEA. 


BY T. D. A. O@@RERELL. 
For some time past I have been accumulating notes on the North 
American Succinee, hoping to be able to classify them more pre- 


22 THE NAUTILUS. 


cisely than has hitherto been done. AsI have no longer time or 
opportunity for this work, I venture to put together the following 
notes, on the chance of their proving useful to other students. The 
genus is a most difficult one, and until someone will elaborately 
monograph the American species as Baudon has the French ones, 
we seem hardly likely to arrive at any satisfactory arrangement. 
With regard to the opinions given below, it is to be understood that 
they are nothing better than opinions, founded on the material 
examined. Further study with more abundant material would very 
likely cause some of them to be altered. | 

The American species of Succinea may be divided into four sec-- 
tions, three of which have received subgeneric names. 


Sect. 1. Amphibine. 
= Amphibina (Htm.) Morch. 


(1.) Succinea pfeifferi Rossm. Many of the American forms of 
ovalis Gould are not to be separated from the European 
pfeifferi, while others, also hardly distinct from ovalis, might 
in the absence of intermediates be supposed to represent a 
peculiarly American species. The American forms of Suc- 
cinea, both in this and other groups, are very closely allied, 
but at the same time seem more constant in their slight 
peculiarities than those of Europe. In Ann. and Mag. of 
Nat. Hist., March, 1887, I referred ovalis to pfeifferi, and 
nothing since has appeared to prove otherwise. 


ee S. pfeifferi var. brevis Pascal. This variety was originally 
called brevis, but afterwards unnecessarily changed by 
Baudon to brevispirata, because there is a S. brevis in Central 
America. I received a charaeteristic specimen, collected by 
Mr. D. B. Cockerell at Toronto, Canada. In shape, this 
variety is very like S. higginsi, and probably the two will be 
found to intergrade. 


(2.) S. higginst Bland. Probably a variety or subspecies of pfeif- 
feri, but a specimen marked higginsi, which I saw in the 
Binney and Bland Collection, at the American Museum of 
Natural History,’ seemed to have affinity with S. elegans, 
while another in the same collection resembled pfeiffert very 
closely. | 


1 I was much indebted to Mr. Sanderson Smith for his kindness in showing 
me this collection when I was in New York. 


THE NAUTILUS. 23 


(3.) 8S. haleana Lea. A specimen in the Binney and Bland Collec- 
tion, from Alexandria, La., marked “ halei Lea, type,” seems 
to me to be specifically identical with ovalis Gould. 


(4.) S. retusa Lea. Said to be a variety or subspecies of ovalis, but 
so far as I was able to judge from a specimen in the Binney 
and Bland Collection, it is a valid species allied to S. elegans. 


(5.) S. concordialis Gould. Mr. J. A. Singley sent me this from 
Lee Co., Texas. It is allied to pfeiffert, but more pellucid 
and shiny; thin but rather strong; color, very pale horn. I 
have also seen a specimen in the Binney and Bland Collec- 
tion. 


(6.) S. forsheyi Lea. A specimen in the Binney and Bland Col- 
lection is from Rutersville, Texas, the original locality. It 
is shiny and very near to pfeiffert. 


(7.) S. nuttalliana Lea. Mr. J. H. Thomson sent me five specimens 
collected in Wyoming in 1877, which no doubt belong to 
nuttalliana. They are shiny, with lines of growth well 
marked; in shape, like pfeifferi, varying towards avara; 
color, like avara. A specimen in the Binney and Bland 
Collection, from Portland, Oregon, is similar. 


(8.) S. elegans Risso. Mr. D. B. Cockerell sent me specimens found 
by rivers and streams at Toronto, which I could not distin- 
guish specifically from the European elegans. At the same 
time, they are equally close to S. haydeni which may, I think, 
be considered a variety or subspecies of elegans. A speci- 
men of haydeni in the Binney and Bland Collection tends 
to confirm this opinion. 


(9.) S. hawkinsi Baird. This I have not seen, but it is apparently 


very close to elegans. 
( Zo be continued. ) 


GENERAL NOTES. 


In the July number of the Nauti.us it is proposed to begin a 
series of articles upon the collection and preservation of shells. 
Notes bearing upon these subjects will be welcome. 

“x * * While at Maldonado, Uruguay, I succeeded in finding 
Helix costellata D’Orb, under dead leaves in damp localities. While 
in the bay I procured about twenty dredgings with very good results, 
having at least three species of Corbula, and about fifty other 


94 THE NAUTILUS. 


species of various genera. As we are to return to that place from 
time to time I will be enabled to add te them. The next few days 
I shall try to hunt up the H. elevata D’Orb, aud the fresh-water 
species surrounding Montevideo.—Dr. William H. Rush, in letter to 
Ed. 

HeELIcINA OCCULTA Say, has been re-discovered living in western 
Pennsylvania at Wildwood and at Cayuga, on the Allegheny River, 
Allegheny Co., by Mr. S. H. Stupakoff of Swissvale, Pa. 

THE OLD, OLD story !—A number of fine pearls, some of them of 
considerable value, were found recently in mussel shells on the 
shoals in White river, near Seymour, Ind. One man realized $75 
from his find in a few weeks.—Phila. Public Ledger. 


EXCHANGES. 


(Exchange notices of moderate length will be inserted free for subscribers.) 


CRETACEOUS AND EOCENE FOSSILS, minerals, agates, marine and 
fresh-water shells, to exchange for rare marine shells, cloth-bound 
books or agates.— Homer Squyer, Mingusville, Mont. 

HERKIMER County LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS to ex- 
change for desirable species from other localities. Send lists and 
receive mine.—Albert Bailey, Chepachet, N. Y. 

] HAVE SEVERAL hundred unusually fine specimens of Limnea 
megasoma Say, to exchange for specimens of Spheriwm and 
Pisidium.— George T. Marston, care of State Savings Loan and Trust 
Co., Quincy, Ll. 

W ANTED.—Marine univalves, especially of Mexico, Central and 
South America. Offered—many specimens, Marine, Land, and 
Fresh-Water, both U.S. and Foreign.—C. Browne, Framingham, 
Mass. 

WanteEpD.—To Exchange Northern Alabama Land and Fresh- 
water Shells for shells from any other locality. Send lists and 
receive mine.—H. E. Sargent, Woodville, Jackson Co., Ala. 

Marine, Land and Fresh-water shells to exchange for a pair of 
good singing Canary birds. I will send my exchange list to any 
one that has such to exchange, or for shells that are not in my collec- 
tion.— Thomas Morgan, P. O. Bow 164, Somerville, N. J. 

Wanrep.—Arca and Zonites, from any locality, in exchange for 
British land and fresh-water shells—-Robert Walton, Charles St., 
Lower Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa. 


THE NAUTILUS, 1892. PLATE I. 


WALKER, MOLLUSCA OF MICHIGAN. 


sl ies) 


& 
~ B 
epee? 

— 

Se 


WHE N&UTILUS. 


+ VoL. v1. JULY, 1892. No. 8. 


SOME REMARKS ON NEW JERSEY COAST SHELLS. 


BY JOHN FORD.* 


Of the thousands of visitors to Atlantic: City, Cape May and 
adjacent seaside towns, perhaps not one-tenth part give a thought to 
the myriads of living creatures other than human that sport in the 
surf, dally in the pools or hide in the sheltering sands. Yet it is 
not unlikely that the most superficial examination of these lowly 
forms would convince the observer that even seaside resorts may 
yield nobler pleasures than those of a physical nature only. 

How many of these persons, I wonder, know that the despised 
Sea Nettles (Medusee) often exhibit forms of surpassing beauty, 
rivaling in structure the most delicate of laces! And who of all 
the vast crowd think it worth while to note the wonderful variations 
in structure of the many species of crabs, shrimp, sandhoppers and 
other crustaceans dwelling between tides, and in some instances, in 
sands above the surf? Yet few if any phases of animal life, not 
even the transformation of a caterpillar to a butterfly, are as 


* Editor of NAuTiLUs, 
Dear Sir: 

The thought has occurred to me that many of the NAuTius readers would be inter- 
ested, now and then, in articles less technical and scientific than those usually pre- 
sented inits columns. In order to test the matter I take the liberty of offering for 
insertion the subjoined chat regarding New Jersey Coast Mollusks and a few of 
their neighbors. Very truly, 

JOHN FORD. 


26 THE NAUTILUS. 


remarkable as the periodic metamorphoses of certain species belong- 
ing to this order. Near the water’s edge, when the tide is low, 
many other interesting creatures may be seen, including the sea 
anemones with their parti-colored crowns of tentacles; and pretty 
plant-like forms (Corallines) whose chief representative on the New 
Jersey coast is the so-called 
fox or squirrel-tail Sertu- 
laria argentea Johnson. 
To most persons this ap- 
pears to be an ordinary sea 
plant, but the careful stu- 
dent knows that in each of 
the tiny cells adorning the 
undried specimen, dwells 
one of the little architects 
and builders of the whole 
graceful structure. 

None of these creatures, 
however, are more worthy 
of observation or study 
than are the native mol- 
lusks, reference to which is 
the chief purpose of this 
article. These dwell on 
the entire coast in count- 
less numbers, but they are 
seldom exposed in quantity 
except by southeastern 
storms or gales which, 
striking the beach breast 
on, often tear up and carry 

Fulgur canaliculata. large masses of sand with 
their unfortunate occupants beyond the reach of succeeding tides. 
It is not unusual for hundreds of tons of mollusks to be thus forced 
from their homes and left to die of starvation and exposure. Quite 
a number of the native species are edible. The first of these in 
the order of demand is, of course, the oyster, Ostrea virginica ; 
next, the hard shell clam, Venus mercenaria; third, that precious 
favorite of all New York aldermen, the soft shell clam, Mya aren- 
aria. He who has not eaten a dish of these on Coney Island beach 


THE NAUTILUS. Q7 


would be deemed by the said New York magnates a “very unfor- 
tunate man” indeed. Less delicate in flavor than the latter species 
are the common sea clams, Mactra solidissima, when not more than 
half grown. Sea mussels, Mytilus edulis, are 
also considered palatable though they are not 
very highly relished in this vicinity. In New 
York and New England, however, they are 
much esteemed by epicures. 

i, $Among the fishermen of Long Island Sound 
HM) the large Conch, Fulgur carica, is often 
ij utilized for soup. But the writer knows by 
experience that this is not the kind of food a 
delicate palate will long for. 

Another edible species, and one far more 
toothsome, is the little periwinkle, Litorina Lit- 
orea, a species probably introduced from 

Pade Siatie vas. Europe. Until recently they were quite rare 
pellucidus. south of Raritan Bay, but at present a fine 
colony may be seen on the flats a little west of the Inlet House at 
Atlantic City. The pretty species, Litorina irrorata, a more south- 
ern form, also edible, appeared in large numbers on the bay side, 
near Longport, N. J., about three years ago, but 
the conditions surrounding them changed shortly 
afterward and the colony disappeared quite as 
quickly and mysteriously as it came. A few spec- 
imens may still be secured on the adjacent flats 
but they are much less perfect than were those 
of the colony referred to. 

Many of the shells produced i the several 
species mentioned are well worthy of a niche in _ Litorina litorea. 
the collector’s cabinet, especially so if taken alive and in situ. 
Otherwise the more recent additions to the lip-edges are apt to be 
injured by the action of the surf. 

But there are hosts of other native shells besides 
those referred to, that may be profitably utilized by 
lovers of Nature’s handiwork. Among the most 
prominent of these are the large pear-shaped Conch, 
Fulgur canaliculata ; the several species of Pholades, 
including the largest known form, Pholas costata, 
Litorina irrorata. Which often secretes itself in the hardest limestone ; 


28 THE NAUTILUS. 


the canoe shells, Modiola plicatula; the razors, Solen americanus and 
S. viridis ; the arks, Arca pexata and A. transversa ; the boat shells, 
Naticaheros and N. duplicata ; the cup and saucer shells, Crepidula 
plana, C. fornicata and C. glauca; the ladder shells, Scala hum- 
phreysti and (rarely) S. lineata; 
the scallops, Pecten irradians, the 


¥ gallons being sold annually by the 
coast fishermen. In addition to 
these there are several small species 
belonging to the genera Columbella, 


Pholas (Zirphza) crispata. 
Nassa and others, making the entire number living between Brig- 


antine Inlet and Cape May about fifty species. At no special point, 


even on the most favorable occasions, can all of these 
be obtained. A large share, however, may at times be 
secured on the sea and bay shores near Longport, at 
Townsend’s Inlet, Five Mile Beach and the Inlet two or 
three miles northeast of Cape May. But there is no 
locality known to the writer where species are so plenti- 
ful as at Anglesea; here, during a short visit last sum- 
mer, thirty-nine species were secured by him. 

Nearly all of these were found living on a small go. Hum. 
peninsula about a half mile south of the Anglesea _ phreysii 
Hotel. Fulgur carica, the largest of our coast shells, were unusu- 


Pecten irradians. Arca pexata. 


THE NAUTILUS. 29 


ally abundant, many of them being per- 
fect in form, and exhibiting in the aper- 
tures the rarest shades of crimson, pur- 
ple and orange. Excellent specimens of 
Natica duplicata were also found here in 
situ, these offering a new revelation 
to the eollector as he saw, when 
lifting them from their beds, fine jets of 
water spouting in every direction from 
the edges of each large saucer-shaped 
foot. Both of these species were carried 
to the hotel and boiled—the former 
about ten minutes the latter two or three 
minutes. This made the removal of the 
animals an easy matter, leaving the lus- 
tre of the shells and color of the aper- 
tures uninjured. It should be remem- 
bered that the peninsula referred to is 
only free from water when the tide is 
nearing its lowest stage; also that the 
tide is low there at about the same hour 
it is high in Philadelphia. 

In conclusion it nay be well to inform 
the young collector that in the search for 
sea shells at least three adjuncts are neces- 
sary—a trowel for digging purposes, a 
water-tight jar for preserving living speci- 
mens and a good sized basket for large 
shells. With these in hand, and a taste 
for the work, there is no reason in the 
world why he shouldn’t be both success- 
ful and happy. 


eZ 


Solen americanus. 


NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SUCCINEA. 


BY T. D. A. GOUKERELL. 


(Continued from last number.) 


(10.) S. sillimani Bland. This also may have to be united with 
elegans. Mr. L. B. Elliott sent me a specimen, pale horn 


30 THE NAUTILUS. 


color, fragile and thin, collected at Denver, Colorado. There 
is a similar specimen in the Binney and Bland Collection. 


(11.) S. salleana Pfr. A specimen in the Binney and Bland Col- 
lection, from Alexandria, La., is white, and allied to S. 
elegans. 


(12.) S. wilsont Lea. Mr. Singley sent me this from Brevard Co., 
Florida, and I make the following note: pfeifferi group; 
may be a good species; amber color, rather shiny, more 
obtuse and swollen than most pfeifferi. Agrees with Lea’s 
description, but spire shorter than in his figure. 


(13.) S. effusa Shutt. A specimen in the Binney and Bland Col- 
lection is from Spring Garden Lake, Fla. A good species, 
allied to pfeifferc. 


Sect. I]. Neritostome. 


== Neritostoma (Klein) Morch. 


(14.) S. putris L. 8. obliqua is generally not to be distinguished in 
anything from this. I found putris in 1887 close to the 
Cave of the Winds, at Niagara Falls. There is also a speci- 
men from Niagara in the Binney and Bland Collection, 
marked obliqua. Mr. Singley sent me specimens of obliqua, 
collected in Carleton Co., Ontario, Canada. They approach 
S. virescens Jeffreys (non Morel.) rather than putris, the 
color being pale greenish-horn. One form, which may be 
considered typical, was 16 mill. long, spire 54 mill. long, 
texture like putris. The other, which represented a variety, 
was 15 mill. long, spire 3% mill. long—a more globose shell, 
which can probably not be separated from S. virescens Jeff, 
of Europe. Say’s var. ovalis is very near to this. 


(15.) S. totteniana Lea. I received this from Mr. Singley, collected 
by Mr. E. W. Roper at Revere, Mass. It is, I think, a good 
species—an extreme form allied to virescens. Shell yellow- 
ish-green, inflated and thin, whorls rounded, mouth -broad, : 
spire short. 


(16.) S. grosvenorii Lea. Specimens from Lee Co., Texas, were 
kindly submitted to me by Mr. Singley. ‘They comprised 
two forms, one greenish and the other, which may be called 
var. rufescens, reddish and more globose. The speciesis a good 


THE NAUTILUS. 31 


deal like putris, but smallish and spire longer; whorls con- 
vex. It seems to be a good species. I have also seen it from 
Alexandria, La., in the Binney and Bland Collection. 


(17.) S. stretchiana Bland. I have seen this from San Francisco, 
Cal. (G. W. Michael), sent by Mr. Singley. It seems to be 
a small species of the putris group, allied to S. parvula 
Drouét, of Europe. Reddish-horn, not very shiny, striate, 
spire rather large. In the Binney and Bland Collection, 
one from Washoe Co., Nevada, looks rather like avara, at 
least in color; but another from Oregon is brown and 
resembles the putris group. There is a form major Ancey, 
ms. (sine descr.), nearly twice the size of the type, recorded 
by Yarrow, from Pagosa, Colo. 


THE SHELL BEARING MOLLUSCA OF MICHIGAN. 


BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH. 


Carychium exiguum Say. Common everywhere. 

C. exile H.C. Lea. Although not as common as C. exiguum, 
the localities where this form has been found indicate that it will be 
found generally distributed over the state. 

Limnea stagnalis L. PI. I, fig. 6. 

Occurs all over the State, often in great abundance. An extreme 
form, in which the body whorl is obtusely angulated, and the aper- 
ture much enlarged, from Houghton Lake, Roscommon County, is 
shown in fig. 6. 

I. stagnalis jugularis Say. PI. I, figs. 1, 2, 3. 

I think this form is entitled to varietal rank. It is not as com- 
mon as the typicel form and seems to occur usually by itself. Fig- 
ures 1, 2 and 3 from Black Lake, Presque Isle County, may be 
referred here ; but the expansion of the lip, especially of fig. 1, is not 
typical, and is probably due to some peculiar local conditions. All 
the specimens from this locality are a pure translucent white. The 
Physa fragilis of Mighels is probably a similar case in another 
genus. 

L. stagnalis sanctemarie. PI. I, figs. 4 and 5. 


ay 4 THE NAUTILUS. 


This form from the Neebish Rapids of the St. Mary’s River is 
well characterized by its small size, and the flattening of the upper 
part of the body whorl, which gives a mammilliform appearance 
to the short, rapidly acuminating spire. The relative size of this 
variety and the typical ZL. stagnalis is shown by comparing figs. 4 
and 5 with fig. 6. 

L. ampla Migh. Houghton Lake, Roscommon County, is the 
only locality I know of for this species. Specimens from there, 
submitted to the late Dr. James Lewis, were so named by him. In 
the form in which it is found in Michigan, it seems doubtfully dis- 
tinct from L. emarginata Say. 

LL. decollata Migh. Cited by Currier and DeCamp. I have with 
some hesitation referred specimens from Mullet Lake, Sheboygan 
County, to this form. 


LI. megasoma Say. Occurs in great abundance in the Higgins 

River, Roscommon County ; also found at different localities in the 

St. Mary’s River. It seems to be confined to the northern part of 
the state. 

LL. refleza Say. PI. I, fig. 8. 

Generally distributed over the state, and as usual in the genus, 
exhibits a considerable degree of variability. In some forms it is 
difficult to distinguish from L. palustris Mull. LZ. wmbrosa Say is 
cited by De Camp as distinct. Fig. 8 is a specimen with a remark- 
ably expanded lip, from the River Rouge, Wayne County. 

L. reflexa zebra Tryon. Occurs frequently, associated with the 
type, and is easily connected with it in any considerable number of 
specimens. 

LL. reflexa exilis Lea. The specimens on which the citation of 
this form in the catalogue of 1879 was based, are referred to the 
type by Mr. Pilsbry. They differ sufficiently from the large form 
usually found, as figured by Haldeman (Monograph pl. 8), although 
the whorls are not as flattened as the typical exzlis from the Western 
States requires. 

L. reflexa kirtlandiana Lea. This form is not entitled to more 
than varietal rank. Specimens from the original locality in Ohio 
agree very closely with examples from southern Michigan. Speci- 
mens from the St. Mary’s River are more slender and more fragile, 
and are nearer to Utah examples received under this name from 
Mr. Hemphill. 


THE NAUTILUS. 33 


LL. reflexa scalaris. Pl. I, fig. 7. | 

Spire elongated, whorls rounded and suture deeply impressed. 
This form, which occurs occasionally, associated with the type, in 
the marshes at the mouth of the Rouge River, Wayne County, I 
cited without sufficient consideration, in my catalogue of 1879 as 
var. distortus Rossm. 

LL. columella Say. Southern part of the state but not abundant. 

L. lanceata Gld. This may prove to be a form of L. reflewa. It 
is cited in all the catalogues, but I believe wholly because the origi- 
nal specimens came from the north shore of Lake Superior. Spec- 
imens from Belle Isle, Detroit River, are said by Pilsbry to be close 
to Gould’s types in the Academy’s collection. 

LL. palustris Mull. Found everywhere in great abundance and 
variety. A striped form similar to LD. reflexa zebra is sometimes 
found. Limnophysa fragilis Linn., cited by De Camp, would seem 
to belong here. Dr. De Camp informs me that the L. intertexta of 
Currier, cited in his catalogue but never described, is a form of this 
species. 

L. palustris michiganensis. PI. I, figs. 9 and 10. 

This form is similar to variety D, as figured by Haldeman in his 
Monograph pl. 6, fig. 7, but is much smaller, the length being but 
half an inch. It is very delicately striate and under the glass 
shows many very fine spiral lines cutting the strie. The aperture 
is just one-half the length of the shell. The lip is thickened by a 
rib within the inner margin, which shows itself as a white band on 
the outer surface. Spire acute, suture impressed, umbilicus small. 

_ Haldeman’s figure above cited, if reduced nearly one-half, would 
be an excellent representation of this variety; except that the 
whorls are more rounded and suture more deeply impressed than in 
this form. Figure 9 is from Ecorse and figure 10 from Greenfield, 
Wayne County. I am indebted for examples from Oregon to Mr. 
Pilsbry, who informs me that it ranges west from Michigan to 
Washington. 

L. binneyi Tryon. Cited by De Camp from Houghton Lake. 

L. haydenit Lea. Cited by De Camp from Houghton Lake. 

L. traskii Tryon. Cited by De Camp from Newaygo County. 

L. contracta Currier. Higgins Lake, Roscommon County is the 
only locality known for this curious form. It is either a semi-fossil, 
extinct species or an inhabitant of deep water, as only dead _ speci- 
mens have ever been found as I have been informed. 


34 THE NAUTILUS. 


L. emarginata Say. A very abundant species through the north- 
ern part of the state and of great variety. Its most characteristic feat- 
ure being a thick heavy shell, usually pure white and usually quite 
opaque, sometimes translucent. Specimens from Higgins Lake, 
Roscommon County, exhibit great variety in the form of the aper- 
ture which is frequently much expanded. Specimens from Sault 
St. Marie approach very close to Haldeman’s figures of his L. ser- 
rata (Mon. pl. 2, fig. 6-8). 

LL. catascopium Say. An abundant and characteristic species of 
the Great Lakes, and their connecting rivers. Specimens from the 
north acquire the thick solid shell so common in emarginata. 

LL. caperata Say. Cited by Miles, Currier, Smith and De Camp. 

I. cubensis Pfr. This form, hitherto known as L. umbilicata 
Ads., has a range over the whole of the State. 

LL. pallida Ad. Cited by Miles, Currier and De Camp. 

I. desidiosa Say. Very common everywhere. 

LL. humilis Say. Very common and variable. 

L. galbana Say (?) The form thus doubtfully designated, if not 
the living representative of Say’s fossil species, has never been 
described. It has been found in Emmet, Grand Traverse, Alpena 
and Oakland Counties, and would thus seem to have a wide range 
through the state. It is a well marked form and seems to be sub- 
ject to less variation than is usual in this genus. 

LL. bulimoides Lea. Cited by De Camp, “‘ found in greenhouse, 
probably introduced by plants.” 

LL. gracilis Jay. Reed’s Lake, Kent County, is the only Michi- 
gan locality known for this species. 

Physa lordi Baird. Northern part of the state. P. parkert 
Currier, from Houghton Lake, is generally considered a synonym. 

P. aneillaria Say. Generally distributed over the State, and 
exhibits a great degree of variability. 

P. sayi Tapp. Very common. Cited by Currier and De Camp 
as var. Warreniana Lea. Specimens from a small pond near 
Traverse City, collected by Dr. Leach, are remarkable for the ten- 
uity of the shell and the expansion of the outer lip. In some 
instances the newly formed lip was so thin as to be completely 
reflected back on the outside of the shell. Whether the local influ- 
ences in this case were similar to those which, according to Prof. 
E. S. Morse, produced the Physa fragilis Mighels I cannot tell ; 
but the two forms would seem to be identical. 


» 


THE NAUTILUS. oo 


P. vinosa Gld. Originally described from specimens collected on 
the north shore of Lake Superior, this species has been cited by 
Miles, Currier, Smith and De Camp without further knowledge of 
its occurrence. Recently, however, specimens from the Detroit 
River and St. Clair Flats have been referred to this form by Mr. 
R. E. C. Stearns, of the U. S. Nat. Museum. 

P. anatina Lea. Although not cited from the western part of 
the state, its occurrence in Washtenaw, Macomb, Lapeer and 
Grand Traverse Counties show that it has a general distribution 
through the eastern and northern part of the state. Mr. R. E. C. 
Stearns, speaking of specimens from the Clinton River, Macomb 
County says: “ Your specimens are the brightest and handsomest I 
have seen.” 

P. pomilia Con. Cited by De Camp as var. Showalteri Lea. I 
am indebted to Mr. Streng for specimens from Grand Rapids. 

P. gyrina Say. Very abundant and in great variety of form. 

P. gyrina hildrethiana Lea. Very common everywhere. 

P. elliptica Lea. Cited by De Camp, as are also P. oleacea Tryon 
and Febigert Lea, which are considered as synonyms by Tryon. 

P. heterostropha Say. Common everywhere and in almost infi- 
nite variety. 

P. brevispira Lea. Specimens from the Detroit River have been 
identified as this species by Mr. Pilsbry. 

P. deformis Currier. This species, originally described from 
Grand Rapids, is cited also by De Camp in his catalogue. Dr. De 
Camp writes: “I do not believe that this is a distinct species.” 

Aplexa hypnorum L. Common everywhere. 

A. hypnorum tryoni Currier. Distinguished by its larger size and 
- deeper coloring. | 

A. integra Hald. Generally distributed through the state and 
quite common. I follow Tryon in including Lea’s P. niagarensis 
asasynonym. Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, however, informs me that 
our Michigan species is niagarensis and that Haldeman’s integra is a 
southern species not extending further north than Indiana. The 
Michigan form agrees, however, with specimens received as P. 
integra from the late Dr. Jas. Lewis. 

To be concluded. 


36 THE NAUTILUS. 


GENERAL NOTES. 


GONIOBASIS VIRGINICA IN Conn. The collection of the Ameri- 
can Asso. of Conchologists has received specimens of the above spe- 
cies collected by Rev. Geo. D. Reid, from the Connecticut River, at 
Deep River, Conn. This is not far from the mouth of the river, 
and is, we believe, the eartermost locality reported for any species 
of this family in the United States. The specimens are large and 
well-developed, averaging over an inch in length. Both the smooth 
form and the spirally lirate var. multilineata occur. 


Mr. Wiiirarp M. Woon, of San Francisco, California, has 
gone ona collecting trip to Monterey Bay, where some new and 
rare species have recently been found. He will remain there dur- 
ing the month of July. 


PLANORBIS MULTIVOLVIs.—I have lately received several speci- 
mens of Planorbis multivolvis Case, collected in the Island of New- 
foundland, by a friend engaged on a surveying staffi They were 
found in the neighborhood of Brathurst Lake. I have not seen the 
Michigan form, but Mr. Bryant Walker, to whom I submitted my 
shells, tells me the Newfoundland specimens are “rather smaller 
and thinner but identical in form.’— W. J. Farrer, Orange, Va.. 


EXCHANGES. 


CoLLEcrors who desire to dispose of North American Land,Fresh- - 
water aud Marine shells for those of California, will do well by 
sending their exchange lists to Willard M. Wood, 2817 Clay 


Street, San Francisco, Cal. 


Paciric Coast, marine, land and fresh water shells, for land and 
fresh water shells of the West Indies and South America, G. W. 
Lichtenthaler, Bloomington, Ills. 


Fossiis from the Silurian, Devonian Sub-carboniferous and Car- 
boniferous, to exchange for other fossils, especially of the Creta- 
ceous and Tertiary; send lists and receive mine. C. S. Hodgson, 
Albion, Ill. 


= HE. N SOTILus. 


VOL. VI. AUGUST, 1892. No. 4 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


BY CHAS. T. ®@2MPSON. 


During a brief vacation last Christmas, Mr. John B. Henderson, 
Jr., of Washington, and the writer made a flying visit to the west 
coast of Florida, in the vicinity of Tampa Bay, for the purpose of 
collecting shells; and I have thought that perhaps a few notes on 
our work might be of interest to the readers of the NauTi.us. 
The country throughout this region consists of ordinary sandy pine 
land, interspersed here and there with ponds and hammock or hard- 
wood tracts of from an acre or so to several miles in extent. This 
region in general is one of the flattest on the globe, and as a con- 
sequence the sea is in most places quite shallow and thousands of 
acres of mud flats are often laid bare at very low tides or during 
“Northers,” affording wonderfully rich collecting grounds for the 
naturalist. We fitted ourselves out with a five or six ton sail-boat 
accompanied by a skipper and a good-natured cook, and with two 
weeks provisions, a gallon of alcohol, a dredge, and several large 
note books which were to be filled with original observations and 
discoveries, we sailed away as eager for adventures as Lord Bate- 
man. 

I want to say to anyone who attempts to collect marine shells or 
animals, that first and foremost it is all important to use the dredge. 
This implement is so simple, so easily constructed, and is so efficient 
that the merest tyro never ought to try to get along without it. A full 
description of one and its mode of working can be found in Wood- 


38 THE NAUTILUS. 


ward’s Manual of Conchology, and one that brings the matter down 
to date will soon appear in a forthcoming paper by Dr. Dall on 
collecting. We threw overboard our dredge in the warm bright 
waters of Tampa Bay as the boat was brought up into the wind, and 
awaited results. There is a certain kind of excitement about the 
operation; the jar and tremble of the rope as the implement—far 
down out of sight—scrapes over the bottom, gathering in the treasures 
of the deep, produces a sensation akin to that which an angler feels 
when he gets a bite, or a sportsman when he sights game and 
“draws a bead.” And this feeling reaches a fever heat when the 
dredge is hoisted slowly, leaving a cloudy wake in the water, and its 
contents are dumped into the screen. : 

Starfishes, echini, perhaps a big horseshoe crab or two, and, 
mingled with living mollusks and fishes there may probably be dead 
shells inhabited by various forms of hermit crabs, fish, sea-worms 
and a dozen other kinds of life, many of which may be puzzling 
even to an experienced naturalist. There is something wonderful 
about all this, and entirely different from shore collecting ; the 
animals are taken in their homes, caught in the very act of carry- 
ing on their ordinary avocations, and it is not to be wondered at 
that they seem to have a kind of surprised appearance when they 
are tumbled out indiscriminately on deck. ‘There is always an 
element of uncertainty about dredging that furnishes a mild excite- 
ment akin to that of gambling. One throw, or a half dozen in 
succession, may turn out to be “ water hauls,” bringing up nothing 
but mud or possibly sea urchins, and the “just once more before we 
go away” may bring up half a hundred species, some of them rare, 
and all desirable. : 

The vicinity of Tampa Bay is rich in marine species and is classic 
ground to the conchologist and the collector, it having been worked 
over by Agassiz, Conrad, Stimpson, Spinner, and other noted men 
who have passed on, and Drs. Stearns and Dall, Velie, Calkins, and 
others who are still with us; and often a run along the shores of 
some of the outer keys, or about the muddy, sandy bays, will reveal 
shells enough to turn the head of even a steady-going experienced 
conchologist. And at such times it always happens that when the 
collector gets every bucket, and sack, and basket, and both bands 
loaded down to the last limit with things that are good enough in 
all conscience, and is miles away from his boat, he begins to run 
upon numbers of such marvelously rare and beautiful things that 


THE NAUTILUS. 39 


he is tempted to throw away every thing he already has and begin 
entirely anew. 

Prof. Hornaday spoke the truth when he said that “the collector’s 
life is a constant race for specimens.” In the few brief days we had 
at our command we felt that we must “make hay while the sun 
shone.” But dredging, though very delightful at first, when followed 
up for eight or ten hours consecutively gets to be a good deal like 
work, and hard, heavy, wet work too. So we did what I should 
advise all collectors in similar circumstances to do; we went ashore 
during low tides and searched sometimes the sandy bays, the limited 
areas of rocky shore to be found about that region, or the open 
beaches ; and during high tide we dredged. One rocky bed laid 
bare at low tide in Terraciea Bay was marvelously rich in Trito- 
nidea tincta, Cerithium floridanum, Semele reticulata, Murex nuceus, 
OCumingia tellinoidea, Nassa consensa, Muricidea multangula, Uro- 
salpine perrugatus, and some other forms not often found on the 
sand. 

Mrs. Mean’s injunction “while yer a gittin’ git a plenty” espe- 
cially applies to the collector. One is prone when he sees anything 
in great abundance to feel as though it was very common and was 
hardly worth taking. Even the sight of a very rare mollusk in 
quantities somehow lowers its value in one’s estimation. But the 
old collector who has let such chances go a few times, and after- 
wards where his entire stock of the same thing has run out, regrets 
his folly, learns to take all he can get of anything that isgood. One 
may find a species thrown up to-day by millions on a certain shore, 
in excellent condition, and the next week, and for years afterwards, 
he may not run across a dozen individuals of the same. I had lived 
near Tampa Bay for four years and collected industriously, but 
throughout my whole residence I never found a hundred specimens 
of Olivella mutica, dead or alive. During our visit the dredge 
brought them up living, glittering like dew drops, by the handfuls. 
We dredged over and over the ground on which I once obtained in 
quantities of Venericardia tridentata and. flabella, Parastarte 
triquetra, and Pandora trilineata, and scarcely found a specimen, 
while on the same ground we got a great many Tubonillas, an 
abundance of Conus peali, and a half bushel or more Arca trans- 
versa, not a specimen of which I had ever found there before; and 
on a sand flat that used to gladden my eyes with Conus floridanus 
not a single one could we find. 


40) THE NAUTILUS. 


The shell mounds—the Kitchen middens of prehistoric tribes—are 
usually overgrown with tropical serub, and are rich in land shells 
as well as mosquitoes and sand flies; and on one of these at Shaw’s 
Point I rediscovered Zonites dallianus which I first found there 
three years ago, and, at the time, supposed to be the very different 
Zonites minusculus. In places the brackish water was swarming 
with Cerithium minimum, and muscarium, Melampus coffea, Macoma 
constricta, Natica duplicata and its companion Melongena corona, 
Lucina Jamaicensis, Cerithidea scalariformis, Modiola plicatula, var. 
semicostata, Mytilus hamatus, and the two Cyrenas, floridana and 
carolinensis. The ponds were alive with Physa heterostropta var. 
pomilia, Succinea luteola, which seems about as completely aquatic 
as any of the pond snails, Planorbis tumidus, which is a form of the 
protean and widely distributed trivolvis ; and on the keys several of 
the Polygyras were abundant. 

Our ten days of collecting came to an end all too soon, for although 
we had worked very hard and gathered in some 200 species and 
perhaps 25,000 specimens, we had not had time to write a half 
dozen notes, and we had only made a beginning at what we wanted 
to accomplish. We packed our material and bid good-by reluct- 
antly to the land of palmettoes, warm breezes and sparkling waters, 
carrying with us bright, happy memories that will only grow pleas- 
anter as time passes away. 


ON ATLANTIC CREPIDULAS. 


BY WITMER STONE, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 


During the summer of 1891 while at Cape May, N. J., I made a 
considerable collection of Crepidulas of all ages and varieties with 
a view to studying the relationship of the several species found on 
the New Jersey coast; and some of the possibilities suggested by an 
examination of this material may prove of interest. 

We have on this portion of the Atlantic seaboard four nominal 
species, of which three, C. fornicata, conveaa and glauca, grow upon 
the outside or convex surfaces of the shells upon which they occur, 


THE NAUTILUS. Al 


while one, C. plana, grows upon the inside or concave surface. ‘The 
curvature of the surface upon which the Crepi- 
dulas grow has naturally produced a similar 
curvature in their own shells as it would other- 
wise be impossible for them to retain their hold. 
We therefore find that the three species first 
mentioned are convex in shape, while C. plana 
is concave. 

With this fact before us the question naturally 
arises: why is not C. plana a mere form of (, 

Crepidula fornicata. fornicata produced from eggs of the latter spe- 
cies which happened to be deposited on the inside of the host shell? 
A series of specimens collected with their hosts, however, shows that 
young fornicata is sometimes found on the inner 
or concave surface of Natica and Fulgur and 
retains all the characters of the species, being 
easily separated from the young of plana. The 
fact, however, that none but very small fornicatas 
are found in such positions, seems to show that 
the tendency to a convex form makes it impos- 
sible for them to retain their hold for any length 
of time ona concave surface. In other words,  Crepidula plana. 
the tendency towards convex and concave shells has now become a 
fixed specific character. 

As to the original ancestry of C. plana there does not seem to 
me any doubt but that either this species has descended from a shell 
of the C. fornicata style or better perhaps that both species have 
developed from a free snail which formed the habit of attaching 
itself to other shells and whose characters have been gradually 
altered to suitits habits. Some of the individuals have thus adapted 
themselves to the convex and some to the concave surfaces of their 
hosts, and so eventually produced two distinct species. This theory 
is strengthened by studying the Crepidulas from other parts of the 
world, for my friend Mr. Pilsbry, tells me that on nearly every coast 
where a convex Crepidula is found there is also a concave species 
corresponding to our C. plana. 

As regards our three convex Crepidulas, C. glauca and C. convexa 
are undoubtedly much more closely related to each other than either 


42 THE NAUTILUS. 


is to C. fornicata, as has been already noticed by 
Mr. Pilsbry. In both of them the beak projects 
almost directly forward and stands clear above 
the margin, while in C. fornicata it is very much 
=e to one side and rests directly on the margin. This 

Crepidula glauca. geems to be caused by the concentric additions to 
the shell being very unequal—7. e. wider on one side than on the 
other—in the latter species. The outline of the posterior margin of 
the “deck” or septum in C. fornicata is also different. 

The difference between C. glauca and convexa is entirely one of 
shape and is apparently due primarily to the character of the surface 
on which they live, as C. glauca occurs on large shells where the, 
curvature is slight and C. convexa on small, very convex shells such 
as Nassa obsoleta, where considerable curvature is necessary to enable 
the Crepidula to bring the entire margin of its shell in contact with 
the surface of its host. 

Whether this difference of shape is to be regarded as a specific or 
subspecific character is a question dependent entirely upon the 
extent to which this adaptation to two styles of surface has g 
proceeded. If shells of intermediate form occur, then C. 
convexa is merely asubspecies. Among those which I have 
thus far examined I have seen no intermediates. Ss 

The fact that we have at least two distinct convex C. convexa. 
Crepidulas upon the New Jersey coast naturally suggests the pos- 
sibility that we may have had at one time, two concave species ; one 
developed from the same stock as C. fornicata, as already described, 
and the other in a similar manner from the C. glauca stock. The 
similar environment and degenerate nature of “inside growers” 
would tend to obliterate the original specific differences, so that the 
two might easily have become merged into what we know as C. 


plana. 

Anatomical investigations might throw additional light upon 
these questions, and a careful study of the genus will well repay 
anyone who has the requisite material at hand. 


THE SHELL BEARING MOLLUSCA OF MICHICAN.* 


BY BRYANT WALKER. 


U. anodontoides Lea. Cited by De Camp from Monroe County. 
Also by Call. 


* The first installment (land mollusks) of Mr. Walker’s catalogue of Michigan 
mollusks will be found in the June Navuritus; the second, aquatic gastropods, in 
the July number. 


THE NAUTILUS. 43 


U. asperimus Lea. Cited by Miles, Currier and De Camp. The 
latter in a recent letter says: “ I do not believe that it belongs to 
the State.” 

U. canadensis Lea. Three Mile Lake, Oakland County, identi- 
fied by the late Dr. James Lewis. 

U. cariosus Say. Cited by Sager and Miles; evidently an error, 
as the species does not occur so far west. The citation is probably 
based on some form of U. occidens Lea. 

U. celatus Con. Cited by Sager and Miles. In all probability 
a case of mistaken identity. 

U. circulus Lea. Common in southern part of the State. Speci- 
mens from the River Rouge are referred to U. lens Lea by Dr. De 
Camp. 

U. coccineus Hild. Apparently quite common. A specimen 
from the Detroit River has a pink nacre. 

U. complanatus Say. Northern part of the State. For an 
account of the re-discovery of this species in this State, see the 
Navutiwus III, p. 16 and V, p. 93. | 

U. cornutus Bar. Cited by Currier and De Camp. Dr. De 
Camp writes me that this species, formerly common in the Grand 
River, has entirely disappeared. 

U. cuneolus Lea. Cited by De Camp from Monroe County. 

U. donacifornis Lea. Mouth of Otter Creek, Monroe County, 
collected by Jerome Trombly. Cited also by Call. 

U. elegans Lea. Southern part of the State. Monroe and Kent 
counties. 

U. ellipsis Lea. Detroit River and Grand Rapids. 

U. ellipsiformis Con. ‘The type specimens are stated by Conrad 
to have been received from Michigan. Were it not for the explicit 
statement that the beaks were simple, the figure and description 
would apply to U. spatulatus Lea. It would seem possible that it 
was described from specimens of that form in which the undulations 
of the beaks, usually quite light, had so nearly disappeared as to 
escape attention. The species has not been found by recent 
collectors. 

U. fabalis Lea. The River Rouge near Detroit. Cited also by 
Sager and Miles. 

U. gibbosus Bar. Abundant all over the State. A small variety 
is found in the Detroit river, in which the nacre varies from a deep 
purple to pure white. There is almost always, however, a trace of 
purple along the hinge. 


44 THE NAUTILUS. 


U. glans Lea. The Clinton river at Pontiac, where it was first 
found many years ago, is the only locality known for this species in 
the State. Its occurrence there I have been successful in verifying. 

U. gracilis Bar. Common. Specimens from the River Rouge, 
Wayne County, are the largest I have ever seen. Those from the 
Detroit River are much smaller, showing the unfavorable character 
of their surroundings. 

U. iris Say. Cited by Sager, Miles, Currier and DeCamp. The 
latter, however,.in a recent letter queries whether the Michigan 
specimens can be distinguished from U. novi-eboraci. Call (Cat. 
Unionide Miss. Valley) credits the species to Michigan. 

U. kirtlandianus Lea. Cited by Call from the Grande River (loc. 
cit.). 

U. levissimus Lea. Cited by Miles, Currier and De Camp. 

U. Leibii Lea. Detroit River, identified by Dr. Jas. Lewis; mouth 
of Otter Creek, Monroe County, collected by Jerome Trombly. 

U. latecostatus Lea. Cited by De Camp from the Grand River, 
Kent County. A specimen received from him agrees in form and 
in arrangement of the folds with Lea’s figure and description. It 
does not, however, seem to differ from U. undulatus except in the 
more highly developed character of the folds. 

U. ligamentinus Lam. Southern part of the State. Cited also 
by De Camp as U. erassus Say. A form with pink nacre occurs on 
the Grand River (see Lewis, Am. Jour. of Con. IV, 81). 

U. luteolus Lam. Very abundant everywhere and exceedingly 
variable in size, color and shape. De Camp cites U. siliquoides 
Bar., from Grand River as distinct. The nacre is occasionally 
more or less tinged with pink toward posterior portion. 

U. multiradiatus Lea. Appears to occur generally through the 
southern part of the State. It is very abundant in the Huron 
River at Ann Arbor, Mich. A dwarfed form occurs in the Detroit 
River. The female has the edge of the mantle prolonged in long 
feelers, similar to those figured by Lea (Observations II, pl. xv, fig. 
49) in the female of U. radiatus Lam. 

U. nasutus Say. Occurs all over the State. Specimens from the 
Detroit River are small and quite thin. 

U. negatus Lea. Sheawassee River, Genesee Co., where it was 
discovered by Dr. M. L. Leach, who writes that the only specimen 
he found was sent to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences 
and was there identified as this species. It is now in the museum — 


THE NAUTILUS. 45 


at Bay View, Petoskey, Michigan. Among a large lot of U. rubvi- 
ginosus sent to me by Dr. Leach from the same locality was 
another specimen, which in the suleate or rather heavily imbricated 
character of the surface resembles Lea’s description of this species. 
It is, however, more inflated, and although somewhat eroded, lacks 
the peculiar beaks described by Lea. If not distinct, it certainly 
is a very peculiar form of U. rubiginosus. 

U. novi-eboraci Lea. Abundant everywhere. <A form without 
rays from this state was described as U. opalinus by Anthony, but 
is not considered as distinct by Lea in his last synopsis. Dr. 
De Camp sends me the following note on Anthony’s species. 
“ McNeil found the only specimen of this and sent it to Anthony. It 
was from Ottawa county, and McNeil says he thought it was a 
malformed U, gibbosus Bar. I have hunted the same stream and 
never found one.” 

U. occidens Lea. Generally distributed through the southern 
part of the State. 

U. parvus Bar. River Rouge, Wayne county. 

U. penitus Con. Cited by Sager and Miles, probably a mistake 
as the species is a southern one. 

U. perplexus Lea. Cited by Sager and Miles. 

U. phaseolus Hild. Cited in most of the catalogues. Sheboygan 
County is the most northern locality known to me. Specimens from 
the Detroit river are smaller than usual, very strongly arcuate and 
darker colored without spots. 

U. plicatus Les. Western part of the State, extending as far 
north as Muskegon. JI have not found this form in the eastern part 
of the State. Michigan specimen seem to be smaller than those from 
more southern localities. 

U. pressus Lea. Common all over the State. 

U. pusiulatus Lea. River Rouge, Wayne county. 

U. pustulosus Lea. Cited by Sager, Miles and Call. 

U. radiatus Lam. Cited by De Camp from Grayling, Crawford 
County, and as U. distans Anth. by Currier and De Camp. Were 
it not for the occurrence of U. complantus Sol., in the northern part 
of the State, (a species which is usually considered as confined to the 
Atlantic drainage), I should question whether there was not some 
mistake in the above citations. Gould in Agassiz “ Lake Superior ” 
however, cites this species from the north shore of that lake, and it 
is quite possible that it has extended from Canadainto our northern 


46 THE NAUTILUS. 


borders. I notice that in the Nautitus for November, 1891, p. 78, 
Mr. G. W. Dean says that Anthony’s distans is the female form of 
U. luteolus Lam. Call (loc. cit.) also refers U. distans to luteolus. 
Lea, however, refers it to radiatus. 

U. rangianus Lea. Fighting Island, Detroit river, and the River 
Raisin, Monroe Counties, are the only localities where this species 
has yet been found to my knowledge. Credited to Michigan by 
Call (loe. cit.) 

U. rectus Lam. Not uncommon in the southern part of the State. 
A form from the Detroit river was described as U. Sageri by Conrad 
and another variety from the Huron river, Livingstone county, as 
U. leprosus by Miles. Specimens from the River Rouge, Wayne 
county, are fully as wide as any from the Ohio river, but longer, 
more compressed and not so heavy, the nacre being either white or 
purple. Detroit river specimens are only about half as large as 
Rouge river examples, with the nacre tinged with purple toward the 
hinge, or occasionally of a beautiful salmon color. 

U. rubiginosus Lea. Common in the southern part of the State. 

U. Schooleraftii Lea. Not a common species, but cited in nearly 
all the lists. 

U. spatulatus Lea. Very abundant in many localities. 

U. subovatus Lea. Cited by Miles, Currier and De Camp. Spec- 
imens sent to correspondents as U. ventricosus Bar., have been 
referred by them to this form. 

U. subrotundus Lea. Cited by Sager and Miles only. As it has 
not been found by later collectors it is to be considered a doubtful 
inhabitant of the state. 

U. sulcatus Lea. Detroit river. Specimens from that locality 
were described as U. perobliquus by Conrad. 

U. Tappanianus Lea. ‘“ Have this from Monroe County, Mich- 
igan, that agrees well with Lea’s figure and description ; but think 
it the same as siliquoides, only a variety of luteolus. The beaks are 
eroded on the specimens I have,-so that I cannot decide well on the 
undulations”—De Camp. I know nothing of the occurrence of this 
species in the State, beyond the above note from Dr. De Camp, 
which seems to leave the identification somewhat in doubt. 

U. tenuissimus Lea. Cited by De Camp from the Grande river, 
Also by Miles and Currier. 


U. trigonus Lea. Cited by De Camp from Black Lake, Ottawa 
county; also by Miles and Currier. 


THE NAUTILUS. : AT 


U. triangularis Lea. Southern part of the State. 

U. undulatus Bar. An abundant species in suitable localities in 
the southern part of the State. Dr. De Camp sends me a specimen 
which I think should be referred to this species, labelled U. atro- 
costatus with the following note: ‘This I found in Black Lake, 
Ottawa county, I think plicatus and latecostatus distinct ; but would 
hardly say this of atrocostatus were it not for finding it only in the 
still water of the lake, while the other almost universally inhabits 
rivers with current.” 

U. ventricosus Bar. Very abundant all over the State and 
extremely variable. In many localities it attains a large size. 
Detroit river specimens are small and with comparatively thin 
shells. 

U. verrucosus Bar. Southern part of the State. 

(Zo be concluded.) 


GOULD’S TYPES OF NASSA AND COLUMBELLA. 


BY W. B. MARSHALL. 


Tryon has expressed the belief that the types of several species 
of Nassa and Columbella described by Dr. A. A. Gould were 
destroyed in the Chicago fire. 

Among others he mentions the following:—Nassa beata, Loo 
Choo Is.; Nassa optata, Sydney, N. 8S. W.; Nassa spurca, St. 
Simon’s Bay; Columbella minuscula, Ousima; Columbella zonata, 
Kagosima. 

Referring to the types of Nassa, Tryon said “ Most of the above 
are from the collections of the North Pacific (U. 8S.) Exploring 
Expedition; they have not been figured and the type specimens 
were destroyed in the great Chicago fire. Some of them might be 
identified with other described species, but it is better not to do so. 
I think, under the circumstances.’ 

In a note under his description of Columbella (Seminella) minus- 
cula, Tryon said “ Unknown to me. ‘The types of this, the preced- 
ing and following species described by Gould are believed to have 
been destroyed at Chicago by fire.” 

The types of the five species mentioned above were not destroyed. 
They are now in the collection of the New York State Museum at 
Albany and are represented as follows :— 


1 Manual of Conchology, (I) iv, p. 63. 
Ibid. v, p. 171. 


48 THE NAUTILUS. 


Nassa beata by six specimens. 

Nassa optata by one specimen. 

Nassa spurca by four specimens. 
Columbella minuscula by three specimens. 
Columbella zonata by two specimens. 


GENERAL NOTES. 


Errata. For “ Helix sargenti” in the May Nautitus, p. 8, 
read “ H. Sarcentiana J. & P.”; the former name having been 
used for a species from the Bahamas, belonging to the section 
Plagioptycha. 

Those familiar with the life work of the late Dr. Joseph Leidy 
will be interested to know that the two microscopes which he used 
for years and from which he obtained such valuable results have 
been placed in the hands of Messrs. Williams, Brown and Earle, 
Philadelphia, to sell, by Mrs. Joseph Leidy, and they will be pleased 
to show them to anyone desiring to see them. They were brought 
in 1875 and were in almost constant use down to the date of his 
death, and they show how careful a student he was, in that they 
are in perfect order and very little soiled or scratched. 


The following extract from a letter to the Editor from Dr. W. H. 
Dall, written upon his recent return from the West Coast, will be of 
interest to our readers. * * * “My work this time was chiefly 
stratigraphical. I was able to determine the position of the Wallala 
beds as continuously conformable with, and below the upper 
Cretaceous Chico beds. Also to discover that earlier collectors have 
been mixing the genuine Pliocene and Postpliocene faunas in their 
collections, the two being often conformable, closely adjacent, and 
in similar mostly unconsolidated beds. 

In mollusks I found that the Periploma discus and Trophon tri- 
angulatus have been found near San Pedro on several occasions 
lately. At Monterey I got several specimens of Pedicularia eali- 
fornica Newcomb, which lives on a red Gorgonian. Monterey as a 
collecting ground is already greatly injured, and will probably be 
nearly ruined before long, on account of the Hotel del Monte, the 
new town of Pacific Grove and the increased population of old 
Monterey, all the sewage of which is turned into the bay in front of 
the town. Beaches which formerly would afford several hundred 
species are now nearly bare, or offensive with stinking black mud. 
Old collectors will learn this with regret. The San Pedro collectors 
are very active and enthusiastic and doing good work.” 


SHE N@®UTILUSs. 


VOL? Vi. SEPTEMBER, 1892. No. 5 


SHELL COLLECTING AT EASTPORT. 


EDWARD W. ROPER. 


The August number of the NauTrLus was awaiting me on my 
return from a collecting trip to Eastport, Maine, with Messrs. B. H. 
Van Vleck and R. T. Jackson, of Boston, and I could fully appreci- 
ate Mr. Simpson’s excellent article on dredging at Tampa Bay. 
Eastport is likewise “classic ground” to naturalists, and seldom a 
year passes that boatman Jerry Sullivan does not have an opportu- 
nity to take some ardent collector in his trim sloop. ‘ Uncle” 
Jerry has been a resident of Hastport over forty years, and has 
coiled the dredge rope for Agassiz, Verrill, Fewkes and other well- 
known scientists. He knows the fluctuations of the strong tides, the 
depth of water, and what is of most consequence, the character of the 
bottom, which enables him to keep away from rocks which might 
cause the loss of the dredge. 

While not equal to subtropical Florida as a collecting ground, 
Eastport, for a northern locality, is rich in species and individuals. 
Our dredgings were in water from fourteen to eighteen fathoms 
deep, and Mr. Simpson’s statement that it was “hard, heavy, wet 
work,” was certainly not overdrawn. Sometimes the dredge came 
up full of stones and gravel, with which were huge starfishes ten 
inches across the rays, curious leathery Boltenias, large red shrimps, 
sponges, such beautiful shells as Trochus occidentalis, Margarita 
undulata and Admete viridula, and perhaps the long-named 


50 THE NAUTILUS. 


brachiopod, Terebratulina septentrionalis. The best brachiopod 
ground, however, has been ruined, by the dumping upon it of blue 
clay dredged from Luber Narrows. 

The best hauls were made on a moderately soft bottom of mingled 
mud and sand, which was literally filled with dead and living shells 
of Cyclocardia borealis, Astarte undata, Astarte crebricostata, Cardium 
pinnulatum, Sipho pygmeus, Dentalium striolatum and many others. 
Here also were obtained numerous brittle stars, Ophiopholis, and the 
Astrophyton Agassizii, which came up clinging to the outside of the 
net, nearly as often as inside. When the dredge landed in soft mud 
it brought up such shells as Leda tenwisulcata, Nucula tenuis, Cre- 
nella glandula, Yoldia sapotilla and Cryptodon Gouldit. 

Shore collecting at Eastport is sure to prove successful. Ordinary 
tides rise and fall eighteen feet, and at low tide a large area of shore 
is uncovered, Purpura lapillus, Aemea testudinalis and the various 
Littorinas, common all along the New England shore, are here of 
much larger size than in Massachusetts. Buccinwm undatum is 
everywhere seen at low water mark, and bunches of its yellow egg 
cases are fastened to the rocks in abundance. Underneath stones 
are myraids of crawling things not well known to a conchologist, 
but nevertheless interesting. In the larger rock pools every stone 
hides specimens of Chiton marmoreus and Chiton albus, Saxicava 
rugosa and Margarita helicina are common and the bottom may 
fairly bristle with the spiny sea urchins. 

The enthusiastic collector will understand my pleasure when a 
critical examination of my gathered treasures revealed about 
seventy-five species of shells, fifteen of which had not previously been 
represented in my cabinet. My companions, more interested in 
other invertebrete forms, were also quite successful. Add to this, 
the fact that we were in the coolest place in the country, wearing 
light overcoats many evenings while everybody at home was swelter- 
ing in torrid heat, and we may look back to our Eastport trip as 
favored by fortune and replete with pleasure. 


AN IMPORTANT DISCOVERY—A NEW FOSSIL CYPREA. 


JOHN H. CAMPBELL, 


Mr. Homer Squyer of Mingusville, Montana, in collecting during 
the present summer, additional specimens of cretaceous mollusea in 


THE NAUTILUS. — 51 


the Fox Hills Group (upper Missouri) made an exceedingly impor- 
tant “find.” Among the species found by him, was a Cyprea 
absolutely new to science, and which may turn out to be the oldest 
Oyprea known to be in existence. The two fossil cypreeas from 
California (Bayerquei and Matthewsonii) and the Cyprea (Mortoni) 
from the New Jersey marl beds are the only species of the family 
published as belonging to the cretaceous period; and Prof. Whit- 
field of New York some time since found a cast of another species 
(to be described by him) in New Jersey, which he considers to be 
eretaceous. Thestratum (Zejon group) in which the two California 
species were found, is now considered to be tertiary, and the two 
New Jersey species may possibly turn out to be tertiary also, and in 
that case, the species just found by Mr. Squyer would be the earliest 
species of the genus Oyprea known. Next month we will describe 
and figure it more particularly, as we have this month only space 
enough to note the fact of its discovery, and assign it provisionally 
a name which we suggest should be Cyprea Squyerit. 

The type shell of the species (only perfect one found) has been 
forwarded by Mr. Squyer to the Collection of the American Associa- 
tion of Conchologists. 


APPEARANCE OF AN ASIATIC ANODONTA IN THE CHINESE 
MARKETS OF SAN FRANCISCO. 


BY WILLARD M. WOOD. 


Several weeks ago, I was invited to take lunch at a Chinese 
restaurant, with Mr. Sue Locke, an interpreter. 

While on the way, this gentleman, who‘ knew I was greatly 
interested in the study of conchology, informed me that before going 
to the restaurant, he would show me a new shell which had just been 
brought from China. Upon this information, I questioned him, and 
found that it was a fresh-water species. 

After passing through a number of narrow streets, we reached a 
very small Chinese merchandise store. The first object that 
attracted my attention, was a medium sized fresh-water aquarium 
containing a number of gold and silver -fish. 

Upon close examination, I found the bottom to be thickly lined 
with the species Paludina Japonica Mart., and two varieties of 


52 THE NAUTILUS. 


same; and also a species of Anodonta, of which I have not, as yet, 
learned the name. { 

By my friend acting as intérpreter, I discovered that but very 
few have been sent here. Upon the last steamer from China, several 
dozen were brought by the sailors, who disposed of them to Chinese 
merchandise dealers, in Chinatown. 

I purchased a few at the price of fifteen cents apiece, and started 
for the restaurant; but we stopped on the way, once again, as my 
friend desired to take me to the home of one of his acquaintances to 
show me another species of Anodonta. I was very much astonished 
upon observing this specimen. 

The shells I had been looking at were all less than three inches 
in length, while this specimen of another species, was almost 
siz inches. I tried to secure it but failed. The Chinaman would 
not part with it. He said, “Me keepee. Him livee heep long 
time. No die.” 

As these shells may be bought exceedingly cheap in China, as I 
was informed, I shall try and have a number sent me. 


NOTE ON CYTHEREA CONVEXA SAY. 


BY/W. HiapALL: 


Quite a number of conchologists have referred to Conrad’s state- 
ment (Medial Tert. Form.) that the well known name of our east 
coast species is preoccupied by Brongniart, but have hesitated to 
accept the name Sayana proposed by Conrad since no reference to 
chapter and verse was made by him to substantiate his observation. 
Having long sought the reference and at last found it, it seems well 
to put it on record. In Cuvier’s “ Ossemens fossiles” volume II, 
pt. 2 contains an essay by Cuvier and Alex. Brongniart entitled 
“ Essai sur la géographie minéralogique des environs de Paris.” It 
contains 278 pages, 4to, with maps and copper plates and was 
published in 1811. A number of species are figured from the Paris 
basin, among them Cytherea convexa, pl. 8, fig. 7. This shell long 
remained doubtful but has been practically identified by Renevier 
and Deshayes with the Cyrena semistrata of Deshayes, described in 
1831. Say’s C. convexa was described early in 1824 (Journ. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. iv, 140). Another Cytherea convexa was described by 


THE NAUTILUS. 53 


Hoffmann (Karsten, Arch. 1831, t. 3, p. 885) subsequent to that of 
Say. Owing to the slight tinge of doubt which still remained, Des- 
hayes’ specific has been universally retained for the Cyrena except 
by Herbert and Renevier (Foss. nummul. suppl. p. 59, 1854). All 
things considered it would seem best to adopt Conrad’s name Sayana 
for the well known shell to which it has been applied and which 
extends its range from Prince Edward’s Island to Indianola, Texas, 
and has existed unchanged since the Miocene. 


HYALINIA LEVIUSCULA N. SP. 


BY DR. V. STERKI, NEW) PRILADELPHIA, OHIO. 


A few years ago while looking over a parcel of fine drift from the 
Guadalupe river, gathered at New Braunfels, Texas, I found a small 
Hyalinia which was evidently new; but upon the few specimens at 
hand I did not like to publish it. Now, a few weeks ago, Mr. J. A, 
Singley had the kindness of forwarding me several thousand small 
shells picked out of a lot of the same drift materials." Among them 
there are several dozen specimens of this form, besides nearly as many 
Hy. singleyana Pils., hundreds of Hy. minuscula Binn. and a few 
Hy. milium Mse. 

Our species is of the size and general appearance of Hy. minu- 
scula, for which it doubtless has been taken, but differs from that 
species in being more depressed. ‘The spire is entirely flat or very 
little elevated. The whorls are markedly wider, from the nucleus, 
in specimens of the same size 4—1 less in number, very gradually 
increasing, and flatter above and below. The surface appears 
smooth and polished, and only with a strong magnifier radiating 
lines are seen, much like those of Hy. radiatula Gray, but also pro- 
portionately much finer. The umbilicus is rather wider in the 
adult, and the curvature of the whorl] to the umbilicus is quite 
abrupt, appearing almost angular. The shell is colorless, glossy 
while fresh, and when weathered, appears more milky white, while 
minuscula then is more chalky. 

This form is certainly not a variety of Hy. minuscula which may 
be regarded as a “ species” at the arbitration of a systematist, but 


1 They are so interesting that a list of them with some notes will be worth 
publishing in the “ NAUTILUS.” 


HA THE NAUTILUS. 


entirely distinct. Although the differences from that species seem 
not striking at first. sight, they are well marked after careful com- 
parison, as anyone will be convinced by close examination of the 
two forms. Hy. tevana resembles more Hy. singleyana Pils., which 
however is sufficiently different by its much smaller size. The two 
evidently represent a natural group, and doubtless will show 
peculiar anatomical characters. It is to be hoped that Mr. Singley 
or another Texan conchologist will succeed in securing fresh spec- 
imens for examination. 

Since writing the above, specimens have been received from 
Hidalgo, Texas, and from Henry County, Indiana. It will probably 
be found at intermediate localities also. 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE HELICES OF NEW ZEALAND. 


BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. 


The first species of New Zealand land snails made known to 
science were described many years ago, by Dr. J. E. Gray of the 
British Museum. A number of forms were described later by 
Pfeiffer; and most of these were illustrated by Reeve in his big 
volume on Helix in the Conchologia Iconica. Reeve took the 
liberty of renaming the species to which Pfeiffer had given the 
names of letters of the Greek alphabet. These changes have been 
adopted by some authors, but as they were wholly unwarranted the 
propriety of retarning to the original Pfeifferian designation is now 
conceded by most students. The most elaborate contributions 
to our knowledge of the New Zealand land snails have been made 
by Prof. Hutton, whose work upon this fauna will only become the 
more highly valued and appreciated as the subject is more widely 
known and studied. 

Mr. H. Suter has lately made very valuable and substantial addi- 
tions to New Zealand Malacology. Iam indebted to him for numer- 
ous specimens and drawings and much useful information still 
unpublished. 

The most prominent element in the New Zealand Helix fauna is 
the ancient and widely distributed genus PATULA; this is represented 
by numerous small species belonging to the section Charopa of Albers. 
The world-wide distribution of this type of snail causes us to regard it 


THE NAUTILUS. 55 
: 


as a heritage from so early a fauna that the place of its origin and the 
paths of its distribution will probably never be known with certainty. 
There is a peculiar modification of Patula found only in New Zea- 
land, to which Hutton has given the sectional name Thera. New 
Zealand has also received Paluloid snails from the Endodonta stock, 
this group being a special development of Patula confined to 
Polynesia. The New Zealand members of the subgenus Endodonta 
belong to two groups of species, one of which contains P. cryptobi- 
dens, P. timandra, P. jessica ; to the other group Mr. Suter has 
given the name Maoriana; these are minute discoidal forms havy- 
ing numerous folds within the aperture. This group can only be con- 
sidered a mere section of Endodonta, the species being closely 
allied to minute forms of Kndodonta found in New Caledonia, ete. 
_ Another Helicoid genus represented by numerous species is 
Laoma of Gray. This group is characterized by the small, thin, coni- 
eal or depressed shell with thin simple lip. The jaw is composed of 
numerous separate squarish plates, being very much _ like 
that of our northern genus Punctwm. The teeth also are peculiar ; 
these composite jawed Helices are probably to be regarded as an 
excessively ancient and primitive type but their affinities are with 
Patula rather than with the so-called Goniognatha. No species 
known to belong to Laoma has been discovered outside of New Zea- 
land. Hutton’s genus Phrizgnathus must of course be united to 
Laoma but the name may be retained as a section to contain species 
without teeth in the aperture. | 

A third genus of New Zealand Helices is also, as far as we now 
know, confined to those Islands; this is the genus GERONTIA of 
Hutton. I use that name to camprise snails having the animal and 
dentition of Potula except that the tail is provided with a mucus 
gland. The jaw is thin and delicate and varies from striated to 
ribbed. The shell is thin, somewhat translucent and its surface is 
striated or ribbed, sometimes hairy or occasionally smooth. The 
spire varies from low conical to nearly flat; and it is a notable fact 
which has hitherto escaped observation that whatever be the sculpt- 
ure of the mature shell, the apical or embryonic whorls are spirally 
striated. This is an unusual feature and recalls to my mind that 
strange Tasmanian Helix, Anoglypta launcestonensis. The snails 


1The name Thera is already in use for a recognized genus of Geometric 
moths, dating from 1831. As asubstitute, Aeschrodomus may be used. This sec- 
tion of Patu/a includes H. alpha Pfr. and H. beta Pfr., the first being the type. 


56 THE NAUTILUS. 


of the genus thus defined have been distributed by New Zealand 
authors into the following groups which they regard as genera: 
Gerontia Hutt., Therasia Hutt., Thalassia Alb., Pysra Hutt., 
Pyrrha Hutt., Phenacohelix Suter, Patulopsis Suter, Amphidoxa 
Alb. and Calymna Hutt. These sections or subgenera are founded 
upon various modifications of the shell or jaw, but they have not 
sufficient distinctness to rank as genera, unless we understand that 
term in a much more restricted sense than it has been used by the 
majority of conchologists or zoologists generally. These minor 
divisions are however natural groups and they are useful if we do 
not overestimate their importance. The sections or subgenera of 
this genus may stand as follows, the sequence of names being 
chronological.’ 

Gerontia Hutt., 1883 (Type G. pantherina Hutton.) 

Therasia Hutt., 1884, (Type C. celinde Gray.) 

Calymna Hutt., 1884, + Amphidoxa Hutt. not Alb. (Type C. 
costulata Hutt. 

Pyrrha Hutt., 1884, (Type P. cressida Hutt.) 

Phenacohelix Suter, 1891 (Type H. pilula Rve.) 

Allodiscus Pils., 1892 (Type H. dimorpha Pfr.).—=Pysra Hutt., 
1884, non Stal, 1876. 

Suteria Pils. 1892 (Type H. ide Gray):—Patulopsis Suter, 1891, 
non Strebel, 1879. 

Thalassohelix Pils. 1892 (Type H. zelandie Gray).—= Thalassia 
Hutton (? and of Albers,) not Thalassia Chevrolat, 1854. (Coleopt.) 

It will be noticed that Amphidoxa has been dropped or rather 
united to Calymna. The true Amphidoxa has not been found else- 
where than upon the island Juan Fernandez and the neighboring 
South American Coast. I have compared specimens with the New 
Zealand shells and find that there is not the slightest ground for 
supposing them congeneric. I am disposed to believe that the New 
Zealand Thalassias do not belong to the same genus as the Austra- 
lian subrugata Pfr., the type of Thalassia Albers. The other 
departures from the usage of New Zealand authors are sufficiently 
explained in the above list. 


1The genus Phacussa of Hutton is included by Suter. It may prove that the 
Zonitoid aspect of the dentition of that form isa secondary modification and not 
truly Zonitoid. In this case the group will be included among the present forms ; 
otherwise it must remain in Zonitide, where Hutton placed it. 


THE NAUTILUS. Bg 


I will not comment here upon the genus Carthea of Hutton; its 
affinities may be with the oriental Bulimuli, but certainly not with 
the South American group Rhabdotus where it has lately been 
placed. 

In conclusion we find that the faunal relations of New Zealand 
as far as they are shown by the groups above considered are as fol- 
lows: (1) with the primitive fauna of Australia still surviving in 
South Australia and Tasmania it is strongly allied by the predom- 
inance of Patula as well as of Paryphanta, Rhytida, etc., and also 
by the absence of the later elements of the Australian fauna, Hadra, 
Chloritis, Papuina, Helicina, ete., which are, as Mr. Hedley has 
shown, a recent influx from the Papua-Molucean region. (2) from 
Polynesia it has received the Endodonta-like groups as well as prob- 
ably Tornatellina and Pupa. The presence of Placostylus shows a 
third relationship to New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and 
more anciently with the Solomon group, but this Bulimoid genus 
also extends eastward to the Vitian group. 

With all deference to the opinions of such eminent zoologists as 
Prof. Hutton and Dr. von Ihering, Iam unable to see that the 
New Zealand fauna is in any way allied to that of South America, 
except that in both the Old and the New worlds certain archaic 
forms have been preserved in these’ most southern extensions of 


land. 


[CoMMUNICATED. | 


AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


The Association has recently issued a new and revised list of 
members, under date of July 18, 1892. It contains the names of 
175 persons, located in various points of the United States, Canada 
and Cuba and it is expected before a great while that the concholo- 
gists of Mexico, Central and South America, will also be enrolled. 

The growth of the Association has been very gratifying and now 
that the officers have resumed active work, it will no doubt forge 
ahead very rapidly. The rule requiring the choice of some special 
subject or branch of conchology, has been a valuable one and a large 
body of trained specialists will shortly be the result. 

It is suggested that it would be an interesting event, if the mem- 
bers would hold a convention at Chicago next summer during the 


58 VHE NAUTILUS. 


World’s Fair. Doubtless most of the members will visit the Fair 
and if they could time their visits so as to meet their fellow members 
and hold a convention, it would enable them to become personally 
acquainted with each other, besides learning much from the eminent 
scientists among their number, through the medium of papers 
prepared for the occasion. The president would be glad to hear 
from the members upon the subject and if the idea is favorably 
received, a committee could be appointed to arrange a program. 
Send in your suggestions, ladies and gentlemen! 

Another suggestion is made that a Committee be appointed to 
classify and revise the nomenclature of the American Unionide. 
Every one, who has paid any attention to this great family, is 
annoyed at the great number of synonyms that encumber the litera- 
ture of the subject and as we have several members who are students 
of the Unionidee, it would be a good idea to enlist their service in 
the work. What say you, Messrs. Simpson, Hargrave, Fry, Mead, 
Lebman, Monell, Nell, Strode, Trombley, the two Wrights, Whitte- 
more, Wheeler, Shepherd, Marshall, Marsh, Gorby, Brady, Vaughan 
and Witter? 

A word about naming sheils. Some members like Prof. Dall, 
Ford, Simpson and Pilsbry are overworked, while others have little 
opportunity to help their fellow members. The trouble is that the 
gentlemen named and others like them are all amiable and would 
like to oblige everybody, but they have an enormous amount of 
work on hand, and it taxes their time too much to name large lots 
of miscellaneous shells, which could. be distributed around among 
the members. The writer knows that they would protest against 
this, if they knew what we are saying about them, for they are too 
good natured to complain, but nevertheless we would make a sugges- 
tion to members, who desire their shells to be named properly. 
When you get a miscellaneous lot of shells, divide them first into 
univalves and bivalves. Then, if you can, separate them into land, 
fresh-water and marine, or as near as you can come to such a division- 

Then take your list of members and turn to your index of subjects 
and find out who are studying the different branches. Then write 
and ask such specialists, if you will send your shells to them for 
naming and we venture to say, that they will gladly respond as that 
is one of the objects of the Association. Let us take a few instances. 

1. If you are a beginner and do not know the genera, pick out one 


THE NAUTILUS. 59 


of each genus as near as observation will permit and drop a postal 
card to the president and he will tell you to whom to send them. 

2. If you are further advanced and want the species in any special 
families named, say Strombide send to Mr. Ritchie, of Boston; say 
Nasside to Mr. Browne, of Framingham, Mass; say Pupide to Dr, 
Sterki, of Ohio; say Olivide to Mr. Ford, of Philadelphia; and so 
on to the end of your list and you ean have your whole collection 
named in a few weeks. The only charge to you will be postage or 
expressage both ways. at a 

8. If you have any advanced questions to solve, or names to dis- 
cuss, or other knotty points, then write to men like Prof. Dall, 
Simpson, Stearns, Pilsbry, Binney, Cooper, Whitfield, Claypole, 
Schuchert, Sterki, Johnson, Lee, Keep, Yates, Marsh and many 
others. The Association has enough of trained specialists to answer 
almost any questions relating to conchology. 

The collection of American shells being made by the members of 
the Association is already a wonderful success. The Academy of 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has given us every facility for 
caring for the specimens and there are already eight large museum 
cases almost filled by specimens sent by the members. There are 
about 1000 species already mounted and labelled and the specimens 
in most instances are superb, the senders generally taking a pride 
in sending only the finest shells that can be obained. The placing 
of fossil species along with the recent ones adds especial value to 
the collection and makes it, so far as we know, the only zoological 
collection of the mollusca in America. It is already one of the 
finest special exhibits of natural history in America, and with the 
continued zeal and enthusiasm of the members, it is certain to be 
in a few years, the finest special exhibit in the world. 

In sending shells for the collection, members should bear in mind. 
Ist. That none but members of the Association can contribute spec- 
imens. 2nd. None but fine specimens from definite localities will 
be accepted. 3rd. The exhibit is kept separate and apart from the 
general collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. 4th, 
Every species is labelled with the name and locality of the shells, 
the name and exact address of the member sending it and the date 
when it is placed in the collection. 5th. Send all specimens 
intended for the collection addressed to the president of the Associ- 
ation, care of Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and Race Sts., 


60 THE NAUTILUS. 


Philadelphia. He and his brother officers and some of the mem- 
bers assemble there once a week, open the packages, verify the 
names, label and mount the specimens and place them in the cases. 

In the next issue of the NauTiLus we will begin again the work 
of acknowledging the receipt of all shells sent during the month 
by the members. 


EXCHANGES. 


(Exchange notices of moderate length will be inserted free for subscribers.) 

WANTED to exchange British and Tropical Mollusca for U. 8. 
Mollusca of all kinds. Please send lists first and receive mine. 
None of the commonest species required.—b. Tomlin, 59 Liverpool 
Road, Chester, Eng. 

Wanren, Helices, in exchange for land and fresh-water shells.— 
Edw. G. Vanatta, 1608 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 


W aAnrED.—-Marine univalves, especially of Mexico, Central and 
South America. Offered—many specimens, Marine, Land, and 
Fresh-Water, both U. 8. and Foreign.—F’.. C. Browne, Framingham, 
Mass. 


CoLLEecTors who desire to dispose of North American Land, 
Fresh-water and Marine shells for those of California, will.do well 
by sending their exchange lists to Willard M. Wood, 2817 Clay 


Street, San Francisco, Cal. 


Pactric Coast, marine, land and fresh water shells, for land and 
fresh water shells of the West Indies and South America, G. W. 
Lichtenthaler, Bloomington, Ills. 


Fossris from the Silurian, Devonian Subcarboniferous and Car- 
boniferous, to exchange for other fossils, especially of the Creta- 
ceous and Tertiary; send lists and receive mine. C. 8. Hodgson, 
Albion, Ill. ; 


CRETACEOUS AND EOCENE FOSSILS, minerals, agates, marine and 
fresh water shells, to exchange for rare marine shells, cloth-bound 
books or agates. Homer Squyer, Mingusville, Mont. 


HeRKIMER County Lanp AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS to 
exchange for desirable species from other localities. Send lists and 
receive mine. Albert Baily, Chepachet, N. Y. 


HE N&UTILUS. 


VOL. VI. OCTOBER, 1892. No. 6 


ON THE AMNICOLOID GENUS LYOGYRUS, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF 
A NEW SPECIES. 


BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. 


Some years ago the writer had occasion to examine the dentition 
of the type species of Gill’s genus Lyogyrus', and to show that it is 
not allied to Valvata as supposed by all earlier systematists, as well 
as by Tryon’ and by FiscueEr’; but that it is undoubtedly a mem- 
ber of the family Amnicolide (Hydrobiide of Fischer), and in 
fact, is not far removed from the genus Ammnicola. The same 
results have been independently obtained and fully confirmed by 
Mr. Charles E. Beecher* whose preparations and unpublished draw- 
ings of the radula of Lyogyrus pupoides show conclusively the true 
systematic position of this interesting genus. 

LIyogyrus may be shortly described as a fresh-water Rissoid hay- 
ing the shell of Amnicola’, the operculum of Valvata and the denti- 


1 Pilsbry, in the Conchologists Exchange, vol. ii, p 113, 1888. 
2 Structural and Systematic Conchology, vol. ii, p. 274, 1883. 
3 Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 735, 1885. 

4 Beecher in MS. e¢ itt. 


5 In some localities ZL. Aupoddes has the entire latter half of the body whorl 
free from the preceding whorl; but in the great majority of specimens this char- 
acter is less marked than in the form originally described by Gould; and very 
often the peristome is actually in contact with the body-whorl for a short dis- 
tance, asinanormal Valvata. The original V. pupoidea is an exaggerated and 
extreme phase of a species varying much in degree of compactness. It is there- 
fore obvious that the character of having the last whorl free from the preceding 
whorl is not a generic or even a constant specific characteristic, 


62 THE NAUTILUS. 


tion of Bythinella. To the one species hitherto known we now 
add the following : 


Lyogyrus dalli Pilsbry & Beecher, n. sp. 

The shell is umbilicated, smooth, nearly lusterless, of a somewhat 
transparent horn color. In contour it is globose-turbinate with a 
short spire and decidedly obtuse apex. The 32 whorls are quite 
convex, separated by deep sutures ; last whorl ventricose, being well 
rounded in every part. The aperture is somewhat oblique, almost 
circular, its posterior angle being indistinct and obtuse. The peri- 
stome is continuous and thin, not sinuous, not thickened nor 
expanded ; but the inner lip is a trifle dilated, and adheres to the 
body-whorl above the umbilicus; the latter being a deep and rather 
widely open perforation. 

Alt. 2°6, diam. 2°5 mm. 

The operculum is usually retracted about the quarter of a volu- — 
tion within the mouth ; it is a shining, yellowish, thin and corneous 
circular disk composed of many close whorls, the nucleus being 
subcentral. 

The dentition is practically the same as in ZL. pupoides. The 
basal denticles are situated higher on the tooth than in Amynicola, 
and only one on each side is well developed, the outer denticle 
being more or less obsolete, but rather stronger in L. dalli than in 
pupordes. 

Locality, Wekiva River, Fla. (C. E. Beecher). 

This species was obtained in considerable numbers by Mr. 
Beecher in Wekiva River. It may be recognized by its globose 
contour, resembling the typical Amnicola porata of Say on a small 
scale; but it is more globose and has a wider umbilicus than any 
of our other Amnicolas. Of course a glance at the operculum 
(which is retained in the shell, as usual in this family), tells one at 
once that the shell is no Amnicola ; for it is multispiral like the oper- 
culum of Lyogyrus pupoides Gld., the only species of the genus 
hitherto known. It will be remembered that Ancey described a 
Lyogyrus lehnerti some years ago, but this turns out to be a mon- 
strosity of Ammicola limosa Say. 

This species is named in honor of Dr. W. H. Dall, of the Smith- 
sonian Institution, who has contributed so largely to our knowledge 
of the mollusks of Florida, 

Illustrations of shell, operculum and dentition will be given in 
the Monograph of American Amnicolide, now in preparation by 
Mr. Beecher and the writer. 


THE NAUTILUS. 63 


A FEW ADDITIONAL NOTES ON CREPIDULA. 


BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY, SACO, ME. 


In the August Nautitus Mr. Witmer Stone makes the statement 
concerning C. fornicata and C. plana that “the tendency towards 
convex and concave shells has now become a fixed specific char- 
acter” and the general description of C. plana grants to that spe- 
cies an existence on the interiors of other shells and a consequent 
concave form. 

There is a colony of warm water shells in the waters of North- 
umberland Strait, between Prince Edward’s Island and the province 
of New Brunswick, and this colony is of interest not only for the 
species which are so cut off from their fellows in the south, but also 
for a series of interesting Crepidulas. The writer has gathered 
many specimens of both C. plana and C. fornicata, but in no case 
was C. plana on the interior, and I recall no concave specimen of 
either. The specimens of C. plana were in some cases far more 
convex than the average C. fornicata. To one who has examined 
this colony the distinction between these species can have no help 
from convex or concave characters, yet both species are distinct, and 
while I have no doubt that they are from a common ancestor, it is 
impossible to count the dwelling place as responsible for the differ- 
ence. May I also add that there is in my collection from the 
region named a specimen of C. fornicata which is white, yet bears 
undoubted characteristics of C. fornicata. 


THE SHELL BEARING MOLLUSCA OF MICHIGAN. 


BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH. 


Margaritana complanata Bar. Quite abundant and of large size 
in the Rouge river. Cited also by Currier and De Camp and no 
doubt occurs generally over the southern part of the State. 

M. deltoidea Lea. Common all over the State. The small size, 
peculiar as usual to Detroit river specimens, is also characteristic of 
specimens from Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie. | 

M. Hildrethiana Lea. River Rouge, Wayne county. Cited also 
by De Camp from Monroe county, and without locality by Sager 
and Miles. 


64 THE NAUTILUS. 


M. marginata Say. Common in the southern part of the State. 
The range toward the north of many of the species commonly met 
with in the lower portion of the State is quite unknown, and to be 
determined with any degree of accuracy will require a large amount 
of extensive and careful field work. 

M. rugosa Bar. Common all over the lower peninsula, and some- 
times attains considerable size. Detroit river specimens are smaller 
and thicker than those from the warmer waters of the interior of the 
State. 

M. undulata Say. Cited by Sager, and, no doubt, erroneously. 

Anodonta Benedictii Lea. Generally distributed. In the south- 
ern part of the State it often attains considerable size. Detroit river 
specimens as usual are smaller than the average. 

A. corpulenta Coop. Cited by De Camp from Berlin, Ottawa 
county. Immature specimens from the Canal, at Grand Rapids, 
are referred to this species by Mr. W. B. Marshall. 

A. decora Lea. A. inornata Anth., described from specimens 
’ from Slawson’s Lake, Michigan, is referred to this species by Dr. 
Lea. Cited as A. inornata by Currier and De Camp; otherwise 
does not appear to have been found in the State. 

A. edentula Say. Common everywhere and exceedingly variable 
in size, shape and color. 

A. edentula rhombica Anth. This form, described by Anthony, 
is entitled to varietal rank; but can be too easily connected with 
the typical form to be considered specifically distinct. 

A. ferruginea Lea. Cited by De Camp from the upper peninsula. 

A. Ferussaciana Lea. Cited by Sager, Miles, Currier and De 
Camp. 

A. Footiana Lea. Abundant everywhere and in great variety of 
form. A. McNielii of Anthony is considered synonymous by Lea. 

A. fluviatilis Dillw. Cited by Miles; also by Sager and Miles, as 
A. cataracta Say. Cited by De Camp from Pentwater, and as A. 
cataracta Say, from the Grand river. 

A. Footiana opalina Anth. A most beautiful form, well entitled 
to distinction as a color variety. 

A. fragilis Lam. A very common species and in some of its 
many varieties one of our most beautiful ones. A. flava, glandulosa, 
imbricata, irisans and. pallida of Anthony and A. subcarinata of 
Currier are considered as synonyms by Lea. I have no doubt but 
that some, at least, of these forms are entitled to varietal rank; but 


THE NAUTILUS. 65 


have not sufficient authentic material to justify making such dis- 
tinction at present. 

A, imbecilis Say. Southern part of the State. 

A. lacustris Lea. Cited by De Camp from the Grand River. 

A. maryatana Lea. Cited as such by De Camp from Pentwater. 
A. subinjflata Anth., described from Michigan specimens and A. 
Houghtonensis Currier, from Houghton Lake, Roscommon County, 
where it still is found in abundance, are referred here as synonyms 
by Lea. 

A. modesta Lea. Originally described from a specimen collected 
near Kalamazoo; this species has been found in other localities in 
the southern part of the State. It is closely related to A. subcylin- 
dracea Lea. 

A. ovata Lea. Specimens referred to this species indicate a gen- 
eral range over the State. A. swhangulata Anth. is considered syn- 
onymous by Lea. 

A. pepiniana Lea. Cited by Miles. Also by Gould from the 
north shore of Lake Superior. I am indebted to Dr. De Camp for 
two specimens from Crooked Lake, Emmet County, which he refers 
to this species and which agree fairly with Lea’s figure. They may, 
however, be young A. Footiana. Another specimen received from 
him, collected in Houghton Lake, Roscommon County, is probably 
a half-grown A. Houghtonensis Currier. 

A. plana Lea. Southern part of the State. This is the largest 
Anodon we have, and attains considerable magnitude in favorable 
localities. 

A. salmonia Lea. Southern part of the State. Specimens from 
Maple River, Clinton County, are much larger and heavier than 
those from Ohio. 

A. Schafferiana Lea. Cited by Miles, Currier and De Camp. 

A. subcylindracea Lea. Common everywhere and very variable. 
Some forms seem to exhibit sufficiently persistent peculiarities to 
justify giving them varietal rank. 

A, subgibbosa Anth. Originally described from Black Lake, 
Holland, Michigan. It also occurs in Mono and Muskegon Lakes 
at Muskegon, where it is not uncommon. 

Spherium simile Say. Common all over the State. 

S. aureum Prime. The types are supposed to have been brought 
from Lake Superior by the Agassiz expedition. Cited by De Camp 
from Charlevoix County. 


66 THE NAUTILUS. 


S. solidulum Prime. Houghton Lake, Roscommon County ; iden- 
tified by Dr. James Lewis. 

S. striatinum Lam. Very abundant everywhere and equally 
variable. 

S. rhomboideum Say. Appears to be generally but not abun- 
dantly distributed through the southern part of the State. 

S. fabale Prime. Not common but ranges over the State. 

S. occitlentale Prime. Quite common. 

S. emarginatum Prime. The types are said to have come from 
the region of Lake Superior. Cited by Currier and De Camp ; 
but apparently on the strength of Prime’s statement. 

S. flavum Prime. Types from Sault Ste. Marie. Cited by Cur- 
rier (‘‘ Lake Superior ”) and De Camp. | 

S. partumeium Prime. Cited by Currier and De Camp from 
Lake Superior, apparently from the statement given by Prime in 
his original description. The citation from Houghton Lake in my 
catalogue of 1879, is erroneous, as the specimen does not agree with 
examples, supposed to be authentic, received from other localities. 

S. sphericum Anth. Grand Traverse County and Fenton, Mich- 
igan, identified by H. A. Pilsbry. Other examples from the latter 
locality are referred to S. secure by E. W. Roper (NaAvrtiLus, iv, 
p. 40). 

S. transversum Say. Rouge River, Wayne County. Cited by 
De Camp from Grand River, Kent County. 

' §. secure Prime. Generally distributed through the State. 

S. secure crocea Lewis. Traverse City; see Roper, NAuTILUS, iv, 
p. 40. 

S. truncatum Lind, Generally distributed through the State. 

S. vermontanum Prime. Cited by De Camp. 

S. rosaceum Prime. Cited by De Camp. 

S. stamineum Con. Western part of the State. 

S. tenue Prime. Cited by De Camp. 

Pisidum virginieum Bgt. Cited in all the lists and apparently 
distributed over the State. 

P. adamsi Prime. Cited by Prime from Holly. Cited -also by 
Currier and De Camp. 

P. compressum Prime. Abundant everywhere. 

P. abditum Hald. Common everywhere. 

P. abditum abyssorum Stimp. Common in Lake Superior at a 
depth of from 4 to 159 fathoms according to Smith. Originally 
described from Lake Michigan specimens. 


THE NAUTILUS. 67 


P. rotundatum Prime. “Lake Superior,” Prime and Currier ; 
cited also by De Camp. 

P. variabile Prime. Apparently ranges over the State as I have 
it from Wayne, Washtenaw and Roscommon Counties. Cited also 
by De Camp. 

P. ventricosum Prime. Cited by Miles and De Camp. 

P. noveboracense Prime. Cited by De Camp from Cass County. 

P. equilaterale Prime. Detroit and Rouge Rivers, Wayne 
County. 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE HELICOID GROUP CHAROPA AND ALLIED 
FORMS. 


BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. 


A striking illustration of the vast breadth of the intellectual 
horizon open before the zoologist is the fact that notwithstanding the 
large number of scientists, only comparatively rarely do two or 
several workers publish simultaneously and independently upon 
absolutely the same aspect or branch of the same special subject. 
When such a coincidence happened in the times of our predecessors 
it often gave rise to jealous rivalry, as in the case of Conrad and 
Lea, and earlier, Say, Rafinesque and Hildreth. In these newer 
days, cases of simultaneous discoveries in science should, and usu- 
ally do, lead to an opposite result—to the most helpful and happy 
friendship and sympathy between naturalists, even though half the 
globe separates them. 

These thoughts are brought to my mind by receiving, in the last 
Australian mail, proof-sheets of an article by my friend, Charles 
Hedley, of the Australian Museum, Sydney, N. 8. W., entitled 
“ Observations upon the Charopide.” In this article Mr. Hedley 
discusses many of the points considered in my “ Observations on 
the Helices of New Zealand,” published in the September Nautiuus ; 
and also extends his notes to the Australian and Polynesian forms. 
I cannot refrain from quoting from his paper these passages: 

“ Widespread throughout Australia and Polynesia is a group of 
land shells which, varying greatly among its members, yet appears 
clearly distinguishable from other orders by the small size of its 
species, their cancellated sculpture, in which stout ribs are a promi- 


68 THE NAUTILUS. 


nent feature, flame painting, straight sharp peristome, which 
describes ‘a convex then a concave sweep on approaching the right 
insertion, and a projecting semitransparent callus, which buries the 
sculpture of the whorl on which it encroaches. For this group I 
provisionally accept the title Charopide, assigned by Hutton, 1884 
(Trans. N. Zealand Inst. xvi, p. 199), extending, however, the 
limits indicated by that writer. His vague diagnosis runs as fol- 
lows: ‘Animal heliciform with an external shell; tail with a 
mucus gland.’ No type is nominated by the author of the family, 
and I therefore suggest that the type of Charopide would naturally 
be the genus Charopa Albers, whose type species is C. coma Gray.” 

Mr. Hedley proceeds to quote the original descriptions of the 
groups Charopa Alb., Pitys Beck, Endodonta Alb., Libera Garr., 
Gerontia Hutt., Pyrrha Hutt., Psyra Hutt., Therasia Hutt., Thera 
Hutt., Phacussa Hutt.; mentioning also Laoma Gray, Maoriana 
Suter, Simplicaria Mouss.; concluding that ‘‘ From the above 
review of the genera proposed, it will be seen that the student of 
the Charopide is better supplied with divisional names than with 
definitions.” And finally: ‘‘To summarise: I would consider that 
Patula has no existence in the Pacific; that the southern species 
usually referred to that genus are not even of the Helicide family ; 
that these species can most conveniently be referred to one or other 
of the genera enumerated above, which genera may be grouped 
under the subfamily Charopide, a division of the family Zonitide.” 

It will be noticed that Hedley includes in Charopide most of the 
forms which in my article were placed as sections under Patula and 
Gerontia. The similarity of the shells of these two groups is 
remarkable, but the information furnished by Hutton upon the 
animals denied to the New Zealand Patule—Charopa, a mucus 
gland upon the tail, and therefore I did not feel justified in uniting 
the two groups, as I could see no reason for sundering Charopa from 
the genus Patula. If, however, Charopa and its allies, Pitys, Endo- 
donta, etc., possess a mucus tail gland, I would unhesitatingly fol- 
low Hedley in his separation of Charopa from Patula, and in 
grouping it with Gerontia (s. lat.). Unfortunately only dried 
specimens are accessible to me, and the evidence furnished by 
authors is so conflicting that we may well suspend judgment. In 
the rank given to the group by Hedley I find myself unable to 
fully coneur. The presence of a caudal gland and furrows along 
the foot margin are rarely if ever of more than generic importance. 


THE NAUTILUS. 69 


Very closely allied genera vary in this respect, as in the case of 
Arion, Ariolimax, Prophysaon, Anadenus, Anadenulus, ete.; or in 
the case of Cionella, which has no mucus pore, and Ferussacia, 
which possesses this gland. It is hardly needful to multiply 
instances—the Zonitide and Helicide are full of such cases, 
although many of them are not yet to be found in the conchological 
text books. The fact seems to be that this caudal gland is simply 
a local exaggerated development, in a convenient place, of the mucus 
secreting, glandular structure to be found over nearly the whole 
upper surface of the foot ; and it is likely to be developed independ- 
ently in different groups. Its presence in different groups is, in my 
opinion, no proof of genetic connection. I would therefore retain 
Charopa, as well as the forms grouping around Gerontia, in the 
Helicidsze, on account of their dentition, which is not, it seems to 
me, in any respect Zonitoid.' 

The connecting links between Charopa, Simplicaria, Pitys, Mao- 
riana, Endodonta and Libera seem to be too numerous to allow us 
to regard these as separate genera; indeed, they are scarcely of 
subgeneric rank, unless the examination of the animal reveals dif- 
ferences more fundamental than those now, known. 


JAPANESE LIMPETS. 


BY GEO. W. TAYLOR, VICTORIA, B. C. 


The Japanese Patellidze were tabulated by Mr. Pilsbry in the 
November number of the Nauri.us and the table was reproduced 
with one slight alteration in the Manual of Conchology, vol. 13, p. 
131, issued a couple of months later. Strangely enough, Mr. 
Pilsbry omits from his table in both instances one of the commonest 
species, namely, Helcioniscus encosmius Pilsbry. 

A very fine series of this limpet was sent to me a short time since 
by the Rev. H. Loomis, of Yokohama, and I have also received it 
from Japan through Messrs W. H. Harrington and Frederick 
Stearns. The specimens sent by the last named gentlemen were 


1 Some recent authors speak of the ‘ families” Patulide,; Trochomorphidae> 
Cochlostylide, etc. It would be well for them to attempt to give a family 
definition before using such terms. 


70 THE NAUTILUS. 


labelled amussitata while genuine amussitata came as toreuma. I 
am by no means satisfied in my own mind, however, that the two 
last named are not one and the same species. 

HH. encosmius is a very distinct and easily recognized species and 
varies very little compared with other species of the genus. The 
figures in Reeve (Conch. Icon. pl. xvi, p. 36) are good and so are 
all those in the Manual of Conchology (vol. xiii, plate 71). 

Mr. Pilsbry in the Manual points out that Reeve applied the 
name P. variegata to two different species. The first described in 
Conchologia Systematica which appears to equal rota of Gmelin 
and the other in Conchologia Iconica twelve years later, this last 
being the species Mr. Pilsbry now names H. encosmius on the 
ground that the name variegata is preoccupied by Blainville for an 
unidentified species from Botany Bay. 

So far, so good, but Mr. Pilsbry next proceeds to quote asa syno- 
nym for his encosmius, H. variegatus Dall, Amer. Jour. of Conch., 
vi, p. 277, but this was Reeve’s first variegatus = rota Gmel., as 
Dall himself surmised. Consequently Dall’s localities (which 
Pilsbry has copied) are clearly incorrect when applied to encosmius: 

My own impression is that the true H. encosmius Pilsbry (==vari- 
egatus Rve., Conch. Icon., pl. xvi, f. 36) is a species restricted to 
Japanese and Chinese waters, while the localities “Suez (Fischer) 
and Red Sea and Gulf of Akaba (Smithsonian Cabinet),” given 
by Dall and copied into the Manual are correct for rota Gmel. (= 
variegatus Rve., Conch. Syst. 11, pl. 186, p. 1). 

The remaining locality given in the Manual, viz., “ Australia” 
(Rve.), is also, I think, an error, although I have received from 
dealers specimens of encosmius which they assured me had come 
from there. 

I should have mentioned above that although Dr. Dall in his 
paper in the American Journal of Conchology is writing evidently 
of rota, not of encosmius, he quotes both of Reeve’s figures as 
though referring to the same species. 


[CoMMUNICATED. | 


AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS. 


PHILADELPHIA, Sept. 28, 1892. 
Since the publication of the list of members, there have been 
admitted to the Association, the following new members: 


THE NAUTILUS. 71 


Mrs. Anita F. Douredoure, 2203 Spring Garden St., Philadel- 
phia, Pa. Subject—Cypreide. 

Miss E. H. Pitman, Box 295, Bristol, R. I. Subject—Mollusca 
of New England. 

John W. Palmer, Union League Club, Chicago, Il. Subject— 
(not chosen yet). 

Warren W. Herman, 149 Emerson St., Boston, Mass. Subject 
—(not chosen yet). 


Wm. H. Weeks, Jr., of Brooklyn, N. Y. has chosen for his sub- 
ject of special study, the genus Bulimus. 

In reference to the suggestion of a Convention of the members to 
be held at Chicago next summer, there have been but few responses 
as yet. The idea, however, will probably grow, and the members 
may become interested in it. It is merely a suggestion as yet and 
of course, will amount to nothing unless the majority of members 
think it a good thing. Let us hear from the members. 

John H. Thomson of New Bedford, Mass., writes: “I like the 
suggestion of a Congress of Conchologists at the World’s Fair 
next year.” 

Dr. W.S. Strode is in full accord with the idea as may be seen 
from the following letter : 

Lewistown, Ill., Sept. 7, 1892. 
JOHN H. CAMPBELL, Esa. 

Dear Sir.—Y our idea suggested in last Nautriius to have a 
Convention during the World’s Fair of the “Amer. Asso. Con- 
chologists” is just the thing. I am heartily in favor of it and 
think it would double the pleasure of a visit to Chicago, at least in 
my case, to meet the Conchologists face to face, and form an 
acquaintance that has been hitherte only on paper. Let’s have it 
by all means and then thoroughly discuss, review and possibly 
revise our loved shells. If this can be done, I would not miss going 
to the World’s Fair, for anything. Yours truly, 

W.S. STRODE. 

Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, of University P. O., Cal., has pre- 
pared and published (by Smithsonian Institution) “ An Annotated 
List of the Shells of San Pedro Bay and Vicinity.” It is a valu- 
able list and highly creditable to the author. We have had occa- 
sion already, to use it in connection with the collection of the Amer. 
Association and find it of the greatest value. Several new species 
of Prof. Dall’s are described and figured. 


712 THE NAUTILUS. 


Want of space in this issue of the Nautrius will postpone the 
publication until next month of the acknowledgment of shells 
received for the “ American Collection.” ’ 

The officers of the Association would like to hear from the mem- 
bers in reference to the purposes, objects and workings of the Asso- 
ciation. Suggestions are always received with much pleasure as it 
aids them in their work. A short resumé of work performed dur- 
ing the past summer by each member would make an interesting 
article in next NautiLus, and we have no doubt that Messrs. 
Pilsbry and Johnson will gladly throw open its columns for that 
purpose, as they have already done for this series of articles on the 
Association. 7 J. He: 


NOTES AND NEWS. \ 


Errata. In the September Navrizius, p. 54, in fourth line 
from top, read “ leviuscula” in place of “ texana.” There is no H. 
texand. 


THE Untonrp of Spoon River, Fulton Co., Ia., are enumerated 
and intelligently discussed by Dr. W. 8. Strode in the American 
Naturalist for June. ’ 


Epiror Nautitus:—I see that in Mr. Cockerell’s article in the 
July number, page 31, “ Notes on the North American Species of 
Succinea,” he says, “ (17) S. stretchiana Bland. I have seen this 
from San Francisco, Cal. (G. W. Michael), sent by Mr. Singley. 
It seems to be a small species, etc.” 

During the seven years that I have been collecting in this county 
I have never found nor have I heard of the above species being 
found here. ‘The only Succinea to be found in this county, to my 
knowledge, is S. oregonensis. If Mr. Michael or Mr. Singley have 
any of the said species to spare, will they kindly send to my address 
a few of them for examination and comparison as also the exact 
locality whence they were obtained and oblige. I doubt whether 
Dr. J. G. Cooper and Wm. J. Raymond, two gentlemen who have 
collected species from this county during the past fifteen years or so 
have ever found S. stretchiana Bld. here. 

| Yours truly, 
Williard M. Wood, 


Hr NAUTILUS. 


VoL. VI. NOVEMBER, 1892. No. 7 


CATALOGUE OF THE GENUS PARTULA. _ 


BY W. D. HAHDREAN; M: D. 


In the following pages is offered an arrangement of the species of 
the genus Partula into groups according to their natural affinities. 
The number now known is nearly a hundred species. Specimens of 
nearly all of which I have personally examined, either in my own 
collection, in the magnificent collection of HARPER PEASE, or in the 
museums of Paris, Geneva, etc. A description of the animal is also 
given. 

In the next paper the geographical distribution of the leading 
forms will be discussed. 

The animal is terrestrial and viviparous, the body covered by a 
mantle as in Helix, blunt before, tail long and gradually tapering. 
Tentacles four, retractile, the upper having the eyes at their tips, 
collar and labial processes largely developed, no mucous pore, distinct 
locomotive disc, or parallel furrows alongside of the foot; anal and 
respiratory orifices in the collar opening on the exterior angle of the 
shell; organs of generation united, the orifice behind and below the 
right eye peduncle, matrix ample and occupying much space in the 
body cavity, often containing several shells of two or three 
whorls, beside eggs arranged in succession as developed. Theembryo 
shells exhibit spiral rows of fovea beginning at the apex, which after 
extrusion are continued asspiral striz. The jaw is very transparent 
and of a light horn color, slightly arcuate, and more or less atten- 
uated at the ends; the whole anterior surface of the jaw is furnished 


74 THE NAUTILUS. 


with delicate narrow, separated ribs which break the continuity of 
either margin and run obliquely to the median line where they form 
a triangular space of ribs of unequal length, which do not reach the 
lower margin; the number of ribs on each side of the median line, 
vary in the same species, as well as in the different species, the whole 
number in each jaw varying from fifty-five to ninety-six ; the lingual 
membrane is broad and the denticles vary in size in the different 
species some being narrower than others. Shell dextral or sinistral, 
varying from oblong ovate, to conic ovate, and from solid to thin 
and translucent or hyaline. Labium often flat, and widely reflected, 
occasionally revolute or concave, aperture ovate, or auriform, more 
or less contracted by the wide and often dentate columella. Surface 
with minute spiral strize which are punctulate at the apex. 

This genus may conveniently be divided into two subgenera: 
Partula (in the restricted sense) and Diplomorpha. The species of 
true Partula I divide into two divisions and thirteen groups, each 
of which is named for a characteristic species. 


I. Aurtrorm Division. 
1. Faba Group. 


P. faba Martyn. P. navigatoria Pfr. 
P. citrina Pse. P. planilabra Pse. 
P. vittata Pse. P. fusca Pse. 


P. radiata Pse. 


P. faba. 
2. Auriculata Group. 


P. auriculata Brod. 
P. compacta Pse. 
P. thala Garrett. 
P. bilineata Pease. 


8. Dentifera Group. 


P. dentifera Pfr. 

P. formosa Pse. 

P. califera Pfr. 

P. imperforata Pse., MS. 
P. virginea Pse., MS. 


P. dentifera, 


THE NAUTILUS. 


4. Lutea Group. 


P. lutea. 


P. lutea Lesson. 


5. Umbilicata Group. 


P. umbilicata. P. gibba. P. hebe. 
P. umbilicata Pse. P. crasstlabris Pse. 
P. gibba Pfr. a. neve F fr. 


P. bicolor Pse. 


6. Otaheitana Group. 


P. otaheitana Brug. P. lignaria Pse. 
P. vanikorensis Q. & G. P. producta Pse. 
P. mooreana Hartm. P. nodosa Pfr. 
P. lineata Less. P. stolida Pse. 
P. suturalis Pfr. Po pilosa: Pir: 


P. garrettii Pse. 


7. Teeniate Group. 


P. minima Hartm. 
P. regularis Hartm. 
P. micans Hartm. 
P. corneola Hartm. 


Po rteriensis. P. woodlarkiana Hartm. 
P. teniata Morch. P. hastula Hartm. 
P. micans Pfr. P. clara Pfr. 
P. carteriensis Q. & G. P. hyalina Mod. 
P. attenuata Pse. P. Hartmani Smith. 


P. cinerea Albers. P. flecuosa Hartm. 


75 


76 THE NAUTILUS. 


P. lyrata Mouss. P. concinna Pse. 
P. levigata Pfr. P. Coai Angas. 

P. pellucida Pse. P. kubaryi Hartm. 
P. simulans Hartm. P. pellucida Pse. 


( Zo be concluded.) 


ANNOTATED LIST OF ALABAMA LAND MOLLUSCA. 


BY F. E. SARGENT, WOODVILLE, ALA. 


Those familiar with the scarcity of land mollusca in the northern 
prairie States will appreciate the pleasure which one experiences in 
coming from Minnesota to Northern Alabama. 

With headquarters upon the top of Cumberland Mountain in 
Jackson Co., it has been my pleasure during the past five months to 
do some collecting of land mollusca, the result of which may be of 
interest. The topography of the region is quite varied. The 
summit of the mountain is comparatively level, rather sandy and 
covered with timber. About half way down we come to the 
“ benches” which are covered with lime-rocks. In most cases the 
flat rocks are piled one upon another forming excellent retreats for 
the smaller forms. At the foot of the mountain the “ coves” are 
level and in places covered with heavy open timber. 

The following list is doubtless far from complete, as but a small 
portion of the region outside of a radius of two miles from Wood- 
ville has been searched. 

1. Selenites concava Say. Large form. Common, mostly on 
benches. 

2. Zonites fuliginosus Griff. Frequent on benches. 

3. Z. levigatus Pfr. Common on benches. 

4. Z. ligerus Say. Large form. Few very fine. 

5. Z.intertextus Binn. Few on top. 

6. Z. arboreus Say. Common on top. <A peculiar form with 
strong striation above. 


7. Z. radiatulus Gray. One example. 

8. Z. indentatus Say. Few on benches. 

9, Z. wheatleyi Bld. Few on benches. 
10. Z. milium Morse. Few between rocks. 
11. Z.capsella Gld. Three specimens. 
12. Z. Sterkii Dal!. Few between rocks. 


13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
16a. 
ix g 
18. 
19. 
20. 
4 
a2. 
23. 
24. 
25. 


26. 


27. 
28. 
29. 


30. 
31. 
32. 
30. 
34. 
30. 


36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 
44, 
45. 
46. 
47. 


THE NAUTILUS. 717 


Z.fulvus Drap. Very few on benches. 

Z. gularis Say. Common on top. 

Z. internus Say. Very common on top and benches. 

Z. sp. (?) possibly a new species. 

Zonites suppressus Say. 

Patula alternata mordax Shutt. Frequent on benches. 

P. Cumberlandiana Lea. Very common on benches. 

P. perspectiva Say. Common on benches among dead leaves. 
Helicodiscus lineata Say. Very few on benches. 

Punctum pygmeum Drap. Few. 

Helix clausa Say. Few. 

H. thyroides Say. Common in coves. 

H. albolabris major Binn. Common on top. 

H. exoleta Binn. Very common. Large with thick shell, 
(specimens from Chattanooga, Tenn. have very thin shell.) 

H. elevata Say. One example. (Beautiful purple-banded 
var. taken at Chattanooga, Tenn.) 

H. hirsuta Say. Common on top and benches. 

H. stenotrema Fér. Common on benches. 

H. stenotrema var. globosa, n. var. Very common between 
rocks. 

H. spinosa Say. Jew on benches. 

H. tridentata Say. Frequent. 

H. fallax Say. Frequent. 

H. inflecta Say. Common on top. 

H. Rugeli Shutt. Scarce on sides under rocks. 

H. appressa Say. Very large and fine. Common on top and 
benches. 

H. Sargentiana J. & P. (sp. nov.) common on rocks. 

H. obstricta Say. Few on benches and in coves. 

H. pustuloides Bld. Scarce, only six specimens taken. 

H. dorfeuilliana Lea. Few in valley. 

Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. Quite common. 

Strobila labyrinthica Say. Common under bark. 

Pupa corticaria Say. Very common. 

Pupa armifera Say. Two examples in drift. 

Pupa contracta Say. Common. 

Pupa curvidens Gld. Common. 

Pupa curvidens var. gracilis Sterki. Few. 

Succinea avara (?) Say. Few young. 


78 THE NAUTILUS. 


48. Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Common. 
49. Carychium exiguum Say var. exile Ad. Few. 
50. Helicina orbiculata Say. Common. 


ON A REVISION OF THE AMERICAN UNIONIDE. 


CHAS. T. SIMPSON, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


—= —— 


In looking over the September Nauritus I was greatly interested 
in the article on American Association of Conchologists, and heartily 
agree with the suggestion that the nomenclature of our American 
Unionide needs revising. But to do this properly will be an her- 
culean labor, one that will require time, hard study, and infinite 
patience, as well as a love for the work. 

In the first place most of the literature on the subject is out of 
print, and much of it, such as the New Harmony Disseminator, 
Nicholson’s Encyclopedia and the like, is so rare as to be practically 
out of the reach of the average student. It is scattered in a very 
large number of publications and it will take a considerable amount 
of careful research to hunt up what has been written on the subject. 

Much of this literature is in a terribly confused condition, and there 
are many disputed points which will require the nicest judgment to 
satisfactorily settle. Lea read the descriptions of most of his species 
before scientific societies, claiming that such reading was a bona fide 
publication, and dated them from that time; Conrad held that no 
species could be considered published until a description had been 
printed and circulated. There was a further dispute between them 
as to dates, Lea holding that of publication of the part or separata 
in which his descriptions were printed was valid, while Conrad 
claimed that the date should be given when the whole volume was 
issued. There are many disputed points between Say and Lea as to 
their species. Lamarck described his Unionide in Animaux sans 
Vertebres, in Latin, giving each species from ten to fifteen words, 
without figures, and their identification largely rests on the fact that 
Dr. Lea afterwards examined the types. 

Rafinesque, in his Monograph of the Bivalve Shells of the Ohio 
River, described and figured a large number of Unionide, but the 
descriptions are brief and unsatisfactory, and the figures are unrecog- 
nizable. Certain conchologists have considered his work valid, and 


THE NAUTILUS. 79 


have attempted to identify his shells, others reckon him a quack and 
claim that he should not be recognized. So far as I know, few or 
none of his types are in existence, and those that have attempted to 
identify his species have not been able to agree among themselves. 
His work, like a tax-title deed, will always leave a cloud on what it 
was intended to cover.’ 

The material itself forms an exceedingly difficult study, even if 
the literature was in a satisfactory shape. In North America alone 
there are in the neighborhood of 800 commonly recognized species of 
this family, very many of which are extremely close, and nearly all 
are quite variable. Only asmall part of this territory has been at all 
carefully worked ; even in New York, Mr. Wm. Marshall is making 
the most commendable efforts to record their distribution and find 
out what species belong to the State, a work which has never yet been 
done. 

In the belt of country in the south known as the “ Pine Region,” 
extending from Virginia to beyond the Mississippi, and from the 
Atlantic and Gulf to the “ Hill Country” specific lines among the 
Unionidz seem to be almost obliterated, owing largely, perhaps, to 
the sameness of configuration of the surface, and the uniformity of 
soil and climate. The British Possessions outside of Canada are 
for the most part a terra incognita, and of the eighty or more 
nominal species found in Mexico and Central America for the most 
part we know almost nothing. 

We ought to have a knowledge of the anatomy of each species, 
but that is impossible at present, as few local collections are found 
over wide areas of our country, and of many forms only the type 
shell is known. It is enough to thrill the blood of a conchologist to 
read over the list of those earnest collectors who gathered in the 
treasures of our streams for Lea, and caught from him his grand 
enthusiasm ; it reminds one of the roll call of some glorious company 
of soldiers who perished in battle. Anthony, Barrett, Boykin, 
Buckley, Budd, Clark, Downie, Edgar, Elliott, Emmons, Estabrook, 
Forshey, Hallenbeck, Jewett, Kirtland, Law, Leconte, Lewis, 
Lindsley, Lyon, Moores, Neisler, Pybas, Ravenel, Showalter, Spill- 
man, Tait, Tuomey, Vanuxem, White and others of whom I believe 
not a soul remains living. ‘There is no such corps of collectors of 
Unionidee to-day, and it will probably be a long time before there 
is again. 


1 Rafinesque’s types are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences 
of Philadelphia.—Ep. 


80 THE NAUTILUS. 


I think it is recognized by all who have at all carefully studied 
the family that Dr. Lea’s arrangement, classifying by the presence 
or absence of a dorsal wing, by sculpture and form, is largely 
artificial and that some more natural system should be adopted. I 
believe that the subgenera of Rafinesque, Swainson, Agassiz and 
others are of little value; it seems to me that an arrangement into 
groups around certain characteristic and fairly typical species is the 
most natural that can be made. But while there are large numbers 
of species among which the strongest relationship is at once apparent 
there are many others which seem to stand on the border land, and 
which may as well be placed in one section as another; others, by 
the characters of certain specimens, appear to have an affinity in one 
direction and by those of others to belong elsewhere, while there 
are some nondescripts that do not fit anywhere. 

It is my intention to publish some time in the future a Geographic 
and Systematic Catalogue of the Unionide of North America, but it 
will require years of patient study to prepare it. I also hope at 
some time to be able to monograph our species. 

So far as the South American forms are concerned our material 
and knowledge are so limited it seems to me it would be almost 
unwise to attempt at present to do anything with them. Dr. von 
Ihering is doing excellent work with the Unionide of this region 
and probably has a better understanding of the subject than any 
man living. 


ON THE REVISION OF THE UNIONIDE. 


BY S. HART WRIGHT AND BERLIN H. WRIGHT, PENN YAN, N. Y. 


Eprror Navutiuus :—In the September number of THE NAutiLus, 
the specialists in Unionide are asked to reply to asuggestion that a 
Committee be appointed to classify and revise the nomenclature of 
the American Unionide. 

It is well known that the history of this branch of Conchology is 
somewhat tainted with personal bitterness and rivalry. The nomen- 
clature is in consequence slightly chaotic ; and the synonymy though 
not more extensive than in the Helices, or in Botany or Ornithol- 
ogy and many other sciences, still needs sifting out. A classifica- 
tion too, still better than Lea’s if possible, should be brought for- 


THE NAUTILUS. 81 


ward. The determination of priority of names is a delicate matter 
in many of our Unionide, and it should be settled officially by a 
Committee on lines of equity, rather than by an individual. The 
same is true also, in discarding a so-called species, and in elevating 
a synonym to take the first rank. 

We have so many species of Unionids in North America, that 
extremists, both at home and abroad, look upon the list as one that 
is over-loaded. A revision by Committee should command general 
acquiescence. It is not true that owr nomenclature is burdened like 
that of Europe. 


NOTES AND NEWS. 


THe address of Mr. John Ford will be in future Holmes Station, 
B. & O. R. R., Delaware Co., Pa. 


Dr. W.S. SrRoDE has removed from Bernadotte to Lewistown, 
Ill., where he will hereafter be permanently located. 


Extracts from a letter to the Editor from Dr. Wm. H. Rusu, 
dated U. S. S. Yantic, Montevideo, Uruguay, March 11, 1892.— 
“Since being here I have been able to do very little and have not 
seen a native land shell. One trip out to the suburbs of Montevideo 
only yielded some Helix lactea. At Buenos Ayres I found the 
British Cemetery overloaded with Helix pomutia. In the swamps 
around Buenos Ayres I found an Ampullaria very common, which 
is, I think, australis, and while up at Palermo Park I found another 
which I took to be canaliculata. Further collecting around the 
swamps led me to believe that they are the same species. The col- 
oration of the animal varies from a very dark brown to alight 
mahogany brown; the coloring of the animal also leads to corre- 
sponding variation in the color of the shell. Both forms are 
banded. I saw many in the act of copulation, a light with a dark 
individual, etc. I tried to preserve a lot of their eggs, but so far I 
have not met with any success. Planorbis perigrinus is also very 
common ; also a species of Paludestrina. While walking down the 
Boca one Sunday afternoon I observed quite a crowd collected 
around a man standing on the curbstone. Upon approaching I saw 
that he was opening a bivalve which was being eaten by the people, 


82 THE NAUTILUS. 


just as we eat oysters at home, excepting that he had scalded them 
first. Before I left I had secured fifty nice specimens, and learned 
the locality, which is Mar del Plata, a summer resort on the coast 
of Argentina. I can find no figure of it in d’Orbigny, and from 
Tryon’s Structural and Systematic Conchology I judge it to bea 
Lutraria. 

“¢ Helix lactea is extremely common in the markets at Buenos 
Ayres, and I suppose it can be accounted for by the numerous 
Italians there. 

“TI want to mention that while coming down here we were boarded 
when three hundred miles off the coast of Brazil (lat. 30° 09’ 07” S., 
long. 45° 36’ 39” W.) by a swarm of decapods, they flying from 
the water and landing on our deck and in the chains. Our deck is 
at least twelve feet above the water, and to get upon it they had 
to go over the hammock nettings. I secured fifteen specimens 
of various sizes. There were hundreds more but they were injured 
so much by their fall as to be of no value. I enclose a hasty trace- 
ing from a water-color sketch I made from the largest. one.” 


THE Untonip@ of Spoon River, Fulton Co., Ill., are enumerated 
and intelligently discussed by Dr. W. 8. Strode in the American 
Naturalist for June. 


THE Recorps of progress in American zoology which the 
American Naturalist publishes from time to time are a total failure 
as far as mollusks are concerned. The most prominent feature of 
the record is the omission of important papers. Our contemporary 
should not judge American malacology by the handful of papers 
that chance to fall upon his desk. 


AT THE MONTHLY meeting of the Linnean Society of New South 
Wales, Australia, June 30, 1892, a paper was read entitled “On 
the Genus Perrieria,” by C. Hedley, F. L. 8S. This paper deals 
with the rectification of nomenclature; it points out (1) that the 
type of Coeliaxis is and must remain, not exigua Ad. & Ang., as 
misquoted by Fischer and Tryon, but dayardi Ad. & Ang., as insti- 
tuted by the founders; (2) that exigua was based in error upon 
specimens of australis ; (3) that australis and layardi are generically 
incompatible; and (4) that australis (= exigua) is rightfully com- 
prehended under the genus Perrieria Tapparone-Canefri. 

An apropos addition to this “ clearing up” may be made here. 
Ancey, in the Conchologist’s Exchange, September 1887, p. 39, 


THE NAUTILUS. 83 


proposed the name Bathyaxis for Coeliaxis layardi Ad. & Ang., 
which is, as Mr. Hedley has stated, the type of the genus Coeliaxis! 


SPECIES IDENTIFIED. From L’Abbé P. A. Bégin, Sherbrooke, 
Proy. Quebec, Canada. 1, Goniobasis livescens Mke, var. 2, 
Physa ancillaria Say. 38, Limnea catascopium Say. 4, Spherium 
striatinum Lam. 45, Aplexa hypnorum Linn. 6, Planorbis bicar- 
inatus Say. 7, Campeloma integra Say, young specimens. 8, Physa 
heterostropha Say. 9, Ferussacia subcylindrica Linn. 10, Helix 
albolabris Say.—H. A. P. 


ConcHoLoeists who do not already possess a copy of Tryon’s 
“STRUCTURAL AND SysTEMATIC ConcHoLoey ” should procure it 
now. ‘This work is indispensable to the collector who wishes 
to gain an intelligent idea of the affinities or structure of shells, or 
to classify a collection. The plates illustrate thousands of species 
representing all of the genera and subgenera, and the text contains 
interesting chapters on geographical and geological distribution, 
structure, classification, etc. It is the most complete text book on 
the subject in the English language. 


Note on Lyocyrvus. In our article upon this genus in the 
October NauriLus, we intended to mention all of the described 
species. Mr. Ford has called our attention to the fact that Lyogyrus 
Brownti Carpenter was omitted,—an oversight naturally very 
annoying to the author, and of course purely unintentional. This 
form was described some years ago by Mr. H. F. Carpenter, the 
well-known writer upon New England and especially Rhode Island 
shells. It is allied to L. pupoides Gld., differing from that species 
in haying the body-whorl not free from the preceding, or only 
slightly so, whilst in the typical pupoides it is decidedly separated. 
The two should be carefully compared with a large mass of material, 
in order to ascertain whether they intergrade. In both, the spire 
is very much higher and more conical than in the L. Dallui.—H. 
AOL. 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING MOLLUSKS AND OTHER USEFUL 
Hints FOR THE CoNCHOLOGIST, is the title of a pamphlet of fifty-six 
pages, issued by the U. S. National Museum, and which can be 
obtained by application to the Director of that Institution. The 
author, Dr. Wm. H. Dall, has embodied in it a large amount of most 
useful information on methods of collecting mollusks of all sorts, 
land, fresh-water and marine, the chapter on dredging and the con- 


84 THE NAUTILUS. 


struction of dredges and other apparatus being especially full and 
timely. More space should have been given to the methods of pre- 
servation of the soft parts and naked mollusks, those in vogue among 
collectors being very crude and by no means up to the times. 
Altogether the brochure will be found very useful to active collect- 
ors. 


GouLv’s ‘Norra Paciric ExpLtorinc EXPEDITION’ TYPES.— 
“ Apropos of Mr. Marshall’s note in the August Naurrius it may 
be as well to state that practically all Gould’s type specimens of the 
“ Wilkes” and “ Ringgold and Rodgers” exploring expeditions are 
to be found in the National collection. They were of course Govern- 
ment property, but Dr. Gould who described them, for the most part 
gratuitously, was permitted to retain as remuneration, duplicate spec- 
imens for his own collection now at Albany. So of those species of 
which there were duplicates there may. be said to be two sets of 
types. The uniques are in the National Museum. How Mr. Tryon 
came to confuse these specimens with those illustrating the mollusk- 
fauna of the eastern coast of the United States, which, with sundry 
alcoholic specimens, were destroyed while loaned to Dr. Stimpson 
at Chicago, I do not know; but that they did not go to Chicago and 
are at present in my official custody is indubitable—Dr. Wm. H. 
Dall, Curator Dept. Moll., U. S. Nat. Museum, in letter to Ed. 


EXCHANGES. 


WANTED. Fine specimens of Lobsters, Crabs, Fiddler crabs, 
Prawns, Shrimps, Marine, Land and Fresh-water shells. Offered 
specimens of Marine, Land and Fresh-water shells. Please send list 
and I will do the same in return. Thomas Morgan, P. O. Box 164, 
Somerville, N. J. 


OFFERED. Land and Fresh-water shell from East Indies and 
Ceylon, in exchange for Land and Fresh-water shells, from West 


Indies, California, and Central America—— Miss Linter, Arragon © } 


Close, Twickenham, Middlesex, Eng. 


WanreD, Land Shells. Offer, twenty species of Kansas Fresh- 
water Shells, including the rare Unio Aberti and Physa solida Lea, 
and Land Shells and Cretaceous fossils-—Frank J. Ford, 314 
Wabash Ave., Wichita, Kansas. 


eae N@vuTILuUs. 


VOL. VI. DECEMBER, 1892. No. 8 


PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW MOLLUSCAN FORMS FROM 
WEST AMERICAN REGIONS, ETC. 


BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Uvanilla regina Stearns. 

Shell conical, imperforate, black or purplish-black ; whorls six to 
seven, concave, longitudinally somewhat obliquely plicated, the 
plicee more or less projecting at the suture, and on the edge of the 
basal whorl, producing an undulating or crenulated effect. Other- 
wise sculptured by incremental strize which traverse the surface and 
cross the plicee at right angles. Base concave, radiately, closely and 
prominently striated, more conspicuous, flattened, coalescing, and 
sinuously curving at the edge. Commencing at the point where the 
outer lip joins the body whorl, a shallow groove follows parallel to 
the periphery and extends toward the aperture, without interrupting 
the basal sculpture. Aperture obliquely subangulate, black-rimmed 
and crenulated on the thin edge of the outer lip; nacreous, silvery 
white toward the edge, bright lustrous golden yellow within and 
around the umbilical region which latter though deeply pitted is not 
open. Columella white, calloused, arcuated with a moderately 
developed rib bounding the umbilical depression, and terminating 
in a single tubercle. This rib is paralleled by a shallow furrow 
terminating in a notch just below the tubercle, and by an exterior 
or outer ridge, part of the way double, of a brilliant orange color ; 
this orange-colored rib is also exteriorly bounded by a shallow 


86 THE NAUTILUS. 


furrow which becomes obsolete toward the aperture. The.base of 
the shell otherwise exhibits faint revolving sculpture. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 86 mm., diameter maximum, 34 mm. 

The above combines the sculptural features of the Japanese 
Chlorostomas and West Mexican Uvanillas, more particularly U. 
olivacea. It is a much handsomer shell than the latter and the most 
northerly form of the group yet detected on the West Coast. 


Chlorostoma gallina Forbes var. multifilosa Stearns. 


Shell imperforate, large, solid, turbinate globosely conical, 
elevated ; whorls five-and-a-half to six-and-a-half, rounded ; suture 
simple not channeled; apex obtusely pointed, eroded and yellowish ; 
color nearly black; sculpture consisting of numerous spiral or 
revolving closely set narrow rounded ridges or coste, alternating 
with fine incised whitish lines or grooves. . Aperture rounded 
oblique, interior pearly, outer edge rimmed with black and finely 
crenulated by the projecting ends of the modified whitish grooving. 
Columella arcuated with two blunt tubercles near the base and a 
shallow umbilical pit above; base convex. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 36 mm., diameter maximum, 34 mm. 

The above differs from the typical gadlina in the absence through- 
out of any longitudinal markings or sculpture and from Hemphill’s 
var. tineta by the lack of the “streak of yellow on the base just 
below the columellar teeth,” also by the conspicuous ribbing and 
grooving of ue entire surface, while in tincta as described, “ ‘the 
spiral grooves” are “ generally scarcely visible above.” 

While strongly characterized, the example before me can hardly 
be assigned to a higher than varietal rank. 

The two forms above described were collected by Captain George 
D. Porter at Guadaloupe Island off the coast of Lower California. 


Bulimulus (Pleuropyrgus) Habeli Stearns. 


Shell slender, elongated, thin, smooth and shiny, slightly umbil- 
- ieated, with thirteen to fourteen gradually increasing whorls; whorls 
slightly convex and longitudinally obtusely plicated ; suture distinct ; 
aperture ovate and slightly reflected at the base of the columella. 
Color ashen white, slightly rufous, with hints of a narrow reddish 
band beneath the surface glaze. 

Dimensions (of largest example): Long, 17-5 mm., diate 
3°o mm. 


THE NAUTILUS. 87 


This form is much more slender than P. chemnitzoides Fbs., which 
is well represented by the figures 6a, 6b, plate IX, Proc. Zool. Soe. 
London, 1850. Aside from the differences in color and sculpture, 
the surface of Forbes’s species is dull in fresh, unrubbed, perfect 
specimens; the ribs in the latter species are comparatively sharp, 
thread-like, regular, and somewhat distant, the interspaces being 
perceptibly wider than the ribs are thick. 

Two perfect examples, U. S. Steamer Albatross. The U. 8. 
National Museum also contains specimen collected by Dr. 8. Habel 
several years ago, as well as examples of Forbes’ species. 

Chatham Island, April 4th, 1888. 

A brief description of the foregoing was included in Mr. Dall’s 
paper, “On some types new to the fauna of the Galapagos Islands” 
in THE Navtius, January, 1892, which also contained descriptions 
of Helicina (Idesa) nesiotica, Leptinaria Chathamensis, Zonites 
(Hyalinia) Baweri. Reibisch’ who has recently published a paper 
on the Fauna of the Galapagos Islands, was probably not aware of 
Dall’s article, as he has apparently redescribed the same forms. 


Orchidium Lesliei Stearns. 

Form rounded ovate, nearly as broad as long. Dorsum coria- 
ceous, nearly black, shiny, closely irregularly reticulated, with finely 
incised lineation, and otherwise characterized by somewhat distant 
flatly rounded papille. Underside, dingy yellowish white ; margin 
of mantle wide, nearly smooth; edgeof samesimple. Anal opening 
posterior, near edge of mantle and somewhat produced. Respiratory 
orifice smaller, in median line with and in front of anus. Sexual 
orifice anterior on the right side, under the edge of the large oval 
hood or collar. Labial palpi thin, largely expanded. 

Charles Island, April 8th, one example; Albemarle Island, April 
10th, 1888, two specimens between tide-marks. United States 
Steamer Albatross. 

Littorina (Tectarius) Galapagiensis Stearns. 

Shell small, rather solid, ovate-conic, angulated in outline; five to 
six and a half whorls. Whorls covered with obtusely rounded 
rather coarse nodules; of these the peripheral series is the strongest, 
the next preceding less prominent, while the other girdles of nodes 
are less conspicuous. ‘The peripheral is closely followed by a 


1 Die Concholiologische Fauna der Galapagos-Inseln, von Paul Reibisch, Ges 
Isis in Dresden, 1892, Abh. 3, 20, pp. 2 plates. 


88 .THE NAUTILUS. 


parallel series just below, and the basis is marked by succeeding 
rows of less prominence. Aperture rounded, ovate, and of a dark 
chocolate color; columella broad, excavated and produced below. 
Exterior dull chocolate, brown above, paler below, with still paler 
nodules. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 7°50 mm.; latitude, 5° mm. 

While in its general faciés it much resembles both Antillean and 
Indo-Pacific forms hitherto described, a comparison with such as 
most nearly approach it, indicate its non-identity. 

James Island, one example, Albatross collection. 


Nitidella incerta Stearns, 


Shell small, rather solid, acutely ovate, spire elevated, pointed ; 
whorls six to seven, moderately convex, with inconspicuous revoly- 
ing grooves; upper whorls delicately sculptured with close set 
rounded longitudinal ribs. Apex obtuse. Aperture nearly half 
the length of the shell. Outer lip somewhat thickened with five to 
seven denticles on the inner side. Columella with a single rather 
prominent plait or tubercle just below the middle. Surface colored 
by five to six brownish-red bands, alternating with as many white 
ones on the body whorl. 

Dimensions: Length, 6°02; length of aperture, 3; breadth, 
2:75 mm. 

The above is based on a single perfect example collected by Dr. 
Habel. It is nearer to Carpenter’s millepunctata than to any other 
west coast form, but exhibits color and other differences when placed 
side by side with that species for comparison. 

Galapagos Islands (special island not stated), Dr. Simeon Habel. 


Littorina (Tectarius) atyphus Stearns. 


Shell small, ovate subturrited, witb five whorls; the basal 
traversed spirally by five principal obtuse keels or ribs, broken into 
nodules; of these the peripheral are the strongest. Between these 
and below the lower of the stronger keels, fainter keels are percepti- 
ble; the penultimate whorl shows three rows of nodules; of these 
the two upper are the more prominent, and the lower one is sutural 
and inconspicuous. Color dull ashen chocolate above, lighter below 
the periphery of the basal whorl, and mottled below the lowest keel. 
Aperture rounded ovate, dark colored; columella somewhat exca- 
vated and of a pale chocolate tint. Near the base of the columella 


THE NAUTILUS. 89 


the hint of a lightish band may be seen from the edge of the outer 
lip, inward. 

Dimensions: Altitude, 6°25 mm.; latitude, 4" mm. 

Manta, Ecuador; collected by Dr. W. H. Jones, United States 
Navy. This is the first example of the genus detected on the west 
coast of the American Continent. Published by name only in my 
list as below. 


NOTE ON ACMZA SACCHARINA (LINNE.) 


BY REV. GEO. W. TAYLOR. 


I have lately had an opportunity of examining several hundred 
specimens of Acmea saccharina (Linne) and have come to the 
conclusion that it is a species that varies comparatively little, and 
that Mr. Pilsbry is wrong in supposing (see Manual of Conchology, 
vol. XIII, p. 50) that A. stellaria Rve. or A. octoradiata Hutton or 
his own A. perplexa are forms of it. 

A. saccharina is nearly always distinctly seven rayed. It is. 
common on the Chinese and Japanese coasts but has not been noticed 
by me in collections from the South Pacific Islands. 

A. stellaria Rve. is an eight rayed species. It was described I 
think from New Holland; my own specimens are from Raratonga 
and I suppose it to be a species of the South Pacific fauna. Reeve’s 
figures are very good and are copied by Pilsbry, pl. 36. The shell 
figured by the same author on pl. 61, fig. 65 is also of this species as 
Mr. Pilsbry surmised (Manual of Conchology, XIII, 99). 

Acmea perplexa Pilsbry seems to me to be abundantly distinct 
from either of the above named species. It is described as with 
seven rays but figured with eight which is the correct number.’ It 
is a well marked species quite unlike any other Acmea known to me. 
My specimens were collected in New South Wales from which 
locality, by the way, I have shells which I refer to Acmea marmorata 
T.-Woods, which much more nearly resembles saccharina than does 
apy specimen of perplexa I have seen. 

2Vide Proc, U. S. Natural Museum, Vol. XIV., p. 326. “ List of shells col- 
lected on the west coast of South America, principally between latitudes 7° 30’ — 
S., and 8° 49’ N,” etc., 1891. 

3 Mr. Taylor is correct in stating that 4. perplexa is always 8-rayed. The 
statement that it had but seven was an error.—ED. 


90 THE NAUTILUS. 


If my views are correct the synonymy of the above mentioned 
species will stand thus: 
Acmeea saccharina (Linne). Habitat. China and Japan. 
= lana Rve. 
= stellaris Q. & G. (non Rve.) 
== stella Lesson. 
Acmea stellaris Rve. (non Q. & G.). Habitat. South Pacific 
Islands. 
= ? octoradiata Hutton. 
Acmea perplexa Pilsbry. Habitat. Australia. 


A NEW LAND SHELL FROM SUMATRA.! 


BY T..H. AGBRICH. 


Nanina (Ariophanta) Dohertyin. sp. PI, I, fig. 1, 2. 

Shell thin, waxy pellucid, light green, corneous, subimperforate, 
whorls six, suture slightly margined, impressed, bordered below with 
a narrow white line, body whorl acutely carinated and ridged, pro- 
duced at aperture into a flattened spade-like terminal; spire high. 
Aperture subtriangular, lip reflected strongly, almost completely 
covering the umbilicus. 

Locality, Marang, on Southwest coast of Sumatra. 

Notre. This shell is doubtfully placed in Ariophanta. It 
resembles Nanina nasuta Metcalfe described from Borneo but is 
much higher, lacks the band of that species, and is differently 
produced. Received from Wm. Doherty, Esq. who states that when 
alive it is green with a singularly delicate epidermis, and is arboreal 
in its habit. Its color makes it almost invisible. Six specimens 
received. 


MESODON ANDREWSI IN MISSOURI. 


BY F. A. SAMPSON, SEDALIA, MO. 


I send. for inspection a shell found by me in St. Francois County 
in southeast Missouri. While arranging my “ Missouri collection ” 


1The illustrations of this species will appear in our next number. 


THE NAUTILUS. 98 


I was struck with the very evident differences between it and the 
albolabris among which I had placed it. The latter all have but 
little over five whorls, with aperture somewhat contracted by being 
flattened toward the plane of the base. This shell has the globose 
form, the rounded aperture, the swollen last whorl], elevated spire, 
nearly six whorls and all the characteristics of Mesodon Andrewsi. 

I have before me a specimen received from Mr. Binney with his 
label showing that it was one of the original lot from which 
Andrewst was named. The Missouri shell does not materially 
differ from it in any respect. It is very slightly larger than the 
North Carolina shell, but not so large or solid as Andrewsi from 
Talula Falls, Georgia, also received from Mr. Binney. 

H. Andrewsi is a species of the Cumberland subregion, but other 
species of that region extend to Missouri, as for instance Stenotrema 
labrosum Bld., and I have no doubt of the correctness of my identi- 
fication, though it makes an unexpected extension of the habitat of 
this species. 


A VISIT TO WARD’S. 


One stormy night in November the Editors and Manager of 
THe Navtiuus, and their friend the Vice-President of the Amer- 
ican Association of Conchologists, found themselves en route for 
Rochester, N. Y., via the famous Lehigh Valley route. The object 
of their pilgrimage was to see the largest Natural History Establish- 
ment of its kind in America,—Pror. WarRp’s. Dawn of the next 
day found us still far from our journey’s end, near Ithaca, and in 
sight of the classic walls of Cornell College, where Nrewcoms 
labored so many years. From here, we rode for miles along the 
beautiful shores of Cayuga Lake, lying like some shining serpent 
between its dark Devonian and Silurian cliffs. Then breakfast at 
Seneca; and finally Rochester was reached where we were hospitably 
received by Prof. Ward, and by his able assistants Messrs. Crump, 
DeLaney, Baker and Walton. After the usual amount of talk 
incident upon the meeting of a half-dozen lovers of shells, we started 
on a tour of inspection, an account of which I will give in the words 
of one of our number. 

“Here is a grand treat, not only for the lover of nature but also 
of art, for the preparation of objects of natural history (where accuracy 


92 THE NAUTILUS: 


is of the first importance) is indeed a most difficult art, requiring 
not only a skillful artisan but a scientist as well. Ifa museumis a 
collection of prepared specimens, here is a collection of museums in 
course of preparation. This work is carried on by a force of from 
forty to fifty in a group of twelve or fourteen large buildings, each 
devoted to a special department. Our time being limited we could 
only take a glance at most of the departments. The nearest build- 
ing to Prof. Ward’s residence contains the minerals. A rich collec- 
tion of meteorites many of them cut in sections. A splendid series, 
of the many varieties of Quartz. Many interesting forms of the 
calcite group, including long stalactites, etc., also beautiful spec- 
imens of apatite, garnet, malachite, stibnite, etc. In the next building 
is the geological department ; and here we see a specimen which isa 
treat to both the paleontologist and conchologist: this is the 
Cerithium giganteum from the Paris Basin (eocene) with a perfect 
aperture. The entire shell is about a foot long, the aperture being 
expanded like that of a Stromb. A great series of beautiful Ammo- 
nites many of them cut and polished, makes the collector of recent 
shells envy the paleontologist and wish that even one species had 
survived with its near kinsman the Nautilus. Here, too, are 
polished slabs showing sun-cracks, the cracks filled with calcite, 
great slabs four to eight feet in length covered with ripple-marks, 
while near at hand is the modelling room, where casts and restora- 
tions of rare and unique fossils are prepared. A cast of a great 
Glyptodon is in course of construction. In an adjoining room an 
Irish elk is almost ready for the museum, also a beautiful piece of 
work for an archeological museum, a model of the ‘Serpent 
Mound’ of Ohio. 
“The relief-maps represent a great deal of careful and accurate 
work. This is the class of maps that should be in every museum, 
college, and school. Prof. Ward is now at work on a large relief- 
map of New York State for the State exhibit at Chicago. The 
department of human anatomy contains many examples of exquisite 
workmanship. Hastily going through the department of taxi- 
dermy we note the large mounted elephant with its young, arranged 
in a very natural and attractive manner; the Indian and American 
buffalo, side by side; the many species of Cervide ; the large groups 
of monkeys; superb specimens of the Bengal tiger, male and female. 
‘The skunk family’ in and around their burrow, as natural as life, 
is both instructive and amusing; and the hundreds of other spec- 


THE NAUTILUS. 93 


imens all show the highest art in taxidermy. Above the mammals 
are the birds, which our limited time did not permit us to examine. 
The adjoining room is the osteological department. Specimens from 
the elephant and hippopotamus to the small rodents and birds show 
as near perfection as it is possible to obtain in this difficult branch. 
In the room above this is a large collection of mammalia skulls.” 

The invertebrates have long claimed a large part of Prof. Ward’s 
attention; and the magnificent series of corals, sponges, echino- 
derms and crustaceans, attest alike to the fruitfulness of his journeys 
abroad and to the skill of his workmen at home. 

In spite of the attractions of other departments, our time was 
mainly spent in the “Shell House.” The upper story of this build- 
ing is occupied with asuite of rooms containing Prof. Ward’s special 
collection of invertebrates, the mollusks being arranged in table- 
eases along the sides and down the middle of two largerooms. The 
plan of this collection is to have every genus represented by char- 
acteristic species, and to have the very best specimens of each species 
that can be obtained. The result is a strikingly beautiful as well as 
an uncommonly instructive collection. For the past decade or 
more, Prof. Ward has been giving special attention to the 
mollusks; and the results of many a journey halfround the globe are 
here shown. Abalones and limpets from California and the north- 
west coast ; Cyprzas, Murices, Olivas, Pleurotomas from Panama; 
Chitons, black Trochi, Cancellarias, etc., from Peru, and limpets of 
the Nacella type from Magellan and Chili, secured during a trip 
around South America, represent part of the conchological plunder, 
while bones of the great fossil edentates, and magnificent minerals . 
galore also were secured. ‘The fruits of other journeys are seen in 
the splendid suites of Magilus and Leptoconchus, from Mauritius ; 
Strombus, Cones, Cassis, Cyprzas, Tridacna, Malleus, Aspergillum 
and many others from the Indian Ocean ; and besides these, desir- 
able species have been selected from the dealers of London, Paris 
and Berlin. Not the least part of the pleasure in looking over this 
collection is the fund of anecdote and adventure connected with 
many specimens secured by Prof. Ward in unfrequented corners of 
the world. 

The work of classifying this great collection has been well per- 
formed by Messrs. Crump, DeLaney, Baker and Walton; the last 
named gentleman having supplied exquisite colored drawings of 
Nudibranchs and other naked mollusks. 


94 THE NAUTILUS. 


The lower floor of the same building is Prof. Ward’s stock of 
mollusks and invertebrates, one of the largest stocks of shells in the 
world, classified in labelled drawers, for the convenience of pur- 
chasers. 

Again we are homeward bound, and are passing the time in show- 
ing, by turns, the specimens secured, and praising or criticising one- 
another’s acquisitions; but in one thing we all agree—that the 
instruction and pleasure of seeing Prof. Ward’s shells, and the enjoy- 
ment of a day spent in the company of the Professor and his able 
lieutenants, is well worth a visit to Rochester. 


NOTES AND NEWS. 


Notes on Unto tuTeotus Lam. In Tur Navurtiuus for Novy- 
ember last Mr. Geo. W. Dean in distinguishing this species from 
U. radiatus adduces the uniform color of the nacre of the luteolus. 
This is as a rule quite true. But specimens from the northern part 
of this State occasionally have the posterior part of the interior 
tinged with a very delicate pink. In a quite peculiar local form of 
small size found by Dr. M. L. Leach in Crystal Lake, Benzie County, 
the tendency is quite marked and nearly every specimen has the 
rosy tinge to the nacre. I have never, however, seen a specimen in 
which the whole of the nacre is thus colored, as occurs in U. radiatus. 
—Bryant Walker. 


STROBILA LABYRINTHICA VAR. VIRGO. We have received from 
Rev. H. W. Winkley of Saco, Me., specimens of a Strobila differing 
from labyrinthica in being somewhat larger and more depressed, and 
translucent-white in color, the lip and lamellz opaque-white. This 
variety was found by Mr. Winkley near Sebec Lake, Piscataquis 
Co., Maine.— Pilsbry. 

A NEW COLOR-VARIETY OF HELIX ALAUDA Fér. Mr. Franciscos 
E. Blanes has lately found, at Maisi, Cuba, a variety of the above 
species which he proposes to name var. Weeksiana, in honor of Mr. 
W. H. Weeks, Jr., of Brooklyn, N. Y. The variety has the follow- 
ing characters: 

H. auaupa color-var. WrEEKsIANA Blanes. Form globose- 
trochoid with the whorl very strongly deflexed at the mouth. Color 
pure white with faint oblique pink streaks. Lip bright pink; aper- 
ture yellow inside. 


THE NAUTILUS. 95 


Mr. C. A. Wuirremore has been elected curator of the museum 
of the Kent Scientific Institute, one of the oldest scientific societies ° 
of Michigan. 

GouLp’s Typrs AND Ms. That which was burnt at Chicago at 
the big fire was not Gould’s types of North Pacific Exploring Expe- 
dition but his complete MS. and notes, absolutely ready for publica- 
tion. As conchological executor of Dr. Gould, his family gave me 
his MS. I kept thisof North Pacific Expedition in my fireproof till 
Stimpson begged me to send it to him at Chicago, where it was 


burnt.— W. G. Binney. 


Eps. Nautiuus: I notice in Mr. Simpson’s article on the revision 
of the American Unionide that he believes that not a soul of those 
of whom he gives a list as collectors in Lea’s time remains living. 
I can say for one that Moores is still living and has been for the 
past eighty years and five months.—H. Moores, Columbus, Ohio. 


A NEW SPECIES OF ENnea has been dedicated to Rev. A. B. 
Kendig, of Brooklyn, N. Y.—E. Kendigiana Rolle, described in the 
last number of the German Malacozoological Society’s Nachrichts- 
blatt. It is from Senegambia. 


A REPRINT OF THE “ ConcHoLogists Excuance.” Many sub- 
scribers to THe Navtiuus desire to obtain the ‘ Conchologists 
Exchange, but are unable to do so because it is out of print. The 
proprietors of Tur Nauriuus have been requested to reprint the 
Exchange ; and if a sufficient number of orders for the reprint can 
be obtained to pay the cost of it, they purpose to issue it in the same 
form as the present journal, indicating the original pagination. The 
cost of the reprint will be 75 cents for the two volumes. Those who 
wish to secure them should address the manager of Tur Naurti.vs. 

Mr. Hedley wishes it to be noted that he now regards the shell, 
jointly figured and described (P.L.S.N.S.W. (2), vi, p. 558) by Mr. 
Musson and himself under the name of Pupa anodonta, as a second 
species of the genus Heterocyclus, instituted by Crosse (Journ. de 
Conch., Vol. xx, 1872, p. 156) for the reception of H. perroquini 
Crosse, from New Caledonia. This genus is considered by Fischer 
(Manual de Conchyliologie, p. 735) equivalent to Lyogyrus, a 
member of the Valvatide. 

Part 1, of Vol. xv, of the Trans. Royal Soc. of South Australia, 
lately issued, contains nine plates illustrating Australian Tertiary 
mollusks described by Prof. R. Tate. There are several very large 


96 THE NAUTILUS. 


and peculiar Cypreas and Conus among the number.  Trichotropis 
and Scalaria are also well represented. 

New Mo.tuuvsks or St. Hetena. Mr. E. A. Smith of the British 
Museum has lately described the land shells of the island St. 
Helena’, enumerating 27 species, of which 11 are new, and illustrat- 
ing them with excellent figures. The prominent characters of the 
fauna are a group of thin Bulimuli, the very variable and curious 
B. aurisvulpina, which has been known for over a century, and a 
group of Patula-like shells very similar to the Pacific group Endo- 
donta. Besides these, a novel form is described under the name 
Tomigerus (?) perextlis. We can scarcely believe that this belongs 
to the South American section Tomigerus. -It seems to be a distinct 
genus of Pupide comparable to Boysidia and Hypselostoma, but dis- 
tinct from either; and deserving of a separate generic name. We 
therefore propose to callit CampoLmMus. The following characters 
may be assigned to the group: ‘T. dextrorsa vel sinistrorsa, parva, 
anfr. ult. valde ascendens, pone labrum constrictus et scrobiculatus ; 
apertura ovata, superne sinu circulari instructa. 


EXCHANGES. 


Wantep. Works on Land Shells, and rare North American 
and Foreign Helices. OFFERED, Mesodon dentiferus, Sayit, Acan- 
thinula harpa, etec.—A. W. Hanham, Bank of British North Amer- 
ica, Quebec, Canada. 


WANTED, by purchase or exchange,—good specimens of Anodonta 
Ferussaciana Lea, size immaterial provided beaks are perfect.— 
Bryant Walker, 18 Moffat Bid, Detroit, Mich. 


To EXCHANGE in large or small quantities. Anodonta suborbi- 
culata Say and Anodonta corpulenta Cooper, also about 40 species of 
the fine Spoon river Uniones and univalves—-Dr. W. S. Strode, 
Lewistown, Ill. 

Excaance. Unios heterodon Lea, lanceolatus Lea, Tappanianus 


Lea, Anodonta Williamsit Lea and Marg. undulata Say (pink var.) 
for other Unios not in collection—W. T. Farrer, Orange, Va. 


1p. Z. S. Lond. 1892, p. 258. 


me NUTILUS. 


VOL. VI. JANUARY, 1898. No. 9 


CATALOGUE OF THE GENUS PARTULA. 


BY -W. D. HARDMAN, M. D. 


(Concluded from November number.) 


The genus Partula proposed by Baron Férussac in 1819, is 
restricted to certain small land shells inhabiting the Pacific Islands. 
The species are found throughout all the groups of these islands, 
and as far west as New Guinea, which seems their limit. North of 
the equator they are found at the Caroline, Pelew and Ladrone 
Islands, and recently the Solomon and New Hebrides Islands have 
afforded several new species. They have not been found at the 
Sandwich Islands, New Zealand or Australia. In the Viti group, 
Mr. Andrew Garrett has discovered that some species are restricted to 
a single valley, each of which has its specific center, and the range of 
“many species is quite circumscribed. In the Marquesas group some 
species are found on top of the highest mountains, like many other 
land shells. The species are either arboreal or terrestrial; hybrids 
are often found, and they occur between arboreal and terrestrial 
species. Some hybrids appear to possess a certain degree of fertility, 
and Mr. Garrett informs us that ten species in the Viti group have 
produced local varieties. The shells of some species are stout and 
solid, while others are thin and attenuate. Many species have a 
tooth-like projection from the inner margin of the peristome giving 
the aperture an auricular appearance; nearly one half of the 
species possess this button-like tooth on the parietal wall. In- 
dividuals of some species are entirely sinistral while others are 


98 THE NAUTILUS. 


wholly dextral, others again are either dextral and sinistral. They 
all possess fine spiral strie, which are decussated by oblique ones 
giving the surface a waved appearance. 


8. Decussatula Group. 


P. decussatula Pfr. P. magdalina Hartm. 
P. bellata Hartm. 


P. decussatula. 


9. Turgida Group. 


P. turgida Pfr. | P. arguta Pse. - 
P. annectens Pse. P. minuta Pfr. 


10. Rosea Group. 


P. rosea Brod. P. calypso O. Semp. 
P. varia Brod. P. assimilis Pse. 
P., virgulata Migh. P. subgonocheila Mouss. 


P. newecombiana Hartm. 


11. Ganymedes Group. 


P. ganymedes Pfr. P. gonocheila Pfr. 
P. inflata Rve. P. repanda Pfr. 
P. actor Albers. 


II. BuLiinorp DIvIsIon. 


12. Guamensis Group. 


P. guamensis Pfr. P. obesa Pse. 
P. abbreviata Mouss. P. rufa Less. 


P. conica Gld. P. bulimoides Less. 


P. guamensis. 


THE NAUTILUS. 99 


13. Macgillivrayi Group. 


P. macgillivrayi Pfr. P. turricula Pse. 

P. caledonica Pfr. _ P. radiolata Pfr. 

P. carnicola Hartm. P. eburnea Hartm. 
P. paterna Hartm. P. proxima Hartm. 
P. eximia Hartm. P. pyramis Hartm. 
P. albescens Hartm. P. auraniana Hartm. 
P. alabastrina Pfr. P. compressa Pfr. 


Subgenus Diplomorpha Ancey. 


The jaw, lingual dentition and genitalia are like Partula. The shell 
does not possess spiral striz. 
D. layardi Braz. D. delatouri Hartm. 
D. coxi Hartm. D. peasei Cox. 


BIFIDARIA: A NEW SUBGENUS OF PUPA. 


BY DR. V. STERKI, NEW PHILADELPHIA, OHIO. 


In the “ Preliminary List of North American Pupide”’ the name 
of this subgenus has been published, but without further note except 
that it was in my mss. for a few years. Since then I have obtained 
other species belonging to it, and became more and more convinced 
that it is really a natural group, and one of the richest in species. 

The forms ranging under it are small, few exceeding 3 mm. of 
altitude (P. armifera Say, hunana Grdl.). In shape they are rather 
various; cylindric, turriculate, conic, ovoid. The color is a lighter 
or deeper horn, to chestnut on one, to colorless, i. e. whitish or 
glossy-albino on the other side; in some the coloration is rather con- 
stant while others show all these variations, e. g., P. hordeacea Gabb. 
The surface is smooth, polished, or finely striate or, though rarely, 
with fine ribs; heavily ribbed forms have not come to my notice. 
A prominent feature lies in the formation of the apertural lamelle, 
or plice, especially in the one on the parietal wall; it is (with few 
exceptions) large and more or less distinctly complex, designated in 


1 The Nautilus, VI, p. 4 and 7. 


100 THE NAUTILUS. 


medio excavata, bifida,” etc., and from this character the name of the 
group has been derived. A close examination of the different forms 
as well as of immature examples leaves no doubt that it is in fact 
composed of two different lamellee, the parietalis (inner, deeper) and 
supraparietalis (outer, or “ angular”), almost separate, side by side 
in some species (recondita Tapp.-Can.), united to. almost a simple 
one in others (most of P. rupicola Say), comparatively small in P. 
curvidens Gld. and pentodon Say, as here the supraparietal is very 
small or almost obsolete. 

The columellar, equally constant, is generally also somewhat com- 
plex. The typical inferior and superior palatal plice are always 
present, though sometimes quite small, and are, as a rule deep seated, 
never reaching the margin ; in some species one or the other of them 
is in a peculiar oblique position (P. contracta Say, P. recondita). 
Generally there is a “tooth” or short fold at the base, in some 
species present or absent. Additional dentiform or lamelliform 
plicze, sometimes very small, but characteristic, are found in many 
species; one on the parietal wall, between the “ parietal” and the 
columella, constant (P. armigeredla Reinh.) or inconstant (P. curvi- 
dens Gld.), one above the upper palatal (P. armifera Say) one 
Gay the two palatals, inconstant (P. pentodon Say, curvidens 

As there is no rule without exceptions—-and in natural science these 
“ exceptions ” are always highly interesting !—some, or even all, of 
the typical folds may be absent in species which we have reasons to 
range under this subgenus (P. corticaria Say, arizonensis W. G. B.). 
But in general they are remarkably constant throughout the whole 
group which extends over North, Central and the northern coast of 
South America, the West Indies and Bermuda, Eastern Agia, and 
the islands of the Pacific and Indian Seas. Europe has no recent 
forms ranging in the group; but there is a fossil one, P. lamellidens 
from the miocene of Tuchoritz, Bohemia, closely allied to our P. con- 
tracta Say. 

The species have been ranged under different subgenera, such as 
Pupilia, Leucochila, which neither comprise the whole group, nor 
are homogeneous in themselves, and which can only gain by the 
removal of these forms. 

There are several distinct groups of which peculiar characters, the 
range of distribution and the species will be stated in the following.’ 


1Conf. Nautilus, VI, p. 4. The species enumerated there will be omitted 
here; and so will other species which I do not know well enough as to their 
identity, or their position. 


THE NAUTILUS. 101 
1. Section: Privatula. North America. 
Shell cylindric; lamellze few and small or none. 
Type: P. corticaria Say. 
2. Section: Eubifidaria (Bif. s. str.). America, Polynesia. 
Shell cylindric to turriculate; lamelle typical. 
Type: P. hordeacea Gabb. 
P. barbadensis Kiist (W. I.) 
P. grevillei Chitty (W. I.) and numerous others. 
P. exigua Ad. Mauritius. 
3. Section: Boysidia.' Asia, Polynesia. 
Shell conic ; aperture very peripheric; lamellee typical. 
Type: P. hunana Grdl. (China.) 
P. strophostoma Mlldff. (Philippines.) 
4. Section: Albinula. America, Asia, Polynesia. 
Shell oblong or conic-ovate or cylindrical, colorless (contains 
rather various forms and should be divided in groups.) 
Type: P. contracta Say. 
P. armigerelia Reinh. (China.) 
P. recondita Tapp.-Can. (Japan.) 
P. pediculus Shuttl. (Japan, Samoa.) 
P. artensis Montrz. (New Caledonia.) 
P. meridionalis Mildff. (From description ; China.) 
5. Section: Vertigopsis. North America. 
Shell small, vertigo-like, albino; parietal lamelle rather short 
and almost simple; palatals near the margin. 
Type: P. curvidens Gld. 


7 x 


So much for the shells. Of the soft parts very little is known 
as yet. But it is probable that further investigations will prove the 
relations shown by the shells, which in general yield true evidences 
of the natural position of their bearers, 


1 Beettger, in v. Mcellendorff (Jahrb. Mal. Ges., 1884, p. 180, 181) proposes 
the subgeneric name Gredleriella; but Gredler himself sent me specimens with 
the above. Dr. v. Mcellendorff ranges the group next to Scopelophila (P. Lokezli 
Rssm. and Rossmesslert Schm.); but the resemblance is only external, from the 
conic shape of the shells. In the configuration of the apertural parts and especially 
the lamellze it closely resembles P. contracta Say, while in Scopelophila they are 
of quite a different type and wholly marginal. 


102 THE NAUTILUS. 


SHELLS OF WILLIAM’S CANON, COLORADO. 


BY F. A. SAMPSON, SEDALIA, MO. 


Fifteen years ago and again the past summer, I collected shells in 
William’s Cafion at Manitou. On the first visit I asked a specimen 
dealer if there were any land shells in the vicinity. He said there 
were no living ones; that he had hunted for specimens over the 
mountains for years, but had never seen one, though there were 
dead shells on the side of the mountain near by. I found the dead 
shells, and also plenty of living Patula strigosa, in numbers more 
abundant than at the latter visit. At that time I had not noticed 
that Binney’s Manual gave P. hemphilli as occurring at the same 
place, else I would have made diligent search for it, though I do not 
think it will be found there. It seems hardly probable that the 
young of strigosa were mistaken for hemphilli, though the shells of 
four whorls are strongly carinated like hemphilli, while the mature 
shells of five whorls do not show any carina. Cockerellin NautiLus, 
Vol. III, p. 102, thinks the finding of hemphilli in the Cafion needs 
confirmation. 

Cockerell states that these shells are typical coopert. They are 
certainly less elevated than Fig. 152 of Binney’s Manual. They are 
more like Fig. 153 except that they have the two bands shown in 
Fig. 152, and are not carinated at the commencement of the body 
whorl. Some of them have the heavy raised cullus connecting the 
extremities of the peristome. 

On the rocky ledges by the road side in the Caiion, I gathered a 
number of small shells, all of them being dead. Had the day not 
been excessively hot I might probably have found living ones. 

The following will show the species and the number found of 
each: 

75. Patula strigosa cooperi W. G. B. 

9. Zonites arboreus Say. 
28. Vallonia pulchella costata Miller. 
18. Ferussacia subyclindrica Linn. 

5. Pupa undetermined. 

1. Pupa hordeacea Gabb. 


THE NAUTILUS. 108 


POST PLIOCENE SHELLS. 


BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO. 


While at Belten, Texas, a short time ago, I discovered great 
numbers of semi-fossil shells embedded in the clays that were prob- 
ably formed during the early quarternary period. They are 
distributed through the clay from two to six feet below the surface 
and may be seen sticking in the banks at any place along the valley 
of Nolan Creek where a gully has been washed out. The land is 
covered with large trees, but the best evidence of the age of the 
formation is seen in the bed of the creek where the water has worn a 
channel in the solid limestone rock over which it flows from two to 
three feet deep. The clay and soil of the valley must have been 
deposited there before or about the time the creek formed its pre- 
sent channel, many, many hundred years ago. The clay has 
preserved the shells, in nearly as good condition (except as to color) 
as when buried; and those found at the greatest depth are in the 
best condition. 

I collected the following species : 

Bulimulus dealbatus Say. 

Bulimulus schiedianus Pfr. 

Zonites friabilis W. G. B. 

Zonites—probably an undescribed species. 

Patula alternata mordax Shutt. 

Helix Remeri Pfr. var. umbilicus closed. 

Helix Romeri Pfr. var. umbilicus closed and toothless. 

Helix Texasiana Moricand. 

Helix Mooreana W.G. B. 

Helix Leait Ward. 

Helix Berlandieriana Moricand. 

Helicina or biculata Say. 

Planorbis bicarinata Say. 

Planorbis—probably an undescribed species. 

Limnea umbilicata Adams. 

Physa Halei Lea. 

Physa—probably an undescribed species. 


104 THE NAUTILUS. 


ON ACANTHOPLEURA AND ITS SUBGENERA. 


BY HH. (AJ@ETESBRY: 


In studying the species of this abundant group of Chitons, the 
writer found the scheme of subgenera adopted by the late Dr. Car- 
penter and published by Dall’ to be in several respects both insuft- 
cient and faulty. These defects are partly due to the fact that 
Carpenter’s studies on this portion of the Chitons were left incom- 
plete by his untimely death, and partly to his rather lax usage in 
questions of nomenclature. 

Acanthopleura, as a whole, is much more closely allied to Tonicia 
than to any other genus. It has no close alliance with the other 
genera grouped by Carpenter in “ Acanthoidea.” It agrees 
with Tonicia in having certain areas on the valves studded 
with minute eyes, which possess a crystalline lens, and are not 
especially different from lower mollusk eyes generally. Acantho- 
pleura differs from Tonicia in having these eyes scattered about the 
bases of the tubercles on the shell, instead of being arranged in 
radiating series asin Tonicia. The eyes are visible under a good 
hand lens as minute shining black sunken dots or transparent jewel- 
like raised drops. 

Carpenter supposed the West Indian species, Ch. piceus, to be the 
type of Acanthopleura ; but in Guilding’s original paper no species 
of that group of forms is mentioned by name. A critical review of 
the subject compels us to accept Ch. spinosus Brug. as the type of 
Acanthopleura. The subgenera will stand as follows: 

(1) Acanthopleura Guild., (restricted. ) 

Valves somewhat immersed ; posterior valve having a very long 
insertion-plate, cut into numerous teeth by short slits; intermediate 
valves with one or two slits; sinus smooth; girdle covered with 
long spines. Type Ch. spinosus Brug. rancisia Cpr. is a 
synonym. 

The immersion of the valves gives the tail-valve, when detached, - 
the appearance of that of Katherina tunieata. 

(2) Maugeria Gray, (restricted.) 

Posterior valve having the pectinated insertion plate, cut into 

numerous teeth by slits similur to those of the head-valve. Median 


1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 284. 


THE NAUTILUS. 105 


valves 1-slit; stmus smooth, not toothed; girdle densely, closely 
clothed with short calcareous spinelets. Type Ch. piceus, of 
West Indian coasts. This group is Acanthopleura of Cpr., not 
Guilding. 

(3) Amphitomura (s. g. nov.) 

Posterior valve having the insertion-plate very short, with blunt, 
crenulated edge, interrupted only by a single mopaloid slit on each 
side ; median valves 1-slit; sinussmooth; girdle asin s. g. Maugeria: 
Type Ch. borbonicus Desh. ‘The tail-valve alone differs from 
Maugeria, but this character is so significant and so strongly 
developed that the necessity of separating the two subgenera is 
obvious. 

(4) Mesotomura (n. nov.) 

Posterior valve having the long insertion plate deeply pectinated 
outside, its edge interrupted only by a single median-posterior slit ; 
median valves 1-slit; sinus denticulate; girdle sparsely set with 
spike-like spines. Type C. echinatum Barnes. Corephium Gray, 
1847, not Browne, 1827, is a synonym. 

Mention should be made of the curious fact that Gould’s Ch. 
incanus and the similar Japanese species CO. japonicus Lischke, have 
been by all authors referred to Acanthopleura. An examination 
shows them to differ wholly in the characters of the tail-valve, the 
incanus, etc., having a smooth crescentic callus in place of the 
insertion-teeth. It therefore belongs in the immediate vicinity of 
Onithochiton, from which it differs in the spiny girdle and rough 
exterior. The group may be called Liotopuura, Ch. japonicus 
being the type. 


A NEW TROCHID FROM JAPAN. 


BY H. A.’ PRESBRY. 


Calliostoma Crumpii, n. sp, (pl. I, fig. 3.) 

Shell closely resembling C. argenteowitens Lischke (Manual of 
Conchology xi, pl. 63, fig. 52) in contour, color and texture. Differ- 
ing from that species in the more convex whorls of the spire, the 
deeply channelled suture, and in sculpture. The body-whorl is 
rounded, and has a girdle of prominent tubercles at the periphery ; 


106 THE NAUTILUS. 


above this is another similar girdle of tubercles, occupying the place 
of the supra-peripheral series of knobs in C. argenteonitens. The 
deep, channelled suture is bordered by a necklace of beads. The 
base has six encircling carine, like those of argenteonitens but more 
distinctly beaded. The whorls of the spire show the two prominent 
series of tubercles, and the subsutural row ; the beads of the latter 
sometimes duplicated. Aperture round, oblique, the outer lip slightly 
expanded; columella and parietal lips regularly arcuate, pearly, 
Interior silvery, with the reflections of opal. Alt. 31, diam. 26, 
oblique alt. of aperture 17 mill. 

Habitat, Japan. 

This is one of the most exquisitely beautiful shells of this family. 
It differs markedly from C. argenteonitens in having a double row 
of prominent bosses or tubercles. The opaline hues of the nacre 
shine faintly through the thin, duller whitish outer layer; and the 
aperture is iridescent with the most intense red and emerald reflec- 
tions. The specimen is from the collection of Mr. Shelley G. Crump, 
of Pittsford, N. Y., who is making a special study of Trochide and 
Turbinide, and in whose honor the species is named. 

It should be noted that Trochus moniliferus Lmk. placed in 
Calliostoma in my monograph of this family in the Manual of 
Conchology, really belongs to the subgenus Hutrochus, but Fischer 
has instituted a section Lischkeia for it. A very fine typical spec- 
imen of this species is in the collection of Mr. Crump. 


NOTES AND NEWS. 


Note on Conuwus sterkit Dall.—In Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 
xi, 1888, p. 214, Dall published the description of a n. sp. of 
Hyalinia which he called H. sterkii. The description was copied in 
Navtitus V, p. 10, without a name. ‘The figures represent fairly 
well the form, except Fig. 3 which shows the spire too high. As 
Mr. Dall justly supposed, it is a true Conulus, which genus has since 
been confirmed as being distinct from Hyalinia by anatomic char- 
acters (Dr. v. Ihering and others). In 1891, I examined jaw and 
radula of a dried specimen, softened, and could notobtain the radula in 
its totality ; now, as there is no hope to have any fresh examples before 
next year, I publish the general result. The jaw is of nearly exactly 


VHE NAUTILUS. 107 


the same shape as that of Con. fulvus, only the upper edge more 
equally rounded, 0,036 mm. wide, while that of fudvus measures 
0,024. (Specimen from New Philadelphia). Radula: the central 
tooth iscomparatively large, tricuspid; laterals 5, tricuspid, similar to 
the central; marginals 8 (and probably more) tricuspid, formed as 
in C. fulvus. The shell presents, under the microscope, the same 
peculiar aspect as that of fulvws.—Sterki, New Philadelphia, O. 

Mr. Huew Furron has recently purchased the collection of the 
late A. Morelet, containing a large number of rare species, especially 
land shells of Africa and adjacent islands. 


SuBuLina ocrona, a West Indian snail, has been detected by 
Mr. Robert Walton, in a green-house at Roxborough, Philadelphia. 
It seems to be well established there, having been found for several 
years, in considerable numbers. 


Mr. T. Waytanp VAuGHAN, the well-known Texas and 
Louisiana Conchologist, is studying at Harvard University. 

THE PROPOSAL TO REPRINT the “ Conchologists Exchange,” 
noticed in our last issue, has met with quite a favorable reception ; 
but the number of subscribers is still insufficient to warrant its 
publication. The reprinting and price will depend entirely upon 
the number of subscriptions. 

Mr. T. T. Wooprurr, of Boston, has recently purchased the 
collection of Dr. Tryon, of Buffalo (8000 species), which he intends 
to display in the West. 


During the past month, the Conchologists of Philadelphia have 
had the pleasure of meeting quite a number of the Conchological fra- 
ternity from other cities. Early in the month Professor O. B. 
JOHNSON, of Seattle, Wash., stopped a few days at Philadelphia and 
later at Washington, on his way southward. Mr. Jonn Rircuie, 
JR., of Boston is in Philadelphia to stay several weeks. Mr. W. J. 
Raymonp, of Oakland, Cal., who is studying Physics at Johns 
Hopkins University, Baltimore, was with us a day or two, the guest 
of Mr. Ford. Messrs. Simpson and Henperson, of Washington, 
D. C., spent a few days with their friends in Philadelphia, and 
also made a flying tripto New York City, during the holidays. Mr. 
S., as usual, would admire nothing so much as the dingiest sort of 
clams. Mr. I. Greecor, of Jacksonville, Fla., was also in the city 
early in the month. Mr. S. Raymond Roberts spent New Year day 
at the Academy with his old associates. And finally, our friend 


108 THE NAUTILUS. 


C. E. BrecuEr, of Yale College Museum, called upon us for only 
about ten minutes, but we had time to ask, how was his collection of 
recent Brachiopoda coming on? And to hear that he had about 
80 out of the 150 or so known species, and is still trying for more. 

Dr. J. S. Newserry, who has been professor of Geology and 
Paleontology in Columbia College, New York City, for twenty-two 
years, died at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 7, 1892. 


EXCHANGES. 


Will some of the members of the A. A. of C. kindly send me some 
LIVING species of Helix for my snailery? Zonites not wanted, as 
they cannot survive the trip across the continent. The favor will 
be fully appreciated and receipt of specimens acknowledged.— 
Willard M. Wood, 2817 Clay St., San Francisco, Cal. 

SHELLS and books to exchange. Send lists, and receive mine.— 
Chas. Le R. Wheeler, Damascus, Pa. 

WANTED, by purchase or exchange,—good specimens of Anodonta 
Ferussaciana Lea, size immaterial provided beaks are perfect.— 
Bryant Walker, 18 Moffat Bid., Detroit, Mich. 

Wantep. Works on Land Shells, and rare North American 
and Foreign Helices. OFrrrerEeD, Mesodon dentiferus, Sayii, Acan- 
thinula harpa, ete—A. W. Hanham, Bank of British North Amer- 
ica, Quebec, Canada. | 

To EXCHANGE in large or small quantities. Anodonta suborbi- 
culata Say and Anodonta corpulenta Cooper, also about 40 species of 
the fine Spoon river Uniones and univalves—Dr. W. 8. Strode, 
Lewistown, Ill. 

Excuancer. Unios heterodon Lea, lanceolatus Lea, Tappanianus 
Lea, Anodonta Williamsit Lea and Marg. undulata Say (pink var.) 
for other Unios not in my collection—W. T. Farrer, Orange, Va. 


He -N@TILUS. 


VOL. VI. FEBRUARY, 1898. No. 10 


ADDITIONAL SHELLS FROM THE COAST OF SOUTHERN BRAZIL. 


BY WM. H. DALL. 


In the Nautitus for August, 1891, (V, p. 48) the writer enumer- 
ated fifty-five species of marine mollusks from the southern coast of 
Brazil, mostly collected by Dr. H. v. Ihering, which greatly 
extended the known range of many familiar species of the eastern 
coast of the United States. .A second list is now presented which 
considerably enlarges the number of North American and Antillean 
species known to extend to the region mentioned. Among the land 
and fresh-water species, Zonites arboreus Say was a surprise, as well 
as a shell which appears not to differ from Vertigo antivertigo of 
Europe. 

Columbella lyrata Sby. described from the Bay of Panama had 
previously been identified by Dunker among species from Santa 
Caterina, Brazil, and is now sent from Bahia by Safford. C. terpsi- 
chore, which is a common species in Ceylon and has been received 
from several Indo-Pacific localities, was reported from Barbados 
by Cuming and now turns up at Bahia. Labiosa lineata Say is a 
surprise from San Paulo, and so is Lucinopsis tenuis Recluz. Several 
_ of the Patagonian forms are shown to extend further north than was 
supposed. The species now reported were chiefly collected by Dr. 
v. Ihering at San Paulo (S. P.) on the tropic of Capricorn, Monte- 
video (S. Lat. 35°), Rio Grande do Sul (R. G. 8.) in S. Lat. 32°, 
30’, Santa Caterina (S. C.) in S. Lat. 26°, and Bahia in S. Lat. 13° 


110 THE NAUTILUS. 


30’. Others were sent by Ensign Safford, U.S. N. from Maldonado, 
Uruguay, and Bahia. In this connection attention may be called to 
the list of shells from Fernando Noronha in the Linnean Society’s 
Journal (Zool. xx, pp. 483-503, 1890) by Mr. Edgar A. Smith of 
the British Museum. This list isnot a long one but the same tend- 
ency is obvious there, as in our present lists, for the Antillean species 
to range far southward. ‘Thorough dredging along the coast would 
doubtless greatly enlarge the lists both of local and Antillean species. 
In the following list, which is strictly supplementary to that of 1891, 
some of the species are extended southward from their most southern 
previously known range nearly three thousand miles! A few species 
were sent by Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S. N., in May, 1892, which were 
dredged in Maldonado Bay near the mouth of the La Plata in 3-6 
fathoms mud. Those belonging to the northern fauna have been 
added to make the supplement as complete as possible. 

Ostrea sequinoctialis Orb.? worn, R. G. S. 

Plicatula ramosa Lam. 8. P. 

Spondylus croceus (Chemn.) Reeve S. P. 

Pecten (Janira) ziczac Lin. S. P. 

Margaritiphora radiata Lam. 8. P. 

Mytilus canaliculus Hanley S. C. 

Mytilus exiguus Dkr. S. P. 

Arca candida Chemn. S. P. 

Arca auriculata Lam. §. P. 

Arca incongrua var. brasiliensis Orb. S. C., R. Y.8., S. P. 

Arca Orbignyi Kobelt (rhombea auct.) 8. P. 

Leda electa A. Ad. 5S. P. 

Chama arcinella Lin. S. P. 

Cardium muricatum Lin. S. P. 

Venus subrostrata Lam. S. P. 

Venus circinata Lam. S. P. 

Venus purpurata Lam. R. G. S. 

Venus pectorina Lam. S. P., fossil. 

Meretrix rostrata Koch. S. P. 

Meretrix texasiana Dall? S. P. 

Tivela mactroides Born S. C. 

Tivela Iheringi Dall, S. P. 

Tivela bicolor Gray, var. 8. C. 

Lucinopsis tenuis Recluz 8. P. 

Petricola robusta Sby., Bahia. 


THE NAUTILUS. 


Heterodonax bimaculata Lin. 

Tagelus gibbus Spgl., Maldonado. 

Tellina striatula Lam. 8S. P. 

Macha Cumingiana Dkr. S. P. 

Mactra brasiliana Lam. S. P. 

Mactra exalbida? worn, S. P. 

Mactra cleryana Orb. short var. 8. P.; long var. 8. C. 
Mactra patagonica Orb. R. G.S. 

Labiosa lineata Say, S. P. 

Corbula caribsea Orb., Maldonado, Rush. 

Azara prisca von Martens, (fossil) S. P. 

Azara ochreata Hds., Montevideo. 

Azara labiata Gray, Montevideo. 

Barnea costata Lin. S. P. 

Dentalium (? eburneum Desh. worn) S. P. 
Cylichnella biplicata Lea, Maldonado, Rush. 

Bulla striata Brug. S. P. 

Terebra cinerea Born, S. P., Bahia. 

Terebra patagonica Orb. S. P. 

Olivancillaria auricularia L., Maldonado, R. G. S. 
Olivancillaria var.? pallida Swains., M. Bahia. 
Olivancillaria contortoplicata Rve. R. G. 8. 
Olivancillaria Deshayesiana Duclos, R. G. S. 
Olivella mutica Say, var. petiolita Duclos, Bahia, S. P. 
Scaphella angulata Lam. R. G.S. 

Lencozonia ocellata Gmel. Bahia. 

Anachis terpsichore Leathes. Bahia. 

Anachis lyrata Sby. Bahia. 

Columbella mercatoria L. Bahia. 

Bullia (Buccinanops) cochlidium Kiener, R. G. 8. 
Ocinebra Haneti Petit, Montevideo. 

Purpura hemastoma L., Maldonado. 

Purpura hzemastoma var. Consul, Lam. R. G. 8. 
Purpura hemastoma var. inerma Rve. S. C. 

Purpura hemastoma var. Floridana Conr. S. C., Bahia. 
Scala Orbignyi Nyst. R. G.S. 

Ianthina exigua Lam. S. P. 

Dolium galea Lin. R. G.S. 

Simnia deflexa Sby. S 


wee 
Strombus pugilis L. §. C. 


111 


112 THE NAUTILUS. 


Crepidula aculeata Gmel. R. G. S., Maldonado (Rush.) 
Crepidula fornicata Lin. R. G. 8. 

Sigaretus maculatus Say, S. C. 

Acmea onychina Gld., 8. P. Maldonado. 

Astralium olfersi Troschel, 8S. P. 

Astralium latispina Phil., 8. P. 

Omphalius viridulus Gmel. var. brasiliensis Mke. 8. P. 
Omphalius patagonicus Orb., Maldonado. 

Lucapinella adspersa Phil. 8. P. 

Fissuridea barbadensis var. rosea Gmel. 8. P. 
Fissuridea patagonica Orb., Maldonado. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FORM OF CYPR@A. 


BY JOHN FORD. . 


‘ 


Cyprea cruenta Gmel. var. Greegori n. var. 

Shell depressed, orbicular-oval in form, heavily calloused on the 
sides and ends. Callus on the sides light salmon in color, with irre- | 
gular purple-brown spots, having a blotchy appearance. Dorsal 
surface similar to that of crwenta, but lacking the whitish spots typ- 
ically present in that species. Base spotless, salmon colored, darkest 
in the interstices. ‘Teeth on outer lip very strong, long and whitish ; 
on inner lip finer, with the exception of the anterior fold, and the 
adjacent tooth, both of which are very prominent. Space between 
the anterior fold and the following tooth wide and bright red; 
posterior teeth of inner lip prolonged outward upon the base. 

Dimensions of an average specimen: length 14, breadth % inch. 

Ata glance this shell appears somewhat related to C. caurica 
Linn., but a careful examination will show that it is entirely distinct 
from that species, the columella of cawrica being more concave, and 
the anterior fold bifid in character; the following tooth of cawrica 
also is less prominent, and the form and color of the species 
altogether different. | 

This variety differs from C. cruenta in being smaller, more 
rounded in form, entirely lacking spots on the base, and in the 
peculiar variations of the teeth as described above. 

While most students would probably consider var. G'reegori a 
distinct species, I am inclined to believe it too closely related to C. 


THE NAUTILUS. . LES 


eruenta for unquestionable specifie distinction. The form has not 
been known, at least to American collectors, until very recently. 

The shell bears the name of my good friend Mr. Isaiah Greegor, 
of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, an untiring collector and student of 
shells. 


THE UNIO MUDDLE. 


BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT. 


For the past fifteen years my father and myself have been making 
a study of the family Unionidz and have ‘brought together some- 
thing like 700 species. Like many others we have often been greatly 
perplexed to know where to place a form, being frequently reminded 
of what a celebrated paleontologist once wrote me regarding a 
certain gastropod. ‘It is but if it had lived a little 
longer it would have been 

Several years ago we brought to New York the results of four 
years hard collecting in South Florida, several bushels of Unios. 
The perplexing part of the work was commenced, having in hand a 
figure or description or both of almost every species of the family. 
All of the shells belonging to the trossulus group were placed upon 
alargetable. There was U. amygdalum Lea, lepidus Gould, modioli- 
formis Lea, and trossulus Lea. Then with the figures and descrip- 
tions of these species before us, we selected a few perfectly typical 
individuals of each species and undertook the task of dividing the 
mass of material into four groups corresponding with the above- 
named species. There were not less than 500 individuals, all cleaned 
and taken alive. Many days-were spent in this work. Atthe close 
of the day we would congratulate ourselves that they were correctly 
divided and the next day on reviewing the work make many 
changes, until, at last, we gave up in despair and have never dared 
to send many of them out—only the extreme forms being thus far 
used. 

Then the work of dividing the others in the same manner was 
undertaken. Typical specimens of various ages and differing sexes 
of the following species were selected. U. Buckleyi Lea, Jayanus 
Lea, Anthonyi Lea, Buddianus Lea, aheneus Lea, Blandingianus 
Lea, coruscus Gould (comparison having been made with the type at 
Albany), fuscatus Lea, Jewettii Lea, minor Lea, Monroensis Lea 


99 


114 THE NAUTILUS. 


(here let me say that I have traversed every inch of the shore of L. 
Monroe, dredging in scores of places in the lake and adjacent 
streams and never found a perfectly typical specimen of this species), 
occultus Lea, and papyraceus Gould, the last a specimen loaned from 
the Newcomb collection. When we finished, thousands of specimens 
remained that could not well be placed with any of the groups. 
These were divided into groups and further search made among the 
various authorities at hand to discover their identity. After elim- 
inating all possible, many interesting forms remained, represented by 
large numbers of individuals. These we desired to classify and use 
in exchanges, and names we must have for them. We reasoned thus: 
The water system of South Florida is in no way connected with 
Georgia or the States north, the rivers flowing northward instead of 
southward ; many of these forms are found in isolated lakes or 
ponds; large numbers of our known species described by Lea, 
Conrad and others from a single individual, sometimes a single valve 
only and rarely more than a small suite being at hand; some of the 
oldest known species have never been found outside of the original 
station. These facts justify us in erecting into species such well 
marked forms as are well represented in these unknown lots. 
Accordingly this was done and now I am censured for not having 
given the matter sufficient study. Will those who claim to know, 
tell us through the Nautrius how they arrive at such definite and 
positive conclusions regarding the genuineness of some of my own 
and other’s species? Will the censor name the exact characteristics 
of any species? Information of this sort will be hailed with wild 
delight by all working naturalists, and the name of the discoverer will 
always be held in grateful remembrance by all lovers of science. We 
wait. 

I believe there can be no safe middle ground. It is either true 
that there is but one species in the family or else most of the 
described species must stand as good. 

In the U.S. the Anodon graduates by imperceptible stages into 
the Margaritana and that into the Unio. 

We once found a lot of shells in a Pennsylvania stream that both- 
ered us greatly, and the late Dr. Wesley Newcomb pronounced them 
a cross between An. undulata Say, and U. pressus Lea. Exteriorly 
they were the latter but interiorly the former. This suggests the law 
of hybridization. Distinguished authorities tell us that members of 
the same species only are fertile; the crosses in some rare cares prov- 


THE NAUTILUS. 115 


ing fertile only for a generation or two. Crosses of widely differing 
forms or races are very fertile, but sterility is the law with members 
of the same family but of differing species. Has this test been 
applied to the family Unionidze? This seems to be the only way 
the true boundaries of species will be fixed. 

It can be asserted without fear of successful pont naidichian that the 
members of this family (Unionidz) are connected in such a manner 
that it is impossible to draw a limit to any species. The same is 
true in many other families, recent and fossil, as the Ammonites, 
snails, sponges, etc. Is it not true that species are mutabie, similar 
conditions and surroundings only yielding like forms? Dr. New- 
comb, to settle a dispute, reared from a single pair, five species (?) of 
Achatinella, their surroundings being varied to produce the desired 
change. The most cautious recent investigators incline to the theory 
of mutability of species. The wild dog has descended from the wolf ; 
the domestic dog in all its forms from the wild dog; the domestic 
eat from the wild cat and the pet guinea-pigs from the wild guinea- 
pig of Brazil. The domestic forms of these will not pair with 
ancestors, the new species being evolved by differing conditions. 

Hence it is that almost every branch of Zoology is burdened with 
synonymy and is in great confusion. The only practical course for 
the purpose of classification and study of Natural History is to 
admit that the principal well characterized forms are species. There 
is no other course open to us and I have concluded from this pro- 
cess of reasoning that Lea’s, Conrad’s and others’ names, where based 
on well characterized and differing forms as exhibited in numerous 
individuals, will have to stand as “good species” in spite of the 
dictum of individuals. This must be the case or the very founda- 
tion of all Natural Science will be destroyed and systemization be 
impossible. — It, therefore behooves us to exercise much caution in 
our strictures upon the work of others especially where we have not 
the means of knowing the facilities possessed by the one with whom 
we differ. 

Regarding the classification of the family Unionide, I think Dr. 
Lea’s Synopsis a pretty close approximation to what we want. By 
making some changes it becomes a most useful adjunct to the 
cabinet. It enables the student to hunt down a species by the pro- 
cess of elimination very expeditiously. I have found some changes 
and additions expedient. The habitat is entered opposite each 
species as also a reference to the work, page and plate where it is 


116 THE NAUTILUS. 


described, together with marginal notes of allied species, and all the 
species described since the last edition was published are entered in 
their proper place as indicated by the author. A new edition of 
this work is what we need and not any sweeping change in the - 
arrangement of species. 


ON CLEMENTIA SUBDIAPHANA CPR. IN SAN PEDRO BAY. 


BY MRS. BURTON WILLIAMSON. 


To a collector interested in the geographical distribution of shells, 
the occurrence of species in distinct areas, is full of interest, even 
though it may modify his preconceived notions regarding defined 
limits of certain species. 

In Dr. Wm. H. Dall’s work, “ On some New or Interesting West 
American Shells,” (From Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV), he 
reports the dredging of Clementia subdiaphana Cpr., near San 
Francisco Bay, in 24 fms. The writer says, “the locality whence 
the specimen was obtained is 600 miles farther south than before 
reported.” The habitat of this species was Vancouver Island and 
Puget Sound, until Dr. Dall dredged it from Port Etches and south- 
ward on the Alaskan coast. A small valve of Clementia subdiaph- 
ana has recently been collected in San Pedro Bay, by Mrs. Laura 
H. Trowbridge. Mrs. Trowbridge found it on the beach and sent it 
to me for identification. As nothing like it had been collected in 
San Pedro Bay, to my knowledge, I sent the interesting specimen to 
Dr. Dall for determination. He writes; “looking over some 
material now on hand, I find young specimens from among my 
dredgings of 1873 at Catalina Island, and a young one dredged in 
1890 off Santa Barbara by the Fish Commission, thus fully confirm- 
ing the extension southward.” ‘This extends the species 500 miles 
farther south. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMUS. 


BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. 


Placostylus alienus n. sp. 

Shell subeylindrical, with conical spire, very solid, the body- 
whorl buff, spire tawny. Whorls 43, convex. Aperture slightly 
exceeding half the tatal length of the shell, somewhat oblique, 
oblong ovate, whitish inside becoming orange toward the lip; per- 


THE NAUTILUS. 117 


istome very heavily calloused within, the callus orange; face of the 
lip convex, thickened, a little expanded ; columelJa arcuate, reflexed, 
having a strong fold above the middle, produced by a strong cres- 
centic ridge which encircles the columella immediately behind the 
reflexed columellar lip. There is a shallow peripheral sulcus upon 
the latter third of the body-whorl. 

Alt. 29, diam. 143 mill.; alt. of aperture 163, width 10 mill. 
inclusive of peristome. 

Habitat, New. Hebrides. 

This species was sent to me by Dr. J. C. Cox of Sydney, N.S. W. 
Australia. It seems to be quite distinct from any of the described 
forms. In some characters it resembles the genus Diplomorpha, 
and Dr. Cox suggests that it may belong to that group; but the 
balance of characters seem to me in favor of Placostylus. 

Dr. Cox writes “I have only recently received this, to me, quite a 
new species of shell, and fancy it belongs rather to the genus Diplo- 
morpha than to Bulimus. I have one specimen with a thin brown 
epidermis on it, another with the mouth quite pale colored.” 


NOTES ON THE HELICES OF THE BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. 


BY H. A. @eGSBRY. 


Dr. von Marten’s work on the land shells of Middle America, 
now in course of publication in Godman and Salvin’s magnificent 
work, Biologia Centrali-Americana, promises to rank as one of the 
great faunal works of our time. Coming after Crosse and Fischer’s 
elaborate and beautiful volume, it is naturally more complete, and 
to a great degree supplements the work of the French authors. 

The last parts of the Biologia issued contain a portion of the 
account of the Helices, and as a résumé of the principal points of 
classification will be of interest to specialists, the writer has ventured 
to briefly pass them in review. 

v. Martens recognizes PAruLA asa genus, and in it he includes 
the sections Thysanophora and Microconus. 

In the genus Hetrx the following subgenera are adopted: 
Acanthinula, Vallonia, Trichodiscina, Practicolella, Arionta, Pom- 
atia, Lysinoé, Oxychona, and Solaropsis. In the subgenus Acan- 
thinula are included the minute, conical-globose, narrowly umbil- 
icated forms for which the writer some years ago proposed the name 
Ptychopatula. These forms seem to me to be nothing more than nar- 


118 THE NAUTILUS. 


rowly perforated Patule, having no especial relations to Acanthinula. 
The jaw and dentition of A. granum Strebel are like the thin-shelled 
Mexican Patulas, not at all like Acanthinula. The subgenus Tri- 
chodiscina Martens (=Trichodiscus Strebel, preoc.) includes the 
forms grouping around H. coactiliata Fér. The very peculiar 
species H. macneili Crosse is included with doubt. If it really 
belongs here, the name Averellia Ancey, 1887 (type H. macneiii) 
will take precedence over Trichodiscina. In 1889 the writer from 
a study of specimens collected by Gabb, referred this species to 
Cepolis, although not without doubt. 


(Zo be continued. ) 


NOTES AND NOTICES. 


ZONITES STERKII Dall.—I collected this species last Spring near 
Mt. Lebanon, La., under damp leaves. Dr. Sterki kindly deter- 
mined the specimens for me—T. Wayland Vaughan. 


Nores ON THE UNIONID& OF FLORIDA AND THE SOUTHEASTERN 
Sraves, by Charles T. Simpson, Aid in the Dept. of Mollusks, U. 
S. National Mus. (82 pp., 26 pl. extract from Proc. U. S. Nat. 
Mus. XV). In this critical study of the mussels of the southeast 
drainage we find much to commend. Mr. Simpson discusses their 
distribution, ‘dividing our area into two regions, one the Mississippi 
Valley with the Texas and eastern Mexican area us a subregion, the 
other region comprising the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico 
from the Mississippi to Florida, and the Atlantic drainage north to 
Canada, and also including the St. Lawrence (Great Lake) drain- 
age. In this second region, the specific forms are comparatively few 
and much less diversified in character than in the Mississippi drain- 
age. One of the most ubiquitous types is Unio complanatus, which 
extends, with variations, throughout the system. 

Lea’s well-known classification of Unio is criticised and designated 
as “artifical and not in accordance with all the facts of nature; ” 
and in this conclusion we heartily join Mr. Simpson. The arrange- 
ment of Lea was a temporary expedient only, and bears about the 
same relation to a natural system that the arbitrary systematic 
botany of Linnzeus bears to the modern natural system of plants. 
The species are classified into “groups” by Mr. Simpson; and 
under each one are given the synonyms, as he understands them, 
with notes on distribution, and the salient specific characters of each 
are pointed out. These notes, with the characteristic and generally 


THE NAUTILUS. 119 


very good outline figures of all the species, will be of the greatest 
use to students of the Uniones of this region. The synonymy given 
under some species, such as U. buckleyi, obesus, etc. is rather alarm- 
ingly extensive, and some of his conclusions may cause our Unio- 
specialists to hurl (verbal) missiles at Mr. S.’s devoted head, “just 
to show there’s no ill feeling;” but the Uniologist must learn 
to dodge these little things or take them in good part, as they are 
all incident to the pursuit of a noble science. One new species, U. 
subluridus, is described, from Orange Springs, Volusia Co., Fla. 
We are sorry to see that by some oversight., Mr. S. has given to 
Lea the beautiful Anodonta of the Florida lakes. It was previously 
described by Thomas Say, and attains a much larger size than the 
figures given by Lea or Simpson.—H. A. P. 


CYPR#A CHRYSALIS Kiener.—This species, which apparently has 
not been seen by REEVE, SowERBY and Roserts, who quote their 
descriptions from K1ENER, is commented upon and described by 
MELYVILL in the October number of the Journal of Conchology, 
issued last month. He places the species between irrorata Sol. and 
quadrimaculata Gray ; and it is considered by him a good species, 
possessing some of the attributes of the C. fimbriata Gmel. var. 
microdon Gray, some of C. (Naria) irrorata Gray, and others of 
quadrimaculata Gray, but differs from all in the produced extrem- 
ities. 

CyPRHA AMPHITHALES Melv. is also discussed in the same paper, 
a more perfect specimen than the type having been obtained from 
Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. This species has the characters of 
Cypreovula, combined with those of “ Luponia” algoensis. It has 
lately been figured by Sowerby in “The Marine Shells of South 
Africa,” pl. 5, figs. 94-96. 

Post PLIocENE SHELis.—In the January Navrtiuuvs, p. 103, a 
list of semi-fossil shells from Belten, Texas, is given. The Zonites 
mentioned without specific name is a large form of Z. indentatus 
Say. The Planorbis is trivolvis; and the Physa is a very slender 
form, like a small Aplexa hypnorum, or the slenderest sort of a Ph. 
pomilia Con. It seems to be new, but is represented in Mr. Cran- 
dall’s collection by a single specimen. 


SPIRULA FRAGILIS FOUND ON THE BEACH NEAR GAY HEAD, 
Mass.—The stranding of Spirula fragilis on Nantucket has been 
described in Binney and Gould’s Invertebrates of Massachusetts. 
It may be of interest as showing the further distribution of this little 


120 THE NAUTILUS. 


cephalopod to note two specimens of the dried internal shells of this 
species found by Dr. Aug. F. Foerste and myself on the sandy beach 
between Gay Head light-house and Squibnocket, in August,’ 1889. 
The specimens lay on the surface together, above high tide mark, 
are the only examples which I have seen from the island of Martha’s 
Vineyard. One of the specimens, which I have lately deposited in 
the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, was broken 
anteriorly and the protoconch was missing.—J. B. Woodworth. 

Cambridge, Mass., January 21st., 1893. | 

NerwsPaPER ConcHoLocy.—The gloriously free daily press of 
this country does not often discuss scientific matters, but when it does, 
facts are apt to be mangled. The following clipping is not so bad : 
“Tt is generally supposed to be a sign of wet weather when snails 
go about without their shells. One species of snail never takes its 
walks abroad except when rain is at hand. Some climb trees two 
days before a down fall, setting upon the upper side of the leaves if 
‘a storm is to be of short duration, but taking shelter on the under 
side if it is to last some time. Still other snails turn yellow before 
rain, and blue when it is over.” ! 

Mr. Joun Watton, formerly of Ward’s Natural Science 
Establishment, Rochester, N. Y., is now employed as Artist in the 
Biological Department of the University of Chicago, and his address 
in future will be Science Hall, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ll. 

THE DEATH OF RICHARD Owen, the great anatomist, has been 
announced. 

Me. Isaac MARTINDALE, well-known as a botanist and entomol- 
ogist, and treasurer of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
delphia, died at his home in Camden on January 10th. 

Av THE ANNUAL election of the Conchological Section Academy 
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the following officers were chosen : 
Director, W. S. W. Ruschenberger; Vice Director, John Ford; 
Secretary, Edw. J. Nolan; Treasurer, S. Raymond Roberts; Con- 
servator, Henry A. Pilsbry. 


EXCHANGES. 


LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS to exchange for shells from 
any other locality.—Morris Schick, 2349 Fairhill St., Philadelphia, 
Pa. 

To EXCHANGE: Fine fossils for Foreign or rare North American 
Helices. Also wanted, “ Manual of American Land Shells” by 
W. G. Binney, 1885.—C. 8. Hodgson, Albion, Illinois. 


Mae Neuricus. 


VOL. VI. MARCH, 1898. No. 11 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE HELICES OF NEW ZEALAND. 


BY DR. H. V. IHERING. 


Upon this matter Mr. Pilsbry has communicated two papers in 
the Nautitus for 1892 (pp. 54-57 and 67-69). A curious con- 
firmation of his observations upon simultaneous discoveries in 
science is the fact that I published the same ideas as Mr. Pilsbry, 
at the same time, in a paper finished by mein 1891.’ In that paper, 
p. 487, I stated that: 

Maoriana Suter is synonymous with Strobila ; 

Phrizgnathus Hutton is synonymous with Punctum. 

And that these genera, and also the (so-called) Microphysa, and 
the other allied New Zealand genera are Patulide. Mr. Pilsbry 
having made the same disposition of them in his paper, p. 55. 

Mr. Pilsbry, again, (p. 69) has offered the same opinion upon the 
systematic value of the mucous pore as I have done on p. 401 of my 
paper, and has even used the same examples, to which I added 
Zonites with, and Zonitoides without mucous pore. I trust that 
Messrs Hedley and Suter will recognize from the study of my paper, 
that the ideas of Semper on the Zonitide are extremely erroneous; 
and that they will therefore agree with Pilsbry and myself, in dis- 
carding Semper’s conclusions. 


1H. y. Ihering Morphologie und Systematik des Genitalapparates von 
Helix, Leipzig, 1892. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoolog. Bd. 54, p. 886-420 and Taf, 
18, 19. 


122 . THE NAUTILUS. 


I agree completely with Mr. Pilsbry in regarding the numerous 
“genera” of the Charopide instituted by our Australasian confréres 
as subgenera of Patula. Thus Patula is a completely cosmopolitan 
genus. The true Helicide do not exist in New Zealand. In 
my paper already cited, I have restricted the family Helicide (p. 
426) to the genera having a dart sack or sacks (belogonous). These 
are the following: 


1. Xerophila (Held.).v. Th. 
. Fruticicola (Held.) v. Ih. 
. Helix (1) v. th. 

. Campylea (Beck) v. Ih. 

. Gonostoma Held. 

. Dorcasia (Gray) v. Ih. 

. Cochlostyla Fér. 

The genus Helix comprises Tachea, Pomatia, Iberus, Macularia. 
The Helices of U.S. are not belogonous and form my genus Neo- 
helix (p. 482), corresponding in general to what Mr. Pilsbry called 
Polygyra. But as Mr. Pilsbry’s genus also included Gonostoma 
and Vallonia, these genera are not synonymous. It is not at all 
convenient to give the name Polygyra to the section Polygyra and 
also to a greater group which each zoologist defines in a different 
manner. The genus Neoheliz is a very natural one, but its system- 
atic position will not be evident until the origin and affinities of the 
genus are demonstrated, and this, I believe, will be made out by 
farther anatomical and embryological studies. 

I provisionally give the name Parahelix (p. 492) to all ‘Fidlive 
which are not Helicide or Neohelix. Theanatomy of the Parahelix 
group is almost unknown. 

The family of Helicide is not represented (excepting the imported 
genera) in the U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains; and there seems 
no paleontological evidence that they formerly existed there. The 
genus Campylea extends from Europe and Asia to California, 
Central America and eastern South America. These South Amer- 
ican Helices without doubt are pliocene immigrants. No Helicide 
are found in Australia, New Zealand or Polynesia. Nor in Chile 
and La Plata tertiary beds no true Helicide occur. There can be 
no doubt that the family Helicide is a palearctic sa which in 
tertiary time extended to America. 

I agree in general with the observations made by Mr. Pilsbry on 
the relations of the New Zealand fauna; but I believe that Mr. 


“Io Or ® © bO 


VHE NAUTILUS. - 123 


Pilsbry did not take into consideration the disposition of some cos- 
mopolitan genera in certain points. Thus Pupa is represented but 
by one species in New Zealand, and Succinea not at all; and not- 
withstanding there are perhaps no two genera of Nephropneusta 
more cosmopolitan than Pupa and Succinea. The genera Physa, 
Planor bis, Limnea, Ancylus (with Latia), Cyclus, Pisidium, Neritina, 
Helicina, Melania are cosmopolitan but have disappeared with time 
in some localities. Some genera now confined to one locality were 
once cosmopolitan like Partula, now Polynesian only, but found in 
the European eocene by Oppenheim and in the Florida miocene by 
Heilprin. Other genera may have been more restricted in distribu- 
tion as I presume with the Chilinas of Archiplata, which shall be 
discovered I assume some day in mesozoic beds of Australia or New 
Zealand. Itis to be studied which are the genera or families of 
Nephropneusta which once spread cosmopolitan over the globe. 
I can name Patula, Succinea, Pupaand perhapssome Zonitide, Bul- 
imulus with Partula, Bulimus with allied genera. 

If we compare the molluscan fauna of South America and New 
Zealand, it is evident that it is impossible to expect to see the rela- 
tions as very close. Both have undergone enormous modification 
since they were disconnected in the beginning of the tertiary period , 
according to the theories of Mr. Hutton and myself. The archiplatan 
province of South America has in the later tertiary received 
immigrants from North and Central America (such as Campylea) and 
from the Archamazonian province (as Streptazis, Ampullaria, Glaba- 
ris, etc.). New Zealand on the other hand, received immigrants from 
the adajacent islands and from Australia, and this Australian 
element is perhaps in part Asiastic. The genera common to Archi- 
plata and New Zealand thus may be very few. Anyone who studies 
land shells from Archiplata, excluding the northern immigrants will 
be astonished by the extreme poverty of the fauna. And what remain 
as presumably autochthonous, are.such genera as Pupa, Succinea, 
Patula, Bulimulus, Bulimus. 

I am quite aware that these facts are not sufficient to prove the | 
ancient connection of Archiplata and New Zealand; but it should 
also be stated that no facts contradictory to such connection have 
been adduced. The argument can be conclusive only when we know 
better the paleontological history of the fauna. What is known 
to-day is in favor of my theory, as I have demonstrated in relation 
to the fresh-water shells. Also the fossil marine shells will probably 


124 THE NAUTILUS. 


give the same result. Isit not a curious fact, that in the Patagonian 
eocene occurs a true Struthiolaria, a genus not elsewhere encountered 
either recent or fossil but in New Zealand? Al these questions can 
only progress when the relations of the fossil faunas of Australia and 
New Zealand are compared with those of South America. » 


ON THE ORIGIN OF THE LAND-SNAIL FAUNA OF QUEENSLAND, 
AUSTRALIA.1 


BY CHARLES HEDLEY. 


In a former article I dealt with the internal distribution of the 
mollusca of British New Guinea. A few remarks on the external 
relations of this fauna have since suggested themselves. Wallace’s 
line, so conspicuous a severance among the vertebrates, appears to 
be quite blotted out when the distribution of animals is regarded 
from a molluscan standpoint. No sharp break occurs between the 
Malayan fauna as exemplified in Borneo or the Philippines and in 
New Guinea. All the characteristic Malayan forms, Atopos, Xesta, 
. Helicarion, Microcystina, Trochomorpha, Obba, Chloritis, Cochtostyla, 
Pupina and Diplommatina, are common to both regions. The 
Solomon Islands, Fiji, Samoa, etc., appear by the light of the Papuan 
shells to be inhabited by an eastern extension of this Malayan fauna, 
which has also overflowered into Queensland. 

One of the most remarkable facts yielded by an analysis of the 
Australian land molluscan fauna is that the operculate snails are 
confined to a narrow strip of land along the Queensland coast. 
Proceeding southward from Torres Straits, they diminish gradually 
till the last outpost of the invading army is reached about the Clar- 
ence River. The'sole apparent exception to this rule is Truncatella, 
which spreads to Tasmania and South Australia; but as this genus 
is strictly littoral and evidently migrates not by land but by sea, it. 
cannot be considered as a disturbing factor in my generalization. 
Contrasting the fauna of Queensland with the more typically 
Australian and probably archaic fauna of Tasmania, Victoria and 
Western Australia on the one side, and that of New Guinea on the 
other, it will be seen that this foreign aspect of the operculate genera 
Pupina, Helicina and Diplommatina is shared by the inoperculate 


1From an article in Proc. Lin. Soc. N. S. Wales, Australia. 


THE NAUTILUS. 125 


forms of Atopos, Hadra, Chiloritis and Pupuina ; Atopos prismaticus 
of Papua claiming affinity with A. australis of Queensland; Hadra 
broadbenti with H. fraseri; Chloritis chloritoides with C. portert; 
and Papuina naso with P. macgillivrayi. The species actually 
common to both regions are few; B.macleayi inhabits both countries, 
T. annula only finds a place in the Queensland catalogue by court- 
esy, while Pupa pedicula, 8. gracilis, T. ceylonica, T. valida, and 
Leptopoma vitreum are widespread throughout Polynesia. From 
these premises it may be deduced that the Queensland mollusk fauna, 
though isolated sufficiently long to have lost specific identity with 
that of Papua, has nevertheless been derived from it. 

The shallow sea of Torres Straits now severs this continent from 
the adjoining island. Were its bed raised but seven fathoms, the 
two countries would be united, while an elevation of ten fathoms 
would form a wide bridge between them. When the marine life 
east and west of Torres Straits is better known, it will be of interest 
to observe whether the influence of an ancient isthmus is still visible 
in any divergence between the fauna inhabiting the two areas. 

Further to the westward, the coasts of Australia and New Guinea 
again converge, being separated by an arm of the Arafura Sea, 
which gradually shoals from a central depth of 40 fathoms and 
stretches for about 150 miles between Cape Wessel in the northern 
territory and Cape Valsche on the opposite shore of Dutch New 
Guinea. 

In the Transactions of the Royal Society of S. Australia, Vol. v., 
pp. 47-56, Professor Tate enumerates the land and fresh-water 
mollusea of tropical S. Australia [North-central Australia] it is 
remarkable that whereas a third of the landshells of Papua and a 
sixth of the landshells of Queensland are operculate, his census 
includes no operculate landshells whatever. Thus at the remote 
date when the ancestors of the present Queensland mollusk fauna 
migrated from New Guinea across the ancient isthmus that I suppose 
to have bridged Torres Straits, the Arafura Sea appears to have still 
presented an impassible barrier between the two countries. The 
former elevation of land in this region, if uniform from east to west, 
may therefore be calculated at more than seven and less than forty 
fathoms. 


126 THE NAUTILUS. 


HELICES COLONIZED IN HERKIMER C0O., N. Y. 


BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL. 


Mr. Albert Bailey recently sent me specimens of Helix elevata, 
Helix Mitchelliana, Helix profunda and Helix exoleta from localities 
in Herkimer Co., N. Y. The following notes bearing upon the 
occurrence of these species in Herkimer county are extracted from 
a letter received from Mr. Bailey :— 

“T think it will be necessary for me to explain the presence of 
certain Helices in Herkimer Co., N. Y. Several years ago ‘about 
20) Dr. James Lewis, of Mohawk, colonized several species from 
Ohio in a branch of the ravine leading from Ilion to Cedarville. 
The specimens sent you are the offspring of the imported species. 
Of Mesodon exoleta Binn., I have collected many specimens—in fact 
they have become numerous. Mesodon Mitchelliana is also quite 
plentiful. Of Mesodon elevata I have found only nine specimens. 
Of Mesodon profunda I have six perfect specimens and some 
immature. Of Mesodon multilineata I have not succeeded in finding 
any. I have had the good fortune to find one reversed or left 
handed Mesodon exoleta.” 


NOTES ON UNIO CORUSCUS GOULD. 


BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT. 


In the Proc. of the National Museum, Vol. xv., page 419, Mr. 
Chas. T. Simpson, of the Smithsonian Institution, makes some notes 
on this species and others which he considers identical with it. He 
classes my beautifully rayed chestnut U. fryanus with the rayless, 
pitehy-black species, which Dr. Gould described in Proc. Bost. Soe. 
Nat. Hist., 1856, p. 15, as U. coruscus. The description says “ epi- 
dermide piceo,” or tar-like, “solida,” or solid, “transverse ovata | 
ad dorsum lata,” or transversely ovate and broad behind. The 
habitat is given as the “St. John’s River, near Beresford, Florida.” 
The author remarks that it might be taken for a young U. buckley 
Lea, but is more solid, less angular and darker colored, stronger 
hinge. 


THE NAUTILUS. 127 


I have tried hard to find out just what shell Dr. Gould described, 
have compared shells with the original type and have collected over 
every foot of ground in the vicinity of Lake Beresford, where the 
types were found. The original is a wedge-shaped, pitchy-black, 
rayless and very solid shell and in but one particular, resembles my 
handsomely rayed, oval, thinnish shell, with a light chestnut epider- 
mis. The single point of resemblance is the nacre, which in both is 
brilliantly copper colored and iridescent. The type shell at Albany 
is truncated anteriorly, and very abruptly so, according to my fig- 
ures which are most faithful representations of the different views 
of Dr. Gould’s type specimen, and the dorsal margin is much more 
strongly arched than in any of my U. fryanus. I will add that my 
shell was not described from a small representation, but I have 
fully a half bushel as near alike as two pins; and I will add 
further that no man can find my shell in Lake Beresford or in that 
vicinity. Neither can it be said that they have become extinct 
there as no vestige of them occurs on Hontoon Island, at the 
entrance to Lake Beresford, where there is a perpendicular cut or 
enbankment, fully fifteen feet high, through a mass of Unios. 

True it is that U. fryanus can be connected by intermediate forms 
with U. coruscus Gd. So also I can just as perfectly connect Mr. 
Simpson’s U. subluridus, which he has just described from Florida, 
with any one of a half dozen Florida species. 


SLUGS INJURING COFFEE. 


BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. 


Mr. Walter W. Wynne, of Brokenhurst, Mandeville, Jamaica, 
sends me some slugs which injure his coffee trees, together with the 
following interesting notes: ‘I first noticed this pest in 1888; it 
was brought to my notice by seeing numbers of brown leaves on 
the trees, all at the ends of the primaries. I was very much afraid 
the leaf disease had come here; however, on examination I found 
the new growth was, in every case, barked, and after some search 
found it was done by the slug. Since the discovery I have hardly 
left off my ‘ picking gang,’ which turns over the rocks and stones, 
dead tree-trunks, etc., where the beasts lurk in daytime; I have also 
put heaps of lime at the tree roots, which helps to keep them: away 


128 THE NAUTILUS. 


and at the same time does the trees good. On the whole, though, I 
think the best plan is to plant bananas or plantains, which I am 
doing, as they are the especially favorite food of the slug, and by 
carefully searching the bananas, etc., great numbers can be found. 


The people remember a plague of these slugs some twenty years 
ago.” 


Mr. Wynne has gone into the question of remedies so carefully 
that there is little to add from the practical standpoint. It would 
probably be a good plan to encircle the trees, near the ground, with 
a thick ring of some obnoxious substance, such as coal tar or cart- 
grease. This could be done quite cheaply, and the slugs would be 
prevented from ascending the trees. 

These slugs belong to a species called Veronicella sloanit. They 
were first noticed by Sir Hans Sloane, and afterward named sloanii 
by Cuvier. I have seen a specimen, collected by Sloane, preserved 
in the British Museum. The typical form is white or whitish, but 
Mr. Wynne’s specimens constitute a variety, which may be called 
Veronicella sloanii var. coffee. This variety is over three inches. 
long when adult, and about an inch and a quarter broad. Above 
it is dark brown, obscurely mottled with darker, but beneath white, 
more or less tinged with yellow. The foot or sole on which it walks. 
is very much narrower than the body. | , 

Institute of Jamaica, Jany. 26th, 1893. 


NOTES ON THE HELICES OF THE BIOLOGIA CENTRALI AMERICANA. 


BY H. A. PILSBRY. 


[ Continued from p. 117.] 


The new section, Praticolella, is proposed by von Martens to: 
replace Praticola Str. & Pffr., preoceupied. H. griseola and H. 
berlandieriana are united and both are well figured. The use of the 
subgeneric name Lysinoé for the Aglaia and Odontura of previous. 
authors, is a needed reform and was adopted some years ago by the 
writer. The Mexican species of Arionta, described a year ago by | 
R. E. C. Stearns, is not included. 

In his rehabilitation of the subgenus OxycHona, Dr. v. Martens 
neglects to state that he follows the arrangement originated by the 
writer three years ago, and discussed at length in the Manual of 
Conchology (2), V, p. 128. 


THE NAUTILUS. 129 


Oddly enough, v. Martens says that “perhaps also the Brazilian 
AA. bifaseiata and H. lonchostoma may find their natural place in 
this subgenus.” The “perhaps” might well have been omitted in 
view of the fact that H. bifasciata is the type of the group! The 
curious H. sigmoides of Morelet is placed with doubt in SoLARop- 
SIS. 

The genus PotyGyrRa is adopted in the sense in which it is 
understood by myself and later American writers. Two new spe- 
cies of Polygyra are described and figured. 

Of the genus STROBILA an interesting form, S. salvini Tristr., is 
described and figured. It is from N. Guatemala and resembles our 
S. labyrinthica, but the umbilicus is much wider. 

The part concludes with the genus Lanyrintuus. This group 
will prove to be a subgenus or section only of the genus Caracolus, 
as defined by me in 1889. The anatomical characters of Caracolus 
and its sections, Lucerna, Dentellaria, ete., have been discussed in 
the Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., during the past year. 


NOTES UPON DR. v. IHERING’S OBSERVATIONS. 


BY H. A. PIESBRY. 


The paper upon New Zealand Helices by our distinguished South 
American correspondent calls to mind a few thoughts which may be 
of interest to those who have read the previous articles. 

It may be stated here, although the matter of no consequence, 
that my two articles upon this subject were published respectively 
two and one month prior to the issue of the zweiter Theil of v. Iher- 
ing’s paper’ (the portion containing his remarks upon New Zea- 
land forms), although there is no doubt that the Jatter was written 
before mine, in fact during 1891. Our essential agreement upon 
certain points is a great satisfaction to me because it is a strong 
recommendation of the truth of those views. Especially is this the 
case in the estimation made by each of us of the systematic value of 
the mucous pore in Zonitide, and in the reliance upon characters of 
the generative system for the foundation of generic groups of Pul- 
monates. In regard to the mucous pore the writer wrote emphatic- 
ally some years ago, that it could not be a family character, and in 
some cases is not even generic. Should we make a new “family” 


‘1 Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., 54, drittes Heft. Ausgegeben den 4, Oct- 
ober, 1892. Received at Philadelphia, Oct. 25, 1892. 


130 THE NAUTILUS. 


for Pecilozonites, which has the dentition, radula,.ete., of Zonites, 
but no mucous pore? Or for Streptostyla liqgulata because it has a tail- 
pore while some of the other Streptostylas with very similar shell and 
anatomy have none? 

Passing over Dr. v. Ihering’s limitation of the family Helicide, 
which I can readily prove to be untenable, I may be excused for 
making some mention of the new genus Neoheliz. Several years 
ago, when I recognized the essential identity of Polygyra, Triodopsis, 
Mesodon, etc., I selected the first of these as a generic name for the 
whole, because it was the oldest name proposed. In common with 
the vast majority of modern naturalists, I recognize the rule of 
PRIORITY as absolute. Were it otherwise I could change Dr. v. 
Thering’s Neohelix to “ Paleohelix” on the ground that he includes 
H. townsendiana Lea in it, that species being really a Lysinoe!* Or 
on the ground that Neohelix is a misnomer, for they are not “new” 
helices at all, but a much older, more archaic type than the genuine 
Helix of Europe! The latter, indeed, are the new Helix, being the 
most highly specialized of all Helices. 

As to v. Ihering’s group “ Paraheliz,’ formed to include “all 
Helices not Helicide or Neohelizx,” it seems to me to be an entirely 
unnecessary addition to nomenclature; for it would include forms 
in no way related to one another. The anatomy may be unknown 
to Dr. v. Ihering, but, as may be seen by glancing over my paper 
on the genera of Helices, it is not unknown to some others. It is as 
if one were to propose a “family” to include all carnivora not 
belonging to Felide or Canide. 

In respect to the former wide range of Partula, it should be said 
that Oppenheim’s “ Partula” are Buliminus, and Heilprin’s are Bul- 
imulus ; both groups exist in the same regions to-day. A word on 
the former connection of New Zealand and South America. The 
only elements the two faunas have in common seem to be either (1) 
cosmopolitan genera, all of which probably date back to the Car- 
boniferous period, or (2) genera of like ancient origin, but which 
have been replaced in the Tropics and the North by the more mod- 
ern types developed by the more active competition. At the same 
time, I offer this simply as an opinion, which may stand or fall. In 
any case, the hypothesis of Prof. Hutton and Dr. von Ihering is of 
great interest, and cannot fail to stimulate investigation of this most 
important question. 


1y. Ihering probably meant 7. plychophora Brown, a Mesodon formerly 
confused with the other species. 


THE NAUTILUS. 131 


G. W. LICHTENTHALER. 


To-day the news has reached me from California, of the death in 
San Francisco, February 20th, of GzorGE W. LicHTENTHALER, late 
of Bloomington, Ill. He was an enthusiastic conchologist, and his 
name is well known among lovers of shells, throughout the country. 
Deeply interested from the start in the success of the American 
Association of Conchologists, he contributed largely to its special 
American collection. Many of the labels in that collection, especi- 
ally of West Coast shells, bear his name. But not alone in public 
was his generosity shown. Many of our younger conchologists can 
testify to the practical help received from him in the early stages of 
their study. He was a quiet, unassuming man, and it is fitting that 
we should express in words the sense of loss which we all feel. 

I first met him in 1878 on the Pacific Coast, where he spent the 
winter for many years accompanied by his wife, travelling from San 
Diego to Puget Sound, in search of the forms of marine life which 
were their special objects of study. His wife died not many years 
after the period of which I speak, deeply mourned, and since then 
he has travelled alone. I last saw him in Oakland about a year 
ago.— Wm. J. Raymond. 


NOTES AND NOTICES. 


ANNOUNCEMENT.—Conrad’s “ Fossil Shells of the Tertiary For- 
mations of North America” will be republished as soon as 100 sub- 
scriptions can be obtained at $3.00 each. The republication will 
consist of No’s 1, 2, 3 and 4, of the original edition, 1832-33, and 
the so-called reprint of No. 8, 1835. The various changes made in 
the text of each of these parts in different editions will be given in 
full. Those desiring copies of this work should confer at once 
with Mr. G. D. Harris, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 

The Wagner Free Institute of Science will doubtless republish 
Conrad’s “ Medial Tertiary ” under somewhat similar conditions. 


HELIX NEMORALIS IN Wisconstn.—While in Baraboo, Sauk 
Co., Wis., last fall, a little boy gave me a handful of Helix shells, that 
he said he picked up in the summer, while his father was plowing. 
They were all dead excepting one, which seemed to be of a different 
species and new to me. Through the kindness of Mr. Bryant 
Walker, I found the shell to be of the European species, Helix 
nemoralis Miller. It was so late in the fall I could not go out and 


132 THE NAUTILUS. 


look for more specimens, but hope to be able to do so in the spring, 
If I succeed in finding more will report it, believing that some of the 
readers of the Nautiius would be interested in the find, from this 
locality.— Nettie A. Rowley, Evansville, Wis. 


CANTHARIDUS IRIS Martyn.—It is not generally known, we 
believe, that the young of this handsome New Zealand shell is 
umbilicated ; but a specimen 18 mill. in length in the collection of 
Mr. Shelley G. Crump shows this to be the case. The umbilicus is 
narrow and like that of an Eutrochus. The shell is evidently quite 
normal, and would serve quite well for a “ new species” of Eutro- 
chus, the periphery being sharper than in adult C. iris. Under a 
lens the surface of this specimen, as well as of some others in the 
Philadelphia Academy collection, is seen to be finely pitted, as if 
eroded by an Eschara. We say as 2, for no trace of foreign growth is 
visible on the shell. It would be interesting to know the cause of 
this sculpturng.—H. A. P. & C. W. J. 


Dr. Wm. H. Datv’s second volume upon the tertiary mollusca 
of Florida, etc. has appeared. A full notice of the numerous impor- 
tant additions to our knowledge of this fauna contained therein will 
be given next month. 

An interesting paper read by Mr. Joseph Willcox before the 
Delaware County Institute of Science, entitled “On THE EVOLUTION 
OF THE EARTH AND THE HEAVENLY Boptes,” has been published 
in pamphlet form. The course of cosmic and terrestrial evolution 
is graphically described in the light of the latest researches; it 
would be difficult to find elsewhere the same amount of reliable infor- 
mation presented in such compact and readable form. 


EXCHANGES. 


Wanrep.—Fossils, especially Trilobites, also Murea and Zonites, 
any locality, and shells not in my collection. Offered—British 
Land and Fresh Water and U.S. Land and Fresh Water shells.— 
Robert Walton, Houghton St., Roxborough, Phila., Pa. 

Martine, Land and Fresh Water shells, fossils, minerals, to 
exchange for marine shells or reliable works on marine mollusca.— 
Homer Squyer, Mingusville, Montana. 

Wanrep.— Unios and other fresh water and land shells, in 
exchange for those of southern Wisconsin. Please send list and 
receive mine.—WNettie A. Rowley, Evansville, Wis. 


a 


THE NAUTILUS] VOL, Vi. Pius 


HE NAUTILUS. 


VoL. VI. APRIL, 1898. No. 12 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 


Nore. —In the December, January and February numbers, plate IT is referred 
to erroneously as pl. I. All the figures of this plate are slightly magnified, being 
one and one-third times natural size. 


Nanina (Ariophanta) Dohertyi Aldrich. PI, II, figs. 1, 2. 
‘This species was described in the December no., p. 90. 


Bathybembyx Crumpii Pilsbry. Pl. II, fig. 3, 

This species was described in the January no., p. 105, as 
Calliostoma Crumpii. In the last number of the “ Journal de Con- 
chyliologie” (Paris), Mr. Crosse proposes the name Bathybembyz to 
replace Watson’s genus Bembyx (preoccupied). In it he places B. 
cola Watson, B. argenteonites Lischke, and also, with doubt, B. alwine 
Lischke. The last species should, I believe, be left in Calliostoma. 
The others form a natural group of very beautiful shells, character- 
istic of the Japanese fauna. These shells are closely allied to 
Solariella, but larger and imperforate. They seem very nearly 
related to Dall’s subgenus T'urcicula, differing only in the very thin 
{or lacking) epidermis. The species here figured is perhaps the most 
beautiful of the three now referred to Bathybembyz. 


Cyprea cruenta var. Greegori Ford. PI. II, figs. 4, 5. 
Described on p. 112, February, 1893. 


134 THE NAUTILUS. 


A NEW ANODONTA. 


BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON. 


Anodonta mearnsiana. 

Shell rhomboid, compressed anteriorly, inflated posteriorly, gener- 
ally smooth and shining, covered with rather sulcate growth lines, 
moderately solid in structure, having a thin epidermis, which is 
easily worn off, and varying from yellowish to olive-green in color ; 
beaks sculptured with some half dozen undulations, which are acute 
posteriorly, and rounded anteriorly. The female shell exhibits a 
considerable degree of inflation extending from some distance back 
of the beaks to the posterior-ventral region, and with the male shell 
occasionally shows a couple of slight sulcations running from the 
umbones along the dorsal slope. 

The upper part of the anterior curve is rather more prominent 
than the lower; the ventral region is sometimes slightly emarginate 
in the center of the females ; and there are occasional slight traces 
of biangulation posteriorly in the shells of both sexes. Nacre asoft 
silvery color, inclining to alurid brownish in the quite shallow cavity 
of the beaks; and near the rather straight hinge line; the brown 
patch or scar at the end of the nearly concealed ligament rather 
elongated ; cicatrices rather distinct. : 

Mantle large, thin, not heavily bordered, brownish in the region 
of the fringes and anal opening, whitish elsewhere; fringes few, 
fleshy, and rather pointed. Branchiz moderate, the inner slightly 
larger, and darker than the outer; branchial opening large, 
furnished with a few rather short, fleshy papille. Palpi elongated, 
pointed at the posterior, united for three-fourths of their length. 
Foot solid, rugose. Anal opening large, not furnished with papille ; 
super-anal opening small, removed to some distance above the anal 
opening. 

Length from anterior to posterior ends 85, breadth 45 mm.;. 
diameter 25 mm. San Bernandino Ranch, Mexican Boundary 
Line, Arizona. 

A large number of shells and a few specimens preserved in alcohol 
were sent some time ago to the U. 8. National Museum by Messrs. 
Mearns and Holzner of the International Boundary Commission. 
Externally the shell closely resembles certain forms of Unio com- 
planatus, but it is in general a smoother species, and has a more 
delicate texture. Much as it differs from the ordinary Anodonta 


THE NAUTILUS. 135 


angulata I believe that species to be its nearest ally ; the two forming 
a group peculiar to the Pacific drainage of the United States, and 
quite distinct from Anodonta wahlametensis, californiensis, nuttalli, 
oregonensis, kennerlyi, and youkonensis, which undoubtedly group with 
Anodonta cygnea, and which may have descended from that protean 
species, and reached North America by way of a former land pass- 
age in the neighborhood of Bering Strait. A dorsal view reveals 
a striking resemblance between the present species and Anodonta 
angulata ; both have the area of greatest inflation about one-third 
the length of the shell from the posterior point, from which they 
gradually narrow to near the anterior end, where they become more 
rapidly compressed to the point, the beak sculpture is similar; the 
general outline of the shells is much alike, and there is quite a strong 
resemblance in the texture and the nacre. Anodonta angulata in 
the Museum collection (Mus. no. 104,165) from Northern Calfornia, 
shows a remarkable fading out of the peculiar keel common to that 
species, and another specimen (no. 104,166) from Los Angeles shows 
still less of this character, and in a photograph taken by Mr. Hemp- 
hill from a specimen in his collection it is wanting altogether, while 
the two sulcations on the posterior slope show quite plainly. 

At the same time, the species under consideration differs sufficiently 
from Anodonta angulata in texture, and the form of the inflation of 
the posterior region in the female to separate it at once specifically 
from that form.’ This new species will be figured when the large 
amount of land and fresh-water material from the western United 
States collected by the Biological Survey of the Agricultural 
Department is worked out, and the results published. 


THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF MICHIGAN. 


BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH.’ 


Aplexa sp. A small species about the size of Lea’s Physa hor- 
dacea and apparently related to it, was found in a small lake lying 
between Torch Lake and Grand Traverse Bay in Antrim County, 


1So far as I know no description of the soft parts of Anodonta angu- 
Jata has ever been published. 
2The following portion of Mr. Walker’s paper should have appeared 
in the August NAuTILUus. 


136 THE NAUTILUS. 


It is quite different from any other species found in the State, but in 
present chaotic condition of the synonymy of this genus it does not. 
seem advisable to run any risk of duplicating some previous descrip- 
tion. 

Planorbis lentus Say. Cited by Miles, who probably had a (aoe 
form of trivolvis before him. 


P. trivolvis Say. Abundant everywhere. P. corpulentusSay and 
reguiaris Lea usually referred to this species are cited as distinct by 
DeCamp. The latter is doubtfully cited by Currier. 


Specimens exhibiting the distorted appearance caused by a change 
of plane in the growth of the whorls as described by Ingersoll in sd 
P. plexata occur not infrequently in some localities. 


P. truncatus Miles. This peculiar and well marked form appears 
to be confined to Michigan. Described originally from specimens 
collected from Saginaw Bay, it seems to have escaped further notice 
until 1887, when it was discovered in the Elk river, Antrim County. 
These specimens are quite typical and not only confirm the validity 
of the species, but extend its range across the entire northern part of 
the State. 

P. bicarinatus Say. Common everywhere. 


P. bicarinatus corrugatus Currier. Perch Lake, Kent County. A 
well marked form characterized by its costate surface. Specimens 
from Long Lake, Grand Traverse County, exhibit the same tendency 
but not to the extent shown by the shells from the original locality. 


P. bicarinatus major. Specimens from Crystal Lake, Benzie 
County, from their perfection and size are worthy of being separately 
noticed. They are larger, pinkish-white in color, with the carinz on 
both surfaces elevated into a keel which is white. The superior 
carina extends to the lip and modifies the shape of the aperture, 
which is a more or less expanded and darker in color within. The 
outer lip is somewhat thickened and white. 


P. multivolvis Case. The rediscovery of this long lost species by 
Dr. M. L. Leach, in Marl Lake, Roscommon County, has been 
recorded in the Journal of Conchology, V, p. 3380. The hump on 
the last whorl opposite the aperture as figured in Land and Fresh- 
Water Shells pt. II, fig. 186, is not a characteristic of the normal 
shell, as but a small percentage of several hundred specimens- 
exhibit any tendency toward it. When it does occur, it bears the: 
appearance of being an abnormal extension of the last whorl being 


THE NAUTILUS. 137 


more or less irregular in form, and usually deflected from the plane 
of the rest of the whorls. | 

P. campanulatus Say. Common everywhere. An occasional 
specimen has a hump on the last whorl opposite the aperture as 
described by Case in P. multivolvis. 

P. campanulatus minor Currier. Distinguished only by its 
smaller size. Perch Lake, Kent County. 

P. albus Mull. Commonly distributed over the State. 

P. exacutus Say. ‘This species which is found in all parts of the 
State, varies considerably in size and color. 

P. deflectus Say. While not a common species, it undoubtedly 
ranges over the whole State. 

P. parvus Say. Common everywhere and varies considerably 
under local influences. 

P. costatus DeTar and Beecher. A minute costate form said to be 
from the neighborhood of Ann Arbor. I know nothing of it. 

Segmentina armigera Say. Common everywhere. 

S. wheatleyi Lea. (?) Found in great abundance several years in 
the suburbs of Detroit. Has not been noticed elsewhere in the Siate. 
This form if not Lea’s Wheatley: is easily separated from the typical 
S. armigera by its thickened lip, which decidedly contracts the 
aperture. 

Ancylus fuscus Ad. Although cited in all the catalogues from 
that of Miles down, this species does not seem very common. Belle 
Isle, in the Detroit river is the only locality where I have found it. 

A. rivularis Say. Cited by DeCamp. 

A. parallelus Hald. Northern part of the State. 

A. diaphanus Hald. River Rouge, Wayne County. Also cited 
by DeCamp. 

A. tardus Say. The most common species we have, judging from 
my own experience. 


Valvata tricarinataSay. Commoneverywhere. The forms bicar- 
inata Lea, unicarinata DeKay and simplex Gld. are cited as distinct 
by DeCamp. 

V. sincera Say. Very abundant in favorable localities all over 
the state. The form known as striata Lewis, or Lewisi Currier, dis- 
tinguished by its coarser striz and larger size, is cited as distinct by 


138 THE NAUTILUS. 


Currier and DeCamp; the latter, however, now considers it a 
strongly marked form of V. sincera. V. humeralis as cited by Miles, 
is undoubtedly a form of this species. 

Lyogyrus pupoidea Gld. Cited by DeCamp. | 

Vivipara contectoides W. G. Binney. The only reference to the 
occurrence of this species in Michigan, that I know of, is that made 
by Binney (Land and Fresh-Water shells II, p. 24). It does not 
appear to have been found by any of our local collectors and must 
be considered a very doubtful member of our fauna. 

Campeloma ponderosa Say. Cited by Sager, Miles and Currier, 
but does not appear in any of the later lists and must be considered 
a doubtful species in Michigan. “I have never seen it from this 
state as I found it in Alabama. It is not a northern species.” W. 
H. DeCamp. 

C. decisa Say. Common and variable. Sinistral specimens are 
cited by DeCamp as var. heterostropha DeKay. 

C. decisa flava Currier Mss. Specimens from Long Lake, Grand 
Traverse County are so named by Mr. Pilsbry. A very beautiful 
form of this common species. 

C. decisa melanostoma Currier Mss.. A small form from Grattan, 
Michigan, was sent to me under this name by Mr. Streng. 

C. integra Say. Common everywhere. 

C. rufa Hald. Generally distributed over the State, but not as 
common as C. integra and decisa. 

C. gibba Currier. I know nothing of this form beyond the 
description by Currier and Dr. Jas. Lewis’ critical remarks thereon 
in the American Journal of Conchology (III, p. 112 and IV, p. 81.) 

C. Milesit Lea. Originally described from Antrim County. The 
reference of specimens from the Detroit river to this form has been 
approved by Mr. Pilsbry. 

C. obesa Lewis. Quite common throughout the State and 
frequently of large size. 

C. subsolida Anth. Cited by DeCamp. Specimens from the 
Boardman river, Grand Traverse County, identified as this specimen 
by Prof. R. E. Call are referred to decisa by Tryon and Pilsbry. 

_ Lioplaz subcarinata Say. Dr. Leach informs me that a single 
specimen from Higgins Lake, Roscommon County, was referred to 
this species by Mr. Tryon. . 


THE NAUTILUS. 139 


Bythinia tentaculata L. The recent discovery of this species at 
Holland, Michigan, by Dr. DeCamp was noticed in the Naurriius 
for October, 1891. Iam indebted to him for specimens. 


Somatogyrus isogonus Say. Cited by Miles and Currier. Stimp- 
son’s anatomical studies of this species for his ‘‘ Researches upon the 
Hydrobiine” were made from Michigan specimens. (Loc. cit., p. 
22). DeCamp cited it in his catalogue on Currier’s authority but 
writes: “I do not believe that it exists in thisState. Have for many 
years examined the ground where Currier said he found the spec- 
imens sent Stimpson, but have never found anything but young of 
Campeloma decisa.” 

Amnicola porata Say. Common all over the State. <A. pallida 
Hald. and dimosa Say, which are cited in different lists as distinct, 
are now I believe generally considered forms of this species. 

A. cincinnatiensis Anth. Not as common as the preceding spec- 
imens, but ranges over the whole State. 

A. decisa Hald. Cited by DeCamp. 

A. grana Say. Common in the southern part of the State. 

A. lustrica Pils. Common and somewhat variable. The late Dr. 
James Lewis, many years ago, characterized specimens from the 
Huron river at Ann Arbor as “ largest I have ever seen.” 

Bythinella attenuata Hald. Cited by DeCamp, to whom I am 
indebted for specimens from Grand Rapids. 

B. tenuipes Coup. Cited by DeCamp, who writes me: “I sent 
living specimens to Tryon and he sanctions their identity.” 

B. Binneyi Tryon. Cited by DeCamp. 

B. Nicklinana Lea. Cited by DeCamp. 

B. obtusa Lea. River Rouge, Wayne County. Also cited by 
DeCamp from Kent County. 

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Common in the southern part of the 
State. 

P. cineinnatiensis Lea. Cited by Beecher in the list of Ann 
Arbor shells. I have received specimens from Petersburg, Monroe 
County collected by Mr. Jerome Trombly. 

Pleurocera subulare Lea. Southern part of the State. Common. 


P. subulare intensum Anth. Collected by Dr. Leach in Mono 
Lake, Muskegon. Cited also by DeCamp. 


140 THE NAUTILUS. 


P. neglectum Auth. Cited by Miles and DeCamp. Mr. Streng 
has kindly sent me specimens from Grand River, Kent County. 

P. elevatum Say. Grand River, Michigan, received from Mr. 
Streng. 

P. labiatum Lea. Cited by DeCamp. 

B. pallidum Lea. Cited by DeCamp. | 

Goniobasis livescens Mke. Very common and considerably sub- 
ject to local variation. 

G. livescens cuspidatus Anth. This form occurs abundantly in the 
Maple River, Clinton County, where it was collected by Dr. Leach. 
Cited by DeCamp from Kent County, and collected by Streng at 
Berlin, Ottawa County. 

Goniobasis Milesii Lea. Huron River, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 
This form originally described from Tuscola County specimens, is. 
probably a local variety of the preceding species. 

G. translucens Anth. Grand River, Kent County, collected by 
DeCamp. It is doubtful whether this species is more than a banded 
variety of G. livescens Mke. 

G. brevispira Anth. Collected at Mono Lake, Muskegon by Dr. 
DeCamp and identified by Pilsbry. 

G. pulchella Anth. Cited by Miles and DeCamp. 

G. gracilior Anth. Cited by DeCamp from Round Lake, Peto-- 
sky, Michigan. 

G. Niagarensis Lea. Cited by Miles. 

G. Virginica Gml. Cited by Sager and Miles. Clearly an error 
as the species does not occur west of the Alleghanies. As P. sub- 
ulare is not given in either of these lists, it seems probable that 
that is the species referred to. 

Unio alatus Say. Southern part of the State. Muskegon is the 
most northern locality known to me. Specimens from the Detroit 
river are but half the size of those from the Rouge river, one of its 
tributaries in Wayne County. The same dwarfing effect of the 
colder water of the Detroit river is noticeable in nearly all of the 
species found there. 


ADDENDA. 


On page 66, line 14, for S. partwmeium Prime, substitute S. Jayan- 
um Prime, and add the following: 


a ee pe 


I 


Lie es INA ae 


GEORGE Ww 


THE NAUTILUS. — 141 


S. partumeium Say. -Very abundant everywhere and quite 
variable. 


GEORGE W. LICHTENTHALER. 


BY MORTON J. ELROD, ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY. 


The familiar face of George W. Lichtenthaler, one of the best 
known of American conchologists, and one of the most earnest and 
energetic collectors of natural history specimens, will be seen no. 
more. He passed away at San Francisco on Tuesday, February 
20th., death being caused by fatty degeneration of the heart. He 
was 60 years of age. | 

Mr. Lichtenthaler was born in Pennsylvania, and came to Bloom- 
ington, Ill., at the age of twenty-two. or five years he was a drug 
clerk, then bought out the stock, conducted business for himself for 
seventeen years, after which he retired with asnug fortune. During 
this time he imbibed a taste for natural history, and after his retire- 
ment devoted his entire time and the proceeds of his large estate to 
the gathering and collecting of shells, ferns, and alge. Mrs. Lich- 
tenthaler died nine years ago, leaving no children. After her death 
Mr. Lichtenthaler turned his mind more than ever to his chosen 
work. His wife’s death was a great blow to him, and he was no 
doubt greatly moved to collecting to forget hissorrow. His affection 
for her is shown in his desire that the vast collection should be given 
a name that would incorporate the name of “ Rebecca 8. Lichten- 
thaler.” 

Mr. Lichtenthaler was an amateur collector, never having sold 
specimens, or labored for hire. It was a labor of love. If he could 
not exchange he would give of his duplicates to those who would 
make use of them. Many people of this community treasure collec- 
tions from distant climes given by him, and many a lad with a love 
for nature has had this love fanned into a flame through his encour- 
agement, and has gone from the presence of this great-hearted man 
not only with a greater love for nature’s works, but with a 
liberal gift of shells or other specimens carefully preserved. Many 
a case has he recounted to me, sitting by my fireside, of boys he has 
helped to knowledge and position, by pointing the way and lending 
substantial aid. 


142 THE NAUTILUS. 


Had he desired, he might have been famous as a traveler, by put- 
ting his observations in print. But he disliked and shunned public- 
ity, and we know of nothing he has written. He was one of those 
workers who cared little for making new genera or species, and who 
collected not wholly for himself, but also for his fellow workers, and 
for public museums. In his travels he has been in nearly every 
country in the world, has been several times along the entire west 
American coast, was at home in the Sandwich Islands, has traversed 
the coast of Europe from North Cape to Gibraltar, and has been up 
and down both coasts of Africa, as well as around the Indian Ocean. 
In these travels many of the rarest species known to science were 
brought together, and are left among his great collection. 

He was one of the early members of the “ American Association 
of Conchologists,”’ being enrolled as a member, May 15th, 1890. His 
special study was shells of the Pacific Coast. He was an active and 
enthusiastic member, and did much toward its promotion. His gift 
of Pacific Coast shells to the collection of the Association was a large 
and valuable addition. 

Few men have as wide a personal acquaintance with men of — 
science as he had. Devoting all his energy and time to travel and 
collecting, and having been all over the American continent, he met 
them everywhere. His retiring disposition led him to make little 
mention of his achievements and his great work was not known to 
many of the people of his home. But to a few of his friends and 
acquaintance who could appreciate his work he unburdened his 
heart, and would recount his travels and experiences, and give 
descriptions of museums and countries for hours at a time. He was 
an interesting conversationalist, and would relate his experiences 
in a manner that always commanded attention. 

His main work wasin conchology. His collection embraces many 
highly polished specimens, and he spared no expense to have always 
the finest and best that was to be had. While on atrip to Francea 
few years ago he heard of an English firm who cut gastropods lon- 
gitudinally to show their spiral arrangement, and he has case after 
case of shells of this exquisite workmanship. AJ] his specimens are 
authoritatively correct, having been labelled by the highest author- 
ities, and we are glad to announce to the conchologists of the middle 
and western United States that he has left the collection where it 
will be accessible to the public for comparisons. 


THE NAUTILUS. 143 


His collection embraces shells, crustaceans, echinoderms, corallines, — 
corals, fossil shells and plants, minerals, ferns, and marine alge. 
There are six to eight thousand species of shells, and at a low estim- 
ate twenty-five thousand specimens, from all parts of the world. 
There are eight hundred species of marine alge, and four hundred 
species of ferns. The latter include a nearly complete collection of 
the ferns of North America, a complete collection from the Hawaiian 
Islands ; also many from India, China, Japan, Australia, New Zea- 
land, South America, Europe, etc. He stated that he had two 
species not in any other collection. 

This vast and valuable collection he leaves without reserve to the 
Illinois Wesleyan University, in Bloomington, where his life has 
been spent, where his bride was wedded and laid to rest; and here 
his many friends will be permitted to again look through it, but 
without his guiding hand and eloquent description. This gives the 
Iljinois Wesleyan University his life work, and endows it with one 
of the finest conchological collections in the West. It will be 
known as the “ George W. and Rebecca S. Lichtenthaler Collection,” 
and will enshrine their names not only in the hearts of their friends, 
but also in the hearts of many students who will receive inspiration 
from his work, as many have done from his life. 


NOTES AND NOTICES. 


Correction.—In the February No. the date of Mr. Martindale’s 
‘death was by error given as Jan. 10, instead of Tuesday Jan. 3d.— 
So, 2 


Pror. B. Suimex, of the State University of Iowa, is collecting 
invertebrates and cryptogamous plants in the interests of that institu- 
tion in Nicaragua. 


Conrapb’s Meprau Tertiary.—The Wagner Free Institute of 
Science of Philadelphia, Pa. proposes to reprint the book on The 
Medial Tertiary Fossils of the United States by T. A. Conrad, if 
150 subscriptions can be obtained at bag 50. For circular apply to 
the Institute. 

UNIO CORUSCUS, SUBLURIDUS, ete.—In looking over Mr. Berlin 
H. Wright’s “Notes on Unio coruseus Gould,” in the March 
Navriwus I see that he acknowledges that his U. fryanus can be con- 


144 THE NAUTILUS. 


nected by intermediate forms with U. coruscus ; and he states that 
he can as perfectly connect my U. subluridus with any one of a half 
dozen Florida species. Not long ago Mr. Wright sent me for 
inspection the shells he identified as swbluridus, and I saw at once 
that he had made a total mistake as to the species ; as these specimens 
were undoubted U. buckleyi, quite inflated, somewhat keeled, and 
rather smooth, shining shells, and no more like my species than is 
U. obesus. Individuals of Unio buckleyi, coruscus, lugubris, hazel- 
hurstianus, and other species of the buckleyi group vary from being 
absolutely smooth and rayed, a young or adult stage generally to 
dull colored, and even rough externally, a condition quite common 
in old specimens.— Chas. T. Simpson. 

COLLECTION OF SHELLS FOR SALE.— We learn that the collection 
of Rev. A. Dean, numbering about 3500 species, is offered for sale, 
as Mr. Dean is about to remove from his home at Muncy, Pa. The 
American land shells are richly represented by a nearly complete 
series, including almost all of the rarer species. The west African 
and Sandwich Island forms are also well represented, as well as an 
unusually large proportion of interesting foreign marine shells. 


We are in receipt of “The Microscopical Bulletin” published by 
Queen & Co., which contains a Bargain list or Clearance sale of 
microscopes, objectives, ete. Any one desiring these should send for 
the February Bulletin to Queen & Co., Chestnut St., Philadelphia. 


Mr. B. B. Woopwarp has lately published (Ann. Mag. “Nat. 
Hist. Feb., 1893) a classification of the Pelecypoda, in which the 
families of bivalves as given by Fischer are rearranged in accordance 
with Pelseneer’s scheme founded on the morphology of the gills, 
The table of families is very useful as it gives the gist of Pelseneer’s 
ideas at a glance. In his review of the various recent classifica- 
tions Mr. Woodward does not mention that of Dawu, being 
apparently ignorant of it. It is much to be regretted. that those 
who set forth new classifications should not first acquaint them- 
selves with the work of their predecessors. 


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