SYNOPSIS
S1TDIES IX 3OJTAZOAN PARASITOLOOY
UK
McMANKS LABOHATORY OF PATHOLOCV
IS THE
!\ KKS1TV OF PENNSYLVANIA
ALLEN J. SMITH, M.D.
ONIVEHSm "F I'KNNSYLVANIA MKD1CAL i'.l Li
lirprintcd from the I'nivcrsit y of IViinsv IV.IIHM Medical Biillotin,
I'Vbruary, 1(K)S.
SYNOPSIS OF STUDIES IN METAZOAN PARA-
SITOLOGY IN .Mc.MANES LABORATORY
OF PATHOLOGY, IM\ KKSITY
OF PENNSYLVANIA.
BY ALLEN J. SMITH, M.D.,
I'rofessorof I'lit/mlnt/i/, University of Pennsylvania.
THE publication of statistical lists such as follows is more
rmmnon in the journals of special scientific societies than in
the usual medical journals; but in the present instance the
writer hopes to justify himself by the fact that the UNIV. OF
I'EN.NA. MKD. Hn.i.ETiN is the official organ of the institution
in which these studies were made, and, too, by his desire to
keep in proximity this list of records with the special de-
scriptions of new parasites included and published in this
same journal. For the most part, the parasites submitted
for examination have, because of the correspondence of
findings with already published descriptions, been merely
named without other comment than the numbers of record
and a statement of their habitat and host, and an acknowl-
edgment of the person who collected the specimens. For
further reference, should this in any case be desired, the
reader may consult the books of the laboratory, in which the
details of the various examinations are preserved. The
value of such synoptical lists lies mainly in the aid they
give parasitologists in determining the range of occurrence
of parasites, the variety of hosts in which they have been met,
and their habitat in the host; and it is for this reason that
they should be of public record.
Much of the material has been placed at the disposal of
the writer by the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology
of the Philadelphia Zaological Gardens, the specimens
having for the most part been obtained at autopsy of animals
which have died in the Gardens during the service of Dr.
C. Y. White as pathologist, or of Dr. Herbert Fox, his
successor. A number were collected by Dr. J. J. Repp, in
Iowa; others were obtained from the hospital of the Veteri-
nary Department of this university; and the remainder,
mainly parasites from the human body or from laboratory
experiment animals, have been referred by various physicians
or were collected by the writer. The list includes studies
made since 1903, but is by no means a complete one, as in
the early part of the intervening period such parasitological
studies were not recorded save occasionally, and since then
often no record has been made of common and well-known
specimens. The numbers in brackets refer to the accession
books of the laboratory (''Path. Hist.,—-") or museum
("Path. Mus., — -"); and, when known, the number of
the host in the records of the laboratory of the Zoological
Gardens ("P. Z. G. Lab., — ") is also indicated to facilitate
reference.
A. VEKMES.
I. Trematodes.
1. Echinostoma ferox, Rudolphi (Path. Hist., 1110), from
the small intestine of a stork, Ciconia ciconia (P. Z. G. Lab.,
805). The entire small intestine was invaded, the para-
sites being quite numerous. The heads of the flukes were
embedded in the wall of the gut in small cavities, the tissue
about which was swollen and the seat of marked inflamma-
tory reaction, the lesions protruding on the serous side of the
wall like miliary tubercles. This mode of attachment
varies from that usually stated, which would have the worm
attached by its ventral sucker to the interior of the small
3
cavity in (lit- intestinal mucous membrane and both cephalic
an<l caudal ends protruding above the surface of the lining
of the gut. The only other point of difference from the
current descriptions of the parasite which was noted was the
absence of the cuticnlar spines from the anterior portion of
the worm (not about the mouth, however); but these, accord-
ing to Dujardin, are very caducous.
This was the second stork of the same species to die in
the Gardens since the establishment of the Laboratory of
Comparative Pathology with these parasites in the intestine.
Hoth birds were newly arrived in the Gardens, one dying
within twenty-four hours after its reception, and the other,
the host of the specimens examined, within seventy-two
hours.
i'. I'aragonimus westermanni, (Kerbert) (Path. Mus., 39),
from the lung of a mouse, presented by Professor Katsurada,
of Okayama, Japan, is identical with the lung fluke of man
of the same part of the world.
3. Opiftlhorchis sinensis, (Cobbold); three specimens,
one from the gall ducts of a human being and the others
from the gall ducts of dog and cat; presented by Professor
Katsurada, Okayama, Japan.
4. Monostoma mutabile, Zeder (Path. Hist., 1132, 1654),
has been obtained in one instance from the subpleural air
spaces of a coot, Fulica americana (P. Z. G. Lab., 885),
and in a second case from the liver (this statement is made
with uncertainty in the records of the laboratory of the
Gardens; it is probably incorrect, and it is more likely that
the worms were in the subperitoneal airspaces) of a Carolina
rail, Porzaha Carolina (P. Z. G. Lab., 917). The data of
identification of both groups of the parasite conform with
published descriptions; but the ova were considerably
smaller than the measurements given by Dujardin and
repeatedly followed in later works upon parasitology. Du-
jardin (Hist. Nat. des Helminthes, p. 351; Paris, 1845)
states that the ova are 0.173 mm. in length and 0.084 mm.
in breadth; those obtained from the parasites of the first
M35271 R
of the above birds measured 0.110 to 0.120 mm. in length
and 0.075 to 0.080 mm. transversely, and those from the
parasites of the second bird 0.105 to 0.120 mm. in length
and 0.060 to 0.080 mm. transversely.
II. Cestodes.
(a) Larval or Bladderworm Stage.
5. Cysticercus fasciolaris (bladderworm of Ttrnia crassi-
colis, Rudolphi, of cat) is recorded four times: once in the
liver of a muskrat, Fiber zibcthicus (L.), killed at Kennett
Square, Pennsylvania, and presented by Dr. I. H. Alexander
(Path. Mus., 169); twice (Path. Hist., 1652) in the livers of
white experiment rats in the laboratory and in Wistar Institute;
and once in the liver of a white mouse, presented by Mr.
Howard Crawley. In all cases these bladderworms were pres-
ent in numbers, the liver of the muskrat containing several
hundreds and being enormously enlarged in consequence.
6. Cysticercus tenuicollis (bladderworm of Tcenia mar-
ginala, Batsch, of dog) was encountered twice (Path.
Mus., 44, 45) in the subperitoneal tissue of the domestic
sheep, Ovis aries; two examples from the same host
having been obtained in Iowa by Dr. Repp; and a third, a
single occurrence, from the dressed carcass of a sheep in
one of the Philadelphia markets, by one of the veterinary
medical students. Recently Professor Joseph McFarland,
of the Medico-Chirurgical College of this city, submitted
to the writer a fourth example which he had obtained from
the subperitoneal tissue of a goat, Capra hircus.
7. Cysticercus cellulosce (bladderworm of Tcenia solium,
Rudolphi, of man) was submitted for identification (Path.
Mus., 29) in the flesh of a domestic hog, Sus scrofa, by
Dr. J. W. Nixon, of Gonzales, Texas. Once before, in
Texas, pork has been found infested by this larva by the
writer. It may be added, however, that, out of some dozens
of t:i|>r\vmms from the liiiinan intestine which (lie writer
lias examined in this part of the country and in Texas, none
have ever proved to IK' Tiriiin no! in in, although the belief is
eoinmoii that this species is of frequent occurrence in man
in America. Doubtless the parasite occurs in this country,
as is indicated by the above experience with the bladder-
worm stage; but it is much less frequent than is usually
believed, specimens of the beef tapeworm, Tcenia saginata,
Ix-ing confused with it by mistake.
S. ('ijxIircrcuK jiixiformix (bladderworm of Tcenia serrala,
(ioc/.e. of dog), obtained at (ialveston, Texas, by Dr. J. J.
Terrill from the liver of a common laboratory rabbit, Lepus
ilomi-x/ii'iix i Path. Mns., 20).
!). Hydatidcyatt (bladderworm stage of Tcenia eckinococciu,
v. Siebold, of dog) have twice Ix-en received for study. In
one instance several daughter cysts and a portion of the
mother cyst wall of a large subperitoneal hydatid (Path.
Hist., 1900) from a man, a native Pennsylvania!!, a patient in
the Scranton State Hospital, at Scranton, Penna., by Drs. J.
Cohen and T. O. Williams. The daughter cysts submitted
were barren, but showed the remnants of the cestode heads;
they were unusually large, being between three and four
centimeters in diameter. The second example (Path. Hist.,
1717) was met in the lung of a gazelle, Gazella dorcas (P. Z. G.
Lab., 1145). The cyst and contained daughter cysts in this
instance were of the usual type, and numerous examples of
echinococci and their hooklets were met in the examination.
10. Plerocercmds of an unknown bothriocephalus (Path.
Hist., 1691) were obtained from the liver of a wood ibis,
Tantalus loculalor (P. Z. G. Lab., 960). There were five
of these larva' in the host. The usual rule for such larval
Iwthriocephalus worms is that they occur in fish or other
habitants of water and later develop to adult stage in another
host devouring the fish; but while it is unusual to meet with
them in the present type of host, it is neither impossible nor
unknown, and it is to be presumed that the free-swimming
embryo was. obtained by the bird with water swallowed.
(6) Adult Cestodes.
11. Tcenia serrata, Goeze (Path. Mus., 31), obtained
several times from the small intestine of dogs used in the
experimental work of the laboratory, several examples, as a
rule., from each host.
12. Tcmia saginata, Goeze (commonly known as Tcenia
mediocanellata, Kiichenmeister) : this, the ordinary "beef
tapeworm," from the human intestine, has been brought
into the laboratory at least seven or more times within the
past few years from this State or from New Jersey (Path.
Mus., 27; Path. Hist, 151, 978, 1651), although not all of
these are recorded. One example, presented by Dr. David
Edsall, was one of six strobiles met at autopsy in the intestine
of a Syrian woman who died from tuberculosis in the Phipps
Institute of this city. Two entire strobiles were submitted
by Dr. P. S. Stout, who obtained them from living patients
after the use of a ta?niafuge. The other instances were
fragments found in the dejecta and sent to the laboratory for
indentification before treatment.
13. Tcenia crassicolis, Rudolph! (Path. Hist., 1106), has
been identified from the ileum of an eyra, Felis eyra,
which died in the Zoological Gardens from an intense
acute enteritis. Along with it there were also met in
the upper part of the intestine a number of examples of
Uncinaria canina. The single specimen of tapeworm was
immature, the strobile measuring 16.5 cm. in length and
including no ripe links. The general features of the worm,
save in the fact that the measurements of the head and of its
hooklets and of the individual proglottides were lower than
those usual to this worm, were quite in conformity with the
known characteristics of Tcenia crassicolis; but it is possible
that in this type of cat a special variety of the parasite in
question may develop and may be represented by the present
example.
14. Tcenia paradoxuri, n. s. (Path. Hist., 1714), passed
in tin- dejecta from living paradoxnre,
</r<ii/i, in the collection of the Zoological (ianlcns. For
detailed description, see special article in this journal (p. 37).
I."). Tamia eunectes, n. s.; a nuinlxT of examples (Path.
Hist., 1C>!I4) were obtained from the small intestine of an
anaconda, Kuneclcx miiriinix (P. 7,. G. Lab. 939). For
description, see special article in this journal (p. 39).
Hi. Tasnia uiiilatrralix, Hudolphi (Path. Hist., 1681).
Along with two species of ncmatodes there were found in the
intestine of a bine heron, Ardm lirrix/ian (P. Z. G. Lab., 1158),
a iiiimlH-r of fragments of the strobile of what the writer be-
lieves to In- Riidolphi's incompletely descrilx'd Twnia uni-
lateral is. The heron, a Xorth American species, died within
a week after its reception in the Gardens. The head of the
tapeworm was missing from the material obtained, and none
of the links examined contained ova. The largest segments
measured 2 mm. in width and 0.2 to 0.4 mm. long, were
trapezoid in form, with the posterior margin thick, crenulate,
and prominent. These proglottides have not as yet been
sectioned for microscopic examination; but it may be stated
that the genital pores are all on one side, that the cirrus is
long and lies coiled in its sheath, extending from the pore
(in the anterior part of the lateral border of the link) along
the anterior portion of the segment nearly to the median line,
and that the vagina opens posteriorly in the genital pore,
and its tube is traceable toward the median part of the seg-
ment. The details of the rest of the genital apparatus are,
however, uncertain without histological examination.
17. Monieza expansa, (Rudolphi), from the intestine of
sheep, Ovis aries, collected in Iowa by Dr. J. J. Repp (Path.
Mus., 25).
18. Monieza pianissimo,, Stiles and Hassal (Path. Mus., 30) ,
from the intestine of sheep, collected in Iowa by Dr. J. J. Repp.
19. Thysanosoma actinioides, Diesing (Path. Mus., 26),
from the intestine of sheep, Ovis aries, in Iowa, by Dr. J. J.
Repp.
20. Ctenotcenia leuckarti, (Rheim) (Path. Hist., 1797),
from the intestine of a cotton-tail rabbit, Lepus sylvaticus,
killed near Philadelphia, collected by Dr. H. C. Masland.
21. Dipylidium caninum, (Linn.), has been met a number
of times in the small intestine of dogs in the laboratory,
usually two, three or more in a single host (Path. Mus., 32);
and once (Path. Hist., 1065) in the intestine of a domestic
cat in the hospital of the Veterinary Department of this
university (Vet. Hosp., 1330). This last example is by some
regarded as a separate species, and described under the
name Tcenia elliptica; but aside from the usually smaller
size of the strobile and proglottides and the slightly larger
size of the ova, does not materially differ from canine examples
and is at most a mere variety (D. caninum, var. cati).
22. Cotugnia broumi, n. s. (Path. Hist., 1672), from the
intestine of a banded parrakeet, Palceornis fasciatus (P. Z. G.
Lab., 1052). For description see special article in this
journal (p. 41).
23. Hymenolepis nana, (v. Siebold). These specimens
(Path. Mus., 5), including in all over a thousand strobiles,
were obtained by Dr. L. E. Magnenat from the stools of three
children in Amarillo, Texas, after administration of male
fern. The hosts were all from the same family, and later
Dr. Magnenat found a fourth child in the same family also
infested. The ova had been detected in the feces by the
physician. Probably many strobiles escaped notice in
collection of the material, and the total number in the intes-
tines was surely greater than represented by the material
in hand, as Dr. Magnenat subsequent to the medication
found numerous ova persisting in the stools of his patients.
24. Hymenolepis diminuta, (Rudolphi) (Path. Hist., 1646),
from the intestine of a Texas cotton rat, Sigmodon
hispidus texianus (P. Z. G. Lab., 1096). The material
submitted in this instance was fragmentary, and no heads
were included ; and the identification, therefore, is not absolute.
The general features agree closely with those accepted for
•H. diminuta save in the one fact that filaments are to be
recognized in the middle layer of the covering of the ova,
arising, as in //. i/imti, from jx>lar tulx-rcles on the inner
wall. There is, however, too much divergence in the seg-
ments to permit the identification with H. nana, and the
writer is disinclined to regard the peculiarity of the ova
noted as sufficient basis for separating these specimens as
a novel species.
1'."). Diiriiini'd eutieHttU, (Molin); numerous examples in
the intestine of domestic fowl, (lallux yallinaceus, collected
by Dr. S. II. (irant, Hugl(y. Texas (Path. Mas., 22).
I'll. Di/iii/l/riin-i'/i/iti/iix lat UK, (Linn). The fish tapeworm
of man has been met in the work of the laboratory three times
within the past few years. Dr. William Pepper (Path. Mus.,
170) obtained, after recognition of the ova in the stool and
the administration of an anthelmintic, an entire strobile in
the dejecta of a Norwegian sailor in the University Hospital
in KM)."). I )r. H. N. Willson, in 1<M)(>, referred to the laboratory
a portion of a strobile of the parasite (Path. Hist., 852) which
he had obtained after administration of an anthelmintic
from the feees of a young male Polish student in the University
of Pennsylvania; and in the spring of 1907, Dr. C. LeR.
(Jriswold, then a fourth-year medical student, obtained a
meter or more of the strobile of the same species of tapeworm
i I'ath. Hist., 1822) from another student. The host in this
last instance was an American, but had spent his previous
summer vacation in European travel; and as all the symp-
toms suggestive of parasitism had followed this European
sojourn, it is possible that this, too, was an instance of the
importation of the worm.
A number of fragments of what the writer believes to be
the same parasite (Path. Hist., 1454) were found in the large
intestine of a gray fox, Canis cinereo argentatus (P. Z. G.
Lab., 1001). The head was not found in this case. The
anatomy of the links corresponds closely with the recognized
structure of proglottides from man, but the ova are distinctly
smaller than those from the worm from human subjects
(averaging 0.054 mm. long and 0.030 mm. transversely) and
are slightly more pointed toward the operculated end. . An
10
interesting reaction was noted when .sulphuric acid was run
under the coverglass of a water preparation containing these
ova for the purpose of separating the lid, the interior of the
eggs invariably assuming a pink to red color, very like the
well-known "cholera red reaction" with stools of Asiatic
cholera and doubtless due to the same cause, the presence
of indol. The absolute identification of the material is, of
course, not to be insisted upon, but the writer believes the
specimens to be a variety or in ..very close relation toDibothrio-
cephalus latus. The host was an American fox, but it is
not known from what part of the country it originally came.
27. Bothridium pythonis, Blainville (— Solenophorus
mcgalocephalus, Creplin), has been obtained several times
(Path. Mus., 40; Path. Hist., 774) from pythons; once from
the intestine of a Python molurus, at autopsy, in the Zoo-
logical Gardens, and again in the dejecta of a living Python
reticulatus in the collection of the Gardens. Numerous
examples were found in the material from each snake (cf.
article on Solenophorus megalocephalus by Smith and Veeder,
Trans. Phila. Path. Soc., 1905). Recently another lot of
these same worms have been sent to the laboratory from the
Gardens, having been discharged together with a large
number of ascarides from a Python reticulatus, but as yet
these have not been fully studied and recorded, and are not
included in the present series.
III. Nematodes.
28. Ascaris lumbricoides, \A\rn., horn the human intestine,
has been submitted to the laboratory a number of times
(among others, Path. Mus., 38; Path. Hist., 1179), most
of which have unfortunately not been recorded. Among
those not placed of record was one vomited by a child in the
early part of an attack of measles, and in the same family
several days earlier another child with the same infectious
disease passed several of the worms via recti. The voidance
11
of intestinal parasites in the course of ;irute infectious fevers
is by no means an uncommon occurrence; it is thought to
!><• possibly due to a deleterious action of the toxins of the
disease u|K)ii the parasites, causing iheni to lose whatever
attachment (hey may have had to the intestinal wall, or
weakening or killing them and thus permitting them to be
swept with the discharges from the canal. Some years ago
a similar experience was met by the writer in the case of a
young man who was known, from the discovery of the ova in
his stools, to !M> the host of I'lirinarid amerieana, Stiles. The
ova had Ix-en repeatedly observed in the feees until an attack
of smallpox intervened. Shortly thereafter, and continuously
from the time of the variola, no more ova could be detected
in the excrement, the presumption being that the parasites
had l>een lost during the febrile period.
29. A/trarix rquorum, Goeze (=A. Tnegalufi ji/m/n, Cloquet),
was met twice in the present series, once (Path. Hist., 775)
passed in the dejecta of a Burchell zebra, Equus burchelli,
in the collection of the Zoological Gardens, and the second
specimen picked up in the street by one of the medical
students, Mr. O. H. P. Pepper, where, doubtless, it had been
deposited by some passing horse.
30. Axctiri.t canis, (Werner) (= A. myslax, Zeder), has
been repeatedly met in the intestines of dogs used in experi-
mental work in the laboratory (Path. Mus., 33); was referred
in one instance (Path. Mus., 14) by Dr. J. J. Repp from a
dog in Iowa; was found (Path. Hist., 1447) in the intestine
of a chow-dog, the hairless Chinese dog, Canis domesticus
xincnsis (P. Z. G., 1015); and in large numbers from the
intestine of a puppy which died in the veterinary hospital
of Dr. Horace Hoskins, in this city.
It is generally accepted that the examples of this type of
worm met in cats are identical; although it is true that minor
differences have been noted and that the feline specimens
are often spoken of as constituting a separate variety, A.
canis, var. cati. In the list of laboratory studies specimens are
recorded from the domestic cat, Felis catu$, from Texas
12
(Path. Mus., 18) and from Philadelphia from the veterinary
hospital of this university, and also from a jaguarundi (Path.
Hist., 1662), Felis jaguarundi (P. Z. G. Lab., 1157), received
from a dealer, shortly before its death, into the collection of
the Zoological Gardens.
31. Ascaris leptoptera, Rudolphi. Under the name Ascaris
leptoptera round worms closely related to Ascaris canis have
been described from a number of the larger cats, but there
has always existed a lack of uniformity of description, which
has long given the idea that several varieties and possibly
several species have been confused under the name. Two
instances of these parasites are included in the present list,
both from lions (Path. Hist., 1102, 1148), in one case obtained
at autopsy from the stomach and intestines of a lioness
(P. Z. G. Lab., 794), and in the other found in the feces of a
living lion in the collection of the Zoological Gardens. The
worms from the two animals are identical, and to the writer's
mind present sufficient peculiarity to permit them to be
regarded as constituting a new variety. For full description,
see special article in this journal (p. 43).
32. Ascaris aquillce, n. s. (Path. Hist., 1637), from the pro-
ventricle of a bald eagle, Halicetus leucocephalus (P. Z. G.
Lab., 959). For description of these specimens, see special
article in this journal (p. 48).
33. Ascaris serpentulus, Rudolphi (Path. Hist., 1683),
from the intestine of a demoiselle crane, Anthropoides virgo
(P. Z. G. Lab., 1165), a European crane which had been
in the Gardens for about three months.
34. Ascaris ardece, n. s. (Path. Hist., 1681), from the
intestine of a blue heron, Ardea herodias (P. Z. G. Lab., 1158).
This bird was also the host of the T. unilateralis, Dujardin,
above mentioned (16) and an undescribed species of dis-
pharagus. For detailed description, see special article in
this journal (p. 50).
35. Ascaris rubicunda, A. Schneider (Path.- Hist., 1677),
in large numbers from the intestine of an Indian python,
Python molurus (P. Z. G. Lab., 1122).
13
'.'<<\. .\xnirix (inoiini, Dujardin (Path. Hist., 773),
in large numbers with the feces of a living pytlion, Pi/tlion
ri'ticitlalux, in (lie collection of the Zoological (.ianlens.
:!7. 7/r/m//r/.v /«;/>///<««, (Hloch) (Path. Hist, 1615),
from the ceca of a golden pheasant, Cliryaolophus pictus
(P. Z. <i. Lah., 1055).
:;s. llrti'nikix lu-rxpirillnm, (Hudolphi) (I'ath. Mils., 21),
from the intestine of domestic fowl, Gallus gallinaceus,
collected by Dr. S. H. Grant, in Texas. Another, but
unrecorded, instance of this parasite was submitted for
identification by Dr. L. L. Powell in the summer of 1905,
the worm having been found in an egg of a domestic fowl
in this city. Such inclusions of intestinal worms in eggs
usually creates considerable wonderment, but is no very rare
occurrence. The worm, piissing by way of the cloaca of the
fowl into the oviduct, comes to be mingled with the albumen
and encased by the shell of the egg.
.'59. Oxyuris vermiculari-s, (Linn.) (Path. Mus., 4), is
recorded as met in numbers in an appendix vermiformis
removed by Dr. J. G. Clark from a woman in the University
1 lospital, the parasites having very possibly been an important
factor in exciting the symptoms of appendicitis leading to
operation. In addition to this instance a number of other
groups of the same worm have been submitted for identifica-
tion from time to time, but for some reason, presumably
because of their frequence and ease of recognition, were not
recorded.
40. Oxyuris equi, Schrank (Path. Mus., 8), collected by
Dr. J. J. Repp, in Iowa, from the colon of a horse, Equus
caballus.
41. Oxyuris megatyphlon, (Rudolphi) (Path. Hist., 776),
from the large intestine of an iguana, Iguana tulwrculata,
in the collection of the Zoological Gardens.
42. Oxyuris microtyphlon, n. s. (Path. Hist., 1121), from
the large intestine of a Cuban iguana, Cyclura nubila (P. Z. G.
Lab., 827). For detailed description, see special article in
this journal (p. 52).
14
43. Oxyuris evoluta, Linstow (Path. Hist., 1636), from the
small intestine of a Canada porcupine, Erethizon dorsatus
(P. Z. G. Lab., 991). Linstow (Mith. Mus. Berlin, \, heft 2,
p. 20) has described from Hystrix brachyura ( ?) an oxyuris
apparently the same as the specimens here recorded; but so
far as is known to the writer the present instance is the only
one, aside from Linstow's original observation, in which
these parasites have been recognized, and inasmuch as Lin-
stow's record is extremely brief the description entered in
the laboratory records from the material in hand seems worthy
of full publication. Linstow found his material in the
zoological collection of the Berlin Museum of Natural History
labelled as obtained from Hystrix brachyura, but in a foot-
note to his communication manifests uncertainty as to the
correctness of the specific name of the porcupine. He states
in brief that only female examples were present, which
measured 9.1 mm. in length and 0.47 mm. in thickness; that
the esophagus, which ends in a bulb, measured 1 : 11.5, and
the long pointed tail 1 : 7.7 of the body length of the worm;
that the vagina of the specimens projected as a thick tube
0.22 mm. in length and 0.044 mm. thick; and that the cuticle
at the head end was swollen out in a fusiform manner.
The notes of laboratory study (Plate I) of the writer's
material, made July 22, 1907, are as follows: From the small
intestine of this animal (Canada porcupine) were obtained
fifteen small nematodes, all female and non-gravid, the
largest (Fig. 1) measuring 8 mm. in length and 0.5 mm. in
thickness at thickest level (about 2 mm. from head end),
the smallest about half this size. Specimens nearly round in
section; tapering anteriorly to the head, which at base of lips
measures from 0.07 to 0.09 mm. in diameter; tapering more
gradually posteriorly to a long slender tail ending almost
effilate, as in oxyuris. Cuticle thin and transparent, finely
striated transversely (striae 0.01 mm.); at head end two cuti-
cular swellings (Figs. 2 and 3) of small size one on either side of
base of dorsal lip; and back of lips cuticle of head end slightly
swollen in fusiform manner. The body wall, from about the
15
level of the esophageal l>ull>, shows two longitudinal ventro-
lateral granular bands (apparently not cuticular, but due to the
granular muscles showing through the cuticle). Three nearly
e<|iial lips (Fig. -5), each with a ridge from base to tij), this
ridge at base, near middle of lip, and at the margin, showing
special thickenings. Opposite the intervals between these
lips and reaching in eaeh case to near the middle of the lips
the cuticle extends forward like an outer set of lips, eaeh with
five marginal lobes. On either side of dorsal lip, outside the
last-named structures, is seen a more or less tabulate but small
cuticular swelling. When seen from the side these various
lobate protrusions and the lips give a coarsely fringed appear-
ance to the front of the head. The esophagus (Figs. 1 and 4)
measuring a little more than 1 mm. in length (including the
bulb), is at first nearly uniform in diameter and slender (0.08
mm. in diameter), but gradually thickens in flask-like manner
until at a level of 0.8 mm. from the lips it has attained a
diameter of 0.17 mm., just back of which it contracts, and
from this constriction forms a spheroidal bulb (0.2 mm. long
and 0.23 mm. in diameter). Transverse section (Fig. 5)
shows a triradiate esophageal lumen; within the bulb a
three-toothed (?) armature. For about 1 mm. beyond the
bulb the intestine is thick (0.2 to 0.25 mm.), after which it
narrows (0.15 to 0.1 mm. or less), running a straight course
to the anus. In the rectum it again expands in a fusiform
manner; and at the posterior portion of this part of the tube
are attached several large monocellular anal glands. Anus
situated 1.4 mm. from the tip of the tail. Vulva at one-
third of body length from the head (2.5 mm. in an 8 mm.
example). In all of the specimens the vagina (Figs. 1 and 6)
projects as a thick finger-like tube beyond the body wall,
covered on the outside with cuticle and with the central
lumen surrounded by what seems to be a layer of circularly
disposed muscle cells. In specimen of 8 mm. length, this
vaginal extension measured 0.4 mm. in length; and in all the
rest of the specimens in hand it bears similar proportions. At
the distal end it is subdivided, the lumen opening between
16
the two lateral lobes. Within the body the vagina extends
posteriorly an equal distance (about 0.4 mm.) before opening
into the uterus; uterus simple, extending posteriorly (2 mm.
in length in the specimen measured), and showing one, two,
or three cyst-like dilatations in its course. The dilatations
mentioned are variable in size as well as in number, but may
reach above 0.2 mm. in width and 0.5 mm. in length. While
in the non-dilated parts of the uterine canal (diameter about
0.05 mm.) the wall is thick, rather opaque, granular, and
yellowish, and closely crowded with cells, the walls of these
cyst-like expansions are very thin, transparent, without
appreciable color, and made up of large flat cells very like
the endothelial cells of mammals. At its posterior extremity
the uterine tube narrows to a blunt point, into which the two
ovarian tubes enter. The latter are to be seen passing for-
ward from this point, tortuously plicated along the posterior
two-thirds or three-fourths of the uterus, then leaving the
uterus to extend forward along the body wall ventrally and
dorsally nearly to the level of the vaginal protrusion, and
ending in a large geniculate ovarian tube apparently attached
to the body wall. No trace of ova or of larval worms were
met in any of the specimens (all examined closely for this
feature).
At first the peculiar protrusion of the vaginal tube was
supposed to be the result of artefact, but careful study soon
satisfied the writer that it constituted a constant and specific
feature; and no suggestion of similarity to allantonema
could be entertained. Tentatively the name Oxyuris evaginata
was applied in the records to the specimens, but subsequent
examination of the literature has fixed the prior recognition
of the worm to Linst'ow, and compelled the retraction of the
writer's provisional name and the adoption of that employed
by Linstow. The singularity that in both Linstow's material
and that of the writer only female specimens were encountered
is striking; and it is possible that the virgin state of the speci-
mens may have some bearing, as yet unappreciated by the
writer, upon the peculiar vaginal evolution.
17
II. Striini/i/1 iix Jllaria, Rudolph! (Path. Hist., HIM)), from
the l>rnlir)ii;il tubes of a bison, iiixuil iiiiirrlfillltiM (P. X. G.
Lab., 2M).
!.">. Xtroityyliix purodactw, Mehlis (Path. Mus., 15), from
the bronchial tul>es of a domestic 1»>^, Stw acrofa, collected
in Iowa by Dr. J. ,1. Repp.
Iti. (EtojAagotfonia inflation, (A. Schneider), (Path. Hist.,
1673), met along with several specimens of an unknown
globocephalus in the Inincn and in several tiny submucous
cysts in the wall of the intestine of a pig-tailed macaque,
Macai'iifi ni'ini'xtrlniiK (P. Z. G. Lab., 508).
The worms, one male and four females, are colorless,
cylindrical on section, rigid, opa<|iie; cuticle finely striated
transversely. They are of nearly uniform thickness in the
greater part of the body length, tapering slightly an-
teriorly to a head about a quarter as wide as the body
of the worm, tapering posteriorly less rapidly to the tail.
Mouth terminal, circular, surrounded by a chitinous ring
with the cuticle over this elevated into a prominent cir-
cular lip. Upon the latter six rather long, pointed papilla-.
Posterior to this lip the cuticle of the head is expanded into
a collar extending for about one-third the length of the eso-
phagus, sharply defined posteriorly by dorsal and ventral
depressed transverse lines. From the level of these on each
side a narrow alar cuticular expansion, in which there is
situated a pointed papilla (opening of cervical glands). No
buccal cavity or capsule, the esophagus beginning immedi-
ately back of the mouth opening. Esophagus flask-shaped,
relatively short; intestine large, with thick cellular wall, the
columnar cells of which show especially distinctly posteriorly.
Anus subterminal in both sexes. The largest female meas-
ures 16 mm. in length and 0.45 mm. in thickness at middle.
Tail obtusely conical, with mucronate tip. Anus 0.2 mm.
from tip of tail. Vulva prominent, with thick circular lip,
situated 0.35 mm. anterior to anus. Double ovarian tube.
Ova yellowish, elliptical, with single, smooth, colorless shell,
and with interior often segmented; measures 0.06 to 0.08 mm.
18
in length and 0.044 to 0.048 mm. in transverse diameter.
The measurements of the head structures follow: transverse
diameter of circular lip, 0.1 mm.; of chitinous ring underlying
this lip, 0.06 mm. ; diameter of oral opening, 0.02 to 0.03 mm. ;
length of collar about neck of worm, 0.26 mm., transverse
diameter of same, 0.28 mm.; length of esophagus, 0.7 mm.,
with a transverse diameter in its posterior portion, 0.2 mm.;
lateral cervical papilla 0.17 mm. posterior to this collar.
The single male example included in the material measures
14.5 mm. long, and at middle of length 0.45 mm. in thickness.
Tail obtusely conical, ending in a bilobed bursa (with indis-
tinct ventral lobe), not much wider in lateral (0.6 mm.) than
in dorsoventral measurement (0.4 mm.). Dorsal ray deeply
bipartite, its divisions widely curving from one another, each
with a single, simple, small branch near root; dorsomedian
ray simple, arising at base of dorsal ray; lateral and ventro-
lateral rays from a common base, the former divided; ventral
ray divided. Just above the level of the cloaca a small ray
or papilla from the body wall. Cloaca 0.2 mm. from tip of
tail. Two equal, long, pliant spicules, 1.3 mm. long and
protruded in the specimen examined 0.9 mm. Anterior end
of male as in female.
Comparison of these features with those of known cesopha-
gostomes would indicate a close relation with (E. inflatum
(A. Schneider), if not entire identity. In many respects it
agrees well with Linstow's Strongylus aculeatus (Wurttemb.
Jahresb., 1879, p. 333) from a macaque monkey, but the
mouth parts are distinctly different (in the presence of the
cervical collar and in the absence of the two lateral teeth in
the mouth); and both anteriorly and in the details of the male
tail it differs distinctly from Molin's (Esophagostoma pachy-
cephalum (II sottordine degli Acrofalli, p. 450) of a cerco-
pithecus. While the host in this case is far removed from
the ordinary host of (E. inflatum (large intestine of beef),
the correspondence of structure is so great as to make the
writer unwilling to regard it as constituting a separate species.
This detail of description is here inserted for reference, inas-
19
much as the occurrence of the worm in such unusual situation
niiiv excite question as to the correctness of identification.
17. (!l(ih<HTiifialii.i iiiiifd/'i, n. s. (Path. Mist., 1673), met
along with tin- immediately preceding parasite in the intestine
of a pig-tailed macaque, Macacus nemestrinus. For de-
scription, sec special article in this journal (p. 59).
48. Sderottama equinum, (F. Muller) (Path. Mus., 9),
from the subperitoneal tissues of a colt, Equus caballus, in
Iowa, collected by Dr. J. J. Repp.
49. Syngamm trwln'iilix, v. Sicbold (Path. Hist., 1108),
from the trachea and bronchial tubes of a young Reeves'
pheasant, Phasianus reevesi, killed in the Zoological Gardens
to prevent development of an epidemic of the "gapes."
50. Uncinaria duodcnalis, (Dubini) (Path. Mus., 2; Path.
Hist., 148), obtained at autopsy from the upper part of small
intestine of human being; two cases, both white men and both
Europeans, the first in Galveston, Texas, the second in the
Philadelphia Hospital.
51. Uncinaria americana, Stiles (Path. Mus., 1), obtained
after administration of thymol from the dejecta of human
being in Galveston, Texas. Two instances of this parasite
have been brought to the laboratory from the University
Hospital and from the Philadelphia Hospital for identifica-
tion of the ova, and subsequently for verification of the worms,
but neither of these are included in the records of the labora-
tory.
52. Uncinaria canina, (Ercolani), is comparatively com-
mon in the intestines of dogs used in the laboratory for
experimental purposes, some animals being heavily infested.
It is recorded in the laboratory notes also from the dog,
Canis domesticus, from Galveston, Texas (Path. Mus., 24);
from the duodenum and jejunum (Path. Hist.,, 1106) of
an eyra, Felis eyra; from the duodenum (Path. Hist., 1662)
of a jaguarundi, Felis jaguarundi (P. Z. G. Lab., 1157); and
(Path. Hist., 1643) from the small intestine of a gray wolf,
Canis mexicanus nubilus (P. Z. G. Lab., 919).
53. Physaloptera turgida, Rudolphi (Path. Hist., 1656,
20
1660, 1685), from the stomach of the common opossum,
Didelphis virginiana, from the Wistar Institute of Anatomy
and from the Zoological Gardens (P. Z. G. Lab., 324,
1166).
54. Trwhuris trichiura, (Linn.), is recorded from the colon
of man (Path. Mus., 3; Path Hist., 148) in the records of the
two autopsies above referred to (50) under Uncinaria duo-
denalis. Ova of this worm have also been identified several
times in the stools of human beings (unrecorded).
55. Trichuris suis, (Schrank) (Path. Mus., 16), from the
large intestine of the domestic hog, Sits scrofa, collected in
Iowa by Dr. J. J. Repp.
56. Trichuris vulpis, (Frolich) (Path. Mus., 35), from the
large intestine of dog, Canis domesticus, in the laboratory.
57. Trichuris ovis, (Abildgaard) (Path. Hist., 1901), from
the large intestine of an antelope, Antelope furcifer, in the
Zoological Gardens.
58. Trichinella spiralis, (Owen) , has been met three times
(as the encysted larval worms) in human muscle, having
been once submitted (Path. Mus., 37) in a portion of the
pectoral muscles of a badly infested human cadaver in the
dissecting-room by Dr. J. K. Pollock, then a medical student
of this school; and twice having been found (Path. Hist., 189,
358) in the muscle of the diaphragm in autopsy material
from the Philadelphia Hospital.
59. Filaria immitis, Leidy (Path. Mus., 6), from the right
heart and pulmonary artery of a dog used in experimentation
in the laboratory.
60. Filaria equina, (Abildgaard) (Path. Mus., 19), from
the peritoneum of a horse, Equus caballus, collected in Iowa by
Dr. J. J. Repp. A second specimen was presented by Dr.
Repp, a single male example, which was taken from the
anterior chamber of the eye of a horse in Iowa (Path.
Mus., 7). The name Filaria oculi has been attached to
such examples; but the anatomy of the specimen leaves
no doubt in the writer's opinion that this is merely an
aberrant example of the species here named.
21
(il. FUaria lHbi<ito-i><ii>ill(ina, Alessandrin! (Path. Mus., 17),
\\as collected hy Dr. J.J. Uepp, in Iowa, from the peritoneum
of a cow, Bo.f liniriix. A single example (Path. Hist., 1675)
was sent into the laboratory from the Zoological Gardens
labelled as having been found in the body of a bison, Bison
(iiinricaniiJi (P. /. G. Lab., 9(X)); but when further data were
sought in reference to its precise habitat, there was found no
reference to its discovery in the records of the laboratory of
the Gardens, and a question existed in the mind of the patho-
logist as to the correctness of the label. There is therefore
an uncertainty as to this specimen, which, however, if cor-
rectly labelled, is, as far as the writer knows, the first instance
of its occurrence in the American bison.
<ii>. FUaria gracilix, Rudolph! (Path. Hist., 1642, 1645),
has been identified from specimens found in the peritoneal
cavity of two monkeys in the Zoological Gardens, the first
a white-throated cebus, Cebus hypoleucus (P. Z. G. Lab., 955),
the second from an unindicated species.
63. FUaria pungent, A. Schneider (Path. Hist., 1696, 1716),
is recorded as found in the air sacs of a red-headed weaver-
bird, Tandia madagascariensis (P. Z. G. Lab., 1028), and
from the peritoneum of a blue-bearded jay, Cyanocorax
cyanopogon (P. Z. G. Lab., 404).
64. FUaria australis, Linstow (Path. Hist., 1701). was
met in the peritoneal cavity of a brush-tailed wallaby, Petro-
gale pencillata, from the Zoological Gardens. The writer
regards the specimen described as FUaria spelcea, Leidy
(Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1875, vol. 27, p. 17), as probably
identical, in which case Leidy's name would take preference
to that of Linstow's.
65. Spiroptera incerta, n. s. (Path. Hist., 1109, 1120, 1453,
1463, 1613, 1616, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624,
1625, 1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1644, 1661, 1672,
1675, 1686), has been met in the proventricle and gizzard of
several dozen birds. The parasite has been endemic in the
bird house at the Zoological Gardens, and has appeared par-
ticularly among the parrakeets, amazons, conures, and parrots;
22
but in the list there is also an instance of its occurrence in a
valley quail, and quite recently (not included in the present
list) it has appeared among the pigeons. For a description
and fuller account of the various hosts, see special article in
this journal (p. 60).
66. Spiroptera (?) iguana;, n. s. (Path. Hist., 1641), from
the lung of a Cuban iguana, Cyclura nubila (P. Z. G. Lab.,
1127). For description, see special article in this journal
(p. 66).
67. Dispharagus ardece, n. s. (Path. Hist., 1681), was met
in the alimentary canal of a blue heron, Ardea herodias (P. Z.
G. Lab., 1158). A single female specimen was found along
with a number of ascarides (Ascaris ardece, supra 34) and
fragments of Tcenia unUateralis (supra, 16). The entire lot
of material was submitted in one bottle, with the statement
that the worms were found in the proventricle, stomach, and
intestines of the bird, and it is impossible to fix the precise
habitat in the canal for the specimen here listed. For de-
scription, see special article in this journal (p. 67).
68. Anguillula aceti (Path. Hist., 60). Dr. A. F. Coca, in
examining a specimen of human urine submitted to the labor-
atory for diagnostic purposes, met numerous examples of
anguillula? in the fluid; but, inasmuch as the urine was con-
tained in an old wine bottle, and subsequent specimens
from the same patient, collected and preserved under careful
precautions, showed none of the worms, it was assumed
that the examples first observed had been present in acetous
remnants in the bottle and were not to be regarded as one
of the occasional instances of parasitism by this worm in
the urinary or urogenital tract of man.
B. ARTHROPODA.
69. Larvae of Lucilia maccllaria, (Fabricius) (Path. Mus.,
10), the common "screw-worms" of the South. The
specimens were removed from an ulcerous wound (in which
tin- (Alt of llii- lly had lict'il deposited) 1IJH)I1 till' forehead of
a girl in ( inhesion, 'l'c\as, l>y Dr. .1. J. 'IVrrill.
70. F-arviv of Hi/pat/miid Unca/iuii, (de Yillcrs) (Path.
Hist, 851), from the subcutaneous tissue of the face of a lx>y,
aged three years, at Glasgow, Montana, a case of l)rs. Hoyt
ami Getty. The child had had a series of swellings located
ll|X)ii the face, thigh, and other parts of the Ixxly, dating hack
to Octolx'r, 1<X).">; these attaining the size of half of a small
apple, each with the ap|>caraiice at the a]>ex of a small,
hluish lieinorrhagic point. After the appearance of this
apical spot the swellings would diminish and disapjx'ar, to be
succeeded by similar lesions elsewhere. Finally, in February,
1906, one developed on the face, in which, after it had been
well poulticed, the dark spot broke and the single grub
appeared, which was submitted for 'identification. The
writer has on one other occasion met a similar occurrence of
the larva of this fly in man, in a case of Dr. Herff, of San
Antonio, Texas (Med. News, December 6, 1902). In neither
of these cases was the grub in the last moult.
Here, too, should be listed examples (Path. Mus., 13) of
the so-called Hypoderma ovis larva1, collected by Dr. J. J.
Repp from the subcutaneous tissue of a sheep, Ovis aries,
in Iowa. The grubs met in sheep beneath the skin are gen-
erally held to l>e larva1 of H. lineatum rather than those of a
separate species, as has often been supposed. These are
considerably larger than the human specimens just men-
tioned, and probably represent a more advanced moult than
the above.
71. Larvw of Cuter ebrafontinella, Clark (Path. Hist., 1798),
obtained by Dr. R. C. Rosenberger from the subcutaneous
tissue of the neck of a common cotton-tail rabbit, Lepus
sylvaiicus, killed in the vicinity of this city.
72. Larvae of Gastrophilus equi, (Clark) (Path, Mus., 12),
obtained by Dr. J. J. Repp, in Iowa, from the gastric mucous
membrane of a horse, Equus caballus.
73. Clothilla inquilfna (Path. Hist., 1064). These insects
were sent through the Pennsylvania State Health Depart-
24
meHt to the laboratory by Dr. Koch, of Lyons Station, Penna.,
with the statement that they had infested in great numbers
the clothing of one of his patients, a woman, and had caused
an irritation similar to that produced by body lice. The
same insects swarmed in a mill owned by the patient's hus-
band. This insect has been met a number of times as an
insect pest (cf. Railliet, Blanchard et al). It is very similar
to Clothilla pulsatoria (one of the "death-watch" insects),
which Professor J. B. Smith, of Rutgers College, mentions
in the New Jersey State Entomological Catalogue as closely
resembling lice and being occasionally mistaken for them,
and as sometimes taking practical possession of a whole house
and becoming intolerable nuisances to the inhabitants. It is
believed to be the same insect which Gay, in 1878, described
as a parasite of horses under the name Trichodectes quadri-
cornis.
74. Boophilus bovis, Curtice (Path. Mus., 11), the com-
mon cattle tick, the carrier of Texas fever of cattle, collected
in Iowa by Dr. J. J. Repp.
75. Penfasloma denticulahim (Path. Hist., 1640), the larval
stage of Linguatida rhinaria, (Pilger), from the lung of a
gazelle, Gazella dorcas, from the Zoological Gardens.
76. Demodex follindorum, var. hominis, (Simon) (Path.
Hist., 210), was encountered in the ducts of the sebaceous
glands in a section of a chronic inflammatory lesion of the
eyebrow of a woman in St. Mary's Hospital, Philadelphia,
submitted for examination by Dr. J. M. Swan. The parasites
are probably only coincident with the inflammation, but
the inflammatory changes in the walls of the infested
ducts suggest that they may have had some part in
maintenance of the long-standing irritation producing the
lesion.
IM \TE I.
Oftjuris frulutii, Linstow: (r:i ra lucida drawings; a line is drawn from each figure to the scale of enlargement employed).
l''[ii. 1. — Outline Of Complete worm: a, intoline; li, vaginal protru- In. I. IIc:id end, >ho\\iiiL' e-ophagus and liulli: <i, fusiform CUtic-
sion: r, intracorporeal |mrtion of vaginal tube: ./. </,, <!.,. uterine canal ular swelling; l>. c.-o|iliau'ns: 6, esoph:igr:d luilli, willi iti armature,
and its expanded portions; e, oviduct and ovarium; /, anus; 0, Moph- Ki«;. i>. Transverse section of esophagus in its posterior portion,
agus and bulb; h, fusiform cuticular expansion at head end. showing its triradiate lumen.
I'"' -'. Frontal view of head end: a, dorsal lip; o,, ventral lips; 6, I i., ti. Details of genital apparatus: a, body wall; l>, <• \tracorpo-
one of the three lip-like extensions of cuticle over the lips proper; r, real \aninal protrusion; c, intracorporeal portion of vagina; </, (/,. <<„
one of the two dorsolateral cuticular swellings showing its three papilla-. uterine canal with its cyst-like expansions; e, ovarium; r,. e, .<-,. oviduct
Fu;. 3. — Lateral view of head end. plicated along uterus and entering posterior end of latter at et.
PLATE II.
Tit niit iHtriiiliu-iiri and ( W»//»m lirninii: (camera lucida drawings; a line from each drawing indicates the scale of amplification employed).
I ici. 1. — T. piiriiiliu -iiri: head and lirst links, showing the conical I MI;, li.— r. lirmrni: frontal view of head, showing depressed rostel-
ui armed rostellum, and the oval suckers with a curved slit-like linn surrounded by row of numerous small hooks, and the globose
orilice. suckers with circular orifices.
I H; '2. — Frontal view of head of '/'. iHini<ln.riiri. FIG. 7. — Lateral view of head and anterior segments of C. browni.
1 ic. H. Outline of anterior .segments (2 cm. from head) of Flu. 8.— Isolated hook from armature of head of C. broirm.
T. paradoxuri. I K;. '.(. — Diagrammatic drawing of fully developed but non-gravid
. I. — Outline of segment of T. fmradojcuri near posterior portion segment of C. browni at 8 cm. from head (constructed from sections
of strobile, showing t lie capacious genital pore. and from compressed segments): C, cirrus; T, testicles; RS, rcceptac-
Fui. .">. — Ovum of '/'. i>«rn<ln.(nri. uluin seminis; Or, ovary; \'g, vitelline gland; Vl, uterus.
Fio. 10. — Ovum of C. browni.
PLATE III.
Tin in i eunecles: (camera lucida drawings, except Fig. 4, which is diagrammatic in part, the general outlines, however, being from camera lucida
tracings; the scale of enlargement employed is indicated by a line drawn from each drawing).
Fin. 1. — Head and incompletely grown strobile, without gravid links. Fio. 4. — Fully developed, but as yet non-gravid segment (partly
1 Hi. 2. — Frontal view of head. diagrammatic); shows genital parts of segment: cirrus pouch, (C);
l-'iii. :?.— Segments taken from a fully developed strobile from near genital pore, (GP); vagina, (V); receptaculum seminis, (RS); uterus,
head, to show the early development of the genital parts. (These (Ut); testicles, (T); ovary, (Or), and vitelline gland, (V'G).
were drawn by camera lucida from compressed links, which were origi- Fio. 5. — Ovum with surrounding amnion.
nally considerably larger than the first links of the undeveloped
strobile in Fig. 1, but which, by the compression, were much increased
in both length and width).
PLATE IV
leftttijitera, Rud., new variety: (camera lucida drawings; a line from each drawing indicates the scale of enlargement employed).
Fie;. 1.— Two ova, the one to the right containing a larval worm. Fio. 5.— Anterior view of head, showing lips and papillie (dorsal
1'ic. J— Anterior end of worm, to show extent and shape of alar lip above), and beginnings of cuticular expansions laterally.
cuticular expansions (a). FIG. 6. — Ventral surface of tail of male; the cuticle, having been cut
Fie. .'{.— Internal aspect of dorsal lip, showing denticulate border on the dorsum, is seen spread out laterally ; shows the details of the
and lobes of pulpa: <t, denticulate border of lip; b, outer paired lobe; postcloacal papilhe: r, cloaca.
r, inner paired lobe; d, unpaired lobe. Fio. 7.— Lateral view of tail of .male, showing both postcloacal and
FIG. 4.— External view of head from ventral surface, showing the precloacal papilht- : c, cloaca.
two ventral lips with their papilla-; on either side the first part of Fio. 8.— Tail of female ; a, anus,
alar cuticular expansion.
PLATE V.
Ascaris aquittae: (camera lucida drawings).
1 ic. 1.— Inner aspect of dorsal lip: A, interlabium; B, lobus impar; FIG. 3.— Frontal aspect of head, showing the lips and interlabia and
C, inner paired lobe; D, outer paired lobe. (Same scale of enlarge- the papilla? of the lips,
ment as Fig. 2.) F'O- 4.— Lateral aspect of head.
G. 2.— Outer aspect of dorsal lip, showing papilla-, and the deep Fio. 5.— Ovum, drawn to show in upper part the tuberculated outer
incision in anterior margin. surface of the shell, and in the lower part the segmented interior.
PLATE VI.
Ascaris ardea; (camera lucida drawings; scale of enlargement is indicated by a line from each drawing).
FIG. 1. — Lateral view of anterior end, showing two of the lips (partly
in profile) and two of the interlabia.
FIG. 2. — Frontal view of the head, showing the dorsal lip below and
to the left.
FIG. 3. — Internal aspect of dorsal lip and two interlabia, showing
details of pulpa of lip.
FIG. 4. — Tail of female.
FIG. 5. — Ovum, above showing the pitted external surface of the
shell, and below showing the segmented interior.
FIG. 6. — Ventral surface of male tail. (Note the second pair of
papillae from tip of tail as uncertain.)
FIG. 7. — Lateral view of tail of male.
PLATE VII.
Oxyuris microtyphlon and Oxyuris megatyphlon: (camera lucida drawings; scale of enlargement is indicated for each by a line).
FIG. 1. — Ovum of 0. microtyphlon.
FIG. 2. — Ovum of 0. megatyphlon (same scale, drawn in outline for
comparison).
FIG. 3. — Frontal view of head of 0. microtyphlon, showing the three
lips and their papilla-.
FIG. 4. — Ventral view of tail of male of 0. microtyphlon (to the left
at the tip of the tail is a lateral view of the same for comparison;
dotted lines connect identical structures) : a, cuticle, showing the
transverse striations; 6, intestine; c, anterior lip of cloaca; d, posterior
lip of same ; e, postcloacal papilla? ; /, postcloacal spinous support of
tip of tail, bidigitate at its free end ; g, larger intracuticular spine in
tip of tail; h, spicule; i, body cavity.
FIG. 5. — Female example of O. microtyphlon: a, anus; v, vulva; o,
ova in uterine canal; 6, esophageal bulb; e, esophagus. The length of
the specimen has been indicated by lines drawn into the body of the
worm at intervals of 1 mm. from the head posteriorly.
FIG. 6. — Tail of a non-gravid female, showing the closer relation
between the anus (a) and vulva (v) than in the preceding.
FIG. 7. — Male specimen of O. microtyphlon (same enlargement as
Fig. 5, for comparison of size of male and female): e, esophagus; 6,
bulb of esophagus; i, intestine; s, spicule. (Length marked at milli-
meter intervals from head posteriorly.)
FIG. 8. — Tail of male 0. microtyphlon with spicule partly protruded:
i, intestine; s, spicule.
FIG. 9. — Tracing of tail of male O. megatyphlon from Schneider.
FIG. 10. — Tail of male 0. megatyphlon from author's material.
FIG. 11. — Tail of female 0. megatyphlon (author's material), showing
relative position of anus (a) and vulva (v).
FIG. 12. — Head end of O. megatyphlon (author's material).
PLATE VIII.
Globocephalus ardece: (camera lucida drawings; scale of enlargement indicated for each drawing by a line).
FIG. 1. — Frontal view of head showing mosaic appearance, the mouth
and its chitinous ring and intra-oral spines (!), and showing faintly the
armature at the base of the mouth cavity.
FIG. 2.— Armature of three curved chitinous plates (a) set in the
floor of the mouth about the esophageal opening (c), and the three-
sided chitinous ring (b) about the esophageal orifice.
FIG. 3. — Head end, showing (a), mouth; (b), mouth cavity; and (c),
armature; (d), esophagus and cervical papillae (c); and the cuticular
collar (/) about the head and first part of neck.
FIG. 4. — Tail of female, showing (a) anus and (6) vulva.
FIG. 5.— Ova.
PLATE IX.
Spiroptera incerta: (camera lucida drawings; the scale of enlargement is indicated for each drawing by a line).
FIG. 1. — Low amplification of a female worm, showing position of
vulva (F), the divisions of the esophagus (0), position of anus (A),
and the intestine (/).
FIG. 2. — Head end, showing cuticular expansions.
FIG. 3. — Transverse section of anterior end, showing cuticular ex-
pansions.
FIG. 4.— Frontal view of head, showing (o), lateral toothed lips;
(b), dorsolateral, and (c), ventrolateral (submedian) lips; (e and /),
dorsal and ventral tooth-like structure; and (g), outline of oral
orifice.
FIG. 5. — Longitudinal view of head end, showing («), lateral lip; (6
and c), submedian lips; (e), median dorsal or ventral tooth-like struc-
ture; (/), mouth cavity; (g), first part of esophagus; (h), body wall;
and (i), lateral cuticular expansions.
FIG. 6. — Outline of tail of female to show position of anus.
FIG. 7. — Ova, showing enclosed larvae.
FIG. 8. — Ventral view of tail of male, showing (o), cuticular striations
of the general body; (6), the quadrilateral cuticular plates within
bursa; (c), cuticular expansions forming the bursa; (d), cloaca; (e),
spicules, and the papillie of the tail.
FIG. 9. — Specially enlarged view of the ventral side of tip of tail to
show the small papillae of this portion.
PLATE X.
Spiroptera (?) iguana and Dispharagus ardeae: (camera lucida drawings; scale of enlargement indicated by line drawn from each figure).
FIG. 1. — Spiroptera (?) iguance: ventral surface of tail of male, show-
ing tip of tail and arrangement of papillae about the cloaca.
FIG. 2.— Spiroptera (?) iguana?: lateral view of tail of male, show-
ing (a and a,), the principal and accessory spicules and (6) the
cloaca.
FIG. 3.— Spiroptera (?) iguana;: head end, showing (a), mouth and
(6), esophagus (structure of lips uncertain).
FIG. 4. — Dispharagus ardea;: anterior end viewed laterally, showing
(o), one of the lateral lips; (6), the "cordons; " (c), the anterior narrow,
and (d), posterior wider portions of the esophagus.
FIG. 5. — Dispharagus ardea;: frontal view of head (lips bent to one
side by pressure of coverglass), showing (a), the two lateral lips and
(6) the beginnings of the lateral cords at bases of lips. (Scale of en-
largement below, same as for Figs. 4 and 6. )
FIG. 6. — Dispharagus ardea;: tail of female, showing position of anus
(a), and the mammillary eminences (6) alongside of anus.
1M.ATK I
PLATE II
•>«,. ioo, iti. w in. wo Tin tat l'» AM.
PLATE III
PLATE IV
PLATE V
PLATE VI
I 'I. ATE VII
PLATE VIII
PLATE IX
PLATE X
u» f. 100 300 ""0 \ Sal-
CONTRIBUTIONS TO SYSTEMATIC HKLMIN-
TIIOLOGY.
BY ALLEN J. SMITH, M.D., HERBERT Fox, M.D., AND
C. Y. WHITE, M.D.
(From the McManes Laboratory of Pathology of University of Penn-
sylvania and Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of
the Philadelphia Zoological Gardens.)
THE following notes of identification, believed to concern
for the most part new helminthological species, have been
made in the course of study of the parasites enumerated in
the synoptic article upon parasites in this journal in the
pathological laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania.
The specimens upon which the descriptions are based have
been obtained for the most part from animals of the collec-
tion of the Philadelphia Zoological Gardens which came to
autopsy in the laboratory of the Gardens at the hands of
Drs. Fox and White, who transmitted them for identification
to the first-named writer. While most are new species, at
least one has been included which has been previously known,
but is here considered because it seems to present special
variations.
In all cases where the material permits, types of these
parasites will be placed in the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, as well as in the Patho-
logical Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.
Tcenia paradoxuri, n. s. (Plate II, Figs. 1 to 5).
The material (No. 14 of Synopsis, this journal; Path.
Hist., 1714) in this instance was obtained from the dejecta
38
of a living animal, a Gray's paradoxure, ParaJoxurus grayi
(habitat, India), and includes one well-developed strobile
of the tapeworm together with fragments of several more,
one of these fragments consisting of a second head and some
of its anterior segments. All of the material was unfavorable
for study, both because of the close adherence of extraneous
(fecal) matter, which it was impossible to safely dislodge
either by mechanical means or by various solvents employed,
and because the tissue of the worms was more or less dis-
integrated when received and poorly adapted to section and
staining methods of study.
The complete strobile measures 160 mm. in length, and
is made up of over three hundred segments. It attains its
greatest width in the level between 120 and 140 mm. from the
head, where the links (Fig. 4) are 3 mm. wide and 1 mm. long;
thence posteriorly it narrows to a terminal link slightly more
than 1 mm. wide and 2 mm. long. The anterior links
(Fig. 3) are decidedly wide in proportion to their length,
measuring at 20 mm. from the head 0.45 mm. wide and 0.04
to 0.06 mm. long. There is no neck, the first segment being
clearly outlined immediately back of the head, being 0.25 mm.
wide and 0.03 mm. long. Viewed laterally the head (Fig. 1)
is slightly wider than the first segments, and is provided
with four suckers and a low, broadly conical, retractile ros-
tellum devoid of armature. The retractile character of the
rostellum is inferred from the fact that in one of the heads
the frontal region between the suckers was practically flat,
while in the other the conical appearance described was
definitely present. Viewed from the front (Fig. 2) the out-
line of the head is a quadrilateral, with the dorsoventral
diameter slightly greater than the lateral (dorsoventral, 0.35
mm.; lateral, 0.25 mm.). The suckers are prominent, oval
in shape, with their long axes in the long axis of the strobile ;
and open by a curved, slit-like orifice extending in the lon-
gitudinal direction of the worm. Suckers measure 0.15 by
0.13 mm.
39
(leiiital pores (Fig. -1) marginal, irregularly alternating;
marked by very large orifices and prominent lips; an- situated
toward the anterior part of (lie margin of (he link. Ova
(Fig. 5) spheroidal, with thin, smooth, colorless external
wall (outer diameter ,Vi to (il) niieroinilliineters), enclosing
a colorless, finely granular albuminous layer; within the
latter a yellowish embryophore, ^0 mm. in diameter, coarsely
granular, hexaeanthous. Embryonal hooklets measure 18 to
120 inieromilliineters in length.
Tatnia euturti'x, n. s. (Plate III).
In the small intestine of an anaconda, Eunectes murinus
(!'. '/,. G. Lab., 939), there were encountered seven small
eestodes, apparently entire, together with a half-dozen un-
developed strobiles and several fragments of other strobiles
of the same parasite (Path. Hist., 1694; No. 15, Synopsis,
this journal). The largest of the entire strobiles measured
between d..~> and 10 cm. in length and was made up of between
two and three hundred proglottides. The worm reaches its
greatest width of segments at about 7 cm. from the head,
where it is 2 mm. in width. All the larger specimens were
marked at various positions with one or more knot-like
swellings (probably due to contraction of the worm in life).
The head (Fig. 2) viewed from the front presents a crucial
appearance from the prominence of the suckers, measuring
transversely across two opposed suckers 1.5 mm. and laterally
across two adjacent suckers 1.3 mm. The transverse diam-
eter of the square front between opposed suckers measures
0.4 mm. The suckers, thus prominent, form the rounded
arms of the crucial frontal picture, each sucker being globose
in shape and having a lateral diameter of about 0.7 mm.
The orifice of each sucker is a rather wide slit, running
laterally; and as a peculiarity, common to all the heads
included in the material obtained, the outer wall of each
sucker is depressed and its margin turned in, forming an
40
angular intrusion into the cavity of the sucker. The central
part of the front of the head, between the suckers, forms a
broad and low cone (Fig. 1); and is unarmed in all the speci-
mens, but the cuticle here contains numerous small, granular,
non-polarizing bodies, which in life probably projected slightly
above the surface to give it a slight roughness. Back of the
suckers the head is prolonged as an inverted truncated cone
for a little over 0.1 mm., narrowing from 0.9 mm. at
the level just behind the suckers to somewhat over 0.3 mm.
in width at the posterior portion where the segments begin
(the level of truncation of the inverted cone).
In the young and incompletely formed strobiles (Fig. 1)
the proglottides are all small, those next the head somewhat
broader than long, but soon becoming square to ovoid in
outline and more loosely attached to each other (moniliform)
than is seen in any part of the adult strobiles. These seem
all to be neuters, and, judging from their shape and appear-
ance, never become developed, and are pushed along in the
growth of the strobile by the formation of efficient links as
the head becomes older. In the fully developed strobiles
the neck segments are at first about a millimeter wide (wider
than the terminal part of head) and 0.1 mm. long; in their
fullest development (at widest part of strobile) they remain
somewhat wider than long (2 mm. wide and 1 to 1 .8 mm. long) ;
thence to the end they diminish in width, becoming square
and finally longer than broad (1.5 to 1.8 mm. long and 1 mm.
or less in width). The links in these fully formed specimens
are not sharply defined from each other, the anterior margins
of a given proglottis being of almost the same width as the
posterior margin of its predecessor, thus not permitting much
overlapping of the former by the latter. Without staining
the lines of separation between the proglottides are incon-
spicuous, the first impression being of a continuous surface.
One of the surfaces of the larger links is usually somewhat
convex, the opposite side showing a longitudinal concave
depression along the middle of the link. Genital pores
41
Irregularly alternate. 'The uterus in eUieieiit but as yet non-
ovigcrous links (Fig. I) shows as a median longitudinal tube,
with about a do/.en lateral branches extending toward the
margins of the link, these when filled with ova showing as
thick, round-ended, club-like branches. The two ovaries
and vitelline gland lie along the posterior margin of the link,
much as in Tasnia saginata, the vitelline gland directly back
of the uterine tube, the ovaries spreading out on either side,
their oviducts joining the uterine canal a little in front of its
posterior end. Between the uterus and the genital jx>re there
is a thick plicated tube, regarded by the writers as a recep-
taculuin seminis. The cirrus is slender; cirrus pouch thick
and muscular; the testes in non-gravid links numerously
seen in the lateral fields.
The ova (Fig. 5), when obtained without tearing it, show
a delicate colorless outer sac (amnion?), within which lies the
ovum proper; this sac is spheroidal and measures 85 to 90
micromillimeters in diameter. The ovum is spherical,
double walled, colorless, with a coarsely granular and some-
what laminated material between the walls; the enclosed
embryo granular and provided with six hooklets. Outer
diameter of ovum, 28 to 30 inieromillimeters; diameter of
embryophore, 16 to 18 micromillimeters.
Examination of helminthological literature at command
of the writers has thus far failed to show any ta?nia having
comparable features to the above, and for this reason it is
believed to constitute a new species, for which the name
Tatiia eunectes is proposed.
Cotugnia browni, n. s. (Plate II, Figs. 6 to 10).
From the tapeworms of the type of the dipylidium
group, with two sets of genital organs in each segment, the
genus Cotugnia was framed to include those cestodes having
such arrangement of the genital apparatus met in birds and
provided with a rostellar armature of numerous hooklets,
42
by Diamare (Boll. soc. di naturalisti in Napoli, 1S93, ser. i,
vol. vii, p. 10), with C. diganopora of fowls as the type.
The following specimens (Path. Hist., 1672) are believed by
the writers to constitute a new species of this genus, to which
provisionally they would assign the name Cotugnia broivni.1
The material was obtained at autopsy from the intestine of
a banded parrakeet, Palceornis fasciatus (P. Z. G. Lab., 1052),
along with a number of specimens of Spiroptera incerta, n. s.
There were included four strobiles, the largest 140 mm. in
length and apparently entire; two two-thirds to three-fourths
the length of the first and lacking the terminal links; and the
fourth only 5 cm. long and possessing no ripe segments. In
addition there were several fragments made up of ripe links,
evidently broken from one or other of the shorter strobiles.
The largest example attained its greatest width 100 mm. from
the head, where the segments were 4 mm. wide, diminishing
thence posteriorly, so that the terminal links were but 3.5 mm.
in width. The strobile included a few more than two hundred
segments. The head was small and short, with quadrate
front (Figs. 6 and 7) ; measured 0.3 mm. in length, and over
the front dorsoventrally 0.55 mm., laterally 0.6 mm. Four
prominent suckers, globose in shape, with full diameter of
0.2 mm., and circular orifice 0.05 mm. in diameter; suckers
unarmed. Rostellum of all the heads depressed, provided
with a circle (Figs. 6 and 8) of numerous (over two hundred)
small hooklets (0.012 to 0.014 mm. in length). Neck short.
First links (Fig. 7) much wider than long (0.4 mm. wide, 0.03
to 0.05 mm. long); immature links showing the developing
genital organs (60 to 80 mm. from head) from 2.5 to 3 mm.
wide and 0.5 to 1 mm. long; largest ripe links (100 to 110 mm.
from head), 4 mm. wide and 1.5 mm. long; terminal links,
3.5 mm. wide and 1.5 mm. long. Double genital apparatus
(Fig. 9); a genital pore on each lateral margin of link at first
1 Named for Dr. Arthur Erwin Brown, Secretary of Philadelphia
Zoological Society.
third of its length, the cirrus usually protruded for 0.1 or
0.2 inin., smooth, with slightly curved end. Cirrus pouch
thick and flnsk-sh;i]M'd, anterior; a half-dozen or more small
testes in anterior portion of link, sessile upon the vas
deferens. Vagina thick-walled, opening into a spheroidal
receptaculum seminis about midway between anterior and
posterior margins of link and external to testes; ovary rosette-
shaped and lying to median side of receptaculum; vitelline
gland posterior to receptacnluni. Uterine tube, with egg
sacs, extends along the posterior margin of link toward median
line, the tnk-s of the two sides not meeting. In ripe links the
uterine tubes fill nearly the entire link, the ova being held in
the reticulately distributed tubes and freed therefrom with
difficulty on tearing the segments, each l>eing held by some
surrounding adherent material. Ova (Fig. 10) colorless,
spheroidal, with a thin, pliant outer membrane, within which
is a granular and slightly laminated • material separating the
outer membrane from the embryo. The latter has no distinct
membrane separating it from the surrounding granular
matter, is yellowish in hue, hexacanthous, coarsely granular,
and its outer surface rough with irregular elevations. Outer
wall of ovum measures 66 to 70 micromillimeters in length
by 56 to 60 micromillimeters transversely.
Ascaris lepfoptera, Rudolphi (ex parte), new variety (Plate IV).
The ascarides of the larger members of the cat family
have been the source of no little confusion from the first in
the endeavor to separate them from the common Ascaris
canis (Werner) of the cat and dog; and there is little con-
stancy of description of the ascarides derived from lions
alone, not to speak of the differences announced between
those of lions, tigers, and other of these larger cats. Rudolphi
(Eniozoa, II, i, p. 140) created a new species of the group
for an ascaris from a lion in the Zoological Gardens of Leipsic,
the verity of which has at one time been affirmed and again
44
denied by nearly every writer since then. Much stress was
originally laid upon the precise appearance of the alar cutic-'
ular expansions, and probably much of the confusion has
arisen from the apparent fact that these are by no means con-
stant in size and shape, and seem to be at times entirely
absent. That there are several closely allied species, and that
there may be a number of more or less distinct variations, can
scarcely be denied, and until breeding experiments are added
to the existing morphological observations it is not likely
that the difficulties of classification will be entirely removed.
To illustrate the confused status of the question, these
outlined descriptions may be here quoted. Schneider
(Nematoden, p. 39; PI. I, Fig. 5), accepting Rudolphi's
specific name, Ascaris leptoptera, but declaring that his
original specimens were but Ascaris canis (Werner), describes,
from material including several hundred specimens from a
lion born in London and examined after death at nineteen
months of age in Berlin, a parasite having the following
characteristics: Females, 65 mm. long; males, 46 mm. long.
Lips equal, digitate, with rather pointed anterior margin
and broader base. Denticulation poorly developed and
inconspicuous, only showing along the lateral borders. Lobes
of pulpa of dorsal lip long, undivided. Lateral alar mem-
branes extend from head 4 mm. posteriorly, rounded at
posterior termination. The head, even in the youngest
examples, is deeply retracted between the salient cuticular
expansions. Vulva 25 mm. from anterior end of worm.
Shell of ovum thick, unmarked or only with irregular,
trabecular reticulation. Tail of male lancet-shaped, slightly
broadened, and with the ventral side flattened. Thirty-
five pairs of papillae, six postanal, the terminal and adjacent
ones with conical base; the rest all raised, with pointed tips;
all in uniform row.
Chatin (Mem. de la Soc. de Biol., 1877, p. 266) records
from a lion a number of ascarides without alar cuticular
expansions, buccal lobes deeply divided, straight esophagus
45
witli ventricle (bulb); males reaching 25 mm. in length and
having long double genital spirules; females attaining a
maximum length of SO mm. and with the vulva anterior to
the first third of the body length. ( )va O.OS mm. (stated
by Chatin O.S mm. — evidently a mistake) in length and
0.07 1 mm. transversely, without reticulation of the shell. For
this material the author argues identity with Rudolphi's
original . l.vrr/n'.v li'/iln/it/'ni.
On the other hand, Linstow (Arch. mik. Anat., Ix, p. 217;
PI. XII, Fig. 1) differentiates from Ascaris canis (Werner)
and Ascaris Icpfopfera, Hud., an allied species, under the
name Aaruri.* Iron in, having the following characteristics:
Lips with rather broad base, finely denticulated borders,
without interlabia. Dorsal lip broader than long, anteriorly
rounded, its papilla- relatively posteriorly situated; pulpa
with two lobules projecting anteriorly, each showing two
rounded anterior prolongations. A lateral alar expansion
on each side of head, attaining a width of 0.18 mm. anteriorly
and diminishing gradually and uniformly as it extends back-
ward (those of A. canis and A. leptoptera are narrow ante-
riorly and increase in width posteriorly to reach the body
wall in their posterior positions by a sharp and almost rec-
tangular curve). Males attain a length of 34 mm. and a
thickness of 0.99 mm.; esophagus 1: 12 of body length;
male tail acutely conical, with small digitate tip; the feebly
developed, small genital spicules, 0.83 mm. in length; 21
pre-anal and 4 postanal papillae in uniform lines, the anterior
ones 3.04 mm. in front of tip of tail. Females attain 53 mm.
in length and 1.38 mm. in thickness; caudal end lanceolate;
vulva at 5: 8 of body length. Ova with thick, smooth shell,
without markings; ova measure 0.086 mm. long and 0.062 mm.
in transverse diameter, and (a rare feature in genus Ascaris)
contain a fully developed larval worm.
In the material from the Philadelphia Zoological Gar-
dens there were included ascarides from two lions. At
autopsy of the first (P. Z. G. Lab., 794), a lioness about
46
ten years of age and a resident of the Gardens for
nine years, dead from acute peritonitis following puncture
of the intestinal wall by a spicule of bone, 36 specimens
(Path. Hist., 1102), of which 23 were females and 12
males, with one badly damaged example undetermined,
were obtained from the stomach and intestines. In addi-
tion to these a single male specimen (Path. Hist., 1148)
was subsequently submitted, having been passed in the
dejecta of a lion now living in the collection. On examina-
tion it was found to present precise identity with the first
examples. The following notes of description were made
from the study of the specimens from the first animal : There
is considerable variation in size from age and state of develop-
ment. The largest female measures 76 mm. in length; the
largest male 62 mm. Worms cylindrical in section, with
thickest level near middle of body length; and taper delicately
anteriorly and posteriorly. Preserved specimens colorless
(but with a reddish tinge in some, especially toward the
posterior extremity, suggesting that in life they were of
reddish hue), rigid. In both sexes the head end is inflexed.
Cuticle finely striated transversely, expanded at head end
into a semilanceolate alar extension (Fig. 2, a), beginning
anteriorly close to base of lips and in the larger specimens
extending posteriorly 3 mm., its widest portion at about its
posterior fourth, where it attains a width of nearly 0.3 mm., its
free border from this level to its coalescence with the body
cuticle becoming thick and somewhat rounded (not as large
or as cordate in outline as the wings of Ascaris cam's, and not
crenulate). Mouth terminal, provided with three nearly
equal lips, the dorsal lip a little wider than the others (base
of dorsal lip, 0.16 mm. transversely; of inferior lips, 0.13 mm).
Diameter of face of cephalic end, 0.25 mm. Each lip bears
two papillae on external surface. Dorsal lip broader than
long (0.12 mm. from base to anterior border; base, 0.16 mm.
transversely); anterior border convex and poorly defined
from lateral borders, which are also convex. Poorly marked
47
ilciiticiilation along both anterior and lateral borders (some-
what variable in the clearness of denticnlation in dill'erent
individuals). 1'ulpa (Fig. H) shows an unpaired median
lobe arising from base for one-third the length of lip; the
paired loin's lobulate (anterior and lateral, each broad and
subdivided as in drawing). Saddle-groove fairly deep.
Inferior lips narrower and more digitate (Fig. 4), and more
closely following Schneider's description for dorsal lip
i .\finatixlcn, Berlin, IMili, p. 39).
Tail of male (Fig. 7) incurved or often tightly enrolled,
without cuticular expansions, terminating in a short cone
(as wide at level of cloaca as it is long from this level), ending
in a small cuticular spicule. Cloaca 0.18 mm. from tip of
tail. Ventral surface of tail of male slightly flattened.
Twenty-seven pairs of caudal papilla- (Fig. 6), of which 7
are postcloacal. Of the postcloacal, 3 are lateral, small
and conical, and likely to be overlooked, near the end of the
tail; Nos. 4 and 5 are also small conical ones, at border of
flattened ventral surface; Nos. 6 and 7 and all the precloacal
papilla- appear as small tips set upon a rounded eminence.
They gradually increase in size anteriorly and are set in a
regular row, succeeding Nos. 4 and 5 along the margin of the
flattened ventral surface of tail. Spicules of male equal,
small.
Tail of female (Fig. 8) a slender cone more than twice as
long as the transverse diameter at level of anus; anus 0.7 mm.
from tip. Tail straight or occasionally lightly enrolled.
Vulva 5 m. from anterior end (length of worm used for
measurement, 7.4 cm.); vagina short, dividing into two uterine
canals with long plicated ovarian tubes, ranging posteriorly
and anteriorly (anterior to vulvar level). Ova nearly
spherical to oval in shape, smooth externally, and without
markings on shell, thick-shelled, containing larva-, measur-
ing from 65 to 80 micromillimeters in diameter for the
spheroidal examples, and for the oval ones from 75 to 85
in length and from 55 to 75 micromillimeters transversely
48
(one very large example out of several hundred observed
measured 105 by 55 micromillimeters). The ova here de-
scribed were taken from the uterine tube of a damaged
female, the genital tubes and intestine being protruded
through the broken body wall and hanging freely exposed in
the 4 per cent, solution of formaldehyde used as a preservative
for twelve days before the study was made. Nevertheless,
in many of the ova active vermicular movements persisted
in the enclosed larval worms.
From comparison of the above data with the descriptions
quoted in the early part of the article it is clear that the
present specimens are to be classified as an intermediate
variety between Ascaris leptoptera and Linstow's Ascaris
leonis. Whether, in view of the marked variations which
seem possible in these leonine ascarides, it is justifiable on
purely morphological grounds to accept their specific separa-
tion is of course an open question; and to the writer it seems
doubtful whether the matter can be determined short of
careful feeding experiments. It is true the specimens here
described seem more nearly related with Linstow's Ascaris
leonis than with Ascaris leptoptera, Rud., as described by
Schneider; but in view of the existing uncertainty it has
seemed best to adhere tentatively to the older specific name
and relate our specimens as a variation thereof.
Ascaris aquillce, n. s. (Plate V).
There were obtained from the proventricle of an American
bald eagle, Halioetus leucocephalus (P. Z. G. Lab., 959), two
nematode worms (Path. Hist., 1637; No. 32, Synopsis, this
journal) at autopsy. Both were females and one was badly
damaged, the head lost and the esophagus protruding from
the broken end. It is stated that in addition to these speci-
mens from the proventricle, larval filarial worms had in life
been found in the blood of this worm, but at autopsy no adult
filaria? were encountered.
49
The following description is based upon a study of the
single perfect s|)eciiiieii. The worm is evlindrical in section,
.">() inin. in length and !.."> nun. in diameter at its thickest level
(in third fourth of the body length), ta|>criiig anteriorly
gradually to a rather bluntly rounded head O.L'.") nun. in
diameter at base of lips, and tapering [xisteriorh more
rapidly to terminate in a straight, acutely conical tail. When
received the specimens were colorless, with brownish lines
of the intestine showing through the relatively opaque and
thick IM><IV walls. Cuticle transversely striated; no alar
expansions or other cutirular peculiarity. There are three
thick and prominent lips ( Fig. 3), each with two papillse;
well-marked interlabia. Lips free from dentieulation,
nearly symmetrical and equal. Dorsal lip (Figs. 1 and 2)
four-sided, the anterior border deeply divided ; groove of saddle
deep and prolonged well to base. Anterior border projecting
well beyond the pulpaon each side of saddle (likea finger-nail),
its anterolateral angles anriculate (the lateral border being
infolded and causing the angle to project slightly forward
and laterally). Lateral bonier a double curve, concave
anteriorly and convex posteriorly; apparently the entire
margin infolded. Base about equal to anterior border of lip.
Median impaired lobe of pulpa extends from base about half-
way to anterior margin of lip; two paired lobes, the inner large,
its inner border straight and parallel with saddle-groove, its
outer border broadly rounded to the tip, which is directed
forward and slightly medianly. The outer lobule, more
slender, extends further anteriorly, is undivided, and is
directed anteriorly and toward the median line. Interlabia
large, the margins infolded. Width of dorsal lip at base, 150
micrornillimeters; width of anterior margin, 140 micromilli-
meters, distance from base to anterior margin, 110 micro-
millimeters. Esophagus long and slender, provided with a
small and inconspicuous bulb at its posterior end, this latter
with a posteriorly directed, finger-like diverticulum. Intes-
tine at its beginning provided with a large, anteriorly directed,
50
cecum-like diverticulum. Intestine and esophagus brown.
Intestine large, straight, with numerous irregularities (like
the haustra of the human colon), terminating at subterminal
anus. Vulva small, inconspicuous, anterior to middle of
body length. Vagina long, slender, muscular, opening into
a capacious uterine canal with thin walls, which soon divides
into two uterine tubes. Ovarian tubes very long and plicated
tortuously about uterus and intestine. The ova (Fig. 5) are
very variable in appearance (taken from both specimens).
The best examples are elliptical to ovate in shape, with a thin,
colorless, pliant shell-membrane, the external surface of which
is thickly beset with small tubercle-like projections; the
interior yellowish and coarsely granular, often segmented,
and many examples containing larval worm met. They
range from 80 to 90 micromillimeters in length and from 50
to 60 micromillimeters in width (one very large example
measuring 100 by 70 micromillimeters was seen). In the
absence of the male no full description is possible, but the
above features are, as far as the writers at present know,
unique. The parasite approaches Ascaris spicidigera,
Rudolphi, and Ascaris nasuta, Schneider, both from pelicans
and similar birds, and Ascaris granulosa, Schneider, from
Tachypetes aquilus; but differs sufficiently in the details of
the lip structure to permit specific differentiation.
Ascaris ardece, n. s. (Plate VI).
In a group of helminths obtained from the alimentary tract
of a North American blue heron, Ardea herodias (P. Z. G.
Lab., 1158), there were found twelve ascarides (Path. Hist.,
1681 ; No. 34 of Synopsis, this journal), 8 females and 4 males.
The host from which they were obtained died within a week
after its reception in the Gardens, and unfortunately the pre-
cise records of the part of the alimentary tract inhabited by
these worms were not made. There were also found frag-
ments of a tapeworm (T. unilateral™, Dujardin) and a single
61
example of an undereribed dispharagiis; ihe autopsy protocol
stating for the entire material that (lie parasites were found
in the proventriele, stomach, and intestine. Presumably,
inasmuch as the tapeworm fragments are much more likely
to have been in the intestine and because the dispharagus
was a solitary example, some of these asea rides were found in
the upper portion of the tract.
The specimens are colorless, rigid, round in section, thick-
est posterior to middle of body length, ta|>ering attenuately
to the anterior and less finely posteriorly. Cuticle finely
striated transversely, without alar expansions; longitudinal
lateral line's well-marked.
The largest female measures SO mm. in length, and at
thickest level (about third fourth of length) 1.8 mm. in diam-
eter. Head (Fig. 1) at base of lips 0.4 mm. in diameter;
head rounded, with three prominent lips and well-marked
interlabia (Fig. 2). Lips nearly equal, the superior provided
with two and each ventrolateral lip with one papilla. Su-
perior lip (Fig. 3) four-sided, the angles rounded, anterior
and lateral lx>rders finely denticulate, lateral borders
convex.
Lip deeply grooved; unpaired lobe of pulpa prominent;
lateral lobes provided with anteromedian, anterior, and lateral
lobules. Esophagus with triradiate lumen, slender, expand-
ing posteriorly in clavate fashion, without bulb, but with a
valve-like opening into the intestine. Intestine simple,
straight, terminating at anus 1.1 mm. from tip of tail. Tail
(Fig. 4) acutely conical. Vulva :-50 mm. from head end.
Ova (Fig. 5) taken from uterus measured 105 to 110 micro-
millimeters in length, 96 to 100 micromillimeters trans-
versely, spheroidal in shape, with colorless skell marked by
thickly set pits (giving at first impression the appearance
of fine spines over the surface but really pitted, and the walls
of the uterus where these ova lay having elevations corre-
sponding with the pits); interior in advanced segmentation,
brownish. The females in the posterior half of the body
usually closely coiled.
The largest male measures 72 mm. in length and at
thickest level (about the posterior third) 1.5 mm. in diameter.
Anterior end as in female. Tail rigidly incurved, and at
level of cloaca narrowed to 0.4 mm. in diameter, from
which level it becomes bluntly rounded with a small
acutely conical tip projecting 0.25 mm. beyond and curved
dorsally, giving an ungulate appearance to the end of
the tail (Figs. 6 and 7). Cloaca 0.15 mm. anterior to
level of truncation. Genital spicules double, equal, curved,
brownish, 1.3 mm. in length. Details of caudal papillae
determined with difficulty because of the rigid curving of
the tail and the opacity of the specimens. On the small
conical tip there are two pairs, No. ] at posterior third of tip;
No. 2 at anterior third of tip; No. 3 close to level of truncation,
large and conical; No. 4 conical and smaller than No. 3,
at level of cloaca; anterior to cloaca five or more pairs of
smaller papilla1, more widely separated than Nos. 3 and 4.
Compared with Ascaris serpentidus, Rudolphi, these
worms present many common features, and were at first
regarded as probably identical. They differ however, very
clearly in a number of characters. Among other points the
absence of alar cuticular expansions at the anterior end, the
more marked division or lobulation of the paired lobes of
the pulp of the lips, the broader anterior margin of the lips,
the smaller size and more spherical shape of the ova seem
sufficient justification for regarding the worms in hand as of
separate species. Differentiation from Linstow's Ascaris
reticulata from Ardea crocoi (Mith. aus d. Zodl. Samml. f.
Naturk. in Berlin, i, heft 2, p. 7) is readily made by the
absence of interlabia and denticulationof the lips in the latter,
as well as by other striking differences.
Oxyuris microtyphlon, n. s. (Plate VII).
Rudolphi (Synopsis, p. 285; No. 45) originally described
under the name Ascaris megafyphlon certain small nematode
parasites obtained from (lie ceca of two iguanas (Iguana
hiliiTi-iilnttn preserved in ali-ohol, j,'iviiifj tin- s|>ecitie name
from tin- size of the intestine just back of the esophageal
bulb. His general description is brief: "Hie diinidiam ad
Ires lincas lonjrir, crassinscula1. flaccida1, c|uaili pturinUB
I'riiiinii'. Cdjint valvulis trihiis aciitinsculis. Corpus feminie
retrorsum incrassatiim tandem longe subnlatum; maris
obtuso truncatnin, i/niilali longo recto teimi in altero ante
apieem cwrto." I lis furtlicr discussion concerns theappear-
anee of the esophagus and first part of the intestine, and
his interpretation of its parts by analogy with the divisions
of tin- alimentary canal of higher animals. Dujardin (Hist.
\nl. ill's llrlmintfu'x, ]>. 1 Hi. Paris. IM.~>), identifying material
from the same host with the above, erected a new genus,
Ozolaimus, of which the worm in question formed for him
the single species. His description follows: "Corps blanc
fusiforme plus ou moins recourbe, long de 5 a 8 mm., 10 a
12 fois plus long que large; tete a deux lobes late"raux plus
ecart^s vers le haut; bouche verticale; pharynx r^tr^ci
obtus, par les lobes internes, a travers lesquels on voit 1 'orifice
triangulaire du canal oesophagien; oesophage brunatre,
long de 2.8 mm. , traverse" par un canal triangulaire, dont
les ar6tes sont occupies chacune par une petite gouttiere
tubuleuse; primiere partie de l'o?sophage longue de 1.14 mm.
large de 0.08 mm. au milieu, et renflee en un fuseau large de
0.16 mm. avant de se joindre par une sorte d'articulation
avec le suivante; deuxieme partie de 1 'oesophage longue de
1.66 mm., d'abord aussi large, puis retre"cie jusqu'k n'avoir
que 0.05 mm., et se"pare"e, par un e"tranglement du ventricule
large de 0.18 mm. turbine"; cavite" interne du ventricule tri-
angulaire, et revetue par une membrane striee transversale-
ment; intestin tres-gonfle" en arriere du ventricule, plus
e"troit en approchant de 1'anus; tegument stri6 transversale-
ment, et muni de deux bandes opposees granuleuses, larges
de 0.05 mm. ; stries ecartees de 0.0045 mm. k 0.007 mm.
" MAle long de 5 mm., large de 0.5 mm., recourbe" en arriere;
54
queue obliquement tronque'e et comme onguicule'e, ou ter-
minee obliquement par un appendice de" prime", arque"; anus
pres de 1'extre'mite'; spicule simple, presque droit, tres-aigu,
long de 1.25 mm., large de 0.025 mm. pres de sa base, con-
tenu dans une gaine fibreuse et musculeuse qui le fait saillir
en se contractant, retractile au moyen de deux muscles
syme'triques insures a sa base.
" Femelle longue de 7.5 mm. a 8.2 mm., large de 0.66 mm.
a 0.70 mm. ; queue droite, amincie peu a peu et termine'e en
point mousse; anus situe" a 0.25 mm. de 1'extre'mite'; vulve
saillante et boursoufle'e, situe"e au quart poste"rieur de la
longeur, a 1.5 mm. de 1'anus; uterus et oviductes replies et
comme pelotonnes au-dessus de la vulve; ceufs elliptiques
longs de 0.096 mm. a 0.1 mm., larges de 0.053 mm."
Later, Schneider (Monographic der Nematoden, Berlin,
1866, p. 120) properly placed the worm in the genus Oxyuris
and from poorly preserved material described the female as
3.5 mm. in length and the male 2.3 mm. "Mund mit (?)
Lippen. (Esophagus mit einem Bulbus, darin ein Zahn-
apparat Bursa wie ein Fingernagel gestaltet. Afterende
kegelformig weit nach hinten vorragend. Spiculum sehr lang.
Papillen ?" Schneider gives a plate of the tail of the male
(Taf. VII, Fig. 9), which we have reproduced in outline
(Fig. 9).
In 1905, Dr. C. Y. White, then pathologist to the Phila-
delphia Zoological Gardens, referred about 200 small nema-
todes, of which only 6 were males, which he had obtained at
autopsy from the large intestine of an Iguana tuberculata,
to the senior writer for identification. They followed
closely the description of Dujardin, save that the ova were
larger (118 x 53 to 133 x 68 microm.) and ellipsoidal rather
than elliptical; there were three nearly equal lips to the mouth
without apparent papillae, and with the mouth-opening appear-
ing triradiate between the lips instead of a vertical mouth
with two lateral lobes. As in Dujardin 's description, the
anus was subterminal in the female, tail did not terminate
55
finely, tlir vulva occupying the same relative ]x>sition and
presenting the same prominent appearance U. described by
this author. The tail of the male was unfortunately not
studied in its details at the time, and the unused males were
lost by a student to whom they were entrusted for histo-
logical study; but the general features of shape and size as
well as the appearance and size of the spicule were noted,
lateral calcareous bands, as described by Dujardin, were
constant in the specimens, and, too, scattered granules in the
walls of the alimentary and genital tubes. Believing witli
Sclineidertlial there is doubt as to the correctness of Dujardin's
description of the mouth, we regard this material as
identical with the oxyuris of the writers quoted.
Some months later (1906) Dr. Fox, the present pathologist
to the Zoological Gardens, obtained at autopsy from the large
intestine of another species of iguana (Cyclura nubila) numer-
ous specimens of a smaller nematode, which on superficial
examination was believed to be Oxyuris megatyphlon; but
subsequent study has shown differences of structure constant
and sufficient in character in our view to require reference
of our specimens to a new but closely allied species, for which
we propose the name Oxyuris microtyphlon. The notes of
study, made October 30, 1906, follow: "Several hundred
specimens of a small nematode worm obtained from the
cecum of an iguana which had died in the Philadelphia
Zoological Gardens (P. Z. G. Lab., 827) were submitted for
identification, a very large proportion being quite small and
undeveloped, the majority of the developed examples being
non-gravid females. Of the developed specimens, the largest,
females, measure 5 to 6 mm., or slightly more, in length, the
males attaining a maximum length of 4.5 mm. The worms in
transverse section are round ; viewed in length are delicately
fusiform, tapering anteriorly from the thickest part near the
middle (0.3 to 0.5 mm.) to a rounded head which measures
roughly between 0.05 and 0.1 mm. in diameter. Posteriorly
the females (Figs. 5 and 6) taper gradually to the anus, where
56
they measure about 0.2 mm. in thickness, the tail continuing
about a millimeter beyond, straight and almost effilate, to a
fine point. The tail of the male (Figs. 7 and 8) ends obliquely,
closely resembling the tail of Oxyuris megatyphlon in general
appearance, and presenting an ungulate tip as in the latter
worm; the tail of male examples widely curved to ventral
side. The worms are colorless, the cuticle transparent,
delicate, and finely striated transversely. The longitudinal
granular bands seen in 0. megatyphlon are absent.
Mouth small, provided with three nearly equal lips (Fig. 3),
each with two fairly prominent papilhe; esophagus (Figs. 5
and 7) long and straight, without the fusiform widening
characteristic of 0. megatyphlon, and showing a well-marked
spheroidal ventricle (bulb) at the junction with the intestine
proper. Compared with O. megatyphlon (Fig. 12) it presents
a more slender esophagus; in fully developed females
occupying from one-sixth to one-third the body length (being
proportionately shorter and thicker in larger and gravid
specimens, in which it seems crowded anteriorly), and in
several males measured, nearly half of the full length. The
esophageal bulb, like that of 0. megatyphlon, contains a
three-pieced armament; and in large females is about 0.2 mm.
in diameter. The beginning of the intestine (the part called
the cecum by Rudolphi) is generally smaller than in 0.
megatyphlon, but rather variable; the intestinal tube straight.
In the female the anus is about a millimeter from the tip of the
tail (from 0.8 to 1.4 mm. in different examples measured),
and is guarded by two rather prominent transverse lips.
Just within, upon the walls of the intestine, are several small
rounded structures, probably anal glands. The anus of the
male opens subterminally in a cloaca with the genital organs.
Esophagus and intestine of both sexes brownish. The
calcareous granules seen so numerously upon the walls of the
intestine and generative tubes in 0. megatyphlon are absent.
The generative apparatus (Fig. 5) of the female consists
of two ovarian tubes and their oviducts, closely plicated along
67
(lie intestine, which unite into a single iiieriue tube, this
continuing Uft thick-walled vagina to open at a vulvar orifice,
guarded by two prominent transverse lips, a short distance
lit. I to u. s 111111.) anterior to the anal orifice, the vulva being
thus relatively more anterior than in 0. megaiyphlon. The
fully formed ova (Fig. 1) are ellipsoid in shape, usually
slightly flatter on one side than on the opposite, and range
from 145 x 62 to 170 x 85 inicrom. in size (from measure-
ments of a do/en or more, obtained from several females).
The shells are smooth, delicate, simple, somewhat pliant,
and colorless; the vitelline substance yellow and granular; and
with development a colorless, finely granular embryo takes
its place. It is to lie remarked further that the writer found
several large females among the preserved material which
contained well-formed larval worms in their interiors, these
showing the general structural features of the adults. From
one example as many as five of these larva1 were dragged in
the dissection. It is not known whether these may not have
developed within the parent from the ova after death of the
worm (but this is suspected Ix-cause developed ova and free
larvse were in no instance found together in any of the female
worms) or whether the worm is ovoviviparous.
In the male the two tubular testes are disposed as the ovi-
ducts in the female, terminating in a sperm sac. The spicule
(Figs. 4, 7 and 8) is single, long, and often double-curved,
the distal curve directed dorsally (is sometimes straight).
The cuticular tip of the tail (Fig. 4) of the male is straighter
than that of O. mfgatyphlon, its sides infolded. It is supported
ventrally by a median intracuticul'ar spine which ends in
four small prominences on the ventral side of the tip of the
tail, and which shows in the median line of its base a second,
smaller spine, bipartite at its free end. At the base of the
latter, just back of the cloacal margin, there are on each side
three small papillir, the largest next the small median spine,
the other two diminishing in size. The posterior lip of the
cloaca is bilobed, the anterior trilobed, the median lobe the
largest.
58
From the above description the general similarity to 0.
megatyphlon is apparent. The differences briefly stated in
resume are as follows: The adult worms are considerably
smaller in size than O. megatyphlon (according to our measure-
ments of 0. megatyphlon and those of Dujardin; equal
according to Rudolphi's, considerably larger according to
Schneider's data); and the head is relatively smaller than in
0. megatyphlon (our measurements). The papillary emi-
nences on the lips are clear and constant; but these are not
apparent in O. megatyphlon. The calcareous granules of
the cuticular bands and in the walls of the alimentary and
genital tubes are constant in 0. megatyphlon, but are uni-
formly absent in the case of the present specimens. The
fusiform swelling of the esophagus, regarded by Rudolphi
as a proventricle, is constant in our specimens of 0. mega-
typhlon (Fig. 12); is uniformly absent from 0. microtyphlon.
The size of the first part of the intestine (Rudolphi's cecum)
is usually smaller than in O. megatyphlon. The vulva is
relatively closer to the anus and considerably more anterior
to the tip of the tail in the female of 0. microtyphlon (cf.
Figs. 5 and 11); and the tail is invariably long and finely
drawn out instead of being slightly blunt as in 0. mega-
typhlon (in the larval forms of the latter the tail is quite as in
0. microtyphlon, and the larvae are practically indistinguish-
able). The shape and general appearance of the ova are
very similar, but the invariably larger size of those of the
smaller worm (compare Figs. 1 and 2) is clear from the
material examined by us (and they exceed by one- half to three-
fourths the measurements given by Dujardin). Apparently
(from camera lucida tracings) the ungulate tip of the tail of
0. megatyphlon is slightly larger and is less straight than that
of 0. microtyphlon, but the failure to note the finer details
of structure of the former prevents close comparison (com-
pare Figs. 4 and 10). The difference from the tail of 0.
megatyphlon as depicted by Schneider (Fig. 9) is striking.
The iguana from which the examples in question were
59
obtained was one purchased by the Zoological (Jardens from
an animal dealer, and no record as to its precise original
habitat exists save that it was a Cuban iguana. It had l>een
in the < lanlens from .Mine 1'it, HK)6, until its death, September
11, HH)(i. The cause of death was not determined.
Chbocephalm macari, n. s. (Plate VIII).
In examining the intestine of a pig-tailed macaque, Macacus
ni-inr.ilrinus (P. Z. G. Lab., 508), there were found free in the
lumen and in several tiny siihiniicous cysts of the wall seven
small nematodes (Path. Hist., 1673), which from their gross
ap|>earanres were at first lielieved to be identical, but which
njx)ii careful examination proved to include five esopha-
gostomes and two examples of a globocephalus. It is im-
possible at this time to indicate which of the specimens
inhabited the cysts and which were free in the intestinal tube.
Both specimens of the globocephalus were females and of
nearly the same size. The larger measured 16 mm. in length,
and at its thickest level, near the middle of the body length,
0.5 mm. in diameter. Cuticle delicate, transparent, distinctly
striated transversely. The worm tapered regularly and
gradually anteriorly to a rounded head measuring 0.25 mm.
in transverse diameter; and posteriorly tapered to a finely
conical, straight tail. No cuticular expansions or swellings.
Head (Fig. 3) rounded and provided with a prominent
spheroidal cavity, 0.17 mm. in transverse diameter, with an
elliptical chitinous ring about the mouth and a triangular
chitinous ring (sides convexly curved) at its base about the
esophageal opening, these connected by a lateral longitudinal
piece. Over the head the surface presents a peculiar mosaic
appearance (Fig. 1) given by certain prism-like cells (feebly
polarizing; are they crystalline?), whose ends underlie the
cuticle about the buccal cavity. Mouth terminal, elliptical, its
long axis dorsoventral, the chitinous ring about it measuring
60
in long axis 0.14 mm., and in short axis 0.06 mm. Looking
into the mouth, it seems to be surrounded by a row of fine
spines, directed inwardly and toward the centre (the appear-
ance may, however, be given by the bordering prism-like
cells). Within the mouth cavity (Figs. 2 and 3), springing
from the base and apparently set in the chitinous ring about
the esophageal opening, is an armature of three complexly
curved chitinous plates. Esophagus 0.75 mm. long, flask-
shaped, 0.25 mm. in diameter in its posterior and thicker
part. At level of second third of esophagus, 0.65 mm. from
front of head, on each side a pointed papilla projects above
the cuticular surface (opening of cervical glands). No
esophageal bulb. Intestine straight. Anus (Fig. 4, a)
subterminal (0.14 mm. from tip of tail). Vulva (Fig. 4, b)
prominent, provided with thick circular lip, 0.65 mm. anterior
to tip of tail. Ova (Fig. 5) slightly yellowish, segmented,
oval, with thin, colorless, unmarked wall, each with a slight
thickening or tubercle at one pole; measure 0.064 to 0.07 mm.
in length and 0.038 to 0.04 mm. in width.
Spiroptera incerta, n. s. (Plate IX).
Among all the types of verminous parasites derived from
animals in the Zoological Gardens in the series studied by
the writers by far the most numerous group has been made up
of a small nematode obtained from the proventricles of a
number of the inhabitants of the bird house, in which it
would seem that a well-marked and strictly localized endemic
has been for the past year or two, and is now, prevailing.
The material studied (Path. Hist., 1109, 1120, 1453, 1463,
1613, 1616, 1618, 1619, 1620,1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625,
1626, 1627, 1628, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1644, 1661, 1672, 1675,
1686) includes examples obtained at autopsy from twenty-
five birds, the parasites invariably occupying the proventricle
and some times also being found in small numbers in the
gizzard. The specimens, while often found free in the mass
61
of mucus and fond occupying the proventrii •!(•, were commonly
found with tin- head end emlicdded in the more or less dis-
integrated lining membrane of (lie proventriele; the resulting
mass often completely obslrucling the lnl>c and preventing
the passage of food. The parasito varied much in the nuni-
IHT found in each liird, the smallest number in the series being
two in a valley <|iiail, and tlie largest one hundred and thirty-
four in a Hosehill parrakeet; commonly the grade of infest-
ment was represented In twenty to forty worms; and generally
the females outnumbered the males by alxnit three or four
or more to one. As a rule, in the case of infestment by larval
or immature worms the nuintar of parasites found ranged
high, nearly a hundred or more than a hundred; from which
it is suggested that ordinarily in the course of parasitism a
number of the worms are dislodged from the proventriele,
passed through the host's intestine and discharged. There
is no evidence leading to the supposition that the adult
parasites may locally produce the young forms; and in the few
instances in which larval and partially developed or mature
forms were encountered together the probability is that there
took place repeated infestment. Six of the birds were in-
fested by larval worms. One of these showed both larva*
and fully developed anil gravid adults, the rest either larvn?
alone or larvae and immature adult forms. AH of the latter
birds were relatively recent admissions to the Gardens at time
of death, having been in the collection from one or two to six
or eight weeks. The one host having both gravid adult worms
and larvae had been in the collection over a year prior to its
death; and, with the exception of three birds mentioned
below as possibly introducing the parasites into the collection.
the hosts were all inhabitants of the Gardens for several
months to several years. From this it is suggested that the
period required from the development from the egg to the
mature adult stage is somewhere within six or eighl weeks.
There is no positive information as to the time when first
the parasites appeared in the collection; and their source
62
is not clear. The first record (Path. Hist., 1109; August 28,
1906) concerned a Guatemalan amazon (P. Z. G. Lab., 790)
and contains the statement that this was one of three birds
showing the same parasites and same anatomical findings;
that the three birds had been recently purchased for the
collection, and that one died within two days after its recep-
tion; that they were placed in separate cages on their arrival,
and that no other birds in the same portion of the house
presented the same features of disease as these; that bunches
of mucus containing the worms were found in the lower
third of the distended esophagus in all three, acute enteritis
in two, chronic enteritis in one, and parenchymatous degenera-
tion of all the organs in all three. From this time forward
the records of discovery have been numerous, including all
twenty-five birds here referred to, as well as four or five more
received since the present series was completed. The earlier
examples and the greater number have been obtained from
parrakeets and allied birds; but, evidently from unusual
conditions prevailing in the bird house for the dissemination
of the parasites, they have been found distributed in a
variety of species, in several genera, and even in several
families of hosts. The birds thus far found infested include
the following; Conurus pertinax, two birds (P. Z. G. Lab.,
1125, 1042); Ccmurus leucotis, one bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 1076);
Chrysalis guatemalas, one bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 790); Chrysotis
leucoccphalus, one bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 1131); Chrysotis
auripalliata, one bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 910;) Chrysotis ochrop-
tera, one bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 891); Platycercus eximius,
five birds (P. Z. G. Lab., 843, 850, 862, 867, 889); Platy-
cercus barnardi, one bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 1004); Platycercus
palladiceps, two birds (P. Z. G. Lab., 876(?), 877); Bol-
borhynchus monachus, two birds (P. Z. G. Lab., 1049, 1164);
Bolborhynchus lineola, one bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 871); Pal-
ceornis fasciatus, one bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 1052); Protogerys
virescens, one bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 422); Eclectus roratus,
one bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 1152); Pceocephalus senegalus, one
«3
bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 823); and Lophorlyx calif ornicus, one
bird (P. Z. G. Lab., 997). Recently, but not included in the
present series, several of the pigeon family have also been
found similarly infested.
From the very serious alterations found in the ]>n>ventricle
there can be no doubt of the serious importance of these
parasites to the host, which unquestionably may by a serious
grade of infestment be killed by the worms. In their earlier
studies of the matter the writers searched, but in vain, for
the presence of larva* in the blood on the supposition that the
parasites were true h'laria-; but later determined the fact that
the larva-laden ova are passed through the alimentary canal
and are to be found in numbers in the fecal discharges.
Search for an intermediate host has thus far been unavailing,
the roaches, mice, and rats in the bird house having been
repeatedly examined without success. Tentatively, therefore,
the idea has been adopted that the ova with their enclosed
larva?, protected by the thick and firm walls of the eggs, are
mechanically distributed, as by air currents, with dust from
one cage to another, and in this manner get into the food or
water of each bird and are swallowed therewith and develop
from the egg within the mouth, esophagus, or proventricle
of the new host. Based upon this view, it has been urged to
the keepers of the collection that the cages are to be kept
scrupulously clean, and, after the death of a bird or its
transference, that the cages be sterilized. Apparently under
such precautions there is some diminution of the occur-
rence of the parasites; but the interval has been too brief to
permit certainty in this direction at the present time.
The structural characteristics of the worms are constant;
but there is considerable variation in size of the mature speci-
mens as obtained from different hosts, and often among the
examples obtained from a single bird. The average maxi-
mum length of fully developed females was a little over 14 mm. ;
thickness, 0.45 mm.; average maximum length of males.
8 mm.; thickness, 0.31 mm. The smallest adults were
64
occasionally but little more than half the size of the average;
the largest female observed in the entire material was 20.5 mm.
long and 0.6 mm. in diameter; the largest male observed,
12 mm. long and 0.35 mm. in diameter. The largest examples
were found in the conures and in the Senegal parrot. The
worms are of filarial shape (Fig. 1), long and slender, cylin-
drical in section, rigid and colorless. Thickest level of
females at about two thirds of length from head; of males,
near middle of body length. From these levels the speci-
mens taper anteriorly in delicate manner to the head end,
which at base of lips in a female of 12 mm. length measured
0.08 mm. in diameter (0.06 mm. in male somewhat over 8 mm.
in length). Posteriorly the females taper uniformly and
finely to an acutely conical straight tail (Fig. 6), with the tip
slightly inclined dorsally; the tail of the male a little less
acutely conical and curled ventrally. Cuticle finely striated
transversely, transparent; and on each side at the head end
the cuticle is raised into an uncertain and asymmetrical
expansion (Fig. 2) with crenulated margin (in the female
used for measurements reaching 1 mm. backward from head
on one side and less than half this distance on the other).
The head (Figs. 4 and 5) is small and is provided with six
lips. Of these, two are large, thick lateral lips (Fig. 4, a),
with broad and nearly straight anterior border, the sides
incurved and the base about half the length of the anterior
free border. These lips are armed with three prominent
conical teeth on the anterior border; on their external sur-
face, from base to anterior border, extends a depressed median
line, on each side of which the lip substance rises in a rounded
elevation. Midway between the free border and base on the
external surface is a horizontal row of three small and easily
overlooked papillae. On either side of these lateral teeth is a
smaller submedian lip (Fig. 4, b and c) with rounded margin
and broad base, unarmed. Dorsally and ventrally between
the two adjacent submedian lips is a sharp-edged prominence
projecting into the oral cavity (Fig. 4, e and /) looking from
65
the outside like an interlabial tooth. About (lie bases of tin-
lips the body cuticle rises into a collar of small and irregular
eminences. Tin-re is a well-marked oral cavity (Fig. 5, /),
the base lying about the same distance back of the base of the
lips as the lateral lips rise in height above their base; base
of cavity horizontal, its lateral walls rising from it at nearly
right angles. Tlie esophagus i Figs. 1 , 2, and f>, g) is long and
slender (in male of over s mm. length it measures 2..") mm. in
length; in female of ll'. mm. length, 15..") mm.); for a short
distance from the base of the oral cavity it is thin-walled and
narrow, thereafter widening and becoming thicker-walled and
definitely muscular. It opens into the intestine by a rather
prominent valve-like arrangement. The intestine is straight
and o|H-ns in the female snbterminally il).2 mm. from tip of
tail); and in the male a little more anteriorly (0.35 mm. from
tip of tail) in a cloaca. Caudal end of male (Fig. 8) provided
with lateral alar cuticular expansions (not quite symmetrical)
supported at base by irregular and small rays from the body
wall,), enclosing a bursa. The cuticle within this bursa is
arranged in long rectangular plates, running in the long axis
of the worm and contrasting sharply with the transverse
stria- of the rest of the cuticle. Within this bursa are ten
pairs of papilla- and one unpaired precloacal papilla. These
are arranged as follows from tip of tail forward: Nos. 1, 2, 3,
and 4 (Figs. 8 and 9) are quite small and situated just in
front of tip of tail, No. 2 (smaller than No. 3) and No. 3
nearly on same level (No. 2 median to No. 3); equal dis-
tances between Nos. 1, 3, and 4. No. 5 is about half-way
between tip of tail and cloaca, larger than the alx>ve; No. 6
about half-way between No. 5 and cloaca, this pair not
entirely symmetrical; No. 7 at or just in front of cloaca;
Nos. 8, 9, and 10 in row anterior to No. 7, and separated
from No. 7 and each other successively by uniformly increas-
ing distances. Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, and the unpaired pre-
cloacal papilla, considerably larger than Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Male spicules unequal. Testicular tubes plicated along the
intestine.
66
In the female there are two ovarian tubes, anterior and
posterior, which with their oviducts lie densely folded along
the intestine, nearly hiding the latter in the greater part of
the length of the worm. These unite into a short and incon-
spicuous uterine and vaginal tube, which opens ventrally
at an easily overlooked vulvar orifice (Fig. 1 , v) within the first
third of the length of the worm. Ova (Fig. 7) are colorless,
elliptical in shape, with thick walls, each containing a more
or less well-developed larval worm. They measure as an
average 38 micromillimeters in length and 18 micromillimeters
in transverse diameter (small examples as low as 34 x 16;
largest examples as high as 42 x 20 micromillimeters).
The larval forms met were, as a rule, but 2 or 3 millimeters
in length, and often showed some appearance as of undergoing
moult, the old cuticle separating about the tail end of the
worm. The mouth parts were less complex than in the
adults. In the young sexual forms about the only feature
of importance noted was the fact of the lack of development
of the bursa by the formation of the lateral caudal expansions,
the papillae being, however, seen as in the older examples.
Spiroptera (?) iguana, n. s. (Plate X, Figs. 1 to 3).
From the lung of a Cuban iguana, Cyclura nubila (P. Z. G.
Lab., 1127), a single specimen of a nematode worm (Path.
Hist., 1641) was submitted for identification, in bad state of
preservation, and for this reason mainly permitting only the
following features to be determined. The worm, a male,
measured 30 mm. in length and at its thickest level (near
middle of length) 0.6 mm. in thickness. It was colorless,
rigid, subcylindrical, nearly uniform in thickness for the
greater part of its length, but anteriorly tapering to a rounded
head end (which at 0.02 mm. back of the mouth measured
0.14 mm. in diameter), and posteriorly terminating in a
bluntly conical, enrolled tail with rounded tip. Cuticle
finely striated transversely; worm polymyarial. Mouth
69
very small (0.02 nun. in diameter), the tissue about tin- head
end rather lm<lly broken, and (lie detail^ of nirintli structure
uncertain. ( Apparently there arc (line minute lips, four
sided, with broad base, the anterior margin ncarlv straight
and not as wide as base, the lateral margins convex; each lip
with a single median prominence.) No biiecal capsnlc.
Esophagus long and slender, with triradiate lumen, without
bulb, but widening posteriorly in delicate clavate manner
In-fore opening into intestine. Ventral surface of tail flat-
tened to concave; uncertain from cnticidar damage as to exist-
ence of cuticular expansions here and the formation thereby of
a definite bursa. Tail tightly enrolled; tip of tail rounded,
slightly constricted from the body of the tail, with several
uncertain papilla-like prominences along its border as shown
in drawing (Fig. 1). Cloaca 0.3 mm. from caudal end.
Genital spicules (Fig. 2, a and a) unequal (0.27 arid 0.55 mm.),
grooved, the accessory piece relatively broad and flared out
at distal end into a coarse barb. Eleven pairs of papillae, of
which six are precloacal; all closely set about the cloacal
orifice, the most posterior being 0.21 and the most anterior
0.39 mm. from the tip of the tail.
The uncertainty of specific classification is seriously in-
creased by the poor condition of the specimen and the fact
that no female examples were obtained. The fact of the
existence of six pairs of precloacal papilla- would render
doubtful the propriety of regarding it among the filaripc-
or spiroptene; but until further information is had the writers
feel that the general features warrant a tentative retention
among the spiropterae, and would propose the specific name
of Spiropiera iguanae.
Dispharagus ardece, n. s. (Plate X, Figs. 4 to 6).
The following description is based upon a single female
specimen (Path. Hist., 1681; No. 65, Synopsis, this journal)
obtained from a North American blue heron, Ardea herodias,
68
(P. Z. G. Lab., 1158), the same bird from which were also
obtained the examples of ascarides above described under
the name Ascaris ardece. The precise part of the alimentary
tract from which the specimen was derived cannot be stated,
inasmuch as the notes of autopsy merely mention the fact
that the parasites, including the ascarides, fragments of a
tapeworm (T. unilateralis, Duj.), and the present specimen,
were "found in the proventricle, stomach, and intestine."
Presumably the worm was a solitary example of its species
in the host, being found alone and, although apparently
fully developed, having no ova in its genital tubes. The
specimen measures 17 mm. in length and 0.7 mm. in diameter
at thickest level, near the middle of the body length; slightly
attenuate anteriorly, tapering very much less posteriorly until
close to the end of the tail, where it suddenly contracts into a
conical tip bent strongly upon the dorsum. Specimen rigid,
colorless; cuticle rather coarsely striated transversely. At
the head end, beginning at the base of the prominent lateral
lip on each side, there pass two raised sinuous lines, sub-
median, backward to nearly the middle of the body length,
extending then dorsally and ventrally respectively to join
similar lines upon the opposite side of the worm. The head
at base of the lips measures 0.15 mm. in transverse diameter.
Two lateral lips, each with double papilhp. Esophagus
2 mm. in length, made up of two portions, an anterior narrow
portion 0.8 mm. long and 0.05 to 0.09 mm. in diameter,
which suddenly enters a second wider portion 1.2 mm. long
and about 0.2 mm. in diameter. Intestine simple and straight.
Anus 0.35 mm. from tip of tail. At level of anus the body
suddenly narrows to form the conical end of the tail, present-
ing on each side of the anal orifice a marked ventrolateral
rounded (mammillary) prominence. Vulva near middle of
body length. Specimen non-gravid.
1-W J >GRAPH
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