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New York, Dec. 27, 1913. No. 1. 


Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold- 
blooded vertebrates. 


AN INTERESTING FORM OF THE 
PNAPPING TURTLE. 
(Chelydra_ serpentina. ) 


Recently several large snapping turtles have 
been received at the Philadelphia Aquarium, which 
appear to differ from those found commonly about 
Philadelphia and the Middle Atlantic States 
generally. I am indebted to Mr. W. E. Meehan, 
the Director of the Aquarium, for the opportunity 
of examining them. Altogether three specimens 
are in his possession, one from Minnesota and the 
others from Lake Copake in New York. Of the 
last, one is small. All agree in one striking fea- 
ture, though most developed in the two large exam- 
ples, in the presence of three lengthwise keels 
on the upper surface-of the carapace being well 
elevated and very conspicuous. Other examples 
with low and evenly convex carapaces, and with 
the keels but slightly developed, if at all present, 
are of all ages, the largest measuring 144 inches 
over the longest diameter of the carapace. These 
local specimens are from Pennsylvania and New 
Jersey. This evidence is interesting, as most writers 
state that the carapace becomes gradually smoother 
withage, though my incomplete observations, chiefly 
from lack of northern material for comparison, 


would point to a possible existence of two forms. 
This involves a question of the correct application of 
the fortunately few synonyms heretofore grouped 
under Zestudo serpentina Linneeus, which may 
be restricted to the northern or extremely keeled 
form. Chelydra lacertina Schweigger is virtually 
identical. The remaining Chelydra emarginata of 
Agassiz may then refer to the southern form, or at 
least to that common in the Delaware Valley 


and south. 
H. W. FOWLER, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


COLOR CHANGES IN COLLARED 
LIZARDS. 


Last summer it was my good fortune to be able 
to study Bailey’s Collared Lizard ( Crotaphytes col- 
laris) in the Painted Desert of northern Arizona. 
Those which I observed were found only in locali- 
ties where the volcanic or other rock occurred in 
piles, or was scattered over the ground. The liz- 
ards were generally seen perched upon one of these 
rocks. During the cooler hours of the day they 
were nearly always a dark, dirty gray, but when 
the air was warm and the lizards became more ac- 
tive, the color changed to a bright emerald green. 
This was in the country of the sandstone rocks. 
Where the black lava rock occurred the great 
majority of the lizards were of the same dark color, 
even when active and during the sunny part of the 
day. In this latter country they were a perfect 
example of protective coloration, but the green ones 
seem quite conspicuous, unless one could imagine 
a resemblance to the short grass, which occurred 
iregularly. 

I have two specimens in captivity, and notice 
this same color change during the day. In the 


morning, or when the air is cool, they lie sluggishly 
on the bottom of the cage, or under a rock, and at 
such times they are of this dark color and show 
no desire to feed. When the sun strikes their cage, 
however, they scramble around in a lively manner, 
their lighter colors begin to show, and they snap up 
meal worms eagerly. 
They are good feeders, quite. hardy, and are 
very gentle, never offering to bite. 
DWIGHT FRANKLIN, 
New York, N. Y. 


PTSHES IN THE WATER-SUPPLY: OF 
WILMINGTON, DELAWARE. 


On April 15, 1910, we visited Mr. Alfred D. 
Poole at Wilmington, who offered us every oppor- 
tunity to examine the fishes in the filter-beds. 
These are fed from the reservoir, which is supplied 
from the Brandywine Creek, at a considerable dis- 
tance. After the water was drawn off, we found 
the following: Abramis crysoleucas, Notropis hud- 
sonius amarus, N. analostanus, N. cornutus, Cypri- 
nus carpio, Catostomus commersonti, Ameiurus neb- 
ulosus, Lepomis auritus, Hupomotis gibbosus and 
Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi. On September 24, 
1910, we again inspected other of the filter-beds, 
finding all of the above except Ameturus nebulosus, 
besides the following additional species: Angwilla 
chrisypa, Semotilus bullaris, Ameiurus catus and 
Micropterus dolomieu. On November 20 and 21, 
1915, we again visited Wilmington, and examined 
the reservoir after the water was drawn off. We 
found it contained the following: Notropis analos- 
tanus, Oyprinus carpio, Anguilla chrisypa, Lepomis 
auritus, Hupomotis gibbosus and Micropterus salm- 
oides. These lists are quite interesting as showing 
the variety of species which gradually stock artifi- 


cial bodies of water after considerable periods of 
time, as several years had elapsed since their pre- 
vious drainings. 
R. J. PHILLIPS and H. W. FOWLER, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


NOTES ON FISHES NEAR NEW YORK. 


Since a List of the Fishes Known to have 
Occurred within Fifty Miles of New York City went 
to press in the Abstract of the Proceedings of the 
Linnean Society of New York, published Febru- 
ary 8, 1913, further data, changing the local status 
of the following species, has come to the writer’s 
attention : 

Hippocampus hudsonius. (Feb.!) April to Nov.! 
Lobotes surinamensis.2, Casual. Sept. and Oct. 

One seen in the fishermen’s catch at Galilee, N. J., Sept. 

20, 1913. 
Prionotus carolinus. May to Nov. 21.° 
Urophycis chuss. Common. Oct. to at least Nov. 21.4 
Paralichthys dentatus. May to Nov. 21. 
Paralichthys oblongus.? Common. Nov. 
Limanda ferruginea.? Common. Nov. 


Lophopsetta maculata. August to Noy. 23, at which 
date in 1912 it was seen taken from rather deep water. 


1. N. Y. Zoological Soc. Bull., April 1904. 
2. N. Y. Zoological Soc. Bull., Jan. 1907. 
3. Seen taken by the writer off New York in twenty-one fathoms, 


Nov. 21, 1912. 
J. T. NICHOLS, 
New York, N. Y. 


LATE ACTIVITY OF PICKERING’S HYLA. 


On December 7, 1913, at Plainfield, N. J., I 
heard three Pickering’s Hylas giving their clear, 
Spring whistle in different parts of the woods. The 
day, like the preceding, was unseasonably warm 
(temperature 54° F. at 11:45 A. M.) and rainy, and 


the woods very wet. 
W. DE W. MILLER, 


Plainfield, N. J. 


New York, Jan. 19, 1914. No. 2 


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Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold- 
blooded vertebrates. 


RIO GRANDE INDIAN FISHERMEN 


Most of the Southwestern Indians will not eat 
fish, but the tribes along the Rio Grande have 
gotten over this prejudice if they ever had it. An 
explanation for the former non-use of fish is as 
follows: When the people came up out of the 
underworld through a lake in the north they wan- 
dered about looking for good places to live. When 
they came to the Rio Grande the leader made a 
bridge of Guacamayo feathers. Those persons who 
refused to cross are now the nomadic Indians, 
those who crossed safely are the Pueblo Indians, 
and those who fell in are the fish. 

The methods of fishing are various, although 
snares and traps seem to be the most ancient. 
The snare is made of a horsehair loop tied to the 
end of a short stick. Lying on the bank the fish- 
erman maneuvers this snare till it is directly in 
front of the fish, and then draws it up with a jerk. 
The fish, startled, shoots straight ahead and is 
caught. The Indians of Taos Pueblo are very 
skillful at fishing in this manner. The fish-hook 
has been acquired from the white man and is 
valled a ‘‘ pointed fish snare.” Bone ones are 
sometimes made. H. J. SPINDEN. 

New York, N. Y. 


AMPHIBIANS: AND Gh Reese bs Aan 
JENNINGS, MARYLAND. 


During June of 1907, while on a visit to Mr. 
Herman Behr in this part of Garrett County, I 
collected or noted a number of interesting species, 
as follows: Plethodon erythronotus, P. glutinosus, 
Spelerpes bislineatus, 8. longicauda, Desmognathus 
fusca, Diemictylus viridescens (both forms), Bufo 
americanus, Pseudacris triseriatus, Hyla picker- 
ingii, Rana pipiens, R. palustris, R. clamata, R. 
sylvatica, Thamnophis sirtalis, and Agkistrodon 
contortiria. Mr. Behr also reported Natrix sipedon, 
Crotalus horridus and Chelydra serpentina. 

This list is offered, as no previous account has 
ever been given of the region, and as several of the 
species are of interest geographically. 

T. D. KEIM, 
Stelton, N. J. 


NOTES ON THE FISHES AT OCEAN 
OITY;, MARYLAND: 


In August, with Mr. A. R. Burton, the off- 
shore pounds were visited to study the fishes of the 
region. Small collections were also made in Isle 
of Wight and Sinnepuxent Bays. As no recent 
account of the fishes has appeared since Uhler 
and Lugger’s in 1876, the following list is offered : 

Carcharhinus milberti 
Several small ones. 
Sphyrna zygena 
A dozen young. 
Pristis pectinatus 
A mounted example on exhibition was 
reported to have been taken in 1911. It 


was about 10 feet long, and had 25 teeth 
on each side of the rostrum. 


Raja eglanteria 
Dasyatis say 


Pteroplatea maclura 
Myliobatis freminvillar 
Acipenser sturio 
Anguilla chrisypa 
Opisthonema oglinwm 
Brevoortia tyrannus 
Stolephorus mitchilli 
Fundulus majalis 
Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepidotus 
Fundulus diaphanus 
Fundulus lucie 
A few in ditches. 
Cyprinodon variegatus 
Tylosurus marinus 
Syngnathus fuseus 
Menidia beryllina cerea 
Menidia menidia notata 
Scomberomorus maculatus 
Trichiurus lepturus 
Caranx crysos 
Trachinotus carolinus 
Pomatomus saltatrix 
Rachycentron canadus 
Poronotus triacanthus 
Morone americana 
Many parasitized with Livoneca ovalis, some- 
times two within a single gill opening. 
Centropristes striatus 
Orthopristis chrysopterus 
Cynoscion regalis 
Cynoscion nebulosus 
Bairdiella chrysura 
Micropogon undulatus 
Leiostomus xanthurus 
Menticirrhus saxatilis 
Alutera schopfir 
Spheroides maculatus 
Chilomycterus schepfi 
Prionotus strigatus 
Lophopsetta maculata 
Paralichthys dentatus 
Lophius piscatorius 
H. W. FOWLER, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


THALASSOCHEHLYS CARHTTA IN THE 
SOUTH ATLANTIC. 


During November, 1912, the writer observed 
numbers of loggerhead turtles in the South Atlan- 
tic Ocean between the latitudes of 32° 54’ S. and 
37° S., and the longitudes of 42° 15’ W. and 46° 
29° W. The area included within these limits lies 
400-500 miles east of the coast of Uruguay. The 
specific dates and notes are as follows: 


“Nov. 3.—Two loggerheads, with carapaces 
fully a meter in length, noted separately. 


‘* Nov. 4.—Three seen, of which one was har- 
pooned and captured. Its carapace was grown 
over with algae, and its stomach contained Chon- 
drophoride (Velella). A Cape Verde sailor who 
was suffering from rheumatism drank a cup of the 
blood of this turtle as medicine. 


‘ Noy. 8.—Rough weather. Many loggerheads 
seen throughout the day (latitude 36° 16’ S., longi- 
tude 46° 35’ W.). One was observed swimming or 
floundering on its back, raising one pectoral flipper 
above the surface of the water as it paddled. 


‘“ Nov. 9.—One seen. This loggerhead lay idly 
at the surface until it was grazed by the ship. 
Beneath its plastron was a veritable cloud of small 
fishes which kept their position when the turtle 
darted away.” 

Re Co MURR EY. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


New York, Feb. 14, 1914. No. : 


: 


Cw 
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Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold- 
blooded vertebrates. 


CONCERNING THE OCCURRENCE OF 
SUCKERS (ECHENEIDID®) ON 
BALISTID 2. 


During a period of prevailingly caln weather, 
August 8 to 25, 1912, in an area included between 
the latitudes 26° and 32° N. and the longitudes 49° 
and 62° W., I had an opportunity to observe from 
the deck of the American whaling brig ‘“ Daisy” 
considerable numbers of one or more species of 
pelagic trigger fish (Balistide). A photograph of 
a specimen captured on August 11 furnishes a 
satisfactory identification of the family. 

These fishes were called by the sailors ‘‘ old 
wives” and “leather jackets.” Schools of them 
darted round the vessel, swimming mostly on their 
. sides, and the fishes readily bit hooks baited with 
sperm whale meat. The dorsal fin was high and 
situated well posteriorly ; some of the individuals 
were spotted or blotched with white. The largest 
specimen caught measured 28 centimeters in 
length. 

On August 9 (latitude 27° N., longitude 
62° W.) I saw one accompanied by three small, 
slender, dark-colored fishes (remoras) which 
appeared to be attached to the trigger fish’s side, 


except that they sometimes wriggled away from it 
for a few seconds, or changed their positions in the 
manner of Echeneididse on sharks. A notebook 
sketch made at the time shows the parasites about 
one-quarter the length of the Balistid, or perhaps 8 
centimeters long. R. ©. MURPHY. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


NOTES ON FISHES NEAR NEW YORK. 


On December 20, 1913, one or two Big Skate, 
Raja ocellata, were taken from the fishing steamer 
“Taurus” at Cholera Bank, Long Island. This 
seems the latest definite available record near New 
York City for the species, which probably winters. 
The prongs of an egg-case were projecting from 
the cloaca of a female. 

During the fall and ensuing winter of 1913, 
Dr. Wiegmann has been active studying the occur- 
rence of fishes as captured near New York, and 
hopes by continuing his observations to get much 
more definite data on their abundance and migra- 
tions than is now available. The following late 
dates obtained are of interest: 

Sheepshead Bay: Goggle-eyed Sead, Trachurops cru- 
menophthalmus, Sept. 24; White Mullet, Mugil carema, Nov. 
9; Northern Barracuda, Sphyrena borealis, Nov. 16. 

Coney Island: <Alewife, Pomolobus pseudoharengus, 
Nov. 26; Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, Nov. 26; Silvery 
Anchovy, Stolephorus argyrophanus, Noy. 18. A single large 
specimen of the Silvery Anchovy was obtained. The 
identification has been verified at the American Museum of 
Natural History. 

Sandy Hook: Blackfish, Tautoga onitis, Dec. 31; 
Squirrel Hake, Urophycis chuss, Dee. 51, abundant. 

W. H. WIEGMANN, 
J. T. NICHOLS, 
New York, N. Y. 


LIST OF SALIENTIA FROM NEAR 
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 


The following were collected ten miles south 
of Jacksonville by the writer, 1911-1912: 


ORDER SALIENTIA. 
Family Ranide. 

Rana pipiens Schreber, abundant all over. 
Rana sphenocephala Cope, abundant all over. 
Rana wesopus Cope, local, not very plentiful. 
Rana clamitans Latreille, sparsely, scattered companies. 
Rana catesbiana Shaw, permanent bodies of water. 
Rana grylis Stejneger, not rare, but very shy. 


Family Hngystomatide. 


Engystoma carolinense Holbrook, abundant everywhere 
after heavy rains. 


Family Bufonide. 
Bufo lentiginosus Shaw and 
Bufo quercicus Holbrook, common, in companies in tem- 
porary water, or scattered on cultivated ground. 
Family Hylidae. 
Hyla pickeringti Storer, rare here. 
Hyla squirella Bose., in gardens and cornfields 


Hyla femoralis Latreille, common on pine trees, but not 
easily caught. 


Hyla cinerea Daudin, found in scattered bands, among 
water hyacinths on creeks. 


Hyla gratiosa Le Conte, local, not very plentiful. 


Chorophilus nigritus Le Conte, common during the winter 
months. 


Chorophilus occidentalis Bd. and Gd., plentiful, in seat- 
tered companies. 


Chorophilus ocularis Holbrook, abundant everywhere. 
Acris gryllus Le Conte, plentiful on edges of bayous. 


Re Ee DECKERT. 
New York, N. Y. 


THE FOOD OF THE LOGGERHEAD 
TURTLE (Caretta caretta). 


A large loggerhead turtle was sent to the 
Philadelphia Aquarium in October last, where it 
shortly died. It was secured off the New Jersey 
coast. Upon an examination of the contents of its 
alimentary canal, the intestinal tract was found 
completely filled with the remains of hermit crabs 
(Pagurus pollicaris) and borers (Natica duplicata). 
No other food appeared to have been taken. Dr. 
Henry A. Pilsbry, who also examined the specimen 
and identified the shells, secured three species of 
barnacles from its carapace, plastron, and inside 
its mouth. One of these barnacles he may likely 
describe as new. H. W. FOWLER, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 


BELATED SINGING OF TOADS. 


Numbers of Common Toads have been observed 
every year in the water of Patchogue Lake singing 
as late as the middle of August. These toads 
behave exactly as toads do in the breeding season, 
but no females have been seen among them. 

FRANK OVERTON, 
Patchogue, N. Y. 


BOX TURTLE ACTIVE IN DECEMBER. 


In connection with Mr. Miller’s December 
record for Pickering’s Hyla (‘ Copeia,” No. 1), a 
Box Turtle observed by the writer out and active 
below the Palisades at Englewood, N. J., December 
21, 1913, is of interest. J. T. NICHOLS. 

Englewood, N. J. 


New York, March 14, 1914. No. 4 


Ca 2 
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Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold- 
blooded vertebrates. 


PICKERING’S HYLA ACTIVE IN 
JANUARY. 

On January 30, 1914, I heard two Spring 
Peepers (Hyla pickeringti) singing at noon in a 
swamp at Brookhaven, Long Island, N. Y. There 
would be a series of half a dozen or more peeps 
followed by a silence of about five minutes; the 
frogs responded twice to my whistled imitations of 
their calls. The temperature of the air was 56° 
F. in the shade; there was a gentle wind blowing from 
the southwest, and the sun shone dimly through 
fog clouds. Much ice was still to be seen on the 
ponds; the temperature had been warm for several 
days previously. FRANK OVERTON, 

Patchogue, N. Y. 


A NOTE ON THE PURRING GOURAMI. 


Although not as highly colored as most of the 
Labyrinth-fishes from the Far Hast, Ctenops vitta- 
tus, commonly called the Purring Gourami, com- 
mands more than usual attention because of its 
being able to produce purring sounds. 

It is a small fish, seldom over 2 inches in 
length, and not often seen in aquaria in this 
country, as it is very delicate as regards changes 
in temperature and handling. Only recently has it 
been my good fortume to have a few pairs of them 
for any length of time. 


The purring sound is heard very frequently 
during the mating period; it is a short, sharp 
brrr—brrr, like the sound produced by throwing 
pebbles in rapid succession against glass. In doing 
it the fish, with gill-covers, tail and fins extended, 
shakes himself violently, and the purring, accord- 
ing to its strength, can be heard distinctly for a 
distance of 25 feet and more. 


RICHARD DORN, 
Upper Montclair, N. J. 


AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 
OBSERVED AT BEVERLY, N. J. 


During the past five years I have noted and 
collected the following amphibians and reptiles in 
my locality: 


Plethodon erythronotus—Under logs in woodland. 

Spelerpes bislineatus— Under stones in creek bottoms. 

Desmognathus fusca— Under stones in streams. 

Bufo americanus— Gardens. 

Acris gryllus crepitans—Pond edges. 

-Hyla pickeringii—Marshes and gardens. 

Hyla versicolor—Garden. 

Rana pipiens—Grassy pools. 

Rana palustris—Meadows and contiguous woodland. 

Rana catesbeiana— Creek borders. 

Rana sylvatica—W et woodland. 

Natrix sipedon—Creeks and river meadows. 

Bascanion constrictor—Low, wet wood growths. 

Thamnophis sirtalis—Low meadows. (Both striped and 
spotted.) 

Heterodon platirhinos—Dry fields and woodlands. (Both 
dark and light phases.) 

Sceloporus undulatus—Pine lands. 

Chelydra serpentina—Creeks. 

Kinosternon pensylvanicum—Muddy streams, takes the 
brook. 

Sternotherus odoratus—Muddy streams, takes the brook. 

Chrysemys picta—Creeks. 

Clemmys muhlenbergii— Meadow streams. 

Clemmys insculpta—Low woods. 

Clemmys guttata—Creeks. 

Terrapene carolina—Meadows. 

J. F. STREET, 
Beverly, N. J. 


RIO GRANDE INDIAN FISH TRAPS 


Fish traps are made according to a widespread 
fashion. Two converging walls of brush that point 
downstream are built. At the center is an opening 
where a log is placed to form a waterfall. Below 
this waterfall is a willow mat which is carefully 
screened in from the side. The fish are swept out 
towards the end of this mat, which is above water, 
and are unable to go back over the little waterfall. 

Large fish-nets are made by communal labor 
out of the fiber of Indian hemp and the wide- 
leaved yucca. Each man makes his piece of net 
and brings it to a meeting. There the different 
pieces are patched together to form a large seine. 
The mesh is made even by the use of a flat stick 
over which the tying is done. Stones are used for 
sinkers and gourds for floaters. 

The throwing of the net is a communal enter- 
prise and the whole village profits by it. The 
governor of the pueblo has charge, and before the 
event comes off either he or the war captain goes 
to the river bank and throws in an offering of 
cornmeal to placate the river spirit. After the 
fish have been eaten, many Indians throw the 
bones back to the river, believing they will again 
become fish. Others throw the vertebre on ant 
hills so the ants will clean them nicely and they 
can be used as beads. H. J. SPINDEN, 

New York, N. Y. 


EGG-LAYING OF THE LOGGERHEAD 
TURTLE. 


At Cape Lookout, in North Carolina, on July 
27, 1913, at about midnight, my captain, with one 
of the other members of my crew, noticed the fresh 
tracks of a turtle, and upon following them for a 
short distance, came upon a very large loggerhead 


MY 
lf 

turtle laying her eggs. His description, which I 

know to be reliable, follows : 

He states that the turtle had almost buried 
herself in the sand; thai the laying of each egg, at 
intervals of ten to fiftee1, seconds, was accompanied 
by a convulsive movement; that she appeared not 
to notice their presence while laying, although he 
struck her. He received 25 or 30 of the eggs in 
his hand as they were laid. After she had finished 
laying she filled the héle, and, with her flippers, 
smoothed the sand over. then showed a disposition 
to defend her nest by r2maining near it, but they 
handled her roughly and she started for the sea, 
more than 100 yards distant. The nest was opened 
and the balance of the eggs secured. The entire 
number laid was only 87, which is the smallest 
number I have ever known to be laid by a logger- 
head turtle. In my experience they usually lay 
about 150. R. J. COLES, 

Danville, Va. 


PADDLEFISH FOUND IN MUD. 


During the construction of a dam across the 
Nolichucky River near Greeneville, Tenn., an area 
of the river bottom was exposed to view by means 
of a cofferdam on November 9th, 1913. 

All the water was pumped out, and during the 
pumping process no fish were observed in the water. 

The rock bed of the river was covered by two 
feet of clean sand, and over this was three or four 
inches of fine silt. In chis silt were found half a 
dozen living fish called by the natives Shovel-nosed 
Catfish, identified at the American Museum of 
Natural History as Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. 
These fish ranged from 2 to 24 feet in length, the 
head and paddle being: about half the length of 
the fish. WARREN TRAVELL, 

New York, N. Y. 


Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold- 
blooded vertebrates. 


EFFECT OF THUNDER ON FISHES 

On July 9 and 31, 1915, when collecting with 
seines in the bight of Cape Lookout, North Caro- 
lina, immediately following two violent electrical 
storms, I found fishes unusually scarce. The 
precipitation had been heavy on both these occa- 
sions, but I have in the past noticed scarcity of 
fish following thunder accompanied by little or no 
rainfall, and believe that vibration of the ground 
caused by heavy thunder drives them into deeper 
er: Reve Olbes 1 

Danville, Va. 


NOTES ON LEOPARD LIZARDS 


Very little has been published on the habits 
of the Leopard Lizard (Crotaphytes wislizenit), 
although it is common in many parts of the 
Southwest. 

There seems to be considerable variation in 
the color and pattern, depending on the sort of 
country in which they are found. Those living in 
a region of dark volcanic rocks have a darker pat- 
tern than those found in the red sandy desert. 
The Leopard Lizards which I observed last sum- 
mer were of the latter type, and were chiefly seen 


at Tuba, in the Painted Desert, Arizona. The 
general color of these lizards was light in tone, the 
ground color was pale buff and the spots of a soft 
rich brown which blended at the edges. The 
females were slightly larger than the males and 
invariably had a series of brilliant orange-red bars 
along the sides of the body and tail and along the 
under side of the tail. None of the males which I 
examined had any red color. The under sides of 
both sexes are pure white. 

These lizards were feeding largely upon cicadas 
during the month of June. An examination of 
their stomachs showed this. On one occasion I 
saw a Leopard Lizard leap over two feet up and 
catch a cicada which was singing in a low grease- 
wood bush. 

Leopard Lizards probably lay their eggs dur- 
ing July, although I was unable to make any 
observations on their breeding habits. During the 
month of June I saw many adults but no young, 
while in August and September I saw no adults 
but quite a few young lizards, evidently of that 
year’s brood. The young were about five inches 
in length and were slightly darker than the adults. 

Errata.—In Number 1 of * Copeia,” page 2, Crotaphytes 
collaris should read Crotaphytes baileyi. 

DWIGHT FRANKLIN, 
New York, N. Y. 
FURTHER NOTES ON THE SALIENTIA 
OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 

The two species of ‘“ Leopard frog,” Rana 
pipiens, Schreb., and Lf. sphenocephala, Cope, are 
the commonest frogs hereabout. Both species 
can be found everywhere, from February to Novem- 
ber. The breeding season is not restricted to a few 


weeks or months, as in the North, but frogs may 
be heard singing in chorus, after heavy rains, dur- 
ing the time mentioned above. I have found their 
spawn, in shallow bayous, in February, March, 
April, May, August and October. 

Rana wsopus, Cope, the “Gopher frog,” is a 
silent frog, very shy and not often seen. Its call 
is a loud, deep snore, and can be heard from late 
February to the end of May. These frogs croak 
only at night, and are then easily caught by the 
light of a lantern. Outside of the breeding season 
this frog frequents the burrows of the ‘ Gopher 
turtle,” Testudo polyphemus, sitting at the mouth 
of these burrows and vanishing into them at the 
slightest alarm. Two or three frogs will inhabit 
the same turtle-burrow. The one-year-old frogs of 
this species I have repeatedly caught, wandering 
from the high ground and its burrows into the 
swampy meadows below, where the insect life is 
more abundant. On being discovered, they will 
not dash away with long leaps, like other frogs, 
but squat close to the ground, motionless, like 
some toads, and are then easily picked up. 

Rana clamitans, Latr., the “ Pond frog,” and 
Rk. cateshiana, Shaw, the common ‘“ Bull-frog,” 
frequent the borders of the larger creeks, also per- 
manent smaller streams. They are not as common 
here as in the North. Both differ from northern 
frogs of the same species in having their under 
sides much darker, some specimens being black 
with a very few small whitish spots. 

Rana grylis, Stgr., is called the “ Pig-frog,” 
owing to its loud grunting call, repeated three or 
four times. This is a beautiful frog, closely related 
to the common Bull-frog. It is one of the shyest 
of all frogs, usually floating in water two or three 


feet deep, under the branches of a floating dead 
tree, or among other debris, so that it is almost 
impossible to get within capturing distance with- 
out alarming it. Its size is 4 to 5 inches from 
snout to vent. The call is heard at any time, day 
or night, from deeply wooded bayous, oftenest in 
March, April and May. R. F. DECKERT. 

New York, N. Y. 


FISHES IN POLLUTED WATERS 


For many years the tidal reaches of the 
Schuylkill River to the Fairmount dam in Phila- 
delphia have been greatly polluted, suggesting the 
impression that they support little or no fish life. 
I have recently received a number of fishes from 
this region, through Mr. W. E. Meehan, the Direc- 
tor of the Philadelphia Aquarium, besides notes 
on others not sent. The most interesting was a 
gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) captured 
from a small run during the past October. Those 
species commonly noted are Anguilla chrisypa, 
Notropis hudsonias amarus, N. amenus, Cyprinus 
carpio, Carassius auratus, Catostomus commersoni, 
Ameiurus nebulosus, Fundulus heterochitus macro- 
lepidotus, Ambloplites rupestris, Hupomotis gibbosus, 
Micropterus salmoides, Perca flavescens and Boleos- 
oma nigrum olmstedi. Species of more or less 
unusual occurrence were Pomolobus pseudoharen- 
gus, Salmo furio, Ameiurus catus, Hsox reticulatus, 
Pomowis sparoides, Lepomis auritus, L. incisor, 
Micropterus dolonieu and Morone americana. 

H. W. FOWLER, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


New York, May 15,1914. No. 6 


Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold- 


blooded vertebrates. 


ON SNARING SUCKERS 


Mr. Spinden’s article in Copeia (Rio Grande 
Indian Fishermen) recalled one of the earliest 
episodes of my youth. When I was ten years old 
(1847), I was a boarding scholar at Greenville, 
N. Y., and much addicted to angling, especially in 
a stream immediately back of our house. A New 
York boy (I forget his name) came with a mother 
or aunt to spend a week or so with my teacher’s 
family, and had a new wrinkle in the line of fish- 
ing. He had a long “catgut leader,” which he 
made into a loop and attached it to the end of a 
pole, and this he used to take suckers ( Catostomus) ; 
he slowly directed the loop towards the sucker and, 
leading it over the head, jerked it up when he had 
led it to the middle of the body and landed the 
fish. I do not remember that he caught any other 
fish than suckers in that way, the other fishes being 
too timid to stand the test. 

THEO. N. GILL, 


Washington, D. C. 


NOTES ON PELAGIC FISHES 


The following notes are based on observations 
made during an Atlantic cruise in the whaling brig 
‘* Daisy.” The fish parasites mentioned have been 


identified by members of the staffs of the U. 
National Museum and the Bureau of Animal 
Industry. 


Sphyrana picuda Bloch and Schneider 


A specimen taken by the writer on August 22, 
1912, latitude 31° 50° N., longitude 50° 49° W., had 
two large trematodes, Distomum ampullaceum 
Buttel-Reepen, in its intestine. 


Coryphena hippurus Linné 


A dolphin caught on August 26, 1912, latitude 
32° N., longitude 46° 12' W.., had three whole flying- 
fish in its ‘stomach, and a trematode. Hir onan 
clavata (Menzies), in its intestine. 


September 2, 1912, latitude 32° 21’ N., longi- 
tude 43° W. At noon a large piece of flotsam was 
harpooned from the deck of the ship and towed 
astern. Many dolphins and other fishes swam 
under the shelter of the wreckage, and remained 
with it while it was being drawn along. Fifteen 
of the fishes, of which five were Oor yphena hippu- 
rus, were caught on lines from the ship. 


November 1, 1912, latitude 29° 18' S., longitude 
40° 59° W. In the mouth of a dolphin taken on 
this date were an amphipod (Mutyphis faba) and 
two isopods (/dothea metallica). 

October 7, 1912, latitude 5° N., longitude 22° 
25' W. A large albacore was caught on this date. 
Within its stomach were young dolphins (Cory- 
phena), a decapod crustacean, and a pelagic * violet 
snail” (Janthina). 


Hlagatis bipinnulatus (Quoy and Gaimard) 


October 3, 1912, latitude 6° 46’ N., longitude 
24°35 W. A female of this species which measured 
more than a meter in length was taken. 


October 11, 1912, latitude 3° 20' N., longitude 
24° 44' W. A 7-foot shark which swam round and 


round the ship on this date, was accompanied not 
only by several pilot fish, but also by a troup of 
fifty or more young runners (Hlagatis). They 
were seen with the shark for several hours. 


R. C. MURPHY, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


ON THE SYSTEMATIC NAMES OF THE 
SNAPPING TURTLES 


In the first number of “‘ Copeia,” Mr. H. W. 
Fowler has indicated his belief that there exist in 
the United States two forms of the Snapping Turtle 
—a northern one, with a well-developed median 
keel to the carapace in the adult, and a southern 
one, common in the Delaware Valley and south, 
with the median keel but slightly developed, if at 
all. To the former he reserves Linnzus’ name, 
Chelydra_ serpentina; for the latter he employs 
Agassiz’s Chelydra emarginata, based upon speci- 
mens from Mobile and New Orleans, stating that 
‘* Ohelydra lacertina Schweigger is virtually iden- 
tical” with Ch. serpentina. 

Without being able at the present moment to 
express an opinion as to the existence of two 
separable forms of the Snapping Turtle in this 
country, I wish to call attention to the fact that, 
if they are distinct, the keel-less form must take 
the name given by Domolber 

The latter, in 1812, Kénigsberg. Arch. Naturw. 
Math; vol: 1p. 293, distinguished between two 
forms, of which Ch. lacert tina is characterized as 
having “testa oblonga, scutellis vertebralibus 
planis, lateralibus carinatis,” while Ch. serpentina 
is said to have “testa oblonga, trifariam carinato- 
spinosa,” or precisely the same characters as given 
by Mr. Fowler. From Duméril’s Cat. Méth. Coll. 
Rept. Mus. Paris, 1851, p. 15, we learn that 
Schweigger’s type is still in the Paris Museum of 
Natural History, viz., ‘‘the one of which the 
vertebral keels are effaced, a character apon which 


he |Schweigger| had based the distinction between 
this species [ Ch. lacertina], considered new by him, 
and that which he described under the name of 
Ch. serpentina.” 

Therefore, if there be two forms of Snapping 
Turtles, their names would be Chelydra serpentina 
serpentina (Linneus) and COhelydra_ serpentina 
lacertina (Schweigger): 


LEONHARD STEJNEGER, 
Washington, D. C. 


NOTE ON HAWAIIAN GECKOS 


During April, 1913, Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry 
secured two interesting geckos while visiting the 
Hawaiian Islands. As any additional information 
to Dr. Stejneger’s account of the ‘ Hawaiian 
Land Reptiles” (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXI, 
1899, pp. 783-813) is desirable, I give the following 
records: 

Peropus mutilatus (Wiegmann). 


Obtained on the island of Kahoolawe, from which it 
has not previously been reported. 


Hemidactylus garnotii Duméril and Bibron. 
One secured at Moomouii, on the island of Molokai. 
Lepidodactylus lugubris (Duméril and Bibron). 


An old example, collected by J. K. Townsend many 
years ago. is interesting as likely being the first 
Hawaiian gecko in any museum, especially American. 
It is still in good preservation. Though labeled 
simply + Sandwich Islands,” it was probably secured 
on Oahu. The original label also shows that it was 
coufused with the preceding species. 


H.-W. FOWLER, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


a 
ea 


as 


Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold- 
blooded vertebrates. 


NOTES ON THE GILA MONSTER. 


In May, 1907, the Children’s) Museum in 
Brooklyn received a fine specimen, 17 inches in 
length, of the Gila Monster, Heloderma suspectum 
Cope, captured a few weeks previous near Tucson, 
Arizona. When it died, February 3, 1914, or 
almost seven years after captivity, it measured 
18 inches. 

At first vicious and ever ready with partly 
open jaws and quick motions of the head to snap 
at an intruder, the lizard became sluggish after a 
few weeks, rarely attempting to bite even when 
handled. It frequently drank water, but refused 
to take food, such as eggs, whole or beaten, chopped 
beef, or milk. After two months of such behavior, 
forcible feeding was resorted to. This was accom- 
plished by means of a glass tube, 3 inch in diameter 
and 18 inches long. The procedure briefly was as 
follows: grasping the lizard just behind the head 
and holding it in a vertical position the jaws were 
pried open with a strong pair of dental forceps, the 
tube inserted to a depth of from 2 to 24 inches and 
the contents of one beaten egg allowed to run 
down. Thereafter this operation was repeated 
once a month. It worked perfectly ; there was no 


spilling and the reptile apparently thrived. Dis- 
section after death showed blood-clots around the 
heart; otherwise all organs looked normal. Thick 
layers of fat lined the sides of the abdomen. A 
few days before, while feeding, the forceps slipped 
and the reptile’s jaws closed with sufficient force 
to splinter the glass tube. Injury received through 
this accident probably caused death. 

Shedding of the skin did not occur at regular 
intervals, but rather continuously, small patches 
peeling off here and there. 

On October 26, 1907, a museum attendant was 
bitten in the fleshy part of the base of the thumb of 
the right hand. The reptile’s hold was extremely 
tenacious, and some time, perhaps a minute, elapsed 
before the hand was released. The wound showed 
6 small punctures. Swelling and discoloration of 
the hand, accompanied by great pain in the hand 
and arm, followed quickly. Although immediately 
placed under medical care, when the _ patient 
reported for duty two weeks later, he still com- 
plained of numbness in the hand and arm and 
occasional dizziness. Lack of mental reserve and 
a physical condition below the average in this case 
no doubt contributed in rendering the effect of the 
Gila Monster’s bite unusually severe. 


GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


A HYBRID CENTRARCHID. 


On December 12-14, 1911, a small collection 
of fishes was made in the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal above Violet’s Lock, about 25 miles above 
the city of Washington, D. C. 

Among the fishes taken was a Centrarchid 
which is apparently a cross between Chanobryttus 


gulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) and Lepomis 
bosus (Linneus). At the time of capture it was 
noted that the form and color were unusual and 
unlike any of the Centrarchids common to these 
waters. 


gib- 


Following is a table of comparative measure- 
ments of the hybrid and a typical example of each 
of the other species of nearly the same size: 


Cheenobryttus Lepomis 


gulosus Hybrid gibbosus 
_— 
Total length in Gm............-.- 19.4 16.3 15.4 
Head (without flap) in standard 
eietGiliia sacs cooppcuopeposadanc 2.67 2.59 2.91 
Depth in standard length........ 2.28 2.10 PAK) 
Bye in head...........-.-.s sees 5.28 4.63 4.00 
Severe bel (eho Rs GononooabennccaToos 3.86 3.00 3.65 
Ny aU EA Yo copononEceopanpeuDoconce 2.15 2.55 | 3.23 


Maxillary reaching...........---- to behind pupil |to front of pupil | to front of eye 


UNterOrbital ee. .-icccce eye e101 4.06 3.64 Salil 
PECtOr al ee rieiietersleretetelelaierleri- ais 1.66 1.42 1.20 
Teeth on tongue.............----- present present absent 
[DYoyeshlidejp pos leccosscononmgoo0boT xe OME xe OTL Galil a 
reed senaacnpdudch se00noe IDM i al LEROY £ 11) 0 ee 05a 
Seale formu Bere ses ce ioietarelsisacss/arere 7+11—42 (+5) | 7+12—42 (+5) 7+12—39 (4-4) 
odoooDe 6 5 


Rows of scales on cheeks 6 | 


The profile of the hybrid is very different from 
C. gulosus, the body being short and deep, ovate ; 
the snout is long, pointed, and the upper profile, 
from tip of snout to origin of dorsal, is relatively 
straight. 

In C. gulosus the pectoral is broad, distal mar- 
gin evenly rounded; in the hybrid, it is broad, 
pointed, upper rays longest, and in L. gibbosus it is 
narrow, pointed, median rays longest. Although 
the color pattern of the hybrid is nearest to that of 
C. gulosus, it is unlike that of any example seen in 
these waters, the color markings are less distinct 


and on lower side and belly blend into those of 
typical examples of L. gibbosus. The coloration of 
the fins and the form and coloration of the opercu- 
lar flap agree with C. gulosus. 

The writer has seen other hybrid Centrarchids 
from the vicinity of Washington, D. C., one of 
these being apparently a cross between C. gulosus 
and LL. gibbosus; another between C. gulosus and 
L. cyanellus Ratinesque. In this connection it is 
interesting to note that C. gulosus is not a native 
species, having been introduced into the Potomac 
by the Fish Commission about 1895. 


LEWIS RADCLIFFE, 
U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


SOME NOTES ON THE CRICKET FROG 
ON LONG ISLAND. 


The country lying between Flushing and 
Jamaica is an excellent place for frogs. In the 
woods and between the woods are many small 
ponds varying from a small pool to a fair-sized 
pond, big and deep enough to swim in. Here as 
early as March 23, 1913, I found and collected sev- 
eral Cricket Frogs. Later, as the spring advanced, 
they became quite common, the small gray frogs 
being the most plentiful. ; 

This year, 1914, their appearance was later, 
April 19 being the first. Two weeks later, May 3, 
I collected several and heard the song; about 11 
o'clock one sang as I watched it. Later in the 
day, at a pond some two miles northeast, I heard 
some more, while those in my collecting box sang 


several times. 
HOWARTH S. BOYLE, 
EHimhurst, N. Y. 


New York, July 1, 1914. No. 8. 


3 
Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold- 
blooded vertebrates. 


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FISHES AND REPTILES FROM ASSUAN, 
EGYPT. 


Mr. C. F. Silvester recently submitted the fol- 
lowing collection : 


FISHES. 


Anguilla anguilla (Linneeus). Adult. 

Hydrocyon forskalii Cuvier. Adult and half-grown. 
Alestes baremose (Joannis). One adult. 

Labeo coubie Riippell. Adult. 

Barbus bynni (Forskal). Small example. 
Eutropius niloticus (Riippell). Adult. 
Siluranadon auritus (G. St. Hilaire). Two adults. 
Porcus bajad (Forskal). Adult. 

Synodontis schall (Schneider). One adult. 

Clarias lazera Valenciennes. Adult and young. 
Lates niloticus (Linneus). Adult. 

Tilapia nilotica (Linneus). Adult. 


REPTILES. 


Eryx thebaicus Reuss. Four. 

Pryx jaculus (Linneus). Hight. 

Coluber diadema Schlegel. Two adults. 

Coluber florulentis (G. St. Hilaire). Eight, all ages. 

Psammophis sibilans (Linneus). Seven, adult and 

young. 

Psammophis shokari (Forskal). Six, adult and young. 

Naja haje (Linneeus). Four adults. 


Cerastes cerastes (Linneus). Two adults. 

Ptyodactylus hasselquistii (Donndorff). One adult. 

Tarentola annularis (G. St. Hilaire). Four adults. 

Agama flavimaculata (Riippell). Adult. 

Agama pallida Reuss. Three adults. 

Uromastix ornatus Riippell. One adult. This species 
apparently not previously recorded definitely 
from Egypt. Back uniform in color. 

Varanus griseus (Daudin). Adult. 

Varanus niloticus (Linneus). Adult. 

Acanthodactylus boskianus (Daudin). One. 

Scineus scincus (Linneus). Six, mostly adults. 


HENRY W. FOWLER, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


AMBLYSTOMA OF LONG ISLAND 


Three species of Amblystoma (A. punctatum, 


A. opacum, A. tigrinum) have been listed as being 
found in the vicinity of New York City.* Of these 
only A. tigrinum is mentioned, without specific 
data, as occurring on Long Island. Observations 
by the writer and material in the Museum of the 
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences show the 
following Long Island records: 


AMBLYSTOMA PUNCTATUM (Uinneus). 
(Spotted Salamander). 


2 specimens Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. Aug., 1900. 
—G. K. Cherrie and L. Ericson. 


3 specimens Forest Park, Brooklyn. May, 1906. 
Under stones and logs, damp soil. 
—Geo. P. Engelhardt. 


1 specimen Huntington, L. 1 Aug., 1913. 
In potato patch. —Miss Graeve. 


*Sherwood, William L. Salamanders found in the vicinity of New York City. 
Linn. Soc. 1894-95. No. 7. 
Ditmars, Raymond L. The Batrachians of the vicinity of New York City. 
Amer. Mus. Journal, Vol. V, No. 4. Oct., 1905. 


This species appears to be common on Long 
Island. Specimens are frequently brought to the 
Museum. Its favorite haunts are damp woods, 
often at some distance from streams and ponds. 


AMBLYSTOMA OPACUM (Gravenhorst). 
(Marbled Salamander). 
1 specimen Mt. Sinai, L. I. Sept. 18, 1909. 
—R. C. Murphy. 


1 specimen Baldwin, L. L. July 25, 1911. 
—Dwight Franklin. 


My only experience in finding this species has 
been in the pine barrens near Lakehurst, N. J., at 
a place known as “ Bone Hill,” where, in company 
with Mr. William T. Davis, three specimens were 
captured, Aug., 1906, in a barrel sunk at one end 
of a small pool. This pool, though much reduced 
in summer, never runs dry, and the barrel formed 
an excellent trap which the salamanders could 
readily enter in spring, when the water is high, 
but from which they could not escape in the sumn- 
mer. For several succeeding seasons A. opacum 
was found in the barrel, but no other species. 
When visited during June, 1912, the barrel had 
collapsed, but the pool swarmed with larve 1 to 13 
inches long. Except during the breeding season, 
this species prefers dry or shady places, as already 
reported by Cope and others. 


AMBYSTOMA JEFFERSONIANUM (Green). 


1 specimen Montauk, L. [. May 31, 1913. 
—Geo. P. Engelhardt. 


The capture of this specimen is of unusual 
interest in furnishing the first record of the species 
from Long Island and, it appears, also froin the 
vicinity of New York City. In general it can be 


said that this salamander is northern in its distri- 
bution. Cope records it from West Virginia, 
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, New York, Ver- 
mont and Canada; De Kay from Albany and 
Peru, Clinton County, New York. The Long 
Island specimen was discovered under a board in 
a slightly moist depression near the road about 
half way between Montauk and Montauk Point, a 
locality abounding in swamps, ponds and small 
streains. It measures four inches in length, there- 
fore not fully grown, and in color during life 
was above glossy black with numerous light-blue 
blotches and spots; below grayish to lead-colored. 
During four months of captivity the specimen fed 
sparingly on meal worms. In alcohol the ground 
color has changed to olive-brown and the blotches 
and spots have faded into buff. A wax cast, with 
natural colors restored, has been prepared. 


AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM (Green). 
(Tiger Salamander. ) 

Reported by William L. Sherwood from Ran- 
cocas, L. I., but this no doubt should read Rancocas, 
N. J., as there is no such place on Long Island. 

Raymond L. Ditmars refers to this species as 
“occasionally found on Long Island.” 

No specimens or specific data are at hand. 
Information regarding this species, as well as other 
salamanders from Long Island, would be much 


appreciated. 
GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


New York, August 29, 1914. No. 9. 


Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold- 
blooded vertebrates. 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE SALIENTIA 
OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 


Engystoma carolinense, Holbrook, the “ Nar- 
row-mouth Toad,” is a common Batrachian here, 
but owing to its nocturnal habits, it is not often 
seen. After thunder-showers, however, every pool 
and ditch resounds with its cry, which sounds like 
a nasal ‘ baa” or “bee” and has also some resem- 
blance to the noise made by an electric buzzer. 
I have caught hundreds of these queer little toads, 
and on August 28, 1911, came across their spawn 
in a ditch between two potato hills. The eggs are 
laid in oblong, jelly-like sheets, or flat masses, 
about 13 inch long and 1 inch wide. The egg- 
masses contain about 100 to 150 eggs. 

Below is what I believe to be the first record 
of the growth and metamorphosis of this species: 


Eggs laid, night of August 27, 1911. 


Aug. 28. One egg-mass put in flat enamelled pan in 
about 14 inch of water. Larve straight- 
ened out, but still in the egg-imass. 


Aug. 30. Larve released from egg-mass, } inch long, 
with small gill tufts. 


Sept. 1. Larve 5’, inch long, gills disappearing. 
Sept. 2. Larve } inch long, all have lost gills. 
Sept. 8. Hind legs budding, length of larvie } inch. 


Sept. 12. Legs fully developed, arms appearing, tail 
getting shorter, length of larve 2 inch. 

Sept. 14. Larve breathing air, tailis but a short stump. 

Sept. 16. Tail gone. the young toads measure 2 inch 
from snout to vent. 


Bufo lentiginosus, Shaw, is the southern repre- 
sentative of our common (northern) toad, and seems 
to prefer the neighborhood of human habitations for 
its abode. Near our house we found them under 
boards, logs, tubs, heaps of rubbish, ete. Their 
habits are in every respect similar to those of Bufo 
americanus, and the call of the male cannot be dis- 
tinguished from that of the northern species. The 
toad itself, however, is differently built, the head 
being wider and higher, and the arms and legs 
shorter and more delicate. The eyes, also, are 
larger, and the enormous bony knobs on the large 
heads of some of the old females give them a sort of 
resemblance to species of the tropical cystignathoid 
toads Ceratophrys. Unlike the latter, our toads 
are gentle creatures, living their life of usefulness 
in our farms and gardens. 

Bufo quercicus, Holbrook, is, I believe, the 
smallest species of the whole genus Bufo, called 
the ‘ Oak-toad,” and very common around Jackson- 
ville. Its cry resembles that of a small chick, very 
loud and shrill, and may be heard at any time of 
day or night, sometimes from absolutely dry and 
dusty fields and roadsides, where these tiny toads 
hop about in the glaring sunshine, living on the 
smallest of insects. The full chorus, which is ear- 
splitting, is, however, heard only at night, after 
heavy rains. The throat of the male is black, and 
when the pouch is distended, forms a small elongate 
bladder, slanting upward, and about ? inch long 
and 4+ inch in diameter. The spawn is laid in tiny 
strings, and the metamorphosis is very rapid. The 


young toads, when fully developed, are 4 inch or 
less in length. The adults measure: Male, 1 inch; 


female, 14-14 inch. 
RICHARD F. DECKERT, 
New York, N. Y. 


KING FISH AT CORSON’S INLET, N. J. 


There has never been a commercial fishery at 
this point, but it has long been visited by sports- 
men. Among the fish sought Jlenticirrhus saxatilis 
holds a prominent place. The remarkable varia- 
tion in numbers of this fish in different years is as 
noticeable here as at other points, the species occur- 
ring in great abundance for one or two years and 
then gradually decreasing from year to year until 
few are caught. For the last fifteen years, how- 
ever, Which is as far as reliable accounts go, it has 
never entirely disappeared. 

The year 1907 began the latest period of maxi- 
mum abundance. During the previous August 
and September large numbers of young fish, less 
than two inches long, were seen along the sandy 
marshes of the Inlet, and many hauls of the bait 
nets contained little else. 

The fish usually makes its appearance early in 
May, the 4th being the earliest date of which I 
have a note, and remains until October. In 1909 
the last seen were October 11th. After the middle 
of September a northeast storm is usually followed 
by their disappearance. 

Menticirrhus americanus was first noted by me 
June 27th, 1909, when 8 examples were found in a 
catch of 95 king fish. July 26th there were 10 
examples in a total of 25 of the two species. They 


were noted during August and September and 
until October 11th, when one example was seen. 
In 1910 they were noted from May 22d to Septem- 
ber 11th. In 1911, 1912, and 1913 they were found 
in July and August, in very small numbers com- 
pared with Menticirrhus saxatilis, which continued 
abundant. 

Young and half grown examples of Menti- 
cirrhus saxatilis are common in the Inlet during 
summer, but I have never identified any but full 
grown specimens of Menticirrhus americanus. It 
is probable that the latter spawn here, however, as 
the females frequently contain large and mature 


ovaries. 
R. J. PHILLIPS, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


FOUR-TOED SALAMANDER ON 
LONG ISLAND 


Two specimens of the Four-toed Salamander 
(Hemidactylium scutatum) were collected a year 
apart at the same small pool in a second-growth 
woods at Jamaica North. They were found by 
tearing the moss apart that grew at the base of 
some dead trees that were just at the edge of the 


pool. 
HOWARTH S. BOYLE, 


Elmhurst, N. Y. 


New York, September 15, 1914. No. 10. 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates. 


FISHES FROM POCOTALIGO RIVER, 
SOUTH CAROLINA 


During a recent trip to central South Carolina, 
May 14-June 1, 1914, I obtained a few fish from 
the Pocotaligo swamp near Manning in the coastal 
plain, which have been identified by Mr. Henry W. 
Fowler, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia, and which are now in the collection 
of that institution. As a list of them may be of 
interest in tracing the range of the several species, 
it is here presented. 

An examination of numerous strings of fish 
caught by negro boys in the various channels of 
the river in the heart of the swamps showed the 
following species, which are evidently the most 
common forms, found in such localities, though 
doubtless there are others: Ameturus natalis, 
Chenobryttus gulosus, Acantharchus pomotis, 
Enneacanthus obesus and Hsox americanus. I also 
obtained in a scoop net a number of Gambusia 
holbrooki in one of the channels where a small 
brook entered from the edge of the swamp. At 
the head of a small tributary swamp, the water 
from what was originally a large shallow pool, had 
almost entirely disappeared, leaving a puddle a few 
feet in diameter literally swarming with little fish, 


tadpoles, water beetles and crayfish. The fishes 
proved to be young Acantharchus pomotis and Hsox 
americanus. The whole section of country was 
suffering from an almost unprecedented drought, 
and many ponds and small streams which undoubt- 
edly contained fish under normal conditions were 
absolutely dry, while in the big river swamps the 
water was entirely restricted to the channels. 
WITMER STONE, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


POISONOUS SNAKES NEAR 
NEW YORK CITY 


It will be of interest to herpetologists to learn 
of the occurrence of poisonous snakes in the 
southerly portion of Westchester County. For 
some years past the writer has had reports of the 
occurrence of copperhead snakes and occasional 
‘attlesnakes in the region immediately north of 
White Plains and south of Mt. Kisco. He has 
been sceptical of these reports owing to the habits 
of several species of non-poisonous snakes which 
vibrate their tails when angry, causing these to be 
mistaken for rattlesnakes. There is also the com- 
mon habit among local observers without proper 
knowledge of mistaking harmless water snakes 
( Tropidonotus) and the flat-headed ‘ adders” 
( Heterodon) for the copperhead snake. Of late, 
however, there have been persistent rumors of 
copperhead snakes in the hills near North White 
Plains. The country is quite wild and few people 
roam about the hilly portions. On the 25th of June 
a friend of the writer confirmed these rumors by 
capturing a large copperhead snake ( Ancistrodon 
contortrix) on a hill a short distance from North 
White Plains. This is the nearest definite record 


of a poisonous snake occurring in the vicinity of 
the boundary of New York City that the writer 
has ever received—excepting the numerous copper- 
heads captured on the Palisades along the west 
shore of the Hudson. The specimen described 
was caught just ten miles from the city line. 

It is particularly interesting to note that the 
reports of rattlesnakes occurring in southerly West- 
chester County have also been confirmed by a large 
yellow specimen being captured on a hill near 
Sherman Park, this being seventeen miles from 
the city line. The collector informed the writer 
that there were several other snakes seen on this 
same hill, which is of a ledgy character. 

RAYMOND L. DITMARS, 
New York, N. Y. 


AN UNUSUAL RED SALAMANDER 


A few days ago while chopping cord-wood 
with my friend Dr. Bremer of the Harvard Medical 
School, I was surprised to find, under the bark of 
a hemlock log, a brilliant red salamander. I 
thought first that I had the red eft form of the 
common pond salamander (Notophthalmus viri- 
descens ), though the situation was not one where 
this creature would be expected. Next I thought 
of Spelerpes ruber, but I knew instinctively that 
this also was improbable on account of the loca- 
tion. An examination showed that it was an 
aberrantly colored individual of Plethodon erythro- 
notus. This species, if examined closely in a living 
state, will often be seen to show scattered, minute 
red dots in the black areas, showing that the red 
pigment is not really confined to the mid-dorsal 
region. It probably exists along with the black 
pigment wherever this occurs, but only shows when 


the more dense black pigment is absent. Now 
supposing this black pigment to be completely 
wanting, the result would be a salamander similar 
to that which we obtained at Cohasset, Mass. I 
have no doubt, judging from similar cases, that a 
single unit pigment character has been lost with 
this, at first sight, rather startling result. While 
the common term albinism and melanism have one 
a latin and one a greek origin, I presume for the 
sake of euphony that this predominance of red pig- 
ment might well be called erythrism. The specimen 
is No. 3527 of the Amphibian Collection, Museum 
of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Mass. 
THOMAS BARBOUR, 
Cambridge, Mass. 


NOTE ON THE SWAMP TREE TOAD 
(PSEUDACRIS TRISERIATUS) 


But few definite records have been given for 
this interesting little amphibian in the Middle 
States. In New York it does not appear to have 
been noticed except in the southern part of the 
state. In New Jersey it has been reported from 
Signac, Plainfield and in Gloucester County. In 
Pennsylvania it has been found in the lower part 
of Chester County, and at Pine Grove in Cumber- 
land County. Iam now able to add another record 
based on two living examples in my _ possession, 
received from M. E.S. Mattern, who secured them 
in late April, along Lizard Creek, near Bowmans 
Station, in Carbon County. In Maryland it has 
been obtained at Jennings, as reported in COPEIA, 
No. 2. HENRY W. FOWLER, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 


Edited by J. T. NricHoLs, American Museum of Natural History 


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Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates. 


NOTE ON A NESTING SUNFISH 


During the last few days of May, 1914, the 
writer observed over twenty “nests” of the com- 
mon sunfish (#. gibbosus) along the shore of 
Umpawaug Pond, Topstone, Conn. 

An examination of a few of these did not dis- 
close any eggs, although many of them were 
guarded by the spunky little males. 

These nests could readily be seen through the 
clear water as saucer-like depressions from which 
the mud and debris had been cleared, exposing the 
pebbles and sand. 

On one of these nest guardians the writer tried 
an experiment. Dropping a water-logged piece of 
heavy fishline into the centre of the nest he 
awaited results. The sunfish eyed it suspiciously, 
nibbled at it and then bore it off two feet from the 
edge of the nest. This experiment was repeated 
with various objects with the same result. Finally 
a half a dozen were thrown in at once, to the con- 
sternation of the sunfish, who retreated. Two 
days later the writer observed the same nest with 
the objects in place, but along side of it a brand 
new nest with the little sunfish on guard. 


DWIGHT FRANKLIN, 
New York, N. Y. 


FISHES SWALLOWED BY GAR PIKE 


As is well known, gar pikes are highly pre- 
dacious fish. They devour vast numbers of food 
and game fishes; and in localities where they are 
abundant they are treated as pests and destroyed 
by the thousand. 


But although their voracious habits are well- 
known, there do not appear to be any definite 
records as to the size of the fish they swallow. 
This is due to the fact that only a very few out of 
the thousands of gars taken, annually are opened, 
and among these it is rare to find one containing a 
fish newly ingested and still recognizable. The 
following two records accordingly seem worth pre- 
serving. 

During a stay of seven weeks at Moon Lake, 
Miss., a few years ago, I saw over a dozen large 
alligator gars (Lepiso ysteus tristach us), some of them 
over 9 feet long, cut up by negroes to smoke for use 
as food in the winter. In one instance I saw a 
fish taken from the stomach of a gar. It was a 
crappie, or calico bass (Pomoxis sparoides), 6 inches 
long. 

The second record is the following: The New 
York Aquarium recently received an alligator gar 
which had been shipped alive from the lower 
Mississippi at Memphis, Tenn. It died on the way 
north, and on reaching the Aquarium was turned 
over to the Museum, where it was skeletonized. 
It measured 6 feet 6 inches in length, and on being 
opened it was found to contain a flat-nosed gar 
(Lepisosteus platostomus) 2 feet 2 inches in length, 
or exactly one-third its own length. The ingested 
fish had apparently been but recently swallowed ; 
it was still intact, only the scales and head bones 
having begun to disintegrate in a few places. It 
lay in the “alimentar y canal with the head pointed 
toward the tail of its captor, indicating that it had 
been engulfed head first and not from behind. 


L. HUSSAKOF, 
New York, N. Y. 


J 


THE LONG-NOSED DACE IN THE 
HACKENSACK, NEW YORK 


The widely-distributed fish ( Ahinichthys cata- 
racte) has only been noted occasionally in New 
York. Originally described from Niagara Falls it 
has since been found in the St. Lawrence River, 
near Ithaca, and at Plattsburg. Mr. Nichols says 
it is a rare local resident within the fifty-mile limit 
of New York City. It was, therefore, with inter- 
est that I secured a fully adult male in nuptial 
dress, while on a visit with Mr. George Herbert 
Lings to his father’s estate near Blauvelt, in Rock- 
land County. This example was taken May 19, 
1914, in rocky rapids, in a tributary of the Hack- 
ensack. Several other fishes, seen at the same 
time, were believed also to be this species. In 
quiet water, in the near vicinity, we noted Abramis 
crysoleucas, Notropis bifrenatus, Catostomus com- 
mersonnii, Hrimyzon sucetta oblongus, Lepomis 
auritus (nesting) Hupomotis gibbosus, Rana clamata, 
R. palustris, R. catesbeiana, R. sylvatica and 
Chrysemys pieta. HENRY W. FOWLER, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 


CHUB MACKEREL IN GRAVESEND BAY 


Limited numbers of this species (Scomber 
colias) were taken in Gravesend and Sheepshead 
Bays, during the late summer of 1913. The 
average length of specimens taken on September 
27, 1913, was 142 mm. During the past summer 
large numbers of compact schools appeared in early 
June. On June 27, 1914, they averaged 97 min. 
in length. Immense numbers were taken for bait 
and as food for the local colony of Italians. In 
three hauls of a 100-foot dragnet, 62 pounds were 
taken. In late August the species was taken by 
hook at Sheepshead Bay and then averaged 131 
mm. in length. The stomachs contained several 
species of Arthrostraca (Hlasmopus and Ampi thoe ) 
and small Silversides (Menidia notata). Locally 
they were used as live bait in the capture of Weak- 


fish and Fluke. WM. H. WIEGMANN, 
New York, N. Y. 


A LIST OF THE’ AMPHIBIANS . AND 


REPTILES OBSERVED IN RICHLAND 


COUNTY, ILLINOIS, IN MAY, 1913 


The writer and Miss Crystal Thompson were 


sent by the Museum of Zoology, University of 
Michigan, to Richland County, [linois, in May, 
1913, to obtain specimens and study the habits of 
Rana areolata Baird. During the field work the 
following species of amphibians and reptiles were 
collected : 


oA 


Ambystoma microstomum (Cope).—Frequently plowed 
out of mouse and crayfish burrows. 


Bufo americanus LeConte.—Common. 


Chorophilus nigritis (eConte).—apparently not com- 
mon; but one specimen observed. 


Acris Grytlus LeConte.—Abundant on the shores of 
ponds. 


Rana pipiens Schreber.—Common. 

Rana areolata Baird.—Not common; found in crayfish 
burrows. 

Rana catesbiana Shaw.—Abundant. 

Ophiosaurus ventralis (Linn.).—Rare. 

Heterodon  platyrhinus  LUatreille.—Three specimens 
secured. 

Natrix fasciatus (Linn.).—Abundant; frequently head- 
lighted in the ponds at night. 

Cyclophis aestivus (Linn.).—One specimen observed. 

Bascanion constrictor (Linn.).—Reported as formerly 
abundant, but now nearly exterminated. Often 
plowed out of burrows. 

Pituophis catenifer sayi (Schlegel).—Common; frequently 
plowed out of burrows. 

Thamnophis sirtalis (Linn.).—few observed. 

Chelydra_ serpentina (Linn.)—Common in creeks and 
ponds. 


Terrapene carolina (Linn.).—Very abundant; a series of 
23 specimens collected and many more observed. 


HELEN THOMPSON GAIGE, 
Ann Arbor, Mich. 


Edited by J. T. NicHoLs, American Museum of Natural History 


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Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertabrates 


A NEW RECORD FOR THE PROWFISH. 


Zaprora silenus Jordan 


In the Proceedings of the California Academy 
of Sciences of 1896, (page 203, pl. 20), Jordan de- 
. scribed as new to Science a species of Scombroid fish 
which constituted a new genus and family related to 
the Icosteidae but differing from it in having pharyn- 
geal teeth. 

In the addendum of the Fishes of North and 
Middle America, Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47, 
U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 3, 1898, p. 2850, Vol. 4, plate 
CLII, fig. 1) it is again described, and it is stated 
that ‘only the type, 29 inches long, known.” 

In Fishes of Alaska, Evermann and Goldsbor- 
ough, it is mentioned and figured, and the statement 
is made that it is “known only from 2 specimens, the 
type and one other now in the Provincial Museum 
at Victoria, both taken in Nanaimo Harbor, British 
Columbia.” 

In “Check List of the Fishes of Canada and 
Newfoundland,” by Andrew Halkett, Naturalist, 
Department Marine and Fisheries, 1913, p. 77, it 
states that “only two specimens are known, one from 
Nanaimo, (the type) which is in the Provincial Mu- 
seum, Victoria, and the other from the Straits near 
Victoria, Vancouver Island.” 

In April, 1914, Captam Andrew Weiding 


caught on a halibut trawl in 65 fathoms of water in 
Lat. 58° 5’ N., Long. 149° W., a specimen of this fish 
which was sent to the Bureau of Iisheries by Edwin 
Ripley, fish dealer of Seattle, Washington. As the 
present specimen, which was 33" inches in total 
length differed somewhat from the typical descrip- 
tion, the following notes upon it are given: Stand- 
ard length 74cm. Depth, 18.5 cm. Length of caudal 
peduncle, 4 cm. Depth of caudal peduncle, 7.2 cm. 
Pectoral rounded, its longest ray 11 em. Caudal 
truncate, its longest ray, 11 cm. Pectoral with small 
scales on base on rays, extending (on middle ray) to 
6. 5 em. Dorsal, anal and caudal sealed at base. 
Dorsal formula, LIV. Anal, 24. Head, 13.7 cm. 
Eye, 2.4 em. Snout, 3em. Max., 4.5 cm: Enteror- 
bital, 5.8 cm. Ground color, gray, lighter beneath, 
punctulated with black dots. Scales with bluish mar- 
gins. Dorsal and anal without punctulations. Pee- 
toral dark at base, with dote, distal portion light gray, 
margin blackish. Caudal whitish at edges and to- 
wards end, after margin blackish. Pores of head, 
white. Forehead grayish. Yellow spot in upper axil 
of pectoral. B. F. tag no. 9547. 


Witiiam C. KENDALL, 
U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


COMPARATIVE NUMBERS OF LIZARDS 
AND SNAKES ON DESERT. 


Lizards are the most abundant form of desert 
reptile life. They greatly outnumber the snakes both 
in point of individuals and species. In the summer 
of 1913, the writer saw only three species of snakes 
on the Painted Desert, Arizona. ‘These were the 
prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus confluentus), bull snake 
(Pituophis sayt), Arizona ribbon snake(?) (Hutaen- 
ia megalops). 

Among the lizards which are abundant may be 
mentioned: Bailey’s Collared Lizard, Leopard Liz- 
ard, Racerunners, Swifts and Horned Lizards. 

Dwicut FRANKLIN, 
New York, N.Y. 


MUD TURTLE ATTACKED BY CRAB. 

Canoeing in the muddy shallows of a creek at 
Mastic, Long Island, with Mr. Alan S. Nicolay on 
August 29, 1914, a large Blue Crab was observed 
firmly holding a Mud Turtle (Ainosternon pennsyl- 
vanicum) of perhaps more than half its size, one of 
whose feet waved helplessly above the surface. ‘The 
crab probably had it by the neck, and the encounter 
might well have ended disastrously if not interrupted. 

The waters at Mastic are rather unusual. The 
creek where the encounter took place, though directly 
tributary to brackish Moriches Bay, is, judging from 
the water plants, almost, if not quite, fresh. The 
writer has taken the Painted Turtle in it. The Snap- 
ping Turtle is common in the Mastic Region; Spotted 
Turtles are abundant in narrow, more or less fresh 
creeks in the brackish meadow; the Mud Turtle is 
frequently seen and the writer has found it on the 
beach side of the bay. A fisherman at Brookhaven, 
whose numerous stock of Diamond-backed ‘Terrapin 
were examined says that this part of the bay is excel- 
lent for that species. The Box ‘Turtle 1s common 
in the woods, but the writer has never found the 
Wood or Musk Turtles in the vicinity. 

Mr. Waldron De W. Miller considers the latter 
species definitely less coast-wise than the Mud ‘Turtle 
in the vicinity of New York. He finds it at Plain- 
field, N. J., where he has not taken the Mud Turtle, 
which he has, however, found in the Cheesequake 
Marshes, lower Raritan River Marshes, and at Sandy 


Hook, N. J. J. T. Nicwots, 
New York, N. Y. 


AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM IN SOUTH 
DAKOTA. 


Last summer, during the month of August, the 
writer lived among a number of Wahpeton Sioux, re- 
siding about Drywood Lake about ten or twelve miles 
from Sisseton, S. Dakota. The abundance of the 
tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum in Drywood 
Lake, and indeed in all the ponds thereabouts, was 


notable. Both forms occurred, the axolotl phase 
dwelling in the water, and the salamander phase on 
the land. 

After a rain, or in the morning while the ground 
was still heavily bedewed, numbers of these salamand- 
ers could be found crawling over the prairie, espe- 
cially along the roads. I have seen as many as seven 
in the course of a couple of miles, and their mangled 
bodies were often seen where they had been run over, 
sometimes as much as half a mile from the lakes. 

These salamanders delighted in burrowing in the 
mounds of loose black earth cast up by the pocket 
gophers on the prairie. ‘They often covered them- 
selves, leaving only the tip of the nose exposed. If 
irritated, they would slowly lash their tails, which 
would exude abundant drops of a thick white milky 
fluid. The Indians believed this to be poisonous. 
Great variation in the coloring of these salamanders 
was observed, some being almost uniformly dull olive, 
others plainly and strikingly barred with yellow. No 
specimens under five or six inches in length were 
observed, and most may have been eight or even nine 
inches long. 


ALANSON SKINNER, 
New York, N. Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 


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A NEW RECORD FOR THE LUMPPFISH 
IN CHESAPEAKE BAY. 


This seems to be the second specimen to be re- 
corded from Chesapeake Bay. It was caught in a 
trap off Wolf Trap Light, April 29, 1914, by E. L. 
Wilson, and later taken to the Bureau of Fisheries 
for identification. The specimen was a large one 
about 14% inches long, and full of ripe or nearly ripe 
egos. B. F. tag 9548. 

In Forest and Stream, August 3, 1907, page 
178, Barton A. Bean records the capture of an adult 
female Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), at Buckroe 
Beach, Chesapeake Bay, about two miles north of 
Old Pomt Comfort. It was included in a shipment 
of fish to Messrs. Sheaffer & Stuart, of Washington, 
D. C., by Thomas V. Weber, April 14. After de- 
scribing the specimen Bean says: 

“The specimen here recorded is a female, appar- 
ently having spawned; seventy eggs passed freely 
from the fish while being measured.” 

Witiiam C. KEenpatt, 
U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


NOTES ON NEW JERSEY FISHES. 


During the past season a number of New Jer- 
sey fishes have fallen under my notice. Though 
most of the species are common, several interesting 
associations and records are here given: 


On May 19th, while at Sea Isle City, Carcharias 
littoralis, aja erinacea, R. ocellata, R. laevis, Pomo- 
lobus aestivalis, Brevoortia tyrannus, Scomber scom- 
brus, Sarda sarda, Pomatomus saltatrix, Porontus 
triacanthus, Centropristis striatus, Stenotomus chry- 
sops, Cynoscion regalis, Micropogon undulatus, 
Spheroides maculatus, Prionotus carolinus, P. striga- 
tus, Paralichthys dentatus, Lophopsetta maculata, 
Mierluccius bilinearts, Gadus callarias, Urophycis 
regius and U. chuss were found; July 20th, Carchar- 
hinus milbertt and Echeneis naucrates were ob- 
tained; July 24th, Sphyrna zygaena, Fundulus ma- 
jalis, Menidia menidia notata, T'rachinotus carolinus, 
Syngnathus fuscus and Menticirrhus saxatilis; Aug- 
ust 29th, Z'rachinotus falcatus, Orthopristis chrysop- 
terus and Bairdiella chrysura. 

Mr. W. J. Fox, who also secured some of the 
above, obtained Caranx crysos, Stephanolepis his- 
pidus and Anguilla chrisypa at Carson’s Inlet on 
August 11th. The last was an adult, and remarkable 
for its deformed body, being twisted in rather even 
undulations. I examined a small Cyclopterus 
lumpus, taken in the pound at Ocean City in late 
April, and was informed several others were also ob- 
tained. Aleutera schoepfu and Urophycis regius were 
also secured there June 21st; and Synodus foetens at 
Beesley’s Point on September 10th. 

Among: fresh-water fishes, those of the Alex- 
socken Creek, above Lambertville, obtained July 
22nd, contained three adults of Rhinichthys catarac- 
tae. ‘These were the first I ever collected in New 
Jersey, and were taken in the rapids, associated with 
the very common R. atronasus. Semotilus atromacu- 
latus, Notropis cornutus, Fundulus diaphanus, and 
Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi were also found. R. 
atronasus were very abundant in Jacobs Creek, near 
Harborville. A small collection from the Pompton 
River, near Mountain View, in Passaic County, 
contains Semotilus bullaris, Notropis photogenis 
amoenus, Ambloplites rupestris, Lepomis auritus, 
Eupomotis gibbosus and Micropterus dolomieu. 

Henry W. Fow ter, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


SALAMANDERS COLLECTED IN WEST- 
CHESTER COUNTY, N. Y. 

Amblystoma opacum Gravenh. 
Amblystoma punctatum Linn. 
Amblystoma jeffersonianum Green. 
Hemidactylium scutatum 'Vschudi. 
Plethodon cinereus Green. 
Plethodon cin. erythronotus Green. 
Plethodon glutinosus Green. 
Spelerpes bilineatus Green. 
Speler pes ruber Daudin. 

10. Desmognathus fusca Raf. 

11. Diemyctylus viridescens Rat. 

12. Diemyctylus vir. miniatus Raf. 

All these salamanders have been found by the 
writer to be fairly abundant, except the three species 
given below: 

Amblystoma jeff ersonianum Green, is my latest 
find. One specimen, only, was taken at Silver Lake 
Park, near White Plains, N. Y., about 1,000 feet 
from the lake, on a hill in the woods, at an altitude 
of about 100 feet from the level of the lake. ‘The 
salamander was under a large flat rock, exposed to 
full sunshine, in soft, perfectly dry, almost dusty soil. 
It was covered with dust, but upon being handled, 
this rubbed off, and showed the salamander in its 
typical colormg. ‘The color is dark brown above, 
with small, light blue spots on the sides, limbs, and 
sides of the tail; undersides bluish-black to gray. 
Length 4% inches from tip of snout to tip of tail. 
Following is a condensed description taken from 
Bulletin No. 34, U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. 89-92: 

“Body cylindrically more slender . . . . than A. 
Punctatum. . . . The head is elongated, with muz- 
zle obtuse . . . . The eyes arelarge ... . the gular 
fold is distinct . . . . that behind the angle of the 
jaws is inconspicuous, as is the lateral parotoid fur- 
row. There are twelve costal furrows. The tail is a 
little shorter than the body and head. It is oval in 
cross-section in the middle . . . . without any ridge 
or crest . . . . it becomes more and more compressed 
towards the tip. The limbs are largely developed and 
the toes very long. The digits are cylindrical and 


er Oe eee 


without any basal web.” 

These external identification characters corre- 
spond exactly with the spec:men. 

Hemidactylium scutatum ‘Tschudi has_ been 
taken repeatedly at Silver Lake Park, in the hills 
near the lake, usually in or under decaying logs. At 
first glance it resembles a pale specimen of Plethodon 
cinereus erythronotus, but the color is more nearly 
yellowish-brown. ‘The undersides decide the ques- 
tion, bemg pure milky-white with small dark dots in 
Hemidactylium but lead colored, or pinkish-gray in 
Plethodon. 'The costal grooves are also very much 
more pronounced than in the other genus. 

Spelerpes ruber Daud., one specimen (young), 
found in a brook near Silver Lake, is too well known 
to require description here. I only mention it on ac- 
count of its apparent rarity in the district. 

Ricuarp F, Deckert, 
New York, N.Y. 


ON ALFARO CULTRATUM. 


Alfaro cultratum is one of the most interesting 
of the killifishes, and is abundant in the swift streams 
of certain portions of the lower Caribbean slopes of 
Costa Rica. Its most curious feature is a double row 
of scales that extend below the ventral body line, 
forming a thin edge, which is continuous with the keel 
formed by the flattened anterior portion of the body, 

This is an evident adaptation for life in the very 
fast water which the fish inhabits, although the species 
does very well in an ordinary aquarium. It is one of 
the live bearing forms, and on one occasion a captive 
female appr oximately 70 mm. in length gave birth to 
65 young, and, about three months lates to 75. Lhe 
young average about 7 mm. in length, and the scales 
of the keel are plainly visible when the fish is held in 
a proper light. Most live-bearing Poecillidae breed 
the year round in aquaria, and it seems probable that, 
where conditions are favorable, they do so also in ihe 
wild state. 

Ler S. CranDAtt, 
New York, N.Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History 
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INDEX TO DATE 


Abramis crysoleucas, 1, 11. 
Acantharchus pomotis, 10. 
Acanthodactylus boskianus, 8. 
Acipenser sturio, 2. 

Acris gryllus, 3, 11. 

Acris gryllus crepitans, 4, 7. 
aesopus, Rana, 3, 5. 
aestivalis, Pomolobus, 18. 
aestivus, Cyclophis, 11. 
Agama flavimaculata, 8. 
Agama pallida, 8. 

Alestes baremose, §8. 

Alfaro cultratum, 13. 
Alutera schoepfii, 2, 13. 
Ambloplites ruptestris, 8, 13. 


Amblystoma jeffersonianum, 8, 13. 


microstomum, 11. 
Amblystoma opacum, 8, 13. 
Amblystoma punctatum, 8, 13. 
Amblystoma tigrinum, 8, 12. 
Ameiurus catus, 1, 5. 
Ameiurus natalis, 10. 
Ameiurus nebulosus, 1, 5. 
americana, Morone, 2, 5. 
americanus, Bufo, 2, 4, 11. 
americanus, Esox, 10. 
americanus, Menticirrhus, 9. 
amoenus, Notropis, 8, 13. 
Ampithoe, 11. 

ampullaceum, Distomum, 6. 
analostanus, Notropis, 1. 
Ancistrodon contortrix, 2, 10. 
Anguilla anguilla, 8. 
anguilla, Anguilla, 8. 
Anguilla chrisypa, 1, 2, 
annularis, Tarentola, 8. 
areolata, Rana, 11. 
argyrophanus, Stolephorus, 3. 
atromaculatus, Semotilus, 13. 
atronasus, Rhinichthys, 13. 
auratus, Carassius, 8. 
auritus, Lepomis, 1, 5, 11, 13. 
auritus, Siluranadon, 8. 
baileyi, Crotaphytes, 1, 5. 
Bairdiella chrysura, 2, 13. 
bajad, Poreus, 8. 

Balistidae, 3. 

Barbour, T., 10. 

Barbus bynni, 8. 

baremose, Alestes, 8. 
Bascanion constrictor, 4, 11. 
beryllina cerea, Menidia, 2. 
bifrenatus, Notropis, 11. 
bilinearis, Merluccius, 13. 
bilineatus, Spelerpes, 2, 4, 13. 


Amblystoma 


5, 13. 


bipinnulatus, Elagatis, 6. 
Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi, 1, 
1133. 
borealis, Sphyraena, 3. 
boskianus, Acanthodactylus, 8. 
Boyle He S75) 9: 
3revoortia tyrannus, 2, 3, 13. 
Bufo americanus, 2, 4, 11. 
Bufo fowleri, 3. 
Bufo lentiginosus, 3, 9. 
3ufo quercicus, 3, 9. 
bullaris, Semotilus, 1, 13. 
bynni, Barbus, 8. 
eallarias, Gadus, 13. 
canadus, Rachycentron, 2. 
Caranx icrySos, 2, 13: 
Carassius auratus, 8. 
Carcharhinus milberti, 2, 13. 
Carcharias littoralis, 13. 
earetta, Thalassochelys, 2, 3 
carolina, Terrapene, 3, 4, 11 
carolinense, Engystoma, 3, 9. 
ecarolinus, Prionotus, 1, 13. 
earolinus, Trachinotus, 2, 13. 


carpio, Cyprinus, 1, 5. 


catesbiana, Rana, 3, 4, 5, 11, 11. 
eataractae, Rhinichthys, 11, 13 
Catostomus, 6. 

Catostomus commersonii, 1, 5, 


ecatus, Ameiurus, 1, 5 


Centropristes striatus, 2, 13. 
ecepedianum, Dorosoma, 8. 
Cerastes cerastes, 8. 
cerastes, Cerastes, 8. 
Chaenobryttus gulosus, 7, 9. 
Chelydra emarginata, 1, 6. 
Chelydra lacertina, 1, 6. 
Chelydra serpentina, 1, 2, 4, 6, 
22 
Chilomycterus schoepfi, 2. 
Chorophilus nigritis, 3, 11. 
Chorophilus occidentalis, 3. 
Chorophilus ocularis, 3. 
chrisypa, Aneuilla, a 2) 5,) Is: 
Chrysemis picta, 4, 11, 12. 
ehrysops, Stenotomus, 13. 
chrysopterus, Orthopristis, 2, 1 
chrysura, Bairdiella, 2, 13. 
ehusss Urophyeis; 1235 13) 
cinerea, Hyla, 3. 


New York, December 31, 1914. 


bi 


ae 
ee 


11 


Mt, 


>. 


cinereus erythronotus, Plethodon, 


24, 110; 13. 
clamitans, Rana, 2, 3, 5, 11. 
Clarias lazera, 8. 
clavata, Hirundinella, 6. 


Clemmys guttata, 4, 12. 
Clemmys insculpta, 4, 12. 
Clemmys muhlenbergii, 4. 
Cnemidophorus, 13. 
CWoless ee. sne 
colias, Scomber, 11. 
ecollaris, Crotaphytes, 1. 
Coluber diadema, 8. 
Coluber florulentis, 8. 
commersonii, Catostomus, 1, 5, 11. 
confluentus, Crotalus, 12. 
constrictor, Bascanion, 4, 11. 
contortrix, Ancistrodon, 2, 10. 
cornutus, Notropis, 1, 18. 
Coryphaena hippurus, 6. 
coubie, Labeo, 8. 
Granda, Wa. 5! dle. 
Crotalus confluentus, 11. 
Crotalus horridus, 2, 10. 
Crotaphytes baileyi, 1, 5, 12. 
Crotaphytes collaris, 1 
Crotaphytes wislizenii, 5, 12. 
crumenophthalmus, Trachurops, 3. 
erysoleucas, Abramis, 1, 11. 
erysos, Caranx, 2, 13. 
Ctenops vittatus, 4. 
cultratum, Alfaro, 138. 
curema, Mugil, 8. 
ecyanella, Lepomis, 7. 
Cyclophis aestivus, 11. 
Cyclopterus lumpus, 13, 13. 
Cynoscion nebulosus, 2. 
Cynoscion regalis, 2, 13. 
Cyprinodon variegatus, 2. 
Cyprinus carpio, 1, 5. 
Dasyatis say, 2. 
Deckert, R. F., 3, 5, 9, 13. 
dentatus, Paralichthys, 1, 2, 13. 
Desmognathus fusca, 2, 4, 13. 
diadema, Coluber, 8. 
diaphanus, Fundulus, 2, 138. 
Diemyctylus viridescens, 2, 10, 13. 
Diemyectylus viridescens miniatus, 
113. 
Distomum ampullaceum, 6. 
Ditmars, R. L., 10. 
dolomieu, Micropterus, 1, 5, 13. 
Dorn, R., 4 
Dorosoma cepedianum, 8. 
duplicata, Natica, 8. 
EMcheneididae, 3. 
Hcheneis naucrates, 13. 
erinacea, Raja, 138. 
eglanteria, Raja, 2. 
EHlagatis bipinnulatus, 6. 
Llasmopus, 11. 
emarginata, Chelydra, 1. 
Engelhardt, G. P., 7, 8. 
Engystoma carolinense, 3, 9. 
Enneacanthus obesus, 10. 
Erimyzon sucetta oblongus, 11. 
Eryx jaculus, 8. 
Eryx thebaicus, 8. 
Esox americanus, 10. 
Esox reticulatus, 5. 
Eupomotis gibbosus, 1, 5, 11, 11, 
gy 
vo. 
Mutaenia megalops, 12. 
fMutropius niloticus, 8. 
Eutyphis faba, 6. 
faba, Eutyphis, 6. 
faleatus, Trachinotus, 13. 
fario, Salmo, 5. 
fasciatus, Natrix, 11. 
femoralis, Hyla, 3. 
ferruginea, Limanda, 1. 
flavescens, Perea, 5. 
flavimaculata, Agama, 8. 
florulentis, Coluber, 8. 
foetens, Synodus, 13. 
forskalii, Hydrocyon, 8. 
Howler Eley) Lae oor amon UG is 
MOS Ay se 


fowleri, Bufo, 3. 

E’ranikdiinty) Isl) eo yells 

freminvillii, Myliobatis, 2. 

Fundulus diaphanus, 2, 13. 

Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepi- 
dotus, 2; 5. 

Fundulus luciae, 2. 

Fundulus majalis, 2, 13. 

fusca, Desmognathus, 2, 4, 13. 

fuscus, Syngnathus, 2, 13. 

Gadus callarias, 13. 

Gaige, El. Lae 

Gambusia holbrooki, 10. 

garnotii, Hemidactylus, 6. 

gibbosus, Eupomotis, 1, 5, 7, 11, 
Tale alee 

Gilly TSN. Ge 

glutinosus, Plethodon, 2, 13. 

gratiosa, Hyla, 3. 

griseus, Varanus, 8. 

grylio, Rana, 38, 5. 

gryllus, Acris, 3, 11. 

gryllus crepitans, Acris, 4, 7. 

gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 7, 10. 

guttata, Clemmys, 4, 12. 

haje, Naja, 8. 4 

hasselquistii, Ptyodactylus, 8. 

Heloderma suspectum, 7. 

Hemidactylium scutatum, 9, 138. 

Hemidactylus garnotii, 6. 

heteroclitus macrolepidotus, 
Fundulus, 2, 5. 

Heterodon platyrhinus, 4, 11. 

Hippocampus hudsonius, 1. 

hippurus, Coryphaena, 6. 

Hirundinella clavata, 6. 

hispidus, Stephanolepis, 18. 

holbrooki, Gambusia, 10. 

Homo sapiens, 2, 4. 

horridus, Crotalus, 2, 10. 

hudsonius, Hippocampus, 1. 

hudsonius amarus, Notropis, 1, 5. 

Hussakof, d.,- 14. 

Hydrocyon forskallii, 8. 

Hyla cinerea, 3. 

Hyla femoralis, 3. 

Hyla gratiosa, 3. 

Hyla pickeringii, 1, 2, 3, 3, 

Hyla squirella, 3. 

Hyla versicolor, 4. 

Ianthina, 6. 

Idothea metallica, 6. 

incisor, Lepomis, 5. 

insculpta, Clemmys, 4, 12. 

jaculus, Eryx, 8. 

jeffersonianum, Amblystoma, 8, 13. 

Keim, T. D., 2. 

Kendall iw, (Cy 220135 

Kinosternon pennsylvanicum, 4, 11. 

Labeo coubie, 8. 

Lacertina, Chelydra, 1. 

laevis, Raja, 13. 

Lates niloticus, 8. 

lazera, Clarias, 8. 

Leiostomus xanthurus, 2. 

lentiginosus, Bufo, 3, 9. 

Lepidodactylus lugubris, 6. 

Lepisosteus platostomus, 11. 

Lepisosteus tristoechus, 11. 

Lepomis aunitus: 1.5; wi 13. 

Lepomis cyanellus, 7. 

Lepomis incisor, 5. 

lepturus, Trichiurus, 2. 

Limanda ferruginea, 1. 

littoralis, Carcharias, 13. 

Lobotes surinamensis, 1. 

longicauda, Spelerpes, 2. 

Lophius piseatorius, 2. 

Lophopsetta maculata, 1, 2, 13. 

luciae, Fundulus, 2. 

lugubris, Lepidodactylus, 6. 

lumpus, Cyclopterus, 13, 13. 

maclura, Pteroplatea, 2. : 


4) 4: 


maculata, Lophopsetta, 1, 2, 1s. 
maculatus, Scomberomorus, 2. 
maculatus, Spheroides, 2, 13. 
majalis, Fundulus, 2, 13. 
marinus, Tylosurus, 2. 
megalops, Hutaenia, 12. 
Menidia beryllina cerea, 2. 


Menidia menidia notata, 2, 11, 13. 
menidia notata, Menidia, 2, 11, 13. 


Menticirrhus americanus, 9. 
Menticirrhus saxatilis, 2, 9, 13. 
Merluccius bilinearis, 13. 
metallica, Idothea, 6. 
Micropogon undulatus, 2, 13. 
Micropterus dolomieu, 1, 5, 13. 
Micropterus salmoides, 1, 5. 
microstomum, Amblystoma, 11. 
milberti, Carcharhinus, 2, 13. 
Miller, W. DeW., 1. 

mitehilli, Stolephorus, 2. 
Morone americana, 2, 5. 

Mugil curema, 3. 
muhlenbergii, Clemmys, 4. 
MibiAOlai IR Oxy AE By Us 
multilatus, Peropus, 6. 
Myliobatis freminvillii, 2. 
Naja haje, 8. 

natalis, Ameiurus, 10. 

Natica duplicata, 3. 

Natrix fasciatus, 11. 

Natrix sipedon, 2, 4. 
naucrates, Echeneis, 13. 
nebulosus, Ameiurus, 1, 5. 
nebulosus, Cynoscion, 2. 
Nichols, Jee 1, 3; 3, 22. 
nigritis, Chorophilus, 8, 11. 
nigrum olmstedi, 


nilotica, Tilapia, 8. 
niloticus, Hutropius, 8. 
niloticus, Lates, 8. 
niloticus, Varanus, 8. 
Notropis amoenus, 5, 13. 
Notropis analostanus, 1. 
Notropis bifrenatus, 11. 
Notropis cornutus, 1, 13. 


Notropis hudsonius amarus, 1, 5. 


obesus, Enneacanthus, 10. 
oblongus, Paralichthys, 1. 
occidentalis, Chorophilus, 3. 
ocellata, Raja, 3, 13. 
ocularis, Chorophilus, 3. 
odoratus, Sternothaerus, 
oglinum, Opisthonema, 2. 
onitis, Tautoga, 3. 
opacum, Amblystoma, 8, 13. 
Ophiosaurus ventralis, 11. 
Opisthonema oglinum, 2. 
ornatus, Uromastix, 8. 
Orthopristis chrysopterus, 2, 13. 
Overton, F., 3, 4. 

Pagurus pollicaris, 3. 

pallida, Agama, 8. 

palustris, Rana, 2, 4. 
Paralichthys dentatus, 2 oe 
Paralichthys oblongus, 1. 
pectinatus, Pristis, 2. 

per wan tcar, Kinosternon, 4, 


4, 12. 


Perca flavescens, 5. 
Peropus multilatus, 6. 
IEAMTINDHOS, JR, dla, ty Os 
Phrynosoma, 13. 
pickeringii, 
picta, Chrysemis, 4, 11, 12. 
picuda, Sphyraena, 6. 
Piprens; Rana, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11. 
piseatorius, Lophius, 2. 
Pituophis sayi, 11, 12. 
platostomus, Lepisosteus, 11. 
platyrhinus, Heterodon, 4, 11. 


Plethodon cinereus erythronotus, 


ay Ga AN Saley 


Boleosoma, 1, 5, 


Fivda, 15 2, 3,93, 4,4. 


Plethodon glutinosus, 2, 138. 
pollicaris, Pagurus, 3. 
Polyodon spathula, 4. 
polyhemus, estudo, 5. 
Pomatomus saltatrix, 2, 13. 
Pomolobus aestivalis, 13. 
Pomolobus pseudoharengus, 3, 9. 
pomotis, Acantharchus, 10. 
Pomoxis sparoides, 5, 11. 
Poreus bajad, 8. 
Poronotus Triacanthus, 2, 13. 
Prionotus carolinus, 1, 13. 
Prionotus strigatus, 2, 13. 
Pristis pectinatus, 2. 
Psammophis shokari, 8. 
Psammophis sibilans, &. 
Pseudacris triseriatus, 2, 10. 
pseudoharengus, Pomolobus, 3, 5 
Pteroplatea maclura, 2. 
Ptyodactylus hasselquistii, 8. 
punctatum, Amblystoma, §, 13. 
quercicus, Bufo, 3, 9. 
Rachycentron canadus, 2. 
Radcliffe, L., 7. 
Raja eglanteria, 2. 
Raja erinacea, 13 
Raja laevis, 13. 
Raja ocellata, 3, 13. 
Rana aesopus, 3, 5. 
Rana areolata, 11. 
Rana cateshbiana, 3, 4, 5, 11, 11. 
Rana clamitans, PA Oe Be itil, 
Raa SEyLiO; oF os 
Rana palustris, 2, 4. 
Pehateh joyuonkevaisy, Ay By Hy ayy JBL 
tana sphenocephala, 3, 5. 
Rana. sylvatica, 2, 4, 11. 
regalis, Cynoscion, 2, 13. 
regius, Urophycis, 18. 
reticulatus, Esox, 
Rhinichthys atronasus, 13. 
Rhinichthys cataracts, 11, 13. 
ruber, Spelerpes, 10, 18. 
rupestris, Ambloplites, 5, 18. 
Salmo fario, 5. 
salmoides, Micropterus, 1, 5. 
saltatrix, Pomatomus, 2, 18. 
sapiens, Homo, 2, 4. 
Sarda sarda, 13. 
sarda, Sarda, 13. 
saxatilis, Menticirrhus, 2, 9, 13. 
say, Dasyatis, 2. 
sayi, Pituophis, 11, 12. 
Sceloporus undulatus, 4. 
sehall, Synodontis, 8. 
schoepfi, Chilomyecterus, 2. 
schoepfii, Alutera, 2, 13. 
Scincus, scincus, 8. 
scincus, Scincus, 8. 
Scomber colias, 11. 
Scomber scombrus, 13. 
Scomberomorus maculatus, 2. 
scombrus, Scomber, 13. 
secutatum, Hemidactylium, 9, 13. 
Semotilus atromaculatus, 138. 
Semotilus bullaris, 1, 13. 
peepenn as Chielydra, 15) 2; 4;, 11, 
9 
serpentina, Testudo, 1. 
shokari, Psammophis, 8. 
sibilans, Psammophis, 8. 
silenus, Zaprora, 12. 
Siluranodon auritus, 8. 
sipedon, Natrix, 2, 4. 
sirtalis, Thamnophis, op 4,0 
Skinner, A., 12. 
Sparoides, Pomoxis. i, dale 
spathula, Polyodon, 4. 
Spelerpes bilineatus, 2, 4, 13. 
Spelerpes longicauda, 2. 
Spelerpes ruber, l(t), 13. 
sphenocephala, Rana, By 43) 
Spheroides maculatus, 2, 13 


Sphyraena borealis, 3. tigrinum, Amblystoma, 8. 


Sphyraena picuda, 6. Tilapia nilotica, 8. 

Sphyrna zygaena, 2, 13. Trachinotus carolinus, 2, 13. 
Spinden, H. J., 2, 4. Trachinotus faleatus, 13. 
squirella, Hyla, 38. Trachurops crumenophthalmus, 3. 
Stejneger, L., 6. Mrawells SW. 4: 

Stenotomus chrysops, 13. triacanthus, Poronotus, 2, 13. 
Stephanolepis hispidus, 13. Trichiurus lepturus, 2. 
Sternothaerus odoratus, 4, 12. triseriatus, Pseudacris, 2, 10. 
Stolephorus argyrophanus, 3. tristoechus, Lepisosteus, 11. 
Stolephorus mitehilli, 2. Tylosurus marinus, 2. 

Stone, W., 10. tyrannus, Brevoortia, 2, 3, 13. 
Street, J. &., 4. undulatus, Micropogon, 2, 13. 
striatus, Centropristes, 2, 18. undulatus, Sceloporus, 4. 
strigatus, Prionotus, 2, 13. Uromastrix ornatus, 8. 

sturio, Acipenser, 2. Urophyeis chuss, 1, 3, 18. 
sucetta oblongus, Erimyzon, 11. Urophycis regius, 13. 
surinamensis, Lobotes, 1. Varanus griseus, 8. 
suspectum, Heloderma, 7. Varanus niloticus, 8. 

Swifts, 13. variegatus, Cyprinodon, 2. 
sylvatica, Rana, 2, 4, 11. ventralis, Ophiosaurus, 11. 
Syngathus fuscus, 2, 13. versicolor, Hyla, 4. 
Synodontis schall, 8. viridescens, Diemyctylus, 2, 10, 
Synodus foetens, 13. 1123. 

Tarentola annularis, 8. viridescens miniatus, Diemyctylus, 
Tautoga onitis, 3. lB}, 

Terrapene carolina, 3, 4, 11, 12. vittatus, Ctenops, 4. 

Testudo polyphemus, 5. Wiegmann, W. H., 3, 11. 
Testudo serpentina, 1. wislizenii, Crotaphytes, 5. 
Thalassochelys caretta, 2, 3, 4. xanthurus, Leiostomus, 2. 
Thamnophis sirtalis, 2, 4, 11. Zaprora silenus, 12. 
thebaicus, Eryx, 8. zygaena, Sphyrna, 2, 18. 


Thunder, 5. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


es 


New York, January 25, 1915. No. 14 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


DO SNAKES SWALLOW SMALL MAM- 
MALS HEADS OR TAILS FIRST? 


While in the Yosemite valley, July 11-15, 1914, 
I saw three individuals of the rattlesnake (Crotalus 
oregonus) of that region. ‘Two of these were seen 
July 13, just above Nevada Falls at an elevation of 
about 6,000 feet, on the trail to Clouds Rest. ‘The 
third was seen July 15, in the entrance to the valley 
near Cascade Falls, elevation about 3,445 feet. The 
first of the two seen on the way to Clouds Rest was 
lying on some rocks at the side of the trail. It was, 
of course, soon killed by members of our party. 

The snake was about two feet long and had seven 
rattles and a button. A very noticeable swelling or 
enlargement just amidships, as well as its sluggish 
condition, suggested that it had recently swallowed an 
animal of some kind. 

Like Kipling’s Elephant’s child, we were all 
filled with “insatiable curiosity”, and not being afraid 
of being spanked, at once asked a new fine question: 
“What did the rattler have for breakfast?” 3 

The obvious way to find out was to cut the rattler 
open, which we proceeded to do. I held the snake 
with my left hand near its head and the other abaft 
the swelling, while Mr. C. E. Crunsky performed the 
surgical operation, and the new fine question was 
answered—the rattler had a fine adult Merriam Chip- 
munk (Hutamias merriami) for its breakfast. And 
the rattler had swallowed it tail first!) The head of 


the chipmunk was towards the snake’s head, and its 
legs, tail and fur all lay back toward the snake’s tail, 
smooth and in perfect order. ‘This surprised us very 
much. We could hardly see how the chipmunk could 
go down tail first without turning the tail, or some 
of the legs, or the fur, the other way. We could 
scarcely believe our own eyes; some of the party were 
even disposed to grant there had been an error in ob- 
servation. But as all members of the party (there 
were six or seven of them) were agreed as to the fact, 
it is evident that this chipmunk had been swallowed 
tail first. 

A few days later Dr. J. Grinnell sent me a pho- 
tograph taken August 1, 1914, by Mr. Edward R. 
Warren of Colorado Springs, which showed a gopher 
snake mn the act of swallowing a chipmunk tail first— 
only the head of the chipmunk remained exposed. 


BarRTtoN WARREN EVERMANN, 
San Francisco, Cal. 


SOME AMPHIBIANS NEW TO WHITE- 
FISH POINT, MICHIGAN 


During the summer of 1914, the biological sur- 
vey of the Whitefish Pomt region, Chippewa County, 
Michigan, which is being made by the University of 
Michigan Museum of Zoology, was continued, and 
additional data on the reptile-amphibian fauna were 
secured. ‘The three amphibians listed below were ob- 
tained for the first time, and increased to sixteen the 
total number of species known to occur in the region. 
(See Ann. Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1912, pp. 215- 
217.) . 
Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green).—Found 
under old logs at the edge of black ash and cedar 
swamps. 

Diemictylus viridescens Rafinesque.—But one 
specimen was obtained. This was found in a decayed 
log at the edge of a marsh. 

Hyla_ pickeringii Holbrook.—Common in the 
hardwood forests and tamarack swamps. 

Heten THompson GAIGE, 
Ann Arbor, Michigan. 


THE GENUS CRYPTOTOMUS COPE 


A recent examination of the type species (C. 
roseus Cope), compared with other members of this 
genus, convinces me that at least two well-marked 
groups occur, which may be admitted to sub-generic 
rank. ‘They may be set forth as follows: 

Sub-genus Cryptotomus Cope. 

Type Cryptotomus roseus Cope. 

Body elongate, labroid in appearance. Front 
profiles attenuate. Cutting-edge of jaw teeth formed 
of several overlapping series, each tooth distinct, and 
posterior flaring out behind. Scales on breast greatly 
enlarged. One row of large scales on cheek. Dorsal 
spines very flexible. : 

One species, brightly colored. 

Sub-genus Nicholsina sub-gen. nov. 

Type Cryptotomus beryllinus Jordan and Swain. 

Body moderately long, scaroid in appearance. 
Front profiles gently convex. Cutting-edge of jaw 
‘teeth formed of nearly continuous or single series, 
with only few anterior distinct. Free posterior ca- 
nines frequent. Scales mostly uniform in size, not 
enlarged on breast. Cheek with one or two rows of 
large “scales. Dorsal spines flexible. 

Several species, small, and usually of toh or 
olive coloration. Besides the type, they are C. den- 
tiens (Poey), C. retractus (Poey), C. ustus. (Valen- 
ciennes) and C. auropunctatus (Valenciennes), in 
America. 

Dedicated to Mr. John T. Nichols, of the Amer- 
ican Museum of Natural History. 

Henry W. Fowter, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


A NOTE ON A DRAWING OF CARANX 
BARTHOLOMAEI CUVIER & VALEN- 
CIENNES. 

In the Fishes of North and Middle America, 
Jordan & Evermann (Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 
iv., 1900), plate CXLII, fig. 389 is erroneously la- 
belled Caranwx latus. This dr awing was made by H. 
L.. Todd from a specimen colle acted by Vinal N. Ed- 


wards at Woods Hole, Mass., U. S. National Muse- 
um No. 20247. Upon examining the fish in the con- 
tainer to which this number is given (labeled C. 
fallax), the writer found seven specimens, six of these 
were C.. bartholomaei and one was C. latus. From 
the form of the fish, the lack of elevation of anterior 
rays of soft dorsal and anal; the greater number of 
soft rays (26 dorsal rays in drawing, 21 or 22 in 
latus ; 22 anal rays in drawing, 16 to 18 in latus) ; the 
absence of a black blotch on opercle; the short maxil- 
lary, its tip not reaching anterior margin of pupil, 
and curved and straight portions of lateral line sub- 
equal, it is evident that the drawing was made from 
one of the specimens of C. bartholomaei. 
Lewis Ravcrirre, 
U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


DEKAY’S SNAKE IN THE LATE FALL 
Previous to November 26, 1914, there were sev- 
eral drops of temperature to below the freezing point, 
18 degrees above zero being reached on one occasion. 
On the above date, the eminent was milder, the ther- 
mometer registering as high as 50 degrees. While 
the writer was walking near the corner of Kings- 
bridge Road and University Avenue, he found a 
young DeKay’s snake (Storeria dekayi), about 8cm. 
in length. It was quite active and when released, 

quickly disappeared under the dried grass. 
LEE S. CRANDALL, 
New York NOY: 


Rdited by J. T. Nrcnors, American Museum of Natural History 
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sw 
4 


Ve . ant cal awe << ~ = = 
o— NA/ 5 a NS 
=—=—S= were i oy ay : ( ° SS) 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


NOTE ON SOME GYMNOTID FISHES. 

The following species of this family (Gymno- 
tide) were noticed in the collection of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. As they have 
not been studied for many years, and several are new 
records, they are offered as a slight contribution to 
science. 

Electrophorus electricus (Linneus). Demara- 
ra, Pebas in Ecuador, and South America. 

Gymnotus carapo Linneus. Surinam; Rio Ja- 
cuby, Sao Joao to Rio Negro and Chapada, in Brazil; 
Peruvian Amazon; Upper Amazons; Pebas and Am- 
byiacu River, Ecuador. 

Sternopygus macrurus (Schneider). Surimam; 
Rio Jacuby, Peruvian Amazon, Ambyiacu River. 

Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes). Rio 
Jacuby and Sao Joao to Rio Negro and Chapada, 
Peruvian Amazon, Pebas, Ambyiacu River. 

Eigenmannia troscheli (Kaup). Peruvian Am- 
azon, Sao Joao. 

Steatogenes elegans (Steindachner). Upper 
Amazon (Hauxwell). Apparently not recorded 
from this region previously. 

Hypopomus brevirostris (Stemdachner). One 
from Colombia, likely Rio Magdalena, as it was re- 
ceived from R. W. Mitchill. 

Rhamphichthys rostratus (Linneus). Peruvian 
Amazon. 

Sternarchorhamphus macrostoma (Gunther). 
Peruvian Amazon. 


Sternachus albifrons (Linneus). Peruvian Am- 
azon. A young one from the Ambyiacu River also 
likely this species. 

Sternarchus bonaparti Castelnau. Peruvian 
Amazon. 

Sternarchella balaenops (Cope). ‘This is only 
known from the type (Sternarchus balaenops Cope, 
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1878, p. 682) from the 
Peruvian Amazon. It is closely related to Sternar- 
chella schotti (Steindachner), but differs chiefly in 
its shorter head and the more swollen protruding 
mandible. 

Henry W. Fowtrer, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN HADDOCK. 


In the effort to determine any racial diiferences, 
if such exist, between Kuropean and American Had- 
dock (Melanogrammus aeglifinis), a vertebral count 
of 25 examples of the latter was recently made at the 
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. The comparisons were 
made with published records of the vertebral count 
of haddock from Scotland and Iceland (Williamson, 
26th Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scot- 
land). The results as indicated below, show that 
there is no appreciable difference in the number of 
vertebrae between fish from the several localities. 


Number Average 


Locality of No. of 
Specimens Vertebre Range 
Massachusetts ....—.2.- 25 54.1 58-55 
Scotland! >in os es Ve Pe 33: 53.7 52-56 
Teeland) =. ..2. == eee ees 8 53.9 58-55 
Number 
Locality of Number of Vertebre 
Specimens 52 53 54 55 56 
Massachusetts — .................. 25 —— 4 15 6 = 
Scotland.]- =. ss 33 Lgl Oe t= 2 i| 
Meelandns 22 as 8 SS ee 


W. W. WELSH, 
U. §. Bureau of Fisheries. 


THE GESTATION PERIOD IN THAMNO- 
PHIS BUTLERIIL (COPE). 

In 1912 the writer (Biol. Bul., XXIV, pp. 18- 
20) published the results of observations on the 
breeding habits of Thamnophis butlerii (Cope), some 
of which concerned the length of the period of gesta- 
tion in southern Michigan. Since the snakes have 
been observed to breed at various times between April 
9 and April 24, and the time of breeding is probably 
determined largely by the prevailng temperatures 
during April, and because the young appear in Au- 
gust or early in September (August 7-September 
6), 1t was concluded that “it is very probable that the 
length of the gestation period is rather exact for the 
species,” the differences in the time of parturition 
being largely due to differences in the time of breed- 
ing. It is to be expected that the period is subject 
to some variation, since presumably the body tem- 
perature of the embryo, like that of the mother, fluc- 
tuates with the temperature of the air, and this influ- 
ences the rate of development. 

The records which have been obtained show that 
the length of the period may vary as much as 40 days. 
The female which was under observation in 1912, gave 
birth to young in 144 days, but a female which was 
fertilized on April 18, 1913, had her young on July 
31, or in 104 days, and in the case of one which be- 
caine pregnant on April 18, 1914, parturition oc- 
curred on August 9, or in 113 days. 

The factors which cause this variation have not 
been determined, but that temperature is one is sug- 
gested by the fact that the snakes kept in relatively 
cool places during gestation, had the longest periods. 
The female which gave birth in 144 days was kept in 
a cool place in the laboratory and was not exposed to 
sunlight, while the female with the next shorter pe- 
riod was kept in a warm place and exposed to the 
sunlight for a short time each day, and the female 
which had young in 104 days was kept in a glass- 
covered cage in a warm room where the sunlight fell 
upon it for several hours each day. Unfortunately, 
the females which had copulated and were kept as 
controls, proved to be sterile, and the observations are 


very few in number, so that no conclusions as to the 
cause of the variations in the gestation period have 
been reached. It is certain, however, that there are 
variations, and it is planned to investigate the influ- 
ence of temperature by keeping the pregnant females 
in constant temperature rooms. 
ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN, 
Ann Arbor, Mich. 


LOS ANGELES SNAKES. 
The following snakes were observed within one- 
half day’s walk of the city of Los Angeles during the 
years 1913 and 1914: 
1.—Kosy Boa, Lachinura roscofusca. (Cope) 
2.—Paciiic Bull Snake, Pituophis catenifer. 
( Blainville ) 
Boyle’s King Snake, Ophibolus getulus boy- 
fi. (Baird & Girard) 

4.—Coral King Snake, Ophibolus zonatus. 


3. 


( Blainville) 
5.—Red Racer, Zamenis flagelliformis frenatus. 
(Stejneger ) 
6.—Blue Racer, Zamenis constrictor flaviventris. 
(Say) 

7.—Striped Racer, Zamenis laterale. 
( Hallowell) 


8.—Western Garter Snake, Thamnophis parie- 
talis. (Say) 
9.—Pacific Garter Snake, or “Water-snake,” 
Thamnophis hammond. (Kennicott) 
10.—Patch-nosed Snake, Salvadora grahamiae. 
(Baird & Girard) 
11.—Western Ring-neck Snake, Diadophis ama- 
bilis. (Baird & Girard) 
12.—*Rock Snake, Hypsiglena ochroryncha. 
(Cope) 
13.—*Tantilla, T'antilla eiseni. (Stejneger) 
14.—Pacifie Rattlesnake, Crotalus oregonus. 
(Golbrook) 
*Hitherto unrecorded from this locality. 
Pau. RUTHLING, 
Los Angeles, Cal. 


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THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NORTH- 
ERN FROG, RANA SEPTENTRION- 
ALIS, BAIRD, IN MAINE 


The Northern Frog is not included in S. Hen- 
shaw’s list of the Batrachia of New England (1904), 
but the following recent records show that it Is widely 
distributed in northern Maine: 

Dr. W. C. Kendall collected it July 10, 1903, at 
Cross Lake Thoroughfare, Kagle Lake, Aroostook 
Co., and presented one specimen to the Portland So- 
ciety of Natural History and another to Bowdoin 
College. 

September 8, 1912, A.S. Pope collected one from 
a wood road, which passed through a sphagnum bog 
near Grassy Pond, Piscataquis Co., not far from the 
foot of Mt. Katahdin, and saw several others in the 
same place. The specimen is in the Lee Museum of 
Biology at Bowdoin College. 

September 6, 1913, Dr. Manton Copeland found 
Rana septentrionalis common along the banks of Ciss 
Stream, which flows from Round Pond into Cauc- 
mogomoe Lake, Piscataquis Co. He identified seven 
specimens, and secured three for the Lee Museum 
of Biology. They were found on the marshy banks 
of the stream where bull frogs (Rana catesbiana) 
were abundant. Subsequently I had the opportunity 
to examine and photograph these frogs. They lived 
well in captivity, eating flies freely. 


Through the kindness of Mr. Arthur H. Norton, 
I am permitted to publish the following data collected 
by him: 

“Rana septentrionalis—Ilt was observed in Van 
Buren and Caswell, Aug. 15-16, 1914. It was found 
to be numerous in two small dead water ponds in 
Caswell, locally called Mud and Girard Ponds. ‘They 
were more conspicuous than Rana clamata, inhabiting 
similar places, i.e., tussocks of sedge on the edges and 
the beds of lily pads near shore. 

“At Van Buren they were found in ditches by the 
railroad track and were common. 

“At Mud Pond, Caswell, they were heard calling, 
and the same is true of RP. clamata. 

“The call of R. septentrionalis was found to be 
similar in nature to that of R. clamata, but differed 
strikingly in tone, being higher and slightly metallic, 
resembling closely the sound produced by striking a 
long nail on the head with a hammer in driving it 
into heavy timber. I did not observe the pungent 
odor which has given it the name of Mink Frog.” 

From these facts I conclude that Rana septentri- 
onalis is rather generally distributed in the northern 
part of Maine, and that it is found in the same locali- 
ties as R. catesbiana and R. clamata, not tending to 
replace either of these species. 

Puitir H. Pores, 
Manchester, Maine. 


SOME AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF 
DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA 


The following list includes species I have seen 
or collected within the county limits since the fall of 
1912. Where the number of specimens is given, the 
error is on the side of understatement, as in many 
cases I have not recorded in my notes specimens seen 
which were not caught. 

Plethodon erythronotus (Green).—Both forms 
common in Cobb’s creek near Haverford and at Darby 
creek near Coopertown Road. 

Spelerpes bislineatus (Green).—Common_ in 
Cobb’s creek near Haverford, and in a small creek 


rising near Coopertown and entering Darby creek at 
Coopertown Road—more aquatic than the preceding. 

Spelerpes ruber (Daudin).—Fairly common in 
the same localities as the preceding. 

Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque) .— Fairly 
common in the same localities as the two Spelerpes. 

Bufo americanus Holbrook.—Common_ every- 
where. 

Hyla pickeringu (Holbrook).—Several caught 
near Haverford and Cobb’s creek. 

Rana catesbeiana Shaw.—Not rare but seldom 
seen except at night. Cobb’s creek, near Haverford. 

Rana clamata Daudin.—Common; Cobb’s creek 
and Darby creek. 

Rana palustris Le Conte-—This and the preced- 
ing the most common frogs seen. Same localities as 
preceding. 

Rana sylvatica Le Conte.—N ot secured, though 
some frogs seen in thickets near Coopertown Road 
were believed to be this species. 

Regina leberis (Linneus).—F airly common. I 
have about 18 records for the county, mostly for 
Cobb’s creek near Haverford, though a few for Dar- 
by creek above Fox Croft, and one for Naylor Run, 
near Grassland. 

Natriv sipedon (Linneus).—Common in Cobb’s 
creek from Bryn Mawr to. Ardmore, in a Darby from 
below Adele to above the Hunt, and in Naylor Run 
near Grassland. I have about 40 records. 

Storeria dekayi (Holbrook) .—I have three rec- 
ords for the county. One near Coopertown, one in 
Cobb’s creek at Ardmore Ave., and one at Haverford 
College. 

Coluber constrictor Linnzeus.—Fourteen records 
and all but one on the railway embankment along 
Darby creek from below Coopertown Road to Fox 
Croft. The other was on the opposite side of the 
creek, near Coopertown Road. 

Thamnophis sauritus (Linneus).—Cobb’s creek, 
near Haverford. Three records. 

Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnexus) .—About 60 seen 


around Cobb’s creek from Bryn Mawr to Ardmore 
Junction. Also in Darby and smaller creeks. 

Lampropeltis doliatus triangulus (Boie).—One 
specimen from near Coopertown, a typical triangulus, 
with blotches reaching only the fifth row of scales. 

Ancistrodon contortrix (Linneus).— H. E. 
Knowlton, of Haverford, tells me he was bitten by a 
copperhead about two years ago, over in the rocks 
along the railroad near Coopertown Road. I think 
this is a good record, as he knows the common snakes 
of this region. 

Sceloporus undulatus (Latreille) —Not seen by 
me, but reported by H. E. Knowlton from near Coo- 
pertown Road. He had previously seen some speci- 
mens I had in captivity, so I think this is a good 
record. 

Chelydra serpentina (Linneus).—I caught two 
ina pond near Haverford and saw one taken in Dar- 
by creek above Coopertown Road. 

Sternothoerus odoratus (atreille).—I have seen 
ene taken in Darby creek, probably near Coopertown 
Road. 

Chrysemys  picta  (Schneider).—Caught — in 
Cobb’s creek near Haverford and Darby creek above 
and below Coopertown Road. 

Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schoepff).—I have seen 
some said to have been taken in Darby creek above 
Coopertown Road. 

Clemmys insculpta (Ie Conte).—Caught two 
along the railroad embankment near Fox Croft. 

Clemmys quttata (Schneider).—One taken in a 
small creek between Coopertown and Darby, and one 
taken in Cobb’s creek, near Haverford. 

Terrapene carolina (Linneus ).—Fairly common 
near Coopertown. 

EK. R. Dunn, 
Haverford, Pa. 


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LONG ISLAND SNAKES 

The only published list is that of Mr. George P. 
Engelhardt which appeared without signature in T'he 
Museum News, Brooklyn, Vol. 8, May, 1913, p. 129, 
and recorded twelve species. One of these, the King 
Snake (Ophibolus getulus), mentioned by DeKay 
(1842) as occurring rarely on the “brush plains,” has 
never been rediscovered, and the record is very doubt- 
ful. 

To Mr. Engelhardt’s list we can add one species, 
the Grass Snake (Liopeltis vernalis), and additional 
data regarding several of the others. 

1. Kutaenia saurita (Linn.), Ribbon Snake. 
General in distribution and always near streams, 
ponds or swamps. At Mastic this species is more com- 
mon than the Garter Snake (EF. sirtalis). 

2. Eutaenia sirtalis (Linn.), Garter Snake. 
The most common snake on Long Island, still found 
in the parks, vacant lots and gardens of Brooklyn. 
At Orient the earliest spring record is March 15. It 
is generally common early in April. An unusually 
late autumn record is Orient, Dec. 10, 1913. 

3. Tropidonotus fasciatus sipedon (Linn.), 
Water Snake. Common in or near streams, ponds 
and marshes. 

4. Storeria dekayi (Holbrook), Brown Snake. 
Abundant within the city limits of Brooklyn and gen- 
erally distributed over Long Island. Not common in 
the Orient Point district. 


5. Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer), Red-bel- 
lied Snake. ‘Two records:—pine woods at Yaphank, 
July, 1911, and Mt. Sinai, September 11, 1914. 

6. Zamenis constrictor (Linn.), Black Snake. 
Common, especially in sandy regions near the south 
shore. Not known from the Orient Point district, but 
found sparingly on Gardiner’s Island. Dates, April 
15, 1913, Kast Marion; Oct. 8, Gardiner’s Island. A 
specimen taken at East Marion on May 15, 1912, 
measured 70 inches in length. 

7. Laopeltis vernalis (DekKay), Grass Snake. 
One taken at Easthampton in July (G. W. Hollis- 
ter). Observed at Mt. Sinai in July. 

8. Diadophis punctatus (Linn.), Ring-neck 
Snake. One taken at Port Jefferson in June, 1906. 
Yaphank, May-July. 

The Yaphank colony of Ring-neck Snakes, so 
rar as captures during several years indicate, is re- 
stricted in range to the woods bor dering a cranberry 
bog on the Weeks’ estate. 

Long Island examples of this snake seem to dif- 
rer considerably from typical mountain specimens. 
‘The cervical ring is very narrow on Long Island spec- 
imens in the Br ooklyn Museum collection, being only 
one scale, or one scale and a half, in width, and some- 
times broken by the dark line of the dorsal ridge. 
Specimens from Stowe, Vermont, have strongly 
marked rings often three scales in width. 

9. Ophibolus doliatus triangulus (Daudin), 
Milk Snake. General in distribution, but not com- 
mon. Coldspring Harbor, several records; Yaphank, 
July, 1910; Orient, June, 1908; Greenport, May, 
1909; Southold, October, 1911. 


10. Carphophis amoenus (Say), Worm Snake. 
Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, May, 1913; Jamaica 
South, May, 1906; Bay Shore, 1913. This species 
still persists within the city limits of Brooklyn, but it 
is commonly overlooked because of its burrowing hab- 
its. It may often be found hiding under logs or 
boards. 


11. Heterodon platyrhinus (ULatreille), Hog- 
nose Snake. General and common throughout most 
of Long Island; rare on the north prong (Southold 
township). Spring date, May 15, Gardiner’s Island. 

The favorite habitat of the Hog-nose appears to 
be the sand dunes, where toads (Bufo fowleri), upon 
which this snake almost exclusively feeds, also occur 
in great abundance. On_ several occasions during 
July and August, 1908, the young were encountered 
in amazing numbers ainong the dunes at Rockaw ay 
Beach, and their tracks made a hier oglyphic network 
among the hollows of smooth sand. A party of camp- 
ers on the beach had captured a hundred or more 
young Hog-noses and had placed them in a barrel of 
water, from the notion that they belonged to an aqua- 
tic species. Most of the young snakes were drowned. 

Only the spotted form of this species has been 
observed on the beaches, but the black form is not 
uncommon in the wooded regions about J amaica. Mi: 
W. T. Davis has a specimen which was “of uniform 
slate color,” collected at Yaphank, July 14, 1907. 

The Hog-nose Snake seems to be abundant along 
the south coast of Long Island all the way to Mon- 
tauk Point. Several were seen in a well at Promised 
Land. 

12. Crotalus horridus Linn, Banded Rattle- 
snake. Formerly not uncommon in swamps and pine 
barrens of Long Island, but now doubtless very rare. 
A fine specimen, collected about thirty years ago, is 
in the collection of the Long Island Historical So- 
ciety. Another specimen upon authentic informa- 
tion, was killed at Centre Islip in 1903. A set of 
rattles from a specimen killed about 1870 is in the 
possession of Miss Clara Weeks of Yiaphank. 

The practical extirpation of the Rattlesnake on 
Long Island probably followed closely on the east- 
ward extension of the Long Island Railroad in 1895. 
The snakes acquired the fatal habit of sunning them- 
selves on the railroad embankments, and of lying 
across the heated rails. According to Mr. A. H. 
Helme, one of the last strongholds of the rattlers was 


in the neighborhood of Freeport. There are no re- 
cent records. 
G. P. ENGELHARDT, 
JOS NicHors: 
Roy LatHuam, 
R. C. Murpny, 
Brooklyn, N.Y. 


ALLIGATORS IN WINTER 


On December 24, 1914, on Bogue Banks, near 
Morehead City, N. C., I killed a four-foot alligator 
which had crawled about 30 feet from its “cave,” or 
hole. It was sluggish and did not appear to notice 
me as I came up to it. This is the first one I have 
ever killed here in the winter, and its being out at this 
season near the northern limit of its range, is inter- 
esting. I have reliable evidence from the natives that 
they not infrequently come out in this vicinity in 
winter, and are even heard bellowing. 

RussELt J. COLes, 
Danville, Va. 


THE YELLOW-TAIL (Ocyurus chrysurus) IN 
NEW JERSEY 


In 1905 I wrongly described an example of this 
species as the gray snapper (Rep. N. J. State Mus., 
1905, p. 816). ‘This specimen has since been exam- 
ined and compared with examples of the yellow-tail, 
and agrees in most all details. It was obtained by 
Mr. Philip Laurent on September 21, 1890, accord- 
ing to the label, at Anglesea. As no other record 
for the yellow-tail north of Florida appears to have 
ever been given, the above may prove of interest. 

Henry W. Fowter, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, May 15, 1915. No. 18 


VT 


\ 
pte 
Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


THE BROOK LAMPREY IN NEW JERSEY 


In the spring of 1909 Mr. Charles KE. Sleight of 
Ramsey, New Jer sey, collected a consider able num- 
ber of Brook Lampreys in Geetschius’ Brook near 
the culvert of the Erie railroad, about one-quarter 
of a mile from the Ramsey railroad station. ‘The 
brook here flows through an open meadow, and Mr. 
Sleight says that the lamprey "s were observed there 
in the spring of several years, but that none have 
been seen since 1909. He kindly presented the writer 
with three of these odd fish, the largest one of which 
is 5 11/16 inches in length, and has the anal papilla 
well developed. 

As the Brook Lamprey is an addition to Dr. Hen- 
ry W. Fowler’s Fishes of New Jersey, the specimens 
have been submitted to him. He confirms the iden- 
tification and says that the species should be known 
as Lampetra ae pyptera (Abbott), as pointed out im 
“Notes on Lancelets and Lampreys,” Proceedings 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Dec., 1907, p. 466. The type 
of this species is in the Academy’s collection and 
came from the Ohio River. Lampetra wilderi Gage. 
Dr. Fowler considers a synonym. Under this latter 
name there is an interesting account, in the ‘Transac- 
tions, N. Y. Acad. Sciences, May 10, 1897, by Bash- 


2 COPEIA 


ford Dean and Francis B. Sumner, of the spawning 
habits of the Brook Lamprey as observed about one 
mile north of Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. 
These two records are, as far as known, the only ones 
for the species in this vicinity. 
Wwo. T. Davis, 
New Brighton, N. Y. 


NOTE ON THE HABITS OF THE YOUNG 
OF THE SQUIRREL HAKE AND 
SEA SNAIL 


During the oceanographic cruise of the U. S. Fish- 
eries schooner Grampus in the summer of 1913, large 
quantities of the Giant Scallop were dredged at many 
points on the continental shelf between Nantucket 
Lightship and the Virginia capes. In a number of 
instances these se allops. were found to contain young 
examples of the squirrel hake, Urophycis chuss (W al 
baum), ranging in length from 27 to 70 mm. With 
one exception all were taken in the region between 
Montauk Point and Cape May, and within the 20 
fathom curve. The only occurrence at a greater 
depth was in 42 fathoms, 52 miles S.S.E. from Mon- 
tauk Pomt. 

Whether these young hake habitually live within 
the mantle cavity of the scallop, or whether they 
merely use it as a refuge on the approach of an ene- 
my, is not known. ‘The latter hypothesis appears to 
be the more plausible one. In the six dredge hauls 
in which young hake were thus taken, 27 examples 
were obtained from 59 seallops. In one instance, 11 
hake were obtained from 9 scallops. 

During the same cruise a number of young exam- 
ples of the sea snail, Liparis liparis (uinneus) were 
obtained from the mantle cavities of scallops at two 
stations, as follows: 

Forty-five miles E.S.E. from Assateague, Va., in 
30 fathoms, and 45 miles K. by S. from Cape Charles, 


COPEIA 3 


in 25 fathoms. ‘These ranged in length from 20 to 
29 mm. So far as known, “this species has not been 
reported from so far south. A single example was 
also found in a scallop taken in 37 fathoms, 16 miles 
S. from Nantucket Lightship. 
W. W. WELSH, 
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE SALIENTIA 
OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 


Hyla pickeringi Storer, the “Spring peeper, 1s 
rather rare here, only two small “bayous” containing 
very few specimens having been found by the writer. 
These places were about six miles apart. I have 
heard this species sing only in December. 

Hyla squirella Bosc., the commonest of the south- 
ern tree-toads, 1s found everywhere, in cornfields, 
sugar cane, about wells and under the eaves of stable 
aa barns, outhouses, ete. After a heavy thunder 
shower in September, 1911, hundreds of these little 
tree toads could be seen hopping along the country 
roads outside of Jacksonville. ‘That same night the 
writer took 32 specimens from a velvet bean vine on 
the blank side of his cottage. The cry is rather 
coarse, sounding like: “Cra, cra, cra,” etc., with a 
second’s interval between each note. ‘This species is 
noted for its rapid color changes. 

Hyla femoralis Latreille is called the Pine tree 
toad, from its habit of frequenting the tops of pine 
trees almost exclusively, during the summer months. 
It resembles our own gray tree toad, with its rough 
skin and star-shaped dark patch on the back, but is 
smaller and more slender. Its usual color is dark 
reddish-brown or chestnut, but it can readily change 
from fleshy pink or pale gray to any shade of brown, 
gray or green. It is one of the shyest of tree toads, 
rarely caught except during the breeding season, 
when it frequents certain * ‘bayous” in thousands. atic 


4 COPEIA 


noise resulting from the calls of the males on these 
occasions, is deafening. This call cannot be repro- 
duced on paper, being a rapid succession of harsh, 
rattling notes, higher in pitch than the call of H. 
squirella, and kept up all night. During the dry sea- 
son this tree toad occasionally calls from the tops of 
the pine trees, one answering the other. 

Hyla cinerea, Daud., is an aristocratic looking tree 
toad, with its long, slender figure of the brightest 
green, edged on each side with a band of pale gold or 
silvery white. Its size is larger than any of the pre- 
ceding species, often reaching 2'2 inches from snout 
to vent. Occasionally met with on corn fields, its 
chief haunts, however, seem to be the shores of the 
creeks, where it occurs in scattered companies on the 
water hyacinths and bulrushes. Its call sounds like: 
“Grab, grab, grabit, grabit,” ete., uttered in a shrill, 
loud voice, and has a startling resemblance to the hu- 
man voice. One would never think the call came 
from a frog. Although a powerful leaper, it is easily 
‘aught when once located, as it is not at all shy. This 
species seems to have no special breeding season, and 
is never heard in the early spring, when the majority 
of the other frogs and toads congregate at the shal- 
low “bayous.” 

Hyla gratiosa, Le Conte, the Florida tree toad, is 
a handsome species, and the largest of the North 
American tree toads, reaching a length of 3'% inches 
from snout to vent. It is heavily built, with large 
adhesive disks on fingers and toes. It differs from 
all other species in its evenly granulated skin, and 
regular pattern of roundish spots. ‘The color is ashen 
gray, purplish or green of some shade. ‘The spots 
are darker than the ground color, evenly distributed 
over the upper surfaces, and may be absent when the 
frog changes to pale golden green. ‘The arms and 
legs are banded. The throat of the male is rich chrome 
yellow or green. It is not very plentiful anywhere, 
and rarely met with outside the breeding season. Dur- 


COPEIA 5 


ing the latter time it comes down out of the trees, 
and small companies of from four to ten specimens, 
in widely scattered pools or “bayous,” attend to their 
breeding duties amid the loud calls of the males. The 
call can be heard for over a mile, and sounds like a 
large gong, or church bell, being of unusual depth, 
aad very a eae with a second’s interval between each 
duel note. The male, while singing, floats in the wa 
ter, the large vocal sac throwing fhe frog into a ver- 
tical position with every utterance. ‘The eggs are laid 
singly and sink to the bottom ok the pool. I have 
never heard this species call except during the breed- 
ing season, which lasts from March to June, begin- 
ning with the first warm rains. 
Ricuarp F. DrEcKERT, 
New York, N.Y. 


LIST OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 
OBSERVED IN THE SUMMERS OF 
1912, 1918 AND 1914, IN NELSON 
COUNTY, VIRGINIA 

Nelson county is partly in the Piedmont section of 
Virginia and partly in the Blue Ridge. The collect- 
ing was mostly on the James River, in the Piedmont 
section, about 40 miles below Lynchburg, at an alti- 
tude of 400 to 600 feet. The figures refer to actual 
records in my notebook. Where the common names 
are given they are those in use for the species in Nel- 
son County. 

Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque) . 

Diemictylus viridescens (Rafinesque). Both land 
and water forms. Land form “ground puppy,” wa- 
ter from “spring lizard.” 

Bufo americanus Holbrook. “Toad.” Very common. 
Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). Common locally. 
Ayla versicolor Le Conte. “Tree toad.” 

Rana catesbeiana Shaw. “Bull frog.” 

Rana clamata Daudin. 


6 COPEIA 


Rana palustris Le Conte. 

Carphophiops amoenus (Say)- 

Regina leberis (Linneus) 25-+-. Common. 

Natriv sipedon (Lmneus). “Water snake, or wa- 
ter moccasin.” 98. Very common. 

Elaphe guttatus (Linneus). “Corn — snake.” 
‘Brown sedge snake.” “Mole catcher”? 6. 

Elaphe obsoletus (Say). “Scaly, or rusty black 
snake: ~-Pilot. 78. 

Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer). 2. 

Storeria dekayi (Holbrook). 1. 

Opheodrys aestivus (Linneus). “Green snake.” 13. 

Virginia valeriae Baird and Girard. 2. 

Diadophis punctatus (iinneus). “Fodder snake.” 

Coluber constrictor Linneus. “Slick black snake.” 
“Hoop snake’? “Cow sucker”? “Horse racer”? 22--. 
common. | 

Thamnophis sirtalis (Limneus). 6. Not rare. 

Lampropeltis rhombomaculatus (Holbrook). 
“House snake’? “Ground snake.” “Molecatcher.” 10. 

Lam propeltis getulus (Linneus). “King snake.” 
“Master snake,” “Black moccasin.” “Cowsucker’’? 9. 

Heterodon  platirhinos Latreille. “Spread-head 
moccasin.” 4 and a nest of 84 eggs. . 

Aghkistrodon contortric (Linneus). “Copper- 
head.” “Highland moccasin.” 12. 

Crotalus horridus Linneus. “Rattlesnake.” Local- 
ly common. 1. 

Eumeces fasciatus (Linneus). “Scorpion” or 
“scarapin.” 13. 

Cnemidophorus sexvlineatus (Linneus). 26+. Lo- 
‘ally common. 

Sceloporus undulatus (atreille). “Fence lizard.” 
92+. Very common. 
Chelydra serpentina (Linneus). “Turtle.” “Snap- 
ping turtle.” 

Kinosternon pensylvanicum (Gmelin). 

Pseudemys rubriventris (Lue Conte). 


COPEIA a 


Chrysemys picta (Schneider). “Skilpot.”” Common. 
Terrapene carolina (Linneus). “Dry land terra- 
pin.” Common. 
E. R. Dunn, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


NEW COLOR VARIATION OF STORERIA 
OCCIPITOMACULATA 


During the first week in August, 1914, I collected 
a small black-colored snake near Cammal, Pa. It at- 
tracted my attention, as I was not familiar with the 
coloration that was presented. Kxamination  re- 
vealed a peculiar phase of the red-bellied snake, of 
which I was unable to find a description in any of 
the standard works upon reptiles. Through the 
courtesy of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia, I was permitted to examine the varie- 
ties of red-bellied snakes in their collection. In look- 
ing over the specimens I found one that simulated 
mine. This reptile was collected at Johnsonburg, 
Elk County, Pa., by Cope.: He described it as being 
a very dark brown, with the dorsal band obscure, and 
the under surfaces black. The throat and chin were 
whitish, and the black darkest in a row of spots on 
each side of a dozen anterior gastrosteges. ‘The rep- 
tile I found measured 24 cm., was distinctly black on 
the dorsal and ventral surfaces, the throat and chin 
white, sprinkled with small black spots; the stripes 
on the sides could only be detected by having the 
hight strike the reptile in a certain manner. When 
the two reptiles were placed side by side, Cope’s spec- 
imen was lighter in color, both on the dorsal and ven- 
tral surfaces; the stripes on Cope’s specimen could 
readily be seen as compared with the reptile under 
discussion. 

R. D. SPENcER, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


NUMBER OF YOUNG PRODUCED BY 
THE COMMON GARTER SNAKE 


Definite records of the number of young produced. 
by any species of reptiles are always interesting and 
valuable to those interested in the life history of ani- 
mals. The following observations concerning the 
number of young produced by the common Garter 
Snake (Thomnophis sirtalis), may therefore be 
worth recording. 

This snake is well known to be viviparous. It is 
the most abundant snake in the vicinity of Lake Max- 
inkuckee, Indiana. On July 26, 1900, a female three 
feet long, was killed by me just west of the lake. 
Upon cutting it open 40 young snakes, each six to 
seven inches long, were taken from the mother’s body. 

This number we thought very large, but Dr. J. 
Schenck, of Mt. Carmel, Ilmois, records 78 young 
each three to seven inches long, taken from a female 
of this species 35 mches long. 

Does any reader of Coprra know of a record of a 
larger number? 

Barton WARREN EVERMANN, 
San Francisco, Cal. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, June 25, 1915. No. 19 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


NOTES ON THE HABITS OF SCELOPORUS 
UNDULATUS (LATREILLE). 

This exceedingly common lizard is chiefly found 
on trees and fences, or very rarely on the ground. 
They are rather agile and difficult to capture save 
with a noose. ‘They do not, as a rule, go into holes 
when hard pressed, though I have seen one hide under 
the loose bark of a stump. ‘They show a certain 
amount of color change from lighter to darker and 
vice-versa. 

Breeding -habits. A ? caught on May 10, 
1914, at Marlton, N. J., was killed and dissected on 
June 7th. She had 10 large eggs in her oviducts. My 
earliest record for young is July 29th (Nelson Coun- 
ty, Va.), but I have no other records before Aug. 14. 
I have never seen any half-grown ones except in the 
very early summer, so that I think this lizard reaches 
adult size in one year. 

Food. One of my earliest remembrances of this 
lizard is seeing a large one run up a pine tree carry- 
ing in its mouth a cricket as large as its own body. 
In captivity I have watched them eat butterflies of 
the genera Pieris and Colias, houseflies and Mayflies. 
Specimens were hardy in captivity, and excellent 
feeders, chasing and snapping up the small butter- 
flies with great agility, and swallowing them with a 
chewing motion. 

EK. R. Dunn, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


10 COPEIA 


HIBERNATION OF REPTILES IN SOUTH- 
ERN CALIFORNIA. 


Of the snakes in the immediate vicinity of Los 
Angeles, very few are to be found at large during 
the winter, for they behave much as do their eastern 
cousins. ‘This was contrary to my expectations when 
I first arrived here, for like many another easterner, 
I thought Southern California would yield a bounti- 
ful harvest of snakes at any time of the year. Now 
and then a Pacific Bull Snake (Pituophis catenifer), 
a Western Garter Snake (Thamnophis parietalis), 
or a “Water” Snake (Thamnophis hammondi) will 
wander in search of food and may be found abroad 
even in winter. Only exceptionally warm days will 
cause this, however, and few, if any, other snakes ever 
come out in the winter. Most captives in my collec- 
tion of local snakes refuse food from about the middle 
of October to the beginning of March. 

Lizards, on the contrary, are to be found on any 
sunny day during the winter when they come forth 
to warm themselves after a freezing night. At such 
times they snap up occasional flies and other insects. 
Gerrhonotus scincicauda, Uta stansburiana and Scel- 
oporus bi-seriatus are the most intrepid of the lizards 
that dare the rigors of a none-too-gentle climate and 
warm themselves in the rays of the winter sun. Up 
in the mountains where snow falls during the winter, 
one may see the hardy little swifts (Uta) scamper 
about rocks in the sun a few feet away from shady 
nooks where large patches of snow lie evaporating, 
while down at a lower altitude may be found other 
lizards, and even snakes at times. In captivity the 
lizards feed readily through the winter. 

The hiding places of lizards may easily be found 
in the winter by overturning heaps of boards, stones, 
logs, ete. At that time of the year, especially after 
a heavy frost, they are easily captured, for they are 
quite sluggish. The Horned Lizards usually bury 
themselves in the ground, where they are sometimes 


COPEIA 11 


dug out accidentally. Snakes in this part of the 
country hibernate under haystacks, piles of boards, 
etc., but usually they seem to pass the winter in 
gopher and ground squirrel holes in the ground. 
Between last Christmas and New Years I caught 
one “Water” Snake and one Western Garter Snake 
on a particularly warm day in a valley between the 
city of Los Angeles and the ocean. Near Dulzura 
I caught one more “Water” Snake and this winter 
received two small unidentified snakes from Calexico, 
where there is an arid tropical climate. Even in the 
desert around Calexico, snakes are more searce in 
winter than they are in summer; though, if the truth 
must be told, they are not plentiful there at any time. 
I have not known of any case of Clemmys mar- 
morata—Southern California’s only turtle—being 
found in the winter. 
Paut D. R. RUTHLING, 
Los Angeles, Calif. 


COLUMBUS ON THE REMORA. 


In the Journals of the first and second voyages 
of Columbus are found respectively descriptions of 
a species of ‘Trunk and Sucking-fish observed near 
Cuba. The account of the latter mentions that the 
“Reversus,” or Remora, was employed by the Indians 
in a singular manner of fishing which consisted in 
holding the “huntsman-fish” fast by a cord, and al- 
lowing it to attach itself to the bodies of other fish 
or large marine turtles. Humboldt conjectured the 
“Reversus” to be identical with H'cheneis naucrates, 
Poey with the species named by him EF. guaicano. 
Pre-Linnean writers on ichthyology continued to ap- 
ply the term “Reversus” to the species of Sucking-fish 
described by Columbus, and also included under the 
same term a spinous variety, or “species,” which is 
easily recognizable from the descriptions and figures 
as Diodon histriv. 'The use of the Remora as a 
“huntsman-fish” in the manner first related by Colum- 


12 COPEIA 


bus seems to have continued until modern times in 
various quarters of the globe; so at least the writer 
is informed by Dr. KE. W. Gudger, who has collected 
a number of reports to that effect. 


Cuarves R. EASTMAN, 
New York, N. Y. 


CERTAIN FAMILIAR STRUCTURAL 
ADAPTATIONS IN FISHES. 


That habit and structure are correlated will be 
questioned by no student of evolution. ‘That habit 
determines structure would probably be less widely 
conceded. If it does so, specialized structures would 
be expected to arise among fishes already possessing 
habits to take advantage of them; we would expect 
to find the habit served by a fish’s peculiar structure, 
shared also, to some degree, by its relatives which 
lack the structure; and notable cases where this expec- 
tation is realized are evidence that structure is deter- 
mined by habit. 

Some such eases come to mind. The sailfish, 
remarkable for its great expanse of dorsal fin, is said 
to come to the surface of the sea with the fin out 
of water, functioning as a sail in the wind. ‘The 
sword-fish and mackerel, its allies, are surface fishes, 
the sword-fish at least often swims with its back-fin 
out of water. 

The prehensile tail of the sea-horse with which 
it coils around and holds fast to sea-weed is a struc- 
ture unique among fishes. ‘The pipe-fishes, its nearest 
allies, live among sea-weed twisting their lithe bodies 
among and bracing their tails against the strands of 
weed. 

The highly developed breast-fins of the flying 
fish which enable it to travel considerable distances 
through the air and elude predaceous fishes of which 
it is the prey, is one of the most remarkable structural 
adaptations to be found in the world’s ichthyfauna, 


COPEIA 13 


and perhaps responsible for the success, measured by 
the abundance, of flying fishes off shore over warm 
seas everywhere, where they seem to outnumber the 
sum of all other species. ‘Their allies, the slender, 
elongate needle-fishes, though lacking any wing de- 
velopment are noted for the habit of leaping and 
skipping over the surface of the water. One elongate 
species with a much flattened body turns on its side 
and skims over the surface like a skipping stone. 


J.T. NicHots, 
New York, N.Y. 


RANA PALUSTRIS IN WISCONSIN. 


During the early fall of 1914, three specimens 
of Rana palustris Le Conte were found in a small 
stream entering the south side of Lake Wingra, Dane 
County. ‘These specimens were identified for the 
writer by Dr. A. G. Ruthven, and a specimen was de- 
posited in the Museum of Zoology, University of 
Michigan. The stream in which these frogs were 
found i is the small sluggish outlet of a large swamp 
situated about a half mile from the lake. The bottom 
of the stream is of soft mud, without stones of any 
sort, and at all seasons of the year is more or less ob- 
structed by a heavy growth of water cress. Rana 
pipiens, Acris gryllus and Rana clamitans are very 
commonly found here, but frequent and diligent 
search throughout the year previous had failed to dis- 
close any pickerel frogs. 

The distribution of this species 1s given by Dick- 
erson (The Frog Book) as “over the eastern part 
of North America, west to the Great Plains, and 
north to Hudson Bay.” Higley (Wisconsin Acad- 
emy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, VII, 169) states 
that it is quite common in Michigan, and may possibly 
be found in Wisconsin, and in “The Herpetology oe 
Michigan” (Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., Pub. 10, 
Biol. Ser. 3) Thompson and Thompson say that ne 


14 COPEIA 


have examined specimens from six counties in Michi- 
gan and have records of the occurrence of the species 
in three others. No records are given for any part 
of the state above the southern end of Saginaw Bay. 
Cope (Batrachia of North America, 1889) gives 
two records for Wisconsin, one from the Root River, 
1853, and the other from the Upper Wisconsin River, 
the date of which is not given. Notes on the occur- 
rence of the species at Green Lake, Wisconsin, in 
1906 and 1909, have been given to me by Mr. John 
M. Lowe. The results of ecological work in the re- 
gion of the Madison lakes will doubtless show that 
Rana palustris although rare, has a fairly continuous 
distribution in the state. 
TuHurtow C. NELson, 


University of Wisconsin. 


SOME NEW RECORDS FOR GYRINO- 
PHILUS PORPHYRITICUS (GREEN): 


In rearranging the collection of Amphibia in the 
Lee Museum of Biology at Bowdoin College, I came 
across a badly shrivelled and faded specimen of this 
species. It was easily identified by the teeth and the 
general appearance, but the only data with it was a 
ecard marked Brunswick, Me. 

There are two more recent records from Man- 
chester, Maine. 

August 16, 1913, George EK. Gilbert brought me 
two specimens, an adult, and a larva about three 
inches long, with external gills. 

April 12, 1915, the same collector got three 
adults, two of them 7'4 inches in length. A week 
later I visited the place where they were found, a cold 
spring rising in a barrel in an open field and empty- 
ing into a stone drain. One had been found in the 
mud under the board cover of the spring, while the 
others were in the water. ‘They seem to be good 


ee 


COPEIA 15 


swimmers, but in captivity I noticed that they rested 
with the nose held out of water. 


- At the mouth of the stone drain, about 100 yards 
from the spring, I found a larva three inches long, 
and in the spring itself five more only on inch in 
length, The large larva was probably a year old, 
while the small ones appeared to be newly hatched. 
In color they were a pale red with small yellowish 
dots scattered along the back, but there is little pig- 
ment in the skin and the whole animal is quite trans- 
lucent. 


In the shape of the head, thread-like external 
gills and general form these larve resemble those of 
s peler pes  bilineatus, but the color and markings are 
quite different. 


Although this species seems to be quite abundant 
about this one spring, I have found it nowhere else 
in the vicinity. 


Pump HH. Pore, 
Manchester, Maine. 


NUMBER OF YOUNG PRODUCED BY 
COMMON SNAKES. 


Mr. J. F. Street informs me he dissected an adult 
garter snake (7'hamnophis sirtalis) in the fall of 1909, 
moramed at Indiana, Pa. It contained 65 well- devel- 
oped embryos. I saw an example of this species in 
the Carnegie Museum, at Pittsburgh, some years 
ago, from Ohio Pyle, Pa. It had a great number of 
young which were given as 65. The largest water 
snake (Natriv sipedon) I have examined, was ob- 
tained by Evan Rhoads on Newton Creek, near 
Mount Ephraim, Camden County, N. J., August 
22, 1912. When fresh it was little short ae five feet 
and contained over 70 young, (76 according to my 
notes). I may add that a red- -eared terrapin (Pseu- 
demys elegans) was captured in Oldmans Creek, N. 


16 COPEIA 


J., during June, 1914, and brought to my notice 
through Dr. Ida A. Keller. It is doubtless an intro- 
duction or escaped individual, as the species is a native 
of the Gulf States. 

Henry W. Fow ter, 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, July 27, 1915. No. 20 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


ANNUAL OCCURRENCE OF SPADE-FOOT 
TOADS. 


Spade-foot toads (Scaphiopus holbrooki) ap- 
peared in Patchogue on the evening of May 22, 1915, 
for at least the fourth successive year. The first hard 
rain of spring occurred on the night of May 21, and 
on the evening of May 22, great numbers of toads 
were present in the same pool in which they have been 
seen In previous years. On the morning of the 23d 
nearly every blade of grass in the pool was covered 
with their eggs, and by night not a toad remained 
in sight. ‘The sudden emergence of the toads from 
their underground retreats and their extremely short 
stay in the breeding pools, probably accounts for the 
former belief that years usually elapse between their 
appearances. 

FRANK Overton, 
Patchogue, N. Y. 


NOTE ON AN UNUSUALLY LARGE 
OCEAN SUNFISH. 


On May 14, 1915, I examined a very large 
Ocean Sunfish or Mola (Mola mola) at the fish house 
of the Borzone Fish Company in San Francisco. The 
fish had been caught the day before in a parancella 
net about 40 miles off the Golden Gate and south of 
the Farallons. 


18 COPEIA 


The following measurements and notes were tak- 
en: ‘Total length 9 feet; width 7 ft. 9 in.; eye to snout 
14 in.; diameter of orbit 5 in; eye to base of pectoral 
17 in.; length of pectoral 15 in.; width 124% in.; gill 
opening 44 x 6'2 in.; length of dorsal (mutilated) 
2 ft. 5 in.; width 23 in.; length of anal 21 in. 

Color silvery; body, especially anteriorly, coy- 
ered with hard, bony, silvery, stellate or granular 
plates. 


After the fish had been caught in the net it was 
attacked by sharks and badly mutilated, especially 
on the fins and about the nose. 


It was said that this fish weighed 2,500 pounds, 
but I cannot vouch for the truth of this statement. 
My own estimate was not to exceed 1,800 pounds. 


This was said to be the largest fish of this species 
N a 

ever taken by San Francisco fishermen. Smaller ex- 
amples weighing 300 to 400 pounds are occasionally 
taken. One was brought in in April of this year that 
weighed about 300 pounds. One was taken in June, 
1893, off Redondo Beach, California, that measured 
8 ft. 2 m., and weighed 1,800 pounds. 


Barton WaRrRREN EVERMANN, 
San Francisco, Cal. 


(The mounted skin of a Mola 10 ft 2 in. in total 
length from Long Beach, California, May, 1911, is 
exhibited in the American Museum of Natural His- 


tory, New York.—Ed.] 
HIBERNATION OF REPTILES. 


A friend in Bridgeport, Connecticut, is my au- 
thority for the statement that there seems to be a 
great difference in animals, as to their tendency to 
hibernate in winter, and the effect of temperature 
upon the physical phases of their life. He had had 
for three years, in 1910, a brace of rattle-snakes, 


COPEIA 19 


(Crotalus horridus) from the neighborhood which he 
kept in a glass case, and maintained a summer tem- 
perature the year round, with the result that during 
that period of three years the snakes did not hiber- 
nate, but maintained an active existence during the 
entire time. He has observed that they have shed 
their epidermis at shorter periods than has been gen- 
erally supposed; to wit, about once in three months, 
and that this is not a constant factor, but will vary. 
It has popularly been held as an indisputable fact 
that the rattle-snake adds one joimt to the rattle 
each year, but Mr. Ford has discovered that a new 
joint is added to the rattle with each shedding of the 
eperdermis, and the snakes in his collection have add- 
ed from three to four buttons each year, proving that 
the old time hypothesis is erroneous. ‘The snakes have 
fine rattles with perhaps tem or twelve buttons and 
have attained a length of maybe less than twenty 
inches. In this collection, under the scrutiny of Mr. 
Ford, is a small mud turtle (species unknown) that 
is kept at about the same temperature as the snakes 
but with different results. As winter approaches and 
the proper season arrives it declines to eat, draws in 
its head and becomes lethargic and finally falls into 

a stupor, which lasts till spring when it awakes again 
to its wonted life and activity. From these facts, it 
would be interesting to determine what degree of cold 
a dormant animal may be subjected to without de- 
stroying its latent vitality, and what degree of tem- 
perature is necessary to induce hibernation in any 
given animal. 

Herman Havrt, JR., 


South Haven, Michigan. 


ON ONE OR TWO COMMON STRUCTURAL 
ADAPTATIONS IN FISHES. 


The caudal fin of fishes is the chief propelling 
organ. As such its form is a good criterion of a fish’s 


20 COPEIA 


habit of locomotion. The forked form is used almost 
without exception by those species which swim con- 
tinually through extensive stretches of open water. 
The water slipping along the fishes flanks must escape 
backward in the middle line of its tail. Side to side 
motion of a square caudal would interfere with the 
backward flow of the water and impede the fish. Ob- 
viously the forked fin is better adapted for this work 
as the central impeding portion is eliminated and the 
lobes brace against comparatively stationary water. 
A narrow peduncle is also an advantage and we find 
the peduncle tending to be more and more narrow 
particularly in its vertical diameter, and it is often 
strengthened by keels in its horizontal diameter, that 
is the plane of its motion. It is interesting that the 
same type is approached by the mackerels, a free 
swimming more or less pelagic off-shoot of the Per- 
coid, stem, by the mackerel-sharks, most active swim- 
mers of the sharks, which have a very different heter- 
ocereal caudal as a basis of variation, and the Cetacea, 
among mammals. ‘The Cetacea are, interestingly 
enough, adapted to motion in a different plane, mov- 
ing their forked caudal up and down instead of from 
side to side, and with the peduncles narrowed hori- 
zontally instead of vertically. 


Certain fishes, except when alarmed, propel 
themselves not by the caudal, but by the breast-fins. 
Such are the wrasse-parrotfish group, which slip in 
and out among rocks and the crevices of coral-reefs. 
These have usually squarish or rounded caudals, quite 
different from the firm forked ones of more actively 
free-swimming fishes. Indeed the relative forking 
is a fair criterion of the amount of swimming that a 
fish does, the minnows with forked caudals, being 
more active swimmers than the killifish group with 
rounded, the sea running salmon having a more 
forked caudal than the brook inhabiting trout, the 
old trout a squarer tail than the young, to whom the 


COPEIA 21 


same brook furnishes, compared to its size, a wider 
swimming range. 


The evolution in habit and structure which from 
a group of predaceous free-swimming mammals like 
the Delphinidae has evolved the large whale-bone 
whales which feed on small animals sifted from the 
water with their baleen, is more or less paralleled in 
several independent groups of fishes. Our common 
menhaden, representative of the herrings, is a good 
example. Though a small fish the size and density 
of the schools in which it swims are in a way analagous 
with the cetacean’s bulk. Continually it swims for- 
ward, its mouth wide open, gulping sea-water from 
which its very fine lengthened gill-rakers are sifting 
food enough to make it ver 4 fat and sought after for 
its oil. A. better example are the gigantic basking 
shark and whale shark, off-shoots from the active pre- 
daceous mackerel sharks. The large gill openings 
and very small teeth of these lar gest of fishes, show 
them to be sifters of small food. In the almost uni- 
versally predaceous mackerel genus Scomber an Kast 
Indian species has very long fine gill-rakers, doubtless 
associated with herring- like feeding habits. 


J.T. NicHors. 
New York, N.Y. 


CONCLUDING NOTES ON THE SALIEN- 


TIA OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA. 


Acris gryllus, Le Conte, the “Cricket frog,” is 
one of the commonest frogs, great swarms a this 
species having been seen by the writer during the 
spring months about the edges of bayous, cr eeks and 
ponds. Its rattling notes can be heard during the 
entire warm ‘season, day and night. Owing tc the 
small size of its adhesive disks, ifs tree-‘ ‘frog’ ” ean- 
not climb into trees, but lives on the ground, Sige 
ing into fields, meadows and gardens. It attains a 
length of 144 inches from See to vent, but the 


22 COPEIA 


greater number of specimens are 1 inch or less in 
length. This species looks and acts more like a water 
frog than a tree-toad, although belonging to the latter 
family. 


Chorophilus occidentalis, B. & G., is a beautiful 
species, rarely seen except in early spring. At this 
time, however, it occurs in great numbers in the large, 
shallow bayous, where it stands almost straight up- 
right, on some twigs or weeds, with its large throat 
pouch distended, giving vent to its piercing call. This 
call is very loud, similar in pitch to that of Hyla pick- 
eringi, but much shorter, and at a distance sounds like 
the ring of a steel chisel, when struck by a hammer. 


This is the largest species of the genus Choro- 
philus, attaining a length of 1/2 inches, from snout 
to vent. It is stout of “body, the head is pointed, the 
arms and legs rather short and stout. The toes are 
very slightly webbed, the disks on fingers and toes 
scarcely noticeable. The subarticular tubercles are 
very prominent. 


The structure of this species indicates terrestrial, 
possibly subterraneous habits. I have dug specimens 
out of the sweet-potato hills in my garden. 


The smooth, shiny upper surfaces are rich reddish 
brown or fawn colored, like specimens of our northern 
Wood frog. There is a black band on each side, 
beginning at the nostril, running through the eye, 
over the tympanum to the shoulder. The “edge of the 
upper jaw is silvery white. The groin is rich yellow 
or orange, with large elongate or “round black spots. 
The undersides are ‘white, faintly spotted with brown 
on the throat, flesh colored posteriorly. On the back 
there may be two broad, dark brown parallel bands. 
The arms and legs are banded more or less distinctly 
with brown. 


Chorophilus nigritus, Le Conte, or “Swamp 
Tree-toad,” is found during the Winter and early 
Spring, in great numbers about ditches and bayous. 


COPEIA 23 


Its call is similar to that of the Cricket “frog,” but 
much louder, and the crepitations are slower. It is 
a shy species, extremely difficult to catch. The color 
is gray or greenish-black, with usually three longitu- 
dinal rows of black, light-edged, roundish spots. Oc- 
casionally these spots fuse into bands. The limbs are 
also spotted. On the upper jaw there is a pale yel- 
lowish line, extending to the arm insertion. <A nar- 
row black band starts at the tip of the snout, runs 
through the eye, covers the tympanum and ends at 
the shoulder or beyond. ‘The undersurfaces are 
greenish yellow. The back and outer parts of the 
limbs are covered with large round warts, giving the 
creature a very rough appearance. The belly is 
coarsely granulated. "The tips of the fingers and toes 
have small disks. The foot is slightly webbed. The 
head is even more pointed, and much narrower, than 
in the preceding species. 

Chorophilus ocularis, Holbrook. This is_ the 
smallest of the North American frogs, rarely exceed- 
ing % inch from snout to vent. The head is pointed, 
the eyes large, the limbs and body slender. The disks 
on the fingers and toes are small but distinct. ‘The 
skin of the back is covered with very fine warts, that 
of the belly finely granulated. T he color is yellow, 
reddish brown or chestnut. ‘The upper jaw is mar- 
gined with white. There are three longitudinal dark 
brown dorsal bands, one from the tip of the snout to 
above the vent, usually bifurcate posteriorly, and one 
on each side of this, starting behind the eye. Under- 
neath, it is pale yellow. The male’s throat is dark 
brown, and can be distended to the size of a large pea. 
The arms and legs are indistinctly cross-banded. 


These small “frogs” are very numerous near 
Jacksonville, but owing to their small size, are seldom 
seen. During the Spring months, they abound on the 
marginal vegetation of the “bayous,” the males giving 


24 COPEIA 


vent to their faint calls, which sound more like the 
chirping of insects than the calls of frogs. 


Ricuarp F. DECKERT, 
New York, N. Y. 


ON A YOUNG BLACK ANGEL FISH. 


A Pomancanthus arcuatus, 3 or 4 inches long, 
taken near San Antonio Bridge, Porto Rico, last 
July, in a biological survey of that island which is 
being forwarded by the N. Y. Academy of Sciences 
and the Insular Government, had bright vellow, in- 
stead of whitish, cross bands. Yellow bands are then, 
not diagnostic of paru, perhaps they are ordinarily 
yellow in sufficiently small arcuatus. 

J. T. Nicwois, 


New York, N.Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, August 24, 1915. No. 21 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


THE CAPTURE OF A BASKING SHARK 
ON LONG ISLAND. 


A fourteen-foot Basking shark, Cetorhinus maa- 
imus, was captured on June 29, 1915, at Westhamp- 
ton Beach, on the south shore of Long Island. It 
had become entangled in a bluefish net operated by 
a loeal fisherman, and was hauled ashore still alive. 
T had the good fortune to examine it two days later 
as it was being cut up for removal from the beach, 
and obtained the head, jaws and several other parts 
for the American Museum for further study. 


Records of Cetorhinus as far south as Long Is- 
land are extremely few, so that it seems desirable to 
call attention to the present specimen. 


The shark was a male, fourteen feet in length. 
The caudal had been cut off before I reached the 
scene, so that I could not verify the exact length; but, 
from the measurements I made, the length was ap- 
parently as stated. The specimen was therefore small 
for this species, not even half grown. 


The color of the shark was grayish black, a little 
darker above than on the sides and belly. The under 
side was not white, as it is stated to be in textbooks; 
the only white about the specimen was a triangular 
patch on the under side of the rostrum, extending 
from the mouth as a base, to a point half-way to the 


26 COPEIA 


tip of the snout. There were also two pale bands in 
the mid-ventral region, one on either side of the me- 
dian line; they were about two inches in width, and 
had broken or jagged margins. They were confined 


to a portion of the ventral region, in front of the mix- 
opterygia. 


The most striking feature about the shark, to one 
who had never seen the species in the flesh, was the 
extraordinary shape of the rostrum. This was the 
exact form of the lead end of a bullet, and so unlike 
that of any other shark that it could serve as a diag- 
nostic character equally with the enormous gill-clefts, 
to distinguish this species from all other sharks. It 
should be noted, too, that the rostrum was not short, 
as it is represented in textbook figures, but projected 
considerably in front of the mouth. 


The whole surface was covered with minute tu- 
bercles, which were rough to the touch when the shark 
was stroked from behind forward. The tubercles 
were especially large at the tip of the rostrum. On 
the snout, both above and below, were sensory pores 
distributed in groups. ‘They were transver sely elon- 
gated and very large, some ‘of them “% inch in width. 
The long, slender gill- rakers, which are so distinctive 
of this species, were black in color, and looked like 
long, finely toothed combs attached to the gill bars. 
The longest rays were 2% inches in length. The teeth 
were set in the jaws in three rows, except in a few 
spots, where there were a few extra teeth giving the 
appearance of four rows. 


The alimentary canal contained a large quantity 
of bright red material. On examination under the 
microscope, this resolved itself into a vast multitude 
of minute Crustacea (species not yet determined), 
whose reddish bodies lent color to the entire mass. 


A few measurements, especially of the head re- 
gion, may here be given: Rostrum, from front of 


COPEIA 


(AS) 


27 


eye, 104 m. Diameter of eye, 1% in. Front of eye 
to nostril, 8 m. Width of nostril, 1% in. Distane 
between inner margins of nostrils, 4°4 in. Mixoptery- 
gia, 7’ in. 


A fuller account of this specimen with photo- 
graphs of the freshly-captured fish and figures of an- 
atomical details will shortly be published. 

L. Hussaxor, 
NewYork, N.Y. 


ON FISH-BONES IN A KINGFISHER’S 
NEST. 
Through the kindness of Mr. S. H. Chubb of the 


American Museum the writer has had for examina- 
tion a mass of fish-bones, scales, etc., from the recent- 
ly occupied nest of a kingfisher, and has looked 
through to determine the species of fish eaten in this 
ease. The results have both an ichthvological and or- 
nithological interest. 


The nest referred to was placed in a bank about 
one-quarter of a mile from Van Cortlandt Lake, New 
York City. It was occupied by young kingfishers 29 
days between the times of hatching ‘and departure. 
Immediately after they had gone Mr. Chubb removed 
about two quarts of soil from the bottom of the nest, 
and from this about 220 cubic centimeters of clean 
bones, scales, etc., was obtained, representing prob- 
ably three-quarters of all the fish remains in the nest. 


The most striking single objects among the bones 
were the beautifully pr eserved tooth- bearing pharyn- 
geals of small cypr inids, of which there were 113. The 
mass was carefully gone over for readily recognizable 
bones of other fishes and surprisingly few encoun- 
tered. Lower jaw bones of 2 or 3 small pickerel 
(E'sox), 3 to 5 inches in length, were noted; also the 
opercle of a yellow perch (Perca flavescens), about 


28 COPEIA 


four inches, and anal spines of a sunfish, about three 
inches long. ‘There were also pieces of the shell of a 
crawfish. The absence of suckers (catostomids) was 
unexpected. ‘Their pharyngeals would have been as 
easily picked out as those of the eyprinids, and sup- 
posing that their bottom habits protected them, then 
how about the crawfish? 


Of the 113 mmnow pharyngeals, 90 were identi- 
fied as from the golden shiner (Abramis crysoleucas) , 
21, not satisfactorily determinable, were perhaps also 
this species, and two were from different individuals 
of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). ‘That particular 
nest mil kingfishers was then concerned with cyprinids, 
of which at a minimum estimate it accounted for 76 
individuals, and of these the golden shiner made the 
greater part, probably almost the entire number. 


The golden shiner is probably the most abundant 
fish in still and slow- moving fresh-waters near New 
York City, yet it would se: arcely figure as largely tn 
the kingfisher’s bill of fare were there no discrimina- 
tion in its favor. ‘There is no obvious reason why the 
goldfish, which is also abundant, should not be as read- 
ily obtained. ‘The writer suspects that the kingfisher 
selects that fish which in a given region furnishes it 
the best food supply, and specializes i in the capture of 
the same disregarding other species. It would be in- 
teresting to learn if the many kingfishers which hunt 
over the salt and brackish waters near New York spe- 


cialize on Menidia or Fundulus. 
J. T. NicHOLs, 


New York, N.Y. 


THE TRANSFORMATION OF SPELERPES 
RUBER (DAUDIN). 


Various allusions in literature to the life history 
of Spelerpes ruber as being well known, (though I 
have been unable to find any published account of 


COPEIA 29 


it), have made me hesitate in publishing these notes, 
but I will give them for what they are worth. 


Practically all the specimens studied came from 
a spring near Haverford, Pa., in which spring both 
aduits and larvae were very abundant, and ten or fitf- 
teen could be caught at any time. Some of the larvae 
were much larger than small adults, my smallest 
adults being 80-90 mm. long and my largest larvae 
about 110 mm. long. These larvae were distinguish- 
able from those of §. bislineatus, by much larger size 
and uniform coloration. The smallest seen were as 
long (50-60 mm.) as the largest larvae of S. bislinea- 
tus seen and much more robust. 


In January of this year I started keeping the lar- 
vae alive with a view to watching the transformation. 
I continued this into the spring with no success, the 
larvae all dying in a few days, or living on with no 
signs of transformation. 


However, in a series of ten larvae collected on 
May 20, the largest (110 mm.) showed tinges of red 
in the ground color and smaller gills. On May 22 
this specimen had lost all the filaments of the gills and 
had taken to lying entirely out of water. 

May 23—The gill stumps were shrivelling, the 
tail fin had gone, and the color was more like that of 
the adult. A smaller one of the same lot of May 20 
(90 mm.) had also lost the tail fin and showed a red- 
dish tinge. The gill filaments also were smaller. 

May 24—A (the large one) gills were stubs— 
eyelid developed—mouth nearly developed—B (the 
smaller one) eyelids developing—mouth developing 
—gill filaments ragged. 

May 27—A, mouth developed fully—tongue 
free, gills mere stubs. 

May 28—I collected an adult which showed un- 
mistakable signs of having just completed the trans- 
formation. 


30 COPEIA 


May 29—Not much change in larvae from 
May 27. 

May 31—I killed and preserved the large larva 
A, and the recently transformed adult of May 28. 
The gill stubs on A were very small and no longer 
than their width. 

June 1—B has lain out of water for two days. 
The gill filaments are going. 

June 4—B lying out of water all the time. Prac- 
ticing bucco-pharyngeal respiration. Gill filaments 
about gone. This specimen was then killed and pre- 
served. 

It is thus apparent that Spelerpes ruber begins 
to transform in May. The time of breeding is not 
known to me and I can find no record of it. The 
animals remain active all winter in springs. At the 
time of transformation they are probably well over a 
year old, as two lots can be distinguished, 80-110 mm. 
long, and 50-60 mm. long. ‘This would seem to make 
the duration of the larval period about two years, and 
would also point to a definite breeding period, prob- 
ably in the spring and summer. Of course these last 
statements are simply conjectures. 


The question of Siren operculata Beauvois arises 
here. I am of the opinion that before so well estab- 
lished a name as S$ pelerpes ruber be changed, it should 
be shown beyond the shadow of a doubt that the larva 
on which Beauvois founded his operculata is identical 
with the larva of ruber. 

E. R. Dunn, 
Haverford, Pa. 


NOTES ON AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM 
AT FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA. 


During the month of May, 1918, the writer had 
good opportunities to study this salamander at an al- 
titude of a little under 7,000 feet. 


COPEIA 31 


This species was the only salamander observed 
in the vicinity and was found in a small stream near 


a lumber mill. The rocks about Flagstaff are red 
voleanic larva. 


Both the gilled and air breathing forms were 
found together in the water, some of the specimens 
reaching a length of about six inches. The color of 
the gilled forms was olive brown with dark irregular 
spots on the back, sides, belly and tail fin. he air 
breathing forms were darker and less spotted. This 
color varied somewhat with individuals and with the 
surrounding temperature, the specimens becoming 
lighter as the air or water became warmer. ‘The gills 
were not as fully developed as in many specimens 
which the writer has seen in captivity, and the caudal 
fin was not as broad. Neither did it extend up the 
back as far. 


Several boys in the vicinity reported finding their 
eggs during the month of June, while the writer was 
absent, and secured several immature gilled specimens 
about two inches in length. 


No land forms were found out of the water, al- 
though they may have occurred there. But as the 
ground is exceedingly dry in this vicinity the writer 
doubts whether this species is found far from water 
at this locality. 

These salamanders were quite abundant in cer- 
tain pools of the stream, as many as nine being count- 
ed in a pool about seven feet in diameter and one foot 
deep. They were very active and difficult to capture 
by hand, and generally darted to cover under some 
submerged plank or stone. 

Several specimens of the land form, which the 
writer collected, are now thriving in shallow water at 
the Bronx Zoological Park. They feed greedily and 
will even snap harmlessly at one’s finger. 

* Dwicut FRANKLIN, 
New York, N.Y. 


32 COPEIA 


RHINOCHILUS LECONTEI IN LOS 
ANGELES. 


In the Corria of February 20, 1915, (No. 15) 
appeared a list of fourteen snakes found in the vicin- 
ity of the city of Los Angeles. ‘To those must now 
be added one more recently discovered at Belvidere, 
California, by Mr. Viggo Tarp. ‘This is Rhinochilus 
lecontei (Baird & Girard) and was found on May 13, 
1915, about two miles from the beach on a bare hill 
near some gopher holes. This specimen is now thriv- 
ing in captivity on a diet of lizards. It is 38'2 inches 
long. 


The only other traces I have found of LeConte’s 
Snake have been in La Canada Valley, where an old 


bee-man named Charlie Metcalf had skins of two ~ 


other specimens found in the valley where he lives. 
Near Los Angeles, LeConte’s Snake is considered 
rare. 
Pau. D. BR. Rutan 
Los Angeles, California. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


So ewe 


eS ea 


New York, September 22, 1915. No. 22 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


A PECULIAR COLOR DISPLAY IN THE 
YELLOW GRUNT. 


While at the Marine Biological Station of the 
Carnegie Institution at the Tortugas Islands in the 
Gulf of Mexico, I had many opportunities to ob- 
serve the brilliant colors of the coral-reef fishes. 
These are seen at their best only when the fish are 
at liberty in their natural waters. 

The yellow grunt, Haemulon sciurus, has the 
head and body broadly striped with chrome-yellow 
and lavendar-blue. The anals and ventrals are yel- 
low, the belly and throat white. The outside of the 
fish would seem to afford a sufficient display; but, as 
in other grunts, the interior of the mouth is bright- 
colored. In this species it is vermilion everywhere 
from the caudal margin of the breathing valves as 
far back as the first gill slit. The mouth is large and 
can be opened very wide. When so opened it ap- 
pears as a conspicuous red patch. 

One morning in July, 1905, I crushed a large 
black sea-urchin (Diadema) and threw it into the wa- 
ter. Two yellow grunts soon appeared and began to 
feed on it. When I first saw them they were about a 
foot apart and directly facing each other. Presently 
one of them opened its mouth very wide so as to dis- 
play fully its red lining. He then swam toward the 
other. The second fish opened its mouth in the same 
way but did not move. The first kept on until the 


34 COPEIA 


jaws of the two touched. His mouth was a bit larger 
or wider open so that his Jaws overlapped for an in- 
stant those of the other fish. They then separated. 


During the whole of this manoeuvre the two fish 
faced each other. ‘To each the vivid red mouth lining 
of the other must be visible. ‘To the human observer 
it is startlingly conspicuous. He cannot escape the 
impression that the fish are making a display; he 
might be pardoned for saying that they are bluffing. 
This impression is strengthened by the wide gaping 
of the mouth, by the facing position and by the rather 
deliberate approach. It is as if each were expecting 
the other to flee at any moment. 


Such displays of conspicuous color patches are 
not rare among inconspicuous insects. ‘They are 
thought to have been developed through natural se- 
lection and to serve the purpose of startling an enemy 
(Schreckfarben). In conspicuously colored insects 
they are probably quite as common, but are over- 
looked because superimposed on an already conspicu- 
ous coloration. In the grunt, the red mouth patch 
displayed suddenly on a . background of yellow and 
blue stripes is to man conspicuous and startling. If 
seen in an insect it would undoubtedly be classified as 
a ‘“Schreckfarbe.” How it affects the fish’s naturai 
enemies we can hardly know. 


The color patch is revealed to its fullest extent 
when the mouth is opened wide in the presence of an 
enemy. It seems to be little exposed in the usual tak- 
ing of food. I have never seen it then. But the food 
of the species consists of crustaceans and annelids, 
whose visual organs, so far as we know, are unaf- 
fected by any color display. Selection need then 
hardly deprive the Haemulons of their mouth patches 
in order to assure their food supply. Considered 
as a contrivance for bluffing enemies the mouth 
patch seems of doubtful advantage. It is to be ex- 
pected that enemies, if affected by it, would soon 
become accustomed to it and be no longer startled. 


COPEIA 35 


In any case it helps them to see better the oral wea- 
pon with which they are threatened. It should be 
easier for them to meet the attack. 

On the whole it seems wisest to regard the dis- 
play as merely incidental to the opening of the mouth 
in attack and as quite devoid of biological meaning. 
In its effect on food it is neutral; in its effect on ene- 
mies the advantages and disadvantages seem to be 
pretty well balanced. The disadvantages may have 
rather the best of it. The analysis of the case may 
help to an understanding of similar displays in other 
forms. It suggests caution in interpreting them. 

JACOB REIGHARD, 
Ann Arbor, Michigan. 


PIKE-FISHING INCIDENTS. 

The following incidents occurred during my va- 
cation this summer in the Adirondack Mountains: 

On August 14th Dr. H and myself went 
out pike fishing on Stony Creek Pond No. 1, in Cor- 
eys. At the time the incident happened I was rowing 
the boat and the Doctor trolling, using a shiner for 
bait. A pike was struck and after some play the 
line came away minus bait, hook and an inch of the 
gut to which the hook had been attached. Another 
baited hook was put on and we continued around the 
pond. On coming a second time to the spot where 
the fish was lost there was another strike, and a pike 
a little under two pounds was safely landed in the 
boat. 

At the first cut I made in dressing this fish out 
dropped a shiner with the Doctor’s lost hook and inch 
of gut snood fastened to it. The gut had been sawed 
off by the pike’s teeth. 

A few days later while fishing in the same place 
the following occurred: 

I was still fishing, using a live perch as bait. My 
first catch was a pike weighing in the vicinity of one 
and a half pounds. He had swallowed the perch, and, 


36 COPELA 


finding it impossible to reach the hook or even to see 
it, I opened his belly, and finding the perch still alive, 
threw it into the water. While it could not right it- 
self and swim away, it continued for some time to 
paddle around in a circle. 
Cuas. W. Meap, 
New York, N.Y. 


NOTES ON A FISH CAUGHT THREE 
TIMES. 


The writer has on several occasions seen fishes 
bite on a hook when they have already been caught 
once. 

In one instance on Upper Saranac Lake in the 
Adirondacks a yellow perch (P. flavescens) was 
caught, a worm being used as bait. ‘The lower half 
of its tail was slightly deformed and this served as 
a mark of identification. As the writer was not after 
perch, the fish was tossed back uninjured. 

Within about ten minutes it had been caught 
three times. 

Dwicut FRANKLIN, 


New York, N. Y. 


BOX TORTOISE (Terrapene carolina) SW1IM- 
MING A CREEK. 


On May 9th, about eight o’clock in the morning, 

I noticed an object moving about in Darby Creek, 
about a mile above Addingham. It was a few feet out 
from the shore, and through a pair of field-glasses 
was seen to be a box tortoise. At this point the creek 
is about fifteen to twenty yards wide, and the tortoise 
was headed directly for the opposite shore. It swam 
very slowly and laboriously, only the highest part of 
the carapace and the head, from just below the eyes, 
projecting above the surface of the water. As it 
moved along, it bobbed up and down. After much 
effort, when within a few feet of landing on the oppo- 


COPEIA 37 


site shore, it stopped to rest a second or so, floating 
a short distance down stream, when it resumed its 
movements towards the bank. Close to the bank it 
stopped paddling, floated gently up on the mud, and 
after a few moments’ rest, crawled slowly out on the 
muddy shore, stopping again for a rest. Five or ten 
minutes later it was still resting in the sun. Never 
having seen the box tortoise swim before, this note is 
offered as possibly of interest. 
Detos EK. CuLver, 
Addingham, Pa. 


NUMBER OF YOUNG PRODUCED BY 
CERTAIN SNAKES. 


I quote the following records from my notes, 
trusting that they may be of some interest. Al the 
specimens referred to were taken in Nelson County, 
Va): 

Natrix septemvittata. August 31st, 1914. Five 
young. 

Natriv sipedon. I have never observed over 40 
young, but have three records of this number, one 
each of 86, 38, and 25. Dates of birth, August 12th- 
October 12th. 

Heterodon platyrhinos. August 16th, 1913. A 
nest of 34 eggs ploughed up in a field. They hatched 
August 23-27. 

Agkistrodon contortriv. September 1, 1913, 7 
young. ‘These young snakes, though born alive, had 
well developed egg-teeth, which were not present in 
the young of either Natrix. They were quite evident 
in the young of Heterodon. Hei) Done. 


Haverford, Pa. 


SOME AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF 
CECIL COUNTRY, MARYLAND. 


This list represents material I have examined 
or collected, unless otherwise stated. Sometimes, as 


38 COPEIA 


at Bacon Hill, Northeast, Stony Run, etc., several 
collections have been made, at different seasons of 
the year. Though incomplete, the list cludes the 
greater number of species found in the county, espe- 
cially the commoner forms: 


Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin). Seen 
at Conowingo and reported from Octoraro and Bald 
Friar. Occasional in the Susquehanna. 


Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw). Reported at 
Conowingo, though not obtained by me. 

Plethodon erythronotus (Green).  Singerly, 
Bacon Hill, Northeast and Bohemia Manor. Usually 
locally abundant. 


Spelerpes bislineatus (Green). Bacon Hill. 
Few taken. 

Spelerpes ruber (Daudin). Bacon Hill, North- 
east, Bohemia Manor and Piney Creek. Abundant 
in springs. 

Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque) Conowingo, 
Bacon Hill, Singerly and Piney Creek. Common. 


Bufo americanus Holbrook. Conowingo and 
Porter’s Bridge. Bohemia: Manor at Bohemia Bridge, 
near Warwick and Cecilton, Bohemia Mills and Lit- 
tle Bohemia Creek. Northeast, Bacon Hill, Elkton 
and Singerly. Abundant. 

Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). Northeast, 
Bacon Hill, Stony Run, Charlestown, Elkton. Abun- 
dant. Bohemia Manor along Big and Little Bohemia 
Creeks. Devil’s Elbow, ete. Also common at Eik 
Neck and Piney Creek. 

Hyla pickeringit (Holbrook). Stony Run, 
Charlestown, Northeast, Bacon Hill, Singerly, Elk- 
ton, Conowingo. Common, and heard usually in the 
spring. 

Hyla evittata. G.S. Miller. An adult example 
was obtained by Mr. Paul Lorrilliere at Georgetown 
on the Sassafras River, July 20, 1915. It is interest- 


COPEIA 39 


ing as the most northern locality in the distribution 
of the species. Mr. Lorrilliere writes, “Last night 
about seven o’clock, while casting for bass, I heard a 
single clear note, soon followed by several more. The 
man rowing me about said it was produced by a little 
green frog, which hung on the leaves of docks, etc., 
and that it had a little bag under its throat which 
appeared to collapse when it made its call. The only 
sound that appears like this call is a twang on a 
stretched rubber, which is quieted before it has vi- 
brated more than a second. It can be heard a quarter 
of a mile or more on a still night.” 

Hyla versicolor. We Conte. Elkton, Singerly, 
Northeast, Bacon Hill, Elk Neck, Little Bohemia 
Creek. 

Rana pipiens Schreber. Bohemia Manor. 

Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Elkton, Northeast, 
Stony Run, Conowingo, Octoraro and Elk Neck. 
Abundant in Bohemia Manor, along Big and Little 
Bohemia Creeks, Devil’s Elbow, Bohemia Bridge 
and Bohemia Mills. 

Rana clamata Daudin. Porter’s Bridge, Cono- 
wingo, Stony Run, Charlestown, Bacon Hill, Octo- 
raro, Piney Creek, Elk Neck, and Bohemia Manor, 
along Little and Big Bohemia Creeks, Devil’s EI- 
have Scotehman’s Guede Dike Creek, Bohemia 
Bridge and Bohemia Mills. Common. 

Rana palustris, Le Conte. Porter’s Bridge, Con- 
owingo, Octoraro, Charlestown, Stony Run, Bohemia 
Manor and Big Bohemia Creek. Common. 

Rana sylvatica, Le Conte. Abundant about Ba- 
con Hill and Singerly. 

Natrix sipendon (Linn). Octoraro, Stony Run 
and Elk Neck. Very abundant in Bohemia Manor, 
along Big and Little Bohemia Creeks, Devil’s El- 
bow, Bohemia Mills, Bohemia Bridge and Warwick. 

Elaphe obsoletus (Say). A large example ob- 
tained in Bohemia Manor near Bohemia Mills. Also 
seen near Bohemia Bridge. 


40 COPEIA 


Coluber constrictor (Linn). Little Bohemia 
Creek, Bacon Hill, Singerly, Stony Run and Devil’s 
Elbow. 

Thamnophis sauritus (Linn). Bacon Hill and 
reported from near Devil’s Elbow in Bohemia Manor. 

Thamnophis sirtalis (Linn). Elkton, Singerly, 
Bacon Hill, Warwick and Stony Run. 

Lam propeltis doliatus (inn). Stony Run. 

Heterodon platirhinos (Watreille). Bohemia 
Mills, Bacon Hill, Singerly. Bohemia Bridge and 
near Warwick. 

Sceloporus undulatus (Latreille). Elk Neck, 
Bacon Hill, Singerly, Warwick. 

Chelydra serpentina (Linn). Big and Little 
Bohemia Creeks, Bohemia Bridge, Conowingo, Elk- 
ton, Bacon Hill, Northeast, Singerly, Conowingo. 

Kinosternon pensylvanicum (Gmelin). Big and 
Little Bohemia Creeks, Bohemia Bridge and Elk 
Neck. Common. 

Pseudemys rubriventris (ue Conte). Seen along 
the Little Bohemia Creek, though not collected. 

Chrysemys picta (Schneider). Little and Big 
Bohemia Creeks, Bohemia Mills, Elk Neck, Cono- 
wingo and Octoraro. 

Clemmys guttata (Schneider). Bacon Hill and 
Northeast. 

Terrapene carolina (Linn). Warwick, Devil’s 
Elbow, Bohemia Bridge, Little Bohemia Creek, Bo- 
hemia Mills, Bohemia Bridge, Piney Creek, Elk 
Neck, Elkton, Northeast, Bacon Hill, Singerly, Con- 
owingo and Octoraro. 

Henry W. Fow er, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


Edited by J. T. NicHots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, October 15, 1915. No. 23 


\ BAPE - 
Orn \ i , | . 
> | as 


Published to advance the Science of Oe vertebrates 


ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES FROM MON- 
TAUK, LONG ISLAND. 

The following notes were secured during the 
course of field work undertaken for the Brooklyn 
Museum in the early part of August, 1915. Some 
local names are included in quotation marks: 

Sphyrna zygaena (Linn.). A Hammerhead, 
about five feet in length, was seen several miles off 
Montauk Point on August 8th. 

Clupea harengus Linn. A specimen about sev- 
en inches long was picked up in fairly fresh condition 
on the ocean “beach on August 7. The species seems 
to be unusual in Long Island waters at this season. 

Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe). The local Men- 
haden fishery has practically failed this season. 

Scomber scombrus Linn. “Boston Mackerel.” 
The pound-net fishermen were securing a few of 
these fish. A number of young macker el were found 
in the stomachs of Roseate Terns (Sterna dougall) . 

Xiphias gladius Linn. Single Swordfish were 
taken by harpoon off Montauk Point on July 10, 14 
and 15, 1915, by William D. Parsons, Jr., of Mon- 
tauk. 

Caranx crysos (Mitchill). “Jack.” A seven- 
inch specimen was taken in a pound-net on Au- 
gust 11. 

Poronotus triacanthus (Peck). “Butterfish” ; 
“Shiner.” This fish was entering the pound-nets in 
large numbers in early August. 


42 COPEIA 


Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). Abundant 
in Fort Pond, where it was introduced about 1887. 
On July 20, 1915, an example having two complete 
and distinct heads was caught, taken to the Montauk 
Inn, and eaten. It was an adult in good condition. 


Morone americana (Gmelin). Exceedingly 
abundant in Fort Pond, Great Pond, and Reed 
Pond. ‘These waters are now landlocked, but were 
stocked lou thirty years ago. On August 11 no 
less than 75 White Perch were caught in F ort Pond 
by two ane and a boy. This body of water, unlike 
Great Pond, is quite fresh. The largest of the fish 
weighed just under a pound. Some of the local sea- 
farers have a curious notion that these perch have 
become “transformed” from some distant salt-water 
species. Unfortunately, those caught are seldom 
eaten, and we saw one lar ge lot fed = hogs. 


Centropristes striatus (Linn.). Many Sea Bass 
were being taken on hand-lines off Montauk Point, 
and we saw hundreds enclosed in pounds in Fort 
Pond Bay, where they are kept for a better market 
later in the season. Meanwhile they are fed on 
chopped squid, fish entrails, ete. This year the spe- 
cies is affected by an eye disease, which Capt. E. B. 
Tuthill says he observed also ten or twelve years ago. 
Some fish, when caught, are seen to have their eyes 
covered with a whitish film. Subsequently the eye 
begins to bulge out, and the outer surface to disin- 
tegr ate, hanging i in white shreds. At this stage the 
unfortunate victims are pursued by their fellows, 
which bite at the protruding eyes, causing death after 
a number of hours. 


Spheroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider). A 
specimen 91/2 inches in total length was taken on 
August 11. 


Chilomycterus schoepfi (Walbaum). “Porcu- 
pine-fish.” A specimen was taken in a pound-net at 
Fort Pond Bay on August 11, but was thrown away 


i aa inna aceite minal ile 


COPEIA 43 


before we saw it. A few are said to have been caught 
at the same place earlier in the summer. 

Mola mola (Linn.). “Sunfish.” One was taken 
by William D. Parsons, Jr., on July 15 at sea south 
of Montauk Point. It was captured with Swordfish 
tackle, and cut up for use as lobster bait. 

Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchill) “Whiting.” A 
few of these fish were taken by a pound-net fisher- 
man on August 11. 

Urophycis chuss (Walbaum) “Ling.” A small 
specimen was picked out of a boatload of pound-net 
fish on August 11. 

R. C. Murpuy, 
Francis Harper, 
Brooklyn, N.Y. 


NOTES ON FISHES NEAR NEW YORK. 

In Coretta No. 2, February, 1914, occur dates of 
local occurrence of marine fishes in autumn and early 
winter. Examination of Dr. Wiegmann’s notes 
shows a number of records which are late or other- 
wise of interest, not published at that time. With 
these we here include one or two records of specimens 
received at the American Museum of Natural His- 
tory. 

Mustelus canis. December 13, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 

Galeocerdo tigrinus. A large tiger shark was 
captured off Islip, Long Island, Sept. 11, 1915. The 
head was sent to the American Museum by Captain 
John C. Doxsee. 

Raja ocellata. December 30, 1911 (Seventeen- 
fathom Banks). 

Leptocephalus conger. “Silver Eel.” Decem- 
ber 30, 1911 (Seventeen-fathom Banks). 

Pomolobus pseudoharengus. December 18, 1913 
(Coney Island). 

Brevoortia tyrannus. December 5, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 


44. COPEIA 


Stolephorus mitchillii. October 30, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 

Synodus foetens. October 30, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 

Hyporhamphus roberti. October 16, 1913 
(Coney Island). 

Fistularia tabacaria. October 16, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 

Siphostoma fuscum. December 13, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 

Sphyraena borealis. The record for Nov. 16, in 
Copria, No. 2, was of a specimen 176 mm. in total 
length, taken in 1912 not 1913. 

Vomer setipinnis. October 30, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 

Trachinotus carolinus. October 30, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 

Pomatomus saltatrix, October 16, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 

Pseudopriacanthus altus. A specimen of this 
rare fish, 38 mm. in total length. October 30, 1913 
(Coney Island). 

Orthopristis chrysopterus. November 17, 1913 
(Coney Island). 

Bairdiella chrysura. December 18, 1913 (Con- 
ey Island). 

Leiostomus wanthurus. December 29, 1913 
(Coney Island). 

Menticirrhus sawatilis. November 4, 1913 (Con- 
ey Island). One young. 

Pogonias cromis. December 18, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 

Chaetodon ocellatus. October 30, 1913 (Coney 
Island). 

Chilomycterus schoepfii. November 5, 1912 
(Long Beach). 

Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus. A few were 
taken Dec. 29, 1913, at Coney Island, also large 
masses of their green eggs. 


COPEIA 45 


Prionotus strigatus. November 4, 1918 (Coney 
Island). One young. 

Rissola marginata. October 30, 19138 (Coney 
Island). 

Merluccius bilincaris. December 18, 1918 (Con- 
ey Island). 

Pollachius virens. A young specimen about six 
inches long, City Island, July 15, 1915, brought to 
the Museum by Messrs. C. & O. Falkenbach. 

Urophycis regius. December 18, 1918 (Coney 
Island). 

Lophopsetta maculata. December 18, 1913 
(Coney Island). 

W. H. WircMann, 
Ji. “E. NicHoLs, 
New York City. 


AN ENCOUNTER BETWEEN A BLUE 
RACER SNAKE, BASCANION FLAG- 
ELLIFORMIS AND A “GOPHER. 


A gopher of a species unidentified was running 
through the grass near my garden gate, and a Blue 
racer snake was loosely coiled up in the road, appar- 
ently on the watch, but not seeing me. As soon as 
the gopher became aware of the presence of the 
snake it darted forward, and commenced circling 
about the snake and from time to time running in 
and nipping at the body of the snake, and jumping 
back. The snake turned its head about constantly, 
watching the gopher, and twice it made ineffectual 
strikes at the running animal, with its open mouth. 
After some minutes of this kind of thing the gopher 
ran for its burrow and the snake thrust out its tongue 
and started towards the house, and being headed off, 
climbed up a small juniper tree, from which it was 
dislodged, and allowed to escape, which it did with 
incredible speed. I witnessed no evidence whatever 
of the power which it is popularly believed snakes 


46 COPEIA 


have of charming their prey, as all the wiles of this 
snake had no effect upon the gopher. 
Herman Haupt, JR., 
South Haven, Michigan. 


THE MINK FROG, RANA SEPTENTRION- 
ALIS BAIRD, IN ONTARIO. 


Mr. P. H. Pope’s note on the distribution of 
the mink frog in Maine,* recalls some of my experi- 
ences with this species while stationed at Pr mi 08 
P. Young’s boys’ camp on Otter Lake, Dorset, On- 
tarlo, In the summer of 1913. 

On July 7, in a peaty lake with clear sphag- 
naceous border we found several Rana septentrion- 
alis. From July 7-14, we heard at night along the 
shore of Otter Lake the peculiar note which later 
proved the croak of the mink frog. On the 15th of 
July at 10 P. M. we heard sever al frogs and started 
with flashlight for the Peat Lake where the species 
was in chorus. The air temperature ranged from 52° 
to 55° F., but the water of Otter Lake at its surface 
registered 69° F. 

On July 16th and 17th, we examined the place 
closely. All along the north edge of the lake were 
white water lilies, yellow spatterdocks and water 
shields. These three made a perfect carpet on the 
water’s surface. On these plants durmg the day the 
mink frogs rested. Whenever the sun went. under a 
cloud or it became overcast they would croak. The 
water was about two feet deep. By pushing our 
canoe through the water plants toward the frogs, one 
person could place a landing net in front of the quar- 
ry while the other with the paddle could gently cause 
the frog to leap into the net. In this way we caught 
15 specimens. Often the frogs would jump along on 
the lily pads, sometimes for considerable distance ;  sel- 
dom, if ever, did they give a cry like frightened young 
bullfrogs. Another favorite position was resting be- 

*Coprra, Mar. 15, 1915, No. 16. 


COPEIA 47 


tween the overlapping lily pads with just the head 
protruding, while in the center of the pond where 
there were only isolated plants, the frogs disappeared 
before we saw them, the “wake” near a lily pad indi- 
cating their former presence. 

In the outlet to Otter Lake (Ten Mile Creek 
between Lake of Bays and Otter Lake) we found 
them common, July 24, on muddy bottoms where 
water lihes were abundant. In the same kind of situ- 
ation they occurred on Porridge Lake, July 28. An- 
other habitat we discovered August 31 was a beaver 
lake where Cassandra and all the associated heath- 
like plants grew. Finally, on Fletcher Lake, Sep- 
tember 1, we found them in the shallow, sandy shores 
amongst pipeworts (Hricaulon articulatum). 

After July 15th and 16th we heard no more 
choruses. On the latter date we captured one or two 
frogs with the stump of the tail remaining. These 
were about 38 mm. (112 inches) from snout to vent, 
or little below the two largest individuals taken (49 
mm. or 2 inches). The other specimens which were 
not lost measured 47, 42, 42, 43, 40, 40 mm. res pec- 
tively. None of these eight specimens had fully de- 
veloped eggs, though one female surely would have 
bred the following year.. The middle of July, when 
the chorus was recorded, accords well with Garnier’s 
observed season of breeding for this species, but we 
had small opportunity to determine if it obtained at 
Otter Lake. 


This species cannot be called solely a river spe- 
cles; it has a “chant amour” which at chorus season 
can be heard one-third to one-half of a mile away; the 
name “mink frog” seems very apropos for this spe- 
cies, at least for Ontario specimens; the tadpoles re- 
main at least one winter in this stage and transform 
at a size approaching that of the adult. The season 
of breeding, the length of larval period, the size of 
transformed frog place it with the green frog and 
bull frog. Neither of these species seemed to be asso- 


48 COPEIA 


ciated with it particularly although each was in the 
Lake of Bays region in numbers. 


A. Hi. Wricart, 
Ithaca, N.Y. 


RATTLESNAKES ON CATALINA 
ISLAND. 


Van Denburgh and Slevin (Proc. Calif. Acad. 
of Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. IV, pp. 138-139) state that the 
presence of rattlesnakes on Catalina Island off the 
coast of southern California was first recorded by 
Yarrow from a specimen taken there by Mr. Schu- 
macher in 1876. One additional specimen only is re- 
corded. In that so little is known of Crotalus ore- 
gonus on the island, the following notes may be of 
interest: 

During July, 1906, while camped at Whites 
Landing, I killed a rattlesnake about two feet long. 
‘The specimen was not saved. I believe that several 
other specimens were killed during the summer. At 
that time rattlesnakes were Sane Se ed fairly common 
over the greater part of the eastern slope of the island. 

Mr. ~ Murray L. Royar, who has just returned 
from a summer spent at “Ay alon, has donated to the 
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology a small specimen of 
Crotalus oregonus taken at Avalon on August 2, 
1915. Mr. Royar reports that old-timers on Catalina 
Island say that there were no rattlesnakes on the isl- 
and in early days. Later, when hay and other crops 
were introduced, rattlesnakes appeared. The rep- 
tiles were first seen around barns and near civiliza- 
tion and later took to the hills. He also states that 
even at the present time few are found far inland. 

Haro C. Bryant, 
Berkeley, Calif. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


ee eee eT 


New York, November 19, 1915. No. 24 


Published to advance the Science of poldepioaded vertebrates 


A CANNIBALISTIC PTEROPHRYNE 


In Fishes of North Carolina p. 400, speaking 
of the Mouse Fish, Smith.says: “The habits of the 
species are known chiefly from its behavior in aquaria. 
The fish are cannibalistic, denuding their fellows of 
their fleshy appendages and fins and sometimes swal- 
lowing their smaller companions whole.” 

On July 2, 1915, I caught a Pterophryne histrio 
85 mm. total length in the bight of Cape Lookout, 
N. C., and placed it in an aquarium aboard my yacht. 
It was very lively and continually moving about. 
After it had been in captivity about eighteen hours 
it was seen to disgorge a small Pterophryne 38 mm. 
in total length. I at once transferred both specimens 
to formalin’ solution. 

This conclusively proves that the species does 
not confine its cannibalistic habit to life in captivity, 
as the small fish had positively been swallowed before 
capture. 

RusseLt J. Cores, 
Danville, Va. 


A LIST OF SANTO DOMINGO FISHES. 


Many years ago a collection was received at the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, made 
by Prof. W. M. Gabb, at Santo Domingo, in the 
eastern part of the island. As this collection was 


50 COPEIA 


never reported, and a number of the species are addi- 
tions to that little known fish-fauna, this note is of- 
fered. The additions to the fauna are indicated by 


the prefixed star. 


Elops saurus Linn, 

Albula vulpes (Linn.). 

Dixonina nemoptera Fowler. 

Sardinella humeralis (Valen- 
ciennes). 

Opisthonema oglium (Le Sueur) 

Anchovia browniit (Gmelin). 

A. clupeoides (Swainson). 

Synodus dominicensis Fowler. 

Anguilla rostrata Le Sueur, 

Muraenesow savanna (Cuvier). 

Gymnothorax funebris (Ranzani). 

G. ocellatus (Agassiz). 


*Parexocoetus mesogaster (Bloch)... 


*“Tylosurus timucu (Walbaum). 

*Doryrhamphus  lineatus (Valen- 
ciennes ). 

*“Mugil curema Valenciennes. 

Agonostomus monticola  (Grit- 
fith). 

Joturus pichardi Poey. 

Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum), 

*S. quachancho Valenciennes. 

*S, picudilla Poey. 

Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch). 

S. cavalla (Cuvier). 

Gempylus serpens Cuvier. 

Trichiurus lepturus Linn. 

Trachurops crumenopthalmus 
(Bloch). 

Caranx hippos (Linn.). 

C. pisquetus Cuvier. 

C. latus Agassiz. 

Blepharis crinitus (Bloch). 

Vomer setipinnis (Mitchill). 

Selene vomer (Linn). 

.Trachinotus glaucus (Bloch). 

T. faleatus (Linn.). 

Centropomus ensiferus Cuvier. 

C. cuvieri Vaillant and Bocourt. 

C. parallelus Poey. 

Cephalopholis fulvus (Linn.). 

C. fulvus onatalibi Valenciennes. 

Epinephelus flavolimbatus Poey. 

E. maculosus (Valenciennes). 

Alphestes lightfooti (Fowler). 


Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier. 

*Lutinanus jocu (Schneider) 

L. apodus (Walbaum). 

*L. buccanella (Cuvier). 

*L. vivanus (Cuvier). 

L. synagris (Linn.). 

“LL. mahogani (Cuvier). 

Haemulon plumieri (Lacepede). 

Anisotremus surinamensis 
(Bloch). 

*Brachydeuterus corvinaeformis 
(Steindachner). 

Pomadasis ramosus (Poey). 

Calamus calamus (Valenciennes). 

Eucinostomus gula_ (Valen- 
ciennes ). 

“FE. harengulus Goode and Bean. 

Gerres rhombeus Valenciennes. 

G. olisthostomus Goode and Bean. 

G. plumieri Valenciennes. 

Odontoscion dentex (Cuvier). 

Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier). 

*“Micropogon furnieri (Desmarest). 

Umbrina coroides Valenciennes. 

“Corvula subaequalis (Poey). 

Polydactylus virginicus (L.in.). 

“Eupomacentrus fuscus (Valen- 
ciennes). 

"E. otophorus (Poey). 

‘Tridio poeyi (Steindachner). 

Chaetodipterus  faber (Brous- 
sonet). 

*Hepatus bahianus (Castelnau). 

Lactophrys tricornis (Linn.). 

*L. triqueter (Linn.). 

Spheroides testudineus (Linn.). 

*“Scorpaena plumieri Bloch. 

Philypnus dormitor (Lacepede). 

Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin). 

Awaous taiasica (Lichtenstein). 

Leptecheneis naucrates (Linn.). 


Caulolatilus chrysops —(Valen- 
ciennes). 
*“Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Quoy 


and Gaimard). 
Citharichthys spilopterus Gunther. 
*“Achirus lineatus (Linn.). 


Henry W. Fowl ter, 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


COPEIA 51 


NOTES ON THE FAUNA ABOUT THE 
HEADWATERS OF THE ALLE- 
GHENY, GENESEE AND SUS- 
QUEHANNA RIVERS IN 
PENNSYLVANIA. 


During early June of 1906, the following fishes 
were found in a tributary of the Allegheny near Port 
Allegheny, in McKean County: 

Campostoma anomalum, Pimephales notatus, 
Semotilus atromaculatus, Rhinichthys atronasus, Hy- 
bopsis kentuchiensis, Catostomus commersonni, Bol- 
eosoma nigrun and EHtheostoma flabellare. 

The broad valley of this section offers more va- 
ried conditions than the upper headwaters, which 
are but small mountain brooks. Plethodon erythron- 
otus, P. glutinosus, Desmognathus fusca, both forms 
of Diemictylus viridescens, Bufo americanus, Hyla 
pickeringii, Rana palustris, R. clamata, R. catesbei- 
ana, R.-sylvatica and Thamnophis sirtalis were also 
found. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis was reported 
to occur abundantly sometimes, though not met with 
on this trip. 

In the summer of 1904, Gyrinophilus por phyriti- 
cus, Spelerpes bislineatus, Plethodon erythronotus, 
Desmognathus fusca, Diemictylus viridescens, Bufo 
americanus, Rana palustris, R. clamata, R. catesbei- 
ana and R. sylvatica were found. All of these am- 
phibians are typical of the hemlock forests. 

In the headwaters of the Genesee in Potter Co. 
the following were found in June of 1906: Salvelinus 
fontinalis, Semotilus atromaculatus, Rhinichthys 
atronasus, Catostomus commersonni, Hrimyzon su- 
cetta oblongus, Ameiurus nebulosus Schilbeodes gy- 
rinus and Cottus gracilis. Only Salvelinus and Rhin- 
ichthys were found in the very small brooks or rills, 
and this was also true of those in the Allegheny and 
Susquehanna drainages. The Genesee Rhinichthys 
was very dark, inclining largely to a dusky or black- 


52 COPEIA 


ish color. ‘Though some examples had a pale area 
in place of the usual dark lateral band, that of the 
breeding male varied from a dull dark red to a deep 
wine color on the trunk. Many had the lower sides 
of their bodies variegated with dusky and the tops of 
their heads finely granular. Desmognathus fusca 
occurs very abundantly and some few examples of 
Plethodon erythronotus were found, though the latter 
did not appear to be so abundant as in the hemlock 
forests near Port Allegheny. ‘Though P. glutinosus 
was not found at Gold Potter County it was met 
with in the Allegheny Valley at Seven Bridges. 
Other species about Gold were Diemictylus viride- 
scens, Bufo americanus, Hyla pickeringu, Acris gryl- 
lus crepitans, Rana palustris, R. clamata, R. sylvatica 
and Lampropeltis doliatus triangulus, Liopeltis ver- 
nalis and Sternothaerus odoratus were reported 
though not met with. 

The smaller headwaters in the Allegheny and 
Susquehanna valleys offered the same meagre fish- 
fauna as the Genesee and about the only fish were 
Salvelinus fontinalis and Rhinichthys atronasus. 
Near Brooklyn in Potter Co. Spelerpes bislineatus 
was found and near Kilburne Natrix sipedon. 

The writer, in company with H. W. Fowler, 
spent their vacations for three years in the places 
mentioned. ‘Thinking the Geographical distribution 
of the species listed proving of possible interest, they 
are herewith presented. 

Tuomas D. Kem, 
Stelton, N. J. 


LATE-BREEDING SPADE-FOOT TOADS, 
ETC. 


On the evening of August 4, 1915, enormous 
numbers of Spadefoot Toads, (Scaphiopus hol- 
brooki) appeared in Patchogue, Yaphank, Middle 
Island and Coram. I made a twenty-five mile circuit 
through the villages named, and found the toads in 


COPEIA 53 


practically every pool. ‘There had been an extremely 
hard rain during the two previous days. Fowler's 
toads, (Bufo fowler’) common tree toads. (Hyla 
versicolor) and green frogs, (Rana clamitans) 
were also abundant. All the various kinds were in 
full song. On the next day enormous numbers of 
egos of the spade foot and Fowler’s toads were read- 
ily identified in the pools. On the 7th, the eggs were 
hatched, and on the fourteenth the young were almost 
half grown. Fully formed spade foot toads were 
found in Coram on September 4. 

On the afternoon of September 12, Leopard 
Frogs, (Rana pipiens) were singing on the salt 
marshes near the Forge Life Saving Station. 

FRANK OVERTON, 
Patchogue, N. Y. 


AN ALBINO POND FROG. 


In the Reptile House at the N. Y. Zoological 
Park there is on exhibition an albino specimen of 
the common Pond Frog, Rana clamitans. 'The crea- 
ture was caught by Henry, the young son of Chas. 
KE. Snyder, head keeper at the park, in a pond near 
his home in Searsdale, N. Y. 

The color is rich lemon yellow above, white be- 
low, and on the hind limbs can be seen faint traces 
of cross bands. ‘The pupil and iris of the eye are 
pink, as in albino rats and rabbits. There is, however, 
a fine golden line bordering the pupil. 

The frog feeds well, but seems to see insects 
which move above it, much quicker than those on a 
level with itself. 

It is a female, about two-thirds grown, the 
length from snout to vent being 2’ inches. ‘The only 
other record of albino specimens of the order Salien- . 
tia in the United States, that the writer has know- 
ledge of, is that of some tadpoles of the common toad, 
Bufo americanus, reared from colorless spawn by 


54 COPEIA 


Prof. Morgan, of Columbia University. The tad- 
poles gr adually acquired the normal coloration of the 
species. Another albino amphibian record is that of 
a specimen of the two-lined Salamander, Spelerpes 
bilineatus described by A. M. Banta and R. A. Gort- 
ner in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 49, p. 377, pl. 54-55. 

Other amphibians showing albinism are: 

Edible Frog Rana esc ulenta of Eur ope, larvae. 

Grass Frog R. temporaria of Europe, larvae and 
adults. 

Yellow Bell toad Bombinator pachypus of Ku- 
rope, one adult. 

Green Toad Bufo viridis of Kurope, one larva. 

Midwife Toad Alytes obstetricans of Kurope, 
larvae and adults. 

Ricuarp EF’. DECKERT, 
New York, N.Y. 


ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF FROGS 
AND TOADS OF THE DISTRICT 
OF COLUMBIA. 


For the purpose of making a closer study of 
the Anura of Washington, D. ou and vicinity, I 
have started a small collection of ‘these interesting 
“varmints,” which are temporarily being kept in the 
office of Mr. R. G. Paine, of the Division of Reptiles, 
U. S. National Museum. My sincere thanks are due 
to Mr. Paine, one of the best known herpetologists 
of Washington, for his kindness in permitting a “neo- 
phite” like myself to impose on his time and good 
nature. But then you know he is a “crank” on the 
subject, himself. 
In collecting I have also had the assistance of 
IE ASO: Dwyer, whose sharpness of vision and 
ated of limb have been, and, I trust, will be in 
the future of great benefit to our undertaking. 
Experience so far seems to prove that Bufo 
fowleri is the more common toad in this vicinity, sev- 


COPEIA 55 


eral specimens having been found on the farm of my 
friend, Mr. William “Palmer, in Alexandria County, 
near Arlington Cemetery, Virginia. Mr. Palmer’s 
farm, like the entire district, seems to abound in this 
species, whereas but one very small and young B. 
americanus, from North Chesapeake Beach, (and 
this rather doubtful), has thus far been added to the 
collection. 

Two pickerel frogs, (Rana palustris), were 
caught by Mr. O’Dwyer and myself along the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal, above the Aqueduct Bridge, 
between the Chain-bridge and Georgetown, on the 
evening of August 30, 1915. Abundant rains had 
soaked the entire region and made the finding of 
frogs a “regular picnic.” Several young specimens 
of R. clamitans, which, by the way, appears to be very 
abundant in this neighborhood, were also caught, as 
well as a young specimen of R. pipiens, easily 1 recog- 
nizable by its ‘round, brownish, dorsal spots and its 
sharp snout. 

A specimen of Hyla versicolor was picked up by 
Mr. Palmer from the bottom of his well, whither the 
tree-toad had jumped or fallen after the superstruc- 
ture had been removed in order to make way for a 
pump of more modern type. Efforts will shortly be 
made to secure specimens of Hyla evittata Miller, 
which are said to be very numerous in the ponds 
between Mr. Palmer’s farm and the Potomac River, 
and also to establish whether Hyla cinerea co-exists 
with, or is not, as some claim, specifically identical 
with HZ. evittata. 

Some doubt seems to exist as to the exact species 
of a small frog resembling clamitans, but with the 
back of a rich brown or chocolate color, and with a 
beautiful streak of lazuli blue on the edge of the 
upper jaw from the tympanum to the tip of the snout. 
Can any reader of Coprta help us out? 


S. M. GRoNBERGER, 
Washington, D. C. 


56 COPEIA 


ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF THE TIGER 
SALAMANDER IN CALIFORNIA. 


Records of the Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma 
tigrinum) in California are so few that it seems de- 
sirable to make brief mention of some specimens in 
the collections of the University of California. A 
specimen from Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara Coun- 
ty, (no date), taken by A. W. Crawford, and one 
from Ripon, San Joaquin County, taken April 6, 
1912, by Louis Vistica, are in the collection of the 
Department of Zoology. A specimen from Galt, 
Sacramento County, was taken December 31, 1914, 
by W. H. Noble, and is now No. 5562 in the reptile 
and amphibian collection of the California Museum 
of Vertebrate Zoology. All three seem referable to 
the western sub-species namely Ambystoma tigrinum 
californiense Gray. 

Tracy I. Srorer, 
Berkeley, California. 


Edited by J. T. Nrcuo_s, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, December 15, 1915. No. 25 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


FISHING WITH POISON IN AFRICA 


During the American Museum Expedition to 
the Belgian Congo, 1909-1915, we had opportunity 
to gather a large collection of fish from the Congo 
River and its northeastern affluents. 

It may be interesting to give a short account of 
one of the most successful methods of fishing used 
by the natives of the Logo and Bakango tribes of 
Faradje (Uele District) on the Dungu River, an 
affluent of the Uele-Ubangi system. At the appoint- 
ed day in the early morning a crowd of women and 
children set out with baskets full of leaves of a large 
bush with white pea-like flowers (Tephrosia), which 
they cultivate in their villages.’ At a particular rocky 
place where the river was about 500 yards wide, they 
selected one of the largest rocks forming a low island. 
They threw these leaves into the circular erosions, 
which thus served as mortars. ‘Two or three women 
over one hole would busily handle the pestles crush- 
ing the leaves, keeping time to the songs of the merry 
crowd. In the meantime a few of the men and boys 
had, downstream, constructed a slight barrier of 
branches and green twigs across the shallow riverbed. 
Now these slowly came up stream with their dugouts, 
and, with good wishes for success, received the green 
mush from the holes in large, wide-meshed baskets. 
Again paddling upward for a few hundred yards, 


58 COPEIA 


they made fast their canoes. At this place the stream 
was partially obstructed by the emerging rocks, and 
to the passages between, with much stronger cur- 
rent, they carried their nearly full baskets. All at 
once, they dipped them into the water and stirred the 
mush rapidly with one hand. Soon the brownish 
water showed a distinct greenish hue and within less 
than five minutes fish after fish came to the surface 
acting as if it had completely lost its power of equi- 
librium. 

Men, women and children armed with spears and 
arrows, knives and hatchets all had rushed into the 
water or taken positions on the different rocks, on 
the lookout for the doomed fish. For about an hour 
the whole section downstream became the happy and . 
noisy hunting-ground of the natives who either would 
throw the fish as they were killed, out upon the larger 
rocks, or carry them along in baskets. When the 
catch was complete all fish were distributed by the 
chief among the party, he retaining a few of the 
larger ones that weighed easily from 10 to 20 Ibs. each. 


It seemed to us that fish killed with this poison 
decomposed more rapidly, yet it is certain that they 
may be consumed without the slightest danger. The 
fish taken belonged chiefly to the families, Siluridae, 
Mormyridae, Cyprinidae, Characinidae. 


While we were standing on a rock, a boy had 
thrown out with a painful yell, a small specimen of 
an electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus). To 
prevent its struggling back into the water, I stepped 
on it and was greatly surprised to receive through a 
one-third inch heavy leather sole, a shock that made 
me withdraw my foot quickly. I pushed the fish into 
a hole and Mr. Chapin and myself marveled that such 
a small specimen could store enough electricity to re- 
peat this performance at least ten times through wet 
soles. 

Many tribes do not eat this fish, which has a 
thick, rather loose, blubber-like skin, but I have heard 


COPEIA 59 


from white men that it is excellent eating, after the 
removal of its electric hide. 
Hersert Lane, 
New York, N. Y. 


LONG ISLAND FISHES NOTED BY 
MR. J. G. RAYNOR 


Elops saurus. The Big-eyed Herring or 'Ten- 
Pounder, is of particular interest to students of evo- 
lution and of the past life of the earth, because it 1s 
what is often called “a living fossil,” that is, a type 
which has come down from remote ages with very 
little change in structure. ‘This fish is im fact a little 
modified representative of a group which flourished 
far back in the Cretaceous Period of the earth’s his- 
tory. It is also one of the most primitive of all the 
teeming hosts of Teleost fishes. Its nearest relatives 
among: existing fishes are the Tarpon (Megalops) 
and the Ladyfish (Albula). 

The American Museum of Natural History has 
recently received from Mr. John G. Raynor a speci- 
men of this fish taken at Westhampton Beach, Long 
Island, about October 20, 1914. Others were taken 
at about the same time. ‘The occurrence of this south- 
ern form on Long Island is sufficiently infrequent to 
be worthy of record; it is said to be common at Woods 
Hole, Mass., in October.* 

Tetrapterus imperator. My. Raynor reports a 
Spearfish taken at Westhampton in the last of June 
or first part of July, 1890. He verified its identifi- 
cation by examining a figure of the species as well 
as a mounted Sailfish and a Swordfish model at the 
museum; and later submitted a very fair photograph 
of the fish, taken at the time of capture. To judge 
from the photograph it was eleven or twelve feet in 
total length. This fish apparently belongs with the 
Spearfish incursion reported from Woods Hole 1885 


FSU seebur bishe: | ViOleccLespt. 2. 


60 COPEIA 


to 1890.* It is the only definite Long Island record 
for the species that we know of. 

Lophius piscatorius. From Mr. Raynor we have 
“Carpet-bag” and “Glutton” as local names for the 
Angler. Many Long Island fishermen loosely call 
it “’Toadfish,” although probably realizing that it is 
different from the smaller Opsanus tau, for which the 
name is also used and to which it properly belongs. 
At Easthampton, according to Mr. J. LL. Helmuth, 
some of the fishermen call Lophius, “Angler,” and he 
has heard it called “Dogfish” by one resident. In 
1912 it was sometimes called “Muttonleg” by the 
crew of an off-shore beam-trawler who were bringing 
it head-less to the New York market. ‘These notes 
may be of interest to anyone compiling a vernacular 


synonymy of the species. + 
; Hae I W. K. Grecory, 


J. TIT. NicHors, 
New York, N.Y. 


GARTER SNAKE SWALLOWED BY 
PIGMY “RATTLER” 


It is not generally known that the Pigmy or 
Florida Ground Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius) 1s 
on some occasions inclined toward cannibalism. A 
fine specimen eighteen inches long, lately disclosed 
this inclination and clearly demonstrated that the 
snake can swallow another considerably longer than 
itself. | 

On September 19, 1915, a captive Garter Snake 
(Eutaenia sirtalis) twenty-one inches long, which had 
been in my collection but a short while, gave birth to 
a litter of fifteen young. Not having a spare cage in 
which to put the mother and her offspring, I decided 
to place them in a cage with two Pigmy Rattlesnakes. 
On the following morning my attention was drawn 
to what more resembled a distorted sausage than it 
did a snake. It happened that one of the Pigmies 
had killed and swallowed the Garter Snake. The 


= Bull) U.S. Burs Wish. Volos, pie. 


COPEIA 61 


victim, which was over three inches longer than the 
“rattler,” had been swallowed head foremost, and, be- 
cause of its greater length lay in lateral folds in the 
stomach of the Sistrurus. As a result the latter snake 
was much distorted in outline. Due to handling and 
a consequent nervous reaction the Rattlesnake later 
disgorged its lengthy meal. 
CLARENCE R. Hatter, 
New York, N. Y. 


RING-NECK SNAKE AT ORIENT, 
LONG ISLAND 


In Coperra, April, 1915, issue, a list of Long Is- 
land snakes is given with two stations for the Ring- 
neck Snake: Port Jefferson and Yaphank. 

On September 12, 1915, while plowing in a 
weedy corner between two plots of woodlands, I 
turned out a young Ring-neck (Diadophis pwne- 
tatus). It was five inches in length, of an uniform 
dark-gray above, the light band very prominent. 

A small boy following in the furrow, who first 
called my attention to the specimen, reported that 
there were two of the same species; one quickly es- 
caping into the thick bramble at the wood-margin, that 
one being much larger, as much as ten inches in 
length. 

These were evidently hiding underneath loose 
turfts of sod. Much rubbish, boards, logs, stones and 
odds and ends are piled in the edge of the woods there. 
Although many searches have ‘been made, no signs 
of others have appeared. 

It is interesting to record a third station on Long 
Island for this secretive little reptile. 

Roy LatHam, 
Orient, N. Y. 


LOS ANGELES SALAMANDERS 


~ In a branch canyon of Topango Canyon, near 
Santa Monica, California, is a small pool from which 


62 COPEIA 


water is piped for a ranch house below. This pool 
is not more than two feet in depth, four feet long 
and three feet wide. It is covered with boards and 
is surrounded by much damp disintegrated granite, 
rich loam and leaves from shady oak-trees above. 

Between the boards and underneath, within 
three feet of one another, I found—on May 31st, 
1915—the four different salamanders known to exist 
in the vicinity of Los Angeles. They were: Diemyc- 
tylus torosus, commonly known as the “Water-dog.” 
Autodaxw lugubris, Plethodon  oregonensis, and 
Batrachoseps attenuatus. 

The “Water-dogs” were plentiful and included 
young without gills and adults of full size. Alto- 
gether there were about twenty of them which lived 
in and about the pool. 

One Autodax lugubris lay coiled between the 
damp boards, beneath which a pretty specimen of 
Plethodon oregonensis lay on a wet rock near the 
water’s edge. At one side, on damp earth beneath 
a rock, hid a Batrachoseps attenuatus. 'The three sal- 
amanders last mentioned were all adult. 

This is the second specimen of Plethodon ore- 
gonensis that has come under my observation during 
the last three years. ‘This is the first time I have 
known of the four Los Angeles Salamanders having 
been found in one place or even in one day. 

A few weeks later, a visit in hotter and dryer 
weather showed only “Water-dogs,” to be in evidence 
at the same place, although I had left the salamand- 
ers, boards and rocks as I had found. them. 

Paut RUTHLING, 
Los Angeles, California. 


LIST OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 
FROM CLARK COUNTY, VA. 


I spent August 2-14, 1915, on the Shenandoah 
River at White Horse, two miles above Berry’s Fer- 


COPEIA 63 


ry in Clark County, Virginia, at an altitude of 500- 
900 feet. The following species were observed. 
Plethodon glutinosus (Green). One specimen 
under a log. Spelerpes bislineatus (Green). A few 
adults, many transforming larvae, and a few young 
larvae. Sypelerpes longicaudus (Green). 4 adults 
and 3 larvae. Spelerpes ruber (Daudin). 2 one- 
year-old larvae. Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque). 
Bufo americanus Holbrook. Hyla versicolor Le- 
Conte. None were seen but they could be heard each 
night in the trees. Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). 
Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Rana clamata Daudin. 
Rana palustris LeConte. Sceloporus undulatus (a- 
treille). Not common, only one seen. Thamnophis 


sauritus (Linnaeus). 1. Natriv septemvittata 
(Say). 1. Natrix sipedon ae 6. Lam- 
propeltis triangulus (Boie). 1, about a yard long. 


The blotches were dark red and reached the second 
scale row. Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus). 2. 
Virginia valeriae Baird and Girard. 1. Bascanion 
constrictor (Linnaeus). 3. Elaphe obsoletus (Say). 
2. Ancistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus). 6. They hid 
all day in the rock slides on the mountains and came 
out at night. Specimens were caught passing through 
the camp after dusk. Crotalus “horridus Linnaeus. 
1, caught swimming the river. Chelydra serpentina 
(Linnaeus). Pseudemys rubriventris (LeConte) ¢ A 
large river terrapin which was not caught is referred 
to this species. T'errapene carolina (Linnaeus). 
EK. R. Dunn, 
Haverford College. 


CHLORETONE, A KILLING AGENT 


For some time I have been using chloretone as 
a killmg agent for batrachians and reptiles, and it 
seems to be in a measure superior to either chloro- 
form or ether. In use the animal is simply dropped 
into a 1% solution, and no more uneasiness appears 
than when the same individual is immersed in pure 


64 COPEIA 


water. Aquatic forms behave in a natural way, and 
terrestrial animals do no more than struggle to get 
out. All die without contorted muscles or an abnor- 
mal amount of glandular excretions. Toads, frogs and 
salamanders usually succumb in 5 or 10 minutes, but 
reptiles survive longer, occasionally a half hour or 
more after submersion. Chloretone is especially use- 
ful in killing such snakes, Charina for example, as 
are apt to die under chloroform with the muscles in 
a state of extreme contraction, the body then present- 
ing a knotted and crooked appearance. <A solution 
will keep for years in a closed vessel, requiring only 
the occasional addition of a few crystals of the drug, 
and filtering to remove accumulated matter. 

Chloretone is not recommended as being equal 
to alcohol in killing fishes for the reason that the latter 
acts quickly and serves at the same time as a fixing 
agent of the tissue of the scale pockets. 


J. O. SNYDER, 
Stanford University, Calif. 


Edited by J. T. NicHots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, February 1916. 


1 
Vey 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


INDEX 1913, 1914, 


Abramis crysoleucas, 1, 11, p. 28. 

Acantharchus pomotis, 10. 

Acanthodactylus boskianus, 8. 

Achirus lineatus, p. 50. 

Acipenser sturio, 2. 

Acris gryllus, 3, 11, p. 13, 21. 

Acris gryllus crepitans, 4, 7, p. 5, 38, 
52, 63. 

aeglifinus, Melanogrammus, 15s 

aepyptera, Lampetra, p. 1. 

aesopus, Rana, 3, 5. 

aestivalis, Pomolobus, 13. 

aestivus, Cyclophis, 11, p. 6. 

Agama flavimaculata, 8 

Agama pallida, 8. 

Agonostomus monticola, p. 50. 

albifrons, Sternarchus, 15. 

Albula vulpes, p. 50. 59 

alcyon, Ceryle, p. 27. 

Alestes baremose, 8. 

Alfaro cultratum, 13. 

alleganiensis, Cryptobranchus, p. 38, 51. 

Alligator mississippiensis, 

Alphestes lightfooti, p. 50. 

altus, Pseudopriacanthus, p. 44. 

Alutera schoepfi, 2, 

Alytes obstetricans, p. 54. 

amabalis, Diadophis, 15. 

Ambloplites ruptestris, 8, 13. 

Amblystoma jeffersonianum, 8, 13, 14. 

Amblystoma maculatum, p. 5 

Amblystoma microstomum, 11. 

Amblystoma opacum, 8, 13. 

Amblystoma punctatum, 8, 13. 

Amblystoma tigrinum, 8, 12, p. 30. 

Amblystoma 

Ameiurus catus, 1, 5 

Ameiurus natalis, 10. 

Ameiurus nebulosus, 1, 5, p. 51. 

americana, Morone, 2, 5. p. 42. 

americanus, Bufo, 2, 4, 11, 16, p. 5, 38, 
Gil, Gs S85 Ce 

americanus, Esox, 10. 

americanus. Menticirrhus, 9. 

amoenus, Carphophis, 17, p. 6. 

amoenus, Notropis, 8, 13. 

Ampithoe, 11. 

ampullaceum, Distomum, 6. 

analostanus, Notropis, 1. 

gaiciseradon contortrix, 2, 10, 16, p. 6. 


tigrinum californiense, p. 56. 


1915 


Anguilla 

anguilla, 

Anguilla 

Anisotremus surinamensus, p. 

annularis, Tarentola, 8. 

anomalum, Campostoma, p. 51. 

apodus, Neomaenis, p. 50. 

arcuatus, Pomacanthus, p. 24. 

arenatus, Priacanthus, p. 50. 

areolata, Rana, 11. 

argyrophanus, Stolephorus, 3. 

Athlennes, p. 13. 

atlanticus, Tarpon, p. 59. 

atromaculatus, Semotilus, 13, p. 51. 

atronasus, Rhinichthys, 13, p. 51. 

attenuatus, Batrachoseps, p. 62. 

auratus, Carassius, 8. p. 28. 

auritus, Lepomis, 1, 5, 11, 13. 

auritus, Siluranadon, 

auropunctatus, Crypotomus, 14. 

Autodax lugubris, p. 62. 

Awaous, taiasica, p. 50. 

bahianus, Hepatus, p. 50. 

baileyi, Crotaphytes, 1, 5. 

Bairdiella chrysura, 2, 13, p. 44. 

Bairdiella ronchus, p. 50. 

Bajad, Porcus, 8. 

balaenops, Sternarchella, 15. 

Balistidae, 3. 

Barbour, T. 10. 

Barbus bynni, 8. 

baremose, Alestes, 8. 

barracuda, Sphyraena, 6. 

bartholomaei, Caranx, 14. 

Batrachoseps attenuatus, p. 62. 

beryllina cerea, Menidia, 2. 

berrylinus, Cryptotomus, 14. 

bifrenatus, Notropis, 11. 

bilinearis, Merluccius, 13, p. 43, 45. 

bilineatus, Spelerpes, 2, 4, 13, 16, p. 
155 295038) Sile0 545 163) 

bipinnulatus, Elagatis, 6. 

bi-seriatus, Sceloporus, p. 10. 

Blepharis crinitus, p. 50. 

Boleosoma nigrum, p. 5 

Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi, 1, 5, 13. 

Bombinator pachypus, p. 54. 

bonapartii, Sternarchus, 15. 

borealis. Snhyraena, 3, p. 44. 

IBoylensilenosnno 

Brachydenterus corvinaeformis, p. 50. 


anguilla, 8. 

Anguilla, 8. 

chrisypa, 1, 2, 5, 13, p. 50 
i 50. 


il COPEIA 


brevirostris, Hypopomus, 15. 


Brevoortia tyrannus, 2, 3, 13, p. 21, 41, 43. 


brownii, Stolephorus, p. 50. 
Bryant, 48. 
bucanella, Neomaenis, p. 50. 
Bufo americanus, 2, 4, 11, Gh 1h By chs 
Sil, Ssh S55) sh 
Bufo fowleri, Ship poono 4 
Buto lentiginosus, eee 
Bufo queicicus, 3, 9 
Bufo viridis, p. 54. 
bullaris, Semotilus, 1, 13. 
butleri, Thamnnophis, 15. 
bynni, Barbus, 8. 
Calamus calamus, p. 50. 
calamus, Calamus, p. 50. 
callarias, Gadus, 13. 
Cambarus, p. 28. 
Campostoma anomalum, p. 51. 
canadus, Rachycentron, 2. 
canis, Mustelus, p. 43. 
Caranx ba:tholomaei, 14. 
Caranx crysos, 2, 13, p. 41. 
Caranx hippos, p. 50. 
Caranx latus, 14, p. 50. 
Caranx pisquetus, p. 50. 
carapo, Gymnotus, 15. 
Carassius auratus, 8, p. 28. 
Ca:cha hinus milberti, 2, 13. 
Carcharias littor eu 13. 
Caretta caretta, 2, 3, 4. 
caretta, Thalassochelys, Des 4 
carolina, Terrapene, 3, 4, 1 
Jan 303) 405 60- 
carolinense. Engystoma, 3, 9. 
carolinus, Prionotus, 1, 13. 
carolinus, Trachinotus, 2, 13, p. 44. 
Carphophis amoenus, 17, p. 6. 
carpio, Cyprinus, 1, 5. 
cataractae, Rhinichthys, 11, 13. 
catenifer, Pituophis, 15, p. 10. 
catesbiana, Rana. 3, 4, 5, 11, 11, 16, 16, 
jy oy Sh ce Sly es 
Catostomidae, p. 28. 
Catostomus, 6. 


Catostomus commersonii, 1, 51, 11, p. 51. 


catus, Ameiurus, 1, 

Caulolatilus chrysons, p. 50. 

cavalla, Scomberomorus, p. 50. 

Centrarchidae, p. 28. 

Centropomus cuvieri, p. 50. 

Centropomus ensiferus, p. 50. 

Centropomus pavallelus, p. 50. 

Centropristes striatus, 2, 13, p. 42. 

cepedianum, Do-osoma, 8. 

Cephalopholis fulvus, p. 50. 

Cephalopholis fulvus onatalibi, p. 50 

Cerastes crastes, 8. 

cerastes, Cerastes, 8. 

Ceryle alcyon, p. 27. 

Cetacea, p. 20. 

Cetorhinus maximus, p. 21, 25. 

Chaenobryttus gulosus, 7, 9. 

Chaetodipterus faber, p. 50. 

Chaetodon ocellatus, p. 44. 

Characinidae. p. 58. 

Chavina, p. 64. 

Chelyd-a emarginata, 1, 6. 

Chelydra lacertina, 1, 6. 

Chelydra sernentina, 1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 12, 
Gee epeuos «40:0 105- 

Chilomvcterus schoepfi, 2, p. 42, 44. 

Chloretone, p. 63. 

Choroph‘lus, nigritus, 3, 11, p. 22. 

Chororhilus occidentalis, 3, n. 22. 

Chorophilus ocularis, 3, p. 23. 

chrisypa, Anguilla, 1, 2, 5, 13, p. 50. 


Chrysemys picta, 4, 11, 12, 16, p. 7, 40. 


chrysops, Cauloiatius, p. 00. 

chrysops, Stenotomus, 13. 

chrysura, Bai:diella, 2, 13, p. 44. 

chrysurus, Ocyurus, 17. 

chuss, Urophycis, 1, 3, 13, p. 2, 43. 

cine.€a, vias 3; np. 4; 99: 

cinereus erythronctus Flethodon, 2, 4, 
110; 13, 116; ps 38; 51: 

Citha: ichthys spilopterus, p. 50. 

clamitans, Rana. 2°93 5),-11,, 16; 16; ip: 
Gey Gee Sh Ssh Seip Sieh OSE 

Clarias lazera, 8. 

Clemmys guttata, 4, 12, 16, p. 40. 

Clemmys insculpta, 4, 12, 16. 

Clemmys marmo ata, p. 11. 

Clemmys muhlenbergii, 4, 16. 

Clupea harengus, p. +1. 

clupeoides, Stolephorus, p. 50. 

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, p. 6. 

@oles, URS J 4,55; I7eeeps 49 

Colias, p. 9. 

colias, Scomber, 11. 

collaris, Crotaphytes, 1. 

Coluber diadema 

Coluber, florulentis, 8. 

commersonii, Catostomus, 1, Sa iiee pe one 

confluentus, Crotalus, 12. 

conger, Leptocephalus, p. 43. 

constrictor. Zamenis, 4, 11, 16, 17, p. 
6, 40, 45, 63. 


constrictor flavi ventris, Zamenis, 15. 


contortrix, Ancistrodon, 2, 10, 16, p. 6, 


Sih {O86 
cornutus, Notropis, 1, 13. 
coroides, Umbrina, p. 50 
coryinaeformis, Brachydeuterus, p. 50. 
Corvula subaequalis, p. 
Coryphaena hippurus, 6. 
Cottus gracilis, p. 51. 
coubie, Labeo, 8. 
Crandall, L. S. 13, 14. 
crinitus, Blepharis, p. 50. 
cromis, Fogonias, p. 44. 
C-otalus confluentus, 11. 


Crotalus horridus, 2, 10, 17, p. 6, 19, 63. 


Crotalvs oregonus, 14, 15, p. 48. 
Crotaphytes baileyi, 1, 5, 12. 
Crotaphytes colla~is, 

Crotaphytes wislizenii, 5, 12. 
crumenophthalmus. T<achurons, 3, 9. 50. 
Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis, p. 38, 51. 
Cryptotomus auropunctatus, 14. 
Cryptotomus beryllinus, 14. 
Cryptotomus dentiens, 14. 
Cryptotomus retractus, 14. 
Croptotomus roseus, 14. 
Cryptotomus, ustus, 14. 
crysoleucas, Abramis, 1, 11, p. 28. 
ervsos, Cavanx, 2, 13) p. 41. 
Ctenops vittatus, 4. 

evltratum. Atfaro, 13. 

Culver; DEE ps 37 

curema, Mugil, 3, p. 50. 

cuvieri, Centiopomus, p. 50. 
evanelia, Lepon‘s, 7. 

Cyclophis aestivus, 11. p. 6. 
Cyclopterus lumpus, 13, 13. 
Cynoscion nebulosus, 2. 

Cynoscion regalis, 2. 13. 
Cyprinidae, p. 20, 58. 

Cyprinodon variegatus, 2. 
Cvprinus carpio, 1, 5. 

Dasyatis say, 2. 

Davis, W. I p. 2 

Deckert, R. F. 3, 5, 9, 13, p. 5, 24, 54. 
dekayi, Storeria, 14, 16 es hy (oe 


ee 


Nee ene ene eee ee 


a 


COPEIA ili 


Delphinidae, p. 21. Exocoetidae, p. 12. 
dentatus, Paralichthys, 1, 2, 13. faba, Eutyphis, 6. 
dentex, Odontoscion, p. 50. faber, Chaetodipterus, p. 50. 
dentiens, Cryptotomus, 14. falcatus, Trachinotus, 13, p. 50. 
Desmognathus fusca, 2, 4, 13, 16, p. 5, 38,fario, Salmo, 5 

Gils. (635 fasciatus, Eumeces, p. 6. 
Diadema, p. 33. fasciatus, Natrix, 11. 
diadema, Coluber, 8. femoralis, Hyla 3, p. 3. 
Diadophis amabalis, 15. ferruginea, Limanda, 1. 
Diadophis punctatus, 17, p. 6, 61, 63. Fish Poison, p. 57. 
diaphanus, Fundulus, 2, 13. flabellare, Etheostoma, p. 51. 
Diemictylus torosus, p. 62. flagelliformis frenatus, Zamenis, 15. 


Diemictylus viridescens, 2, 10, 13, 14, p. flavescens, Perca, 5, p. 27, 35, 36. 
flavimaculata, Agama, 8. 


, 


Diemictylus viridescens miniatus, 13. flavolimbatus, Epinephelus, p. 50. 

Diodon histrix, p. 11. florulentis, Coluber, 8 

Distomum ampullaceum, 6. foetens, Synodus, 13, p. 44. 

Ditmars; Re, v0: fontinalis, Salvelinus, p. 20, 51. 

Dixonina nemoptera, p. 50. forskalii, Hydrocyon, 8. 

doliatus, Ophibolus, p. 40. IPod IBN Won Gila Ie 5 Shy By TO, fh. Ile 

doliatus triangulus, Ophibolus, 16, 17, p.. 11, 13: TA SIS 17s: py ts 40m 50: 
263: fowleri, Bufo, 3, p.: 53, 54. 

dolomieu, Micropterus, 1, 5, 13. Ibeyaldbine IDES We Gy, i, 12, p. 31, 36. 

dominicensis, Synodus, p. 50. freminvillii, Myliobatis, 2. 

dormitator, Philypnus, p. 50. fulvus, Cephalopholis p. 50. 

Dorn) Rese fulvus onatalibi. Cephalopholis, p. 50. 

Dorosoma ec*pedianum, 8. Fundulus, p. 28. 

Doryrhamphus lineatus, p. 50. Fundulus diaphanus, 2, 13. 

Dinn, He Rede, pe 75 9) S0y 3x Oe Fundulus heteroc itus macrolepidotus, 2, 5. 

duplicata, Natica, 3. Fundulus Iuc’ae, 2. 

Pastman, 3 Ro ip. 32: Fundulus majalis, 2, 13. 

Echeneididae, 3. funebris, Gymnothorox, p. 50. 

Echeneis guaicano, p. 11. fusca. Desmegnathathus, 2, 4, 13, 16, p. 

Echeneis naucrates, 13, p. 11, 50. 55) 38; 263 

erinacea, Raia. 13. fuscum, Siphostoma p. 44. 

eglanteria, Raja, 2. fuscus, Eupomacertrus, p. 50. 

Eigenmannia t-oscheli, 15. Gadus callar‘as, 13. 

Eigenmannia virescens, 15. Gaigey pclae lel 4: 

eiseni, Tantilla, 15. Galeocerdo t’grinus. p. 43. 

Elagatis birinnulatus, 6. Gambusia holbrocki. 10. 

Elaphe guttatus, p. 6. garnotii, Hemidactylus, 6 

Elaphe obsol: LUSH Ds tOnoow Oe Gempylus serpens, p. 50. 

Elasmopus, 11. Gerres olisthostomus, p. 50. 

electricus, Electrophorus, 15. Gerres plumieri, p. 50. 

electricus, Malanterurus, p. 58. Gerres rhombeus, ps 50: 

Electrophorus electricus, 15. Gerrhonotus scincicauda, p. 10. 

elegans, Pseudemys, pv. 15. getu’us, Ophibolus. 17. p. 6. 

elegans Steatogenes 15. getulus bovlii, Ophibolus, 15. 

Eleotris pisonis, p. 50. Su Eupomotis, 1, 5, 7, 11, 11, 13. 

Elops sau us 59, 59. Gilly DoING. 6: 

emarginata, chelvdra, 1. gladius Xiphias, p. 12, 41. 

Engelha-dt, G P. 7, 8 17. glaucus, Trachinotus, p. 50. 

Engystoma carolinense, 3, 9. glutinosus. Plethodon, 2, 13, p. 51, 

Enneacanthus obesus, 10. gracilis, Cottus, p. 51. 

ensiferus, Centronomus, p. 50. grahamiae. Salvadora, 15. 

Epinerhelus flavolinhatus, p. 50. gratiosa, Hyla, 3, p. 4. 

Epinephelus maculosus, p. 50. Gregory, W. K., pn. 60. 

Erimyzon cve~‘ta oblongus, 11, p. 51. griseus, Neomacnis, Vs 

Eryx jaculus, 8. griseus, Varanus, 8. 

Eryx thebaicus. 8. Gronberger, S. M., p. 55. 

esculenta. Rana, p. 54. grylio, Rana, 3, ga 

Bsox, pa 27. euyllus, Aeris; 3. lifips 3s 21. 

Esox americanus, 10. gryllus crepitans, Acris, 4, 7, p. 5, 38, 

Esox lucius. p. 35. G2NGos 

Esox reticulatys. 5. guachancho, Sphvraena, p. 50. 

Etheostoma flahellare, n. 51. guaicano, Echeneis, p. 11. 

Eucinostomus outa, p. 50 gula, Eucinostomus. p. 50 

Eucinostomus harengulus, p. 50. gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 7, 10. 

Eumeces facciatis. p. 6. guttata, Clemmys, 4, 12, 16, p. 40. 

Eupomacertrius fuses, p. 50. guttatus, Elaphe, p. 6. 

Euvomacents otopho-us, p. 50. Gymnothorax funebris, p. 50. 

Eupomotis gihhosus. 1, 5, 11, 11, 13. Gymnothorax ocellatus, p. 50. 

Eutamias meeriani, 14. Gymnotus carano. 15 

Eutrorius 7'I>ticus, 8. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, p. 14, 51. 

Eutyph's faha, 4. gvrinus, Schilbeodes, p. 51. 

Evermann BR W., 14, pn. 8, 18. Haemulon plumieri, p. 50. 


evittata, Hyla, p. 38, 55. Haemulon sciurus, p. 33. 


1V 


haje, Naja, 8. 
Halter, (Ce Re p.6) 
hammondi, Thamnophis, 15. 


harengulus, Eucinostomus, p. 50. 


harengus, Clupea, p. 41. 
Harper, F., p. 43. 
hasselquistii, Ptyodactylus, 8 
Jaleyepoye, I8ls, Wren jo, ICY Zhe. 
Heloderma suspectum, 7. 
Hemidactylium scutatum, 9, 13. 
Hemidactylus garnotii, 6. 
Hepatus bahianus, p. 50 


heteroclitus macrolepidotus, Fundulus, 


37, 
Hippocampus, p. 12. 
Hippocampus hudsonius, 1. 
hippos, Caranx, p. 50. 
hippurus, Corvphaena, 6. 
Hirundinella 6. 
Hirundinella clavata, 6. 
hispidus, Stephanolepis, 13. 
histrio, Pterophryne, p. 49. 
histrix, Diodon, p. 11. 
holbrooki, Gambusia, 10. 


holbrooki, Scaphiopus, PM. 52: 


Homo sapiens, 24. ap. 
hudsonius, Hippocampus, 1. 
hudsonius amarus, Notropis, 1, 
humeralis, Sardinella, p. 50. 
Elassalcot, ley elleepeec7. 
Hybopsis Renticbiensisy roe Sil 
Hydrocyon forskallii, 8 

Hyla cinerea, 3, p. 4, 55. 


by 


2; 
Heterodon platyrhinus, 4, 11, 17, p. 6, 
3 


horridus, Crotalus, ane WH ioe Oh US Wise 


Hyla evittata p. 38 
Hyla femoralis, 3, p. 3. 
Hyla gratiosa, 3, p. 


4, 
Hyla pickeringii, 1, 253, 3,4, 4, 14, 16; 


Disp 22 emaod 
Hyla squirella, SsaeDE 


as 
Hyla versicolor, 4, Os 6h th BR Beh Cs 


Hypopomus brevirostris, 15. 
Hyporhampus roberti, p. 44. 
Hypsiglena ochroryncha, 15. 
Tanthina, 6. 

Idothea metallica, 6. 
Imperator, Tetrapterus, p. 59. 
incisor, Lepomis, 5. 

insculpta, Clemmys, 4, 12, 16. 
Iridio poeyi, p. 50 
Istiophorus, p. 12. 

jaculus, Eryx, 8. 


jeffer sonianum, Amblystoma, 8, 


jocu, Neomaenis, Dp. i 
Joturus pichardi, p. 50. 
Sie AM 1D PO Soe SY, 
Kendall, W. ice Zalce 
Kentuckiensis, Hybopsis, Dao 


Kinosternon pensylvanicum, AS tape 6; 


40. 
Labeo coubie, 8. 
Labridae, p. 20. 
Labrisomus nuchipinnis, p. 50 
lacertina, Chelydra, 1. 
Lachinura roseofusca, 15. 
Lactophrys tricornis, Dp. O0: 
Lactophrys triqueter, p. 50. 
laevis, Raja, 
Lamnidae, p. 20. 
Lampetra aepytera, p. I. 
Lampetra wilderi, 1. 
ang. Eis p: 
laterale, Zamenis, 15: 
Lates niloticus, 8. 
Watham. Roo) 4 De Ole 
latus, Caranx, 14, p. 50. 


135 


14. 


COPEIA 


..lazera, Clarias, 8. 


leberis, Regina, 16, p. 6. 
lecontei, Rhinochilus, pe o2: 
Leiostomus xanthurus, 2, p. 44. 
lentiginosus, Bufo, 3, 9. 
Lepidodactylus lugubris, 6 
Lepisosteus platostomus, 11. 
Lepisosteus tristoechus, 11. 
Lepomis suritus, 1, 5, 11, 13. 
Lepomis cyanellus, 7. 

Lepomis incisor, 5. 
Leptocephalus conger, p. 43. 
lepturus, Trichurus, Be io, Si): 
lightfooti, Alphestes, p. 50. 
Limanda ferruginea, 1. 
lineatus, Achirus, p. 

lineatus, Doryhamphus, p:, 50: 
Liopeltis vernalis, 17, p. 52. 
Liparis liparis, p. 2. 

liparis, Liparis, p. 2. 

littoralis, Carcharias, Theks 
Lobotes surinamensis, 1. 
longicauda, Spelerpes, 2, p. 63. 
Lophius piscatorius, 2, e 60. 
Lophopsetta maculata, 1 
luciae, Fundulus, 2 
lucius, Esox, p. 35. 
lugubris, Autodax, p. 62. 
lugubris, lieuidodactylue, 6. 
lumpus, Cyclopterus, 13, 13. 
maclura, Pteroplatea, 2. 
macrostoma, Sternarchorhamphus, 15. 
macrurus, Sternopygus, 15. 


maculata, Lophopsetta, 1, 2, 13, p. 45. 


maculatum, Amblystoma, p. 38 
maculatus, Scomberomorus, 2. 
maculatus, Spheroides, 2, 13, p. 42. 
maculosus, Epinephelus, p. 50. 
mahogoni, Neomaenis, p. 50. 
majalis, Fundulus, 2, 13. 
Malapterurus_ electricus, p. 58. 
marginata, Rissola, p. 45. 

marinus, Tylosurus, 2. 

marmorata, Clemmys, p. 11. 
maximus, Cctonminds) p. 21, 25. 
Mead, C. W., p. 

megalops, aguas ey. 
Melanogrammus aeglifinus, 15. 
menidia, p. 28. 

Menidia beryllina cerea, 2. 
Menidia menidia notata, 2, 11, 13. 
menidia notata, Menidia, 2, 11, 13. 
Menticirrhus americanus, 9. 


Menticirrhus saxatilis, 2, 9, 13, p. 44. 


Merluccius bilinearis, 13, p. 43, 45. 
merriami, Eutamias, 14. 
mesogaster Parexocoetus, p. 50. . 
metallica, Idothea, 6. 

Micropogon undulatus, 2, 13. 
Micropterus dolomieu, 1, 5, 13. 
Micropterus salmoides, 1, Sy De ae: 
microstomum, Amblystoma, 11. 
milberti, Carcharhinus, 2, 13. 
miliarius, Sistrurus, p. 60. 

Miller, W. De W. 
mississippiensis, Alligator, ize 
mitchilli, Stolephorus. 2, p. 44. 
Mola mola, p. 17, 2 

mola, Mola, p. 17, 43. 

monticola, Agonostomus, p. 50. 
Mormyridae, p. : 

Morone americana, 2, 5, p. 42. 
Mugil curema, 3. p. 
muhlenbergii, Clemmys, 4, 16. 
multilatus, Peropus, 6. 
Muraenesox savanna, p. 50. 
Murphy, R. C., 2, 3, 6, 17, p. 43. 
Mustelus canis, p. 43. 


ide Ss pn 4a: 


COPEIA 


Myliobatis freminvillii, 2. 

Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus, p. 44. 

Mystacoceti, p. 21. 

Naja haje, 8. 

natalis, Ameiurus, 10. 

Natica duplicata, 3. 

Natrix fasciatus, 11. 

Natrix septemvittata, p. 37, 63. 

Natrix sipedon, 2, 4, 16, 17, p. 6, 15. 
Bis SORA Geb 

naucrates, Echeneis, 13, p. 11, 50. 

nebulosus, Ameiurus, 1, 5, p. 51. 

nebulosus, Cynascion, 2. 

Nelson, D5 G:. ps 14. 


nemoptera, Dixonina, p. 50. 


Neomaenis apodus, p. 50. 
Neomaenis bucanella, p. 50. 
Neomaenis griseus, 17. 
Neomaenis jocu, p. 50. 
Neomaenis mahogoni, p. 50. 
Neomaenis synagris, p. 50. 


Neomaenis vivanus, p. 50. 

Nichols, J.T ,01, 3, 3,12) 17, ps 13,.21, 
24, 28, 45, 60. 

nigritus, Chorophilus, 3, 11, p. 22. 

nigrum, Boleosoma, p. 51. 

nigrum olmstedi, Boleosoma, 1, 5, 13. 

nilotica, Tilapia, 8. 

niloticus, Eutropius, 8. 

niloticus, Lates, 8. 

niloticus, Varanus, 8. 

notatus, Pimephales, p. 51. 


Notropis amoenus, 5, 13. 
Notropis analostanus, 1. 
Notropis bifrenatus, 11. 
Notropis cornutus, 1, 13. 


Notropis hudsonius amarus, 1, 5. 
nuchipinnis, Labrisomus, p. 50. 
obesus, Enneacanthus, 10. 

oblongus, Paralichthys, 1. 

obsoletus, Elaphe, p. 6, 39, 63. 
obstetricans, Alytes, p. 54. 

ocellatus, Gymnothorax, p. 50. 
occidentalis, Chorophilus, 3, p. 22. 
occinitomaculata, Storeria. 17, p. 6, 7. 
ocellata, Raja, 3, 13, p. 43. 

ocellatus, Chaetodon, p. 44 
ochroryncha, Hypsiglena, 15. 
Gerodeciepmnosus, Myoxocephalus, p. 


ocularis, Chorophilus. 3. p. 23. 
Ocyurus chrysurus, 17. 

Odontoscion dentex, p. 50. 

odoratus, Sternothaerus, 4, 12, 16, p. 52. 
oglinum, Opisthonema, 2, p. 50. 
olisthostomus, ‘Gerres, p. 50. 

onitis, Tautoga, 3. 

opacum, Amblystoma, 8, 13. 

operculata, Siren, p. 30. 

Ophibolus doliatus, p. 40. 

Oniibolus doliatus triangulus, 16, 17, 52, 


Ophibolus getulus, 17, p. 6. 
Ophibolus getulus boylii, 15. 
Ophibolus rhombomaculatus, p. 6. 
Ophibolus zonatus, 15. 
Ophiosaurus ventralis, 11. 
Opisthonema oglinum, 2, p. 50. 
Opsanus tau, p. 60. 
oregonensis. Plethodon, p. 62. 
oregonus, Crotalus, 14, 15, p. 48. 
ornatus, Uromastix, 8. 

Orthopristis chrysopterus, 2, 13, p. 44. 
otophorus, Eupomacentrus, p. 50. 
Overton, F., p. 3, 4, p. 17, 53. 
pachypus, Bombinator, p. 54. 
Pagurus pollicaris, 3. 

pallida, Agama, 8 


palustris, Rana, 2, 4, 
Silos, Os 

Paralichthys dentatus, 1, 2, 13. 

Paralichthys oblongus, 1, 

Datalleles: Centropomus, p. 50. 
arexocoetus mesogaster, p. 50. 

parietalis, Thamnophis, 15, p. 10. 

paru, Pomacanthus, p. 24. 

Pecten, p. 2. 

pectinatus, Pristis, 2. 

pensylvanicum, Kinosternon, 4, 11, p. 6, 
40 


WS Fe (5 UG Sih 


Perca flavescens, 5, p. 27, 35, 36. 
Peropus multilatus, 6. 
Philypnus dormitator, p. 50. 
Phillips Remco: 
Phrynosoma, 12, p. 10. 
pichardi, Joturus, p. 50. 
pickerineii,) Elylay 1) 2.) Sys 64,104, 
I; joe sh AA) ek Sle 
picta, Chrysemis, 4, 11, 12, 16, p. 7, 40. 
picudilla, Sphyraena, p. 50. 
Pieris, p. 9. 
Pimephales notatus, p. 51. 
pipiens, Rana, 253; 4595; 1 ip. 13,395 
Osh, See 
piscatorius, Lophius, 2, 
pisonis, Eleotris, p. 50. 
pisquetus, Caranx, p. 50. 
Pituophis catenifer, 15, p. 10. 
Pituophis sayi, 11, 12. 
platostomus, Lepisosteus, 11. 


14, 


p. 60. 


platyrhinus, Heterdon, 4, 11, 17, p. 6, 
Ry ie) 
Plethodon cinereus erythronotus, 2, 4, 


LOM ASG paeos le 
Plethodon glutinosus, 2, 13, p. 51, 63. 
Plethodon oregonensis, p. 62. 
plumieri, Gerres, p. 50. 
plumieri, Haemulon, p. 50. 
plumieri, Scorpaena, p. 50. 
Poecilliidae, p. 20. 
poeyi, Iridio, p. 50. 
Pogonias cromis, p. 44. 
Pollachius virens, p. 45. 
pollicaris, Pagurus, 3. 
Polydactylus virginicus, p. 50. 
Polycdon spathula, 4. 
Pomacanthus arcuatus, p. 24. 
Pomacanthus paru, p. 24. 
Pomadasis ramosus, p. 50. 
Pomatomus saltatrix, 2, 13, p. 44. 
Pomolobus aestivalis, 13. 
Pomolobus pseudoharengus, 3, 5, p. 43. 
pomotis, Acantharchus, 10. 
Pomoxis sparoides, 5, 11. 
Rojee, IPs Tel, i, jo, 15, 
Porcus, bajad, 8. 
Poronotus triacanthus, 2, 13, p. 41. 


porphyriticus, Gyrinophilus, p. 14, 51. 
Priacanthus arenatus, p. 50. 

Prionotus carolinus, 1, 13. 

Frionotus strigatus, 2, 13, p. 45. 


Pristis pectinatus, 2. 

Psammophis shokari, 8. 

Psammophis sibilans, 8. 

Pseudacris triseriatus, 2, 10. 
Pseudemys elegans, p. 15. 

Fseudemys rubriventris, p. 6, 40, 63. 
pseudoharengus, Pomolobus, 3, 5, p. 43. 
Pseudopriacanthus altus, p. 44. 
Pterophryne histrio, p. 49. 
Pteronlatea maclura, 2. 

Ptyodactylus hasselquistii, 8. 
punctatum, Amblvstoma, 8, 13. 
punctatus Diadophis. 17, p. 6, 61, 63. 
quercicus, Bufo, 3, 9 

Rachycentron canadus, 2. 


vi COPEIA 


Radclifte, Icy, 7, 14: 

Raja eglanteria, Zap 

Raja erinacea 13. 

Raja laevis, 13. 

Raja occilata, 3, 13, p. 43. 

ramosus, Fomadasis, p. 50. 

Rana aesopus, 3, 5 

Rana aerolata, 11. 

Rana catesbiana, a Ze Ss bl alle alte, ales 
Dabo. 1D) 4s ols 63. 

Rana clamitans, 2) 32 beet 
3 oy 475) Od Oo DOES 

Rana esculenta, vp. 54. 

Rana grylio, 3, 5. 

Rana Pelusttis, 25 4s) GsaprO5 13,1395) OL, 

6 


Rana pipiens, 2; 3, 4, 5, 11, p. 13, 39, 53; 


Rana septentrionalis, 16, p. 46. 

Rana sphenocephala, 3, 5S. 

Rana sylvatica, 2, 4, 11, 16, p. 39. 51. 
Rana tempocvaria, p. 54. 

regalis, Cynoscion, 2.113% 

regalis, Scomberomorus, p. 50. 
Regina leberis, 16, p. 6. 

regius, Urophycis, 13, p. 45. 
Reighard, J., p. 35. 

reticulatus, Esox, 5. 

retractus, Cryptotomus, 14. 
Rhamphichthys rostratus, 15. 
Rhinichthys. at-onasus, 13, p. 51. 
Rhinichthys cataractae, 11, 13. 
Rhinochilus lecontei, p. 32. 

Rhinodon typicus, p. 21. 

rhombeus, Gerres, p. 50 
rhombomaculatus, Ophibolus, p. 6. 
Rissola marginata, p. 45. 

roberti, Hyporhamphus, p. 44. 
ronchus, Bairdiella, p. 50. 

roseofusca, Lachinura, 15. 

roseus, Cryptotomus, 14. 

rostratus, Rhamphichthys, 15. 
ruber, Spelerpes, 10, 13, 16, p. 28, 38, 63. 
rubriventris, Pseudemys, p. 6, 40, 63. 
rupestvis, Ambloplites, Sy uly 
Rothling aD ekemlioseps il, woasoe 
Ruthven. A Ge ile 

salar, Salmo, p. 20. 

Salmo ta-io, 

Salmo salar, p. 20. 

salmoides, Mic-opterus, 1, 5, p. 42. 
saltatrix, Pomatomus, 2, 13, p. 44. 
Salvadora grahamine, 15. 

Salvelinus fontinalis, pe 20), Sd. 
sapiens, Homo, 2, 4, p. 5/. 

Sarda sarda, 13. 

sarda Sarda, 13. 

Sa-dinelia humeralis. p 50. 

sauritus, Thamnophis, H6t al 7 pee 40s 0S. 
saurus, Elops, p. 50, 

savanna, Muraenesox, p. 50. 

saxatilis, Menticirrhus, 2, 9, 13, p. 44. 
say, Dasyatis, 2. 

sayi, Pituophis, 11, 12. 

Scarhionus holbrooki p. 17, 52. 
Scaridae, p. 10. 

Scrlopo us bi-seviatus, p. 

Sceloporus undulatus, 4, 16, p. 6, 9, 40. 


schall, Svnodontis, 8. 

Schilbeodes gvyrinus. p. 51. 

schoepfii, Alutera, 2, 13. 

schoerfii. Chilomvcterus. 2, p. 42, 44. 
schotti. Sternarchella, 15. 
scincicauda, Gerrhonotus, p. 10. 
Scincus scircis, 8 

scincus, Semmens, 8. 

sciurus, Haemulon, p. 33. 


Scomber, p. 21. 

Scomber colias, 11. 

Scomber scombrus, 13, p. 12, 41. 

Scomberomorus cavalla, p. 50. 

Scomberomorus maculatus, 2. 

Scomberomorus regalis, p. 50. 

Scombridae, p. 20. 

scombrus, Scomber, 13, p. 12, 41. 

Scorpaena plumieri, p. 50. 

scutatum, Hemidactylium, 9, 13. 

Selene vomer, p. 50. 

Semotilus atromaculatus, 13, p. 51. 

Semotilus bullaris, 1, 13. 

septemvittata, Natrix, p. 37, 63. 

septentrionalis, Rana, 16, p. 46. 

serpens, Gempylus, p. 5v. 

serpentina, Chelydra, 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 16, 
p. 6, 40, 63. 

serpentina, Testudo, 1. 

setipinnis, Vomer, p. 44, 50. 

sexlineatus, Cnemidophorus, p. 6. 

shokari, Fsammophis, 8. 

sibilans, Psammophis, 8. 

silenus, Zaprora, 12. 

Siluranodon au: itus, 8. 

Siluridae, p. 58. 

sipedon, Natrix, 2, 4, 16, 17, p. 6, 15, 
Vig OR 25 GY, 

Siphostoma, Powe: 

Siphostoma fuscum, 2, 13, p. 44. 

Siren operculata, p. 30. 

sirtalis, Thamnophis, 2, 4, 11, 16, 17, 
fy (oy tee, WSs CO ple (0) 

Sistrurus miliarius, p. 60. 

Skinner, A., 12. 

Snyder, J. O., p. 64. 

sparoides, Pomoxis, 5, 11. 

spathula, Polyodon, 4. 

Spelerpes bilineatus, 2, 4, 13, 16, p. 15, 
29, 38, 51, 54, 63. 

Spelerpes longicauda, 2, p. 63. 

Spelerpes ruber, 10, 13, 16, p. 28, 38, 63. 

Spencer, R p. 7. 

snhenocephala, "Rana, ai Sp 

Spheroides maculatus, Dy 13, p. 42. 

Spheroides testudineus, p. 50. 


.Sphyraena borealis, 3, p. 44. 


Sphyraena bar: -acuda, Gan pana: 
Sphyraena guachancho, p. 50. 
Sphyraena picudilla, p. 50. 

Sphyrna zygaena, 2. 13, p. 41. 
snilopterus, Cren aan: p. 50. 
Spinden, H. F 

squirella. Hyla, a oe i 
stansburiana, Uta, p. 10. 
steatogenes elegans, 15. 

Stejneger, L., 6. 

Stenotomus chrysons, 13. 
Stephanolenis hispidus, 13. 
Sternarchella balaenops, 15. 
Sternachella schotti, 15. 
Sternarchorhamphus macvostoma, 15. 
Sternarchus albifrons. 15. 
Sternarchus bonanactii, 15. 
Sternopygus macrurus, 15. 
Sternothaerus odoratus, 4, 12, 16, p. 52. 
Stolephorus asgyrorhanus. 3. 
Stolerhorus brownii. p. 50. 
Stolephorus Species. p. 50. 
Stolephorus mitchilli, 2, p. 44. 
Stone, W., 10. 

Storer: D D2 n. 56: 

Storeria dekavi, 14, 16, 17, p. 6. 
Storeria occipitomaculata, "7, 1 (i, 74 
Street, J. 

striatus, Geen aisien 2. 13; ps 425 
stricatus. Prionotus, 2, 13, p. 45. 
sturio, Acipenser, 2. 


en 


Se eee 


————— 


tel a 


COPEIA 


subaequalis, Corvula, p. 50. 

sucetta oblongus, EKrimyzon, 11, p. S51. 
surinamensis, Anisotremus, p. 50 
surinamensis, Lobotes, 1. 
suspectum, Heloderma, 7. 
Swifts, 13. 

Svivaticam Nanay 204 olde LO punooy wile 
synagris, Neomaenis, p. 50. 
Synodontis schall, 8. 

Synodus dominicensis, p. 50. 

Synodus foetens, 13, p. 44. 

taiasica, Awaous, p. 50. 

Tantilla eiseni, 15. 

Tarentola annularis, 8. 

Tarpon atlanticus, p. 59. 

tau, Opsanus, p. 60. 

Tautoga onitis, 3. 

temporaria, Rana, p. 54. 

Tephrosia, p. 57. 


Terrapene carolina, 3, 4, 11, 12, 16, p. 


7, 36, 40, 63. 

testudineus, Spheroides, p. 50. 

Testudo polyphemus, 5 

Testudo serpentina, 1. 

Tetrapterus imperator, p. 59. 

Thamnophis butleri, 15. 

Thamnophis hammondi, 15, p. 10. 

Thamnophis megalops, 12. 

Thamnophis pavietalis, 15, p. 10. 

Thamnophis sauritus, 16, 17, p. 40, 63. 

Thamnophis sirtalis, 2, 4, 11, 16, 
6, 8, 15, 40, 51, 60. 

thebaicus, Eryx, 8. 

Thunder, 5 

tigrinum, Amblystoma, 8, p. 30. 

Hernan californiense, Amblystoma, p. 
6 


tigrinus, Galeocerdo, p. 43. 
Tilapia nilotica, 8. 

timucu, Tylosurus, p. 50. 

torosus, Diemictylus, p. 62. 
Trachinotus carolinus, 2, 13, p. 44. 
Trachinotus falcatus, 13, p. 50. 
Trachinotus glaucus, p. 50. 


Trachurops crumenophthalmus, 3, p 50. 


Travell, W., 4. 

triacanthus, Poronotus, 2, 13, p. 41 
Trichiurus lepturus, 2, p. 50 
tricornis, Lactophrys, p. 50. 
triqueter, Lactophrys, p. 50. 
triseriatus, Pseudacris, 2, 10. 
tristoechus, Lepisosteus, 11. 


i 50 


Vii 


troscheli, Eigenmannia, 15. 

Turtle; p. 19, 

Tylosurus, p. 13. 

Tylosuius marinus, 2. 

Tylosurus timucu, p. 50. 

typicus, Rhinocdon, p. 21. 

tyrannus, Brevoortia, 2, 3, 13, p. 21, 41, 
43. 

Umbrina coroides, p. 50. 

undulatus, Micropogon, 2, 13. 

undulatus, Sceloporus, 4, 16, p. 6. 9. 40, 
63. 

Uromastrix ornatus, 8. 

Urophycis chuss, 1, 3, 13, p. 

Urophycis regius, 13, p. 45. 

ustus, Cryptotomus, 14. 

Uta stansburiana, p. 10. 

valeriae, Virginia, p. 6, 63. 

Varanus griseus, 8 

Varanus niloticus, 8. 

va-iegatus, Cyprinodon, 2. 

ventralis, Ophiosaurus, 11. 

vernalis, Liopeltis, 17, p. 52. 

versicolor Hyla, 4, p. 5, 39, 53, 55, 63. 

virens, Pollachius, p. 45. 

virescens, Eigenmannia, 15. 

Virginia valeriae, p. 6, 63. 

virginicus, Polydactylus, p._ 50. 

viridescens, Diemictylus, 2, 10, 13, 14, 
Pats) 

windeecene miniatus, Diemictylus, 13. 

viridis, Bufo, p. 54. 

vittatus, Ctenops, 4. 

vivanus, Neomaenis, p. 50. 

Vomer setipinnis, p. 44, 50. 

vomer, Selene, p. 50. 

vulpes, Albula, p. 50, 59. 

Welsh, W. W., 15, p. 3. 

Wiegmann, W. H., 3, 11, p. 45. 

wilderi, Lampetra, p. 

w'slizenii, Crotaphytes, 5. 

Wright, A. H., p. 48. 

xanthurus, Leiostomus, 2, p. 44. 

Xiphias gladius, p. 12, 41. 

Zamenis constrictor, 4, 11, 16, 17, p. 6, 
40, 45, 63. 

Zamenis constrictor flaviventris, 15. 

Zamenis flagelliformis frenatus, 15. 

Zamenis laterale, 15 

Zaprora silenus, 12. 

zonatus, Ophibolus, 15. 

zygaena, Sphyrna, 2, 13, p. 41. 


2, 43. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, January 24, 1916. No. 26 
\ rae - ( Le 
6S eee = 
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‘ Z ‘ A LS ~ 
=i 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


BORNEO PERIOPHTHALMUS. 


Travelling on the main branch of the delta of 
the Rejang River, northwest coast of Borneo, half 
way between the mouth of the river and the island of 
Sibu, which is at the beginning of the delta, July 17, 
1912, at ten o'clock A. M., we reached the village of 
“Bilitong”’ where we tied up to let the tide go down, 
which it did like a race-horse, while we slept. I pur- 
chased five cents worth of sugar at a Chinese store 
here and got some children to catch me nine or ten 
mudfishes or Periophthalmus at one cent each. 

The falling tide had exposed perhaps 60 feet of 
mud-flat at the edge of the river. At the shoreward 
part of the flat among logs and sticks there were 
many Periophthalmus. Some were on the logs, others 
on the mud, others more or less hidden in the mud or 
pools of water left by the tide. When pursued they 
would run over the surface of the mud, sometimes 
sinking in so as to impede their progress. The fishes 
were very agile and slippery and the boys, flounder- 
ing around in the mud, had great difficulty in catch- 
ing them in their hands. The fishes seemed to have 
no definite idea of seeking safety in the river. 

D. D. STREETER, 
Brooklyn, N.Y. 


| Mr. Streeter has presented to the American 
Museum of Natural History ten small gobioid fishes 


2 COPEIA 


obtained at this time bearing his field numbers 1159 
to 1168. Six of these are Periophthalmus (Perioph- 
thalmodon) schlosseri, two Boleophthalmus boddaer- 
ti, and two Apocryptes borneensis. Of the first 
named species one about two inches long has the spin- 
ous dorsal wanting; in two of the same size it is about 
XV; in one about two and a half inches long XV, 
with the first spinous ray noticeably produced; in two 
about three and a half inches XIII and XVI, the 
first spinous ray filamentous a distance equal to two- 
thirds of the head or more. The Boleophthalmus have 
about seven narrow oblique imperfect dark bands on 
the body, best defined posteriorly and dorsally, and 
conspicuous pale bluish spots on the body and dorsal 


fins.— Ed. | 


FISH AS OWL FOOD. 


On March 28, 1915, three horned owls (Bubo 
virginianus virginianus) were hatched near East 
Patchogue, N. Y. Two of the young survived and I 
observed them until their flight. Their chief food was 
rabbits and yellow perch (Perca flavescens), with an 
occasional mouse and gray squirrel. ‘The perch were 
spawning in a neighboring pond, and large schools 
of the fish in a sluggish state were collected in shal- 
low water along the banks where the old owls could 
readily capture them. Great quantities of the scales 
in the nest, with an occasional fin, together with the 
strong fishy odor of the nest, left no doubt as to the 
identity of the fish. 

FRANK OvErToN, 
Patchogue, N. Y. 


AN EXTENSION OF THE RECORDED 
RANGE OF THREE SPECIES OF 
FISHS IN NEW ENG- 

LAND WATERS. 


Scoliodon terrae-novae (Richardson). Of the 
range of this species, Garman, in The Plagiostomia 


COPEIA 3 


(Memoirs Museum Comparative Zoology, Vol. 
XXXVI, 1918, p 115) says: “Labrador to Brazil.” 
Kendall, in Fauna of New England, List of Pisces 
(Occasional Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 
VII, 1908) and Sumner, Osburn and Cole, in a Bio- 
logical Survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vi- 
cinity, Sec. IL1—A Catalogue of Marine Fauna 
(Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. XX -XI, Part II, 1913) do 
not list this species. The species appears to be not 
uncommon at Woods Hole. Several examples were 
taken at this place during the summer of 1915, and 
an example is in the museum collection of the United 
States Fisheries Laboratory. 

Tarpon atlanticus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Al- 
though this species strays as far north as the south- 
ern coast of Cape Cod, Mass., being taken at South 
Dartmouth nearly every year, and occasionally in the 
vicinity of Woods Hole, the writer knows of no rec- 
ord for more northern points. On July 25, 1915, a 
tarpon about 512 feet in length was taken at Prov- 
incetown, Mass. 

Harengula sardina Poey. Of the range of this 
species, Jordan & Evermann, in Fishes of North and 
Middle America (Bull. 47, U. S. N. M., 1896, p. 
430) say: “West Indian fauna; eran dante north to 
Key West.” In the collections of the United States 
Fisheries Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods 
Hole are several examples of this species about 3 
inches in length which, according to the label, were 
taken at Woods Hole, Mass., @cieuer 10, 1886. 


Lewis RADCLIFFE, 
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


OCCURRENCE OF THE CROAKER IN 
NEW YORK HARBOR. 
During the past season the Croaker (Micropo- 


gon undulatus) was taken much more plentifully 
than in most years in New York Harbor. 


4 COPEIA 


Writing of this species in Fishes of North Caro- 
lina, Smith says: “While it is occasionally taken as 
far north as Massachusetts, it is not ordinarily nu- 
merous north of Chesapeake Bay.” In Fishes within 
Fifty Miles of New York City, 1913, the writer listed 
it as “Rare September.” It appears that the infor- 
mation at his command at the time was imperfect and 
that the Croaker occurs in New York Harbor with 
sufficient regularity to be known to local anglers, and 
to give the name of “Croaker Grounds” to Flynns 
Knoll a couple of miles towards Staten Island from 
Sandy Hook. At times they are caught at Hugue- 
not, about two miles off shore at Can Buoy No. 3. 

According to Messrs. Andrew Johnstone and P. 
McCabe the fish occurred this year in much greater 
numbers than usual, so that four men in four hours’ 
fishing from one boat took as many as 120 individ- 
uals. According to the same gentlemen the Croaker 
was present in late July, August and a part of Sep- 
tember, 1915; they were taken at the bottom with 
shedder-crab and white-worm bait, also with parts of 
Spots (Leiostomus), pieces of Weakfish and clams. 
They ran from 1% to 4 lbs. in weight and 12 to 16 
inches in length, or about the same size as “school” 
Weakfish, and resembled Weakfish in habits, taking 
the hook in the same vigorous manner; so that some 
of the less well-informed fishermen did not distin- 
guish them from Weakfish. 

J.T. NicHots, 
New York, N.Y. 


AQUATIC HABITS OF THE BOX TURTLE 


The Box Turtle (Cistudo carolina) of the mid- 
dle section of Long Island has a habit of partly bury- 
ing itself in the moist sand or mud along the edges 
of ponds on hot days. Specimens are frequently 
seen swimming in the water, or resting in the shal- 
lows with only the head protruding above the sur- 
face. When alarmed, the turtles often leave the land 


COPEIA 5 


and enter the water voluntarily. ‘They usually swim 
beneath the surface, but come up readily to breathe 
and to take observations. ‘They seem to be familiar 
with the water, and in their ease and rapidity of 
swimming they compare favorably with the pond tur- 
tle (Chrysemys picta). 

On July 31, 1910, I took a photograph of nine 
box turtles in a group in the edge of a pond at 
Middle Island, where they had lain for hours. On 
August 15, 1915, I photographed one at the same 
pond nearly submerged in the water at the end of a 
log, and four others were in sight partly buried in 
the mud. I have never failed to find the turtles in 
that pond in midsummer whenever I have looked for 
them. 

The amphibious nature of the Long Island box 
turtle is so well known to the native inhabitants that 
records of the fact seem commonplace. But a note 
in the September Copria, and statements in many 
standard natural histories, render it worth while to 
record the aquatic habits of the species. 


FRANK OVERTON, 
Patchogue, N. Y. 


A NOTE ON TWO INTERESTING NEW 
JERSEY AMPHIBIANS. 


For several summers past trips to Lakehurst, 
N. J., in search of the Sphagnum Frog, Rana virga- 
tipes Cope, and Anderson’s Hyla, Hyla andersom 
Baird, have afforded some pleasant outings for my 
brother, F’. K. Barbour, and myself. We have usual- 
ly left our home at Rumson, N. J., in a machine, and 
reached Lakehurst in something less than two hours. 
The afternoons we have usually spent in wandering 
about the sphagnum bogs and along the cold spring 
branches which run into the lake, searching for the 
sphagnum frogs, which we have found at times in 
considerable numbers. Our observations have con- 


6 COPEIA 


firmed those of Davis and of other observers who 
have recorded their shy ways and strictly aquatic 
habits. I think our familiarity with Rana gryllio, the 
big frog found swimming among the “bonnets” in 
some of the Florida lakes, has made this frog’s re- 
lationship to the New Jersey sphagnum frog seem 
doubly striking, for their coloration in life is aston- 
ishingly similar, and in fact one seems to be but a 
miniature representative of the other. At dusk we 
have usually taken our supper, and then waited for 
darkness to come on and for the Hylas to begin to 
sing, we have had good luck taking Hylas by the fol- 
lowing method: One of us with an electric flashlight 
would start for the nearest singing Hyla, while the 
other usually waited some distance away. As soon as 
the Hyla stopped singing, the person who was not 
trying to approach would imitate the call of the frog, 
and this would start it singing again vigorously, and 
while it was singing the collector bearing the light 
would approach as quickly as possible, standing still 
as soon as the singing ceased. ‘This process was kept 
up until finally the light flashed on the vibrating 
white throat of the singing Hyla, and its capture then 
became a perfectly simple matter, as they stared 
stupidly at the brilliant light. 


Up to this year I have known nothing regarding 
the breeding habits or the time of egg-laying of these 
Hylas, but have assumed that it was in May, as Davis 
reported them singing very plentifully at that time. 
This year, however, we did not get down to Lake- 
hurst until the 8th of July, when we found the Hylas 
singing in goodly numbers in the white cedars about 
the lake. After capturing a number of singing males 
(I had never taken a female before), my light flashed 
by the merest chance upon a pair of Hylas sitting 
well up in a pine tree, in embrace. This, and another 
taken in a similar situation, were the only females 
secured, although we took several males from the low 
oak scrub about a small fresh water pool in the pine 


COPEIA | 


barrens. All of our catch was placed in a large- 
mouthed jar and brought home to Rumson alive. The 
next morning a number of gelatinous egg masses 
were found in the bottom of the jar. Since they were 
pretty well smashed up from the struggles which the 
Hylas made trying to escape, it was impossible to dis- 
tinguish whether the egg masses were laid in a char- 
acteristic form. We were both much surprised to 
find these eggs, as we had not supposed that this Hyla 
laid so late in the year; yet we had always wondered 
why such a large number of individuals kept on sing- 
ing so vigorously until at least the 20th of July. I 
might add that the smging begins with dark, though 
an occasional voice may be heard upon a lowery after- 
noon, and the greatest concert takes place before ten 
o'clock. At about this time the number of singing 
individuals is noticeably less. 
Tuomas Barpour, 
Cambridge, Mass. 


AN UNUSUALLY LARGE PINE SNAKE, 
FROM NEW JERSEY. 


The Brooklyn Museum has received recently as 
a gift from Mr. R. P. Dow, the skin of a Pine Snake, 
Pityophis melanoleucus, Daudin which on account of 
its unusually large size deserves to be placed on rec- 
ord. .The snake was killed several years ago, on the 
estate of the late J. Turner Brakeley, Lakaway 
Plantation. Hornerstown, N. J., and at the time of 
capture was said to have measured seven feet, four 
inches. Actual measurement shows a total length of 
six feet and nine inches, but it is possible that on ac- 
count of mutilation in the killing, part of the skin 
was rendered useless, for the head and neck, for a 
length of eight inches, have been preserved separately. 

Together with the skin the Museum has received 
also an egg, intact and in perfect preservation, which 
is said to have been removed from the intestinal tract 


8 COPEIA 


of the reptile. The egg, undoubtedly, is that of a 


Ruffed Grouse. 
Grorcr P. ENGELHARDT, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnors, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, February 24, 1916. No. 27 


Gee st ee ——— 


ak OPEIA IX Pe 


| Mee 


=" = => the 


——— 


Published to advance the Science of Seiange ee A 


SEASONAL ANNOTATIONS ON TWO 
LONG ISLAND FISHES 


In Fishes Within Fifty Miles of New York 
Ciz7, tole. ( Nichols: Proc) Lmn: Soc: of N.aY¥., Nos: 
20-23). Raja eglanteria is listed as occurring in 
“September”; and Zoarces anguillaris in “Fall and 
winter,” with one indefinite August record. The 
following local data concerning these species in sum- 
mer is then an addition to the writer’s knowledge of 
their seasonal occurrence. 

Raja eglanteria (Clear-nosed Skate) .—Prob- 
ably a not uncommon summer resident near New 
York and along the entire southern shore of Long 
Island. Long Island dates available are from June 
14 (Moriches Beach) to October 2 (Easthampton). 
A specimen was taken at Cholera Bank (situated 
about ten sea miles off Long Beach), July 15, 1915, 
and presented to the American Museum of Natural 
History by Mr. Edward E. Wrissenberg, its col- 
lector. A fairly fresh specimen was found dead on 
Moriches Beach by the writer June 14, 1914. Mr. 
Wm. T. Helmuth writes me concerning the occur- 
rence of the species near Easthampton in 1914 and 

1915 as follows: 
“The first record that I can give positively is 
July 26, 1914, when four were taken in a ‘fish-trap’ in 
Gardiner’s Bay. Several were caught at every haul 


10 COPEIA 


thereafter, until the second of October, becoming 
most abundant during the first week of September 
and the last week of August. Their numbers did 
not diminish very noticeably during the remainder of 
the summer. In 1915 this species were found 
throughout the summer, beginning with the middle 
of July. One, also in late June.” 

Zoarces anguillaris (Kel Pout, “Conger Eel’). 
—I have a letter from Mr. Louis Wahl statmg that 
this species was caught in 1915 throughout the year 
at the different fishing grounds off New York and 
that in June they were taken especially plentifully 
at Cholera Bank. Mr. Wahl seems perfectly familiar 
with Zoarces, which cannot readily be confused with 
any other fish, and I am convinced of the accuracy 
of the indentification. The name “Conger Eel,” how- 
ever unfortunate its misapplication to Zoarces, is too 
firmly established for this fish among local fishermen 
to be ignored. 

J.T. NicHOotLs, 


New York, N. Y. 


NOTES ON NEW JERSEY FISHES, 
SEVERAL NEW TO THE STATE 

Cypsilurus mgricans (Bennett). Head, 3%; 
D. I, 14; A. I, 9; scales, 48 in lateral line; 30 pre- 
dorsal scales; 8 scales above 1.1. to dorsal origin; 
snout, 372 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 3-2/5; 
maxillary, 4-1/5; interorbital, 242. Head wide above. 
Snout length half its width. Maxillary not quite to 
eye. Narrow band of fine conic teeth in each jaw. 
Lower jaw projects. Interorbital broadly concave. 
Rakers, 5+-16; lanceolate, short. Back dusky, neutral 
tint with violet reflections. Head above similar, with 
distinct violet streak from upper hind eye edge to 
pectoral origin. Sides of head brilliant silvery-white, 
soiled or tinged dusky on trunk. Violet reflections 
conspicuous at caudal base and at ventral axilla. Iris 


COPEIA yl 


brilliant violet. Lips dusky. Dorsal largely jet- 
black, paler or soiled dusky-gray in front. Upper 
caudal lobe white, base blackish, lower lobe entirely 
jet-black. Pectoral largely black, axil with violet 
tinge, only lower edge and median portion of lower 
rays gray-white or whitish. Ventrals with outer 73 
jet-black, outer and inner edges of fin whitish, median 
rays basally gray and this shade extends to black ter- 
minal blotch. Anal white, hinder outer terminal part 
black. One example, 172 mm. long, found on the 
beach in a tide-pool at Sea Isle City, September 14, 
1915, by Master Edward N. Fox. This interesting 
fish had evidently been left stranded by the tide, and 
was alive when discovered. It had one pectoral fin 
extended in making an effort to escape, suddenly 
flying out of the pool and dropping helplessly on the 
sand a few rods distant. It is the first example ever 
recorded from the limits of the United States, and 
also an addition to the fauna of New Jersey. It is 
a well-marked species, readily distinguished by its 
blackish color and the white half of the high dorsal. 
At the same locality Centropristis striatus, Chaetodip- 
terus faber, Orthopristis chrysopterus and Leiosto- 
mus wanthurus were also noted. At Ocean City a 
female Dasyatis say with two young, one Rhinoptera 
bonasus, July 7, and three on September 15, an adult 
Istiophorus mgricans, August 20, T'rachinotus caro- 
linus, eight Coryphaena hippurus, September 22, 
Tautoga onitis, and many large Alutera schoepfii, 
July 4, several of which bright golden-yellow. During 
August at Anglesea, Huthynnus thynnus of 1,080 Ibs. 
weight, Hemitripterus americanus, Sphyrna zygaena, 
Stenotomus chrysops, Balistes carolinensis and Pri- 
onotus evolans strigatus. A few Chaetodipterus faber 
at Atlantic City and on September 25, a large Lago- 
cephalus laevigatus. 'Two examples of E’pinephelus 
niveatus are the first to be reported from New Jersey 
waters. Mr. W. J. Fox secured one 105 mm. long 
September 26, at Sea Isle City, and Dr. R. J. Phil- 


12 COPEIA 


lips, one 115 mm. long, September 29, at Corson’s 
Inlet. Color largely deep dusky-brown with seven 
vertical rows of pale sky-blue round spots, caudal 
yellowish and pectorals pale. Both examples were 
angled on lines. May 15, I noted Mustelus canis, 
Raja erinacea, R. ocellata, R. eglanteria, Pomolobus 
mediocris, Cynoscion regalis, Bairdiella chrysura, 
Spheroides maculatus, Paralichthys dentatus, and 
Achirus fasciatus at Cape May Point. 

In early September Messrs. S. N. Rhoads and 
J. R. Lippincott accompanied me on a trip to various 
streams in Salem County. In Salem Creek, at Dare- 
town, we found: Ameiurus nebulosus, Abramis cryso- 
leucas, Erimyzon sucetta oblongus, Esox americanus, 
Fundulus diaphanus, Pomotis gibbosus and Perca 
americana. In Alloway Creek, at Alloway: Ameiu- 
rus nebulosus, Schilbeodes gyrinus, Abramis cryso- 
leucas, Krimyzon, Esow americanus, EF. reticulatus, 
Umbra pygmaea, Fundulus diaphanus, A phredoderus 
sayanus, Pomotis, Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi, Mo- 
rone americana and Achirus fasciatus; Delaware 
River at Oakwood Beach; Anchovia mitchilli, Fundu- 
lus heteroclitus macrolepidotus, Menidia menidia no- 
tata, Bairdiella chrysura, Pogonias cromis and Ach- 
rus fasciatus. In Salem Creek at Sharptown: , 
Cyprinus carpio, Abramis, Notropis cornutus, Erimy- 
zon, Ameiurus nebulosus, Anguilla rostrata, Hsox 
reticulatus and Pomotis gibbosus. In Game Creek: 
Abrams, Pomotis and Micropterus salmoides. Dela- 
ware River beach at Oldmans Point: Alosa sapidis- 
sma, Dorosoma cepedianum, Anchovia mitchilli, 
Hybognathus nuchalis regius, Fundulus heteroclitus 
macrolepidotus, F'. diaphanus, Pomotis, Roccus line- 
atus and Morone americana. In the mill-pond at 
Swedesboro: Abramis, Notropis whip pli analostanus, 
Lepomis auritus, Pomotis gibbosus and Micropterus 
salmoides. 

Henry W. Fow ter, 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


THE PRESENT STATUS AND BREEDING 
SEASON OF THE GIANT TOAD (BUFO 
AGUA) IN BARBADOS, ST. VIN- 
CENT. sERINITDAD AND 
DEMERARA.* 


Not long ago a question arose regarding the 
present status, and breeding season, of the Giant 
Toad (Bufo agua) in certain of the West Indian 
colonies, and in order to secure definite data on the 
subject I wrote to Barbados, St. Vincent, Trinidad 
and Demerara (British Guiana), receiving the fol- 
lowing replies: 

Barbados.—No mention of the occurrence of this 
toad (known locally as the “crapaud”’) is made either 
by Ligon (1673) or Hughes (1750). Schomburg in 
his “History of Barbados,” published in 1848, in- 
cludes it in his list of reptiles on page 679, with the 
following note: “I have been assured that this spe- 
cies, which is so common in Demerara, was introduced 
from there about fifteen years ago L[i.e., about 18331.” 

It is not known exactly when it was introduced 
into Antigua. It is now very common both on Bar- 
bados and Antigua, though on both islands it has 
become less numerous in recent years, owing probably 
to the introduction of the mongoose, which seems to 
prey upon the toad when pressed by hunger. 

It certainly lays its eggs at least twice a year. In 
August last year (1914) ponds in Barbados were full 
of tadpoles, and again in February this year (1915) 
the same thing was noticed. (Extract from a letter 
from Dr. Francis Watts, C.M.G., Imperial Commis- 
sioner of Agriculture for the West Indies, Bridge- 
town, Barbados.) 

St. Vincent—The large toad (Bufo agua) 
seems to be quite extinct here. I hear old people 
speak of them, but I fancy the mongoose must have 


*Published with the Permission of the Secretary of the Smith- 
sonian Institution. 


14 COPEIA 


wiped them out. (Extract from a letter from Mr. 
W. N. Sands, Agricultural Superintendent, St. Vin- 
cent. ) 

Trinidad.—Toads are plentiful, and about in the 
wet season, breeding then. The wet season has been 
very irregular lately. August-October is given as 
the most likely time for securing material of the young 
stages. (Information given in a letter from Mr. F. 
W. Urich, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture, 
Trinidad. ) e 

Demerara.—Bufo agua is extraordinarily com- 
mon here and appears to breed about the commence- 
ment of the wet season, somewhere in November or 
thereabouts. (Extract from a letter from Mr. Gilbert 
E. Bodkin, Government Economic Biologist, George- 
town, Demerara. ) 

Austin H. Ciarx, 
Washington, D.C. 


ON THE PROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE 
TYPE SPECIMEN OF COPE’S 
XANTUSIA PICTA. 


There can, I think, be no doubt that Cope’s Yan- 
tusia picta is the same species as Stejneger’s Xan- 
tusia henshawt. Cope, however, stated that the type 
of X. picta was from Tejon Pass, California, a local- 
ity situated much to the north of the known range of 
X.henshawi. I shall attempt to show that it is almost 
certain that Cope’s type specimen really was collected 
at Poway, San Diego County, California, not very 
far from the type locality of Stejneger’s species. The 
evidence, although circumstantial, seems clear. It is 
as follows: 

1.—The type of Xantusia picta was sent to Cope 
by Mr. Rivers, who previously had sent Cope the type 
of Xantusia riversiana, and who was in charge of the 
natural history collections belonging to the Univer- 
sity of California. 


COPEIA 15 


2.—In the early days of California museums the 
custom was to label specimens not with the exact lo- 
eality of origin, but rather with the published habitat 
or range of the species. 


3.—A short time after Stejneger described 
Xantusia henshawi, 1 visited the type locality, at 
Witch Creek, and obtained three specimens. Some 
time later Rivers, on seeing these specimens in my 
office, said: 


“T see you have Yantusia vigilis. I sent a speci- 
men to Professor Cope.” 


4.—Some years later Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell 
gave me a bottle containing several specimens of Yan- 
tusia henshawi, collected by himself at Poway, San 
Diego County, California. These he had labeled 
Xantusia vigilis and upon my asking where he had 
gotten that name for them, he said from Mr. Rivers 
to whom he had given one of the same lot of speci- 
mens a long time before. 


It therefore seems almost certain that the type 
of Xantusia picta was collected by Dr. Blaisdell at 
Poway, San Diego, County, California; that it was 
sent by Dr. Blaisdell to Mr. Rivers; that it was 
wrongly identified by Mr. Rivers as Xantusia vigilis 
and labeled with the habitat of that species; and that 
Cope was thus led into error regarding the type local- 
ity of his supposed new species, Yantusia picta. 


JoHN VAN DENBURGH, 
San Francisco, Cal. 


A NOTE ON REPTILE COLLECTING. 


‘ Where reptiles are plentiful they are usually col- 
lected by means of a shotgun. One of the best that 
I have found for the purpose is built like a pistol, 
has 2 eighteen-inch, 22 and 44 gage barrels, and uses 
machine loaded cartridges with fine shot. 


16 COPEIA 


It will be found advantageous to carry specimens 
in a bag with a little corn meal or dry sand. On reach- 
ing camp they should be placed in water and left until 
all blood and foreign matter have soaked loose, when 
they should be washed and carefully spread out in a 
pan containing a quantity of 50% alcohol with which 
about one-twentieth of its bulk of formalin has been 
mixed. During the first few hours the specimens may 
be frequently turned over, and fresh fluid injected 
through abdominal incisions previously made. One 
incision is usually sufficient for a lizard, but several 
are necessary for a snake, and one should invariably 
be made in the tail just posterior to the anal opening. 
In one or two days the material with the possible 
exception of certain snakes is sufficiently cured to be 
closely packed with fresh formalin (about 27) in 
glass fruit jars or small metal cases. Fine excelsior 
placed between specimens will prevent rubbing, assist 
in keeping them moist if the container should leak, 
and moreover things packed thus will not arrive at 
the museum distorted and broken as sometimes hap- 
pens when they are wrapped with cloth. 

Formalin is recommended only as a temporary 
preservative, and it should not touch specimens in- 
tended for osteological study. In all cases they should 
be removed from it as soon as possible. It is almost 
indispensable, however, in field work when one must 
go hehtly equipped. 

J. O. SNYDER, 


Stanford University. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuo_ts, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, March 24, 1916. No. 28 


1 
’ 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


A RECORD OF THE BERMUDA CHUB 
(KYPHOSUS) FROM LONG ISLAND, 
NEW YORK. 

A Bermuda Chub (Kyphosus sectatriv) was 
taken November 2, 1915, at Orient, Long Island, 
in Long Island Sound. It was 10 inches long, 3 
inches deep, 1 inch thick in widest part near the head. 
The specimen has been identified by the Department 
of Fishes of the American Museum of Natural His- 
tory, New York, from a photograph taken of it at 
the time of capture. 

T have been about pound-fishing for over twenty 
years on the east end of Long Island, and this is the 
first specimen of this species that I have seen. 


Roy LatHam, 
Orient, N. Y. 


AQUARIUM CULTURE OF TRICHO- 
GASTER LALIUS. 

Of all the Labyrinth-fish so far known in this 
country not one has been such a general favorite as 
Trichogaster lalius, commonly called Dwarf Gurami. 
Seldom more than two inches in length, this little 
beauty, which was first imported from India into Ku- 
rope in 1903, has, through its interesting habits in 
breeding and general graceful bearing, quickly found 
many friends in the Aquarium world, At first ex- 


18 COPEIA 


tremely shy, and hiding itself away at the slightest 
disturbance, with proper care it soon becomes tame. 
It is interesting to see them go up to any new stone 
or other object which has been placed in the aquarium 
and examine it with their feelers. 


The principle color extendmg over the body of 
the male, excepting the fins and tail, is steel blue, 
with irregular orange zigzag bands running: verti- 
cally. The fins and tail (except the pectoral fins) are 
orange, mottled with a great number of red spots 
the size of a pin-head, the edges of the fins are blue 
with bright red tips. During the mating and breed- 
ing seasons these already bright colors are greatly 
intensified. The pale orange becomes redder and the 
blue throat a most brillant ‘dark steel blue. 


The nest-building habits are somewhat different 
from those of the other fish of this family. Whereas 
Paradise fish, and other Guramis, Fighting-fish, ete., 
make their nest entirely of air bubbles, Lalius util- 
izes small pieces of plants, roots, algae, ete., to form 
a somewhat dome-shaped structure which projects 
above the surface and is about two inches in diameter. 
Under this he builds his bubble nest. ‘The comple- 
tion of his nest will take him about a day, and there 
is not a second of rest or inactivity during this proc- 
ess. One minute one may see him tearing on a de- 
composed plant leaf and carrying the pieces so gotten 
to the spot chosen for the nest where they are thrown 
into a compact mass on the surface of the water, the 
next minute he may be seen chasing his perhaps too 
inquisitive and eager mate around the tank, punish- 
ing her with plainly heard whacks, until she retires 
to her undisputed hiding place. It is not obvious how 
the sound, something like that from snapping ones 
fingers, is produced. Or he may be at the surface 
of the water taking in air so that one might think 
he were trying to fill his whole body. After getting 
his supply he retires under the nest and fills the whole 
inside of the fibrous mass with small air bubbles. 


COPEIA 19 


After its completion he tries to induce the female 
to come under the nest. In many cases he can get 
her there only after a wild chase around the tank, 
but very often the female after watching the male 
finish his task in building the nest comes without 
urging to deliver her eggs. Now the male, resplend- 
ent in his most gorgeous colors, all atremble, after 
circling around her a few times, folds or bends him- 
self around her body, at the same time turning her on 
her back, and then the hardly visible eggs are ex- 
purged, fertilized, and rise into and between the bub- 
bles of the nest. 

Hatching takes place, according to the tempera- 
ture, in from 12 to 40 hours. The newly hatched 
fish are hardly visible. They are only discernible 
when they move, their eyes being practically the only 
things noticeable, as their bodies are perfectly clear 
and not distinguishable from the water. It is always 
advisable to remove the female immediately after the 
eggs are safely in the nest, as she is liable to dart 
up and eat them before her watchful mate can pre- 
vent her. As with all Labyrinth fish the male takes 
care of the eggs and young until the latter are able 
to leave the nest, and then he, too, should be taken 
out of the tank. 


In order to be successful in raising the young 
ones, an even temperature of the water of at least 
70° is absolutely necessary. It should not be more 
than three inches deep and there should be plenty 
of algae and plants such as Salvinia, Riccia, where 
the youngsters can find their food and a place to hide. 
In artificial feeding great care has to be taken not 
to feed too much, as any food left to decay will cause 
untold trouble. In giving live food such as small 
Daphnia or Cyclops, it is imperative to strain these 
through a very fine hair sieve, as the most minute 
only are fit for the young fish. Should any of the big 
ones get into the tank, they will m a few days time 
destroy and eat the fish. One of the worst enemies 


20 COPEIA 


which are liable to infest the tank when feeding live 
food are hydras, which in a very short time will de- 
stroy a whole brood, and it is very difficult to rid a 
tank of this pest. 

Lalius will breed three or four and even more 
times during a season, the first broods always being 
more numerous and stronger than the later ones, but 
it is good policy not to let the fish breed too often, 
as the drain on their vitality may be too much and 
prove fatal. 

Ricuarp Dorn, 


Upper Montclair, N. J. 


AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM ON LONG 
ISLAND, I. 


After many years of futile search for Ambly- 
stoma tigrinum on Long Island, the past season has 
been unexpectedly productive in furnishing records 
of both adults and larvae of this species. 


Records of Adults. 
“Rancocas,” the first and apparently specific rec- 
ord by William LL. Sherwood (Linn. Soc. 1894-95, 

No. 7), is a misprint as no such place exists on Long 
Island. Mr. Sherwood admits this, yet in reasserting 
the occurrence of the species he prefers to withhold 
the right name of the station, fearing extermination. 

Patchogue, 1 specimen from salt marshes near 

Swan Creek, identified from, photograph by Dr. 
Frank Overton, who reports its capture “some years 
ago.” 

Syosset, November, 1914. 1 Specimen 8% 
inches, found near drain, cement basement, 1 Hud- 
son Estate. Sent to N. Y. Zool. Park and is still 
living. 

Yaphank, August 24, 1915. 1 specimen 87 
inches found in cellar, A. C. Weeks. Presented to 
Brooklyn Museum. Still living. 


COPEIA 21 


Shoreham, September 24, 1915. 2 specimens 
from an old well. Sent to Brooklyn Museum. One 
72 ches long is still living, the other, about same 
size, escaped. 


Jamaica (Hill Section). 1 specimen about 7 
inches long shown by Hermann Rabenau at Brooklyn 
Aquarium Society Exhibition, Brooklyn Museum, 
October, 1915. 


Middle Island, October 10, 1915. Dr. Frank 
Overton, 1 specimen sent to American Museum of 
Natural History. 


All the Long Island specimens examined vary 
but little in color pattern, which shows numerous ir- 
regular, olivaceous blotches, forming more or less 
connected bands at the sides and on the tail. The 
ground color is dull black above and lead-color below. 
The under-side of the head is olive-yellow. Of four 
living specimens now at hand, two males and two 
females, the latter are marked with blotches decidedly 
more olive-yellow than those of the males. 


Search for adults under logs, stones, ete., in re- 
gions where they are known to occur failed so far. 
Apparently they have the habit of wandering con- 
siderable distances from their breeding places, hiding 
during the day in deep burrows, stone walls, drains, 
etc. The foreman of the I. Hudson Estate near Sy- 
osset told the author that a number of specimens are 
found nearly every year about the stables or under 
rubbish heaps. He also mentioned the reluctance of 
some of the workmen to clean the catch-basins be- 
cause “‘there’s lizards in ’em.” 


Captive specimens have been fed principally 
earthworms and also on tadpoles, small fishes, and 
caterpillars. ‘They are voracious and omnivorous 
feeders. When hungry they will snap at a finger or 
anything held dangling before their mouths. Earth- 
worms are shaken vigorously bull dog fashion, be- 
tween gulps, until swallowed. The Museum speci- 


22 COPEIA 


mens, kept in a glass vivarium with wet, pebbly bot- 
tom and rock-shelter, have remained active through- 
out the winter, feeding freely, and molting, on the 
average, every ten days. The cast-off skins are very 
delicate, usually in the shape of a slimy ball. During 
the day the salamanders remain under the rock- 
shelter, but at night they prowl about with consid- 
erable agility. 
GrorGE P. ENGELHARDT, 
Brooklyn, N. ¥. 


NOTES ON VIRGINIA HERPETOLOGY. 


On November 25-28 I collected at Midway, Nel- 
son Co., Va. (see Coprra 18), and offer the follow- 
ing notes on late activity and additions to the previ- 
ous list. The day temperature was exceptionally 
warm for the season, though it was below freezing 
every night. 


Sceloporus undulatus (Latreille). One on a 
fenee, November 27. 

Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). One im a 
swamp, November 28. 

Rana clamata Daudin. One in a spring, No- 
vember 26. ; 

Desmognathus fusca (Raf.). 16 adults and 17 
larvae. 

Plethodon erythronotus (Green). 4 adults and 
1 young. 

Spelerpes bislineatus (Green). 4 adults and 2 
larvae. 

Spelerpes ruber (Daudin). 2 first year and 2 
second year larvae. 

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green). One adult 
female. This was quite a surprise to me as the fauna 
is Carolinian and the altitude is 500 feet. This, so 
far as I can find out, is the second Virginian record 


COPEIA 23 


for this species, the other one was collected by Baird 

and is in the National Museum. The locality given 

as the “upper James River.” 7 
Notopthalmus viridescens (Raf.). 5 adult males. 


E. R. Dunn, 
Haverford College, Pa. 


NOTE ON AMBLYSTOMA OPACUM, 
GRAV. 


On September 25, 1913, the writer, with Mr. 
John Toomey, of the Reptile House Staff at Bronx 
Park, went to Silver Lake, near White Plains, N. Y., 
to collect Insects and Amphibia. The weather had 
been warm and dry for some time and all the pools 
in the woods were completely dried up. In about 
the center of one of these dried up pools Mr. 'Too- 
mey, having lifted one of the many large slabs of 
bark partially buried among dead leaves, discovered 
an adult marbled Salamander, Amblystoma opacum, 
coiled around a quantity of gelatinous balls. Upon 
examination by the writer these were found to be 
eggs containing living embryos. ‘The eggs were 
lying in a slight depression, the debris under the slab 
of bark being fairly damp. On searching further, 
another female with eggs was discovered, under sim- 
ilar conditions. 


The eggs were about 3/16 of an inch in diam- 
eter, and not connected with one another in any way. 
They were covered with small particles of soil and 
desiccated leaves which adhered to the sticky gela- 
tinous envelope. The eggs were kept in some of the 
debris in which they were found. On September 27, 
one batch was placed in a shallow pan of water, 
where they hatched on September 28. 

The larvae were *S of an inch in length, very 
slender and delicate, translucent and pale gray in 
color. The gills were very long and the delicate front 


24 COPEIA 


legs were fully developed. The second batch of eggs 
was kept in the damp debris until October 18, when 
these, too, were placed in water, where they hatched 
October 19. The writer fed the larvae on small fresh 
water crustaceans, which they could be observed 
snapping up with quick forward darts. Unfortu- 
nately these interesting larvae succumbed to an un- 
usually hot spell late in October, 1913. Although 
several trips were made to the same locality during 
the early fall of 1914 and 1915, no further batches 
of spawn and very few adults were discovered. 

In April, 1915, however, the writer collected 
about a dozen larvae of this species from another 
pool, nearer the lake. ‘These were nearly two inches 
long, black with tiny silvery specks all over the up- 
per surfaces, large gills and four well-developed 
limbs. They were at first thought to be A. puncta- 
twm, but when in early June, 1915, they lost their 
gills, the color pattern consolidated into the typical 
cross-marbling of A. opacum. 

In conclusion I will remark that I am not aware 
of the existence of any other record of Amphibian 
spawn being found in the fall, as far north as New 
York State. 

Ricuarp EF. DECKERT, 


New York, N. Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuo_ts, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, April 12, 1916. No. 29 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


THE NOMENCLATURE OF AMERICAN FISHES AS 
AFFECTED BY THE OPINIONS OF THE 
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION 
ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMEN- 

CLATURE. 


In the third International College of Zoology meet- 
ing at Leyden, Holland, in 1895, an International Com- 
mission on Zoological Nomenclature was appointed. At 
Cambridge in 1898, this Commission was made perma- 
nent, and the number increased from five to fifteen. At 
Berne in 1904, these were divided into three classes, each 
to serve for nine years. At Boston in 1907, provision 
was made for giving opinions on problems in zoological 
nomenclature by vote of the members of the Commission. 

These opinions have been printed from time to time 
by the Smithsonian Institution. (Publications 1938, 1989, 
2060, 2169, 2256, 2359.) 

In the present paper I have tried to note the changes 
in nomenclature of American fishes since the publication. 
of Jordan and Evermann’s Fishes of North and Middle 
America (1898), (Bulletin 47 U. S. National Museum), 
as affected by these opinions. 


Etheostoma Rafinesque 

Type Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque. The gen- 
eric name EHtheostoma should replace Diplesion, for 
Etheostoma blennioides (Rafinesque), while Catonotus 
Agassiz should replace Etheostoma as the generic or sub- 
generic name of the group typified by Etheostoma flabel- 
lave Rafinesque. If the genus is to be recognized in the 
broad sense adopted by Jordan and Evermann under the 
head of Htheostoma, the name Peecilichthys must be 
taken instead of Etheostoma, Htheostoma variatum Kirt- 


26 COPEIA 


land being its type. It is probable, however, that several 
of the subgenera recognized by Jordan and Evermann 
should stand as valid genera. Among these are Nano- 
stoma, Putnam; Nothonotus, Cope; Torrentaria, Jordan 
and Evermann; Oligocephaius, Girard; Nivicola, Jordan 
and Evermann; Rafinesquiellus, Jordan and Evermann; 
Claricola, Jordan and Evermann; and Catonotus, 
Agassiz. 
Amia Gronow 


In Opinion 20, it is decided that the generic names 
of Gronow (1763), with polynomial names for species, 
shall be accepted, their date being subsequent to that of 
the Tenth Edition of the Systema Nature (Jan. 1, 
1758). The ease of Brisson (1760) in Birds (Opinion 
37), is exactly parallel except that the names of Brisson 
have come into more general use than those of Gronow. 
Amia Gronow (1763) must displace Amita Linnzus 
(1766). Amia L. thus becomes Amiatus Rafinesque 
(1815), and the species becomes Amiatus calvus. Amia 
Gronow replaces Apogon Lacépéde (1802), and the type 
species becomes Amia imberbis. Cyclogaster Gronow 
must replace Liparis (Artedi) Scopoli, 1777. The type 
species of both is Cyclopterus paris L. Collyedon Gro- 
now must replace Scarus Forskal (1775), Scarus Gronow 
(1763), being a Labrus. The type of Callyodon is Scarus 
croicensis, Bloch. Enchelyopus Gronow (17638) must re- 
place Zoarces, Cuvier 1829, the type of each being Blen- 
nius viviparus L. Hepatus Gronow (1763) must replace 
Teuthis L. (1766) and Acanthurus Forskal, 1775, the 
type of each being Teuthis hepatus L. The accepted 
genera Holocentrus, Pholis, Eleotris, Albula, Synodus, 
Umbra, Leptocephalus and Pteraclis must date from Gro- 
now (1763), not from later usage. 


Ceratichthys Baird and Girard (Opinion 22 


The name Ceratichthys Baird and Girard, monoty- 
pic, being based on Ceratichthys vigilax Baird and Gi- 
rard, must replace Cliola Girard (1856) based on the 
same species. Ceratichthys of Girard (1856) is synony- 
mous with the earlier Nocomis of Girard. This decision 
conserves also the genus Cymatogaster, Gibbons (C. ag- 
gregatus). 

In Opinions 23 and 24 the generic names Cheilodip- 
terus Lacépéde (vice Aspro Commerson) and Antenna- 
rius (Commerson) Lacépéde vs. Histrio Fischer (1813) 
are conserved. 


ange st I 


COPLIA 27 


Opinion 25 conserving Dameseila Walcott (1905) 
notwithstanding the existence of Damesiella Tornquisc 
1899, applies equally to the genus Dekaya Cooper (1862) 
as against the prior Dekayia of Miine-Edwards and 
Haime (1851), a genus of corals. Dekaya princeps shouid 
therefore replace Caulolatilus princeps, as the name of 
the California “Blanquillo.” 

Opinion 26 confirms the view of Jordan and Ever- 
mann that Cypsilurus of Swainson is merely a misprint 
for Cypselurus which name should stand. It should be 
noted that Hxoceetus volitans L. the type of Hxocetus is 
a species of the genus called Halocypselus. HWxocoectus 
should therefore replace Halocypselus while the genus 
called Hxocetus by Jordan and Evermann becomes Cyp- 
selurus. 

Opinion 29 regards Pachynathus Swainson (1839) 
as a misprint for Pachygnathus. It is in this form pre- 
occupied by Pachygnathus 1834, a genus of spiders. The 
genus typified by Balistes capistratus Shaw, being thus 
left without a name may be called Sufflamen Jordan 
(new generic name). Sufflamen (impediment) is a 
word used by Professor Mitchill for the “trigger” of 
these “Trigger Fishes.” The American species, common 
on the west coast of Mexico, is different from the true 
Sufflamen capistratus of the Kast Indies and may stand 
as Sufflamen verres (Gilbert and Starks). 

In opinion 33 the generic name Rutilus Rafinesque 
is conserved for the type of Cyprinus rutilus L. Appar- 
ently, however, no American species are congeneric with 
this type nor with Leucos of Heckel. The species re- 
ferred to Rutilus by Jordan and Evermann are placed in 
other genera as Siphateles Cope and Hesperoleucus Sny- 
der by Professor Snyder. Myloleucus Cope is a synonym 
of Richardsonius Girard. 

Opinion 58 reverts to common usage from that of 
Jordan and Evermann. /Hsox lucius L. should stand as 
type of Hsox, rejecting Lucius Rafinesque, and E’soa be- 
lone L. is type of Belone Cuvier. 

In like fashion opinion 45 decides that Syngnathus 
acus L. is the type of Syngnathus L. of which Siphostoma 
Rafinesque 1810 becomes a synonym. 

In opinion 60, Salmo irideus, Gibbons (1885), the 
name of the Rainbow Trout is maintained as against 
the original misprinted or incorrect spelling Salmo 
iridia. Whether Salmo gairdneri Richardson (1836) is 
based on the same fish or on an imperfect example of 


28 COPEIA 


the red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum) is still 
uncertain. 

In opinion 52, the names (Semotilus) corporalis 
(Mitchill) and (Notropis) cornutus (Mitchill) as used 
by Jordan and Evermann are conserved as against the 
specific names, buliaris and megalops given to the re- 
spective species by Rafinesque. Mitchill’s first account 
(August, 1817) of each species is a brief notice, followed 
later (March, 1818), by an adequate description. Be- 
tween these two dates (Dec., 1817) Rafinesque pub- 
lished descriptions. A brief notice if identifiable con- 
stitutes a description. 

Opinion 54 confirms the genus Phoxinus and Albur- 
nus as of Rafinesque (1820) not of Agassiz (1835). 

Another opinion confirms the decision made by 
Jordan and Gilbert that the proper type of the genus 
Pleuronectes L. should be Pleuronectes platessa L, the 
type of Plestessa Cuvier, and that the proper type of 
Sparus L. should be Sparus aurata L. later type of 
Aurata Fleming and of Chrysophrys Cuv. and Val. 

Under the accepted rules the generic name Bodianus 
Bloch 1790 (type Bodianus bodianus Bloch=Labrus rufus 
L.) must replace Harpe Lacépéde (1902) with equivalent 
type. B. bodianus being of necessity the type of Bod- 
ianus, through tautonomy. 

Opinion 40 with special note by Dr. Stejneger con- 
firms Salmo eriox L. as the proper name of the Trout 
of western Europe, in place of Salmo fario and Salmo 
trutta. 

Opinion 41, confirms the use of the generic name 
Ablennes instead of Athlennes (originally a slip of the 
pen), for the Gar-fish, Ablennes hians. 

Opinion 44 confirms the use of Leptocephalus, a 
name applied to a larva, in place of the later Conger, 
applied to the adult. 

Opinion 47 confirms Carcharias taurus Rafinesque 
as type of Carcharias Rafinesque, thus replacing Odon- 
taspis Agassiz. On the same reasoning the type of 
Galeus Rafinesque becomes Galeus mustelus as Galeus re- 
places Pleuracromylon. This view diverges from com- 
mon usage, although it accords with the view (unwill- 
ingly) taken by Jordan and Evermann. On a similar 
line of argument we must accept (also unwillingly) 
Carapus Rafinesque in place of Fierasfer Cuvier. 

DAVID STARR JORDAN, 
Stanford University. 
Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, April 24, 1916. No. 30 


Published to advance the Science of Pale siianard vertebrates 


A SECOND OCCURRENCE OF ERILEPIS 
IN AMERICAN WATERS 


Although the giant bass-like fish, Hrilepis zoni- 
fer, was described for the first time from Monterey 
Bay on the coast of California, it has never since been 
recorded from American waters, and it has come to 
be regarded as a stray from Japan, where it is of 
rather common occurrence, having been occasionally 
seen by Doctor Jordan and Professor Snyder in 
their explorations of Japan. It is of great interest, 
then, to find it, perhaps as a stray, in the waters of 


Alaska. 


The writer had the good fortune to see the 
specimen in a frozen condition at Prince Rupert, just 
as it had been landed from one of the halibut 
schooners, the “Mallola.” According to the mem- 
bers of the crew, it had been caught in Southeastern 
Alaska, in one of the long inland straits which form 
the “Inside Passage,” either in Frederick Sound or 
Chatham Straits. There is no reason to doubt the 
fact that the fish came from that locality, as it could 
not have been imported from other regions, nor was 
the boat able to make distant trips. The winter had 
been a very bitter one up to that time, the last of 
January, and it may have been that changed condi- 
tions had led to the straying of this specimen from 
its usual habitat, or that the halibut fishermen had 
fished in unusual places. 


30 COPEIA 


The specimen was of a hundred pounds weight, 
eviscerated, but the length could not be taken at the 
time, although it was cstimated as about four and 
a half or five feet. 'There were no points of differ- 
ence in general appearance between it and the speci- 
mens from Japan and Monterey Bay, later 
examined, except in the absence of any dark bars on 
the body, which was a uniform dark color, save on 
the lighter ventral surface. The dorsal formula was 
XI, 16, that of the anal III, 14, in both fins the first 
spines being indistinct and buried. ‘There were 126 
series of scales along the lateral line, 31 longitudinal 
series above it, and 48 below. ‘The head was con- 
tained about 8 or 31/2 times in the body length, but, 
as measurements had to be made very roughly with 
the hands, they are not of much value, and may be 
omitted, with the statement that they conformed in 
general to those of other specimens. The fish was 
caught on a hook on the halibut trawl lines, baited 
with herring, “at a depth of 150 fathoms.” 


Wit F. THompson, 
Stanford University. 


IS CYNOSCION NOTHUS AN ABNORMAL 
REGALIS 


Cynoscion nothus (called locally “Silver trout”) 
is occasionally caught at Cape Lookout, North Caro- 
lina, always singly and always associated with Cyno- 
scion regalis (¢ called locally “Grey Trout). 

On each of the four occasions on which I have 
caught a fish identified as nothus, I have caught in 
the same set of the net a large number of regalis of 
exactly the same size. 

Three of my nothus were adults and on each of 
those occasions they were caught in company with 
large numbers of regalis of the same size, but this 
feature came out with striking force when on one 
occasion while using the small “net, I caught several 


COPEIA dl 


hundred small regalis about 3 inches long, one of 
which was identified by Mr. Barton A. Bean of the 
United States National Museum as nothus. 


In no case have I found the body of my speci- 
mens of nothus more compressed than the bodies of 
regalis of the same size caught at the same time. 
There is great variation with age in regalis, and in 
order properly to compare nothus with it one must 
have specimens of the same size and condition of 
nutrition. Whenever I have made such comparison 
the color has been the only obvious difference be- 
tween the two. 

The only way that [I can explain the remarkable 
correspondence in size, between specimens of nothus 
and regalis with which they are caught is by suppos- 
ing them to have been spawned with the regalis; and 
as two species of fish cannot come from the same lot 
of spawn, I consider nothus simply an abnormally 
colored regalis. 

RusseL_t J. Coss, 
Danville, Va. 


LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH EATING 
FISH. 


On April 2, 1916, a very early Louisiana Water 
Thrush (Seturus motacilla) appeared in Central 
Park, New York City. It was remarkably tame, 
walking about the edges of some small ponds, and 
at one time going under a low bridge upon which 
several persons were standing. ‘The most remarkable 
action on its part was to dart toward the surface of 
the water and seize a small fish perhaps an inch and 
a half in length. The bird did not swallow the fish 
whole, but pecked it bit by bit, probably consuming 
all of the flesh. 

GrorcE EK. Hrx, 
New: VYiorle, N.Y". 


32 COPEIA 


AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM ON LONG 
[SEAND. 2 


Records of Larvae. 


Investigation concerning the larval stages of 
this species during the past season were restricted 
to one station, namely the I. Hudson Estate near 
Syosset, which comprises about 100 acres, situated 
in the hilly or moraine region of Long Island. With 
the highest elevation, about 200 feet on the western 
part of the estate, drainage is through the eastern 
part, where in meadow and woodland there are 
several small permanent ponds and in the sprmg and 
early summer numerous temporary pools. 


On the first visit to the region, May 31st, both 
the ponds and pools were examined thoroughly, the 
results showing an abundance of aquatic life, includ- 
ing spotted and painted turtles, several species of 
frogs, tadpoles, waternewts and a great variety of 
aquatic insects. In addition some of the permanent 
ponds have been stocked with gold fish; others con- 
tain vellow perch and sunfish. Larvae of Ambly- 
stoma, more or less common, were found only in the 
temporary pools. ‘This observation was verified on 
subsequent visits. 

Condensed field notes and notes on captive 
specimens are as follows: 

May 31st, 1915. Pools im woodlands, with very 
muddy water on account of cattle, are swarming 
with tadpoles of Rana sylvatica. Caught six larvae 
of Amblystoma tigrinum from 2 to 3 inches long. In 
color they are dark olive green above, heavily 
mottled, and uniform dull white below. Fins on tail 
and back are broad, blade-hke and_ translucent. 
Head is large, wider than body. Eyes prominent, 
iris golden “yellow, pupil black. Gills long and 
feathery, three on each side, carried upright and for- 
ward when the larvae are resting. Limbs on small 


COPEIA 33 


specimens are short and feeble, on large ones rather 
large and stout. In the woodland or ~ muddy pools 
the larvae frequently come to the surface for air. 


In a deeper and clearer pool, in an adjomimg 
meadow, specimens of larvae ranging in length from 
less than 2 to over 4 mehes, could be readily dis- 
cerned as they came up for air, though less frequently 
than those in the muddy pools, or as they remained 
stationary, supported by a blade of grass or some 
other slight object, perhaps ten inches below the sur- 
face. Averaging larger in size, the larvae in this pool 
also display without exception, a brighter color of 
olive green and their general appearance suggests 
small pike. Only two specimens of moderate size 
were captured. ‘The entire catch of the day died on 
the way home and has been preserved in fluid. 


June 15th. Second Visit to Hudson Estate. 
Water in the pools is much lower. Caught nine 
larvae, 3 to 3'2 inches long, in muddy pools, and six 
2’ to 4 inches long, in clear pool. In an aquarium 
at the Museum the larvae proved voracious feeders, 
preferring tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) to earthworms 
and caterpillars. Small larvae had to be separated 
from larger ones of their own kind to prevent canni- 
balism. 


June 19th. Wargest larva measures 4/2 inches. 
Absorption of gills is beginning. 

June 2ist. ‘Third visit to Hudson Kstate ac- 
companied by Mr. Deckert of New York Zoological 
Park. 

Muddy pools in woodlands had dried up with 
the exception of one, still containing a few gallons 
of water. ‘Two Green Herons and a number of 
Purple Grackles were observed feeding at this pool. 
The remaining water was alive with tadpoles, well 
advanced in development, and larvae of A. tigrinum, 
some with gills partially absorbed, others still normal. 
32 were counted. Dhiligent search for specimens 


34 COPEIA 


which had completed their metamorphosis failed. In 
the clear, meadow pool which though reduced still 
showed a considerable volume of water, Mr. Deckert 
captured ten specimens of larvae, 3 to 4 inches long. 
None of these showed traces of transformation. 


June 24th. Absorption of gills and fins on 
largest aquarium specimen (4/2 inches) is proceed- 
ing rapidly. Color is much darker. 

July 12th. During a two weeks’ absence all but 
two of the larvae died while undergoing transforma- 
tion. The largest living specimen measures 412 
inches, the smaller one, 3'4 inches. Both show only 
traces of gills; fins have been absorbed. Limbs are 
large and stout. Color above grey-black; below slate 
colored. 


July 20th. The two living specimens have been 
transferred to a vivarium with wet, pebbly bottom 
and rock-shelter. They feed sparingly on earth- 
worms and toad tadpoles. Gill slits are entirely 
closed. Dull yellow blotches in irregular arrange- 
ment begin to appear. 

August 15th. Metamorphosis complete. Color 
pattern same as adults. Food, principally earth- 
worms, is taken freely. Both specimens are sleek 
and plump. 


September 13th. Large specimen total length 
5 5/16, tail 2% inches. Small specimen total length 
4 5/16, tail 1%4 inches. 

October 18th. Large specimen total length 57s 
inches. Small specimen total length 47s inches. 


February 17th, 1916. Large specimen total 
length 6, tail 8% inches. Small specimen total length 
55%, tail 3 inches. 

Pending investigations to be continued during 
the coming season and especially needed concerning 
breeding habits and early stages, it has been thought 
best to publish a brief statement of the information 
obtained so far, in the hope that others, interested in 


COPEIA 35 


the subject, may share in the investigations and 
thereby render as complete as possible the detailed 
account on this salamander to be published later. 
Gro. P. ENGELHARDT, 
Brooklyn, N.Y. 


WINTER ACTIVITY OF AMBLYSTOMA 
PUNCTATUM, BAIRD 

At noon, Dec. 23, 1911, Manchester, Maine, 1 
found a medium-sized adult crawling on the snow. 
A warm rain had fallen the night before, but it had 
cleared off warm and the mercury stood at 42 
degrees I. at the time. ‘There was about three inches 
of snow left on the ground. 

The place was on the south slope of a hill in 
open pasture, about one-eighth of a mile from a little 
swampy stream. ‘The animal had evidently come 
from this stream but I doubt if it was going to any 
definite place, for it was crawling towards a ridge 
of high land where there was no open water within a 
quarter mile. 

Probably the warm weather had aroused it from 
hibernation, but why it should have started off across 
country on the snow is not so clear. 

Puiiip H. Popr, 
Manchester, Maine. 


GREEN FROG ACTIVE IN DECEMBER 

Ou December 18th, 1915, I saw a full grown 
green frog (Rana clamitans) hopping along the 
edge of Swan Creek pond, one mile east of Patch- 
oque, N. Y. It was somewhat sluggish in its move- 
ments, and I readily caught it. There were no exca- 
vations by which it could have been thrown up from 
the mud. The day was warm and rainy, but there 
had been a cold spell a few days previously. 


Wo. SANWALD, 
Patchoque, N.Y. 


36 COPEIA 


THE SHARKS OF THE MIDDLE 
ATLANTIC STATES 


Orectolobidz 
Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonna- 
terre ) 


Scyliorhinidae. 
Scyliorhinus retifer (Garman). 


Apristurus profundorum (Goode 
and Bean) 

Pseudotriakidae. 

Pseudotriakis microdon Capello 
Carchariidae. 

Carcharias taurus  (Rafinesque) 
Alopiidae. 

Alopias vulpinus  (Bonnaterre) 
Tsuridae. 


Isurus nasus (Bonnaterre). 
Tsurus punctatus (Storer). 

Tsurus tigris (Atwood). 
Carcharodon carcharias (J.inn.). 
Cetorhinus maximus (Gunner) 


Galeorhinidae. 
Mustelus mustelus (Linn.) 


Eulamiidae. 
Galeocerdo arcticus (Faber). 
Glyphis glawcus (Linn.). 
Hulamia obscurus (Le Sueur). 


Eulamia milberti (Miller and 
Henle). 

Aprionodon isodon (Miiller and 
Henle). 

Scoliodon terrae-novae (Richard- 
son) 
Sphyrnidae. 


Sphyrna tiburo (Linn.). 
Sphyrna zygaena (Linn.). 


Squalidae. 
Squalus acanthias Linn. 
Centroscyllium — fabricii 

hardt) 


Squatinidae. 
Squatina dumeril Le Sueur. 


(Rein- 


Henry W. Fow er, 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


Edited by J. T. NicnHots, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, May 24, 1916. No. 31 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


LUCANIA PARVA IN THE AQUARIUM 


A ease of spawning in the aquarium of Lucania 
parva has just come to the writer’s attention and 
seems worthy of record. 

This fish at times becomes very abundant among 
water weed in a fresh or very slightly brackish tribu- 
tary of Moriches Bay at Mastic, Long Island. A 
number were captured here in September, 1914, since 
which date the writer has kept the species in balanced 
fresh-water aquaria continuously. From time to 
time the original stock has been added to by later col- 
lections or depleted by turning over fishes to other 
persons interested in keeping aquaria, so he can not 
say how long any one individual has lived in his tanks. 
There has been in general little mortality among 
them except wild fish immediately after having been 
placed in the tanks. They have been fed on dried 
food suitable for Poeciliid fishes. In the aquarium 
they usually do not show the dark cross marking char- 
acteristic of the fish when taken from its native haunt, 
but this marking has been assumed by fishes kept for 
several days in a tank where they swam among a 
thick growth of linear waterplant. One or two speci- 
mens have appeared in the writer’s aquaria apparent- 
ly smaller than any placed therein, from which he 
surmises that they must have done some spawning. 
Certainly no considerable number of young have 
been raised. 


38 COPEIA 


Lucania seems well adapted for the narrow con- 
fines of an aquarium on account of its small size. 
When several are placed in a tank they at first swim 
about in a more or less compact school, but when 
they become accustomed to their surroundings, scat- 
ter about the tank. They are moderately active and 
swim and take their food indifferently at the surface, 
at the bottom or in mid water. ‘They have more poise 
than Fundulus diaphanus or heteroclitus, are less n- 
clined to sluggishness or excitability. They show 
good spirit, frequently chasing one another, but are 
not bad fighters. 

In February, 1916, Mr. J. Taubles of New York 
succeeded in getting spawn from four Lucania parva, 
recently obtained from the writer. On March 15, I 
visited his establishment and was shown several 
healthy-looking fry about '4 in. in total length includ- 
ing caudal. They resembled the adults but were pro- 
portionately more slender with larger caudal fins. 
These he estimated to be three weeks old. 

The fish had spawned and earlier fry hatched in 
a 14x 9x 9 inch tank placed in a window with water 
temperature fairly uniform at perhaps 64 degrees, 
and depth of water about 6 in. ‘The tank had a “good 
growth of water plants, much fine vegetation, plenti- 
ful algae. Although precise records had not been 
kept, I obtained the following opinion from those 
who had kept and cared for the fish. Younger fry 
than those referred to above hatched March 9 res 
spawn deposited on February 24, a period of just 
two weeks. 

J. EE NicHors; 
New Y ork No ¥ 


FISH RECORDS FROM ORIENT, LONG 
ISLAND. 
The following records refer to fishes taken near 


Orient, Long Island, New York. All the specimens 
referred to were collected by the writer and with the 


COPEIA 39 


exception of the Siphostoma have recently been iden- 
tified at the American Museum of Natural History. 
Some of the species mentioned are common, but the 
dates of occurrence given are of interest. 

Round Herring Htrumeus sadina. Of less reg- 
ular occurrence than Clupea harengus, although more 
or less common every summer, May to October. It 
was unusually abundant in 1915, as many as ten bar- 
rels being taken in one lift of fishing pounds during 
June, July, August and September. It is called 
spearing and sardine, and not differentiated by some 
fishermen from the common herring. 


Common Anchovy. Stolephorus mitchilli. A 
specimen 8 in. total length. Sound. Nov. 4, 1915. 

Pipefish, Siphostoma fuscum. 'Two taken in 
Long Island Sound, March 1, 1916. 

Northern Barracuda, Sphyraena borealis. A 
specimen 10 in. total length was taken in the Sound, 
November 6, 1915. 

Sead. Decapterus punctatus. A specimen 5% 
in. total length. Sound. October 28. 

Gogegle-eyed Sead. T'rachurops crumenoph- 
thalmus. A specimen 5%4 in. total length. Sound. 
October 18, 1915. 

Big-eye. Pricanthus arenatus. ‘Two specimens 
3% and 4 in. total length. Sound. October 10 and 
21, 1914. A few (all about this size) are taken ev- 
ery fall, September to November. The two speci- 
mens referred to have well developed preopercular 
spines. 

Filefish. Monacanthus hispidus. A specimen 
3% in. total length. Sound. November 8, 1915. 

Mitchill’s Sculpin. Myowocephalus mitchilli. A 
specimen 4% in. total length. Bay. April 14, 1916. 

Lump fish. Cyclopterus lumpus. A specimen 
two inches total length. Sound. October 25, 1914. 
We get a few of this species, usually about 3 in. long, 
every season, although it is never common. 


40 COPEIA 


Naked Goby. Gobiosoma bosci. A specimen 
14 in. total length. Orient Bay. October 30, 1914. 


Rock Eel. Pholis gunnellus. A specimen 34 
in. total length. Sound. November 15, 1915. 


Roy LatHam, 
Orient, N. Y. 


[Mr. Latham’s dried specimen identified as My- 
oxwocephalus mitchilli differs from specimens of aene- 
us strikingly in color, being darker, the dark and 
white more contrasted, the fins more boldly marked. 
The ventral fins especially have three or four very 
bold black cross-bands, broader than the white inter- 
spaces, whereas in aeneus they are but faintly marked. 
The back seems to have been less elevated than in 
aeneus and the spinous dorsal is more elevated, espe- 
cially posteriorly, its longest spines equal 42 head. 
Evidently this is the form described by De Kay as 
mitchili (Cuvier & Valenciennes), (New York 
Fauna, Fishes 1842), and presumedly scorpio (Mit- 
chill) on which mitchilli (C. & V.) was based. It 
is the same as a specimen with 10 anal rays (No. 718 
A. M. N. H..) which was probably supposed to be 
the young of the Daddy Sculpin, groenlandicus, as it 
is in the same jar with a specimen of that species from 
Casco Bay, Maine, both labelled scorpiodes! This lat- 
ter specimen of mitchilli is in good preservation. It 
has the back little elevated and the spinous dorsal a 
little higher than any aeneus examined,—-its longest 
spine not quite half head. ‘The colors are like those 
of Mr. Latham’s specimen. An aeneus 4'4 in., total 
length from Long Island with unusually high spi- 
nous dorsal has its longest spine 2.8 in head. No sat- 
isfactory structural difference, however, has been 
found between these two specimens of mitchilli, and 
aeneus. It is possible that recent authors are correct 
i synonimizing the forms but they look different.— 


Ed.] 


COPEIA 41 


RECORDS OF NORTHERN NEW JERSEY 
FISHES. 


Early in January, 1915, Prof. R. C. Osburn 
kindly forwarded me records of additions to the New 
York Aquarium obtained in New Jersey waters. 
These were derived from the notes of Mr. W. I. De- 
Nyse. I am indebted to both these gentlemen for 
the opportunity of presenting the greater part of 
the following list: 'The localities are Belford (b), 
Sandy Hook (s), from off Seabright to off Long 
Branch (0) in 6 to 17 fathoms. Butler (bu), Boon- 
ton (bo), Lake Weequahic (w). I am alsc indebted 
to Mr. C. F. Silvester for notes on fishes at Klberon 
(e), Manasquan (m), North Long Branch (n), 
Long Branch (1) and Princeton in the canal (c), 
and Stony Brook (p). Petromyzon marinus (b, p.), 
Carcharias taurus (b), Mustelus mustelus (s, 0, 1.), 
Eulamia milberti (b, 0.), H. obscurus (1), Sphyrna 
sygaena (1), Squalus acanthias (0, 1, e, m.), Raja 
erinacea (b, 0, |.), R. ocellata (1), R. eglanteria (0), 
FR. laevis, (b, 0, 1.), Narcobatus nobilianus (s, one 
June, 1909), Dasyatis centroura (0), Rhinoptera 
bonasus (b, one October 13, 1912), Acipenser sturio 
(b), Z'arpan atlanticus (b), Dorosoma cepedianum 
(c), Pomolobus mediocris (b), P. pseudoharengus 
(b), Alosa sapidissima (b), Brevoortia tyrannus 
(b), Ameiurus nebulosus (w), Schilbeodes gyrinus 
(p), Abramis crysoleucas (w, bu, bo.), Notropis cor- 
nutus (p), Carassius auratus (bu), Catostomus com- 
mersonnu (bo), Hrimyzon sucetta oblongus (c, p.), 
E'sox americanus (c), E. reticulatus (bu, Charlottes- 
burg), Fundulus majalis (s, Shrewsbury River), F. 
heteroclitus macrolepidotus (s), F'. diaphanus (Bay- 
shore), Cyprinodon variegatus (s), T'ylosurus mari- 
nus (s), Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (s), Syngna- 
thus fuscus (m), Hippocampus hudsonius (1, s, b.), 
Mugil curema (b?,s.), Scomber scombrus (e), Sarda 
sarda (1, m.), Thunnus thynnus (1, n.), Scombero- 
morus maculatus (1), Trichiurus lepturus (1), Istio- 


42 COPEILA 


phorus nigricans (n), Seriola zonata (1, 0.), Poma- 
tomus saltatriw (s, b, n.), Trachinotus falcatus (b), 
Rachycentron canadum (b), Poronotus triacanthus 
(e), Aphredoderus sayanus (c), Lepomis auritus 
(c, p.), Pomotis gibbosus (bu, bo, w, p.), Microp- 
terus dolomieu, (w, bo, Millstone River below Rocky 
Hill), M. salmoides (bo), Perca flavescens (bu, bo, 
¢c, p.), Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi (p), Roccus line- 
atus (b, 1, Barnegat), Morone americana (s), Cen- 
tropristis striatus (s, b.), Stenotomus chrysops (s, 
b.), Lagodon rhomboides (b), Mullus auratus (s), 
Cynoscion regalis (1, s, b.), Bairdiella chrysura (s), 
Leiostomus xanthurus (s, b.), Micropogon undula- 
tus (b), Menticirrhus saxatilis (s, e.), Pogonias cro- 
mis (b), TLautogolabrus adspersus (b), Tautoga 
onitis (1, s, b.), Balistes carolinensis (0), Alutera 
schoepfu (s, b, n.), Stephanolepis hispidus (b, s.), 
Lagocephalus laevigatus (0), Spheroides maculatus 
(o, s, b.), Chilomycterus schoepfi (s, b.), Myowoce- 
phalus octodecimspinosus (n, m, 0.), M. aeneus (s, 
b.), Prionotus evolans strigatus (s, b, 0.), P. caro- 
linus (0, s, b.), Paralichthys dentatus (b, s, 0, 1.), 
Pseudopleuronectes americanus (s), Achirus fascia- 
tus (b), Leptecheneis naucrates (b), Opsanus tau 
(s, b, l.), Astroscopus guttatus (s), Enchelyopus an- 
guillaris (0), Rissola marginata (b), Gadus callarias 
(0), Pollachius virens (0), Microgadus tomcod (s). 
Urophycis regius (s,1.), U. chuss (0), U. tenuis (0), 
Merluccius bilinearis (b, 1.), Lophius piscatorius (0, 
].), Leptocephalus conger (1). 
Henry W. Fow ier, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


BURROWING HABITS OF THE BOX 
TURTLE. 

Dr. Overton’s note in Coprra No. 26 on “Aquat- 
ic Habits of the Box Turtle” (Cistudo carolina) re- 
calls to the writer observations on Long Island, which 
indicate periods of aestivation for this species. 


Rie > ty 


COPEIA 43 


At Yaphank box turtles can always be found in 
considerable numbers during hot summer weather 
buried to a depth of from six to ten inches in the mud 
bordering a pool and several springs of a cranberry 
bog. On short visits to the region, usually two or 
three days, it could not be ascertained with certainty 
how long a time the turtles remain buried, yet that 
it must be for days, and, during prolonged droughts, 
probably for weeks appears certain, since in many 
cases observed the entry holes of the turtle burrows 
had been almost closed through sagging, followed by 
drying of the mud. From such burrows the turtles 
could not escape, except by breaking through the 
crust of mud at the top. 

While the burrowing habit of the box turtle is 
commonplace and well-known, the gathering of such 
numbers of this species as witnessed by the writer 
and Mr. Wm. T. Davis during August, 1918, on 
Shelter Island, no doubt, is unusual. In a short, nar- 
row ditch, partly filled with mud and water, we count- 
ed sixty, without disturbing the turtles, and there 
probably were as many more packed away in the 
mud. New arrivals were still coming in from the 
surrounding wood. 

Grorce P. ENGELHARDT, 
Brooklyn, N.Y. 


THE BREEDING SEASON OF BUFO 
MARINUS (L) IN DEMERARA. 


In a recent number of Copria (February 24, 
1916) Mr. Austin H. Clark says of the breeding sea- 
son of Bufo agua (Bufo marinus L.) “appears to 
breed about the commencement of the rainy season, 
somewhere in November or thereabouts,” crediting 
this statement to Mr. Gilbert E. Bodkin, Govern- 
ment Economic Biologist of British Guiana. 

The writer has no data on the habits of the spe- 
cies in Demerara, except for the months of July, Au- 
gust and September, but it should be recorded that 


44 COPEIA 


on the Demerara River, about thirty-five miles south 
of Georgetown, in 1914, tadpoles were abundant in 
July and August, and a lot taken during the last 
week in July reached the adult stage on and after 
August 16. From this the writer concludes that the 
eges were laid about the first of July, and that in 
Demerara the species breeds in the long wet season, 
from the middle of April to September first. It is 
possible that it also breeds in the short wet season, 
which begins in November and lasts until the end of 
January, as stated by Bodkin, but, in the opinion of 
the writer, this has not as yet been established. 


ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN, 
Ann Arbor, Michigan. 


WATER-SNAKES SWALLOWING FISH. 


At Mastic, Long Island, on May 9, 1915, a small 
water-snake (T'ropidonotus) was observed on the 
shore of Home Creek swallowing a large male Fun- 
dulus heteroclitus, of much greater caliber than it- 
self. The fish was about half engulfed head first, rts 
tail still flopping occasionally. When alarmed the 
snake took to the water, and when pinned to the bot- 
tom with a canoe paddle immediately relinquished 
the fish which swam away. Almost immediately af- 
ter this snake was liberated a water-snake of the same 
size which seemed more strongly marked was seen 
in the water with a somewhat smaller male Fundulus 
which it had seized by the caudal fin. Getting a firm 
hold on the fish; which at times struggled violently, 
it swam ashore with it. The final swallowing took 
place slowly, tail first, the front end of the snake on 
the shore. Finally it was able to close its mouth with 
a gulp around the head of the fish which slipped back 
towards its middle. Comparatively little distorted 
by its meal the snake dived into the water and dis- 


appeared. J.T: NicHors; 
New York, N.Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnois, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, June 24, 1916. No. 32 


ALE 4 4 
Rye aw i SSP= 
—— ee | wa 


- 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


NOTES ON RADCLIFFE’S SHARKS AND 
RAYS OF BEAUFORT 


In his recent publication, The Sharks and Rays 
of Beaufort, North Carolina (Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 
XXXIV, Doc. No. 822), Mr. Lewis Radcliffe has 
given the student of these interesting forms an ex- 
ceptionally fine piece of work, which adds greatly to 
our knowledge of them. By the many beautiful 
figures of dermal denticles and by the prominent 
position which he gives the use of the microscope as 
a means of identification, he has brought into the 
study of the KElasmobranchii added interest and 
greatly increased accuracy and it is to be regretted 
that in a work which will be so constantly before ich- 
thyologists he has accepted in its entirety the nomen- 
clature of Garman (The Plagiostoma, 1913) as this 
pretty surely contains features which will not stand. 
In my recent publication on Mobula I have used the 
name olfersi advisedly. Specimens of this fish which 
I sent to Paris have been compared by Dr. Jacques 
Pellegrin with the topotype of olfersi taken on the 
coast of Brazil in 1816 by Delalande and mentioned 
by Muller and Henle. He has found them to be 
the same species. Bancroft’s description of hypos- 
toma, I consider insufficient (following the opinion 


held by the late Dr. Theodore Gill). 


46 COPEIA 


Radcliffe refers to the small electric ray Narcine 
from Beaufort as Narcine brasiliensis corallina a sub- 
specific name used by Garman for the Florida speci- 
mens apparently on account of their red color. I 
doubt the taxonomic value of this color difference, 
as specimens of Aetobatis which I have observed on 
the west coast of Florida had a reddish color, differ- 
ent from the clear black coloring of North Carolina 
specimens. At any rate Beaufort Narcine, which I 
have taken, have not been reddish. 


The large electric ray Tetronarce occidentalis 
has been excluded from the EKlasmobranchiu of the 
North Carolina coast by Mr. Radcliffe as the records 
on which Dr. Smith included it in Fishes of North 
Carolina were indefinite. When preparing my 
paper on Sharks and Rays of Cape Lookout (Proce. 
Biol. Soc., Wash., 1915, page 89) I was of the same 
opinion, but recently I have taken two examples off 
Cape Lookout, which are now in the American 
Museum of Natural History, New York. 


Referring to Radcliffe’s note on the feeding 
habits of Mobula olfersi (page 280), I will say that 
like most of the Elasmobranchi they have very 
varied feeding habits, but I have often seen them, 
feeding on “minnows,” have caught them on hook 
baited with living “minnow” and have usually found 
in the many that I have examined that they contained 
“minnows” although occasionally I have found that 
they contained substances just as described by Mr. 
Radcliffe, and I saw the examination which he men- 
tions as being made on July 10, 1913, on 9 examples 
[which I had caught the night before, July 9th] by 
Prof. W. P. Hay, and in fact opened several of their 
stomachs for this examination and discussed their 
unusual contents with Prof. Hay. 


COPEIA 47 


Careful measurements of a female Mobula are 
given on page 280 in which “both uteri were equally 
developed,” a condition hard to explain, if this in- 
dividual had ever had young. I have found the 
left uterus only functional in this species. 


Russet. J. Coss, 
Danville, Va. 


ON HEPSETIA BONAPARTE, A FORGOT- 
TEN GENUS OF ATHERINOID FISHES 


The Fauna Italica of Bonaparte was issued in 
large sheets without date or pagination, the date 
usually assigned being 1836. 


In this volume three new genera of Silversides 
(A therinidae), are indicated: Menidia, Membras and 
Hepsetia. Of these, Menidia is defined, but without 
mention of type. Jordan and Gilbert assumed in 
1883 that Atherina menidia lL. was intended as the 
type species, a view which is doubtless correct. Mem- 
bras is also indicated without type. Its definition 
contains nothing tangible. According to Aristotle, 
the “éuBoas or Péeupous is a small fish of the shores of 
Greece, similar to the “fvy or A phya (Atherina hep- 
setus), but not so good as food. ‘This account may fit 
Atherina mochon Cuv. and Val, a small species also 
found in Greece, and is very likely the original 
wéupoas. In want of other information we may take 
Atherina mochon as type of Membras in which case 
Membras becomes a synonym of Atherina. Hepsetia 
has been thus far overlooked. Its type is expressly 
stated to be Atherina boyeri Risso, while that of .Ath- 
erina is Atherina hepsetus L. Hepsetia is defined as 
having rather strong teeth in the jaws, vomer and 


48 COPEIA 


palatines, the head smail, the first dorsal over the ven- 
trals. Atherina is defined by Bonaparte as having 
very minute teeth, a sharper head and the dorsal over 
the middle of the length of the pectorals. 


“As a matter of fact, there is no important dif- 
ference in the position of the dorsal, which, in both 
species, is over the middle of the ventrals when de- 
pressed, and well behind the tip of the pectorals. 
Atherina boyerit has a shorter head, more oblique 
mouth and rather larger teeth. But in this no generic 
difference appears. Hepsetia like Membras, must be 
considered as a synonym of Atherina. 


Davip Srarr JORDAN, 
Stanford University, Calif. 


AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM ON LONG 
ISLAND 


Ova and Early Larval Development 


Snow and frost prevailing throughout March, 
field work during the present year was not resumed 
until April 7th, “observations again being made on 
the Hudson Estate near Syosset, L. I. The day was 
sunny, but not warm, with a strong north wind. Mr. 
R. Deckert, of the New Yor k Zoological Park, 
accompanied the writer. In the woods there were 
still patches of snow and ice, and the pools, which had 
served as breeding places last year and had become 
dry in summer or ‘fall, were now filled to overflowing, 
indeed, in some places formed ponds of considerable 
size and depth. Examination of the flooded regions 
in the woods soon showed that they contained very 
little aquatic life, aside from numerous fairy shrimps 
(Branchippus vernalis), a few insects, and occasion- 
ally a woodfrog (Rana sylvatica), or a green frog 
(Rana clamata). The spring chorus of wood frogs 


COPEILA 49 


and peepers (Hyla pickeringi) came entirely from 
ponds in adjoining meadows. One of these ponds, 
from which last season a number of Amblystoma 
larvae were obtained, again showed a profusion of 
life. One corner teemed with woodfrogs, many of 
them paired, while others had finished breeding to 
judge from the egg masses attached to twigs and 
branches just below the surface of the water. The 
more secretive peepers were oftener heard than seen. 
Cricket frogs (Acris gryllus crepitans) were also out, 
but not yet in song. 


Though our hopes of finding adults of A. tagri- 
num, either breeding in the water or hiding on the 
land, were not realized, we did notice, at some distance 
from shore and barely visible at the depth of a foot 
or more below the wind-ruffled surface, several masses 
of jelly attached to the stalks of dead plants. Secur- 
ing one by means of a long-handled landing net, and 
feeling sure that it represented an egg-mass of A. 
tigrinum, Mr. Deckert waded in and obtained ten 
more. He also observed many others in inaccessible 
parts of the pond. 


The egg-masses are rounded oblong or kidney- 
shaped. The largest measures 3 x 2 inches, the aver- 
age being about two-thirds of that size. ‘The number 
of eggs is 80 in the smallest and 110 in the largest 
mass. Unlike the egg-masses of woodfrogs, which 
are composed of an aggregation of small, jelly spheres 
each enveloping an egg, the egg-masses of A. trigi- 
num represent one homogeneous mass of jelly, within 
which the eggs are distributed irregularly. ‘The eggs 
measure 3 mm. in diameter, the animal pole being 
dark brown and the vegetative pole light buff. They 
are closely surrounded by a clear cell 4 mm. in diam- 
eter. I can see no obvious difference between the eggs 
of this salamander and those of A. punctatum, except 
that the egg-masses of the latter species average larger 
in size and usually contain considerably over 100 eggs. 


50 COPEIA 


Unfertilized ova, indicated by white, opaque eggs, 
amount to about 20%. While actual observations 
concerning the date of ovulation were not obtained, 
it seems safe to assume that this could not have taken 
place until the ponds were at least partially free from 
ice, which would fix the date not earlier than April 
Ist. Some of the egg-masses, judging from the ad- 
vanced state of disintegration of the unfertilized ova, 
probably were deposited about that date, others, esti- 
mated on the same basis, were not over 2 or 3 days 
old. Workmen on the Hudson Estate had not come 
across any of the adult salamanders so far during the 
present season. 

April 10th—The ova of two out of four egg- 
masses kept in an aquarium at the laboratory have 
changed in form from spherical to arcuate, causing a 
proportionate enlargement of the clear cell surround- 
ing them. ‘The ova in the other two egg-masses are 
still spherical though somewhat enlarged. 


April 18th—Two larvae have hatched and are 
actively swimming about. ‘Total length, 138 mm. 
Head very large, flattened. Eyes prominent, pupil 
black, iris speckled golden yellow. Gills and caudal 
membrane well developed. Yolk sack almost ab- 
sorbed. Limbs not visible. Color, dorsally olive grey, 
speckled and irregularly blotched; ventrally pale buff. 
Magnification shows asteroid arrangement of pigment 
cells embedded in skin. Caudal membrane, extending 
dorsally to gill slits and ventrally to vent, is translu- 
cent, showing very faint pigmentation. 


Developing embryos frequently turn or wriggle 
within the clear cells which attain a maximum diam- 
eter of 10 mm. and are filled with “watery fluid.” 


April 22d.—Twelve larvae have hatched. They 
are feeding on the very young nymphs of mayflies 
and dragonflies, introduced with aquatic plants. 


COPEIA 51 


The remaining egg-masses are showing signs of 
decomposition and have been thrown out. A lot of 
ova of Rana sylvatica, collected for the purpose of 
feeding the Amblystoma larvae with young tadpoles, 
also had to be discarded for the same reason. 


Accepting April Ist as the earliest date of ovula- 
tion, the average hatching period would be 20 days 
7 under natural conditions out of doors and 13 in the 
laboratory at an average air temperature of 65° F. 


May 9th.—F¥ield observations. Another breed- 
ing place has been located in the woods north of the 
Syosset Railroad Station. Shallow pools, formed by 
melting snow earlier in the season, contain many egg- 
masses. An adjacent pond, stocked with fish, has 
none. 


On the Hudson Kstate a lower water level of the 
pools revealed many more egg-masses than were seen 
in April. The meadow pool alone (surface area 
about half an acre) has close to 100. Quite a number 
of the egg-masses are still in the arcuate embryo 
state; others have hatched recently. Evidently ovu- 
lation has been continued since the visit, April 7. 
The young larvae are rarely seen swimming: about, 
but remain on the bottom, well concealed in their per- 
fect color harmony with the vegetation. ‘The hatch- 
ing period, under natural conditions out of doors, 
appears to vary between 30 and 40 days, subject to 
weather conditions. 


The young larvae, hatched in aquarium April 
18 to 22, now measure 18 mm. in length. Daphnia 
and other small aquatic life so far have served as 


food. 
GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT, 


Brooklyn, N. Y. 


52 COPEIA 


THE NIGHT LIZARD OF THE MOJAVE 
DESERT (XANTUSIA VIGILIS) 
IN WINTER. 


A specimen of NXantusia vigilis, the peculiar 
night lizard of the Mojave Desert, in California, was 
collected by the writer about 30 miles southeast of 
Daggett, on December 29, 1915. It was found by 
splitting open a Tree Yucca, which, though dead, 
was still standing. ‘The lizard occupied a small cav- 
ity in the heart of the plant, and was fairly active 
when picked out, especially after having been warmed 
for a few minutes in the hands. The weather was 
cold, and a snow storm occurred on the following 
days, when continued search, both in fallen and stand- 
ing Yuccas, failed to reveal further trace of Yan- 
tusia, with the single exception of a shed skin, which 
was also found in the heart of a standing Yucca. 
This brief note supplements those given by Dr. John 
Van Denburgh (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sex, V., June, 
1897, p. 126). 

Carn L. Hiwsss, 


Stanford University, Calif. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuo_s, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, July 24, 1916. No. 33 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


LAE. VORACITY OF GK, SOUTE 
AMERICAN HOPLIAS 


Many of the sucker-like and carp-like Characins, 
such as Prochilodus and Leporinus when caught in 
the seine will lie quietly dormant, but Hoplias, if per- 
mitted to remain undisturbed, is almost certain to 
bite its way out. This habit, said to be fairly common 
in the fishes of the Amazonian basin, is not often 
found in the fishes of the Pacifie coastal streams. 


In May, 1913, when upon the Landon Expedi- 
tion of Indiana University, I was collecting in the 
Rio San Juan of Western Colombia. One morning 
at one of the Indian ranchos, where we had passed 
the night, one of the Indians brought in a large Hop- 
lias, which he had evidently caught with hook and 
line and had dispatched by the crash of a machete 
through its brain. This specimen measured about 
twenty inches and had the abdomen greatly distended. 
The Indians called my attention to this and upon 
opening the fish, we took out an eight-inch catfish 
(Pimelodus wagneri). This, with the head of its cap- 
tor, I procured in exchange for a few fish-hooks and 
they are now in the Museum of Indiana University. 


Like most of the South American catfishes, Pime- 
lodus is equipped with a very sharp dorsal and strong 
jagged pectoral spines. Just how Hoplias can man- 
age to capture these fishes is not known. It is quite 


54 COPEIA 


possible that the remarks of Harrington [American 
Naturalist XX XITI, 1899, p. 721] about the Afri- 
can Poly pterus may also apply to Hoplias. 


ArtHuR W. HEnNnN, 
New York, N. Y. 


NOTES OF THE FISHES OF THE PEE- 
DEE RIVER BASIN, NORTH AND 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 


During the last week of March and the first week 
of April, 1916, the writer made a journey by canoe 
from near Pinebluff, N. C., to Georgetown, S. C., 
following the Lumbee, Lumber, Little Peedee, Big 
Peedee, and Waccamaw Rivers. ‘The following is a 
list of fishes observed. No attempt was made at sys- 
tematic collecting, and the only apparatus used was 
a small dip-net, and occasionally a hook and _ line. 

All records, unless otherwise mentioned, are 
from the Little Peedee River, between its Junctions 
with the Lumber and the Big Peedee. 

1. Amiatus calous (innaeus). A single ex- 
ample, about 2 feet long was taken in an overflow 
pool near the river on April Ist. It was guardmg 
its nest, in which the young were just hatching. 

2. Ameiurus platycephalus (Girard). Abun- 
dant. Many examples taken on hook and line. 

3. Schilbeodes insignis (Richardson). One ex- 
ample, 40 mm. long. 

4, Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede). Two 
examples, 44 and 57 mm. long. 

5. Hrimyzon sucetta (Lacepede). One exam- 
ple, about 9 inches long, seen in a gill net. The colora- 
tion was very brilliant, approaching that of Perca 
flavescens. 

6. Mowostoma sp. Abundant. Many seen in 
the possession of natives. None examined. 


COPEIA 55 


7. Notropis procne (Cope). Abundant, and 
of rich coloration. Five examples, 27 to 39 mm. 
lone. 


8. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. Abundant in the 
Big Peedee River. Many seen breaking water along 
the shore. 

9. Anguilla rostrata (le Sueur). Abundant. 
Six small examples, 96 to 130 mm. taken in dip-net, 
and many larger ones with hook and line. 


10. Hsoxv americanus Gmelin. Abundant, and 
of remarkably brilliant coloration. ‘Pen examples, 
27 to 165 mm. long. 

11. Hsow reticulatus Le Sueur. Common. 
Two examples 42 and 118 mm. long. 


12. Kundulus nottti (Agassiz). Abundant. 
Seven examples 49 to 71 mm. long. Females with 
eges (about 2 mm. in diameter) nearly ripe. 

13. Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard). Abun- 
dant. Numerous examples, 26 to 47 mm. long. 

14. Chologaster cornutus Agassiz. Six exam- 
ples of this interesting species were taken, all in drifts 
of submerged dead leaves at the foot of sand-bars or 
in shallow indentations of the bank. Associated with 
this species in such places were numerous larval sala- 
manders, and the resemblance of the two, in shape, 
color and movement, was striking. Four males, 34 
to 40 mm. long, and two females 38 and 41 mm. long, 
were secured. ‘The females contained large yellow 
egos, 1 to 1/2 mm. in diameter, which appeared to be 
nearly ripe. 

This fish moves in short wrigeling dashes of as- 
tonishing rapidity from hiding place to hiding place. 
One example survived a trying journey to Wash- 
ington, where it is now living in a small aquarium. 

15. Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams). Abun- 
dant. Seventeen examples 32 to 73 mm. long. Two 
females, 57 and 73 mm. with eges nearly ripe. 'The 
rest, all under 42 mm. in length, were immature. 


56 COPEIA 


16. Hlassoma sp. Abundant, and varying 
greatly as to color. Twenty-eight examples, 18 to 31 
mm. long, including some adult females with hard 
roe. 

The sexual differences appear to be marked. 
Specific determination is not attempted here, but it 
is hoped that a large number of adults will be brought 
alive to Washington for further study. 

17. Pomowis sparoides (Lacepede). Common. 
One small example taken. 

18. Centrarchus macropterus (Lacepede). 
Common. One small example taken. 

19. Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuv. & Val.). 
Abundant, and extremely dark in coloration. ‘Three 
examples, 200, 230 and 240 mm. taken with hook and 
line. 


20. EHnneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook). 
Abundant. Seven examples 22 to 78 mm. long. 

21. Mesogonistius chactodon (Baird). Com- 
mon. One example 57 mm. long. 

22. Lepomis auritus (Linnaeus). Abundant, 
and of large size. Coloration very dark. One ex- 
ample 270 mm. long. 

23. Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). Abun- 
dant. One example 61 mm. long. 

24. Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Common, and 
of very brillant color. One example seen in gill net. 

25. Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard). Abun- 
dant. ‘Two examples 48 and 45 mm. 


W. W. WELSH, 
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


LONG ISLAND TURTLES. 


The following notes are published as a basis for 
the extension of season, range, number of species 
and knowledge of life history, of the Chelonia of 
Long Island. Information regarding the status of 


COPEIA 57 


several species is very incomplete, and it is hoped 
that additional data may soon be recorded. ‘The only 
previous list referring to the turtles of the island is 
that of Mr. G. P. Engelhardt in The Museum News, 
Brooklyn, Vol. VIII, 1913, p. 128. Mr. Engelhardt 
includes in his list the wood tortoise (Chelopus in- 
sculptus), but he has since informed me that subse- 
quent investigation has not confirmed the validity of 
a supposed record for this species. 

1. Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli). Leather- 
back turtle. Of occasional occurrence along our coast. 
Large specimens have been taken several times on 
New Jersey beaches, once at New London, Conn., 
twice or more in Buzzards Bay, Mass., and at least 
once on the coast of Nova Scotia. 

Dr. Frank Overton writes me that a “1,000- 
pound leatherback was caught in a sturgeon net off 
Patchogue about twenty years ago.” 

2. Caretta caretta (.). Loggerhead turtle. 
This species has an observed range in the Atlantic 
extending from the coast of Scotland to 37° south 
latitude. It is a regular summer visitor to Long Is- 
land, frequently entering inlets from the Sound. In 
July, 1905, Mr. Gustavus Tooker captured a sixty- 
five pound specimen in Mt. Sinai Harbor by spearing 
it in the back with an eel-spear. In July, 1910, I 
bought an example weighing over 70 pounds in 
Fulton Market. It had been captured near New 
Work. 

Others, including one weighing 400 pounds, have 
been taken within New York Bay. During late No- 
vember I once found five small loggerheads, of about 
twenty pounds weight, on the South beach at Mt. 
Sinai. They had probably been killed by the cold and 
had been thrown up along the tide line. ‘Two small 
specimens in the Brooklyn Museum were taken at 
Lynbrook by Mr. Jacob Doll. 

Mr. Roy Latham, of Orient, has records for this 
species from June 14, 1907, to December 4, 1915. 


58 COPEIA 


He states that examples are caught sparingly in fish 
traps in the Sound and Gardiner’s Bay, and even in 
the smaller, shallow bays. One specimen examined 
by him weighed 125 pounds. 

3. Hretmochelys imbricata (.). Hawksbill 
turtle. This species is recorded by Sumner, Osburn 
and Cole, as being more common than the logger- 
head in Buzzards Bay, Mass. Mr. V. N. Edwards, 
of Woods Hole, reports having seen examples in the 
Long Island Sound as late as Thanksgiving Day. 
They were taken then exhausted by cold. 

4. Chelonia mydas (L.). Green turtle. ‘The 
green turtle has been several times recorded from the 
coast of New Jersey, and also from Rhode Island. 
Mr. Latham took one which weighed thirty pounds 
in the Sound off Orient, on September 30, 1914. In 
Fulton Market the writer once saw a live one weigh- 
ing eighteen pounds, which was said to have been 
caught off the south coast of Long Island. 

5. Chelydra serpentina (1.). Snapping turtle. 
Generally distributed and locally common. At Ori- 
ent, where it was formerly very abundant, it is in 
evidence from April to October. The largest speci- 
men seen by Mr. Latham weighed 30 pounds. Mr. 
Latham has found the eggs in June, buried in the 
sand of a hillside about 200 feet from a pond. Mr. 
W. T. Davis has seen both the turtles and their eggs 
in the vicinity of Tobacco Lot Pond, Gardiner’s Is- 
land, in June. At Mastic and elsewhere, I have fre- 
quently found deposits of eges which had apparently 
been dug up by foxes or racoons. 

The name by which the snappers are known 
along the south shore is “torup.” At Mastic, accord- 
ing to Mr. Francis Harper, at least one fisherman 
used to capture them to sell to the Poospatuck Indi- 
ans, who prize the flesh. On June 13, 1915, Mr. 
Harper and Mr. J.T. Nichols found a large carapace 
of a freshly-eaten torup in a rubbish heap near one 


of the Poospatuck cabins. 
1Bull. Bur. Fisheries, XX XI, 1911, Pt. 2, p. 774. 


COPEIA 59 


6. Kinosternon pennsylvanicum (Gmelin). 
Mud turtle. “General in streams and ponds, and 
still common in such environments within the city 
limits of Brooklyn,” (Kngelhardt). Mr. Engelhardt 
has taken this species at Casino Lake, Flushing, and 
in Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Mr. Nichols has found 
examples on the inner beach at Mastic. Dr. Overton 
took one in the salt marshes at Kast Patchogue, on 
September 9, 1913. 

7. Aromochelys odoratus (Watreille). Musk 
turtle. Shells of four musk turtles were found near 
the water’s edge of Long Pond, Wading River, by 
Wed. Davis, on August 8, 1912. Mr. Davis still 
has one of the carapaces. 

8. Malaclemmys centrata concentrica (Shaw). 
Diamond-back terrapin. Formerly common in the 
bays of Long Island, as elsewhere along the Atlantic 
coast, but now rather rare because it has been hunted 
so persistently for the market. I have taken exam- 
ples in Mt. Sinai Harbor, and I remember seeing, 
along the tidal creeks of this bay, pens of chicken- 
wire containing scores of diamond-backs being held 
for the visit of the wholesale dealer. Mr. Nichols 
reports a similar pen at Brookhaven, where several 
hundred of the terrapin were recently confined. A 
fisherman of Mt. Sinai, who deals in these turtles, 
once found a Jarge example on the pine barrens three 
or four miles south of the harbor. 

At Orient, Mr. Latham has taken this species 
in fishing fikes, from April to November. 

9. Chrysemys picta (Hermann). Painted tur- 
tle. Very plentiful in streams and ponds. March 
iM 9l5, » (Evempstead); to October 31, 1915, 
(Mastic). 

10. Clemmys guttatus (Schneider). Spotted 
turtle. Abundant in ponds and streams, and active 
from March until November. 

WW. EHmydoidea blandingi (Holbrook). Bland- 
ing’s turtle. Known on Long Island from a single 


60 COPEIA 


specimen found by Mr. John J. Schoonhoven at 
Queens, in June, 1909, and recorded in “Science,” 
IN. 5. ke ee TOL, ap: OZ. 

12. Terrapene carolina’ (1..). Box’ tortoise. 
Abundant throughout the island. April 2 to Novem- 
ber 10 (Orient). Mr. Latham has found the eggs 
in cultivated fields durmg June and July. 


R. C. Murpuy, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nichots, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, August 24, 1916. No. 34 


: 1 
gos 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


FISHES OF THE SALTON SEA. 


Recently (May 7-14) I visited Salton Sea in 
southern California and, incidentally, obtained some 
information regarding the fishes of that interesting 
body of water. 


As is well known, the Salton Sea was formed 
in 1905-6 by the breaking of a dike which permitted 
the water of the Colorado River to rush through 
into the Salton Sink, a vast area below sea-level. 
Although the break was finally gotten under con- 
trol, and the lake began to dry up, it has, neverthe- 
less, remained an enormous expanse of water. The 
depth varies considerably within the year, being 
greatest in the winter and least in the fall. The 
average depth for any one year is always somewhat 
less than that of the previous year. Considerable 
fresh water finds its way into the lake each year by 
seepage from the irrigation operations in Imperial 
Valley, so that the water is kept fresher than it other- 
wise would be. 


When the water was flowing in through the 
break in the dike, some fishes were carried with it. 
At one time they were said to be very abundant. 
Just how abundant they were can not now be deter- 
mined, nor do we know all the species represented. 
At the present time the following species are known 
to be in the lake: 


62 COPEIA 


1. Carp, Cyprinus carpio. This is undoubt- 
edly the most abundant species. It probably escaped 
into the Colorado River from private fish ponds in 
Arizona. I saw several specimens, all of good size 
(3 to 10 pounds) at Cormorant Island. 


2. Bony-tail, Gila elegans. Said to be not un- 
common; I saw no specimens. 


3. Humpback Sucker, Yyrauchen  cypho. 
Rather common; I saw several specimens. ‘They all 
had a starved appearance. 


4. Colorado River Trout, Salmo pleuriticus. 
Although the water of the Salton Sea is quite brack- 
ish, strongly alkaline, and very warm, this trout 
seems to thrive in it amazingly well. It is said to be 
fairly common. I saw one fine example about 16 
inches long. It was in excellent condition, albeit 
somewhat bleached in color. 


- 


5. Common mullet, Mugil cephalus. Next to 
the Carp, the most common species. Numerous 
examples were seen. It is said to reach a large size 
(as much as 6 pounds) and to be unusually fine as 
a food-fish. 


6. Desert Cyprinodont, Cyprinodon  macu- 
larius. This interesting little fish was found in 
Figtree John spring in a small oasis near the north 
end of the lake some 7 miles southwest of Mecca. 
This spring or water hole was grown up thickly with 
cattails (Typha latifolia) and the surface of the 
water was covered with a thick coating of alge of 
various species. The water was only a few inches 
deep and quite warm, perhaps as warm as 90° to 100° 
on hot days. The fish, however, were active and ap- 
parently in good condition. I caught a number of 
them and succeeded in brmging two alive to San 
Francisco. One of them died a few days ago, the 
other is still alive and doing well. 


This cyprinodont appears to be found in many 
of the isolated springs and water-holes in the deserts 


COPEIA 63 


of southern California. Only this week (June 1) 
Mr. Samuel Hubbard of Oakland, brought me 14 
fine specimens of this species from Saratoga Springs, 
Death Valley, where Mr. Hubbard says they are 
very abundant. 
Barton WarREN EVERMANN, 
San Francisco, Calif. 


A COMPARISON OF ATLANTIC AND 
PACIFIC SPECIMENS OF THE 
HAMMER-HEAD SHARK, 
SPHYRNA ZYGAENA. 


In their review of the elasmobranchs of Japan, 
Jordan and Fowler (Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., X XVI, 
598, 1903) raise the question whether the hammer- 
head of the Pacific usually referred to Sphyrna zy- 
gaena is really identical with that species from the 
Atlantic. They say that specimens from the two re- 
gions need comparison. 

I have recently made a detailed comparison of 
hammer-heads from the Atlantic and Pacific and 
found them absolutely similar, and this note is in- 
tended to record this fact. 

The specimens examined were, one from Woods 
Hole, Mass., 60.5 cm. in length, and two from Japan 
respectively 51 and 56 cm. ‘The three were found 
entirely similar in all characters that could be con- 
sidered specifically diagnostice—such as, body propor- 
tions, shape and position of the fins, form and relative 
size of the “hammer,” and the size and position of 
the eye, mouth and gill area. The coloration only 
was a little different, the Woods Hole specimen 
being dark brown above while the Japanese ones 
were blackish gray. This, however, is not important 
since differences in coloration are not rare in fishes 
from widely separated localities, and besides, it may 
have been due to different preserving fluids having 
been used in the two cases. } 


64 COPEL A 


It is worth noting, by the way, that the three 
specimens showed nicely three successive stages im 
the growth of the teeth in the hammer-head. In the 
51 em. shark no teeth had yet appeared in either jaw. 
In the 56 cm. one, minute teeth could be felt by the 
finger in the lower jaw, but none could be detected 
in the upper. In the 60.5 cm. specimen, teeth were 
well developed in both jaws and were from 1.5 mm.° 
to 3 mm. in height. Since none of the three speci- 
mens was embryonic, but all were free-swimming 
young sharks, it follows that Sphyrna zygaena is 
born toothless and that teeth make their appearance 
when the shark is about 55 em. in length. The teeth 
then grow rapidly, reaching a length of 1.5 to 3 mm. 
in height by the time the shark is 60 cm. i length. 


L. Hussakor, 
New York, N.Y. 


NOTES ON SOME FISHES FROM CHILI. 
Through the kindness of Dr. W. P. Wilson, I 


have been enabled to examine some market-fishes 
received from Valparaiso by the Commercial Mu- 
seum of Philadelphia. Among them I found: 
Catulus chilensis (Guichenot), Squalus acan- 
thias, Linn., Raja lima, Peoppig, R. flavirostris, 
Philippi, Callorynchus callorynchus (Linn.), Caras- 
situs auratus (Limn.), Ophichthus ocellatus (Le 
Sueur), Clupanodon sagax (Jenyns), EHthmidiwm 
coerulea (Valenciennes), Mugil cephalus, Linn., 
Sarda chilensis (Valenciennes), T'hyrsites atwn 
(Euphrasen), Seriolella violacea, Guichenot, T'ra- 
churus picturatus (Bowdish), Percichthys trucha 
(Valenciennes), Paralabrax humeralis (Valencien- 
nes), Isacia conceptions (Valenciennes), Sciaena 
fasciata ('‘Tschudi), Aplodactylus punctatus, Valen- 
ciennes, Chromis crusma (Valenciennes), Sebastodes 
darwimt (Cramer), 8. chilensis, Stemdachner, Ping- 
uipes chilensis (Molina), Prolatilus jugularis (Val- 


COPEIA 65 


enciennes), Porichthys porosus (Valenciennes), Go- 
biesow marmoratus, Jenyns, Scartichthys eques 
(Steindachner), Genypterus blacodes (Schneider), 
Eleginops maclovina (Valenciennes), Bovichthus 
diacanthus (Carmichael), Paralichthys king ti 


(Jenyns). 
; Henry W. Fowl ter, 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


A LARGE POLYODON FROM IOWA. 


The American Museum of Natural History has 
received the photograph of a very large, mounted 
Polyodon, taken in Lake Okoboji, Northern Iowa, 
February 22, 1916, by Mr. R. D. Vanderbeck of 
Arnold’s Park, Iowa, who writes that it was taken 
with a spear and gives the length of the fish as 7 ft. 
1 in., its girth 451% in., the length of the bill 17 in. 


Je Nicro0ns: 
New York, N. Y. 


NOTES ON CISTUDO CAROLINA FROM 
ORIENT, LONG ISLAND. 


Considerable has been said in Coprta about the 
aquatic habits of the Box ‘Tortoise on Long Island. 
I would like to put on record a few instances of its 
frequenting both fresh and salt water near Orient. 

One quite remarkable occurrence was in August, 
1909, at Hast Marion. In the center of a dry woods 
there was a depression where the water had recently 
evaporated, leaving a deep oozy mire. In and around 
this sink I counted between sixty and seventy of 
these turtles. More than half of these were partly 
or entirely submerged in the mud. Specimens were 
poked out that were buried near a foot in depth. 
Circling around the hole at varying distances I 
observed numbers of others working toward it from 
all directions. The most surprising thing to me was 


66 COPEIA 


the speed that the more distant ones were traveling. 
It may not be an uncommon fact that the Box Tor- 
toise hurry, but was new to me, for these outsiders 
were moving on at the gait of a fast walk. This was 
a gathering of tortoises that I have never witnessed 
before or since. 

Cistudo also frequently enters salt water near 
Orient. Lying between a sandy cedar-grown beach 
and the mainland of Orient is a bay one mile wide. 
I have on several occasions found these turtles mid- 
way across, always swimming leisurely toward the 
mainland. It seems evident that they enter the water 
of their own free will, as the beach to the south is flat 
and no creeks running out. 

While off on the fishing ledges on the sound I 
have on two occasions seen this species more than half 
a mile from land. Although both these specimens 
were swimming toward the Orient hills to the south, 
they were being carried rapidly east or west with the 
strongly flowing tide. It is a question where these 
specimens came from, whether from the nearest inlet 
fifteen miles west, or the New England rivers. It is 
improbable that they entered the water near Orient. 

The record flood tide of December, 1909, washed 
over a portion of the beach south of the bay that had 
not been inundated in about fifty years. Taking ob- 
servation there a few days after the water had re- 
ceded—which overflowed for one tide only—I found 
four of these turtles that had left their hibernation 
burrows and frozen to death. 'The flood ebbed off in 
the afternoon and that night it became severely cold. 
The salt water coming in from the ocean at that time, 
early in the winter, was warm. In every case the 
animal was not over four feet from the burrow. I 
was interested to notice that the holes were only deep 
enough to slightly cover the shell with sand. 

Whether this species’ preference for eating a 
certain mushroom is well known I am not aware. In 
this section the Russula obscura is devoured almost 


COPEIA 67 


exclusively. When collecting fleshy fungi I have 
wondered at the wisdom of a turtle to pass Amanita, 
Amanitopsis, Lactarius and Boletus forms, while 
only the stipe of practically every Russula obscura 
along the lane is left and the ground strewed with 
crumbs. 

It was a common practice in former days to 
carve initials on the plastron of these tortoises. 
Among: the long list of names in the writer's posses- 
sion is one dated 1838. 

Roy Laruam, 
Orient, N. Y. 


NOTES ON NEW JERSEY BATRACHIANS 
AND REPTILES. 


Spelerpes longicauda, Common along brooks 
and about springs in the Watchung Hills near 
Plainfield. 

Bufo americanus. The common toad of the 
vicinity of Plainfield and, so far as known, of the 
whole southern two-thirds of New Jersey is Bufo 
fowleri. I have found B. americanus at Budd's 
Lake, Newfoundland, and Newton and recently at 
Mine Brook, about one mile west of Bernardsville, 
Somerset Co. The latter locality is a quarter mile 
north of Lat. 40° 42’ and lies in a narrow valley of 
200 feet elevation between hills which on the south 
rise to a height of 530 feet and immediately north 
to 680 feet, two miles further north reaching 857 
heck 

The long parallel trap ridges a few miles to the 
south attain a height of 600 feet, but I have never 
found the American Toad in those hills. The Mine 
Brook locality is the southernmost known station for 
this species in the state. In the more northern New 
Jersey stations, where the altitude is greater, it 1s 
associated with a distinctly more northern flora and 
fauna than that of Mine Brook. 


68 COPEIA 


I first discovered B. americanus at this locality 
on April 11, 1915. On that date there were fully a 
100 of the toads singing and breeding in a small 
pond by the main road near the corner of the Mount 
Harmony Road. A number of specimens were 
secured, all characterized by the large warts, thick, 
fleshy hind feet, and bright yellowish or reddish 
tints of this species, while in many individuals the 
underparts were spotted with black. In the same 
pond were Pickerel Frogs and Spring Peepers 
(Hyla). Eggs of the toad taken home hatched in 
six days or a little less. 


Hyla anderson. About eight years ago James 
Chapin and I found this beautiful Tree Frog at the 
Runyon Pond two miles south of Sayreville, Middle- 
sex Co. Since that time I have found it at several 
other localities in the same region—one mile south 
of Old Bridge, about one mile southeast of Brown- 
town and at Freneau near Matawan. These localities 
are all in the sandy pine barren “island” north of 
the Pine Barrens proper. Thus this species extends 
northward to within three miles or less of the lower 
Raritan River, its range coinciding at this point with 
that of the Carolina Chickadee. 

Virginia valeriae. Some years ago I came across 
several individuals of this small snake on the trap 
ridges immediately north of Plainfield. With one 
exception, they were on the north side of the First 
Mountain at Watchung, a single individual being 
found on the Second Mountain less than a mile 
further north. All were hiding under boards or 
stones in dry deciduous woods. The single specimen 
preserved was collected on May 30, 1903. 

This species has not, so far as IT am aware, been 
found elsewhere in New Jersey, and the above 
locality is its northernmost known station. 


W. DEW. MI .Er, 
Planfield, N. J. 


Edited by J. T. NicnHorts, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, September 24, 1916. No. 35 


ZT w es 


SS Se | eee 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


OCCURRENCE OF GROUND SHARKS, 
CARCHARHINUS, IN GREAT 
SOUTH BAY. 


For the past fifteen years I have harpooned 
sharks in Great South Bay, Long Island, New York, 
and during that period there have been seen from my 
boat probably not less than twenty-five hundred be- 
tween Lindenhurst and Great River on the north 
side of the Bay and Cedar Island and Cherry Grove 
on the south side. I think it is conservative to say 
that between three hundred and fifty and four hun- 
dred have been killed. The greatest number seen 
im any one year of which I have a record was 277 
in 1916 and the greatest number killed was 60 in 
1906. Not counting smaller Sand Sharks (Carchar- 
tas taurus)’ those killed have been of two species, 
namely the Brown Shark (Carcharhinus milberti)* 
and the Dusky Shark (Carcharhinus obscurus)* with 
the single exception of a male Carcharhinus limbatus* 
taken July 14th, 1910. This fish, the longest I have 
ever secured, measured 9 ft. 2 in. and weighed 300 
lbs. A single small Hammerhead (Sphyrna zyga- 
ena)* about 22 ft. long was seen but not taken. 


Brooklyn Museum Science Bulletin, Vol 3, No. 1. 
*Identified by J. T. Nichols after an examination of the jaws. 


70 COPEIA 


Beginning with the year 1911 careful records 
have been kept, during which time dates for the 
sharks seen range from ‘June 17th to September 6th. 
It is my distinct remembrance that ina previous year 
I have killed them as late as September 15th. The 
sharks taken were Carcharhinus’ and those noted as 
seen, with the exception of the small Hammerhead, 
were undoubtedly the same. 


During the years from 1911 to 1916, inclusive, 
I went out on 123 occasions, frequently for a small 
portion of the day as weather conditions were unfa- 
vorable. About 1123 were seen, and 146 were taken. 
Of these 146 only 7 were males. The females taken 
were all C. milberti. ‘Two of the males were C. mil- 
berti and measured 7 ft. and 6 ft. 6 in., the latter 
weighing 121 pounds, and 5 were C. obscurus which 
INEASIEO 18 6 1G° 125.6, ) vO ese sore 


ihe 30 27 specimen weighed 275. lbs: 
ee 8’ Py 822 Ce. 
8’ Les ce ee 312 ce 

a ey bites oral Us Sh enue 


The earliest any male was taken was August 3d, 
and the latest, August 29th. 
The females ranged in length from 5’ 4” to 
re Que 
AS 6° 1” specimen aweighed: ~ 95 clbs. 


esac es i " 142% 
eNO MOG, i a Be 
6’ 10” ee ee 124 ee 
(Cine) Bi bs - aa 125. 2 
Die: ie if 1386 * 
ihe “ . ESA se 


Hight of the females contained young and were 
taken on June 22d to August 5th. Eight was the 
smallest number and eleven the greatest number of 
voung, and of a total of 75 voung 31 were males and 


COPEILA {al 


44 females. The young when born are about 22 
inches long and weigh 2'2 lbs. 


On one occasion when a female shark was sus- 
pended by the tail, three young dropped from her 
mouth one at a time, and swam off apparently unhurt. 
This is the only incident of the kind I have known. 
The same fish contained several unborn young. 
Young are sometimes born on deck, tail first, after 
the mother has been caught. 


The principal diet of the sharks I have examined 
has been various bottom fish and an occasional weak 
fish, dog fish, eel or crab. T*lat-fish very largely pre- 
dominate. I have never found what could be identi- 
fied as a blue fish, nor have I ever found anything 
except what is mentioned above in a shark’s stomach, 
except two fish hooks with the snells attached, neither 
of which was imbedded and which were probably fast 
to some smaller fish which the shark had swallowed. 


The greatest number of sharks I have ever taken 
on any one day was 17 on August 3d, 1905. Some of 
these, however, were Sand Snare On August 11th, 
1906, fourteen Brown Sharks were yeleny The 
greatest number seen in one day of which I have a 
record was 82, on August 14th, 1916, and of these 
42 were in sight at one time. ‘These were all seen in 
the morning before noon. On a previous occasion 
when I kept no record, my captain at the mast head 
said he thought he saw during the day, over three 
hundred. I would say a conservative estimate was 
two hundred as they were much more plentiful on 
that day than on the day that 82 were seen. ‘Thev 
were so thick at times that it would have been impos- 
sible to count them with any degree of accuracy. 


I have killed approximately as many on the ebb 
tide as on the flood. 


EKpwin ‘THORNE, 
Babylon, N. Y¥. 


72 COPEIA 


REMARKS ON SHARKS TAKEN IN 
GREAT SOUTH BAY. 


During the past years the writer has made sev- 
eral trips on Great South Bay, Long Island, from 
Babylon with Mr. Edwin ‘Thorne in pursuit of ground 
sharks (Carcharhinus). 'The most successful day’s 
hunting he has experienced was on July 27, 1916, 
when five female Carcharhinus milberti from 6 ft. 
1 in. to 6 ft. 11 in. in total length were taken. As 
the five sharks lay together on deck some individual 
variation was evident. One of them had a distinctly 
long caudal, one was notably heavy, another, the most 
aberrent of the five was slender. It differed from the 
others slightly in color, the under surface of the pec- 
toral terminally having an ill-defined dusky blotch, 
rather than being shaded with the color of the upper 
parts as in them. In the jaw of this specimen the 
re-entrance in the lateral margin of the upper teeth 
comes to a sharper apex. ‘The dermal denticles under 
the microscope are essentially the same, but with 
ridges slightly less sharp. ‘These differences are too 
slight to be of specific value. All five had the pro- 
portionate length of the dorsal and pectoral similar, 
the dorsals in the predorsal length 1.6 to 1.7 times, 
pectorals in the same 1.15 to 1.3. Second dorsal and 
anal were of approximately the same size and nearly 
apposed, the anal very slightly in advance in ali but 
one in which the second dorsal was slightly in ad- 
vance. The anal was of the same form throughout, 
bilobed, the anterior lobe rounded. In the water the 
sharks looked brownish grey to my eye, although 
their appearance varies considerably according to 
whether they are seen against light or dark bottom, 
on deck mostly grey-blue above. 

It is remarkable that whereas the female sharks 
taken by Mr. Thorne have all been C. milberti, five 
of the seven males taken in six years have been C. 
obscurus. One of these was taken on August 3, 1916, 
and examined by the writer on the followmg day. 


COPEIA 73 


It had a considerably smaller dorsal than female 
C. milberti, proportionately longer lower caudal lobe, 
and the second dorsal was noticeably more advanced 
than the anal in position. ‘The head was strikingly 
blunter and more rounded than in female C. milberti, 
as well as the fish being of heavier build. The jaws 
and teeth are much larger than those of female C. 
milberti. 

Mr. Thorne had made the following measure- 
ments of this male shark, made along the curve (ex- 
cept total length). ‘Total length 8 ft. 1 in.; head and 
body along the back, 6 ft. 1 in.; dorsal fin, from snout, 
2, ft. 6 m.; dorsal from hbase of, tail, 2 ft. 942 in.; 
length of front of dorsal, 1 ft. 2% in.; top of caudal, 
2 ft. 114i in. ; front of pectoral fin, 1 ft. 9 mn.; pectoral, 
from snout, 2 ft.; ventrals from snout, 4 ft. 1 in.; 
circumference a root of tail, 1 it. 172 m:; at front of 
dorsal 4.ib. 4am; at eve, 2 ft.5 ims: eye to snout, 
8’ in.; mouth to snout, 6 ah 

On August 29, 1916, a male C. milberti was taken 
of which Mr. 'Thorne made the following correspond- 
ing measurements: ‘Total length, 6 ft. 6 in.; head 
aa body, along the back, 5 ft. 2 in.; dorsal fin, from 
snout, 2 ft.; dorsal from base of tail, 2 ft. 5 in.; length 
a front of dorsal; 1 ft. 1 im.; ey) of caudal, 1 ft. 

; front of pectoral fin, 1 ft.572m.; pectoral, en 
ee hett..742 ns: ventrals peor Sut Scie, Gein 
circumference at root of tail, 94 in.; at front of dor- 
Sale Zutte Sane. atieye, 1 1t.G in; eye to snout, 6/2an:; 
mouth to snout, 5 in.; weight, 121 lbs. Mr. Thorne 
further informs me that this fish resembled the fe- 
males of C. milberti, except that it seemed slightly 
lighter in color, and differed from the males of @; 
obscurus. Its eyes were pale yellowish in color like 
female C. milberti and like a male C. limbatus which 
he has taken, whereas the eyes of males of C. obscurus 
are dark brown. 

Jo LNTCHOLS, 


New York, N.Y. 


74 COPEIA 


AN INSTANCE OF ALBINISM IN THE 
WESTERN GOPHER SNAKE. 


Cases of complete albinism are fairly common 
among wild birds and mammals, and a large number 
of instances have been recorded by various observers, 
but reports of this condition in reptiles are quite rare; 
there are but few records from Kurope and only a 
single one from America so far as the writer knows. 
It becomes of interest therefore to report a case of 
albinism (complete for one color) occurring in the 
Western Gopher Snake | Pitwophis catenifer (Blain- 
ville) |. 

The specimen under discussion was captured in 
a dormant state at Pescadero, a coastal locality in 
San Mateo County, California, early in November, 
1913, on black adobe soil where gopher snakes were 
said to be fairly common. ‘The snake was kept alive 
for more than a year and is now in the reptile col- 
lection of the Department of Zoology of the Univer- 
sity of California. 


The coloration of a typical gopher snake seems 
to be made up of three distinct materials: a yellow 
deposit found generally distributed in the scales of 
the body and forming the ground color, and two 
darker pigments, a red and a black, occurring locally 
and forming the contrasted part of the color pattern. 
ine yellow. pigment is present in the scales of the 
albino specimen as is also (in part at least) the red, 
but the black is entirely lacking. Upon the anterior 
portion of the body, where ordinar ily the black and 
red together form brown spots only the red is present, 
and on the tail where a normal specimen is black, 
only pale bluish or uncolored areas are to be seen. 
The iris and tongue which are normally dark shared 
in the loss of color and were of a light pinkish cast. 
Evidently the factor controlling the formation and 
deposition of black pigment ‘failed of operation 
throughout the entire body. 


COPEIA 75 


Accompanying this abnormality in coloration 
there were irregularities in scale pattern, espe- 
cially on the head, which suggests that whatever 
cause operated to prevent the formation of black 
pigment also may have had some effect on scale 
formation. Several of the head scales are of quite 
different shape than those found on a normal 
specimen, and some show suggestions of divisions 
which were not completed. There are four post- 
oculars, where but three normally occur. Rive 
body seales, save for the interpolation of an 
incomplete gastrotege which extends but half way 
across the body, are quite typical and numer ically 
are within the limits given by Cope. (The Cr ocodil- 
ians, Lizards and Snakes of North America, Ann. 
Rept. Smithsonian Inst., for 1898, 1900, pp. 877, 
878), viz: Dorsal scale rows, 31 (Cope, 29-33) ; gas- 
trosteges, 22342 (204-245); urosteges, 64 (56-72). 


This snake was kept in captivity for more than 
a year, confined in a glass terrarium with a screened 
top. It was prov ided with water and at intervals 
small white mice were fed to it; one of these bit the 
snake on the head and produced a “scalp” wound. 
One morning after the animal had been in captivity 
for about four months the skin on the preorbital por- 
tion of its head was seen to be free from the scales 
beneath. Some straw was placed in the terrarium and 
within a few minutes the snake was working rapidly 
back and forth through the straw, freeing itself from 
the old skin. At the place where its body was Just 
being freed from the skin, violent muscular expan- 
sions and contractions were being executed. The 
surface of the snake’s body and the outside, originally 
the inside, of the sluffed skin were noticeably moist 
as a result of the secretion which had been poured 
out to assist in moulting. For several weeks previous 
to moulting the snake had been quite sluggish, re- 
maining coiled in one corner of the terrarium and 
refusing food. During this time its eve became grad- 


76 COPEIA 


ually dulled and the skin was seen to be free from 
the body in several places. Immediately after the 
moult the animal became very active. 


Several European observers, among them no- 
tably Boulenger, Tornier and Werner have reported 
instances of einanion among snakes, and I have found 
a number of other European titles on the subject. 
Opinion, so far as expressed by the latter two work- 
ers, seems to be that albinism results from a shortage 
of yolk in the developing embryo, a supposition which 
would be in accord with the fact that albino animals 
are often of smaller size and of a more delicate nature 
than normal individuals of their species. Perhaps 
some light could be had on this problem by crossing 
albino snakes with normally colored individuals of 
the same species as has been done with trout among 
fish, and with various species among the higher 
vertebrates. 


Tracy I. Storer, 
Berkeley, California. 


Fdited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, October 24, 1916. No. 36 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


NOTES ON THE FISHES OF THE 
LUMBEE RIVER. 


The notes on the fishes of the Peedee River 
basin by Mr. W. W. Welch in Coretta of July 24, 
are very interesting. In the spring of 1913 I made 
some observations on the fishes of the upper portion 
of the Lumbee and I venture to give here a list of 
the species observed, to supplement that of Mr. 
Welch. 

Apparently Mr. Welch obtained 4 species which 
I did not find, while I saw 7 species which he does 
not record. The total number recorded in both lists 
is 32. 

The Lumbee River has its rise in the southeast- 
ern part of Montgomery County, North Carolina. In 
its upper course it is, on some maps, called Drown- 
ing Creek, a name which has no valid claim and which 
because of its handicap to a proper development of 
the canoeing possibilities of the stream, as well as its 
lack of claim to originality, should give way to the 
very appropriate name Lumbee River, the original 
Croatan Indian name, which means “beautiful wa- 
ter.” The name “Lumber,” sometimes applied to this 
stream, especially in its lower course, is merely a cor- 
ruption of “Lumbee.” . 

On Monday, March 31, 1913, Dr. John Warren 
Achorn of Boston and Annisquam, Mass., and I put 
our canoe (a fine 16-foot Cambridge boat weighing 


78 COPEIA 


about 70 pounds) in the water at Blue’s Bridge, near 
Pinebluff, he in the stern, I in the bow, and started 
down the Lumbee bound for the Turnpike Bridge, 
25 miles below. The day was delightful, just cool 
enough, sky nearly clear, very little breeze,—an ideal 
spring day. 

At Blue’s Bridge the Lumbee is about 30 feet 
wide and several feet deep; water very clear, only 
shghtly brown stained from the cypress and other 
trees standing in the water. 

The banks are fairly well defined only in a few 
places, and the water spreads much beyond them 
here and there and covers considerable areas of cy- 
press swamp. Besides the cypress, which is the prin- 
cipal tree, there are in the water, loblolly pine, a few 
small bay, a few holly, soft maples with brilliant red 
samaras, a few gums (probably two species), and Si- 
mons says some junipers, but I saw none. A great 
many old dead snags that afford good nesting places 
for such birds as downies, white-bellied nut hatches, 
chickadees, and golden swamp warblers. Many of 
the trees have mistletoe growing on them. Growing 
in the water are a few yellow nuphars and potamoge- 
tons, while in the smaller tributaries and swamps the 
golden club was in full flower. 

Owing to the uncertain character of the banks 
the stream simply flows in a widening, indefinite 
channel through a series of cypress swamps. Only 
at intervals is there any dry ground. ‘The swamps 
are of varying and indeterminate width, but nearly 
everywhere wider than the eye could penetrate. 

The course of the stream is very sinuous, there 
being rarely a straight stretch of more than a few 
yards. The points projecting into the concave side 
of the curve are known locally as “cowfaces.” There 
is everywhere a good, strong current, particularly 
where the water sweeps around the “cowfaces.” 
Where the stream has straightened itself by cutting 
aeross the cowface, the abandoned “‘ox-bow”’ is local- 


COPEIA 79 


ly called a “logan” (lagoon). Occasionally small 
sandbars of yellow sand were noted, showing beauti- 
fully in water up to 4 or 5 feet deep. 

On either side the cypress and other trees and 
vines form a pretty dense forest through which a boat 
could scarcely be taken. Some of the cypress trees 
are 4 feet or more in diameter and over 100 feet high. 
Cypress knees everywhere, and many old dead snags. 
Sometimes a cypress tree is seen growing in the 
stream well out from either shore; these are known 
as “dram trees,’”—the guide or canoeman being per- 
mitted to take a drink every time he comes to one 
of these trees! I did not see many such trees; the 
canoemen, however, become very expert in locating 
them. 

Although we paid no special attention to the 
fishes I am able to present the following list of 28 
species that occur in the Lumbee between Blue’s 
Bridge and Turnpike Bridge: 

1—Amuiatus calva. Grinnel; also called “Cotton- 
fish,” because ‘““when one chews the meat it is like chew- 
ing cotton.” Common. 2—A meiurus platycephalus. 
Brown Cat. Common. There are 2 or 3 other spe- 
cies not identified. 3-—Catostomus commersonu. May 
Sucker. Common. 4—Mowostoma pidiense. Red- 
horse. Said to be common. ‘Two other species of 
suckers, locally called Mud Sucker and Humpback 
Sucker, were reported but not seen. 5—Cyprinus 
carpio. Carp. “They are here and a big nuisance,” 
so says Dr. Achorn. 6—Campostoma anomalum. 
One taken. 7—Semotilus atromaculatus. Several 
seen. 8—Notropis procne. Common. 9—Abramis 
crysoleucas. Shad Roach. Common. 10—Hybop- 
sis kentuckicnsis. Tlornyhead. Common. 11—An- 
guilla chrisypa. Kel. Common. 12—-Hsow reticu- 
latus. Common. 13.—H sox americanus. Abundant. 
14—Fundulus notti. Common. 15—Gambusia affinis. 
Several seen. 16—- Aphredoderus sayanus. ‘Two 
examples in a pond near Pinebluff. 17—Klassoma 


80 - COPEIA 


everglader. Not very common. 18.—Centrarchus 
macropterus. Flier. Common; a good foodfish. 19 
—Enneacanthus gloriosus. Speckled Perch. Com- 
mon. 20—Chaenobryttus gulosus. Abundant. 21 
—Mesogonstius chaetodon. Common. 22—Lepo- 
mis auritus. Red Robm. Common. 23—Lepomis 
pallidus. Mud Perch. Common. 24—EHupomotis 
gibbosus. Sun Perch. Common. 25—Micropterus 
salmoides. Common. 26—Perca flavescens. Yellow 
Perch. Common. 27—Hadropterus peltatus. Sev- 
eral taken. 28—Boleichthys fusiformis. Common. 
Barton W. EvERMANN, 
San Francisco, Cal. 


NOTES ON CALIFORNIA FISHES. 

Mr. T. S. Manning of Avalon, Cal., the secre- 
tary of the Tuna Club, furnishes some interesting 
notes. T’wo hundred and fifty-one specimens of the 
Japanese spear-fish, T'etrapturus mitsukurii, have 
been taken at Avalon in the last seven years. ‘Their 
average weight is 182 pounds, the largest weighed 
340 pounds and measured 10 feet and 10 inches. Mr. 
Manning has a photograph of one taken in Hawaii 
said to have weighed 736 pounds. ‘Thus far no spear- 
fish has been recorded from Hawaii and this weight 
seems gigantic. The largest sword-fish taken at 
Avalon weighed 377 pounds, was 11 feet, 11 inches 
long. Mr. Manning sends specimens of a fish caught 
in very great schools at San Clemente and never no- 
ticed by anyone in that region before. It is the short- 
nosed saury, Cololabis brevirostris, of which hitherto 

less than a dozen specimens have been known. 

Davin Starr JorDAN, 
Stanford University, Calif. 
A RARE SHARK (CARCHARHINUS LIM- 
BATUS) ON LONG ISLAND. 


On August 7, 1916, two sharks were caught in 
a bluefish net off Easthampton, Long Island. They 


COPEIA 81 


were identified by me as the spotted-fin shark, Car- 
charhinus limbatus, and this identification has been 
confirmed by Mr. J. I. Nichols. The largest fish, a 
female, approximated seven feet, while the smaller, 
a male, accurately measured, was 6 feet, 4 inches. 
This appears to be the second record of this species 
for Long Island, and is therefore worthy of note. 
About September 1, 1 examined four other sharks 
of this same species at Montauk Point, where they 
had been taken by fishermen some days before. 
WisaM T. HELMUTH, 
Easthampton, New York. 


GROUND SHARKS. A CORRECTION. 


In Corrra No. 35, p. 70, second paragraph, for 
“only 7 were males” read “only 8 were males.” In 
the last line of same paragraph after 8’ 2” insert 8’ 1”. 
Foot of p. 72 for “five of the seven” read “six of the 
eight.” The C. obscurus, measurements of which 
were given on p. 73, was by editorial error omitted 
from the record on p. 70.—J. T. N. 


HABITS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE TEXAS 
HORNED LIZARD, Phrynosoma 


cornutum, Harlan. I. 


Unlike the desert species of the genus, these 
forms are far more active in the middle of the fore- 
noon than during the hottest part of the day, which 
lasts from about noon to the middle of the afternoon. 
In the forenoon, Phrynosomas are actively feeding, 
and the collector finds them readily. Their favorite 
haunt seems to be along the edge of thick vegetation. 
In such a place, during the feeding hour, they may 
be seen running rapidly up and down, often passing 
each other; and snatching with their viscid tongues 
any insects which emerge into the open. The next 
most likely spot is in the thick vegetation near some 
ant road. 


82 COPEIA 


While burrowing deeply in the winter, it appears 
that the ‘Texas horned lizards do not bury themselves 
at night, as do most of the desert species. Nor do 
they do so in rainy weather, or during brief cold 
snaps. At such times they retire into the burrows 
of rodents or under flat rocks. It is an interesting 
fact, that, at such times, horned lizards are very abun- 
dant under the cross ties of railroad tracks. Often 
they burrow through into the area between the two 
rails. Here they emerge and are literally trapped. 
The rails are usually too high to be climbed over, and 
the lizards run up and down frantically; occasionally 
one climbs up on a rail just in time to be crushed by 
a passing train. Many live for the rest of the summer 
in this uncomfortable pasture. 

In the area of their greatest abundance, horned 
lizards first appear from their winter burrows about 
the middle of April. At this time, they are markedly 
grouped into two sizes; one the full adult size, aver- 
aging about 125 mm.; and the other the half sized, 
averaging about 50mm, from the hatching of the 
previous autumn. From this, it seems clear that these 
lizards do not reach full size until the end of their 
first year. Some specimens go through an incomplete 
moulting at the time of their emergence from hiberna- 
tion; but the most important moult takes place during 
the first two weeks of July. It is during this time 
that the blood ejecting habit is most conspicuous. 
The extraordinary habit of occasionally squirting 
blood from the eye when attacked has been observed 
and recorded by a number of writers. Hay supposed 
that it was a mode of protection during moulting. 
Bryant, speaking of the California species, says that 
blood ejecting is just as lable to occur between 
moults as during moult. Bryant sectioned the eye- 
lids of a blood ejecting specimen, but could find noth- 
ing except that the lids were rather swollen and vascu- 
lar. Several writers have suggested that the blood 
ejecting is due to the weakening of a portion of the 


COPEIA 83 


cornea by some parasite,—perhaps one of the mites 
which so commonly infest these lizards. ‘The writer 
has recorded elsewhere (Science Vol. XL, 784-85) a 
very careful examination which he made of several 
blood squirting specimens. He found no parasites of 
any kind, and expressed the belief that the blood 
ejecting, in this species at least, is intimately con- 
nected with moulting. Since this study was pub- 
lished, the writer has found seven more blood ejecting 
specimens and all were moulting. 

In feeding, small insects are clearly preferred; 
but, sometimes, a venturesome individual will swallow 
a large grasshopper or even a snail. The writer once 
watched one of these animals eating a large brown 
May beetle. The beetle lumbered before the eyes of 
the lizard. The reptile slowly turned his head a little 
to one side and watched the insect, then raised him- 
self high on his legs and snatched at the insect with 
his tongue, whipping it against his lips, but not bring- 
ing it into his mouth. The lizard hastily jumped 
back and puffed himself out in the usual warning atti- 
tude of these animals. The beetle began to crawl 
away. The lizard returned to the attack, carefully 
stalking his prey for a yard or so then rushing on it, 


seized it in his mouth without using his sticky tongue. 
After turning it about against the ground, the lizard 
finally gulped the insect down. The writer expected 
to see the lizard use its front feet, as the common toad 
does when handling a large mouthful, but, although 
the front feet were waved alternately in the air, they 
were not used. 

Mention has been made before of the reaction 
of these lizards toward various animals. When at- 
tacked, the lizard puffs itself out into an almost flat 
shape, tucks the head down, exposing the horns, and 
waits for the enemy. The habit of charging on an 
enemy, which has been mentioned, may be more com- 
mon than is suspected; although the writer has ob- 


84 COPEIA 


served it only once. Specimens seldom attempt to 
bite the collector. 

Bryant discovered that the California species of 
horned lizards are very subject to a form of hypno- 
tism. ‘The writer has confirmed this on the ‘Texas 
form, also. Bryant’s method is to stroke the animal 
between the eyes. After three or four gentle strokes, 
the lizard closes its eves and becomes very quiet, even 
losing some of the reflexes. ‘The writer has discovered 
that if the region over the pineal eye is simply touched 
a few times with the tip of the finger, that the hyp- 
notic effect can be induced. He has further found 
that if after a time, when the animal begins to show 
signs of awakening, if gentle passes are made in the 
air over the region of the pineal eye, the animal will 
return to the hypnotic condition. So far, he has not 
been able to find a definite explanation of this, but 
it would seem to suggest that the pineal eye in these 
animals may be more or less functional. 

W. M. Winton, 
Fort Worth, Texas. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, November 24, 1916. No. 37 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


NOTES ON THE TOTUAVA (CY NOSCION 
MACDONALDI GILBERT). 

[In the northern part of the Gulf of California 
there is found in great abundance, a species of weak- 
fish which reaches a huge size, six feet or more in 
length, and which has much value as food. It 1s 
known locally as Totwava. I have received from Mr. 
Kiichiro Nakashima, a graduate of the Fisheries 
School at Tokyo, a man who has had considerable ex- 
perience in the pursuit of this fish, a series of notes 
concerning it. I here present a condensation of his 
observations —Davip SrTarr JorDan. | 


CYNOSCION MACDONALDI GILBERT. 


The Totuava is caught mainly about the mouth 
of the Colorado River and southward to Guaymas in 
Sonora. Shallow points with sandy bottoms are the 
best fishing grounds. These fishes are rare in winter, 
very abundant in summer. ‘They live both in clear 
and muddy water. The preferable temperature is 
from 57 to 80 degrees F. 

In the winter they go southward to Guaymas. 
Their migration is in part coincident with that of the 
small fishes on which they feed. ‘These avoid the in- 
flowing cold water of the Colorado. They spawn 
mainly in early May, apparently in shallow water. 
After this they are very lean. ‘They often come into 
very shallow water. ‘They are omnivorous, feeding 
on any kind of small fish or crabs, but especially on 


86 COPEIA 


shrimps. In pursuing small fish they often leap a 
foot or two from the water. They are not very shy 
or very active; when one is hooked or speared the 
others crowd around as if in curiosity. 

The male makes a very peculiar noise, “gu-gu,”’ 
when caught. The female is larger than the male 
and deeper i in the body. ‘The air- bladder is ver y large 
and thick, spread in the greater part of the abdomen. 
The bladder in the male is thin, like paper. 

In the spring the young of three inches swim 
close to the shore; by the rings on the scales we esti- 
mate these to be a year old: those of three feet in 
length as four years old, those of 6 to 6! feet, 8 or 9 
years old, this being the maximum size. ‘The males 
seem to breed at the age of four years; the females 
develop more slowly. 

Along with the Totuava occurs a related species, 
Cynoscion reticulatus (Gunther). It is much small- 
er, less than three feet in Jength. Its colors are more 
lustrous, very beautiful green, blue and purple above 
and below posteriorly light yellow. 

The eges are larger than in the T'otuava and 
the spawning season comes earlier. [This species, 
(unlike the T'otuava) extends southward to Panama, 
and with other related forms, it is known as Corvina. | 

Enrcutro NAKASHIMA, 
Kingsburg, Calif. 


EVIDENCE OF THE PRESENCE OF CAR- 
CHARODON ON THE NEW JER- 
SEY COAST DURING THE 
PAST SUMMER 

As there exists some doubt whether the Great 
White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, was among 
the species present on the coast in this vicinity during 
the recent shark scare, the following evidence seems 
worth noting. 

In a Broadway window there were recently on 
view two teeth of a freshly caught shark, mdubitably 


COPEIA 87 


belonging to Carcharodon carcharias. On inquiry I 
was informed that they were secured from a shark 
caught on the New Jersey coast in the early part of 
June. The teeth were about an inch in height (in- 
cluding root), which would indicate a juvenile speci- 
men of this species, 7 or 8 feet in length. This ac- 
cords with the label accompanying the teeth, which 
said the shark was 7 feet long. 

L. Hussaxor, 

New York, N.Y. 


[The editor has seen a mounted Carcharodon car- 
charias 7% feet long taken off South Amboy, N. J., 
July 14, 1916, by Mr. Michael Schliesser, of 29 Kast 
182d Street. No Y.—J. T.-N.| 


NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF 
THREE CALIFORNIA RAYS, 
Plathyrhinoides triseriatus (Jordan and Gilbert). 

A ray of this species was found washed up on 
the beach immediately north of Point Conception, on 
July 18, 1916. This is the northernmost record for 
this species. 


Raja binoculata Girard. 


A large specimen of this giant ray was noted on 
the beach Reeser San Simca and Piedras Blancas, 
in northern San Luis Obispo County. A small one, 
192 mm. long, was taken from the stomach of a Rock- 
cod, Sebastodes auriculatus, which was caught in 
about 60 feet of water off Pizmo Beach, on the Rourke 
ern coast of the same county. These two records are 
the southernmost for this ray. 


? Manta birostris (Walbaum). 


Two rays were noted by the writer, several years 
ago, off the wharf at Redondo, in Los Angeles Coun- 
ty. One was swimming near the surface, while the 
other was caught by heal: and line. They measured 


88 COPEIA 


about four feet across the “wings,” had cephalic fins, 
and lacked the serrated spine on the tail. ‘The only 
record heretofore published on the Devil Ray in Cal- 
ifornia was based upon the stories of fishermen of 
San Diego, and is given by Jordan and Evermann 
( Fishes of North and Middle America, 1896, I, p. 
92). The present record is presented with the inten- 
tion of corroborating the evidence of the occurrence 
of this or a related ray on the coast of Southern Cali- 
fornia. 
Cart L. Huses. 
Stanford University, Calif. 


AMBLYSTOMA OPACUM ON LONG 
ISLAND 


To the records of adults published in Corrta, 
July 1, 1914, nothing has been added. 

Concerning the ova Mr. Deckert writes, Copera, 
March 24, 1916, that two eg@ masses containing liv- 
ing embryos were found, September 25, 1913, under 
bark in a dry pool near Silver Lake, White Plains, 
N.Y. The larvae hatched one day after having been 
placed in water. Observations made during the pres- 
ent season support this interesting and exceptional 
habit of fall ovulation for Amblystoma. 


While searching for the ova of A. tigrinum on 
the Hudson Estate near Syosset, Ii. L., April 7th; 
we found larvae of A. opacum, 1% to 14 inches long, 
in several of the temporary pools. It is obvious that 
these could not have developed and reached their 
present size from ova deposited in the same spring, 
since the pools were ice covered up to nearly April 1. 

Sixteen of the larvae after having been placed 
in a laboratory aquarium developed a disease (white 
growth on gills) from which they recovered quickly 
after a small quantity of salt had been added to the 
water. ‘They are feeding freely on earth worms, cut 
into small pieces, and measure, May 4th, 1%4 inches 


COPEIA 89 


in length. The front legs were present at the time 
of capture, the hind legs appeared April 18. In col- 
or they are heavily-mottled dark grey on a yellowish 
background, including the caudal membrane. A more 
or less well defined line of yellowish dots runs later- 
ally from behind the gills to the tip of the tail. 

Late in May, 1915, a number of larvae, 2" 
inches in length, were collected on the Hudson Estate 
and another lot was brought in by Mr. A. H. Helme, 
who reported them very common in a pool near his 
home at Miller Place. These larvae began to trans- 
form early in June, but all died during the process. 

Other larval records for Long Island are: Kast 
Norwich, April 20, 1916, Larvae (14 inch) common 
in small pond near Oyster Bay Road. 

Near Coram, April 30, 1916, larvae (1 inch), 
Dr. Overton. 

Although only two adult records were obtained 
during many years, the larval records sufficiently in- 
dicate a general distribution and a common occur- 
rence for this salamander on Long Island. 

GrorcE P. ENGELHARDT, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


NOTES ON AN UNUSUAL FEEDING HAB- 
IT OF THE SNAPPING TURTLE, 
CHELY DRA SERPENTINA 
(LINN). 


The Chelydra serpentina is considered among 
naturalists to be a strictly carnivorous animal. ‘The 
following quotations are examples: “They are ex- 
tremely voracious, feeding on fish, reptiles, or on any 
animal substance that falls in their way.’ “Their 
food consists entirely of aquatic animals; fishes and 
young ducks are their ordinary prey.” “The turtle 


1North American Herpetology. Vol. I, p. 145, by J. E. Holbrook. 


2 Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. 
Vol. I, p. 346, by Louis Agassiz. 


90 COPEIA 
is entirely carnivorous.” “It is wholly carnivorous 
in its habits, and is very destructive to fish and young 
water-fowl.”” 

The above statements are undoubtedly true in 
the main, fish and other animal life constituting the 
chief part of its food. ‘The following record is, there- 
fore, of interest as being an exception to the usual 
habit. 

On July 9, 1916, I took a Snapping Turtle (cara- 
pace 12 inches in length) from a mud hole on the 
border of a salt marsh at Sagamore Beach, Cape Cod, 
Massachusetts. The stomach was well filled with re- 
cently eaten marsh grass (Distichlis spicata), the 
blades being intact, although bent and tangled. There 
was nothing else in the stomach. The turtle was a 
male, quite fat and apparently in a healthy condition. 

H. L. Bascocx, 
Dedham, Mass. 


SNAKE CONSERVATION IN 
CALIFORNIA. 


The Lorquin Natural History Club of Los An- 
geles, Calif., is at present devoting some time and 
money to calling the attention of Californians to the 
use of some of the harmless snakes and the reasons 
why they should not be killed. In the vicinity of the 
city signs are being posted at mountain resorts, small 
cities and along roads. These signs read as follows: ~ 


DO NOT KILL HARMLESS SNAKES. 
They are useful in destroying disease- 
bearing rodents. 

The only snake in California that can 
harm you is the Rattlesnake. 


Lorquin Natural History Club, 
Los Angeles. 


3 The Reptile Book, p. 14, by R. L. Ditmars. 
4 The American Natural History. Vol. IV, p. 41, by W. T. Hornaday. 


COPEIA 91 


The club is not a snake club, for only about two 
out of its twenty Active Members are deeply inter- 
ested in herpetology. 

Among the most useful of the California snakes 
is the Pacific Bull Snake (or Gopher Snake), Pitwo- 
phis catenifer, which is common on the Pacifie Coast. 
Its food consists chiefly of rodent pests, such as go- 
phers, mice, ground-squirrels and small rabbits. Al- 
though he prefers these animals for food, the Pacific 
Bull Snake has a rather accommodating appetite, 
which must under the force of necessity adapt itself 
to circumstances and include in his ophiological menu, 
birds, an occasional rat, bats, and sometimes a lizard 
or two. Sometimes an egg (or several) is command- 
eered, but I have never known of a Pacific Bull 
Snake’s having eaten any egg as large as a chicken’s. 

One sixty-four inch Pacific Bull Snake that was 
brought to me was handled too much. A slight touch 
of mal de mer resulted in his vomiting four full-grown 
gophers, none of which was more than slightly di- 
gested. On another occasion more than a dozen mice 
had the misfortune to run foul of a mouse trap I had 
set for living mice. ‘These same mice had the addi- 
tional misfortune all to find their way into the stom- 
ach of a good-sized hungry Pacific Bull Snake. 

Taking it all in all, the good done by the Pacific 
Bull Snake has already earned him the protection of 
many ranchers and far outweighs any harmful depre- 
dations his lack of discretion may at times mislead 
him to make. 

Paut D. R. RutH1.Ine, 
Los Angeles, Calif. 


NOTES ON THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS 
FROM CAPE ANN, MASSACHUSETTS. 


Dr. A. G. Ruthven in his monograph on the Gar- 
ter Snakes, plots out some curves of scale variation 
in the genus and suggests the desirability of securing 
data on the scale formulae of specimens from other 


92 COPEIA 


sections of the country. Accordingly having had the 
opportunity this summer of getting the specimens to 
make some measurements from the neighborhood of 
Rockport and Gloucester, Mass., I present the results 
here: 


SEX, LABIALS OCULARS SCALE ROWS VEN- SUB- 
LENGTH Upper Lower] Pre. Post.| Ant. Med. Post.| TRALS |CAUDALS 


8-10 il 3 19 195 1@) 66 


63 


HOSS 2109 ne 195) 19: felt 8 undivided 


60 


60 


75 


60 


Tail partly 
os 
lundivided 


67 


74 


75 


74 


1 


_ 


. Male18'% “ 


5 Aug. 6 bore 19 young. 


The Garter Snakes of this region show somewhat 
more uniformity in coloring than those of the Middle 
Atlantic States. I have found that most of the adults 
are a very dark brown or black in the ground color, 
the stripe being fairly clear and well defined. As a 
rule, too, the spots are not as prominent as in speci- 
mens that come from the revion to the south. 

F. G. SpPecK, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnorts, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, December 24, 1916. No. 38 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


A SECOND RECORD OF THE SCOMBROID 
FISH GERMO MACROPTERUS FROM 
THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA. 


A specimen of this species was found stranded 
on the beach between Santa Barbara and Carpen- 
teria, along the Santa Barbara Channel in Southern 
California, on July 12, 1916. This species is caught 
off the Japanese and Hawaiian Islands, but has been 
recorded from the California coast only from Santa 
Catalina Island. 

Cart L. Huss, 
Stanford University, Calif. 


POLYODON IN WESTERN MISSOURI. 


Through the kindness of Mr. G. C. Roe the 
Museum of the University of Colorado has received 
the head of a Spoonbill Cat, Polyodon spathula 
(Walbaum) collected in western Missouri about 15 
miles from the Kansas-Missouri state line. ‘This fish 
was hooked in Dry Wood Creek, near Nevada, Mis- 
sourl, August 10, 1916, and weighed 26 pounds when 
taken from the water. The head measures 21 inches 
from the tip of the gill-flap to the tip of the paddle. 
Dry Wood Creek is one of the small head-water 
streams of the Osage River system, and is usually 
only a few feet wide. ‘The Polyodon was caught 


94 COPEIA 


during high water, however, when the creek was over 
a mile wide in many places. Local fishermen report 
that the Spoonbill is seen every few years during 
such floods. 
Max M. Eis, 
Boulder, Colorado. 


MEASUREMENTS OF A LARGE EXAM- 
PLE OF CESTRACION ZYGAENA 
(LINNAEUS). 


On August 3, 1916, a large male hammerhead 
shark was taken by the U. S. Fisheries Schooner 
Grampus, about 90 miles east from Cape May, N. J. 
It was first noticed following in the wake of the ves- 
sel immediately after two of the party had been in 
swimming. It was evidently excited and swam rap- 
idly, crossing the wake in short zig-zags, beg ap- 
parently euided by sense of smell. A large hook 
baited with a chunk of tilefish was cast over, and the 
shark was so eager in his rushes for this bait that he 
missed it repeatedly. When hooked, he made a de- 
termined fight for more than five minutes against the 
combined efforts of five men. Fimally a sword-fish 
iron was fastened in him, and he was brought on deck 
without further trouble. 

The stomach was empty. 


Measurements as follows: 

emi. 
Motaly lem tha gece cer nneeeeeenen 0: Anal te syenbrals) eee 29 
Width of thead: 222222. j Base of ventrals 
Snout to Ist dorsal . 
Base of Ist dorsal 


Length of claspers .. 
Height of ventrals 


Height of ist dorsal 22 =. Ae Wentrals to “pectoral = 2 60 
Ist dorsal to 2d dorsal . Pectoral. MaAsey- sae . 18 
Base of 2d dorsal Length of pectorals ..... Bol 


Height of 2d dorsal Pectoral to rear angle of head 32 


CG ws 2 < 9) 
2d dorsal to caudal base.......... 21 Pectoral to snout ................. 57 


Caudal base to tip upper lobe 89 

Caudal base to tip lower lobe 34.5 ne ie oe M 
Caudal base to fork of caudal 21 a3 as ae PRB a cat 
Tip of caudal to notch.............. 17 Width between nostrils —.. ol 
Caudal-base to anal 19 Snout to upper lip 14 
Base Of anal) 2 eee 15 Snout to angle of jaw ............ 25.5 
Height of anal ........ kta es 13 Width of mouth 002 19 


COPEIA 95 


Color: upper parts of head, body and fins lead 
gray; lower parts of same grayish white; tips of pec- 
torals black; and tips of other fins dark. 

W. W. WELSH, 
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


AN ADDITION TO THE CHELONIAN 
FAUNA: OF MASSACHUSETTS. 


None of the published lists’ of the reptiles of 
Massachusetts include the Red-bellied ‘Terrapin. 
Pseudemys rubriventris (Le Conte). As this turtle 
inhabits at least one locality in the Commonwealth, 
the fact should be brought to the attention of nat- 
uralists, and the occurrence definitely placed on 
record. 

The Red-bellied Terrapin has been known for 
some years to inhabit certain ponds in Plymouth 
County, where it seems to remain localized. Speci- 
mens have been taken or observed in Gunners Ex- 
change, Hoyt, Island, Nigger, Hallfield, Boot, Up- 
per West, and Micajah’s ‘Ponds, and reported from 
several others. These turtles are attractive in ap- 
pearance, young animals especially being very deli- 
cately marked. Roughly, their elongated form, the 
irregular red markings on the carapace and the red 
or yellowish tinted plastr on make them at once con- 
spicuous among our New England turtles. Adult 
specimens average ten to twelve inches (length of 
carapace—axial measurement). 

They are very shy,’ living in comparatively deep 
water, and are rapid swimmers. On warm, bright 
1 (1) Catalogue of the Animals and Plants of Massachusetts, by Ed- 

ward Hitchcock (1835). 

(2) A Report on the Reptiles of Massachusetts, by D. H. Storer, 
M.D., Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. III, 1840. 

(3) Catalogue of the Reptiles and Batrachians found in the vicinity 
of Springfield, Mass., by J. A. Allen, Proc. B. S. N. H., Vol. 
XII, 1868, aie list 1870). 


(4) List of the Reptilia, Fauna of New England, by Samuel Hen- 
shaw. Occasional Papers of the B. S. N. H., Vol. VII, 1904. 


2 I am indebted to Mr. Henry J. Thayer for information regarding the 
habits of these turtles. 


96 COPEIA 


days they can be seen sunning themselves on rocks 
in the water, but always ready to disappear at the 
slightest sign of danger. They are difficult to ap- 
proach, although specimens have been obtained by 
swimming up to and taking them by surprise. Dur- 
ing the breeding season (June, in this region), they 
have been found at considerable distances from wa- 
ter... The nests are found in sandy soil, the female 
depositing her eggs about two inches deep and care- 
fully smoothing over the surface above the nest af- 
terward. Without doubt many of these are destroyed 
by skunks, which “smell out” and devour the eggs of 
all our turtles each year. ‘This cause alone is suffi- 
cient to prevent rapid increase in numbers. ‘These 
terrapins are active here from May to October, with 
the exception of a short period in August, when they 
are said to disappear.’ | 
Holbrook,’ in discussing the habits of this spe- 
cies, says it is found in “streams and rivers of running 
water, generally preferring those with rocky beds. » 
In the as yet unpublished * ‘Survey of Inland Waters 
of Massachusetts,” by the State Commissioners of 
Fisheries and Game, I find the. followmg data re- 
garding three of the larger ponds in which these tur- 
tles are abundant: Gunners Hachange Pond: 
“Greatest depth 25 ft.; middle west shore boggy; sev- 
eral wide sand beaches; bottom muddy.” Boot Pond: 
“Area 74 acres; greatest depth 31 ft.; bottom, shght 
accumulation.” Fiebid Pond: Nees: 50 acres; bot- 
tom, pebbles, stone, gravel, and brown mud.” Thus 
it appears that a rocky bed is not an essential factor 
in its environment. 


3 Dr. F. A. Lucas writes me that he found a large specimen in 1913 
in the middle of the road, half a mile from Crooked Pond. He also 
has seen a broken shell found near Sparrow’s Hill, one-half mile 
from Billington Sea. 


4 Mr. Thayer reports finding on one occasion in May, a specimen which 
had just died, in which the only indication of disease or injury 
was a nasal hemorrhage. He thinks numbers die from this affec- 
tion each year. 

5 North American Herpetology, Vol. I, J. E. Holbrook, M.D., 1842, 
p. 55. 


COPEIA 97 


Formerly its range was considered very limited. 
Holbrook’ (1842) states that it does not extend 
north of the Delaware River, or south of Chesapeake 
Bay, although abundant within those limits. This in- 
cludes the Pine Barrens of New Jersey: DeKay' 
gives the “neighborhood of the city of New York” 
as its extreme northern limit and states that it is not 
found farther south than Virginia. Agassiz" Says 

ek extends only from New Jersey to Virginia.” Dit- 
mars,” however, in 1908, makes its distribution muclhi 
wider, as follows: “Occurs in eastern Ohio, Pennsyl- 
vania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, the two 
Virginias, and northern North Carolina.” This 
Massachusetts record, therefore, establishes a new 
northern limit of distribution. 

This species is the Ptychemys rugosa of Agassiz. 
drawings of which appear on Plates X XV I and 
XXVIT in Vol. IL of his “Contributions to the Nat- 
ural History of the United States of America.” His 
specimens came from Washington, D. C. There are 
three specimens from Plymouth in the collection of 
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge,” 
and one in the collection of the ecton Society of 
Natural History.” 

Commercially these terrapins are known as 
“Sliders” and are assuming an important role in the 
localities where they are abundant, as a substitute for 
the more expensive “Diamond-back.” The flesh is 
said to have an excellent flavor. 


6 Ibid. 
7 Zoology of New York, Part III, James E. DeKay, 1842, p. 16. 


8 Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of Amer- 
ica, Vol. I, Louis Agassiz, 1857, p- 432. 
9 The Reptile Book, R. L. Ditmars, 1908, p. 39 
10 (1) Specimen from Upper West Pond. Collected October, 1905, by 
F. A. Lucas. 
(2) Specimen from Boot Pond. Collected July, 1912, by H. J. Thay- 
er, weight 10 pounds. 
(3) Specimen from Gunner’s Exchange Pond. Collected July, 1912, 
by H. J. Thayer. 
11 Specimen from Hillfield Pond, Plymouth. Collected June 19, 1916, 
by H. L. Babcock. Length of carapace, 113g inches. Male. 


98 COPEIA 


Why this species remains confined only to cer- 
tain ponds of a large number which are situated in . 
Plymouth County, and why this locality is so isolated 
from the rest of its range, are questions which re- 
quire further study. The fact remains that this ter- 
rapin is an interesting addition to the fauna of Mass- 
achusetts. 

H. L. Bascock, 
Boston, Mass. 


| Director Frederic A. Lucas, of the American 
Museum of Natural History, with whom the editor 
has frequently discussed the occurrence of Pseu- 
demys at Plymouth, has kindly furnished the follow- 
ing notes.—J. T. N.| 


OCCURRENCE OF PSEUDEMYS AT PLY- 
MOUTH, MASS. 


Having been the first, so far as I am aware, to 
recognize the occurrence of Pseudemys rubriventris 
at Plymouth, Mass., I am glad of the opportunity 
to present a few notes in regard to the species. 

In 1869 I found the carapace of what I now 
know to be this species lying by the roadside on Spar- 
row’s Hill, about half a mile from Billington Sea. 
At the time I was acquainted only with the local spe- 
cies of turtles and simply recognized the carapace as 
belonging to some species that I had never seen, but 
suggestive of a huge “snake” turtle (the local name 
for the Painted Terrapin). 

From 1869 to 1905 I saw very little of Ply- 
mouth. On September 15, 1905, I took two fully 
grown females of Pseudemys rubriventris in Upper 
West Pond. They were fighting and held on to each 
other so tenaciously that they allowed themselves to 
be taken into the boat with my landing net and did 
not let go for some time. As a matter of record, one 
of these specimens was sent to the Museum of Com- 
parative Zoology and one to the U. S. National Mus- 


COPEIA 99 


eum, where Doctor Stejneger confirmed my offhand 
recognition of the species. My friend, Mr. Nicker- 
son, told me that he had seen a turtle of this kind 
some years previous in Boot Pond. 


On May 27, 1911, when passing Island Pond 
_(the one near Gunner’s Exchange) I saw several 
specimens, supposedly of this species, sunning them- 
selves on the rocks on the eastern side of the pond. 
Upon stopping the carriage to get a better look at 
them, they immediately plunged into the water. A 
little later in the day a specimen in Hoyt’s Pond 
swam from the shore directly under the boat, almost 
within reach of the dip net, and still later, in Gunner’s 
Exchange, several of these specimens were seen on 
shore, but they literally ran to the water as soon as 
our boat came within sight, so that it was impossible 
to capture one. Hoyt’s Pond is not given on the 
Uy; S. G. S. map, but it immediately adjoins Gun- 
ner’s Exchange, and the two formerly were connect- 
ed. Owing to the shrinkage of all the ponds about 
Plymouth, | the two have ean rarely united of late 
years. 

On September 15, 1911, I found a carapace of 
this turtle in a cottage near Micajah’s Pond, and was 
told by Mr. Standish that he had taken it there a 
year or two previous. 

Finally, on September 26, 1913, I found, when 
returning from College Pond, a large specimen in 
the middle of the road about half a mile from Crook- 
ed Pond. It was so extremely snappy that I did not 
attempt to keep it. 

That this species was not earlier recognized in 
the vicinity of Plymouth is not so surprising as it 
may seem. It is, as Mr. Barbour has noted, extreme- 
lv shy, and even when seen or taken, there was prob- 
ably no one in Plymouth who would have been ac- 
quainted with the species, but would, as I did when a 
boy, think it might possibly be an overgrown Painted 
Turtle. 


100 COPEL A 


Island Pond is the only one where it would prob- 
ably be possible to capture specimens of this turtle 
with the seine. I had arranged with Mr. Barbour 
to seine this pond and obtained the permit for this 
purpose, but owing to circumstances this was never 
done. 

Nigger Pond, included in Mr. Babcock’s notes, 
is not on the map, but is a small, privately-owned 
pond, being under the twenty-acre limit, near the heel 
of Boot Pond. 

Hallfield or Hillfield Pond is not given on the 
map, nor included in Davis’s list of ponds, nor is 1% 
known to myself or to any of my friends. I am in- 
clined to think the name is an error for “Half-way 
Pond.” If so, this would extend the known range 
of P. rubriventris in Plymouth by about four miles. 

It may be said that some of the names given on 
the U. S. G. S. map are not those in use in Plymouth. 
For example, Ellis Pond above West Pond, should 
properly be called Sabey Pond. In many instances 
the apostrophe is omitted, so that we have King 
Pond, Micajah Pond, ete., when they should be 
King’s Pond, Micajah’s Pond, ete. 

The weight of ten pounds ascribed to this spe- 
cies is undoubtedly too great. ‘The actual weight of 
a specimen of the allied P. mobiliensis, having a cara- 
pace 13 inches long, is only 61 pounds; so that 5 to 6 
pounds is probably the weight of a full grown rub- 
riventris. 

i AG eas: 
New, Y ork; Noe 


Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, January 24, 1917. No. 39 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


A BALISTES VETULA TOPOTYPE FROM 
ASCENSION. 

Through the kindness of Major H. N. Benett, 
R. M. I., Commandant of H. M. Island Ascension 
in the tropical Atlantic, we have had the pleasure of 
examining a topotypical example of the trigger fish, 
Balistes vetula Linnaeus. Reference to this fish was 
made by the writers in 1914, in connection with the 
description of a new race of the species from 'Trini- 
dad Islet in latitude 20 south (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. 
Hist., Vol. XX XIII, pp. 265-266). At that time 
we knew of no specimen in America of Balistes vetula 
from the type locality, and in describing the sub- 
species trinitatis, which obviously differed from the 
West Indian form, we stated that the former might 
possibly prove to be identical with Linnaeus’s B. ve- 
tula of Ascension, in which case a new name should 
be sought for the well-known representative of West 
Indian waters. Major Benett generously agreed to 
assist in settling the problem, and in due course an 
adult specimen preserved in formalin has reached us, 
and has been catalogued as number 553 in the col- 
lection of the Brooklyn Museum. 

We have compared the Ascension Island fish 
with the type of trinitatis which it almost exactly 
equals in size (being 380 mm. long to base of caudal) 
as follows: Head, 3.0 in length to base of caudal; 
depth, 2.0; thickness of body, 2.0 in head. Head 
bluntly pointed, dorsal and ventral outlines similarly 


2 COPEIA 


oblique, both gently arched. Dorsal soft rays 31, 
anal 29. A line drawn from the origin of the soft 
dorsal to the origin of the anal would cut the length- 
wise axis of the body a distance before the base of 
the caudal contained 2.4 times in the length to base 
of caudal. The stripes on the head are like those of 
the West Indian fish. 

Although somewhat intermediate, the Ascension 
specimen is closer to West Indian examples than to 
the one from Trinidad. From the former it is very 
probably not taxonomically separable. ‘This is in line 
with our idea of the probabilities in spite of the great- 
er distance of Ascension from the West Indies than 
from Trinidad, based on the probable distribution of 
a sluggish swimming fish of this nature. The North- 
westerly trade wind currents would make it difficult 
for a B. vetula to reach Trinidad from the West In- 
dies, and as, on the other hand, Trinidad fish would 
not drift north of Cape San Roque, B. vetula from 
that island would be pretty effectually isolated from 
the North Atlantic current circuit, whereas those 
from Ascension would be on the outskirts of the same. 

The high fin-count of the Ascension fish places 
it with descriptions of those from the Indian Ocean, 
which may leave the West Indian form as Balistes 
vetula bellus (Walbaum). We suspect that if the 
West Indian fish is separable from the Ascension, the 
Indian Ocean one will be found to be so also. As far 
as is determinable from a single specimen, trinitatis 
is a valid race. 

J.T. Nicsors: 
R. C. Murpuy, 
New Vork, Nive 


FISHES FROM PUNTARENAS, 
COSTA RICA. 
A collection of fishes was obtained from the 
Costa Rica government many years ago by the Com- 
mercial Museums of Philadelphia. Recently, having 


COPEIA 3 


had the opportunity to study it through the kindness 
of Dr. W. P. Wilson, Director of the Museums, the 
list of species given below was ascertained: 

Urotrygon mundus Gill, Sciaedichthys troscheli 
(Gill), 

Gymnothorax punctarenae, sp. nov.: Head, 61; 
depth, 11; snout, 514 in head; eye, 7; mouth cleft, 
2%3; interorbital, 4-4/5. Eyelids joined to skin of 
head. ‘Teeth all uniserial, large compressed, lower 
front five enlarged and firm, and six large front up- 
per ones with three depressible inwards. Hund edge 
of each tooth on its basal half, finely serrated. Lips 
fleshy. Front nostrils in short tubes, hind ones each 
as simple pore close over edge of each eye above. Body 
reticulated with brownish, leaving pale irregular 
blotches which become much larger and less defined 
on tail, until at tail end they form several large irreg- 
ular vermiculations of brownish. Dorsal fin with 
basal half like color of back, border with dark brown 
broken marginal blotches. Anal largely dark brown, 
at least over greater marginal portion. Upper sur- 
face of head finely spotted or dotted with paler. 
Lower surface of head and belly pale, with faint and 
darker reticulations. Iris olive. Slight brownish 
blotch above gill-opening, though latter not surround- 
ed by brown. Length 20-5/8 inches, from snout tip 
to vent 10% inches. Only one example. This species 
falls within the subgenus Priodonophis Kaup, on ac- 
count of its serrate teeth. It differs, however, from 
the common Atlantic G. ocellatus in coloration. 


Echidna nocturna (Cope), Pundulus dovii 
(Gunther), Mugil hospes Jordan and Culver, Holo- 
centrus suborbitalis Gill, Caranx hippos (1.) Apo- 
gon dovun Gunther, Centropomus nigrescens Gunther, 
C. robalito Jordan and Gilbert, Dermatolepsis punc- 
tatus Gill, Lutjanus jordan (Gill), L. argentiven- 
tris (Peters), Haemulon sexfasciatum Gill, Aniso- 
tremus pacifici (Gunther), A. dovii (Gunther), A. 
mterruptus (Gill), Brachydeuterus leuciscus (Gun- 


+ COPEIA 


ther), Pomadasis branichi (Steindachner), Buccone 
praedatoria (Jordan and Gilbert), Bairdiella ensi- 
fera (Jordan and Gilbert), MNystaema cinereum 
(Walbaum), Gerres brevimanus Gunther, Kyphosus 
analogus (Gill), Pomacentrus rectifraenum Gill, 
Newilarius concolor fou , Abudefduf mauritii (1.), 
Chaetodipterus zonatus (Girard), Pomacanthus zoni- 
pectus (Guill), Holacanthus passer Valenciennes, 
Balistes naufragium Jordan and Starks, S pheroides 
annulatus (Jenyns), Tetrodon hispidus L. Hwmyc- 
terias punctatissimus (Gunther), Scorpaena histrio 
Jenyns, S. mystes Jordan and Starks, Philypnus lat- 
eralis Gill, Dormitor maculatus (Bloch), Mapo so- 
porator (Valenciennes), Paralichthys woolman Jor- 
dan and Wilhams. 
Henry W. Fowter, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


A COLLECTION OF FOOD-FISHES FROM 
ARGENTINA. 


The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
phia received during the past summer a collection of 
the larger and more important food-fishes from the 
Argentina government. ‘Though no definite locality 
is assigned, the specimens were doubtless obtained at 
Buenos Aires: 

Mustelus mustelus (L.), Luciopimelodus pati 
(Valenciennes), Pimelodus albicans (Valenciennes) , 
Pseudoplaytystoma coruscans Agassiz, Doras granu- 
losis Valenciennes, Loricaria anus Valenciennes, Pro- 
chilodus platensis Holmberg, Salminus brevidens 
(Cuvier), Menidia bonariensis Valenciennes, Mugil 
brasiliensis Agassiz, Sarda sarda (Bloch), Seriola 
rivoliana Valenciennes, T'rachinotus glaucus (Bloch), 
Pomatomus saltatriv (L.), Perona signata (Jen- 
yns), Polyprion oxygenius (Schneider), Acanthistius 
patagonicus (Jenyns), Sparus pagrus L. Cynoscion 
striatus (Cuvier), Sagenichthys ancylodon (Schnei- 
der), Micropogon opercularis (Quoy and Gaimard), 


COPEIA 5 


Pogonias cromis (L.), Pinguipes fasciatus Jenyns, 
Chilodactylus macropterus (Schneider), Helicolenus 
dactylopterus (De Lar), Prionotus punctatus 
(Bloch), Paralichthys brasiliensis (Ranzani), Perco- 
phis_ brasiliensis Quoy and Gaimard, Genypterus 
blacodes (Schneider), Phycis brasiliensis Kaup, Mer- 
luccius gayi Guichenot. 
Henry W. Fow .er, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


GRAND CANYON NOTES. 

On a first and brief visit to the Grand Canyon 
of Arizona, June 6-10, 1916, en route to California, 
as might be expected, little time was available for 
herpetological observations. ‘The few notes that were 
taken seem worth recording, chiefly because they come 
from a region of such extraordinary interest. 

Two days were spent in conventional trips along 
the rim of the Canyon, the third day on a walk down 
the Bright Angel Trail to the Colorado River, and 
the fourth and last day in Camp near the Indian 
Garden on the inner plateau of the Canyon. 

The dry season being well advanced, no batrach- 
ians, but many lizards of the genera Sceloporus and 
Holbrookia, were seen on top of the Canyon. Lizards 
in the Canyon averaged larger in size, and in addi- 
tion to the genera mentioned included Crotaphytus, 
Gerrhonotus and Cnemidophorus. A specimen of 
Sceloporus clarkii captured in the Indian Garden is 
still living in the New York Zoological Park. 

Two Batrachians—Hyla arenicolor and Bufo 
punctatus—were common in the Canyon. 

Hyla arenicolor was observed along the small 
stream which runs through the Indian Garden, enters 
a narrow inaccessible gorge and reappears at the 
foot of the Bright Angel trail near the Colorado 
River. Dense thickets of willow, sedges, etc., border 
the stream, except at trail crossings, where clear, shal- 
low pools have formed. In and about these pools the 


6 COPEIA 


frogs were most numerous, some still mating. No 
ova, but plenty of tadpoles were found in the water. 

The tadpoles were about one inch long; uniform- 
ly dark gray above and iredescent light gray below; 
tail broad, heavily marbled, dark gray; eyes golden. 
The adult frogs averaged about two inches in body 
length, and were uniformly light gray above, with nu- 
merous minute spots and granulations, giving the skin 
the appearance of roughness. 

The call of this frog is lower in pitch, but is 
otherwise very much like the bleating notes of Hyla 
versicolor. It was heard, occasionally, durmg the 
day, increased in volume towards dusk, and continued 
through the night. Only two of eight specimens, cap- 
tured and sent to the New York Zoological Park, 
arrived alive. 

Bufo punctatus, without doubt, is the most abun- 
dant of Batrachians in the Canyon, yet so secretive 
and strictly nocturnal is this toad that none are likely 
to be encountered, except after dark. During the 
one night spent in the Canyon its call, mingling with 
that of Hyla arenicolor, was the dominant sound of 
animal life. Search for the toads with an acetylene 
lamp revealed such numbers that no attempt was 
made to count them. ‘There were hundreds—many 
on the trail and many more in the shallow pools in 
the Indian Garden. None were seen mating, but 
their small, black tadpoles, not exceeding half an 
inch in length, were swarming along the margin of 
the stream. Breeding evidently had taken place dur- 
ing May. 

In size as well as in general appearance there 
is so little difference between this toad and Hyla 
arenicolor that one might easily be mistaken for the 
other. The call, though loud, is not harsh and con- 
sists of a series of deep, whistling notes, repeated at 
short intervals. 

At least two more species of frogs are to be found 
along the stream in the Indian Garden. Of one, a 


COPEIA 7 


species of Rana, the tadpoles, fully two inches in 
length, were seen in the pools. Several times during 
perhaps an hour, a short, deep croak was heard com- 
ing from the willow thickets. It reminded the writer 
of Rana palustris. 

Of another frog only the call, a soft click-click- 
click, was heard. It came from a cluster of aquatic 
plants in the middle of a pool, but the songster, un- 
doubtedly a very diminutive creature, could not be 
found. 

GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


A NEW RECORD FOR THE RING- 
NECKED SNAKE IN MICHIGAN. 


A specimen of Diadophis punctata (L.), cap- 
tured near Marquette, has been presented to the Mu- 
seum of Zoology, University of Michigan, by the 
Northern State Normal School. This is of interest 
not only as a new locality for the snake but also be- 
cause it extends the known range of the species con- 
siderably, since it is the first authentic record of its 
occurrence in the Northern Peninsula. The species 
had been reported from Marquette, but, in view of 
the fact that young Storerias may be easily mistaken 
for ring-necked snakes, this record has been “open 
to question,” as stated by Ruthven in the “Herpet- 
ology of Michigan.” 

Heien TuHomrson GaAIcE, 
Ann Arbor, Michigan. 


HABITS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE TEXAS 
HORNED LIZARD, Phrynosoma 
cornutum, Harlan, II. 

An interesting fact mentioned by many writers, 
and easily confirmed, is that the horned lizard is very 
sensitive to the stings of the large agricultural ants 
which form its principal food. The lizard will fidget 


8 COPEIA 


nervously when stung by an ant on the back or on 
the leg, yet can swallow the insect alive and entire. 
The lming of the esophagus and the stomach seems 
to be peculiarly resistant. 

A common habit, seen in about twenty-five per 
cent. of specimens, is that of wagging the tail when 
irritated. Incidentally, this habit is quite general 
among reptiles. Many non-venomous snakes vibrate 
the tail when surprised. Often they are mistaken for 
rattlesnakes, as the sound of a rapidly vibrating tail 
in leaves or dead grass is not unlike the warning of 
Crotalus. 

The male horned lizards sometimes fight each 
other in hot weather,—if confined closely. This fight- 
ing seems to be rather harmless, consisting mainly of 
vigorous puffing and blowing. ‘The writer once ob- 
served a large male dragging around a smaller one 
holding its tail in his mouth. 

Horned lizards, unlike other lizards, do not have 
the power to break off the tail, when that member is 
grasped. In fact, a convenient method of capture is 
to seize the animal by its tail. 

The Texas form may at times greedily lap up 
water, but seems to depend mainly on drops of dew 
on the vegetation. ‘This habit is shared by the other 
members of the genus. 

In North-central Texas, the horned lizards dis- 
appear with the first cold burst, which comes on usu- 
ally between the middle of September and the first 
of October. Occasional specimens, especially very 
young forms, may be found as late as the first of 
December; but the majority are gone for the winter, 
after the first “norther” despite the many warm days 
which may follow. 

W. M. Winton, 
Fort Worth, Tevas. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnors, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, February 26, 1917. No. 40 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


FURTHER NOTES ON ERILEPIS, THE 
GIANT BASS-LIKE FISH’ OF THE 
NORTH. PACIFIC. 


In Coreta for April 24, 1916, (No. 30) the writer 
noted the second occurrence of Hrilepis zonifer 
(Lockington) in the North Pacific. Since then 
several interesting facts have come to light concern- 
ing this huge fish that have modified what was pre- 
viously said. It is especially noteworthy that there 
is no special reason for believing the fish a stray 
from Japan, as has been conjectured. 

According to one of the fishermen, the specimen 
already recorded had been taken in “Southeastern 
Alaska, in one of the long inland straits which form 
the inland passage, either in Frederick Sound or 
Chatham Straits.” The captain of the halibut 
schooner, however, when seen at a later date stated 
positively that the specimen was taken off the western 
coast of the Queen Charlottes, near the northern end. 
His record is undoubtedly correct, and it is evident 
that Erilepis was taken on the continental shelf, 
rather than in enclosed waters. 

While in Vancouver during November, at the 
plant of the Canadian Fishing Company, the writer 
was shown two other specimens of this fish. Under 


10 COPEL A 


the heading “A Freak Fish,” a statement with a 
photograph of the larger was given in the “Pacific 
Fisherman” for November, as follows: ‘While the 
halibut schooner Borealis was fishing with halibut 
trawls in 240 fathoms of water in Rennel Sound on 
the west coast of Queen Charlotte Island, British 
Columbia, during October, a fish which weighed, in 
the round 175 pounds, and when dressed 145 pounds, 
was caught. It measured 5 feet 10 inches in length.” 
The opinion was expressed that it was “a large sea 
bass,” from “Southern Pacific waters.” ‘The large 
example was given to the British Columbia Provin- 
cial Museum, where a cast will be made and placed 
on exhibition. ‘Through the kindness of the company 
manager a smaller specimen caught at the same time 
was sent to Stanford University in a frozen condition. 
There it has been carefully examined, and compared 
with a Japanese specimen, undoubtedly the same 
species. 

It will be noted that the locality was the same 
as the corrected one for the first specimen. The prob- 
ability is that there is an available explanation for the 
occurrences. In the region indicated, the continental 
shelf drops with great rapidity to oceanic depths, and 
a halibut trawl set in 150 fathoms on its shoreward 
end frequently drops as far as its buoys will allow 
it on the seaward end. ‘This may be as much as 400 
fathoms. It has only been in recent years, particular- 
ly in the winter, that halibut fishing has been carried 
on in depths of 140 fathoms and more, as has been 
shown in the reports of the British Columbia Com- 
missioner of Fisheries for 1915. ‘The cousin of the 
present species, the Alaska black cod Anoplopoma, 
inhabits considerable depths also, and in the last few 
years more of them are being caught by the halibut 
boats. The fishermen even occasionally bring up 
Macrouroid species, formerly utterly unknown to 
them. This “rare” fish, then, has perhaps been 


COPEIA 13 


caught by the fishermen while they were utilizing un- 
usual depths, and it may well be common and relative- 
ly abundant in its peculiar habitat. 


The Japanese fishermen, it is worthy of note, 
fish their waters more closely than is done on our 
coasts, and Dr. Jordan and Prof. Snyder say: “Ac- 
cording to Kuma Aoki, an intelligent fisherman of 
Misaki, it is occasionally taken in the Kuro Siwo, it 
is not rare, and reaches a weight of 200 pounds. A1- 
though so rare in collections the species is well known 
to the fishermen.” There is no good reason why more 
extensive exploitation of our fishing grounds will not 
bring to light at least an abundance equal to that of 
the species in Japan. It is hence unjust to call the 
fish a “stray,” and one must be reserved in. calling 
ie rare, 

Since the only specimens known to be preserved 
in museums have come from Japan, and the type of 
the species (from Monterey, California,) which was 
in the collection of the California Academy of 
Sciences in San Francisco has been destroyed, the fol- 
lowing notes regarding the specimen now at hand are 
appended. 


The fish, 112 cm. in total length and 98 to base of 
caudal, is bass-like with massive head and rotund body, 
its width 7 its depth, but with somewhat slender cau- 
dal peduncle, nearly round and quickly tapering. The 
interorbital is wide, convex. The eyes are small, 
slightly oval, lateral in outlook, and over a wide sub- 
orbital. The maxillary ends below the center of the 
pupil. The lower jaw projects somewhat; its tip, 
lying in the axis of the body, continues the profile 
lines of the head and body, which taper evenly an- 
teriorly and posteriorly. 

The teeth are in a band six or seven series wide 
anteriorly in the upper jaw, four or five below, nar- 
rowing posteriorly; recurved, slender and sharp; none 
of them canine-like, or enlarged; in a V shaped patch 


12 COPEIA 


on vomer; in narrow bands on palatines. The gill 
arches and viscera were removed when the fish was 
frozen. 


The dorsals are apparently separated by the 
space of two spines, but dissection shows these to be 
present, buried below the thick skin; two anterior 
spines are very short; the third is the longest, with 
the margin of the fin falling straightly to the first 
buried spine; preceding the soft rays are two un- 
jointed rays (or spines), closely applied to the third. 
The soft dorsal is highest at the fifth ray, slightly 
emarginate in outline. When supine the longest dor- 
sal ray reaches over the basis of seven following rays, 
while that of the similarly shaped anal reaches to the 
base of the last. The last rays in both fins are less 
in length than the eye diameter. The pectorals are 
a little faleate in shape, and extend back to the level 
of the eighth dorsal spine. The ventrals are inserted 
a short distance behind the pectorals. 


Seales are present everywhere on exposed sur- 
faces save the lips, edges of fins, membranes of spin- 
ous dorsal, edges of branchiostegal flaps, and the in- 
ner surfaces of paired fins; rough to touch, they are 
not roughly ctenoid; they appear non-imbricate be- 
cause buried deeply. 


The color is very dark, save for projecting whit- 
ish edges of scales; only traces of dark bands are 
present, one as wide as 7% of the head length lymg 
under the pectorals, 3 others of equal width respec- 
tively just before the. vent, over the posterior two- 
thirds of the anal, and on the caudal peduncle. Ven- 
trally the body is not markedly lighter than dorsally. 
The peritoneum is scraped away, but the buccal lin- 
ing shows very dark. Lips and fin edges are black, 
with strong tinges of blue. 


The measurements follow: Head .32 of length to 
base of caudal; depth. 30; body width .19; eye .045; . 
maxillary length .13; width .032; suborbital width 


COPEIA 18 


.04; snout length .11; mandible .16; interorbital .12; 
pectoral base .075; length .18; ventral .125; 3rd dor- 
sal spine .085; 5th dorsal ray .11; last .037; 5th anal 
ray .12; last .087; soft dorsal base .25; anal base .16; 
depth of caudal peduncle .085; width .07; dorsal rays 
NEE, Il 17; anal If 13; pores in lateral line .126; 
scales from lateral line obliquely forward and upward 
to dorsal insertion 30, downward and backward to 
anal 51; pectoral rays 19; branchiostegals 7. 
Wi I’. THompson, 
British Columbia Fisheries Dept. 


ANOTHER RECORD FOR 4ASCAPHUS 
TRUEI STEJNEGER. 


There have been, to the writer’s knowledge, but 
two additional records for the American Bell 'Toad, 
Ascaphus truei, since the report of the capture of the 
single original specimen (the type of a new genus 
and the only member of the family Discoglossidae 
known from the Western Hemisphere). ‘The type 
was found nineteen years ago at Humptulips, Che- 
halis County, in southwestern Washington. In, 1906 
the species was discovered on the southeast slope of 
Mount Ranier at an altitude of 6,000 feet, and was 
taken later on the same mountain at 4,861 feet alti- 
tude on the southwest side.’ 

Dr. A. C. Chandler of the Oregon Agricultural 
College, Corvallis, Oregon, has recently sent the 
writer a specimen of Ascaphus truei taken in Oregon. 
Dr. Chandler’s specimen was captured on Red Creek 
in the Santiam National Forest, Linn County, Ore- 
gon, at an altitude of 3,000 feet. The district is a 
heavily forested one; and trees common in the local- 
ity are Douglas Fir, Coast Hemlock and Pinus mon- 
ticola. ‘The “toad” was found at the edge of the 
creek which is here a cold, swift mountain-stream. 

Judging from the cartilaginous condition of the 
limb bones and the skull-roof and the small size the 


1Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 3, 1912, . 259-264. 
Pp 


14 COPEIA 


specimen is an immature. Its measurements are: 
total length 26 millimeters, “tail” one millimeter, 
hind limb 39, hind foot 18, overlap of heels behind 
anus 4, head width 9, length of parotoid 7, width of 
parotoid 2.7. The specimen agrees in all but minor 
points with descriptions of trwei. There is a gular 
fold across the chest. The color in alcohol is uniform, 
dark, slaty grey above, without any traces of darker 
markings, and including the top of the head anterior 
to the eyes. The snout has a lighter Y-shaped medi- 
an, vertical band between the two darker spots about 
the nostrils. Below the eye is another dark area sep- 
arated from the nasal patch by a lighter spot. ‘The 
underparts are dusky yellow and a continuation of 
this color is seen in a light band across the shoulder. 
The numerous small tubercles on the back are each 
tipped with white. 
CHARLES L. Camp, 
New York, N. Y 


SOME AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 
FROM BUCK’S COUNTY, PENN- 
SYLVANTIA. 


While working over the collections of the Acad- 
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the follow- 
ing records were noticed. As no list of these animals 
has ever been given for this section, all the species 
are included. 

Hemidactylium scutatum, Fallsington; Pletho- 
don erythronotus, Woodbourne; S' pelerpes bislineatus, 
Hulmeville; §. ruber, Woodbourne and Hulmeville; 
Desmognathus fusca, Bristol, Hulmeville, Wood- 
bourne and Wycombe; Bufo americanus, Bristol, 
Pigeon Swamp, Cash Ledge, Tullytown, White’s Is- 
land, Langhorne, Wycombe, Doylestown; Pseudacris 
triseriatus, Kintnersville; Acris gryllus crepitans, 
Bristol, Edgely, Badger Island, Rocky Woods, Penn 
Manor, Scott’s Creek, Edison, Woodbourne, Doyles- 
town; Hyla pickeringii, Bristol, 'Tullytown, Scott’s 


COPEIA 15 


Creek, Rocky Woods, Kintnersville; H. versicolor, 
Bristol; Rana pipiens, Bristol, Emilie, Fallsington, 
Tullytown, Cash Ledge, Rocky Woods, Scott's 
Creek, Langhorne; R. catesbeiana, Scott’s Creek, 
Tullytown, Langhorne, Bridgetown, Woodbourne, 
Edison, Wycombe, Doylestown; R. clamata, Bristol, 
Emilie, Rocky Woods, Cash Ledge, Scott’s Creek, 
Bridgetown, Langhorne, Woodbourne, Fallsington, 
Edison, Wycombe, Doylestown; R. palustris, Anda- 
lusia, Emilie, Tullytown, Scott’s Creek, Wood- 
bourne, Fallsington, Bridgetown, Edison; R. sylvat- 
ica, Rocky Woods and Fallsington; Natrixv sipedon, 
Eddington, Bristol, Scott’s Creek, Rocky Woods, 
Woodbourne, Langhorne, Core Creek, Wycombe, 
Edison; Storeria dekayi, Kddington and_ Bristol; 
Diadophus punctatus, Croydon; Coluber constrictor, 
Rocky Woods and Bristol; Thamnophis sauritus, 
Croydon and Emilie; 7". sirtalis, Bristol, Hulmeville, 
Rocky Woods; Sceloporus wndulatus, Nockamixon ; 
Chelydra serpentina, Croydon, Bristol, Woodbourne 
and Edison; Kinosternon pensyloanicum, 'Tullytown, 
Core Creek and Woodbourne; Sternothoerus odora- 
tus, Bristol, Tullytown, Scott’s Creek, Langhorne; 
Pseudemys rubriventris, Bristol; Chrysemys picta, 
Bristol, Tullytown, Emilie, Rocky Woods, David's 
Well, Croydon, Scott’s Creek, Woodbourne, Wy- 
combe, Edison; Clemmys insculpta, Bristol; C. gut- 
tata, Bristol, Tullytown, Rocky Woods, Scott’s 
Creek, Woodbourne, Edison; Terrapene carolina, 
Woodbourne and Doylestown. 
Henry W. Fow ter, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


STUDYING THE BOX TURTLE. 


While collecting insects in woods at Orient, Oct. 
8, 1916, I met an unusual, large, handsome male box 
turtle Cistudo carolina. 'The plastron measured six 
and a half by five inches. The head and neck excep- 
tionally bright orange. 


16 COPEIA 


Placing the animal on the sand in a small clear- 
ing, L reclined under a shrub oak to study procedure. 
Shortly the splendid head and neck were erected and 
held in a steady gaze. Presently a rustling was 
heard among the dry leaves to one side, which | grad- 
ually drew nearer. Finally the upstretched neck and 
shell of a smaller male box turtle appeared in view 
at the margin of the clearing 12 feet from the power- 
ful specimen, which had remained absolutely motion- 
less, but staring intensely at the new arrival. The 
small one advanced 4 feet, then paused, then another 
4. feet venture and another pause. At the last pause, 
which was 4 feet from the first individual, the big fel- 
low suddenly rushed at the new-comer with open 
mouth and grabbed it by the nape with such force 
as to roll it over on the side. It held the head to the 
ground for about 2 minutes, while the victim strug- 
aled unsuccessfully to draw its head within the shell. 
Releasing its hold, it actually climbed over the con- 
quered foe and walked rapidly away. It had traveled 
10 feet when the small one hurried directly after it. 
The leader paused every few feet in the usual manner, 
but the other continued without haltmg till it was 2 
feet in the rear. Thereafter it was very alert and 
copied perfectly every start and pause of the leader, 
which, evidently, was in ignorance of its shadower. I 
watched this interesting bit of wild life for 60 feet, 
when the head animal disappeared into thick cover, 
leaving the rear tortoise gazing ahead in a puzzled, 
undecided quandary. It finally turned and came di- 
rectly by the writer, while passing about 3 feet to one 
side. I talked loudly, whistled and sought to arrest 
its attention by mouth, while remaining perfectly 
motionless, but without success. Einar. the slight 
raising of one arm caused the head to be drawn sud- 
denly into the shell with alarm. 

Roy LatrHam, 
Orient, N.Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnuots, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, March 24, 1917. No. 41 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


MIGRATION NOTES OF FISHES, 1916, 
FROM ORIENT, LONG ISLAND. 


The records mentioned below were all taken 
from Long Island Sound, unless otherwise noted. 
Our pounds were removed on December 15. This is a 
considerably later date than usual, and several new 
late records were made for the locality. All the 
measurements given are in total lengths. Most of 
the species herein listed were either identified or veri- 
fied at the American Museum of Natural History. 

Musielus canis. Smooth Dogfish. First one taken 
May 29, four, 36 to 49 inches. Last one taken De- 
cember 4, one 14 inches. One 14 inches taken No- 
vember 28, also a 13-inch specimen from Long Beach 
Bay, November 13. Largest individual of the season 
was 51 inches, taken on August 18. It is known 
among the fishers here as “Swing-tail Dogfish.” 

Carcharias littoralis. Sand Shark. First taken 
July 6, one 4 feet. Last taken October 21, one 24 
inches. 

Squalus acanthias. Spined Dogfish. Last one 
taken in Spring, May 17, one 30 inches. First one 
taken in Fall, October 20, five 36 inches. On October 
23, 500 were taken in two traps. Were of daily oc- 
currence till December 12. It is called here Horned 
Dogfish. 


Raja erinacea. Common Skate. A permanent 


18 COPEIA 


resident in Orient waters. It is washed ashore in 
winter gales. Several seasons ago we kept a trap 
in Gardiner’s Bay throughout the winter, and this 
species was secured ‘at all the weekly hauls. It is 
taken more commonly during the hot summer weath- 
er in shallow water traps than in the deep water gears. 
Known as “'Tobaccobox”’ and less frequently as “Old 
Maid.” 

Raja laevis. Barn-door Skate. First one taken 
May 8, one 48 inches. Last one taken December 14. 
Regular, but not common, throughout the summer. 
A specimen taken December 12 had the following 
measurements: Length, 52 inches; expansion across 
wings, 38 inches. The local name is “Sharp-nosed 
Skate.” 

Acipenser sturio. Common Sturgeon. One 
record, December 8, one 4 feet. 

Elops saurus. Big-eyed Herring. One October 
30, 14 inches. Wie usually obtain one or two records 
each Fall, averaging about this size. 

Etrumeus sadina. Round Herring. First taken 
May 24, one 3 inches. Last taken December 8. It 
appear ed in large schools in September and continued 
in abundance till November 20. It was noted daily 
till December 1. On December 4, 100 were taken. 
The average length was 5 to 6 inches in the schools 
and the largest taken 7 inches. 

Brevoortia tyrannus. Bunker. First taken May 
5, fourteen. Last taken December 15. The young, 
ranging in length from 114 to 6 inches, were very ° 
common from October 29 to the end of the season. 
Not so many young have been noticed before in fif- 
teen years. The last adult was taken November 25, 
in Long Beach Bay. 

Stolephorus mitchilli, Common Anchovy. Ar- 
rived June 23, in large schools. Last taken December 
14. Abundant from October 1 to December 4. 


Osmerus mordaxv. Smelt. Last one taken in 
Spring, June 9. First one taken in Fall, October 2. 


COPEIA 19 


Also the following summer records: July 14, two; 
August 28, two. <All about 7 inches in length. 

Synodus foetens. Lizzard Fish. One taken 
October 9, 12 inches in length.’ This is the only ex- 
ample of this species the writer has secured from 
Orient. 

Tylosorus marinus. Billfish. First taken May 
7, two 14 inches. Last taken November 19. One 
was taken on November 13, and one November 10. 
Largest specimen of the year was 28 inches, taken 
September 28. 

Hyporhamphus roberti. Half-beak. First tak- 
en July 12, one six inches. Last one taken Novem- 
ber 6, three. Two were taken July 17, and one, Oc- 
tober 18. All these latter records were near 9 inches 
in length. 

Mugil curema. White Mullet. First taken 
June 4. Last taken December 13. Large schools 
of young were observed late in September and 
through October. 

Sphyraena borealis. Northern Barracuda. First 
one taken June 20. Last one taken October 19, one 
12 inches. ‘This fish was extremely rare during the 
season. Only one specimen was taken after Septem- 
ber 15. In 1915, it oceurred daily through October 
and most of November. 

Scomber scombrus. Common Mackerel. First 
taken May 23, two, 6 inches. Last taken December 
14, three, 7 inches. Was common in schools till No- 
vember 22, ranging in size from 7 to 10 inches. There 
were swarms of young on June 23, about 2 inches 
long. By July 17, these had obtained a length of 3 
inches. 

Scomber colias. Thimble Mackerel. First tak- 
en July 14. Last taken December 12, three, 5 to 8 
inches. 


Sarda sarda. Bonito. One record. One 12 
inches on September 15. This is a very uncommon 


20 COPEIA 


species in Orient waters. Occasionally a dozen may 
be taken at one haul, or single individuals up to twen- 
ty in a season. 


Scomberomorus maculatus. Spanish Mackerel. 
One September 6, 18 inches in length, with a weight 
of 154 lbs. is the only record. It is at present a very 
rare species. In 1915, no record was made. In 1914, 
four, of 2 lbs. each, were caught at one time. In 
1913, one individual of 6 inches. It is forty-five years 
since the last big run occurred at Orient. 


AXiphias gladius. Swordfish. A specimen weigh- 
ing 200 lbs was taken in Gardiner’s Bay, July 1. A 
rare visitor near Orient. 

Seriola zonata. Banded Rudder Fish. First 
one taken August 1. Last one taken October 28. 
Specimens range from 8 to 6 inches. 


Decapterus punctatus. Sead. First taken Au- 
gust 29. Last taken November 17. Specimens are 
from 2 to 6 inches. It is most common in October. 

Caranx hippos. Jackfish. First taken July 30. 
Last taken October 30. Specimens 214 to 8 inches. 
More common than usual, 20 to 30 sometimes being 
captured at a single lift. 


Vomer setipinnis. Lookdown. First Septem- 
ber 29. Last taken October 19. Specimens are 1144 
to 3 inches. 


Trachinotus carolinus. Pompano. One 7-inch 
specimen, October 30, is the only record. More than 
one record a year is an exception. 


Pomatomus saltatrix. Bluefish. First adult 
taken June 23, and the last, October 3. Young 
“snappers” were common till November 1, and the 
last taken November 28. Young individuals from 1 
to 2 inches in length were common in the Sound on 
July 6, but had entirely disappeared by the 15. 


Rhombus triacanthus. Butterfish. First one 
taken May 15, two 8 and 10 inches. Last one taken 
December 14. Young specimens from 1 to 4 inches 


COPEIA 21 


were common in the Fall, till December 1. It is an 
abundant species and better known as “Shiner.” 


Centropristes striatus. Sea Bass. First one 
taken May 3, and the last, a specimen of 214 inches, 
in Long Beach Bay, on December 7. The last adult 
was taken on October 18. 


Orthopristis chrysopterus. Pigfish. One taken 
June 29, 944 inches. The first specimen in several 
years and the largest record taken here. 


Stenotomus chrysops. Porgy. First one taken 
May 15, two 8 and 10 inches. Last one taken De- 
cember 4. There was a great abundance of young 
from October 20 to December 1. From ten to twenty 
thousand ranging from 1 to 8 inches would collect 
in a trap over night. 

Cynoscion regalis. Weakfish. First one taken 
May 17, two 13 and 14 inches. Last one taken De- 
cember 8, three, 4 to 7 inches. Six were taken on 
November 27. The last adult was taken on October 
30, weighing 4 lbs. The largest individual of the 
season had a weight of 14 lbs. 


Leiostomus wanthurus. Wafayette. First one 
taken September 2. Last one taken November 28. 
Specimens ranging from 2 to 12 inches. The speci- 
men of 12 inches, taken on September 27, weighed 
3/, lb., and is the largest I have record of. Septem- 
ber 16 one was taken 101% inches. On October 21, 
three 9-inch specimens were caught. ‘Three were 
taken on the date of November 27. 


Menticirrhus sawatilis. Wingfish. First one 
taken May 15, one 10 inches. Last one taken Decem- 
ber 8. There were numerous November records from 
3 to 7 inches. 


Chaetodipterus faber. Spadefish. One taken 
October 2 was 16 inches in length, 9 inches deep, 
weight 334 lbs. One October 4, about the same size 
and a third specimen on October 6, 12 inches in 
length. 


22 COPEIA 


Balistes carolinensis. 'Triggerfish. One on No- 
vember 11, 10 inches. 


Monacanthus hispidus. Filefish. First one ta- 
ken September 10. ast one taken November 22. 


Lagocephalus laevigatus. Rabbitfish. A speci- 
men of 6 inches November 1. 


Spheroides maculatus. Swellfish. First one 
taken May 29, two 6-inch. Last one taken December 
15. Young of 1 to 3 inches were frequently taken 
through November and first of December. Last 
adult taken October 28. 


Myoxocephalus aeneus. Pigmy Seculpin. Last 
one in Spring taken June 8. First one taken in Fall, 
November 4. Three females were taken on Novem- 
ber 20, that measured 7 inches each. Of the form 
called M. mitchilli the following records, all from 
Long Beach Bay, were taken: two November 25, 
(first) ; one December 2; four, December 4. All of 
these were uniform in size and very conspicuous with 
their bold black markings amongst the numbers of 
Brassy Sculpins in a boat. 


Myowocephalus octodecimspinosus. 18-spined 
Seulpin. Last one taken in Spring, June 9. First 
one taken in Fall, October 1. Common throughout 
the winter. Known locally as “Horned Fish.” 


Prionotus carolinus. Sea Robin. First one ta- 
ken May 17. Last one taken November 29. Six 
adults were taken October 31. All those following 
were young from 2 to 5 inches. 

Merlucius bilinearis. Whiting. One 4 inches 
was taken March 3. Three individuals were taken 
on June 9, and one on July 18, 6 inches in length. 
Arrived from north, October 3, and was taken regu- 
larly to December 15. 


Pollachius virens. Pollack. Young individuals 
from 2 to 6 inches were taken all through the sum- 
mer. On May 29, one weighing 21 lbs., with a length 
of 36 inches was secured. Another of 14 lbs. was 


COPEIA 23 


taken on June 14. Adults are exceedingly rare in 
local waters. 

Urophycis regius. Codling. The following sum- 
mer records were made: one, May 19; one, June 9; 
one, August 11. Averaging about 7 inches. 

Urophycis tenuis. Coding. Last taken in 
Spring, May 6. First taken in F all, September 25; 
was common by October 3, which is much earlier than 
usual. 

Paralichthys dentatus. Summer Flounder. 
First one taken May 4. Last one taken December 
15, a splendid specimen of 15 Ibs. One of 22 inches 
was taken on November 30. November 27, four were 
secured from 28 to 30 inches. 


Roy LATHAM, 
Orient, N.Y. 


FISHES FROM THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, 
WEST INDIES. 


A small collection made by Mr. A. D. Brown 
in 1878 was recently sent to me for study, by Mr. 
C. F. Silvester, of Princeton University. Only one 
example is with definite locality, and that reads St. 
Thomas, July 18, 1878. This is one of the larger 
islands, and due east about forty miles from Porto 
Rico. As no fishes have previously been reported 
from the Virgin Islands, the following list is offered: 

Myrophis punctatus Lutken. Hemiramphus 
brasiliensis (Linnaeus). Holocentrus adscensionis 
(Osbeck). Caranav latus Agassiz. Trachinotus 
glaucus (Bloch). Epinephelus striatus (Bloch). 
E. adscensionis (Osbeck). Lutianus synagris (Lin- 
naeus). Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch). Haemulon 
plumiert (Iuacepede). Bathystoma aurolineatum 
(Valenciennes). B. striatum (Linnaeus). Calamus 
calamus (Valenciennes). C. kendalli Evermann and 
Marsh. Upeneus maculatus (Bloch). U. martinicus 
Valenciennes. Sparisoma wxystrodon Jordan and 


24 COPEIA 


Swain. SS. abildgaardi (Bloch). 8S. aurofrenatum 
(Valenciennes). §. viride (Bonnaterre). Callyodon 
taeniopterus (Desmarest). C. vetula (Schneider). 
C. caeruleus (Bloch). Pomacanthus arcwatus (Lin- 
naeus). Hepatus coeruleus (Schneider). Balistes 
vetula Linnaeus. — 

‘ Henry W. Fow ter, 


Philadelphia, Pa. 


ANOTHER RECORD OF AMBLYSTOMA 
OPACUM FROM LONG ISLAND. 


During the summer and fall of 1916 several col- 
lecting trips for the adults of the tiger salamander 
were made, with rather negative results as regards 
that species, but two adults ‘with egos of the marbled 
salamander, A mblystoma opacum, were found by Mr. 
J. M. Ketcham, of Glen Head, L. I. They were dis- 
covered under logs in a dried-up pond on the Hudson 
Kstate near Sy osset, and were kept in damp soil. 
After several weeks Mr. Ketcham presented them 
to the N. Y. Zoological Park, where the ova arrived 
on October 31, in rather a dry condition, and shrunk 
to about one-third of their original size. The writer 
placed them into a small aquarium with four inches 
of water, and after being submerged about 45 min- 
utes, they began to hatch. The gelatinous cover had 
absorbed the water, bringing the ova back to their 
natural size, which was about 3-16 of an inch. With- 
in an hour after beginning to hatch, all the larvae had 
emerged. Of the 88 larvae hatched, 76 found their 
way to the Rockefeller Institute, where Dr. Eduard 
Uhlenhuth is using them in his experiments on the 
transplantation of the. amphibian eye and other bio- 
logical work. A dozen were retained and are now 
on exhibition in the Reptile House at Bronx Park. 


RicHarpd F. DECKERT, 
New York, N. Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


Philadelphia, April 24, 1917. No. 42 


ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 
SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERI- 
CAN SOCIETY OF ICHTHYOLOGISTS AND 
HERPETOLOGISTS, held in the Lecture Hall of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, March 
Solon iG. 


feo —e-s 3 ee of 


THE FISHES OF THE LANG-CHAPIN CONGO 
EXPEDITION. John T. Nichols. (No abstract.) 


These results will be incorporated in Mr. Nichol’s forth- 
coming report to be published by the American Museum 
of Natural History, New York. 


A RESTORATION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS 
AMPHIBIAN ERYOPS. Dwight Franklin. (No 
abstract.) 


SOME EXPERIENCES WITH SNAKES AND 
TURTLES. J. Fletcher Street. (No abstract.) 


NOTES ON THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF 
DERMAL DENTICLES AND TEETH IN IDENTI- 
FYING SHARKS. Lewis Radcliffe. 


Sharks represent one of the most interesting 
groups in the field of ichthyology, but a very difficult 
one for the average worker. For many of the species 
it is almost impossible to find satisfactory descriptions, 
or was so until very recently. - One reason for this is 
that we cannot transport a shark 10 to 50 feet in 
length, weighing from 300 to 10,000 pounds or more, 
with ease to our laboratories, and very often our field 
notes do not suffice for identification purposes. Even 
when it is possible to bring large specimens to the 
laboratory, identification must be made at once and 
the remains cast adrift, the element of large size pro- 
hibiting the preserving of large numbers for compara- 


26 COPEIA 


tive purposes. On the other hand, there is a paucity 
of material in our collections which could have been 
preserved easily and would have aided us greatly in 
our studies. 


In the summers of 1912-14, while at Beaufort, 
N. C., excellent opportunities were afforded for collect- 
ing material, but very little time for studying it. This 
directed attention to the minimum of material that 
should be saved and the following plan developed: 


1. Make as detailed field notes and measure- 
ments as time will permit. Include careful descrip- 
tions of parts of head, form of fins and distinctive color- 
markings. 


2. If provided with a camera, photograph lateral 
view of entire fish and ventral surface of head includ- 
ing pectorals. These often aid in checking measure- 
ments and supply important details which may other- 
wise be overlooked. 


3. Preserve a piece of shagreen from the middle 
of the side below the first dorsal fin. A piece 3 inches 
square is ample and may be preserved in alcohol in a 
small vial or bottle, or dried. 


4. Remove the jaws entire. For doing this a 
stout. sharp pocket or hunting knife is much more 
satisfactory than an axe or cleaver and after a little 
practice you will be surprised at the ease with which 
it may be done. As soon as convenient the jaws should 
be cleaned and dried. They are then easily shipped 
by parcels post or express. 


When one is prepared to study the material col- 
lected in the field, a small piece of the shagreen should 
be permanently mounted on a dry cell. The denticles 
may then be studied with the microscope after which 
the slide may be filed for future comparisons. At 
first one may be somewhat bewilcered by the marked 
similarity of denticles of various species. Others, 
however, will be found with characters which are dis- 
tinctive and by the process of elimination assistance 
will be afforded. 


In studying the denticles it should be noted 
whether they are close set, imbricated or more or less 
scattered, whether uniform or variable in size, the 
number and character of the keels on the outer surface 
and the individual variation with age. 


COPEIA 27 


As the worker becomes familiar with the denticles 
of various species he will find the habit of briefly 
examining those of new material an important aid in 
his cursory search for clews as to the identity of the 
species. Only a few days ago a section of a shark, 
including that part of the body between the origin 
of the first dorsal and base of the ventral fins, was 
received and identified at once by this character. 
Without this knowledge identification would have been 
difficult and it oftentimes will prove so. In fact this 
point must be emphasized that these are not an open 
sesame by which all sharks may be readily identified, 
but that in a troublesome group they are an aid. In 
addition the material is easily obtained and retained 
in permanent form for comparative purposes. 


All who have made a study of sharks know the 
important diagnostic value of the teeth. Considering 
the ease with which the jaws may be removed and 
preserved, the dearth of such material in collections is 
surprising. While there is some range of variation in 
the number of rows of teeth, there is a marked con- 
stancy of form in a given species. 


In large measure the practice of fishermen is to 
fish intensively for the more important forms and 
allow the unimportant ones to live and multiply, often 
at the expense of the more valuable species. If prac- 
tical uses can be developed for those that are especially 
destructive to the important forms our gain may be 
twofold. Many are familiar with the grayfish cam- 
paign inaugurated last year by the Bureau of Fisheries, 
and that this fish is being canned on both coasts. The 
demand is at least ten times the pack and the eggs as 
well as the livers are by-products of value. 


Owing to the scarcity of leathers the time seemed 
opportune to interest tanners in the utilization of fish 
skins. Over 225 shark hides and about 50 skins of 
other fishes, including cod, hake, grouper, garfish and 
rays, have been distributed among about 25 tanners 
for experimentation and a few very creditable samples 
of the finished product have been received. 


The utilization of this product is not a new idea 
"as many have experimented with it almost universally 
without success. Lack of srecess is due to the fact that 
‘fish skins have to be processed in a special manner in 
order that they may be tanned into acceptable grades 


28 COPEIA 


of leather. Two companies are now tanning them 
and are in the market for large quantities of raw hides 
and two others are perfecting tanning processes and 
preparing to engage in the industry. Fishermen who 
have not known that these products have a value are 
being advised as to the proper methods for removing 
the skins and curing and boxing them for shipment. 
Those collecting this material are furnished informa- 
tion as to where it may be marketed. The Bureau of 
Standards will test the tanned skins as to tensile 
strength and wearing qualities and later manufac- 
turers of leather goods will be encouraged to experi- 
ment with the finished product to ascertain to what 
uses it is best adapted. Thus it is hoped that an 
economic loss will be turned into a profit. 


ON CERTAIN CONGO REPTILES. Herbert 
Lang. (No abstract.) 


FISHERY WORK IN THE TROPICS. Alvin 
Seale. (No abstract.) 


SOME REMARKS ON THE HISTORY OF THE 
HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTION OF THE ACA- 
DEMY OF NATURAY SCIENCES OF PHILADEL- 
PHIA. Dr. Witmer Stone. (No abstract.) 


NEW GENERA OF DEEP-WATER GUR- 
NARDS (Peristidiidae). Dr. Hugh M. Smith. (No 
abstract.) These results will probably appear in the 
Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 


BREEDING HABITS OF Ambystoma opacum. 
G. P. Engelhardt. (No abstract.) 


THE CAPELIN (Mallotus villosus), WITH 
NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE ON THE COAST 
OF MAINE. Dr. William C. Kendall. 

Recently the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, 
D. C., received for identification three specimens of 
fish unrecognized by fishermen in the locality where 
they were taken. Recognizing that they constituted 
a new record for the coast of Maine, information sup- 
plied by Mr. H. M. Loomis, Director of the Office of 
Sardine Inspection, follows: ‘‘Last fall these fish had 
been noted from time to time during October and 
November with receipts of herring, but they did not 
appear in any great quantity with the ‘herring’ until 
the latter part of November, or from the 26th to 30th. 


COPEIA 29 


On the 27th three hogsheads of ‘herring,’ or about 3000 
pounds, were received from the Dennysville River, and 
were found to contain over two hogsheads of capelin. 
I am unable to state anything regarding capelin earlier 
in the season, as no particular attention was paid to 
them, as distinguished from the common smelt.” The 
species has not previously been recorded south of 
Halifax, Nova Scotia. In a number of books and 
catalogues of fishes pertaining to the western Atlantic 
vague references to the Halifax record are found. 
These seem to be based upon the list of fishes of Nova 
Scotia by J. Mathew Jones, published in 1863. Aside 
from it as a new Maine record interest attaches to the 
occurrence of capelin in Panamaquoddy Bay, as during 
the summer the water was unusually cold off shore, at 
intermediate depths on the Continental Shelf as far 
south as the latitude of the Middle Atlantic States. 
This cold water was accompanied by an abundance of 
planktonic fish food of species usually found in more 
northern waters (Fisheries Service Bulletin, September 
1, 1916, No. 16, p.1). The possible connection of these 
phenomena with the presence of capelin so far south 
of its normal range is obvious. The Halifax occur- 
rence previously referred to may be accounted for in 
the same way. This is indicated by a subsequent 
notice by the same J. Mathew Jones (in a letter to 
Forest and Stream, vol. 10, 1878, p. 502). If Mr. 
Loomis had asked for information regarding the habits 
of the capelin he would have likely been given an extract 
from the short account by G. Brown Goode in Fishery 
Industries, which is about as complete as most recent 
data available allows. This account is largely quota- 
tions from others, and curious to note the most thor- 
ough account of the fish appears to have been over- 
looked. Such is that by the previously mentioned Mr. 
Jones, read December 7, 1863, before the Nova Scotian 
Institute of Natural Science and published in the 
Transactions of that inst’tution (see vol. 2, part 2, pp. 
4-13). In Dr. Goode’s account of the spawning habits 
of the capelin one Charles Lanman is credited with a 
very thorough observation. However, it has subse- 
quently appeared that Charles Lanman was an “invet- 
erate cribber” in things ichthyological. In the article 
jist mentioned Cavtain Hardy quotes verbatim, giving 
full credit from an earl’er account of the snawning 
habits of the fish given by Lieutenant Edwerd Chappell, 
R. N. (Voyage of His Majesty’s Ship Rosamond to 


30 COPEIA 


Newfoundland and the Southern Coast of Labrador, 
1818, pp. 131-134). Charles Lanman’s account is a 
werd for word transeription of this account, but 
whether his apology is due Captain Hardy or Lieu- 
tenant Chappell the Recording Angel only knows. 


BITTEN BY A RATTLESNAKE. |= William T. 
Davis. (No abstract.) 


REPTILE” LORE OF “THE: NOR DHE RN 
INDIANS. Dr. F. G. Speck. (No abstract.) 


NOTES ON THE TYPES OF WEST AFRICAN 
SPECIES OF LIZARDS DESCRIBED BY : DR. 
EDWARD HALLOWELL. Karl P. Schmidt. - (No 
abstract.) The results set forth in this communica- 
tion will appear in Mr. Schmidt’s forthcoming report 
on the Lang-Chapin Congo reptiles, to be published by 
the American Museum of Natural History, New York. 


HERPETOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 
MICHIGAN. Dr. Alexander G. Ruthven. 

It has seemed to me that a brief accovnt of the 
work in herpetology which is being done at the Uni- 
versity of Michigan woul’ probably be of some interest 
to the Society since the University is geographically a 
little remote from the museums where most of the 
research in this field is carried on, and it has been 
thought best, in view of the conditions, to emphasize 
a certain field and method of investigation. 

The nature of the work in herpetology in the 
Museum of Zoology is determined by the general policy 
adopted for the Museum. This policy covers both the 
field and the methods of investigation, and it is 
restricted both because the Museum is a state institu- 
tion and because its resources are so limited that it is 
necessary to concentrate them to obtain the greatest 
results. Very briefly, it is purposed to make an 
exhaustive study of the Michigan fauna, and to encour- 
age more comprehens've studies only in those groups 
which the members of the staff select for individual 
study. It has keen decided to emphasize research, to 
attach secondary importance to the assisting of schools 
and local naturalists and to consider as third in value 
the preparation of exhibits. _!n the field work the 
environmental relations are to be emphasized, in the 
belef that these relations are an importart factor in 
determining distribution and that a knowledge of the 


COPEIA 31 


geography gives important clues to systematic affinities. 


This policy has always had the support of the 
University authorities and has not been modified in the 
ten years since its adoption. During this time the 
reptiles and amphibians have received considerable 
attention, as they are groups selected for individual 
study. They have been studied in some part of Mich- 
igan every year, and also in various other places in 
North America, Mexico and South America, with the 
result that the fauna of the state is becoming fairly 
well known and contributions have been made to knowl- 
edge of the faunz of other regions and also it is hoped 
to the general subjects of zoogeography and systematic 
herpetology. 

Consistently with the general policy the field work 
on reptiles and amovhibians has been restricted to 
intensive environmental studies. The method employed 
is to select a general region which presents a geo- 
graphical problem with apparently few complications 
and not too large to be covered in the time available, 
to locate the possible habitats, and to work each hab- 
itat thoroly to obtain all of the inhabitants and to 
determine 2s much as possible of the habitat relations. 


At the present time we are working on the mate- 
yial obtained by expeditions sent to the Santa Marta 
Mountains, Colombia, in 1913, to British Guiana in 
1914, to the Davis Mountains, Texas, in 1914 and 1916, 
and on preliminary collections from the Olympic Moun- 
tains in Washington. To illustrate the nature of the 
general problems attacked, perm't me to say that the 
main object of the work in Colombia is to determine 
the effects of isolation and of precipitous topography, 
the problem attacked in Guiana is the effect of the old 
sand reefs on the fauna, the work in the Davis Moun- 
tains is ‘n the nature of an investigation of the prob- 
lems of altitudinal distribution in an arid region, and 
in the Olympics it is the altitudinal distribution in a 
wet region and the occurrence of forms with Asiatic 
affinities upon which it is hoped to obtain information. 
Although other exped'‘tons will be sent to each of the 
regions mentioned, it is apparent that the field work 
hes yielded results from which conclusions bearing 
on the problems stated may be drawn. 

That data on the relations between the animal at 
all stages of ‘ts life history and its environment are 
valuable, must, I believe, be evident to every one. The 


32 COPEIA 


course of evolution in a group can never be demon- 
strated by analytical systematic work, synthetic results 
ean only be relied upon when supported by a knowledge 
of the geographical history of the group, and environ- 
mental relations are a potent factor in geography. It 
may also be pointed out in conclusion that while fewer 
species will be obtained by the collector in the intensive 
study of a small area, this work may be depended upon 
to yield large returns not only in habitat data, but also 
in information on habits, life histories and individual 
variation, and is the most efficent way of obtaining a 
comprehensive knowledge of the fauna of a locality. 


AN EXTENSION. OF ~ THE ~ RANGE On 
CLEMMYS MUHLENBERGII. Dr. Harold L. Bab- 
cock. 

The northern limit of distribution for Muhlenberg’s 
Turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schweigger) has been 
considered, heretofore, to pass through southern New 
York State. It is therefore of interest to herpetologists 
to report a hitherto unpublished record of occurrence 
of this turtle at Newport, Rhode Island. In 1902, Mr. 
Alexander Agassiz took three specimens (two males 
and one female) at Newport, Rhode Island, and pre- 
sented them on September 23 to the Museum of Com- 
parative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where 
they now are. While it is possible that these were 
escaped caged animals, it is not at all likely. This 
turtle is not generally abundant throughout its range 
and often occurs locally as in this instance. As several 
southern New York records exist it is probable that the 
range extends through southern Connecticut as well, 
although there are no published records as yet. 

Muhlenberg’s turtle often leaves the water to Jead 
a distinctly terrestrial existence, but is found usually in - 
swampy localities near clear running streams. It is 
able to swallow food without submerging the head. 

This record not only establishes a new northern 
limit of distribution for this species but adds, as well, a 
new member to the chelonian fauna of New England. 


SOME NOTES ON THE BREEDING HABITS 
OF LOCAL CATFISHES. Henry W. Fowler. 

The white cat (Ameiurus catus) spawns in early 
summer, or over a period of about one week in duration. 
About Philadelphia the usual time is between May 28 
and June 4. The nest is a hollow depression, scooped 


COPETA 33 


out of the bottom by both sexes. It is usually situated 
in a gravel-bank or a sand-bank. The labor of excava- 
tion is performed by both fishes carrying out pebbles 
in their mouths or brushing about with their fins. In 
dimensions the nest may reach a diameter from th'rty 
inches to a yard and may vary in depth from twelve to 
fifteen inches, or even eighteen. When spawning the 
fish may remain quiet in the bottom, close together and 
parallel. The eggs appear to be forced out of the 
female by a vibrating of her body as she presses against 
the male, who remains close alongside showing the 
same movement. The milt and eggs are expressed at 
the same time, or at intervals until the spawning is 
completed. The clusters of eggs are all deposited in a 
day or so, and fall in a heap in the bottom of the nest. 
They may be covered for a greater or lesser extent 
with the surrounding gravel by both parents, and some- 
times to a depth of five or six inches. In color the eggs 
are of the usual yellowish-white tint, and number about 
1400 to 1500. The care of the eggs is shared mostly 
by the male, though both sexes may even act as guard- 
jans, or the female alone may even guard the nest. At 
least in the aquarium on one occasion such occurred, 
and she even fought and drove her companion away. 
The eggs are very adhes've and usually remain in 
compact masses until hatched, which occurs in two or 
three days. The young are brooded for some time by 
the male, in similar fashion to those of other species 
in the genus. 


The spawning habits of the yellow cat (Ameiurus 
natalis) are similar to those of the common catfish. 
The nest is a hollow or small excavation usually but 
little larger than the fish, or it may be situated in a 
hole or even a sort of a burrow. If a burrow is used 
it may extend for an inclined devth of two feet. It is 
excavated as a nest by the labor of both sexes. The 
spawn’ng season is of about two weeks extent or from 
May 15 to June 1. Mr. R. E. Van Deusen, who has 
found the burrow-like nests in western New York, 
noticed that often small roots from the svrrounding 
vegetation would be left in the burrow, and frequently 
served as an anchorage for the yellowish-white adhe- 
sive eggs. The latter are deposited usually to the 
extent of about 300 to 700 ina nest. The male guards 
end broods the young, and when the latter leave the 
nest cares for h’s charge for some time. 


84 COPEIA 


The nesting-habits of our common catfish or bull- 
head (Ameiurus nebulosus) are, perhaps, best known 
and have been noticed by a number of observers. It 
nests in various situations, or in water of from several 
feet in depth to that of but a few inches. Though only 
a few nests were noticed in a restricted area, some- 
times a dozen or more may be found on one shoal and 
close to one another. Frequently the fish take advan- 
tage of any objects, such as logs, rocks, etc., for shelter- 
ing the nest. The eggs are deposited at intervals and 
may number from about 50 to 500 or more. In the 
construction of the nest, spawning habits and care of 
the young, this species acts like the white cat. There 
is always a great range of variation in many of these 
features, especialy due to the individuals and condi- 
tions. No two nests were ever found exactly alike, 
and the same was true of the spawners. Even the 
female will sometimes, at least in the aquarium, brood 
her young, and in most cases the parents will devour 
the eggs, especially if disturbed. Usually the male 
guards the nest and broods the young, as the female 
deserts the nest by the time the young hatch. When 
just hatched the young catfish collect in a dense school, 
move in circles or close gyrations, and the whole crowd 
in constant motion. 


The black bullhead (Ameiurus melas) has not been 
observed spawning by me. Dr. Van Deusen gives me 
the following notes on a pair spawning in the aquarium 
July 15,1916. Both sexes assumed charge of the nest 
and both guarded the young. Both parents remained 
in the nest at the same time and at alternate times. 
The female was apparently the more savage and the 
male would bite one’s finger when disturbed. The 
nest was a shallow depression, scooped out of the bot- 
tom, and its diameter about equal to the fish’s length. 
The eggs, when deposited, were 200 and of a pale 
creamy-white color. As the water was warm they 
hatched in five days. : 


During the past summer I was so fortunate as to 
find the stone cat (Schilbeodes insignis) nesting. Cn 
July 2, with Mr. H. E. Thompson. we visited the middle 
course of the Tohickon Creek. This is a small tribu- 
tary of the Delaware, flowing through typical Piedmont 
country a few miles above Trenton on the Pennsylvania 
side. At the point we visited, the stream was shallow, 
with a gentle current of pure fresh water flowing over 


NEST and EGGS of SCHILBEODES INSIGNIS 
(Slightly Reduced) 


COPEIA 35 


stones and rocks: PRelow are long reaches of more 
smooth water, only occasional rocks or larger stones 
appearing at intervals, and the banks with long grasses 
and other vegetation. Just above a riff, or small 
rapids, formed by some more crowded rocks or boulders 
to form a sort of natural dam is a somewhat quiet 
extent of water. This was the nesting ground and 
extended about 200 yards or more, but as conditions 
did not offer suitable stones or rocks we dd not explore 
further. Below the limits outlined we did not find any 
nests, and only an occasional stone-cat. Altogether ten 
nests were located, eight with eggs and two with newly 
hatched young. These nests were simply very shallow 
excavations below flat rocks, usually under those situ- 
ated near the middle of the stream, at least well off 
from the shore. The rocks in question were in most 
every case flattened more or less, and in diameter would 
range from one foot to nearly twice as much. By 
simply turning over such a stone the fish and his eggs 
or young would be discovered below. As a constant 
current of clear water passes all about or over the eggs, 
they are doubtless well freshened or cleansed. Upon 
first raising a stone the most conspicuous object was 
the very pale-creamy to yellowish-white mass of eggs 
or young, the latter evidently just hatched. It was 
our plan in studying these fishes to poise the stone on 
end, though care was required in raising it, as its eleva- 
tion must be gradual so the current of water could 
carry off the sediment or other debris and at the same 
time not disturb the fish or his charge too much. After 
the water has cleared sufficiently the male fish may be 
made out, usually lying placidly near his charge, or, if 
more timorous, in the shadow of the up-raised stone. 
In no case was he savage, rather appearing either 
passive or seclvsive. A consp*c70us character of the 
euardian mele is the conspicvously pale nasal and max- 
illary barbels as well as the ees of the fins, all appear- 
ine more or less milk-white as the fish is seen in the 
water. The mele would scarcely allow himself to be 
handled. Jn depth the cavity forming the nest proper 
would scarcely exceed the dimensions of the mass of 
eggs in some cases, to twice as large in others. The 
cepth of the cavity was not much over two inches, 
and rarely three or more. Each eg2 mersured about 
three mm. in diameter, and by rovgh estimate about 
200 were deposited in a nest. In most cases this egg- 
mass would not exceed 55 mm. in length or diameter, 


36 COPEIA 


and as the crevice forming the bottom of the nest was 
variable, so too the complement of eggs would vary 
from spherical to ellipsoid in form. The egg-mass is 
very compact, and each egg is quite adherent to its 
fellow. In no case could we actually find the male 
directly on or about the eggs, but do not doubt that he 
may assume such positions. In some nests the young 
had just hatched and they were all crowded together, 
a constantly moving compact mass. The males attend- 
ing such nests were not more bold than those with eggs. 


The most interesting and striking feature of the 
nesting of this species is that unlike any of our other 
catfishes it always appears to lay its eggs below flatten- 
ed stones, situations in which it dwells continuously. 
Though unable to give any details as to the parental 
care, it would seem quite likely that the male may brood 
the young for at least some time. Associated in the 
spawning grounds were numerous small fishes, as silver 
fins (Notropis whipplit analostomus), red fins (N. 
cornutus), black-nosed dace (Rhinichthys atronasus), 
suckers (Catostomus commersonnii), killfish (Fundulus 
diaphanus), sunfish (Lepomis auritus) and darters 
(Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi). As the eggs were fairly 
well protected in their rocky retreats, besides guarded 
by the vigilant male, it is hardly likely that any great 
depredations were committed by the smaller fishes in 
the vicinity. Once, when we disturbed a nest of young, 
several carried helplessly on by the current were seen 
devoured by aminnow. The newly hatched young are 
the same pale creamy-white color as the eggs, at least 
in their early stages, and may not assume the dark 
coloration of the very young of the common bullhead. 


ILLUSTRATIONS OF FISH IN MEDIAEVAL 
MANUSCRIPTS AND EARLY PRINTED BOOKS. 
Dr. Charles R. Eastman. (No abstract.) 


ofo— 0 ec of 


For sale by J. T. NicHoLs, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, April 24, 1917. No. 43 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


Aen VV aN TER RECORD OF SPHYRNA 
ZYGAENA FROM LONG ISLAND. 


A Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna zygaena, was 
taken in Long Island Sound, at Orient, February 
14, 1909. ‘The fish was 22 inches in length. 

I was collecting algae in the shallow water along 
the ebb tide mark when I discovered this specimen 
moving sluggishly in about one foot of water. It 
was captured with ease and a drawing and notes en- 
tered in note book at the time. 

This shark appears to be unknown, or exceed- 
ingly rare in Long Island waters in winter. 

The local pound fishermen tell me that 40 or 
more vears ago this species was frequently caught in 
traps during the summer and early fall months. Late 
years it seems to be uncommon near Orient. We 
have taken but two examples in our pounds in Long 
Island Sound over a period of twenty years. A 6-foot 
specimen on October 2, 1908, and one of 2 feet, July 
20, 1912. 

Roy Latuam, 
Orient, N.Y. 


A NOTE ON THE FOOD OF SQUALUS 
SUCKLIT, THE CALIFORNIA 
DOGFISH. 


During the months of May and June, 1915, the 
writer had occasion to prepare, for laboratory use, a 


26 COPEIA 

33 

number of sharks (Squalus sucklit). They were ob- 
tained from the Chinese fishermen of Monterey, Cali- 
fornia, and were caught near the southern end of 
Monterey Bay. ‘The contents of the stomachs of 
these sharks were examined to determine the nature 
of their food. This consisted largely of squids (Lo- 
ligo opalescens) and Sardines (Sardinella caerulea) ; 
there were found also the eggs of the squid, and re- 
mains of hake (Merluccius productus) and salmon 
(Oncorhynchus sp.). Perhaps the most interesting 
species used by the shark as food was one of the lan- 
tern-fishes (Myctophidae), probably Lampanyctus 
leucopsarum,; these fishes formed the larger part of 
the food in the stomachs of several specimens. Ath- 
erinops insularum has been found in the stomach of 
a Squalus at Avalon, on Santa Catalina Island off 
southern California. The squid and the five species 
of fishes mentioned are all littoral-pelagic animals. 
Much the same type of food is accredited to Squalus 
acanthias in the vicinity of Woods Hole, Massachu- 
setts; the prey of that shark in those waters is stated* 
to consist of such surface-swimming forms as “Cten- 
ophores, Pleurobranchia in great numbers, squid, 
Nereis, fishes (hake, herring) .” 

Cart L. Hupss, 
Chicago, Ill. 


COLD-BLOODED VERTEBRATES FROM 
FLORIDA. 


Three small collections were obtained by Mr. 
Morgan Hebard. The fishes are from Carrabelle in 
Franklin County, on September 2, 1915, and bayou 
at Boca Grande in Lee County on May 24, 1916. 
All the fishes listed were obtained at Boca Grande, 
and the few as well from Carrabelle are indicated 
with an *. A few amphibians and reptiles were se- 
cured about Miami in February and March, 1916, 
while collecting insects. 


*Bull. Bur. Fish., 31, 2, 1911 (1913), p. 737. 


COPEIA Qt 
FF 

Sardinella humeralis (Valenciennes). *Fundu- 
lus similis (Baird and Girard). *F'. grandis Baird 
and Girard. *Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede. 
*C. mydrus Goode and Bean. T'ylosurus notatus 
(Poey). 7. marinus (Walbaum). *Menidia penin- 
sulae (Goode and Bean). Hudulus subligarius 
(Cope). *Orthopristis chrysopterus (L.). *Lago- 
don rhomboides (1..). *Letostomus vanthurus Lace- 
pede. Hucinostomus gula (Cuvier). HE. harengulus 
Goode and Bean. Leptecheneis neucrates (L.). 
Three small ones, one from large hammer-head 
(Sphyrna zygaena) and two from tarpon (Tarpon 
atlanticus. Mapo soporator (Valenciennes). Go- 
biosoma bosci (Lacepede). 

Pseudacris nigritus (Le Conte).  Brickell’s 
Hammock and Nursa Isle. Hyla squirella Bose. 
Snapper Creek Hammock near Cocoanut Grove. 
— Sphaerodactylus notatus Baird. Brickell’s Hammock. 
Sceloporus undulatus (Watreille.) Boca Raton. 


Henry W. Fow ter, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES FROM 
THE PECOS VALLEY. 


While collecting fishes in the Pecos Valley, near 
Roswell, New Mexico, last April, several specimens 
of amphibians and reptiles representing four species 
were taken. The records are given below: 


1. Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). Western 
Cricket Frog. Common in swampy situations along 
the North Spring, South Spring and Berrendo riv- 
ers, near Roswell, and near Sulphur Spring, Pecos 
‘Hills, 18 miles east of Roswell. 

2. Rana pipiens Sherber—Leopard Frog. <A 
few were taken near the head of North Spring river, 
two and one-half miles northwest of Roswell. This 
frog was very abundant, however, near Sulphur 
Spring in the Pecos Hills. 


25 COPEIA 
“fo 

3. Thamnophis sauritus proxima (Say). West- 
ern Ribbon Snake. One specimen, 500 mm. in length 
was obtained on April 3, 1916, near the head of North 
Spring river. 

4. Chrysemys bella (Gray). Bell’s Painted 
Turtle. Two specimens were caught in a drag seine 
at the head of North Spring river. Several other 
turtles, evidently belonging to this species, were seen 
in the lake-like enlargement of North Spring river, 
near Roswell. 

Max M. Ets, 
Boulder, Colorado. 


THE BREEDING HABITS (‘OF 2AMEY- 
STOMA OPACUM (GRAVENHORST). 


The first account of the breeding habits of the 
marbled salamander is a letter from the Rev. Charles 
Mann to S. F. Baird, in which he states that at 
Gloucester Court, House, Va., they are found with 
egos in the “beds of small ponds in the woods,” from 
the summer to December, in which month he found 
one in a nest with 108 eggs. Apparently some of 
the eggs were broken, as he speaks of newly hatched 
young. This letter appears in the Report of the 
Smithsonian Institution for 1854, pp. 294-5. 

In 1886, in the first Bulletin of the American 
Museum of Natural History, Col. Nicholas Pike 
gives an account of the breeding habits on Long Is- 
land. Ife accuses Mann of misidentification, 
(Mann’s specimens are still in the U. S. N. M. and 
are opacum), and claims that A. opacum breeds m 
the spring, laying eggs in the water as does 4. macu- 
latum. He got larvae 1% inch long in March. A 
-mass of eggs hatched 15 days after taking, and trans- 
formed about July 29, at a length of 214 inches. He 
also got some May larvae 31, inches long. 

In the light of the many following observations, 
all of which support Mann, there is little doubt but 
that Pike was in some error. The May larvae were 


COPEIA 39 


probably opacum, but the March larvae and the eggs 
were probably not. Pike contrasts the egg-mass 
with that of A. maculatum, but not with that of A. 
tigrinum, and possibly he had eggs of that species 
as it is known to breed on Long Island, and lays its 
eggs in the water in spring. 

Brimley, in the American Naturalist for 1896, 
p. 500, says that at Raleigh, N. C., A. opacum lays 
egos in October and November , on the edges of dry 
pools, where the larvae hatch quickly when the pool 
fills with water. 

McAtee, in the Proceedings of the Biological 
Society of Washington, vol. 20, 1907, p. 13, describes 
the breeding habits in Monroe Co., Indiana. He 
speaks of “nests in the ground near the surface,” 
which “contain from 50 to more than 150 eggs.” 
The larvae may reach a length of an inch while in the 
ege, but they must have water to live in while com- 
pleting their development. They transform in Feb- 
ruary and March. 

In Copria 8, July, 1914, Engelhardt says he 
found larvae in June at Lakewood, N. J., in a locality 
in which adults had been caught; these larvae were 
one to one and a half inches long. 

In Copria 28, March, 1916, Deckert speaks of 
getting eggs with the adult on September 25, near 
White Plains, N. Y., in the bed of a dried-up pool; 
the eggs were separate from each other and covered 
with dirt. 'T hey were kept in the debris for a day, 
and on September 27, some were put into water. 
These hatched on September 28; the larvae were °%% 
inch long and front limbs were apparent. Other eggs 
were kept in the deep debris until October 18, put in 
water and hatched on October 19. 

Larvae, 2 inches long, were collected in April, 
which transformed in June. 

Brimley (Bull. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe., vol. 
32, no. 2, July, 1916), says that at Raleigh, N. C., the 
habits of A. opacum differ from those of A. macu- 
latum in that the eggs are not in gelatinous masses, 


30 COPEIA 

42- 

but separate from each other, and are laid not in the 
water in spring, but under dead logs in the beds of 
dried-up pools in October. The transformation takes 
place about May, the larvae reaching a length of at 
least 21% inches. 

Engelhardt, in Copria 37, November, 1916, re- 
ferring to Long Island (where Pike worked), states 
that he got larvae 11% to 144 inches long on April 7. 
He argues that these could not have come from eggs 
laid that spring as the pools were ice covered until 
April. ‘The hind legs of these larvae appeared on 
April 18. Other larvae collected in May measured 
21, inches in length. 

Finally on September 20, 1916, near Mt. Ver- 
non, Va., I got 7 adults, male and female, under one 
log. The females were larger than the males, and 
had a pronounced tendency for the cross-bands to 
break up into 2 longitudinal stripes (the same tend- 
ency has been noticed in females of opacum from else- 
where). The males had the lips of the cloaca everted 
and swollen. 

Some of the females laid eggs in the collecting 
bucket. ‘The next day I got several others near there, 
including a female in her nest with over 100 eggs. 
The eggs were entirely unconnected and were rather 
dusty. I kept the eggs from the several females in 
damp debris. Developments proceeded somewhat 
slowly until on October 2, they were put into 3 crys- 
tallizing dishes containing, (1) sand; (2) sand and 
water, the eggs being placed out of water; (3) water. 

Those in the water began to hatch on October 
15. When born they had fore-limb buds and _bal- 
ancers. Those eggs kept in dry sand until October 
15, and put in water on that date hatched in 24 hours. 

Eges kept until November in sand saturated 
with water, did not hatch, but when put into water, 
hatched in 24 hours. Thus the entire egg must be 
surrounded with water for it to hatch. There is ap- 
parent here a very delicate adjustment to Coastal 
Plain conditions of flood and drouth. 


COPEIA St 
43 
Conclusions: It seems apparent from observa- 
tions covering nearly the entire range of the animal, 
that Ambystoma opacum breeds in the fall. Fer- 
tilization is internal, takes place on land, and there 
is presumably a copulation. The eggs are separate 
from each other, and are laid in hollows in the ground 
excavated by the mother, who remains with the eggs, 
lying on top of them. ‘The nests are in places such 
that they will be flooded during the winter. The eggs 
can stand a long desication and such eggs hatch al- 
most immediately upon being put into water. The 
new born larvae have balancers and forelimbs. The 
larvae transform in the following spring at a length 
of about 3 inches. 
Emmett R. Dunn, 


Northampton, Mass. 


DIADOPHIS AMABILIS IN MISSOURI. 


Cope recognized four forms of Diadophis ama- 
bilis distinguished by coloration. ‘The specimen un- 
der consideration conformed in every way to the 
variety Diadophis amabilis amabilis. Cope listed his 
specimens of this variety as collected in California 
and Louisiana, while he gave the probable distribu- 
tion of the species as Pacific, Central or Sonoran. 


Ditmars recognizes only one variety, pulchellus, 
which inhabits Oregon and California. He gives the 
distribution of Diadophis amabilis as Texas west- 
ward to the Pacific, northward to Washington, and 
Sonora, Mexico. 


It is interesting then that this species was found 
in Macon, Missouri, October 4, 1916, coiled near the 
roots of some matted grass. It measured 24 centi- 
meters in length and had the vivid coloration of a 
young snake. ‘The scales were arranged in 15 rows 
and superior labials numbered 7. The dark spots on 
the orange of the ventral surface were irregularly 


32- COPEIA 

“fat 

placed thus distinguishing it from Diadophis punc- 
tatus and the cireclet of color about the neck and the 
underside of the tail were a brilliant coral red. 


G. VAN WAGENEN, 
Iowa City, Towa. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, May 24, 1917. No. 44 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


AN UNUSUAL CATCH OF THE YOUNG 
OF MAINE WHITEFISH. 


(Coregonus labradoricus.) 


Durng March, numerous specimens of imma- 
ture whitefish were taken with smelts in seines at 
Winterport, Walo County, Maine, in the tidal por- 
tion of the Penobscot River. The fish were not recog- 
nized by the fishermen and the fact was reported to 
Mr. James D. De Rocher, Superintendent of the 
U. S. Fisheries Station at East Orland, who secured 
three specimens and sent them to the Bureau of Fish- 
eries for identification. Mr. De Rocher stated that 
in this place the water is only moderately brackish, 
but inasmuch as in Maine this fish is an inhabitant of 
the deeper lakes, and usually appears in streams only 
during the breeding season, and notwithstanding the 
fact that in the far north adult whitefishes enter salt 
water, it is believed that the present record is of in- 
terest. The origin of these young fish, which are only 
from 6 to 6% inches in total length, is worthy of rec- 
ord. They had been feeding upon some small aquatic 
larva of insects. 


W: C. KENDALL, 
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


46 COPETA 


NOTES ON GLOSSAMIA AND RELATED 
GENERA OF CARDINAL FISHES. 


The genus Glossamia as Mr. Allan R. MeCul- 
loch (Records Australian Museum, February 20, 
1917), has shown, is based on Apogon aprion Rich- 
ardson, a species quite distinct from the American 
species called Glossamia pandionis Goode & Bean. 

Glossamia has few and short gill rakers, 6 devel- 
oped, and also a small patch of teeth on the tongue. 
In the typical species the scales are small, 40 to 43. 
In a second species, Glossamia gilli (Steindachner), 
with which species the type of Mionurus Krefft (M. 
lunatus), is identical, the scales are larger, 26 to 31. 
In both the nape is depressed giving an S-shaped con- 
tour to the region before the dorsal fin. 

The genus called Glossamia by Goode and Bean 
(Oceanic Ichthyology, 1895, 231), may be known as 
Xystramia Jordan, new genus, from its long and 
numerous gill rakers (about 14). Its type is Glos- 
samia pandionis Goode & Bean. 

The genera of small Apogonids having the pre- 
opercle entire on both limbs have been much confused 
by authors, not least by the present author. They 
may be thus compared: 


a. Preopercle with both limbs entire; anal fin 
short, its rays about II, 8, no canines. 
Palatines with teeth. 

ce. Lateral line complete or very nearly so. 

d. Body much compressed and elevated; dorsal 
spines produced; gill rakers long, slender, 
6+21; scales large; caudal forked, (Mio- 
nurus Jordan & Seale, Fishes Samoa, 1906, 
247, not of Krefft, 1867), (type Apogon 
graeffi, Gunther); zoraAmMia Jordan, new 
genus. 

dd. Body not much compressed and elevated; 
spinous dorsal low; caudal rounded or trun- 
cate. 


COPEIA 47 


e. Gill rakers few and small; (about 6), profile 
before dorsal S-shaped; scales rather small; 
tongue with small teeth (type A pogon aprion 
Richardson) ; GLossAmMia Gill. 

ee. Gill rakers numerous, slender (12 to 14); 
profile nearly even from snout to dorsal. 

f. Seales small (about 45); (type Glossamia 
pandionis Goode & Bean); xyYsTRAMIA 
Jordan. 

ff. Scales large, about 25 (type A pogonichthys 
perdix Bleeker); apoGonicHTHys Bleeker. 

ec. Lateral line incomplete; scales large; caudal 
rounded; (type Fowleria brachygramma 
Jenkins) ; FoA Jordan & Evermann. 

bb. Palatines without teeth; scales large; caudal 
rounded; gill rakers few, short; opercle with 
a large black spot; (type Apogon auritus 
Cuv. & Val.); FowLERIA Jordan & Ever- 
mann. 


One of the species hitherto referred to A mia or 
Apogon, Apogon fuscus Quoy & Gaimard from 
Guam and Samoa, differs from the type of the genus 
in the long and rounded caudal fin, attached to a long 
caudal peduncle as long as head. It has large scales 
and six dorsal spines. It may be regarded as the type 
of a distinct genus, NECTAMIA Jordan, allied to 
A pogonichthys. In Apogon (Amia) proper and in 
the subgenus Ostorhynchus (seven dorsal spines) the 
caudal fin is forked or at least lunate. The Japanese 
species, niger marginatus, unicolor and lineatus have 
the caudal subtruncate, but in other regards these 
more nearly resemble A pogon, the caudal being short, 
its peduncle much shorter than head. 

Apogon evermannt Jordan and Snyder from 
Hawaii with very small scales (54) forked caudal 
and six dorsal spines should be placed in the genus 
Lepidamia Gill, type Apogon kalosoma Bleeker. 


Davin STARR JORDAN, 
Stanford University, Cal. 


48 COPEIA 


ACIPENSER FULVESCENS RAFIN- 
ESQUE, THE GREAT LAKE 
STURGEON. 


The Great Lake Sturgeon has been named many 
times by Le Sueur, Agassiz, Dumeril and other nat- 
uralists, but the earliest name of all those applied to 
it seems to have been subsequently overlooked. The 
species is currently known as Acipenser rubicundus 
Le Sueur, 1818, but that name must give place to 
Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, proposed in_ the 
American Monthly Magazine for August, 1817 (Vol. 
I, p, 288). The passage may be reprinted: 

“A paper, entitled “Addition to the Observations 
on the Sturgeons of North America,’ from Mr. Rafin- 
esque, was read before the Society [Literary and 
Philosophical Society of New York]. In this Mem- 
oir Mr. R. stated severally the discoveries of M. Le 
Suer, whose new species belong particularly to the 
genera salmo, cyprinus, silurus, anguilla, bodianus, 
perea, clupea, &c. Mr. R. gave it as his opinion that 
the lake sturgeon is a perfectly distinct species, to 
which the name of accipenser fulvescens could be 
given, as it is entirely of a dark fulvus color. It 
reaches six feet in length, has a very obtuse and short 
snout, a faleated dorsal fin, a smooth skin, five rows 
of shields; the lateral rows composed of a great num- 
ber of small shields, upwards of forty, &c. 


“The small sturgeon of Lake Erie, according to 
the author, remains yet to be described. He sup- 
poses that several small species may also be found in 
lakes Michigan, Huron, Superior and Winnipeg, but 
require the eyes of able observers. “I have no doubt,’ 
says Mr. R. “That twenty species, at least, of this 
genus, inhabit North America, on the east and west- 
ern lakes and rivers, and that as many dwell in the 
eastern continent.’ ” 

Cart L. Husss, 
Chicago, Ill. 


COPEIA 49 


PIPA AMERICANA REDISCOVERED ON 
TRINIDAD. 


On May 17, 1916, the Amphibian collection at 
the Reptile House, New York Zoological Park, re- 
ceived a specimen of Pipa americana, the Surinam 
Toad, from Trinidad, B. W. I. It was caught in the 
interior of the island by one of Mr. R. R. Mole’s col- 
lectors. Mr. Mole, who is well known as a herpetolo- 
gist and collector, had for some time past made efforts 
to procure this unique toad on ‘Trinidad, whence he 
had an old record of the species, but until 1916 had 
not met with success. ‘wo specimens were secured, 
one was sent to the British Museum and the other 
came to New York. When it arrived, it was among 
the debris of the earthen vessel in which it had been 
shipped, with some sphagum moss, inside of a wooden 
box. During transit the pot had been smashed, and 
it is remarkable that the toad, which is a strictly 
aquatic creature, should have survived in an abso- 
lutely dry state until New York was reached. Upon 
being placed in a large aquarium planted with Sagit- 
taria, it soon showed signs of scratches and bruises 
which were at first not evident on the dried and much 
wrinkled skin. The fleshy appendages at the tip of 
the snout and at the angles of the mouth, as well as 
the star-shaped ones on the ends of the fingers were 
gone—they had been rubbed off in the toad’s efforts 
to escape from its too dry environment. In conse- 
quence of its injuries and the prolonged period of 
dryness, the toad died in a few days without having 
made an attempt to feed. 

In a subsequent letter to the writer, Mr. Mole 
states that he caught two more, both females with 
young imbedded in the cells in the skin of the back. 
Later, one specimen “hatched out” eighty young 
ones, and the other had between fifty and sixty. ‘Of 
this last batch, some were far more developed than 
others, but all still had the feathery tail. The first 
batch was more advanced, all the “toadlets” being 


50 COPETA 


perfect and without tails. Several more specimens 
came to light later. Mr. Mole fed the adults on 
“frogs,” presumably Leptodactylus sp., as there are 
no Rana in South America. A large specimen, about 
six inches head and body, will take four “frogs’’ at 
a meal, sometimes from one’s hand. Mr. Mole has 
tried to feed them small fish,—as we have also done 
with specimens from British Guiana, at Bronx Park, 
—hbut they take nothing but frogs. 
RicHard F.. DECKERT, 
New Yorks .No we 


NOTES ON COLPOCHELYS KEMPI 
GARMAN. 


In examining a few of the turtles in the collec- 
tion of the American Museum of Natural History, 
the writers recently found two specimens of the sea 
turtle Colpochelys kempi Garman, which appear 
worthy of note. This species ranges from the Gulf 
of: Mexico along the Atlantic coast of the United 
States as far north as New Jersey. One of the pres- 
ent specimens is from Cape Hatteras, and the second 
bears no closer locality than “United States’ (col- 
lected by Prince Maximilian von Wied). Both were 
labeled Thalassochelys caretta (1.). 

The two specimens agree in the possession of the 
chief external characteristics which differentiate C. 
kempi from Caretta caretta. There are four infra- 
marginals, of which the anterior is the largest; the 
inferior face of the marginals is proportionately much 
broader; and the parietals are much longer. Both 
have the prominent alveolar ridge of the upper jaw 
with the deep median notch, and the anterior median 
tooth of the lower jaw. 

The larger specimen, A. M. N. H. No. 2205, 
from Cape Hatteras, presents a striking peculiarity 
of the carapace in having an interrupted keel, rising 
at the posterior edges of the first three neurals into 
prominent upturned spines, that of the second neural 


COPEIA ot 


(the highest) 8.5 mm. above the level of the keel. On 
the fourth and fifth neural, the keel approaches the 
normal shape. Traces of the lateral keels are visible 
on the second and third costals. 


The smaller specimen, No. 4616, with traces of 
the “egg tooth” and of the umbilicus still present, ap- 
pears to be the only young specimen of this species 
on record. Hay,* in 1908, mentions none smaller 
than 240 mm. It is much to be regretted that it is not 
accompanied by exact data. The upper jaw of this 
specimen is no more hooked than that of specimens 
of C. caretta of the same size, while that of No. 2205 
is prominently hooked. The specimen has been com- 
pared with a series of seven young Caretta caretta. 
Hay, (loc. cit.), speaks of the alveolar ridges as less 
prominent in his smaller specimens, but they are suf- 
ficiently developed in this one to be very distinct 
from those of C. caretta. Hay also speaks of the pro- 
portionate breadth of the carapace as greater, though 
not distinctive; a comparison of the mean measure- 
ments of a series of both species might, however, show 
a valid difference in this character. The measure- 
ments of the present specimens, together with those 
of the young C. caretta for comparison, are tabulated 
below. 


The “carapace and plastron” of C. kempi from 
the American Museum referred to by Hay (loc. cit.) 
were not found. 


Colpochelys kempi Garman. 


A.M.N.H. (a) Length (b) Breadth  (c) Length b c 
No. Carapace Plastron a a 

2205 225 mm. 205 181 91 .80 
4616 47 41 38.5 87 son 
Caretta caretta (L.) 

4607 A7 38 35 81 .74 
4608 46 37 37 .80 .80 
4609 47 39 36 .83 206 


*Proc. U.S. National Museum, Vol. 34, 1908, p. 185. 


52 COPEIA 


Caretta caretia (L.)—continued. 


A.M.N.H. (a) Length (b) Breadth  (c) Length b c 

No. Carapace Plastron a a 
4610 47 38 36 81 .76 
4611 47 39 35 .83 74 
4612 47 37 35 79 74 
4613 48 37 37 mr AC Bret 


Kart P. ScumiptT, 
Emnmett R. Dunn, 
New York, N. Y. 


FURTHER NOTES ON PSEUDEMYS AT 
PLYMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS. 


The two short articles in the December “Coprrta” 
having stimulated some new interest in this connec- 
tion, I have to record the following new ponds in Ply- 
mouth County, Massachusetts, in which Psewdemys 
rubriventris has been observed: Great South Pond 
and Crooked Pond. ‘The Island Pond mentioned in 
my notes is the one about one-half mile northeast of 
Gunners Exhange. Hallfield Pond, the existence of 
which Dr. Lucas doubted, is a small four-acre pond 
between Hoyt and Boot Ponds. P. rubriventris does 
not occur in Half-way Pond as far as I know. It is 
a curious fact that in the ponds where this turtle is 
found, it seems to be the most common species. It 
is also of interest that the “Plymouth Sabbatia” and 
other plants, as well as certain insects, notably dragon 
flies, which are distributed over the same local areas 
as this species of turtle, are all southern forms of life. 

Harorp L. Bascock, 
Boston, Mass. 


Edited by J. T. NicnHoits, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, June 24, 1917. No. 45 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


A FEW REPTILES AND FISHES FROM 
BATANGA, WEST AFRICA. 


A small lot of the more important food-fishes 
and some reptiles were obtained in this part of the 
Cameroons some years ago by the Rev. R. H. Nas- 
sau, and sent to Princeton University. Recently 
they were placed in my hands by Mr. C. FEF. Silvester, 
for determination. 


FIsHEs. 

Hewxanematichthys latiscutatus (Gunther ), 
“Hume” or “H-me.” Caranex africanus (Steindach- 
ner), “Epakapaka.”  Vomer setapinnis (Mitchill). 
Pomadasis jubelini (Valenciennes), “Nyawa’” or 
“Nijawe.” Pseudotolithus typus Bleeker, “Une” or 
“Uve.” Periopthalmus koelreuteri: (Pallas). 


REPTILES. 

Dendraspis viridis (Hallowell), “Okenja.” 
Dendraspis jamesonu (Schlegel). Hapsidophrys 
lineata Fischer. Mabuya perrotetii (Dumeril and 
Bibron). Varanus niloticus (inn.). Agama colo- 
norum, Daudin. Chamaeleo dilepis, Leach. Croco- 
dilus niloticus, Linn. 

Henry W. Fow er, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


54 COPEIA 


A SECOND RECORD FOR THE COULT- 
ER’S WHITEFISH. 


(Coregonus coultert Kigenmanmn. ) 


In the American Naturalist, November, 1892, p. 
961, Eigenmann described a small species of white- 
fish from the Kicking Horse River, one of the head 
streams of the Columbia River in British Columbia. 
This species, which is said not to exceed 8 inches in 
length, appears to have been recorded from no other 
locality up to the present time. 

In the collection of the Bureau of Fisheries there 
are 6 specimens of this species in a poorly preserved 
condition, which were received from Mr. James Oli- 
ver, Chigmk, Alaska. They were collected in Second 
Lake and the stream connecting it with First Lake, 
about November 1, 1912. This species is said to re- 
semble Coregonus williamsoni, but with larger scales. 
It also differs in a much blunter muzzle, fewer gill 
rakers, much smaller adult size, and in other respects. 

The following tables show the principal charac- 
ters as far as they could be determined, the propor- 
tions being given in percentages: 


Total leneth im) mom 158 150 146 152 144 149 
ivenetiph to: base ot 
Gani all jas ee 145 142 136 140 136 140 


PER CENT. OF LENGTH TO BASE OF CAUDAL. 


Sex g d & g re 3 


Distance from tip of 
snout to nape... LG. 17-38) 27-9 16.2) 162 lose 
Distance from nape 
to front of dorsal 28.4 27.5 27.3 31.7 28.4 28.6 
Length of dorsal 
base=S 4 eerste 10.2 124 .10:9.-10: 9.3 10.8 
Longest dorsal ray 13.2 14.7 14.8 13.9 14.6 13.1 


COPEIA 


Sex g g 2 Q 


Distance from pos- 
terior base of dor- 
sal to front of adi- 


OS Ca ocr 24.8 25.9 25. 271: 
Length of base of 
SOMDOSC. ee ee cok, AT PACG 3.9 93.1 


Distance from pos- 

terior adipose to 

origin of upper 

caudal lobes... 13.8 12.4 12.5 13.9 
Distance from tip 

of snout to base of 
pectoral fin’... 20.4 21. 
Length of pectoral 15.3 1 
Distance from base 

of pectoral to base 

Gf Ventas. nnn. 30.6 30.2 28.9 32.5 
Length of ventral .. 13.8 18.9 14. 12.4 


Distance from base 
of ventral to front 


Oneal she ete 23.3 23.2 23.4 22.4 
Length of base of 
STOR dee acne ee let 10:2 10; 101 9:6 


Longest ray of anal 13.8 13.1 13.2 12. 
Least depth of cau- 

dal peduncle 22. Gol 6:98 6:2. Gro 
Length of head ......... 21.1 21.7 21.8 22.4 


PER CENT. OF LENGTH OF HEAD. 


Sex mas se a $ 


Distance from tip of 
snout to posterior 
edge of preopercle 
Interorbital width .. 23. 


56 COPEIA 
Sex g 4 Q Q 4 a 
Long diameter of 
OVC) oes eee ee 25) 25... 28.5° 24.1 25.97 25:9 
Distance from tip of - 
snout to front of 
CVC adic ot 25. 25. \2or5) Dal p2aee Soe 
Length of maxillary 
[ove ENS eae eter eomd re 23.8 23.2 25. 20.6) 22:2 ::25.9 
Length of mandible 36.6 35.7 33.9 32.7 35.1 35.1 
Number of fully de- 
veloped dorsal rays ».9:.. 9) (79), Q2e Wi Oaae 
Number of fully de- 
veloped’ anal rays 10.) 105 10.) 10.s lt atl 
Number of pectoral 
TRAV Sy 22 phe, ten ae P53) hos Shoe Gre ala yaar 
Number of ventral 
TW Siete Se8 ea ele 10.0 10. LOS VAS LO ea sO: 
Number of branchi- 
ostegal rays, each 
SGC tetra oii ee 8/8. 8/8 8/84 7/7, 27/8 
Number of gillrak- 
ers, each side ........... 4+8 4+8 449 448 5+9 ? 
4-8 4-8 44-9°5--9 55590 
Number of scales... 6-62-6 — 6-62-6 6-62 7-63-5 
Number of  verte- 
bie. tes ae eek tae 50 


A NOTE ON 


THE 


W. C.. KENDALE, 


U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. 


HIBERNATION OF 


KINOSTERNON PENNSY LV ANICUM. 


The manner of hibernation of our native mud- 
turtles comes so seldom under the observation of nat- 
uralists that the following note may be of interest. 


COPEIA 57 


March 25, 1917, was one of the first warm, bright 
days of spring in this vicinity. At 10:30 a. m., while 
working along the border of one of the Potomac 
mar apes two fiiles below Alexandria, Va., we picked 
up a specimen of MAinosternon pennsylvanicum 
(Bosc) in a small thicket of Smilaw. Casual exam- 
ination showed that the animal had but recently come 
out of its place of hibernation. Its carapace and 
limbs were encrusted with freshly dried earth, and 
the turtle seemed more sluggish than usual in its re- 
actions while being handled. ‘This excited our curi- 
osity, and a short search revealed an opening beneath 
some dead leaves, only eight or ten inches from the 
spot where the turtle was discovered. After clearing 
away the thorny entangling stems of green-briar, we 
were able to make a careful examination of the hole, 
and found that it had unquestionably been used as a 
place of hibernation. 


The location chosen was about 50 yards distant 
from the marsh, in a shallow, furrowlike depression 
leading down through a gently sloping field. Broom- 
sedge covered most ‘of the field, and a varied growth 
of shrubs and low trees was scattered thr ough it. The 
excavation was near the center of a low but dense 
growth of Smilax four or five feet in width, so that 
it was protected on all sides from the approach of 
predatory animals. The soil here was a sandy 
loam, through which the tough roots of green-briar 
erew in inter lacing lines. T he earth was friable and 

easily thrust aside save where the root growths pre- 
vented. The opening through which the turtle had 
emerged was roughly elliptical in outline. It was 
broad enough to admit the turtle easily with its legs 
extended. The burrow descended at an angle of 
about 45 degrees, and was approximately 9’ inches 
deepnc Phe “pitch of descent decreased toward the 
lower end, and at the bottom the excavation was 
slightly widened, as if the turtle might have rested 
with its body at right angles to the burrow. The 


58 COPRETA 


main part of the burrow was open, though drifting 
leaves held by the Smilax stems had covered the en- 
trance. In the lower part, however, was a mass of 
earth containing a considerable amount of water, so 
that it formed a stiff mud paste, which was very cold 
to the touch. So far as we could tell, the turtle had 
lain encased in this mud during its hibernation. ‘The 
tunnel walls were dry. 

Several fresh shells of Aromochelys odoratus 
and one or two of Kinosternon pennsylvanicum were 
seen lying about in wooded areas bordering this same 
marsh. ‘Thus the emergence of these turtles from 
hibernation had been of interest to others. ‘The shells 
had been eaten out and left lying on logs, stumps, 
or the ground. Apparently this was the work of 
crows. American Crows were feeding here in abun- 
dance, and with them were a few Fish Crows. 


The turtle that we had found was taken home 
and placed in a basin of water. For several minutes 
it made no movement save to emit a series of bubbles 
from its nostrills, or to close and open an eye. Then 
it proceeded to extend and retract its neck slowly. 
At the same time it drew water into its mouth, and 
apparently drank. The jaws were opened and closed 
slowly. Ina short time movement of the jaws ceased, 
but the turtle continued to draw water into the mouth 
and then expel it, the outdriven current setting up 
eddies that agitated the silt on the bottom of the hac 
In a few more minutes the turtle became more alert 
and swam and walked about, thrusting its head to the 
surface. 


When the turtle was first found, its skin was 
dry and wrinkled. ‘The animal was able to retract 
its head and tail and to close both lobes of the plas- 
tron completely. By the following morning the skin 
about its legs was smooth and Seon anil it was 
unable to withdraw completely into its shell, owing 
to absorption of water. 


COPEIA 59 


On this morning (March 26) the turtle was 
killed and an examination of the viscera was made. 
It was found that the stomach contained a small 
amount of whitish mucus, part of which was mixed 
with earth. The small intestine was contracted and 
entirely empty. The upper third had thickened walls 
and was much larger in diameter than the lower por- 
tion. ‘The linings of the intestinal canal for the space 
of an inch above the point of entrance of the hepatic 
duct was stained a deep brownish orange. ‘This ap- 
parently was due to bile. The gall bladder was filled, 
and the bile, very dark green in color, was thickened 
to the point of viscidity, so that portions of it could 
be drawn over the enameled surface of the dissecting 
tray with a probe. Below the hepatic duct, the walls 
of the intestine were pale. An orange tint appeared 
four inches above the cecal expansion and increased 
in intensity to the point of junction of large and 
small intestines. The cecum was empty. In the 
rectum were four rounded masses of, firm, hardened 
mucus, each as large as a pellet of number 8 shot. 
The cloaca was empty and completely contracted. 
The animal seemed’ to be normal in flesh, and small 
masses of orange-yellow fat persisted along the dor- 
sal wall of the body cavity and in the region of the 
pelvie arch. Apparently metabolism had been in 
abeyance during the period of hibernation. 

ALEXANDER WETMORE, 
FRrANcIS FLARPER, 
Washington, D.C. 


SPADE-FOOT TOAD AT MASTIC, LONG 
[SEAN Dp, 


The morning of June 17, 1916, after heavy warm 
rain the preceding night there were singing ‘Spade- 
foot Toads in a woodland pool beside a road. At 
mid-day one was seen to cross the road and hop away 
from the pool into the woods. Its colors matched the 
leaf-carpet wonderfully. Others remained all day. 


60 COPEIA 


One was captured in the pool and liberated the 
following day. It is remarkable how completely it 
was able to hide in a closely cut green lawn in bright 
sunlight by crouching at the bases of the grass. When 
liberated in the woods it disappeared backwards un- 
der the leaves, and remained with just the nose show- 
ing at the bottom of its entrance. On June 25, it was 
found again in this same spot under the fallen leaves 
in a shallow burrow in the ground, its nose showing. 
When disturbed it turned sideways, thus withdrawing 
completely and filling the mouth of the depression 
with sandy soil. July 3, on scraping away the dead 
leaves, there was no sign of the toad, but a spot of 
loose soil detected was investigated disclosing it at a 
depth of about 1% inches. This was the last seen 
of that particular mdividual, as on July 9, there re- 
mained only a neat steeply-slanting burrow, about 38 
inches deep, empty. 

A steady rain commencing the night before, con- 
tinued through July 23, on which afternoon Spade- 
foot Toads were singing in a pool in pasture land 
near stands of trees. During a temporary silence 
cattle came close to the pool, only to gallop away in 
alarm when the noise recommenced. Investigation 
disclosed singing Spade-foots also in the woodland 
pool occupied several weeks earlier, and a greater 
number in woods now flooded just across the road. 

Points of interest in these data are concealing 
coloration in the woods, skill at hiding, recurrence in 
the same pool with favorable conditions after 36 days 
(see Overton, Coprta, Nos. 20 and 24), and an indi- 
vidual’s remaining 15 days in one spot just under the 
fallen woodland leaves. Toure) NaermES 


New York, N.Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnors, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, July 24, 1917. No. 46 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


ON THE DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS 
BETWEEN MUSTELUS HENLEI AND 
MUSTELUS CALIFORNICUS. 


Mustelus henlet (Gill) is not commonly recog- 
nized on our coast, being passed over as Mustelus 
californicus which it strikingly resembles. 

The fact that these two forms have been consid- 
ered under separate genera, is perhaps somewhat re- 
sponsible for their being confused by collectors. One 
naturally looks for greater differences than those that 
exist between these two, in species belonging to sep- 
arate genera. Should the future, however, show that 
the young of Mustelus henlei is without the so-called 
placenta, tt must perforce be considered generically 
different from Mustelus californicus. 

The character of the teeth has been considered 
of sufficient weight for referring these species to dif- 
ferent genera, but the dental differences between 
them are so small that a lens is necessary to distin- 
guish them. The slight basal denticle in Mustelus 
henlei is not present on all of the teeth, and sometimes 
there is a shght blunt suggestion of this denticle in 
Mustelus californicus. 

The distinguishing characters between these spe- 
cies is here pointed out hoping that the easy recogni- 
tion and separation of the species may lead to a bet- 


62 COPEIA 


ter knowledge of their distribution and comparative 
abundance. At present we know only that Mustelus 
californicus is reported from San Francisco to the 
Gulf of California, but whether both species are in- 
cluded in this range, or whether Mustelus henlet is 
the commoner form in the northern part of it is un- 
certain. 


Garman (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. XXXVI), 
distinguishes Mustelus henlei and presents a very 
good plate of rt, but he does not separate it very well 
from Mustelus californicus. 


I recently rather hastily examined Gill’s type at 
the National Museum-—a young specimen nine and 
a half inches in length, w ith the umbilical scar 
rather fresh, and compared it with the young of Mus- 
telus californicus of similar size. I concluded that 
they were very doubtfully separable. Since then, 
however, I have had occasion to examine all of the 
adult specimens at Stanford University that I had 
supposed were referrable to Mustelus californicus, 
and have found both of these species represented and 
rather easily separated. 

In Mustelus henlei the base of the anal is even 
with, or only slightly posterior to, the base of the 
second dorsal. In Mustelus californicus the anal is 
behind the second dorsal, a distance nearly or quite 
equal to the long diameter of the eye. 


In Mustelus henlet the dorsal is more ante- 
riorly placed. The distance from its origin to the 
last gill opening is equal to the length of the snout, 
while in Mustelus californicus this distance is equal 
to two-thirds or three-fourths of the length of the 
head. 


In Mustelus henlei the tips of the pectorals when 
laid close to the body reach at least to opposite the 
middle of the dorsal base, while in Mustelus californi- 
cus they scarcely reach to under the anterior fourth 
of the dorsal base. 


GOP ETA 63 


In Mustelus henlei the sides of the mandible are 
shghtly convex; in Mustelus californicus they are 
concave. 

One may appreciate with the naked eye that the 
teeth of Mustelus henlei are somewhat sharper. With 
the aid of a lens, a slight basal cup may be seen on 

each side of most of the middle upper teeth, and on 

the outer side of the lateral upper teeth. These are 
scarcely developed on the lower teeth. In Mustelus 
californicus the teeth are smooth, blunt, and not at 
all cusped. 

In Mustelus henlei each scale on the side of the 
body has a projecting spine at the tip, while at each 
side of it is a small basal spine. That is, the scale 
is tricuspid. In Mustelus californicus the edge of the 
scale is entire. A strong lens is necessary to show 
these characters. 

Mustelus lunulatus, with which Mustelus cali- 
fornicus intermingles along the Lower California 
coast, has the fins much as in Mustelus henlei, and 
the teeth and mandible contour as in Mustelus cali- 
fornicus. It may be known from them at once by 
the lower lobe of the caudal projecting in a rather 
sharp angle. In the other two species the posterior 
edge of the caudal below the notch is regularly con- 
cave without the lower lobe being produced. 

My material was: 

Musiclus henlei. ‘Three specimens from San 
Francisco, 15 to 26 inches long. 

Mustelus californicus. Six specimens from 2% 
to 32 inches long. Four of them from San Diego, 
one from ‘nsenada, Lower California, and one from 
Magdalena Bay, L. C. 

Mustelus lunulatus. Three specimens from 19 
to 25 inches in length. One from Mazatlan, Mexico, 
and two from Panama. 

Epwin CHAPIN STARKS, 
Stanford University, Cal. 


64 COPEIA 


AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF LE- 
HIGH COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. 


We offer the following list with localities at 
which we met with the various species during the past 
seven years or so. No special attempt was made to 
gather all the material we encountered, and unfor- 
tunately in the case of most well-known or common 
species, particular localities were seldom recorded. 
Doubtless several other forms will be discovered 
eventually within our limits. 

A few records have appeared in several of the 
State Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture by 
the former State Zoologist, H. A. Surface, such spe- 
cies being indicated below by the asterisk. 

The rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 
does not appear in any of the books with reference 
to Lehigh County, though formerly it was abundant. 

Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw). Mountain- 
ville. 

Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green). Moun- 
tainville. 

Hemidactylium  scutatum ‘Tschudi. Summit 
Lawn. 

Plethodon erythronotus (Green). Allentown, 
Mountainville, Slatedale, Laury’s. 

Plethodon glutinosus (Green). Summit Lawn. 

*Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green).  Allen- 
town, Aineyville, Summit Lawn. 

*Spelerpes bislineatus (Green). Allentown, 
Aineyville, Summit Lawn, Slatedale. 

Spelerpes longicauda (Green). Allentown. 

*S pelerpes ruber (Daudin). Allentown, Ainey- 
ville, Summit Lawn, Vera Cruz. 

*Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque). Allen- 
town, Aineyville, Summit Lawn, EKmaus, Slatedale. 

Diemictylus viridescens (Rafinesque). Allen- 
town, Mountainville, Kmaus, Slatedale. 


COP ETA 65 


Bufo americanus Holbrook. Allentown, Lan- 
ark, Emmaus, Slatedale, New Tripoli. 


Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). Hosensack. 
Hyla_ pickeringit (Holbrook). Allentown, 
Mountainville, Slatedale. 


*H[yla versicolor Le Conte. Allentown, Moun- 
tainville, Lanark. 

Rana pipiens Schreber. County Home, Coop- 
ersburg. 


Rana catesbiana Shaw. Aineyville, ‘“Mountain- 
ville, Lanark, Slatedale. 


Rana clamata Daudin. Mountainville, Lanark. 

Rana palustris Le Conte. Allentown, Ainey- 
ville, Lanark, Emaus. 

Rana sylvatica Le Conte. Aineyville, Emaus, 
Lehigh Gap, New Tripoli. 

*Natrixv sipedon (Linnaeus). Allentown, Lan- 
ark, Guthsville. 

Elaphe obsoletus (Say). Friedensville, Lanark. 

Storeia dekayit (Holbrook). Allentown. 

Liopeltis vernalis (Harlan). Slatedale. 

*Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus). Slatedale. 

*Coluber constrictor Linnaeus. — Rittersville, 
Lanark. 

Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus). Allentown, 
Lanark. 

*Lampropeltis doliatus triangulus (Daudin). 
Aineyville, Shimerville. 

Aghkistrodon contortriv (Linnaeus). Allentown. 

Chelydra  serpentina (Uinnaeus). County 
Home, Lanark. 

Kinosternon pensylvanicum (Gmelin). Guths- 
ville. 

Sternothoecrus odoratus (Latreille). Allentown, 
Lanark, Limeport, Hosensack. 


66 COPEIA 


Chrysemys picta (Schneider). County Home, 
Lanark. 

Clemmys muhlenbergu (Schoepff). Kmaus, 
Macungie. 

Clemmys insculpta (Ie Conte). Mountainville, 
Macungie, Lehigh Gap. 

Clemmys guttata (Schneider). Allentown, 
Lanark, Hosensack, Lehigh Gap, New Tripoli. 

Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus). Mountainville, 
Shimerville, New Tripoli. 

E. S. anp W. I. Matrern, 
Allentown, Pa. 


STRAY NOTES ON TERRAPENE 
‘CAROLINA. 


Dr. F. A. Lucas of the American Museum of 
Natural History has called the writer’s attention to 
an account by Edmund G. Koch, Williamsport, Pa., 
in Forest and Stream for August 8, 1907, p. 170, of 
a Box Turtle marked in 1866, 76, 90 and still living 
in 1907, proving for that individual a length of life 
over 41 years. Probably, this is exceptional longev- 
ity for the species in its natural state. Last summer 
(1916), an old turtle came under the writer’s obser- 
vation at Mastic, Long Island, which had been ini- 
tialed and dated 84, 96 and 99. This would give 
the turtle an age of over 32 years. It was obviously 
much older than the ordinary run of full grown tur- 
tles, its shell being smooth, the growth-rings on the 
scales which are generally noticeable, practically ob- 
literated by wear. It was small for an adult, the 
plastron 454 inches long. Excellent photographs of 
this specimen are on file in the American Museum of 
Natural History, New York. The writer has seen 
another old Box Turtle of moderate size (plastron 
5% inches), taken at Mastic, 1914, marked W. F. 
92, which would give it an age of at least 22 years. 
Mr. William Flowd of Mastic whose initials also ac- 


COPEIA 67 


company the 84 on the 32-year turtle, marked a num- 
ber of them at that period, and agrees that there is 
every reason to believe in the authenticity of the dat- 
ing on both. Another pretty surely authentic one ta- 
en | recently, July 1, 1917, was marked C. R. | Charles 
Ross] 04, making it over 18 years old. This last had 
the growth-rings on the scales about half obliterated. 
It evidently had not grown since marked, and was a 
small individual with the plastron 434 inches. 


The Box Turtle is numerous at Mastic, and dur- 
ing the past three or four years a number have been 
marked with the idea that the ability to recognize 
individuals might bring out interesting points con- 
cerning growth or habits. Very few have been found 
a second time. 

One which was picked up July 15, 1916, per- 
haps one-half mile from the house, and liberated at 
the house on the following day, was found again on 
June 9, 1917, near its original locality. 

One found and liberated near the house on July 
9, 1916, was found in the same locality on July 5, 
LO: 


On June 18, 1916, one was taken on a bay 
meadow about one mile from the house, an unusually 
wet locality for the species, and liberated at the house. 
September 4th of the same year, it was found swim- 
ming along the bay side of the same meadow close 
under the bank. 

Perhaps some reader of Coprt1a can furnish fur- 
ther information as to whether individual Box 'Tur- 
tles have definite narrow territories which they fre- 
quent and to which they will return. The above 
instances are so few that they may be due to coinci- 
dence. The Forest and Stream article already re- 
ferred to speaks of the faithfulness of an old turtle 
to one narrow locality. 

As regards this species’ habit of eating mush- 
rooms, Latham says (Coprra No. 34), that at Orient 
Russula obscurus is devoured almost exclusively. 


‘ 


68 COPEIA 


On June 25, 1916, a Box Turtle was taken at the 
edge of a Mastic wood road beside a large Boletus 
scaber of which it had eaten a considerable portion 
of the side. This particular Boletus is said to be an 
excellent table species. ~ 


Fifty-three more or less full-grown Box Turtles 


which have beén measured at Mastic had plastron 
length. 


4% to 4% inches ........ pints eae 2 
434 “ AH LY BT, ee 10 
5 =, BUS oye Ts atop) bee 10 
54 “ 5x ANY (<2 beeen eee, 15 
Bio) re: | I - eke  e 1g 
54“ 5R SO! © ck SATs Ae eee 3 


J.T. NicHous, 
New York, N. Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnors, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, August 24, 1917. No. 47 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


DESTRUCTION OF LOG PERCH EGGS 
BY SUCKERS. 


While collecting eggs of the log perch, Percina 
caprodes, (Rafinesque), at Douglas Lake, Michigan, 
during the second week of July, schools of suckers, 
Catostomus commersonu (Lacepede), were observed 
raiding the spawning grounds of the log perch. ‘These 
suckers quietly entered the schools of log perch which 
were spawning in the shallow water near shore, and 
crowded the spawning fish aside to eat their recently 
laid eggs. ‘The suckers were shy and retired to deep 
water when disturbed, returning again to the spawn- 
ing grounds as soon as opportunity offered. They 
were seen in and near the schools of log perch 
throughout the day, for nearly two weeks. 

Twenty of these suckers were captured about 
9:30 A. M., while feeding among the log perch. Five 
were killed at once. ‘The remaining 15 were placed 
in a live-car some distance from the spawning grounds 
and killed at intervals during the next 24 hours. The 
entire alimentary canal of each suckers was examined 
immediately after each fish was killed, and the num- 
ber of log perch eggs noted. The data are tabulated 
below: 


70 COPEIA 


No. Body length Sex Time in Eggs in Sand in 

live-car ali. canal ali. canal 

mm. ce. 

1 290 ale 0 452 11.00 
9 300 ee 0 1,243 9.00 
3 290 sé 0 607 8.50. 
4. 985 » <«s 0 475 6.00 
5 305 female 0 — TAS 9.50 
6 305 xf I thr: 30) min: 704 4.50 
7 265 male 1 hr. 45 min. 1,475 7.00 
8 280 a3 2 hrs. QAG 3.00 
9 290 ss 3 hrs. 45 min. 649 8.00 
10 280 ss 3 hrs. 45 min. 229 5.00 
1] 270 Ky 4 hrs. 389 2.00 
12 280 female 4 hrs. 93 2.50 
13 310 male 4 hrs. 30 min. 64 0.75 
14 oS se 5 hrs: 333 6.00 
1s 230 < DEES: 390 2.00 


Temperature of water in live-car 19° C. 


From the table it may be seen that the average 
number of eggs in each alimentary canal was 500, and 
that two individuals each contained over 1,200 eggs. 
These figures do not include the partially digested 
and crushed eggs, as only whole eggs and recently- 
ruptured eggs were counted. The intestinal contents 
of all of the 15 suckers examined, however, included 
oily masses of partially digested eggs. ‘This average 
of 500 eggs per sucker is also probably lowered 
through the loss of eggs crushed or digested while 
the fish were in the live- -car, as but one-third of the 
15 averaged were killed immediately after their cap- 
ture on the spawning grounds. Aside from the eggs 
of Percina caprodes, the alimentary canals of these 
suckers contained little or no organic material, but 
fine sand was always mixed with the eggs. ‘This fine 
sand undoubtedly was swallowed with the eggs, 
portion of it at least attached to them, as the eggs 
of the log perch are covered with a coat of sand and 
debris shortly after leaving the body of the female. 
The average volume of sand in each alimentary canal 
was about five times the average volume of unbroken 
egos present, as one cubic centimeter of log perch 
ego's contains about 440 eggs. 


COPELA fl 


The remaining five suckers were killed after 24 
hours of isolation in the live-car. No whole eggs were 
found in the alimentary canals of these fish, and only 
small masses of oil and sand were present in the pos- 
terior portions of the intestines. The absence of eggs 
in the alimentary canals of these five fish, collected 
while feeding with the other 15, considered with the 
fact that the alimentary canals of the other 15 con- 
tamed an average of 500 eggs each, suggests the pos- 
sible consumption of at least 500 log perch eggs every 
24 hours by each sucker following the schools of log 
perch. ‘The actual destruction of eggs by each sucker 
is probably greater, however, as the broken eggs re- 
main uncounted. ‘The percentage of the total num- 
ber of eggs produced by the female log perch of these 
schools, destroyed by the suckers was not ascertained. 
Several female log perch taken at random yielded 
about 100 mature eggs each, although the ovaries of 
these fish contained large numbers of inimature eggs. 

While considering the destruction of the log 
perch eggs by suckers it may be noted that the log 
perch themselves crowd about spawning individuals 
of their own species and devour the recently-laid eggs. 
Ten male log perch collected with the suckers were 
examined and from eight to 20 eges were found in 
the stomach of each one. 

M, Me Luis, 
G. C. Ros, 
Boulder, Colorado. 


NOTES ON THE BREEDING AND INCU- 
BATION PERIODS OF THE IOWA, 
DARTER, ETHEOSTOMA IOWAE 

JORDAN AND MEEK. 


While collecting embryological material during 
the spring of 1917 the eggs of the Lowa Darter, 
Etheostoma iowae, were obtained, fertilized and car- 
ried through the hatching period. 


~I 
Do 


COPEIA 


This darter is abundant in some of the foothill 
streams near Boulder, Colorado. Males in full breed- 
ing colors, with milt flowing freely when touched, 
and females with mature ova which could be dis- 
charged with slight pressure, were found as early as 
Apr il 22 and as late as June 1, in Dry Creek, a small 
stream a few miles east of Boulder. These breeding 
fish were taken in water from three to four feet deep. 
The temperature of the water varied from 12°C. to 
15°C., and its alkalinity equaled a 1-800 normal solu- 
tion of Potassium Hydroxid. ‘The darters were espe- 
cially fond of pools where the bottom of the stream 
was covered with a heavy slime and masses of rot- 
ting vegetation, which had to be removed before the 
fish could be captured. When disturbed, the darters, 
which could be seen resting on top of this slime, bur- 
rowed into the soft debris “by a series of quick move- 
ments of the pectortal and ventral fins. This pref- 
erence for the deep pools at this time seemed to be 
correlated with the breeding activities of this species, 
as E'theostoma iowae was found usually under peb- 
bles in swiftly running water and in shallow riffles 
during the fall, winter and early spring. 

The incubation period of the eggs of Htheostoma 
iowae kept in running water at 130C. to 160C. in the 
laboratory, was comparatively short, occupying from 
18 to 26 days. The germ ring was clearly visible by 
the twentieth hour after fertilization, and the ma- 
jority of the eggs of one large series hatched within 
30 minutes of each other on athe twenty-fourth day. 
The newly-hatched darter was 3.4 millimeters in 


length. 
= BERTRAM B. JAFFA, 


Boulder, Colorado. 


THE BREEDING HABITS OF THE VIVI- 
PARUS PERCH, CY MATOGASTER: 


The family Embiotocidae includes a number of 
interesting percoid fishes. ‘They have all developed 


GCOPEIA 73 


viviparity to a high degree of perfection, the young 
being born in an almost adult condition. Very little 
has been written of their habits, and apparently 
nothing at all of their copulation. So it was with 
much satifsaction that I observed, under very favor- 
able circumstances, the breeding habits of Cymato- 
gaster aggregatus. 'The date of the observation was 
July 5, 1916; the locality was in the shallow channel 
forming the outlet and inlet of an estero near Goleta 
in Santa Barbara County, California. 

Attention was first directed to a slight disturb- 
ance about twenty feet offshore, where two “Shiners”’ 
were swimming with their backs just out of the water. 
Very soon the pair were joined by about 6 others, 
which, judging from their small size, were likely 
males. The original pair swam slowly towards shore, 
their caudal regions in close proximity. The largest 
of the supernumerary fishes immediately preceded 
the pair, while the others followed a short distance 
behind. Occasionally the male turned partly over 
onto his side. After the fishes had proceeded thus 
shoreward about 6 feet, there ensued a commotion, 
of which the details were not observed, and then all 
but the first pair swiftly made for deeper water off- 
shore. 

The pair, now alone, then proceeded against the 
tide in a semi-circular course of about five feet, fre- 
quently pausing while the male, turning upon his 
side, applied his anal region to that of his mate. 
Finally reaching the shelter of a stone in about a foot 
of water, the pair halted and copulation ensued. 
With their heads in the same direction and their anal 
regions in contact, the pair remained quite motion- 
less for a few seconds, seeming to balance in the water. 
The male then turned over to a nearly horizontal 
position, the female much less. For several seconds 
the male moved rather slowly about half an inch back 
and forth, paused, then resumed the vibratory move- 


74 COPEIA 


ment for a few seconds, and finally darted off, with- 
out warning into deeper water. 

The female remained quite motionless in the 
shelter of the stone, and was readily captured in a 
seme. Its oviduct was loosely extruded for about 5 
mm., and from it there projected the tail of the sin- 
gle remaining young. ‘This young fish was about of 
the same size as numerous others seined nearby, most 
abundantly over the bottom where strewn by kelp 
washed in by the tide. 

This observation confirms other evidence that 
the period between copulation and the bearing of the 
young is one year. 

The life color of this breeding female may be 
of interest. ‘The gold color appears in the usual two 
bars across the middle of the br illiantly silver sides, 
which are tinged with gold posteriorly; there is also 
a smaller bar before these, and a trace of one along 
the margin of the branchial aperture. There is a 
blotch before the pectoral fin, and another small 
blotch which is located behind and below the pectoral, 
and is followed by a streak extending nearly across 
the trunk. 


Cart L. Husss, 
Chicago, Ill. 


NOTES ON THREE COMMON NEW 
JERSEY TURTLES. 


These notes are taken essentially word for word 
from my notebook. 

Mating of Bow Turtles and of Wood Turtles. 
I have twice found turtles apparently either mating 
or just after or about to begin mating, though on 
neither occasion could I see any connection other than 
that one was sitting squarely on the other’s back. 
Evidently, however, it was neither time a case of 
casually sprawling over each other like Painted Tur- 
tles on a crowded sunning-log. The Box ‘Turtles 


GOPETA fie) 


(Terrapene carolina), were on land in the woods 
bordering the bank of Crosswicks Creek below Cross- 
wicks, Burlington County, May 9, 1915. I noted 
particularly that the plastrons of both were decidedly 
concave and to the same degree. The Wood Turtles 
(Clemmys insculpta) , were resting on the bottom of 
a little brook in the Washington V alley above North 
Plainfield, Somerset County, May 14, 1916. The 
brook at that point flows through open fields more 
or less bushy. ‘The turtles made off when disturbed, 
one going up stream and one down. 

Kgg-Laying of a Painted Turtle. On July 4, 
1916, a I found a Chrysemis picta at Runyon, Mid- 
dlesex County, just within the frings of short grass, 
Arenaria, etc., on the far side (from the pond) of 
an open space in the woods on the north side. She 
had dug a hole at least four inches deep (perhaps 
much more), and was laying eggs. I saw her lay 
three, at brief intervals. She would poke each one 
down among the others and pack it in with one or 
the other hind foot. After laying the last, she shov- 
eled the sand back over them with her hind feet 
(which, normally so far apart, were brought to meet 
and even overlap), stamping and pushing it down, 
awkwardly, but so painstakingly and efficiently that 
when she had finished the spot was indistinguishable. 
The hole was less wide than deep, and the top eggs 
were under about an inch or two of sand. During 
the whole operation, the turtle’s head (about half 
out), and body remained practically motionless, and 
I believe that she never saw her eggs, unless while I 
was away briefly she turned around expressly to look 
at them. All I have described (took place between 
five and six in the afternoon), she did while I stood 
close over her where she must have seen me. The 
animal had come about 120 yards from the pond, first 
through dense bushy growth (Chamaedaphne, ete.), 
then all the way across the open space where her 
track, fairly straight, was plainly visible. After cov- 


76 COPEIA 


ering her eggs she sat quiet, apparently resting before 
starting the long walk back to the pond. 


CHARLES H. RocErs, 
New York, N.Y. 


POISONOUS SNAKES IN THE JUNGLE. 


It is quiet commonly maintained that poisonous 
snakes are very abundant in the tropics. After ex- 
periencing several months intensive collecting in 
Central American jungles, and after discussing the 
matter with other collectors who have likewise worked 
in the tropics, it is the writer’s belief that poisonous 
snakes are not nearly so common as is generally sup- 
posed. ‘The species are fairly well represented, but 
the actual number of specimens is comparatively less 
than in the case of the harmless forms. We employed 
natives to collect for us and few, if any, brought in 
any poisonous examples. ‘They maintained that the 
venomous snakes were super-abundant and consid- 
ered all annulated snakes (Polydontophis annulatus, 
Coronella micropholis, Urotheca elapoides, Oayr- 
hopus sps., and others), to be coral snakes, and all 
darkly colored, spotted snakes (Xenodon, Leptodira, 
Petalognathus, etc.) , to be species of Lachesis. Many 
times were we given perfectly harmless forms which 
were considered by the natives to be either Elapine 
or Crotaline species. Hence, their usual statement 
of poisonous snakes being very abundant. 

It is therefor advisable that the collector going 
into the usual tropical jungles should not entertain 
too high expectations in his quest for a large percent- 
age of poisonous snakes, for he is very liable to have 


his hopes suddenly shattered. 
CLARENCE R. HAtrer, 
New York, N. Y. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, September 24, 1917. No. 48 


_— ~- = 


= > Mest So SCOT 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


CERTAIN MARINE TROPICAL FISHES 
AS FOOD. 


By J. T. Nicuots’ anp L. L. Mowsray.’ 


The senior writer made a visit to Porto Rico in 1914, in 
the course of a scientific survey of the island conducted by the 
New York Academy of Sciences in co-operation with the insular 
government. This visit convinced him that the fisheries resources 
of the island are by no means utilized to the extent of which 
they are capable. Compared with those he was familiar with 
elsewhere, in Cuba, Bermudas, at Key West, and in the Hawaiian 
Islands, they are little developed. Porto Rican fisheries will 
doubtless expand with time, mostly along those lines where a 
beginning has already been made. Whereas, the notes herewith 
brought together may have little economic value for Porto Rico, 
they have been assembled for such value or interest as they may 
have there. 


The junior writer has the greatest familiarity with the 
capture and utilization of tropical fishes, especially in the Ber- 
mudas, and has furnished most of the data on that subject; 
whereas, the senior writer, having greater facilities for consult- 
ing the literature, is, in general, responsible for references and 
the remainder of this paper. Both writers have studied tropical 
marine fishes in various waters since their first meeting in Ber- 
muda, fourteen years ago. The fish fauna of Bermuda bears a 
rather close resemblance to that of Porto Rico, and Porto Rico 
ean doubtless learn from Bermuda things of value in developing 
its fisheries. 


*Ot The American Museum of Natural History, New York. 
*Of the New York Aquarium. 


78 COPETA 


Ground Sharks (Carcharhinus). 


These sharks are better food than'is generally believed. 
The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries in Washington has recently been 
interested in introducing their hides to the market for use as 
leather, and can furnish interesting information on that subject. 


In Bermuda, a hash is made from small ground sharks 
which is much appreciated by all classes. After the head, vis- 
cera, and fins have been removed, the shark is cut into chunks 
and boiled. Then, the water is drained off, the skin and bones 
removed, and the meat squeezed into a fine hash. The liver is 
boiled separately to obtain the oil. Chopped parsley, sage, and 
thyme are mixed with the meat and sufficient of the liver oil 
to prevent its burning when stirred over an even fire (about a 
gill of oil for 10 lbs. of meat), until medium dry. It is then 
served with boiled sweet potatoes. If the shark is in good con- 
dition, the liver is whitish or’pinkish, and such individuals are 
selected for the table, those witli small brown livers are rejected 
as not in such good condition, and because the liver will not fur- 
nish sufficient oil. Pork is sometimes used as a substitute for 
the liver oil, but is not as good. 


These Bermuda sharks which average eight or ten Ibs. in 
weight, are caught for the market in large quantities off shore 
in June, July, and August with hand lines, and sell for 12 cents 
apiece, dressed—which is, of course, much more reasonable than 
other kinds of fish. 


The Edged Shark, Carcharhinus limbatus, “Caconetta,” is 
one of the commonest species in Porto Rico. It is five feet or 
more in length when full grown, has the teeth in the upper jaw 
rather narrow, similar to those in the lower. Its color is grayish, 
the fins boldly tipped with black. Concerning it, Evermann and 
Marsh in “Fishes of Porto Rico” say. “Used as food by the very 
poor.” One of the writers has eaten a steak from a freshly 
caught specimen in Florida, fried in graham flower, and found 
it decidedly palatable, and not at all tough. The meat is beau- 
tifully white. 

The colored population in the South relish shark as food, 
otherwise it is little eaten in the United States. 

According to Dr. L. Hussakof, shark is extensively mar- 
keted in Naples, where it is served in the restaurants. 


Hammer-head Shark. (Sphyrna zygaena) 
~Cornudar- 


This shark which reaches a length of 15 feet or more is 
cenerally common in tropical seas. It is considered edible in the 


COPETA 79 


Hawaiian Islands, where it is the shark most frequently seen 
in the markets (Cobb, Bull. XXIII, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 
1903). Francis Day in “The Fishes of Malabar,” India, (1865), 
says: “Its flesh is considered very nourishing and is extensively 
salted.” 


Saw-fish (Pristis), “Pez Sierra”. 
We do not know of the saw-fish being utilized in America. 
In Malabar, India, according to Day (Fishes of Malabar, 1865): 
“The flesh is as much esteemed as that of the sharks. The fins 
are prepared and sent to China; oil is extracted from the livers, 
whilst the skins are useful for sword belts or for smoothing 
down wood.” 


Whip-ray (Aetobatis narinari). “Obispo.” 
“Chucho.” 


Day in “The Fishes of Malabar,” India, (1865), says of 
this species: “Eaten by the natives. Is captured to upwards 
of six feet in width and the flesh is salted.” 


Tarpon (Tarpon atlanticus). 


Though in general sought exclusively for sport, the tarpon 
is eaten in some parts of Florida. 


Needle-fish (T'ylosurus), “Agujon”. 


Various species of Needle-fish are found in all seas, but 
are most abundant in the tropics. The larger species have green 
bones, which sometimes cause them to be avoided, although they 
are good food. ‘The European form is commonly exposed for 
sale in the Copenhagen market. A large kind which occurs in the 
Hawaiian Islands is a foodfish of importance. Bermuda Needle- 
fish are caught in seines, or sometimes on light hand lines with 
a float, and often eaten fried. 


Half-beak (Hemirhamphus brasiliensis), “Balaju”. 


In Malabar, India, the roe of a related species is highly 
prized by Europeans for curry (Day, “Fishes of Malabar,” 
1865). : 


Mullet (Mugil), “Liza’. 


In Bermuda, the mullet is commonly served in a stew or 
chowder with potatoes and cubes of pork. They are taken in 


80 CORETA 


greatest abundance in October and November, at which time, 
they are with roe, and the roes are prepared in the following 
manner: Several are spread upon a white pine board about two 
feet long and ten inches wide with sufficient space between them 
to allow for spreading. <A similar board is placed upon them, 
and as they dry and harden, the weight on the upper board is 
gradually increased so as not to break the membrane in which 
the eggs are contained. It takes two or three days to press 
the roes properly. After pressing they are hung up to dry in 
the sun. They dry to a leathery consistency and a rich golden 
brown color, and will keep indefinitely. Roes thus prepared 
sell for 60 cents to a dollar a pound. 


Before being eaten, this dried mullet roe is boiled for a 
few minutes or steamed, and served with melted butter and a 
little lemon. This is a very rich dish and considered a great 
delicacy. 

In the Hawaiian Islands, the mullet is an important food 
fish, and since legendary times there, the market supply has 
been augmented and conserved by fish ponds which are de- 
~seribed fully in “The Commercial Fisheries’ of the Hawaiian 
Islands,” by John S. Cobb, Bull. XXIII, U. S. Bureau of Fish- 
eries, 1908, p. 746. To quote from that article: “The ponds 
are found principally in the bays indenting the shores of the 
islands, the common method of construction having been to build 
a wall of lava rock across the narrowest part of the entrance 
to a small bay or bight of land and use the inclosed space for 
the pond * * * In the sea ponds, the walls are about 5 feet in 
width and are built somewhat loosely, in order that the water 
may percolate freely * * * The sea ponds generally have sluice 
gates which can be raised or lowered, or else which open and 
close like a door * * *'! The gate is opened when the tide is 
coming in and closed when it turns. There is usually a small 
runway, built of two parallel rows of loosely piled stones, from 
the gate to about 10 feet into the pond. Since the fish congre- 
gate in this runway as the tide is going out, it is very easy to 
dip out the supply needed for market. Seines and gill nets are 
also used in taking fish from the ponds, a method which is easy, 
owing to the shallowness of the ponds. Besides, the fish which 
come in through the open gates at certain seasons of the year, 
the owner usually has men engaged in catching young ama-ama 
[mullet] in the open sea and bays, and transporting them alive 
to these enclosures, where they are kept until they attain a 
marketable size, and longer, frequently, if the prices quoted in 
the market are not satisfactory. It costs almost nothing to keep 
them as they find their own food in the sea ponds. It is sup- 
posed that they eat a fine moss which is quite common there.” 


COPEIA 81 


Cutlass Fish (T'richiurus lepturus), “Machete”. 


Related species of cutlass fishes are eaten in Malabar, In- 
dia, (Day, “Fishes of Malabar,” 1865). 


Queen Trigger Fish (Balistes vetula). 
This species is skinned and eaten stewed in Bermuda, where 
it goes by the name of Queen Turbot, and the skin is used for 
scrubbing. 


Trunk Fish (Lactophrys), “Chapin”. “Toro.” 
In Bermuda, these fishes are baked in the shell after the 
viscera have been removed and the fish stuffed as one would stuff 
a chicken. They are then eaten from the shell with a small 
fork. 


Swell Fishes (T'etraodontidae), “Tambor.” 
“Tamboril.” 


These fishes are not fit for food, many of them being deadly 
poisonous, and the poison is not destroyed by cooking. The 
muscle of some, if not all, may be eaten, if the viscera, and es- 
pecially the roe and liver are carefully removed, but the gain 
is in no way worth the risk. Bermuda fishermen claim that if 
offered to a cat they will be eaten and the cat will die or at 
least be made very ill. 


On Poisonous Fish and Fish Poisoning. 


Various tropical fishes have the reputation of being at times 
poisonous. We quote below at length remarks on this subject 
by L. L. Mowbray in the New York Zoological Society Bulletin, 
Nov., 1916, pages 1422-1423: 

“Much has been said and written about the poisonous fishes 
of tropical and sub-tropical seas. It is a known fact that among 
people eating the same species at thé same time, even caught 
in the same locality, some have been poisoned, while others have 
not. Among fishes eaten by man, the species considered most 
likely to be dangerous as food during the season from May to 
October, are the barracuda, two species of kingfish, three spe- 
cies of jack, red rockfish, and tiger rockfish. 

“The barracuda (Sphyraena picuda), is a pike-like fish 
inhabiting both shallow and deep water, and is often seen hiding 
behind the Gorgonias, waiting for its prey. 


82 COPEIA 


“The mulleto kingfish (Scomberomorus regalis), and the 
common kingfish (S. cavalla), are swift and active, and are 
among the best of food fishes. 

“The jacks (Caranx hippos, C. ruber, and C. crysos), are 
swift-swimming surface fishes, usually traveling in large schools. 
Their food consists of the anchovy, pilcher, hog mouth fry, and 
squid and crabs that live among the Gulf-weed. 


“The red rockfish (Mycteroperca venenosa apua), and the 
tiger rockfish or gag (M. tigris), live on rocky coral bottoms and 
often in very deep water. Their food consists of small bottom 
fishes and crustacea. Both species are captured by hand lines 
and in traps. 


“All of these fishes are carnivorous, preying upon various 
species of fishes and invertebrates. There is no evidence what- 
ever that they feed at any season upon forms which would ren- 
der their flesh unwholesome. 


“While in the Turk Islands I questioned many fishermen 
concerning the fishes that were poisonous, the effects of the 
poison, and at what seasons the fish were most dangerous. With- 
out exception their reports tallied. All agreed that there were 
two forms of the disease; that the fish from the north side of 
the Islands were the most dangerous, those from the south side 
not being so likely to prove poisonous. This seems incredible, 
as the island of Grand Turk, most densely populated of this 
group of islands, is only one and a half miles wide, by six miles 
long, and lies in trade winds and the Bahama current, which 
move all surface food at a considerable rate to the westward. 
I consulted Dr. Geogaghan, then the Medical Officer of the 
Colony, who kindly gave me a description of the symptoms, 
which he had personally experienced in both forms of the 
disease. 

“Dr. Geogaghan said: “To my knowledge the common poi- 
sonous fish are barracuda, jack and mulleto kingfish. In certain 
places, for some reason or other, the barracuda is more likely 
to be poisonous than if caught elsewhere. 


““There are two distinct kinds of poisoning from these 
fishes. The ordinary type is similar to ptomaine, being in the 
nature of a simple gastroenteritis of an irritative sort. It is 
characterized by acute spasmodic pain in the stomach, diarrhoea, 
and vomiting, coming on from ten to twenty hours after eating 
the fish, and subsiding readily under treatment. There is ocea- 
sionally headache, usually fever (101 to 102 degrees F.), and a 
rapid pulse (90 to 100). Generally speaking, it is an acute 
gastroenteritis. 


““The other form is in the nature of a toxemia. I have 
never seen a case following on the eating of jack, but cannot 


COPEIA 83 


be certain on this point. The symptoms are slow to subside, 
sometimes lasting for months. It starts from two to six days 
after eating the fish, very seldom less than two, and usually 
three or four. There is repeated pain of a dull resistant type 
over the region of the pancreas; constipation; slow aching pains 
in the joints, especially in the knees and back, without any 
physical signs; pain behind the eyes and headache, acute irri- 
tation of the bladder with frequent burning and tickling sensa- 
tion. 


“ce 


‘The joint pains are called “bone-pains” here, and are 
similar to the pains of influenza, though more particularly asso- 
ciated with the joints. There is an intense feeling of lassitude 
and debility and subnormal temperature. 

“Naturally clinical cases vary in severity. Occasionally 
the two forms of poisoning are combined, one following the other. 
I look on the first as a simple irritative disturbance of the in- 
testine which throws off the irritant in the usual way. The 
second is a real poisoning of the system. I have had both my- 
self, and it was many months before I was rid of the joint-pains 
of the second.’ 


“The Turk Island species described herein are also among 
the principal food fishes of Key West and the Bermudas, except- 
ing the kingfish, which is seldom taken at Bermuda, and_poi- 
soning is unknown in these localities. 


“After observing the conditions and the manner in which 
the fish are handled, I have reached the conclusion that the rea- 
son they are poisonous, in one region and not in another, is that 
in Bermuda and Key West almost all fishing boats have live- 
wells, and therefore usually bring their fish to market alive, 
while in the Turk Islands and Bahamas the fish are killed and 
allowed to remain in the sun until the shore is reached—some- 
times five or six hours after they are caught. 


“All of the fishes considered poisonous are of soft flesh and 
rich in gastric juices, and are therefore the most likely to decay 
quickly; and, when eaten in a partially decayed conditon, cause 
ptomaine poisoning. Naturally, some are more poisonous than 
others. Those caught in the morning are exposed to the sun’s 
rays much longer, and are therefore much more decomposed. 


“The fishes, when examined externally and internally, ap- 
peared to be in the finest condition when caught, and I could 
detect no difference between them and those of Bermuda or 
Key West. I have seen specimens of Grand Turk Island with 
the scales standing almost on edge through the decomposing of 
the flesh, which, forming gases, expanded the fish. These fish 
are frequently sold from house to house, though caught the day 
before and in a half putrid condition. It is probable that if, 


84 GCORMETA 


when caught, the fish were eviscerated and bled,’ a case of poi- 
soning would be a rarity.” 

In any tropical climate, proper marketing is an essential 
factor in fisheries development. We quote a cogent sentence or 
two from Bulletin No. 1, of the Madras Fisheries Bureau, 1915, 
pp. 212 to 215. “We must make the best use of what we now 
catch before proceeding to catch yet larger masses. Of all 
general foods, fish is most liable to taint, and most poisonous 
when tainted. * * * 


“Hence effort is now being directed in the experimentai 
stations started by the Madras Government to various obvious 
and simple reforms: Firstly, to the introduction of live cars and 
live chests, or pens, so that fish can be brought alive to shore 
and kept in good condition till required; this was a universal 
custom even in temperate climates till the introduction of cheap 
ice, and still is in many cases * * * Secondly, fish not kept alive 
must be cleaned and washed at sea and properly stowed; this 
brings them to shore with a much decreased chance of taint, 
even if several hours intervene.” 


1A good method of bleeding is to sever the tail while the fish 
is alive, thus opening the blood vessels on either side of it. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuors, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, October 4, 1917. No. 49 


Published to advance the Science vf cold-blooded vertebrates 


CHANGES IN NAMES OF AMERICAN 
FISHES 


A recent survey of the names applied to the 
genera of fishes shows the necessity of a number of 
changes from the names adopted by Jordan and 
Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America, 
1898. Among those which most concern students of 
American Ichthyology are the following: 

Anchoviella Fowler replaces Stolephorus Lace- 
pede as the name of the great body of tropical ancho- 
vies. The type of Stole phorus, as first restricted, was 
not an anchovy, but a round herring of Japan. 

Bagre Cuvier, by tautonomy, replaces Felichthys 
and Ailurichthys for the Gaff top-sail cat-fish, Bagre 
felis (L.) 

Bodianus Bloch, by tautonomy, replaces Harpe 
Lacepéede, while Cephalopholis Bloch & Schneider 
replaces Bodianus and Enneacentrus. 

Chelon Rose replaces Chaenomugil. 

Corvina Cuvier stands for the group called 
Pseudosciaena. Cheilotrema and Callaus may be 
genera distinct from Corvina. 

Clupanodon Wacepede should be restricted to 
the Asiatic genus called Konosirus. The true sar- 
dines (S. pilchardus of Europe, and S. cerulea of 
California), belong to the genus Sardina Antapa. 
Those sardines with unstriated opercle, (8. aurita 
and S. anchovia-pseudohispanica) , comprise the genus 
Sardinella, called Sardinia by Poey. The Scaled Sar- 


86 CGOPETA 


dines, maculosa, macrophthalma, ete., constitute the 
genus Harengula, well separated from Sardina and 
Sar dinella by their firm flesh and adherent scales. 

The type of E'theostoma should be E. blenni- 
oides. The name should replace Diplesion, while the 
genus called Etheostoma by Jordan and Evermann 
should stand as Poecilichthys. Some of the sub- 
genera in this group should stand as distinct genera. 

The genus called Centrarchus should stand as 
Eucentrarchus Gill and the family of Sun-fishes and 
Black Bass, as Micropteridae. 

The name Gerres Cuvier should replace Xysta@- 
ma, while the genus called Gerres by Jordan and 
Evermann becomes Diapterus. 'The family stands 
as Eucinostomidae as there is an earlier family Ger- 
ridae, among insects. 

Histrio Fischer replaces Pterophryne. 

Leucichthys Dybowski replaces Argyrosomus 
(preoccupied) for the Lake Herrings and Ciscoes. 
Several new species of these have been described by 
Jordan and Evermann, from the Great Lakes. 

The Trout Perch of the Lakes should stand as 
Percopsis omiscomaycus Walbaum, instead of Per- 
copsis guttatus. The Lake Sturgeon as Acipenser 
fulvescens Rafinesque, instead of Acipenser rubicun- 
dus Le Sueur as Mr. Hubbs has noted. The Ameri- 
can eel is Anguilla rostrata (Le Sueur, Sept., 1817), 
instead of A. chrisypa Rafinesque (Dec., 1817). The 
date of rostrata is incorrectly given by Jordan & 
Eivermann. 

Membras Bonaparte replaces Kirtlandia. 

Micrometrus Gibbons replaces Abeona. 

Phycis Rose replaces Emphycus and Urophycis. 

Polynemus L. replaces Polydactylus. 

The generic name Catulus is preoccupied in in- 
sects. The genus of sharks so named _ becomes 
Scylliorhinus. 

Siphostoma Rafinesque becomes again Syngna- 
thus, and Lucius Rafinesque reverts to E’sox, while 


COPEIA 87 


Esov Rafinesque becomes again Belone Cuvier. 
Glossamia pandionis becomes Xystramia pandionis. 

There are no species of Leucos in America, the 
species so-called being referable to Myloleucus Cope 
and Hesperoleucus Snyder. ‘There are, according 
to Prof. Cockerell, no true species of Leuciscus in 
America or Japan. ‘The American species, so- 
called, stand for the present as Richardsonius Gerard, 
though some of the included sections (Clinostomus, 
Phoainus, Hemitremia, Siboma), may prove to be 
of generic value. Cheilonemus Baird replaces Leu- 
cosomus, preoccupied. Cremnobates Giunther re- 
places Auchenopterus, preoccupied. Cynicoglossus 
Bonaparte replaces Microstomus, preoccupied. Hu- 
dulus Fowler replaces Dules. E’vermannellus Fow- 
ler replaces Odontostomus. Haloporphyrus Ginther 
replaces Lepidion. Notoscopelus Giinther replaces 
Macrostoma. Quassilabia Jordan and Brayton re- 
places Lagochilus. Scaphirhynchops Gill replaces 
Scaphirhynchus. Stenesthes Jordan replaces Steno- 
tomus, preoccupied. ‘The Scup becomes thus Sten- 
esthes chrysops. Xiphister Jordan and Gilbert re- 
places Yiphidion. 

Carcharhinus commersoni Blainville should 
probably stand, instead of C. lamia. Isurus tigris 
(Atwood) replaces Isurus dekayi, Isurus owyrhyn- 
chus Fiuropean species not yet known from our 
coast. Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre), has priority over 
Lamna cornubica (Gmelin). Mustelus Valmont, 
1764, or of Linck (1790), must stand for the smooth 
“Dog Sharks,” which may for the present, pending 
investigation be left in one genus. Mustelus Valmont 
is equivalent to Cynias Gill, Mustelus Linck to 
Pleuracromylon. ‘The species are Mustelus asterias 
(Valmont) or Cynias canis (Mitchill) and Mustelus 
or Pleuracromylon mustelus (1..) 

The name Raja diaphanes Mitchill replaces 
Raja ocellata (preoccupied) Raja scabrata Garman 
replaces Raja radiata (not found in America) and 


88 COPEIA 


Raja stabuliforis Garman replaces Raja laevis, re- 
garded as preoccupied. Raja granulata Gill is a 
valid species. 

The name Mobula replaces Aodon, unidentifi- 
able. 

The group of suckers called Hypentelium con- 
stitutes a valid genus. The species of this group 
called Catostomus rhothacus by Dr. 'Thoburn seems 
to constitute a new genus, which we may name Tho- 
burnia Jordan and Snyder, in honor of Wilbur 'Tho- 
burn, professor of bionomics in Stanford University, 
a young man whose life came to an untimely end 
and who is remembered by his students not only as a 
gifted naturalist, but as a powerful moral influence 
in the lives of all associated. with him. Thoburnia 
is distinguishable from Hypentelium by the very 
small head, the skull not concave between the eyes. 

X yrauchen texanus ( Abbott) replaces X. cypho. 

Among the Hexagrammos-like fishes, several 
distinct families must be recognized each with but a 
genus or two. ‘These are Anoplopomatidae, Erilepi- 
dae, Hexagrammidae, Ophiodontidae, Zaniolepidae 
and Oxylebiidae. LHrilepis zonifer grows to a large 
size, upwards of a hundred pounds in Japan and in 
Alaska, where it is occasionally taken. ‘The black 
bars disappear with age. ‘The “Fat Priest” of Japan, 
Ebisus sagamius Jordan and Snyder, is the adult of 
this species, of which the young was called Hrilepis 
zonifer. Zaniolepis frenatus Kigenmann is generi- 
cally different from Zaniolepis lati pinnis, having the 
head much larger and more strongly armed, the su- 
praorbital cirrus large, and the second dorsal spine 
not specially elevated, shorter than the second and 
shorter than head. This species may be made the 
type of a new genus, Xantocles. Zaniolepis from 
vanion, a wool card or comb and lepis scale, should 
have been spelled with an initial X. 

Under the ruling of the International Commis- 
sion of Zoological Nomenclature, the generic names 


‘COPEIA 89 


of Gronow (1763), with polynomial species have 
been accepted. This ruling would also apparently 
validate the generic names revived from Klein in the 
dictionary called the “Gesellschaft Schauplatz,” 1775- 
1781. Certain names of Valmont de Bomare, 1768, 
may be eligible and certain subgeneric names in Ara- 
bic of Forskal, 1775. If these should be adopted 
Amia Gronow would replace A pogon. Amiatus Ra- 
finesque would replace Amia L. (1766). Brama 
Klein would replace Abramis and Lepodus Rafin- 
esque Brama Schneider for the Sea Bream. Callyo- 
don Gronow would replace Scarus. Cestracion Klein 
replaces Sphyrna. Galeus Valmont or Cynocephalus 
Klein replaces Prionace. Cyclogaster Gronow re- 
places Liparis. . Enchelyopus Gronow, Zoarces. 
Hepatus Gronow, replaces Teuthis LL. Dasybatus 
Klein replaces Dasyatis. Rhina Klem supersedes 
Squatina. Rhombus Klein replaces Bothus, while 
Peprilus Cuvier, replaces Rhombus Lacepede for the 
genus of Harvest-fishes. Poronotus and Palometa 
are probably both distinct from Rhombus. 

The Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus Bonna- 
terre, A. vulpes Gmelin), was named Vulpecula ma- 
rina by Valmont in 1768. Garman adopts this name 
but it may not be officially considered eligible. 

It is possible that these generic names may not 
be finally accepted, and it will be safe not to use any 
of them not validated by acceptance of later authors, 
until their eligibility is finally determined. ‘The au- 
thors concerned are mainly Gronow, Klein, Valmont 
de Bomare and Patrick Browne. 

Davin Starr JORDAN, 
Stanford University, Cal. 


HUNTING LIZARDS WITH A “BEAN- 
SHOOTER.” 


The writer has before him a shipment of rep- 
tiles from the West, including a really choice lot of 


90 COPEIA 


lizards—nearly every one of them captured by meatis 
of a beanshooter. The recollection evokes a gleeful 
chuckle. It seems worth telling. 

Freely admitting considerable experience with 
this boy’s weapon in days gone by, credit for its res- 
urrection and practical adoption must be given to my 
friend, Mr. William T. Davis, the naturalist of Stat- 
en Island. At one of the entomological meetings he 
exhibited his beanshooter together with charges of 
fine shot. He then told of how he had laid low the 
dazzling dragon-fly as it sailed over the pond and had 
brought abruptly to an end the noisome song of the 
Cicada in branches high. It was a thrilling account 
——full of the element of sport. 

On a trip to southern Utah this summer my 
equipment included a beanshooter, also a supply of 
No. 4 and 8 shot. The beanshooter was made the 
same as I used as a boy: a stout, forked handle cut 
from a privet hedge, two rubber bands 5” long x %” 
wide, a soft. square piece of leather, folded, trimmed 
and sewed at the bottom so that it formed a shallow, 
rounded pocket, and the whole tied together with 
shoestring. In execution this weapon proved so ef- 
fective that I employed it to the exclusion of all other 
methods whenever the chances of capturing a speci- 
men by hand seemed in doubt. My procedure would 
be as follows: loading the flipper with 30 to 40 of 
No. 8 shot or with 20 to 30 of No: 4, according to size 
of the lizard in sight, I approached with caution, 
avoiding dry sticks and loose stones, and, when with- 
in 10 to 15 feet, I would shoot, always aiming at the 
head. The shot produced temporary stunning, some- 
times accompanied by a slight flow of blood, but 
rarely by mutilation. No time could be lost in pick- 
ing up specimens for they often revived before they 
could be placed in a bag. At 10 feet I felt almost 
sure of my game; at 15 feet I could count on bagging 
4 out of 5. 


COPEIA 9] 


Except when the lizards were startled, I found 
little difficulty in getting within shooting distance of 
even the speediest of them. This I ascribe to their 
bump of curiosity, developed apparently to a high 
degree. ‘Thus, on another occasion, I recall capturing 
with a net a number of Crotaphytus while their at- 
tention was fixed upon the antics-—a sort of war 
dance—performed by a companion. The material be- 
fore me is represented largely by species of Calli- 
saurus, Crotaphytus, Uta, Sceloporus, Cnemido- 
phorus, ete. 

The small bore shotgun or pistol, while a reli- 
able weapon, has the disadvantage of causing more 
or less mutilation. In a hot and dry climate badly 
injured or dead specimens discolor and shrivel quick- 
ly, often before they can be brought to camp. Best 
suited for every purpose of study is material brought 
in alive. If they are not intended for osteological 
preparations I have obtained the most satisfactory 
results from specimens killed in formalin 4%. In this 
medium reptiles retain their natural proportion and 
color much better than if placed into alcohol at once. 
I make no incisions, but instead use a small veterin- 
ary syringe with a set of hypodermic needles. This 
leaves no outward marks where injections have been 
made. An injection through the vent usually suffices 
for lizards. Snakes require additional injections be- 
low the ventral scales. Collapsed regions are easily 
restored by means of the syringe during the process 
of curing. After 3 to 4 hours specimens may be 
transferred to aleohol 70% or, if intended for color 
study at a future date, to formalin 2%. 

Gro. P. ENGELHARDT, 
Brooklyn, N.Y. 


HABITS OF A YOUNG BOX TORTOISE. 


The Box Tortoise (Terrapene carolina), is al- 
most entirely terestrial in its habits, although excep- 
tions have been recorded recently by contributors to 


92 COPEIA 


CopriA. As the young of this species are rarely dis- 
covered, the actions of one found by the writer have 
been watched with interest. This turtle was picked 
up on a sandy country road in June. It had a eara- 
pace length of 50 mm. and weighed %4 oz. Portions 
of the keel were distinctly present. When placed in 
its box, it at once made for the water where it re- 
mains almost continually, coming out for an hour or 
two on bright, hot mornings, to sun itself on some 
moss. Its favorite diet consists of angle worms, which 
it devours with avidity, but unlike other Emydidae 
it rushes out of the water with its prey instead of 
feeding in the water with head submerged. In this 
habit it resembles the true land tortoises, toward 
which the Box Tortoises seem to be evolving. The 
aquatic life of young Box Tortoises may account for 
their being so infrequently observed. 
H. L. Baxrcocx, 
Boston, Mass. 


ANOTHER NEW JERSEY KING SNAKE. 


This spring, about June 10th, upon rather a 
damp windy day, Mr. Outram Bangs and I motored 
from Rumson to Lakehurst, New Jersey. During a 
short halt made necessary by a punctured tire we 
strolled for some distance along a brook which di- 
vided a large open meadow. We had gone but a 
short way when we found a fine adult King Snake 
[Lampropeltis getulus (1...) ] sunning on the south 
side of a large log. The snake is still alive at the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. 
Since Fowler does not record any specimen from just 
this locality, and as the species is very rare n New 
Jersey, it seems worth while to place this captive 


upon record. T. Barzpour 


Cambridge, Mass. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, October 26, 1917. No. 50 


; ae 4 


ee bese oe 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


COULTER’S WHITEFISH. 


In a recent article on Coregonus coultert: (Co- 
PEIA No. 45), Dr. Kendall overlooks an obscure sec- 
ond record of the occurrence of the species in the 
Columbia basin (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXVI, 
p- 430). The specimens there referred to were col- 
lected by the writer at Diamond Lake, Stevens Co., 
Wash., in June, 1894. It was observed at the time 
that kingfishers were catching a slender, silvery fish 
from near the surface of the lake, and by. firing at 
the birds with a rifle, they were on several occasions 
made to drop the fish within reach. These were 
Coulter’s whitefish. None was seen in the shallow 
water near shore, there was no boat at hand, and 
consequently nothing more was learned of the spe- 
cies. Some of these fishes, measuring 127 millimeters 
in length, were about as large as the birds could well 
manage. ‘These specimens and likewise some of those 
taken by Dr. Kigenmann appear to be fishes of the 
year, and it is possible that the adults of the species 
may reach a much larger size. Indeed it is not im- 
probable that the species may be a deep water form 
of some food value. The Bureau of Fisheries has 
lately learned of the presence of several undescribed 
species of whitefish in western waters. Some of these 
are good food fishes, and it is possible that their range 
may be profitably extended by artificial means. An 


94 COPEIA 


investigation of these species has been started, and 
it is no doubt worth while that it should be extended. 
J. O. SNYDER, 
Stanford University, Calif. 


SHUFELDT’S NEW MUD MINNOW. 


In the July number of Aquatic Life Dr. R. W. 
Shufeldt boldly adds another synonym to Umbra 
pygmea. One is obliged to read his entire article, 
which is unnecessarily voluminous, to the end, where 
the new name Umbra pygmea bilineata is found. As 
Shufeldt neglects to select a type, a custom -almost 
universal in these days among naturalists, we shall 
be obliged to help him out by indicating No. 16, 896, 
U. S. N. M. from “Trib. of Chesapeake Bay” as 
such. Apparently this new form is suggested chiefly 
on its supposed color characters. It is alleged to 
differ in having but 2 wide dark lengthwise broad 
bands, while in U. pygmea there are ten, a dozen, or 
more, narrow dark lengthwise lines. On a previous 
page, however, Shufeldt admits that “the fish changes 
its coloration to a wonderful degree when placed in 
alcohol and other preservative fluids,” and also that 
the living fishes vary widely in color. I found that 
our living mud minnow exhibits great extremes in 
variety of color, not only such patterns as Shufeldt 
mentions, but all sorts of intermediate designs. Also 
some examples may appear nearly uniform blackish, 
and others grayish or whitish, though I have not yet 
found an albino. Now these varieties may even oc- 
cur in the same stream, pool or mud-hole. Some of 
these forms are doubtless affected by the condition 
of the water, as in the cedar-stained streams of our 
coastal regions fishes are always darker, or even near- 
ly black. 

Besides the type Dr. Shufeldt mentioned he ex- 
amined many examples in the United States Nation- 
al Museum from Eastern Maryland, Laurel (Md.), 
Chain Bridge (D, C.), and Long Island (Lake Pat- 


COPEIA 95 


chogue), N. Y. From this one is inclined to consider 
these as the localities for his new form, though such 
are not so stated. I have examined and largely col- 
lected a very large series of examples from: New 
Jersey (Batsto R., Wading R., Mantua Creek, Ce- 
dar Swamp Creek, Trenton, New Lisbon, Grenloch, 
Friendship, Sumner, Cape May Court House, Great 
Sound Creek, Porchtown, Repaupo, Coopers, Mill- 
ville Lake, Sluice Creek, Burlington Island, Fishing 
Creek, Elmer, Lake Hopatcong, Upper Goshen 
Creek, Pancoast Run, Pitman, McPherson’s Branch, 
Brookdale, Alloway, Cedarville, Shepard’s Mull, 
Clementon, Green Creek); Pennsylvania (Bristol, 
Scott’s Creek, Penn Valley, Guinea Creek, 'Tully- 
town Brook, Common Creek, 'Tinicum Island, 
Moores, Chester, Bridgewater, Torresdale, Holmes- 
burg, Laurel Bend, David’s Well, Rocky Woods, 
Emilie, Oxford Valley, Langhorne, Glen Lake, 
Woodbourne, Philadelphia, Schuykill R.) ; Dela- 
ware (Rehoboth, Bellevue Creek, Bombay Hook, 
Neweastle, Delaware City, Brown’s Branch, Laurel, 
Lewes) ; Maryland (Bacon Hill, Big Bohemia Creek, 
Elk Neck, Aydelotte Branch, Dike Creek) ; Virginia 
(Locustville Branch and lower James River). My 
examples show the 2 or 8 simple dorsal rays and 12 
or 13 branched, rarely 14, and the anal with 4 simple 
rays and 6 or 7 branched, rarely 5 or 8. ‘The scales 
vary 28 to 35 in a median lateral series to the caudal 
base, with 3 to 5 more on the latter. Transversely 
are 12 to 15 scales between the dorsal and ventral 
origins, and before the dorsal 23 to 80. The propor- 
tions of the head, body-depth, ete., vary greatly, but 
chiefly with age. The eye was found contained 3-2/5 
to 5 times in the head, and the young of course with 
it larger than the adult. There is absolutely nothing 
in Shufeldt’s exposition of the structural characters 
not covered by my series. 


My copied figure, from Jordan and Evermann, 
is 7 inches long “which is much larger than the fish 


96 COPEIA 


ever grows to be” according to Shufeldt. Now this 
statement needs further verification, as I have seen 
and examined an occasional example 6 inches long, 
and it is quite possible one may even exceed 7 inches. 
In my experience the average size is from 3 to 4 
inches. Further Shufeldt says of the figure, “it gives 
38 scales instead of 35, and 12 dorsal rays instead of 
13; it has too many anal rays.” This is entirely mis- 
leading, and the artist who made the figure was prob- 
ably accurate. In truth the figure shows 8 simple 
and 10 branched dorsal rays and 2 simple and 6 
branched anal rays. One also gathers a false impres- 
sion that the seales would be 35, but I find variants 
with 40, and do not doubt they may even exceed this. 
These notes were made with the idea of placing 
before ichthyologists an obscure account of a sup- 
posed new form of one of our well-known fishes, as 
it appears upon comparison with some of the facts 
as brought out with adequate material. 
Henry W. Fow ter, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


SYSTEMATIC NOTE ON LOWER CALI- 
FORNIA LIZARDS. 


A collection of reptiles, made in Lower Califor- 
nia in 1911 by an expedition under the auspices of the 
American Museum of Natural History and the 
United States Bureau of Fisheries (Charles H. 
Townsend, leader, on the U. S. S. Albatross), re- 
veals some interesting records for this peninsula. 
Among these Crotaphytus copeiu Yarrow, 1882 
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 5, p. 441), has not been 
considered valid, Cope, Van Denburgh and Ruthven 
all relegating it to the synonymy of Crota phytus wis- 
lizenii Baird and Gerard. Stejneger has not ex- 
pressed an opinion regarding its status, the only men- 
tion being a noncommittal sentence in his differen- 
tiation of the new short-headed species of the Pacific 
Region, Crotaphytus silus (N. A. Fauna, No. 3, p. 


COPEIA 97 


105) : “Nor is it [C. silus] the same as C. copeii Yar- 
row, from which the new form [C. silus] differs in 
the same manner as it does from C. wislizeni,’— 
that is, in being short-headed, while both C. copei 
and C. wislizenii are long-headed. Crotaphytus speci- 
mens in the American Museum collections from 'Ti- 
buron Island in the Gulf of California, and Cerros 
Island on the Pacific side, are distinctly C. copeii, 
agreeing with Yarrow’s type from La Paz (a single 
specimen, No. 12668 in the U. S. Nat. Mus.) in be- 
ing a longer and relatively larger-headed form than 
any other | species of the Crotaph ytus wislizenii group 
known. 


A second good species which has been supposed 
not valid is Callisaurus crinitus Cope, 1888 (Amer. 
Nat., Vol. 30, p. 1049). Cope described this from 
a single specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus. 14895, type lo- 
cality Ballenas Bay in central Lower California on 
the Pacific side. The American Museum collections 
contain one full-grown specimen from Abreojos 
Point, the northern point of Ballenas Bay, and seven 
full-grown specimens from San Bartolome Bay on 
the Pacific side, one hundred miles north of the type 
locality. Callisaurus crinitus is large in size like C. 
ventralis, and is peculiar in possessing prominent 
digital fringes, structurally like those in Uma notata 
Baird. These fringes give an additional indication of 
close relationship between the two genera. It was 
Cope’s opinion when he first described C. crinitus 
that its discovery made a union of Uma and Calli- 
saurus necessary. It is true that these fringes on the 
toes were perhaps the strongest single character dif- 
ferentiating Uma and Callisaurus, but the sum total 
of differences still remains too great to admit of the 
union. 


Among interesting records in the American 
Museum material from the Cape Region is Calli- 
saurus draconoides Blainville, which has had a history 
of many years’ confusion with C. ventralis and of 


98 COPETA 


masquerading under a trinomial, but which is so dis- 
tinetly different from C. ventralis that there could 
have been no intergradation for many ages past. Uta 
thalassina Cope, another record from the Cape Re- 
gion, is interesting because of possible differences of 
opinion regarding its generic rank (Petrosaurus, new 
genus suggested by Boulenger, 1885). The discov- 
ery in 1914 of Uta mearnsi Stejneger, from the sum- 
mit of the Coast Range of the Mexican border, really 
settled the question, as stated by Stejneger at that 
time (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, p. 8369). When 
we compare this species with the large Cape Region 
form on the one hand, and with the small typical Uta 
on the other, we find it a close link in size, in scutel- 
lation (except for the tail), and even in color pat- 
tern. Therefore, Uta thalassina must be retained 
among the Utas despite the fact that the scutellation 
of its tail is unlike that of any other Uta known, and 
more like that of a Crotaphytus. 
M. C. Dickerson, 
New York, N.Y. 


ANOTHER LONG ISLAND RECORD FOR 
AMBYSTOMA JEFFERSONIANUM 
(GREEN). 


Three specimens of this salamander were found 
on August 26, 1917, under old boards along the mar- 
gin of a small, round pond about % mile north of the 
Hither Plain Life Saving Station at Montauk. All 
are young, two measuring 2%” and one 3/2” in length. 
Undoubtedly they have developed from larvae of the 
same season. The largest specimen is heavily marked 
with bright blue spots of varying size on tail, legs 
and along the sides of body and head. On the back 
and underside the spots are more faint and sparse. 
The ground color is blackish brown. The tail is oval, 
flattened toward the point. On the smaller specimens 
the spots are faint and the tail is flatter throughout 
its length. 


COPEIA SS) 


The only other Long Island record for A. jef- 
fersonianum was obtained at a point about 5 anilee 
east of the present location (see Coprta No. 8). 

GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


A ONE-LEGGED CRICKET FROG. 


On September 23, Cricket Frogs (Acris gryllus 
crepitans), were found abundant along the margins 
of ponds in the sand dunes between Miller, Indiana 
and Lake Michigan. The tadpoles of this species 
were seen in the pond, as were also a few transform- 
ing individuals. 

One of these Cricket Frogs (head and body 16 
mm.), unfortunately not noted until after it had died 
in a collecting bag, presents a malformation which 
seems worthy ‘of description. The right leg is absent, 
and no scar is evident to indicate its recent loss by 
injury; the skin is normal in both texture and colora- 
tion over the area from which the leg should spring. 
The skin of the abdomen is notably wrinkled toward 
the missmg member. Indeed the whole body poste- 
riorly is twisted toward the right side, so that the left 
leg, which is of the usual proportions, is forced into 
a position in which it could fairly effectively perform 
the normal function of both legs. 

The pelvic region, on dissection, shows some in- 
teresting features. As just mentioned it is curved 
toward the right. There is absolutely no trace of a 
right femur, nor even of the acetabulum and labrum 
cartilagineum, which are normally well developed in 
this species. The right face of the pelvis is smooth, 
and the right arm of the ilium is weak and cartilagin- 
ous. The dextral sciatic plexus and nerve are also 
atrophied. 

Whether this monstrosity is the result of a mu- 
tation, or of a very early injury can not be stated. 

Cart L. Hupss, 
Chicago, Ill. 


100 COPEIA 


NOTE ON A ONE-LEGGED FROG. 


On October 12, 1915, I caught a young, one- 
legged pickerel frog (Rana palustris) at the border 
of a lake south of Smithtown, Long Island, N. Y. 
The head and body of the specimen measured not 
more than one and one-half inches, and one hind leg 
(I forgot whether the right or left), was gone com- 
pletely from the pelvic joint, the skin of the hip show- 
ing practically no sear. 

This frog lived in a vivarium with several exam- 
ples of Ambystoma tigrinum, Hyla andersoni, other 
amphibians, and snails, for nine months. At the time 
of its capture, it had already co-ordinated its asym- 
metrical organism to such an extent that it could 
swim straight ahead; by April, 1916, I observed it 
jumping for food so efficiently as not to suffer by 
comparison with normal frogs. During the autumn, 
and again in the spring, we fed it chopped earth- 
worms, house-flies, etc., but for many weeks in the 
winter it had practically nothing to eat. It took most 
of its food from tweezers, always grasping it with 
its jaws rather than capturing by projection of the 
tongue. It usually accepted only four or five morsels 
at one feeding. 

By May, 1916, it had grown perceptibly, and 
had assumed very bright coloring, the richest of “cop- 
per glaze” fringing its jaws and running along the 
ridges of its back. At this season it fed altogether 
on crickets, which were simply set free in the viva- 
rium. The frog, in spite of its lop-sided source of 
propulsion, leaped with fatal precision for distances 
up to 12 or 14 inches, and devoured the unfortunate 
crickets at leisure. The process of swallowing a large 
victim was almost snake-like in its deliberation. 

In July, 1916, I freed the frog at Garden City, 


Long Island. R. C. Murruy 
Brooklyn, N. ¥. 


Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History 
PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, November 26, 1917. No. 51 


1 
am) 


- 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


THE PINE SNAKE IN VIRGINIA. 


Records for the Pine Snake, Pituwophis. melano- 
leucas (Daudin), outside of Florida and New Jersey 
are few and far between. In fact the only ones I 
have been able to find are the one in Brimley’s North 
Carolina list from Swain Co., N. C., and a specimen 
in the National Museum from Blount Co., Tenn. 
Both of these localities are in the Big Smoky Moun- 
tains. 

It is of interest then that a dead specimen about 
3’ 6” long was found on August 19, on the road across 
the “Spur” between Nimrod Hall and Milboro 
Springs, in Bath Co., Va. 

This locality is in the Alleghany Mountains and 
the altitude is about 1,000 feet. The road at this 
point was bordered on each side by a rather steep 
slope covered with laurel and rhododendron. 

This snake is fairly well known in Virginia as 
the “bull snake.” It does not seem to occur outside 
of the mountains as all of the many stories of this 
snake, reputed to reach a length of twelve feet, have 
their scene in the western tier of counties. 


Emmett R. Dunn, 
Northampton, Mass. 


102 COPEIA 


Ratio of Length, Girth and Weight in the Perch. 


The accompanying table shows the length, girth 
and weight ounces of 79 perch (Perca flavascens), 
caught in Stony Creek Pond, Coreys, Franklin Co., 
N. Y., August, 1917. The table indicates that the 


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= 
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= 


COPEIA 103 


variation in weight of perch of the same length 1s 
never more than one ounce. Also a rough approxi- 
mation of the weight ounces may be obtained in this 
species by multiplying the girth squared by the length 
inches and dividing by 50. ©, W. Mrap, 

New York, N.Y. 


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104 COPEIA 


LEAPING OF A HEMIRAMPHID. 


The synentognathous fishes comprise various 
elongated marine forms, and the remarkable flying 
fishes which make long excursions through the air 
supported by their greatly enlarged pectoral fins. It 
is interesting that the habit of leaping in the air is 
common throughout the group and therefore, may 
reasonably be supposed to have been possessed by the 
ancestors of the flying fishes before the fin develop- 
ment which has made it pre-eminent among these. * 
Or in other words, habit has preceded correlated 
structure in this case. ‘The half-beaks are the mod- 
ern synentognathi which apparently approach most 
closely to the ancestors of the flying fish. 

On April 1, off Sandy Key near Cape Sable, 
Florida, there was an unusually favorable opportun- 
ity for the writer to watch the leap of a half-beak 
and a short quotation from his field notes of that 
date seems worth recording: “A Half-beak (prob- 
ably Hemiramphus) of perhaps 9 in., skipped over 
the surface down wind with great speed. Initially 
it may have been more or less on its side, but towards 
the end of the leap (which probably exceeded 30 
yards) it was right side up, its little anterior pector- 
als extended at right angles, and it appeared to main- 
tain its impetus by skulling with the tail at intervals 
as it touched the surface.” A surprisingly flying- 
fish-like performang€. 

J. T. NicHots, 
New York, N.Y. 
* See Correia, 1915, No. 19, p. 12-13. 


COPEIA 105 


THE JUMPING ABILITY OF PLETHO- 
DON AND ITS POSSIBLE BEARING 
UPON THE ORIGIN OF SALTA- 
TION IN THE ANCESTORS 
OF THE ANURA. 


On the evening of August 18, 1917, at Snow- 
ville, N. H., I picked up a gray-backed Plethodon 
cinereus 71 mm. in total length. It was caught cross- 
ing a sandy road just before dusk. While I held it 
on one open hand, it surprised me by jumping to 
the sleeve of my other arm. I experimented further 
by holding my open right hand at varying distances 
from the salamander on the left hand. In its efforts 
to escape, the creature always scurried straight ahead, 
in the direction in which it had been pointed, and 
when it reached the edge of my palm, it leaped across 
the open space to the other hand, repeatedly clearing 
a distance of fully twice its length. In this manner I 
kept it jumping rapidly for perhaps two dozen times 
before it became sufficiently fatigued to quiet down. 

The fact that this salamander is a leaper may 
possibly be known, but I had never before observed 
it. I had always considered the terrestrial urodeles 
as exclusively creeping animals, probably because I 
had hitherto found them chiefly in the daytime, dur- 
ing their inactive hours. This Plethodon was just 
starting out on its nocturnal wanderings, and was 
no doubt at its liveliest. I now understand how mem- 
bers of the species cross deep ruts in roads, and how 
they surmount such obstacles as logs and fallen 
boughs in the boggy woods that they inhabit. The 
discovery also throws light on the way that they cap- 
ture Bibionid flies, winged ants, Collembola, and 
other active insects, remains of which I have found 
in the stomachs of Plethodon cinereus, taken under 
dead logs in the early morning. I had often won- 
dered how a sluggish salamander—a lowly creature 
which I had supposed to move like a stranded mud- 
puppy—could feed upon flying or jumping insects. 


106 COPEIA 


I now infer that it lies in wait and leaps at its prey 
hike a cat at a sparrow. 

When I look at the diminutive legs of this sala- 
mander—legs hardly thicker than a pin, and devoid 
of modernized, condylarthrous joints—I marvel that 
they should be able to propel the squat, snaky body 
for a distance of twice its length through the air. It 
seems mechanically incredible, even though the salta- 
tory impulse doubtless come;more from the myocom- 
mata rather than from the minute muscles of the 
limbs. 

With all of this in mind, why could not some 
of the temnospondylous Stegocephalians, such as the 
Permian Cacops, or Dissorophus, or the African 
Triassic Brachyops, have begun the jumping habit? 
And may not the ancestors of the frogs and toads 
have been excellent leapers even before they lost their 
loose-hung bodies and permanent tails? None of 
them, surely, had less of a “jumping build” than 
Plethodon. Y¥urthermore, if the direct, as well as 
the collateral ancestors of the Anura were large crea- 
tures, it is easy to believe that decrease in size and 
weight would be a necessary concomitant to improved 
saltatory power during the tailed epoch. Plethodon 
approximates a crocodilian in build; if it were as 
large and heavy it probably could not jump. 

All kown Anura, even as far back as the Juras- 
sic, are extremely modernized, and are separated by 
a wide evolutionary gap from the Palaeozoic amphibi- 
ans. My intention is merely to suggest that such a 
form as Cacops may well have been a leaper; and 
to draw an analogy between the modern urodeles, in 
which the saltatory habit is doubtless an incipient 
land-living development, and the primitive temnos- 
pondyls, which, as recently suggested,’ may possibly 
be the forbears of the leaping frogs and toads. 

R. C. Murrey, 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 


1Gregory, W. K., The American Naturalist, Vol. 51, 1917, p. 317. 


COPEIA 107 


NOTES ON THE BREEDING OF THE 
AMERICAN TOAD. 


I had the opportunity on June 5, 1917, to ob- 
serve the breeding of the American Toad. The place 
was a small artificial pool, about four by six feet. 
A steady rain fell throughout the evening. Mr. 
Richard G. Turner and I first approached the sing- 
ing male at 9:00 P. M. It was quite dark at the 
time. At first we could not advance towards the toad 
within thirty feet without the trill’s instantly ceasing. 
We used the most stealthy manner of approach. 
Then we tried hiding behind a tree, but the first step 
would be detected and the trill stopped at once until 
we withdrew. About ten o’clock we discovered that 
our steps were not followed by silence, and to our 
amazement we walked up to the pool and threw on 
a small electric search light, all the while the trill 
continuing. The male was sitting on the edge of the 
pool, the throat membrane fully extended and the 
trill throbbing in our ears. Five feet away was the 
large female rapidly hopping towards the male. 
From this time on, the toads seemed to take no no- 
tice of our motions. Indeed, again and again we 
reached down and touched or tightly held the inflated 
membrane as the male sang. Even this made no dif- 
ference to the toad. 


The performance that went on was repeated as 
long as we stayed. It was as follows: When the 
male began to trill, the effect on the female was in- 
stantaneous. Whether she was in the water or on 
the land, she would make frantic efforts to reach the 
male. But the second the trill stopped she was all 
indifference, and often in a few moments would hop 
off in another direction. But as the trills came every 
few minutes, she would finally in one of her drives 
reach the male while he was in the midst of a trill. 
He would not seem to notice her until she was within 
an inch of him; then he would scramble on her back, 


108 COPEIA 


and sometimes there finish the trill. If on land, the 
female would at once start for the water. A few 
moments after reaching the water, the male would 
lose his hold and be tossed off. ‘Then the perform- 
ance would start all over again, the male usually 
climbing first out of the water. He would take ab- 
solutely no notice of the female if he was not trilling 
when she was placed next to him. Thus, the interest- 
ing feature was that the trill is the apparent stimu- 
lus for both sexes. We left the pool about eleven 
o'clock, but the trills were heard far into the night. 

We did not actually see the operation of spawn- 
ing, but a little later hundreds of tiny tadpoles were 
observed in the pool. 

Gorpon Borr WELLMAN, 
Malden, Mass. 


Edited by J. T. Nicuo_ts, American Museum of Natural History 


PRICE FIVE CENTS 


New York, December, 1917. 


. 
pare 
— 


ae) 


Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates 


INDEX 1913 to 1917 


Abeona, 17, p. 86. 
abildgaardi, Sparisoma, 17, p. 24. 
Ablennes, 15, p. 13; 16, p. 28. 
Abramis, 17, p. 89. 
enysoleucas, 1, 11; 15, p. 28 16, p. 
12, 41, 79. 
Abudefduf mauritii, 17, p. 4. 
Acantharchus pomotis, 10. 
acanthias, Squalus, 16, p. 36, 41, 65; 
Wis (Oe 7 BEY. 
Acanthodactylus boskianus, 8. 
Acanthurus, 16, p. 26. 
Achirus fasciatus, 16, p. 12, 42. 
lineatus, 15, p. 50. 
Acipenser fulvescens, 17, p. 48, 86. 
rubicundus, 17, p. 48, 86. 
sturio, 2; 16, p. 41; 17, p. 18. 
ANCHISy Sy lliisy Shel In 15s Pals. 2s 
gryllus crepitans, 4, 7, 15, (he wy ates 
52, 63; 16, p. 22, 49; 17, p. 14, 39, 
65, 99. 
adscensionis, Epinephelus, 17, p. 23. 
Holocentrus, 17, p. 23. 
adspersus, Tautogolabrus, 16, p. 42. 
aeglifinus, Melanogrammus, 15. 
aeneus, Myoxocephalus, 16, p. 40, 42; 
ee D ieee 
aepyptera, Lampetra, 15, p. 1. 
aesopus, Rana, 3, 5. 
aestivalis, Pomolobus, 13. 
aestivus, Cyclophis, 11; 15, p. 6. 
Aetobatus narinari, 16, je XS If toy, ACh 
affinis, Gambusia, 16, bree AIS 
africanus, Caranx, 17, p. 53. 
Agama colonorum, 17, p. 53. 
flavimaculata, 8. 
pallida, 8. 
aggregatus, Cymatogaster, 17, DIAS: 
Agkistrodon contortrix, 2, 110) 163" 15, 
DaGs O7snOor. 17s Ds 65: 
Agonostomus monticola, US;ep. 90! 
Ailurichthys, 17, p. 85. 
albifrons, Sternarchus, 15. 
Albula, 16, p. 26. 
vulpes, 15; p. 50, 59. 
Alburnus, 16, p. 28. 
alcyon, Ceryle, 15, p. 27. 
Alestes baremose, 8. 
Alfaro cultratum, 13. 
alleganiensis, Cryptobranchus, 15, p. 
38, 51. 


Alligator mississippiensis, 17. 
Alopias vulpinus, 16, p. 36; 17, p. 89. 
Alosa sapidissima, 16, p. 12, 41. 
Alphestes lightfooti, 15, p. 50. 
altus, Pseudopriacanthus, 15, p. 44. 
Alutera schoepfii, 2, 13; 16, p. 11, 42. 
Alytes obstetricans, 15, p. 54. 
amabalis, Diadophis, 15; 17, p. 43. 
Ambloplites rupestris, 5, 13. 
Ambystoma jeffersonianum, 8, 13, 14; 
17, p: 64, 98. 
microstomum, 11. 
opacum, 8, 13; 16, p. 23, 88; 17, p. 
24, 28. 40. 
punctatum, 8, 135 15, p. 383 16) p: 
35, 493 17, p. 40, 64. 
tigrinum, 8, 12; 15, p. 30; 16, p. 20, 
32, 48, 88; 17, p. 24, 41, 100. 
tigrinum californiense, 15, p. 56. 
Ameiurus catus, 1, 5; 17, p. 32. 
melas; 17, p))34. 
meQeUlicE, IS Ny) Soy, Sale 
NeHulOSsuseels woe 5) pen Oils 1O spe lis 
413 17, ps 34. 
americana Morone 2, 5; 15, p. 42; 16, 
p. 12, 42. 
Pipa, 17, p. 49. 
americanus, Bufo, 2, 4, 11, 16; 15, p. 
D5 ey SS Sa bo, O82 IG ie, (749 
V/5 De VAR I65., 1107, 
ESox, 105) 16; p. 12,041), 55.79: 
Hemitripterus, 16, p. 11. 
Menticirrhus, 9. 
Pseudopleuronectes, 16, p. 42. 
/aXosbtely Ich a, oye aly Gay ech), 
Amiatus, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89. 
calvus, 16, p. 54, 79. 
amoenus, Carphophis, 17; 
Notropis, 8, 13. 
Ampithoe, 11. 
ampullaceum, Distomum, 6. 
analogus, Kyphosus, 17, p. 4. 
analostanus, Notropis, 1; 17, p. 36. 
Anchoviella, 17, p. 85. 
argyrophanus, 3. 
brownii, 15, p. 50. 
clupeoides, 15, p. 50. 
mitchilli, 2; 15, p. 44; 16, p. 12, 39; 
ys S50}, ales} 
ancylodon, Sagenichthys, 17, p. 4. 


LS peGe 


a 
—s 


andersoni, Hyla, 16, p. 5, 68; 17, p. 
100 


Anguilla anguilla, 8 
chrisypa, 17, p. 86. 
TOStratay Wi, 2s. 95) Lois dos ps 0h 16, 
Depl2s Sos 79s i Dams Oe 
anguillaris, Zoarces, 16, p. 9, 42. 
Anisotremus dovii, 17, p. 3. 
interruptus, 17, p. 3. 
Pacinicih ad 75. ps o- 
surinamensis, 15, p. 50. 
annularis, Tarentola, 8. 
annulatus, Polydontophis, 17, p. 73. 
Spheroides, 17, p. 4. 
anomalum, Campostoma, 15, p. 51; 16, 
Da 79: 
Anoplopomatidae, 17, p. 88. 
Antennarius, 16, p. 26. 
anus, Loricaria, 17, p. 4. 
Aodon, 17, p. 88. 
Aphredoderus sayanus, 16, p. 12, 42, 
55 79. 
Aplodactylus punctatus, 16, p. 64. 
Apocryptes borneensis, 16, p. 64. 
apodus, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50. 
Apogon, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 47, 89. 
dovii, 17, p. 3. 
Apogonichthys, 17, p. 47. 
Aprionodon isodon, 16, p. 36. 
Apristurus profundorum, 16, p. 36. 
arcuatus, Pomacanthus, 15, p. 24; 17, 
p. 24. 
arenicolor, Hyla, 17, p. 5. 
areolata, Rana, 11. 
argentiventris, Neomaenis, 17, p. 3. 
argyrophanus, Anchoviella, 3. 
Argyrosomus, 17, p. 86. 
Ascaphus truei, 17, p. 13. 
Aspro, 16, p. 26. 
Astroscopus guttatus, 16, p. 42. 
Atherina, 16, p. 47. 
Atherinops insularum, 17, p. 38. 
atlanticus, Tarpon, 15, p. 59; 16, p. 3, 
CAS) aly fos ast), 7Ach 
atromaculatus, Semotilus, 13; 15, p. 51; 
16, p. 79. 
atronasus, Rhinichthys, 13; 15, p. 51; 
ih, job BASE 
attenuatus, Batrachoseps, 15, p. 62. 
atun, Thyrsites, 16, p. 64 
Auchenopterus, 17, p. 87. 
Aurata, 16, p. 28. 
auratus, Carassius, 8; 
p. 41, 64. 
Mullus, 16, p. 42. 
auritus, Wepomis, 1,95.) 11) isi) 165) p: 
1254250565802) 175 py 56: 
Siluranadon, 8. 
aurofrenatum, Sparisoma, 17, p. 24. 
aurolineatum, Bathystoma, 17, p. 23. 
auropunctatus, Cryptotomus, 14. 
Autodax lugubris, 15, p. 62. 
Awaous taiasica, 15, p. 50. 
Babcock He -.elosp OU. 9S elvan pe 
32,52, 92: 
Bagre, 17, p. 85. 
bahianus, Hepatus, 15, p. 50. 
baileyi, Crotaphytus, 1, 5. 
_ Bairdiella chrysura, 2, 13; 
16, pl2a4 2: 
ensifera, 17, -p. 4. 
ronchus, 15, p. 50. 
bajad, Porcus, 8. 
balaenops, Sternarchella, 15. 
Balistes, carolinensis, 16, p. 11, 42; 
Wi, i, 2s 


NEY 3 Aig el 


15, p. 44; 


COPEIA 


naufragium, 17, p. 4. 
vetula, 17, p. 1, 24, 81. 
Balistidae, 3. 
Barbour... L0se LO, aperaaeld pao ces 
Barbus, bynni, 8. 
baromose, Alestes, 8. 
barracuda, Sphyraena, 6, 17, p. 81. 
bartholomaei, Caranx, 14. 
Bathystoma aurolineatum, 17, p. 23. 
striatum, 17, p. 23. 
Batrachoseps attenuatus, 15, p. 62. 
bellii, Chrysemys, 17, p. 40. 
Belones 165 ps 275 17 pod. 
beryllina cerea, Menidia, 2. 
beryllinus, Cryptotomus, 14. 
bifrenatus, Notropis, 11. 
bilinearis, Merluccius, 13; 15, p. 43, 
450 16.sps 42 eli epawee. 
binoculata, Raja, 16, p. 87. 
bipinnulatus, Elagatis, 6. 
birostris, Manta, 16, p.. 87. 
bi-seriatus, Sceloporus, 15, p. 10. 
bislineatus, Spelerpes, 2, 4, 13, 16; 
15, op sl5n 29. OSanoll m4 mOsieLOs 
Dp. 223 175 ps 14) 64: 
blacodes, ‘Genypterus, 16, p. 65; 17, 
Di: 
blandingi, Emydoidea, 16, p. 59. 
Blepharis crinitus, 15, p. 50. 
boddaerti, Boleophthalmus, 16, p. 2. 
Bodianus, 16, p. 28; 17, p. 85. 
Boleichthys fusiformis, 16, p. 56, 80. 
Boleopthalmus boddaerti, 16, p. 2. 
Boleosoma nigrum, 15, p. 51. 
nigrum olmstedi, 1, 5, 13; 16, p. 12, 
BO Wie DeoO: 
Bombinator pachypus, 15, p. 54. 
bonapartii, Sternarchus, 15. 
bonariensis, Menidia, 17, p. 4. 
Bonasa umbellus, 16, p. 8. 
bonasus, Rhinoptera, 16, p. 11, 41. 
borealis, Sphyraena, 3; 15, p. 44; 16, 
Dp: Sos lzaLpS 19: 
borneensis, Apocryptes, 16, p. 2. 
bosci, Gobiosoma, 16, p. 40; 17, p. 39. 
boskianus, Acanthodactylus, 8. 
Bothus, 17, p. 89. 
Bovichthus diacanthus, 16, p. 65. 
Boyle, H. S., 7, 9. 
Brachydeuterus corvinaeformis, 15, p. 


leuciscus, 17, p. 3. 
Brachyops, 17, p. 106. 
brachyrhynchos, Corvus, 17, p. 58. 
Brama, 17, p. 89. 
Branchippus vernalis, 16, p. 48. 
branicki, Pomadasis, 17, p. 4. 
brasiliensis, Hemiramphus, 17, p. 23, 

79, 104. 

Mugil, 17, p. 4. 

Narcine, 16, p. 46. 

Paralichthys, 17, p. 5. 

Percophis, 17, p. 5. 

Phycis, 17, p. 5. 
brevidens, Salminus, 17, p. 4. 
brevimanus, Diapterus, 17, p. 4. 
brevirostris, Cololabis, 16, -p. 80. 

Hypopomus, 15. 
Brevoortia tyrannus, 2, 3, 13; 15, p. 

21je4l, 43 16s p. 415 Weep adc: 

brownii, Anchoviella, 15, p. 50. 
Bryant.ebe C.osspesace 
Bubo virginianus, 16, p. 2. 
bucanella, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50. 
Buccone praedatoria, 17, p. 4. 


COPREIA lll 


Bufo americanus, 2, 4, 11, 16; 15, p. 
Sp at Sle 894 BS, O38 iC jo) Gye 
UD la 65. lO7Ze 

FOWLenie ois 15) py oSy) o4e 
lentiginosus, 3, 9. 
marinus, 16, p. 13, 43. 
punctatus, 17, p. 5. 
quercicus, 3, 9. 

viridis, 15, p. 54. 

butleri, Thamnophis, 15. 

bynni, Barbus, 8. 

Cacops; 175) ps 106: 

caerulea, Sardinella, 17, p. 38. 

caeruleus, Callyodon, 17, p. 24. 

Calamus calamus, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 23. 

kendalli, 17, p. 23. 
californicus, Mustelus, 17, p. 61. 
callarias, Gadus, 13; 16, p. 42. 
Callaus, 17, p. 85. 
Callisaurus, 17, p. 91, 97. 
crinitus, 17, p. 97. 
draconoides, 17, p. 97. 
ventralis, 17, p. 97. 
Callorhynchus callorhynchus, 16, p. 44. 
Callyodon, 17, p. 89. 
caeruleus, 17, p. 24. 
taeiopterus, 17, p. 24. 
vetula, 17, p. 24. 
calvus, Amiatus, 16, p. 54, 79. 
Cambarus, 15, p. 28. 
Camp, Ca ele apala. 
Campostoma anomalum, 15, p. 51; 16, 
p. 79. 
canadus, Rachycentron, 2; 16, p. 42. 
canis, Mustelus, 15, p. 43; 16, p. 12, 
Aone epee dye 
caprodes, Percina, 17, p. 69. 
Caranx africanus 17, p. 53. 
bartholomaei, 14. 
Cayo, 25 Ugh iS, os GHlS alyiS jon GE 
hippos, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 3, 20, 82. 
latisss l4e Sep. oO eli, ps aoe 
pisquetus, 15, p. 50. 
ruber, 17, p. 82. 
carapo, Gymnotus, 15. 
Carapus, 16, p. 28. 
Carassius auratus, 8; 15, p. 28; 16, p. 
41, : 
Carcharhinus, 17, p. 78. 
commersonii, 16, p. 69, 72, 81, 87. 
Lamia Live) Deo. 
limbatus, 16, p. 69, 80; 17, p. 78. 
milberti, 2, 13; 16, p. 36, 41, 69, 72. 
obscurus, 16, p. 36, 41. 

Carcharias, 16, p. 28. 
littoralishe 1 Si) eLOwi pl SOs 4lymOols li7s 

me we 

carcharias, Carcharodon, 16, p. 36, 86. 

Carcharodon carcharias, 16, p. 36, 86. 

@arettaycarettay 2.) os) 4) lO) eps 5715) Ly. 
Dao05 

carolina, Terrapene, 3, 4, 11, 12, 16; 


1G, oy, 74 on CO, (S18 IG, yn CID 
GOS 655 175 pe 15, 155665 66, 74) 
91. 
carolinense, Engystoma, 3, 9. 
carolinensis, Balistes, 16, p. 11, 42; 
Nils \Q, 2A 


Sitta, 16, p. 78. 
carolinus, Prionotus, 1, 13; 16, p. 42; 
Leap. 22; 
Trachinotus, 2, 13; 15, p. 44; 16, p. 
11; 17; p. 20. 
Carphophis amoenus, 17; 16, p. 6. 
carpio, Cyprinus, 1, 5; 16, p. 12, 55, 
62, 79. 


cataractae, Rhinichthys, 11, 13. 
catenifer, Pituophis, 15; 15, p. 10; 16 
p. 74, 91. 
catesbiana, Rana, 3, 4, 5, 11, 11, 16, 
NOS 5, Dy By sO, 2¥/, Gil, 637, 
Delon 6o- 
Catonotus, 16, p. 25. 
flabellare, 15, p. 61. 
Catostomidae, 15, p. 28. 
Catostomus, 6. 
commersonii, 1, 5, 11; 15, p. 51; 16, 
Dele 4 ae Ol mili emis eS ON OO: 
rhothoecus, 17, p. 88. 
Catulus, 17, p. 86. 
catus, Ameiurus, 1, 5; 17, p. 32. 
Caulolatilus, 16, p. 27. 
chrysops, 15, p. 50. 
ee eos: MES joe, SOS aly 
p. 81. 
Centrarchidae, 15, p. 28. 
Centrarchus, 17, p. 86. 
ceutire concentrica, Malaclemmys, 16, 
p. 39% 
Centropomus cuvieri, 15, p. 50. 
ensiferus, 15, p. 50. 
nigrescens, 17, p. 3. 
parallelus, 15, p. 50. 
robalito, 17, p. 3. 
Centropristes striatus, 2, 13, 15, p. 42; 
LOM pel AaZee ee pare le 
Centroscyllium fabricii, 16, p. 36. 
centroura, Dasyatis, 16, p. 41. 
cepedianum, Dorosoma, 8, 16, p. 12, 
41 


Cephalopholis, 17, p. 85. 
fulvus, 15, p. 50. 
fulvus onatalibi, 15, p. 50. 
cephalus, Mugil, 16, p. 62, 64. 
Cerastes cerastes, 8. 
Ceratichthys, 16, p. 26. 
Ceryle alcyon, 15, p. 27. 
Cestracion, 17, p. 89. 
@etacea, 154 )p2 20! 
Cetorhinus maximus, 15, p. 21, 25; 16, 
p. : 
Chaenobryttus gulosus, 7, 9; 16, p. 
56, 80. 
Chaenomugil, 17, p. 85. 
Chaetodipterus faber, 15, p. 50; 16, p. 
ile if, ey Bile 
zonatus, 17, p. 4. 
chaetodon, Mesogonistius, 16, p. 56, 80. 
Chateodon ocellatus, 15, p. 44. 
Chamaeleo dilepis, 17, p. 53. 
Characinidae, 15, p. 58. 
Charina, 15, p. 64. 
Cheilodipterus, 16, p. 26. 
Cheilonemus, 17, p. 87. 
Cheilotrema, 17, p. 85. 
Chelon, 17, p. 85. 
Chelonia mydas, 16, p. 58. 
Chelydra emarginata, 1, 6. 
lacertina, 1, 6. 
serpentina, Wo 2, (4,6, 11, 12, 16; 
WG joe. i, ZO), Ge" 1, jo, Ste ftele 
WS oe Miss (35), 
chilensis, Sarda, 16, p. 64. 
Scylliorhinus, 16, p. 64. 
Sebastodes, 16, p. 64. 
Chilodactylus macropterus, 17, p. 5. 
Chilomycterus schoepfi, 2; 15, p. 42, 
AAO; Dade. 
Chloretone, 15, p. 63. 
Chologaster cornutus, 16, p. 55. 
Chorophilus nigritus, 3, 11; 15, p. 22; 
75) Ds 9. 


iv COPEIA 


occidentalis, 3; 15, p. 22. 
ocularis, 3; 15, p. 23. 
chrisypa, Anguilla, 17, p. 86. 
Chrysemys bellii, 17, p. 40. 
Chrysophyrs, 16, p. 28. 
chrysops, Caulolatilus, 15, p. 50. 
Stenesthes: ISR LOM ps VLR 42 eae: 
12 
chrysopterus, Orthopristis, 2, 13; 15, 
oh eee IE joy BRR a pon AALS Sieh 
chrysura, Bairdiella, 2, 13; 15, p. 44; 
16s ps 25 42° 
chrysurus, Ocyurus, 17; 17, p. 23. 
chussyebhyciss ies, loro, spac on 
16, p. 42. 
cinerea, Hyla, 3; 15, p. 4, 55. 
cinereum, Xystaema, 17, p. 4. 
cinereus, Plethodon, 17, p. 105. 
cinereus erythronotus, Plethodon, 2, 4, 
LOTS Mos IoD. Sosa Op acer 
17, p. 14, 64. 
cirratum, Ginglymostoma, 16, p. 36. 
Citharichthys spilopterus, 15, p. 50. 
citrea, Protonotaria, 16, p. 78. 
clamatany Rana, 2555.55 len Ge 55. p: 
Be Hey et 40/5 Sle Ge oi, Soa) 8 
16, p. 22, 35, 48; 17, p. 15, 65. 
Clarias lazera, 8. 
Claricola, 16, p. 26. 
Clark, A. H., 16, p. 14. 
clarkii, Sceloporus, 17, p. 5. 
Clemmys guttatus, 4, 12, 16; 15, p. 40; 
16) -p 595 7a p15, 65: 
un culpes, AV aly Se Se, fo, USS GS 
4. 
marmorata, 15, p. 11. 
muhlenbergii, 4, 16; 17, p. 32, 65. 
Cliola, 16, p. 26. 
Clupanadan, 17, p. 85. 
Clupea harengus, 15, p. 41; 16, p. 39. 
clupeoides, Anchoviella, 15, p. 50. 
Cnemidophorus, 17, p. 5, 91. 
sexlineatus, 15, p. 6. 
coerulea, Ethmidium, 16, p. 64. 
coeruleus, Hepatus, 17, p. 24. 
Colesy eRe ales 14m lei op oe 4+9-anG; 
Dols 47. 
Cohasei5. peo: 
colias, Scomber, 11, 17, p. 19. 
collaris, Crotaphytus, 1. 
Collecting, 16, p. 15, 17, p. 89. 
Collydon, 16, p. 26. 
Cololabis brevirostris, 16, p. 80. 
colonorum, Agama, 17, p. 53. 
Colpochelys kempi, 17, p. 50. 
Coluber diadema, 8. 
florulentis, 8. 
commersonii, Carcharhinus, 16, p. 69, 
Tian (Oly Sie 
@atostomus sy oe le-mloen pamoles OF 
Dy 415, 54: 7927 ps o0s69: 
conceptionis, Isacia, 16, p. 64. 
concolor, Nexilarius, 17, p. 4. 
confluentus, Crotalus, 12. 
Conger, 16, p. 28. 
conger, Leptocephalus, 15, p. 43; 16, 
p. 42. 
constrictor, Zamenis, 4, 11, 16, 17; 15, 
p. 6; 405 45, 635 175 p. 15,165: 
constrictor flaviventris, Zamenis, 15. 
contortrix, Agkistrodon, 2, 10, 16; 15, 
pues o/s Il7/s jo9 (EE 
copeii, Crotaphytus, 17, p. 96. 
Coregonus coulteri, 17, p. 54, 93. 
labradoricus, 17, p. 45. 
coriacea, Dermochelys, 16, p. 57. 
cornubica, ILamna, 17, p. 87. 
coxnutur, Phrynosoma, 16, p. 81; 17, 
Dod 


cornutus, Chologaster, 16, p. 55. 

Niotcepiss) 3) 165 pamli2n ces aaa 
7, Dp. 36: 

coroides, Umbrina, 15, p. 50. 

Coronella micropholis, 17, p. 76. 

corporalis, Semotilus, 1, 13; 16, p. 28. 

coruscans, Pseudoplatystoma, 17, p. 4. 

Corvina, 17, p. 85. 

convinaeiormale, Brachydeuterus, 15, p. 


Corvula subaequalis, 15, p. 50. 
Corvus brachyrhynchos, 17, p. 58. 
ossifragus, 17, p. 58. 
Coryphaena hippurus, 6; 16, p. 11. 
Cottus gracilis, 15, p. 51. 
coubie, Labeo, 8. 
coulteri, Coregonus, 17, p. 54, 93. 
Grandall bs Silor 
Cremnobates, 17, p. 87. 
crinitus, Blepharis, 15, p. 50. 
Callisaurus, 17, p. 97. 
Crocodilus niloticus, 17, p. 53. 
cromis, Pogonias, 15, p. 44; 16, p. 12, 
APS ais G0), Sh. 
Crotalus confluentus, 11. 
horriduss 25 OS L755 pan6sl Osos 
17, p. 64. 
oregonus, 14, 15; 15, p. 48. . 
Crotaphytus, 17, p. 5, 91. 
baileyi, 1, 5, 12. 
collaris, 1. 
copeii, 17, p. 96. 
silus, 17, p. 96. 
wislizenii, 5, 12; 17, p. 96. 
crumenopthalmus, Trachurops, 3; 15, 
rs BOS al jo She) 
crusma, Chromis, 16, p. 64. 
Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis, 15, p. 
Cryptotomus auropunctatus, 14. 
beryllinus, 14. 
dentiens, 14. 
retractus, 14. 
roseus, 14. 
ustus, 14. 
crysoleucas, Abramis, 1, 
16, p. 12, 41, 79. 
crysos, Caranx, Py er aly qoy CHES 5Uy/. 


LU OLS pawece 


Ctenops vittatus, 4. 
cultratum, Alfaro, 13. 
Culver Da Ea lop. as7: 
curema, Mugil; 3; 15, p. 505 16; p: 
Al Sep iD! 
cuvieri, Centropomus, 15, p. 50. 
cyanella, Lepomis, 7. 
Cyclogaster, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89. 
Cyclophis aestivus, 11; 15, p. 6. 
Cyclopterus lumpus, 13, 13; 16, p. 39. 
Cymatogaster, 16, p. 26. 
aggregatus, 17, p. 73. 
Cynias, 17, p. 87. 
Cynicoglossus, 17, p. 87. 
Cynocephalus, 17, p. 89. 
Cynoscion macdonaldi, 16, p. 85. 
nebulosus, 2. 
nothus, 16, p. 30. 
regalis, 2, Ui 16ep., W25530, 42a, 
Dp. 2l. 
reticulatus, 16, p. 85. 
Striatus, U7, ps4: 
cypho, Xyrauchen, 17, p. 88. 
Cyprinidae, 15, p. 20, 58. 
Cyprinodon macularius, 16, p. 62. 
mydrus, 17, p. 39. 
vatiegatus, 23 16, p- 415 17, p: 39: 
Cyprinus Carpio, ed) ois 65) ps a2, oD; 
6 


Cypselurus, NS oy AL 


COPEIA 


Cypsilurus, 16, p. 27. 

nigricans, 16, p. 10. 
dactylopterus, Helicolenus, 17, p. 5. 
Damesella, 16, p. 27. 
darwini, Sebastodes, 16, p. 64. 
Dasyatis, 17, p. 89 
Dasyatis centroura, 16, p. 41. 

Say aie lose pe. le 
Dasybatus, 17, p. 89. 
DaviSem Weel Sy peaeentianps 30: 
Peco pierds punctatus, 16, p. 39; 17, p. 


Dee keine, 1 1Ban Sh Si, Bh alse ANS, Gey JS 
2A oss 16 py 24s live ps 245 50! 
Dekaya, 16, p. 27. 
dekayi, Isurus, 17, p. 87. 
Storentas 46s 17-0 155 ps 63 175) p: 
Se Oor 
Delphinidae, 15, p. 21. 
Dendraspis jamesonii, 17, p. 53. 
Nagatabee ile joy, Syst 
dentatus, Paralichthys, 1, 2, 13; 16, p. 
12 A2 ie cps 23s 
dentex, Odontoscion, 15, p. 50. 
dentiens, Cryptotomus, 14. 
Dermatolepis punctatus, 17, p. 3. 
Dermochelys coriacea, 16, p. 57. 
Desmognathus fusca, 2, 4, 13, 16; 15, 
is ere, Sl, OSS Go, BAS alc; go, lel 
64. 
diacanthus, Bovichthus, 16, p. 65. 
Diadema, 15, p. 33. 
diadema, Coluber, 8. 
Diadophis amabalis, 15; 17, p. 43. 
PUuNctaciSwliAGeel oo DAOnt Ole) Oo le 
Do Ho Ubi, by 
diaphanes, skayago) los 15 patos) 6; 
joy US ae ay /S po, Va 
diaphanus, Fundulus, 2, 13; 16, p. 12, 
AVS17 5 (pe oO: 
Diapterus, 17, p. 86. 
brevimanus, 17, p. 4. 
olisthostomus, 15, p. 50. 
plumieri, 15, p. : 
rhombeus, 15, p. 50. 
Dickerson, M. C., 17, p. 98. 
Diemictylus viridescens, 2, 10, 13, 14; 
5}, Fo), Sy LA ay), ie Gb 
viridescens miniatus, 13. 
dilepis, Chamaeleo, 17, p. 53. 
Diodon histrix, 15, p. 11. 
Diplesion, 16, p. 25; 17, p. 86. 
Dissorophus, 17, p. 106. 
Distomum ampullaceum, 6. 
Ditmarse ike ., 10% 
Dixonina nemoptera, 15, p. 50. 
doliatus, Lampropeltis, 15, p. 40. 
doliatus triangulus, Lampropeltis, 16, 
178 WG jo, BA, are TW7G jon) Se 
dolomieu, Micropterus, 1, 5, 13; 16, 
p. 42. 
dominicensis, Synodus, 15, p. 50. 
Doras granulosis, 17, p. 4. 
Dormitator maculatus, 17, p. 4. 
dormitatot, Philypnus, 15, p. 50. 
Dorn RA 4 l6sepe 20s 
Dorosoma cepedianum, 8; 16, p. 12, 
41. 
Doryrhamphus lineatus, 15, p. 50. 
dovii, Anisotremus, 17, p. 3 
Apogon, 17, p. 3. 
Fundulus, 17, p. 3. 
draconoides, Callisaurus, 17, p. 97. 
Dryobates pubescens, 16, p. 78. 
dumeril, Squatina, 16, p. 36. 
Disha, 1, We iS TES iss 7p SRR SG 
GSE 63s Doel ,pe 45, 02," LO. 
duplicata, Natica, 3. 
Beastimanen Gakes aioeepeelA cml ge pa dOs 


Ebisus sagamius, 17, p. 88. 
Echeneididae, 3. 
Echeneis guaicano, 15, p. 11. 
meyeKo Ke, USE Me jo 1, Soe SE Foy 
42 Uist ps 39) 
Echidna nocturna, 17, p. 3. 
eglanteria, Raja, 2; 16, p. 9, 12, 41. 
Eigenmannia troscheli, 15. 
virescens, 15 
eiseni, Tantilla, 15. 
Elagatis bipinnulatus, 6. 
Elaphe guttatus, 15, p. 6. 
elapoides, Urotheca, 17, p. 76. 
obsoletus, 15, p. 6, 39, 63; 17, p. 65. 
Elasmopus, 11. 
Elassoma, 16, p. 56. 
evergladei, 16, p. 79. 
electricus, Electrophorus, 15. 
Malopterurus, 15, p. 58. 
Electrophorus electricus, 15. 
elegans, Gila, 16, p. 62. 
Pseudemys, 15, p. 15. 
Streatogenes, 15, 
Eleginops maclovina, 16, p. 65. 
Eleotris, 16, p. 26. 
pisonis, 15, p. 50. 
Ele Max Mes 6p: 9425 1775, p: 34, 


Elops saurus, 15, p. 50, 59; 17, p. 18. 
emarginata, Chelydra, 1. 
Emphycus, 17, p. 86. 
Emvdoidea blandingi, 16, p. 59. 
Enchelyopus, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89. 
BnselhardtGe ee 7 onl cmlGuap: (8 
Afar Uley) WIL ESIE IF, joe thy easy CILey, 
Engystoma carolinense, 3, 9. 
Enneacanthus gloriosus, 16, p. 56, 80. 
obesus, 10. 
Enneacentrus, 17, p. 85. 
ensifera, Bairdiella, 17, p. 4. 
ensiferus, Centropomus, 15, p. 50. 
Epinephelus adscensionis, 17, p. 23. 
flavolimbatus, 15, p. 50. 
maculosus, 15, p. 50. 
niveatus, 16, p. 11. 
striatus, 17, p. 23. 
eques, Scartichthys, 16, p. 65. 
Eretmochelys imbricata, 16, p. 58. 
Erilepidae, 17, p. 88. 
EFrilepis zonifer, 16, p. 29; 17, p. 9, 
88 


Erimyzon sucetta, 16, p. 52. 

Erimyzon sucetta oblongus, 11; 15, p. 
Suk TGs sp. 12h a2" 

cringe cree Rayjdyeloreelomepy i2er4iss N75 
p. ; 

eriox, Salmo, 16, p. 28. 

Eryx jaculus, 8. 
thebaicus, 8. 

Hsoxml5qpei2/3) los pe 27 lye SO: 
americanus, 10; 16, p. 12, 41, 55, 79. 
lucius, 15, p. 35. 

Leticulatusneo Lopate 554 079) 
Etheostoma, 16, p. 25; 17, p. 86. 
Ethmidium coerulea, 16, p. 64 
Etrumeus sadina, 16, p. 39; 17, p. 18. 
Eucentrarchus macropterus, 16, p. 56, 


Eucinostomus acl, AG, qo, SOS" AL, Soh 
9 


39. 
harengulus, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 39. 
Eudulus, 17, p. 87. 
Eumeces fasciatus, 15, p. 6. 
Eumycterias punctatissimus, 17, p. 4. 
Eupomacentrus fuscus, 15, p. 50. 
otophorus, 15, p. 50. 
Eupomotis gibbosus. 1, 5, 11, 11, 13; 
16, p, 125 42) 80; 
Eutamias, merriami, 14. 


vi COPEIA 


Eutropius niloticus, 8. 
Eutyphis faba, 6. 
evergladei, Elassoma, 16, p. 79. 


Evermann, B. - 14; LS ps 8s) ss 
16, p. 63, 80. 

Evermannellus, Wh 30h eve 

evermanni, Lepidamia, Ue pee 475 


evittata, Hyla, 15, p. 38, 55. 
Exocoetidae, 15, p. 12. 
Exocoetus, 16, p. 27. 
faba, Eutyphis, 6. 
faber, Chaetodipterus, 15, p. 50; 
ales yet ovs Ale 
fabricii, Centroscyllium, 16; sp: 36: 
falcatus, Pee sis aI}, jo. SOs 
16, 
fario, aes 5; 165p. 28: 
fasciata, Sciaena, 16, p. 64. 
fasciatus, Achirus, 16, p. 12, 42. 
Eumeces, 15, p. 6. 
Natrix, 11. 
Pinguipes, 17, p. 5. 
Felichthys, 17, p. 85. 
femoralis, Hyla, 3; 15, p. 3. 
ferruginea, Limanda, 1. 
Fish Poison, 15, p. 57; 17, p..81. 
flabellare, Catonotus, 15, p. 51. 
flagelliformis frenatus, Zamenis, 15. 
flavescens, Perca, 5; 15, p. 27, 35, 36; 
16; pe 2) 125425 56. S0rmiep. LOZ! 
flavimaculata, Agama, 8. 
flavirostris, Raja, 16, p. 64. 
flavolimbatus, Epinephelus, 15, p. 50. 
florulentis, Coluber, 8 
Foa, 173 p. 47. 
foctens. Synodus, 13; 
1 


16, p.- 


1S ape 44s Lape 
fontinalis, Salvelinus, 15, p. 20, 51. 
forskalii, Hydrocyon, 8. 

Howlers cla Weslin lames 35055116, eels 


DS ES la Se zee allo, ps LOs 4.05 
SOR 165 p. 125036, 42... 69\s) 7a Dp: 
AT OSLO AAs Seon DONO. 

fowleri, Bufo, 3; 15, p. 53, 54. 

Fowleria, 17, p. 47. 

IMebeltdbro, IDs MB oily neha sey yoy, Ail 
Hoe 3 jh Zee 

freminvillii, Myliobatis, 2. 

fulvescens, Acipenser, 17, p. 48, 86. 

fulvus, Cephalopholis, 15, p. 50. 

fulvus onatalibi, Cephalopholis, 15, p. 
50. 

Fundulus, 15, p. 28. 

diaphanusse2e loc lOn pale. 4 lee lye 


dovil, 17) pss: 

grandis, 17, p. 39. 

heteroclitus macrolepidotus, 2, 5; 16, 
p. 12, 41, 44. 


luciae, 2. 

majalis, 2, 13; 16, p. 41. 
notti,, 165 ip; 55,79) 
similis, 17, p. 39. 


funebris, Gymnothorox, 15, p. 50. 
fusca, Desmognathus, 2, 4, 13, 16; 15, 


ih bs etsy Mol, CG Wh ZAR AU ioe 
14, 64. 
fuscum, Syngnathus, 15, p. 44; 16, p. 
fuscus, Eupomacentrus, 15, p. 50. 


Nectamia, 17, p. 47. 
fusiformis, Boleichthys, 16, p. 56, 80. 
Gadus callarias, 13; 16, p. 42. 
Gage; see eiles elena ee es 
gairdneri, Salmo, 16, p. 27. 
Galeocerdo tigrinus, 15, p. 43; 16, p. 
3 


6. 
Galeus, 16, p. 28; 17, p. 89. 
Gambusia, affinis, 16, p. 55, 79. 
holbrooki, 10. 


‘Gerrhonotus, 


garnotii, Hemidactylus, 6. 
gayi, Merluccius, 17, p. 5. 
Gempylus serpens, 15, p. 50. 
Genyprerus blacodes, 16, p. 65; 17, p. 
Germo macropterus, 16, p. 93 

Gerres, 17, p. 86. 

175) Ds os 

scincicauda, 15, p. 10. 


getulus, Lampropeltis, 17; 15, p. 6; 
L7e spe 922 

getulus boylii, Lampropeltis, 15. 

gibbosus, Eupomotis, 1, 5, 7, 11, 11, 
33 1650p 25420: 

Gila plegane, 16, p. 62. 

Gill, ING 6; 

gilli, ees 17, p- 46. 


Ginglymostoma cirratum, 16, p. 36. 
gladius, Xiphias, 15, p. 12, 41; 17, p. 
20 


glaucus, Glyphis, 16, p. 36. 


Trachinotus, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 4, 23. 
gloriosus, Enneacanthus, 16, p. 56, 80. 
Glossamia, 17, p. 46. 

gilli, 17, p. 46. 

pandionis, 17, p. 46, 87. 
glutinosus, Plethodon, 2, 13; 15, p. 51, 

631) Li p04: 


Glyphis glaucus, 16, p. 36. 
Gobiesox marmoratus, 16, p. 65. 


‘Gobiosoma bosci, 16, p. 40; 17, p. 39. 
gracilis, Cottus, 15, p. 51. 
grahamiae, Salvadora, 15. 
grandis, Fundulus, 17, p. 39. 
granulata, Raja, 17, p. 88. 
granulosis, Doras, 17, p. 4. 
gratiosa, Hyla, 3; 15, p. 4. 
Gregory, W. K., 15, p. 60. 
griseus, Neomaenis, 17. 

Varanus, 8. 
Gronberger, S. M., 15, p. 55 
grylio, Rana, 3, 5: 169 op: (6: 
ervilus, Acris, 35) us lonps ditse cn 


gryllus crepitans, Acris, AR lo eiDs 
ai, S28 Ges 
39, 65, 99. 
guachancho, Sphyraena, 15, p. 50. 
guaicano, Echeneis, 15, p. ‘11. 
sul, Eucinostomus, 15, p. 50; 17, 


& 


gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 7, 10; 16, p. 
0 


6, 80. 
gunnellus, Pholis, 16, p. 40. 
guttata, Clemmys, 4, 12, 16; 
Wa fo, OS Ojo, ID, GG. 
guttatus, Astrocopus, 16, p. 42. 
Elaphe, 15, p. 6 
Gymnothorax funebris, 15, p. 50. 
ocellatus, 15, p. 50. 
punctarenae, 17, p. 3. 
Gymnotus carapo, 15. 
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, 
SulS MS joe Ay 3, ios ie 
SS ‘Schilbeodes, 15) pe St. 
12 


153p2) 405 


USSD 4s 
165) p: 


Se ee peltatus, 16, p. "80, 
Haemulon plumieri, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 
23. 

Sciurus, 155) ps oo: 

sexfasciatum, 17, p. 3. 
haje, Naja, 8. 
Halocypselus, 16, p. 27. 
Haloporphyrus, 17, p. 87. 
Halter Ga Rea oi5 sp. (Olmos Or 
hammondi, Thamnophis, 15. 
Hapsidophrys lineata, 17, p. 53. 
Harengula, 17. p. 86. 

humeralis, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 39. 

sardina, 16, p. 3. 


CORETA Vii 


harengulus, Eucinostomus, 15, p. 50; 
Wii i Sh) 
harengus, Clupea, 15, p. 41; 16, p. 39. 


Harpe, 16, p. 28; 17, p. 85. 

Harpers belo. De 4a) 12.) Doo: 

hasselquistii, Ptyodactylus, 8. 

Jaleyohon, Jaloy Wey BSS jos OR Circe 

Helicolenus dactylopterus, 17, p. 5. 

Helmuth, W. T., 16, p. 81 

Heloderma suspectum, 7. 

Hemidactylium scutatum, 9, 13; 
14. 64 

Hemidactylus garnotii, 6. 

Hemiramphus brasiliensis, 17, p. 23, 
79, 104. 

Hemitripterus americanus, 16, p. 11. 

henlei, Mustelus, 17, p. 61. 

Henn, A. W., 16, p. 54. 

henshawi, Xantusia, 16, p. 14. 

Hepatus, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89. 

bahianus, 15, p. 50 
coeruleus, 17, p. 24. 

Hepsetia, 16, p. 47. 

Hesperoleucus, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 87. 

heteroclitus macrolepidotus, Fundulus, 
255i, 16s py 125 41) 44: 

Heterodon platyrhinus, 4, 11, 17; 15, 
D> Oh ai/y 6 

Hexagrammidae, 17, p. 88. 

Hexanematichthys latiscutatus, 17, p. 


17, p. 


Soe 
Hippocampus, 15, p. 12. 
hudsonius, 1; 16, p. 41. 


nie Caranxel Snipe D0 l7, ps 39205 
2 
hippurus, Coryphaena, 6; 16, p. 11. 
hispidus, Stephanolepis, 13; 16, p. 39, 
AZ Sip aeeee 
Tetrodon, 17, p. 4. 
Histrio, 16, p. 26; 
histrio, 15, p. 4 
histrio, Scorpaena, 17, p. 4. 
histrix, Diodon, 15, p. 11. 
leh, (E54 Io IN jon Shale 
holbrooki, Gambusia, 10. 
Scaphiopus,- 15, p. 17, 52; 
Holbrookia, 17, p. 5. 
Holocanthus passer, 17, p. 4. 
Holocentrus, 16, p. 26. 
adscensionis, 17, p. 23. 


Lie DoD: 


suborbitalis, 17, p. 3. 
Home, sapiens, 2, Cle GIS jo, S/R IA Sop 
Hoplias, 16, 53r 
horridus, Crerias: 7 WO, 20/8 TK, FoR, Cr, 
LOSS eliveeD: 64. 
hospes, Mugil, 17, p. 
Miubbs; (Cs 5 16; p: 33, Ss eo 7aps 
38, 74, 99. 


hudsonius, Hippocampus, 1; 16, p. 41. 
hudsonius amarus, Notropis, 1, 5 


humeralis, Harengula, 15, p. 50; ‘17, p. 
39. 
Paralabrax, 16, p. 64. 
Etussakofl. lemlSepaaszes Lo, p. 64, 


87. 
Hybognathus nuchalis regius, 16, p. 12. 
Hybopsis kentuckiensis, 15, p. 51; 16, 


p. 79. 

Hydrocyon forskalii, 8. 

ele Prasat vanes 1G; Pe Si, CES Wyse Soy 

arenicolor, 17, p. 5. 

cinerea, 3; 15, p. 4, 55. 

evittata, 15, p. 38, 55. 

femoralis, 3; 15. p. 3. 

rarcigore, sig US joy Sis alyyy Toe ak 

versicolor, 4; 15, p. 5, 39, 53, 55, 63; 
Zee pe eLosOos 


Hypentelium, 17, p. 88. 
Hypopomus brevirostris, 15. 
Hyporhamphus roberti, 15, p. 44; 17, 
jay, 1H). 
unifasciatus, 16, p. 41. 
Hypsiglena ochroryncha, 15. 
Tanthina, 6. 
Idothea metallica, 6. 
imbricata, Eretmochelys, 16) p._ 58: 
imperator, Tetrapterus, 15, p. 59. 


incisor, Lepomis, 5. 
insculpta, Clemmys, 4, 12, 16; 17, p. 
15, 66, 74. 
insignis, Schilbeodes, 16, p. 54. 17, p. 
4. 
insularum, Atherinops, 17, p. 38. 
interrutus, Anisotremus, 17, p. 3. 
iowae, Poecilichthys, 17, p. 71. 
irideus, Salmo, 16, p. 27. 
iridia, Salmo, 16, p. 27. 
Tridio poeyi, 15, p. 50. 
Isacia conceptionis, 16, p. 64. 
isodon, Aprionodon, 16, p. 36. 
Istiophorus, 15, p. 12. 
Nigricanse Low pele. 4. 
Isurus dekayi, 17, p. 87. 
oxyrhynchus, 17, p. 87. 
WaASuSs Oy pee sO spe 87 
punctatus, 16, p. 36. 
tigniss 16} p.sos) 17, ps 87. 
jaculus, Eryx, 8. 
atta Bee epee leependice 
jamesonii, Dendraspis, 17, p. 53. 
jeffersonianum, Ambystoma, 8, 13, 14; 
LZ, D404, 99: 
jocu, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50. 
Jordans Di Sy16) op. 28, 485.80, 85i- 
WH Toe, LY eh 
jordani, Neomaenis, 17, p. 3. 
Joturus pichardi, 15, p. 50. 


jubelini, Pomadasis, 17, p. 53. 
jugularis, Prolatilus, 16, p. 64. 
Keim aie). 2 sll 55 pe 2: 


kempi, Colpochelys, 17, p. 50. 

Kendall Whee Ge 12.013)5 17) ps 28.045) 

Pendcie Calamus, 17, p. 23. 

kentuckiensis, Hybopsis, US yo. Sle IG, 
Dp. : 

kingii, Paralichthys, 16, p. 65. 


Kinosternon pensylvanicum, Gi alle AS. 
eS) 40 FG; ep: 59° 17. pe 15, 56; 
65. 

Kirtlandia, 17, p. 86. 

koelreuteri, Periopthalmus, 17, p. 53. 

Konosirus, 17, p. 85. 

Kyphosus analogus, 17, p. 4. 

sectatrix, 16, p. 17 

Labeo coubie, 8. 

labradoricus, Coregonus, 

Labridae, 15, p. 20. 

Labrisomus nuchipinnis, 15, p. 50. 

lacertina, Chelydra, 1. 

Lachesis, 17, p. 76. 

Lachinura roseofusca, 15. 


U7, ps 4+5- 


Lactophrys tricornis, 15, p. 50. 
triqueter, 15, p. 50. 

laevigatus, Tagocephalus, 16, p. 11:42 
17; p> 22. 

laevis, Raja, 17, p. 88. 

Lagocephalus laevigatus, 16, p. 11, 42; 
fs iD A> 

Lagochilus, 17, p. 87. 

16, p. 42; 17, p. 


Lagodon rhomboides, 
39. 


lalius, Trichogaster, 16, p. 17. 
lamia, Carcharhinus, 17, p. 87. 
Lamnidae, 15, p. 20. 

Lampanyctus leucopsarum, 17, p. 38. 


Viil 


Lampetra aeyptera, 15, p. 1. 
wilderi, 1. 
Lampropeltis doliatus, 15, p. 40. 
doliatus triangulus, 16, 17, 15, p. 
5263): 17. Sp. (65> 
getulus, 175) 15, p: 6; 17, p. 92: 
getulus boylii, 15. 
rhombomaculatus, 15, p. 6. 
zonatus, 15. 
Ibeheres, 185 SS ay SEIS 2/5 ie Ae 
laterale, Zamenis, 8. 
lateralis, Philypnus, 17, p. 4. 
Lates niloticus, 8. 
Latham, Roy, 17; 15, p. 61; 16, p. 17, 
40M 67 V7 ps lOs 235,07 
latus, Caranx, 14, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 23. 
lazera, Clarias, 8. 
leberis, Regina, 16; 15, p. 6. 
lecontei, Rhinochilus, 15, p. 32. 
/Leiostomus xanthurus, 2; 15, p. 44; 
ioe jay a Ce sly, os aul BRE 


< lentiginosus, Bufo, 3, 9 


Lepidamia evermanni, 17, p. 47. 
Lepidion, 17, p. 87. 
Lepidodactylus lugubris, 6. 
Lepisoteus platostomus, 11. 
tristoechus, 11. 
Lepodus, 17, p. 89. 
Lepomis auritus, 1, 5, 11, 13; 16, p. 
12042565) 809175) ps 30: 
cyanellus, 7. 
incisor, 3. 
pallidus, 16, p. 80. 
Leporinus, 16, p. 53. 
Leptocephalus, 16, p. 26, 28. 
conger, 15, p. 43; 16, p. 42. 
Leptodactylus, 17, p. 50. 
Leptodira, 17, p. 76. 
lepturus, Trichiurus, 2; 15, p. 50; 16, 
p. 41; 17; p: 8l- 
Leucichthys, 17, p. 86. 
leuciscus, Brachydeuterus, 17, p. 3. 
leucopsarum, Lampanyctus, 17, p. 38. 
Leucos, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 87. 
Leucosomus, 17, p. 87. 
lightfooti, Alphestes, 15, p. 50. 
lima, Raja, 16, p. 64. 
Limanda ferruginea, 1. 
limbatus, Carcharhinus, 16, p. 69, 80; 
17, p. 78 
lineata, Hapsidophrys, 17, p. 53. 
lineatus, Doryrhamphus, 15, p. 50. 
Roccus, 16, p. 12, 42. 
Liopeltis vernalis, 17; 15, P. GAS lyf 
p. 65. 
Liparis, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89. 
liparis, 15, p. 2. 
littoralis, Carcharias, 13; 16, p. 36, 41, 
695) Lap aelZ = 
Lobotes surinamensis, 1. 
Loligo opalescens, 17, p. 38. 
longicauda, Spelerpes, 2; 15, p. 63; 16, 
De 67 5) lileuD- Ot. , 
Lophius Baa 2- 15, p. 60; 16, 
4 


p. 42. 
Lophopsetta maculata, 1, 2, 13; 15, p. 
45. 


Loricaria anus, 17, p. 4. 
Lucania parva, 16, p. 57. 
Lucas, F. A., 16, p. 100. 
luciae, Fundulus, 2. 
Luciopimelodus pati, 17, p. 4. 
Lucius, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 86. 
lucius, Esox, 15, p. 35. 
lugubris, Esox, 15, p. 35. 
lugubris, Autodax, 15, p. 62. 
Lepidodactylus, 6. 
lumpus, Cyclopterus, 13, 13; 16, p. 39. 
lunulatus, Mustelus, 17, p. 63. 


COPEIA 


Mabuya perrotetii, 17, p. 53. 

macdonaldi Cynoscion, 16, p. 85. 

maclovina, Eleginops, 16, p. 65. 

maclura, Pteroplatea, 2. 

macropterus, Chilodactylus, 17, p. 5. 
Eucentrarchus, 16, p. 56, 80 
Germo, 16, p. 93. 

macrostoma, Sternarchorhamphus, 15. 

macrurus, Sternopygus, 15 

macularius, Cyprinodon, 16, p. 62. 

maculata, Lophopsetta, 1, 2, 13; 15, 

p. 45 

maculatus, Dormitator, 17, p. 4. 

Scomberomorus, 2; 16, p. 41; 17, p. 


20. 
Spheroides, 2, 13; 15, p. 42; 16, p. 
AS Ze ah Sey 2s 
Upeneus, 17, p. 23. 
mahogoni, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50. 
majalis, Fundulus, 2, 13; 16, p. 41. 
Malaciemmnys centrata concentrica, 16, 
p. 59. 


Malopterurus electricus, 15, p. 58. 

Mallotus villosus, 17, p. 28. 

Manta birostris, 16, p. 87. 

Mapo soporator, 17, p. 4, 39. 

marginata, Rissola 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42. 

marinus, Bufo, 16, p. 13, 43. 
Petromyzon, 16, p. 41. 
Tylosurus, 2-16) pie 4 lien pos 

marmorata, Clemmys, 15, p. 11. 

marmoratus, ‘'Gobiesox, 16, p. 65. 

martinicus, Upeneus, 17, p. 23. 

Mattern, E. S., 17, p. 66. 

Mattern, W. T., 17, p. 66. 

mauritii, Abudefduf, 17, p. 4. 

maximus, Cetorhinus, 17, p. 21, 25; 

163 “ps 36: 


Mead ‘Gs We, 15; 05 365 17; ps 103: 
mearnsi, Uta, 17, p 98. 
mediocris, Pomolobus, 16, p. 12, 41. 
megalops, Notropis, 16, p. 28. 
Thamnophis, 12. 
Melanogrammus aeglifinus, 15. 
melanoleucas, Pituophis, 16, p. 7; 17, 
p. 4, 101. 
melas, Ameirus, 17, p. 34. 
Membras, 16, p. 47; 17, p. 86. 
Menidia, 15, p. 28; 16, p. 47. 
beryllina cerea, 2 
bonariensis, 17, p. 4. 
menidia notata, 2, 11, 13; 16, p. 12. 
peninsulae, 17, p. 39. 
Menticirrhus americanus, 9. 
saxatilis, 2, 9, 13; 15, p. 44; 16, p. 
425 175 Dp. 2. 
Merluccius bilinearis, 13; 15, p. 43, 45; 
16, p. 42; 17, p. 22. 
gayieid.) De Oe 
productus, 17, p. 38. 
merriami, Eutamias, 14. 
mesogaster, Parexocoetus, 15, p. 50. 
Mesogonistius chaetodon, 16, p. 56, 80. 
metallica, Idothea, 6. 
microdon, Pseudotriakis, 16, p. 36. 
Microgadus tomcod, 16, p. 42. 
Micrometrus, 17, p. 86. 
micropholis, Coronella, 17, p. 76. 
Micropogon opercularis, 17, p. 4. 
undulatus, 2, 13; 16, p. 3, 42. 


Of Nuicsontenne dolomieu, 1, 5, 13; 16, p. 


42. 
salmoides, 1, 5; 15, p. 42; 16, p. 12, 
42, 56, 80. 
microstomum, Ambystoma, 11. 
Microstomus, 17, p. 87. 


COPEIA 1X 


milberti, Carcharhinus, 2, 13; 16, p. 
36, 41, 69, 92. 

miliarius, Sistrurus, 15, p. 60; 17, p. 
30. 

Miller, W. DeW., 1; 16, p. 68. 

Mionurus, 17, p. 46 


mississippiensis, Alligator, 17. 
mitchilli, Anchoviella, 2; 15, p. 44; 16, 


Oy WA BIS Te Tok USE 
Myoxocephalus, 165 p. 395 40/3, 175 Dp: 
22. 
mitsukurii, Tetrapterus, 16, p. 80. 
Mobula, 17, p. 88 
olfersi, 16, p. 45. 
Mola mola, 15, p. 17, 43. 
monticola, Agonostomus, 


Ike Foy, SUE 
mordax, Osmerus, 17, p. 18. 
Mormyridae, 15, p. 58. 
Morone americana, 2, 3; 15, p. 42; 16, 
De 125542: 

motacilla, Seiurus, 16, p. 31. 
Mowbray, Ee :. 175 p. 77. 
Moxostoma, 16, p. 54. 

pidiense, 16, p. 79. 
Mugil, 17, p. 79. 

brasiliensis, yf 4. 

cephalus, 16, p. 62, 64. 


curema, 3; 15, p. 50; 165 p., 415 17; 


Da Lo: 
hospes, 17, p. 3. 
muhlenbergii, Clemmys, 4, 16; 17, p. 
32, 65 


Mullus auratus, 16, p. 42. 

multilatus, Peropus, 6. 

mundus, Urotrygon, 17, p. 3. 
Muraenesox savanna, 15, p. 50. 
Miusphiys sR Ge 253. oy lz Loa Dp. 43): 


165 p, 60) 17,.p. 2, 1005, 106: 
Mustelus, 17, p. 87. 
californicus, 17, p. 61. 
Chris, WUE, jy LS NG, oy, ae siay hls 
W75 ps 45 Ls. 
henlei, 17, p. 61. 
lunulatus, 17, p. 63. 
Mvycteroperca tigris, 17, p. 82. 
venenosa apua, 17, p. 82. 
mydas, Chelonia, 16, p. 58. 
mydrus, Cyprinodon, YS Go See 
Myliobatis freminvillii, 2. 
Myloleucus, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 87. 


Myoxocephalus aeneus, 16, p. 40, 42; 
7 Dees 
mitchilli; 116; p. 39, 40); 17, p. 22: 


Be ae eta Tose tte) Os, «De 
AD ds Dales 

Myrophis punctatus, 17, p. 23. 
Mystacoceti, 15, p. 21. 
mystes, Scorpaena, V7 pe 4: 
Naja haje, 8. 
Nakashima, E., 16, p. 86. 
Nanestoma, 16, p. 26. 
Narcine brasiliensis, 16, p. 46. 
Narcobatus nobilianus, 16, p. 41. 
narinari, Aetobatus, 16, p. 46; 17, p. 


MaSUS.) LSuHTUS. LOY Dp. dO ue D. S27. 
natalis, Ameirus, 10; 17, p. 33. 
Natica duplicata, 3. 
Natrix fasciatus, 11. 

septemvittata, 15, p. 37, 63. 


sipedon, 2, 4, 16, {7a eeloe) Ds Osunlo,, 


Yk, Gk, RYE 63; 16; sp. 443 17; p: 
155 OO; 

naucrates, Echeneis, 13; 15, p. 11, 50; 
NH jon GIS aye top SER 


naufragium, Balistes, 17, 
nebulosus, Ameiurus, ilF 2: a De oilis 
169 py U2 Weep. 34: 
Cynoscion, 2. 


Nectamia fuscus, 17, p. 47. 
Nelson, T. C., 15, p. 14. 
nemoptera, Dixonina, 15, p. 50. 
Neomaenis apodus, 15, p. 50. 
argentiventris, 17, p. 3. 
bucanella, 15, p. 50. 
griseus, ae 
jocu, 15, 50. 
jordani, 17, Dao: 
mahogoni, 15, p. 50. 
synagris, 15, p. 50. 
vivanus, 15, p. 50. 
Nexilarius concolor, 17, p. 4. 
INGChols seeds mone loe isis 15s ips 
Ieee e244 Oe OO) 1G) pa 45) GLO; 
Sie, GE EK 7Si, Chl t/a So 75 
25, 60, ee Ree 104. 
(Nicholsina), 
nigrescens, Cen onaraa! Ieee eeos 
nigricans, Cypsilurus, 
Istiophorus, 16, p. 
nigritus, Chorophilus, Se 11; 
7a DatooS 
nigrum, Boleosoma, 15, p. 51. 
olmstedi, Boleosoma, 1, 5, 13; 16, 
p. 1235)425 17, p: 36. 
nilotica, Tilapia, 8. 
niloticus, Crocodilus, 
Eutropius, 8. 
Lates, 8. 
Marans. 65) lve) par oo. 
niveatus, Epinephelus, 16, p. 11. 
Nivicola, 16, p. 
nobilianus, Narcobatus, 
Nocomis, 16, p. 26. 
nocturna, Echidna, 17, p. 3. 
notatus, Pimephales, 15, p. 51. 
Sphaerodactylus, 17, p. 39. 
Nothonotus, 16, p. 26. 
nothus, Cynoscion, 16, p. 30. 


Lie. 23: 


7k De OS 


1657 po 41: 


Notophthalmus viridescens, 16, p. 23. 
Notoscopelus, 17, p. 87. 
Notropis amoenus, 5, 13 

analostanus, 1; 17, p. 36. 

bifrenatus, 11. 

corgniutus, ls 13-16) p. 125 28, 40 

Vi, Oh, KO 
hudsonius amarus, 1, 5. 
megalops, 16, p. 28. 


procne, 16, p. 55, 79. 
whipplii analostanus, 16, p. 12. 
nottii, Fundulus, 16, p. 66, 79. 
nuchalis regius, Hybognathus, 16, p. 
12. 
nuchipinnis, Labrisomus, 15, p. 50. 
obesus, Enneacanthus, 10. 
oblongus, Paralichthys, 1. 
obscurus, Carcharhinus, 16, p. 36, 41. 
ebscletus; Elaphe, 155 p. 65°39; 6s; 17, 
p. 6 
obstetricans, Alytes, 15, p. 54. 
occidentalis, Chorophilus, 3; 15, p. 22. 
Tetronarce, 16, p. 46. 
occipitomaculata, Storeriaslizsseel OsnDs 


ocellatus, Chaetodon, 15, p. 44. 
Gymnothorax, 15, p. 50. 
Ophichthus, 16, p. 64. 

ochroryncha, Hypsiglena, 15. 

octodecimspinosus, no Nae ea 1'5; 


De 44s 16) sp 4275p. 22: 
ocularis, Chorophilus, 332 IG. fos 2S) 
Ocyurus chrysurus, 17; 17, p. 23. 


Odontoscion dentex, 15, p. 50. 

Odontostomus, 17, p. 87. 

Odontaspis, 16, p. 28. 

odoratus, Sternothaerus, 4, 12, 16; 15, 
AR NG. jos SIR 17, D: 15 S8enooe 


oglinum, Opisthonema, 2a Stap: 50. 


* COPEIA 


olfersi, Mobula, 16, p. 45. 
Oligocephalus, 16, p. 26. 
olisthostomus, Diapterus, 15, p. 50. 
omiscomaycus, Percopsis, 17, p. 86. 
Oncorhynchus, 17, p. 38. 
onitis, Tautoga, 3; 16, p. 11, 42. 
opacum, Ambystoma, 8, 13; 16, p. 23, 
8817) pe 24,0260, 40: 
opalescens, Loligo, 17, p. 38. 
opercularis, Micropogon, 17, p. 4. 
operculata, Siren, 15, p. 30. 
Ophiodontidae, 17, p. 88. 
Ophiosaurus ventralis, 11. 
Ophichthus ocellatus, 16, p. 64. 
Opisthonema oglinum, 2; 15, p. 50. 
Opsanus tau, 17, p. 60; 16, p. 42. 
oregonensis, Plethodon, 15, p. 62. 
oregonus, Crotalus, 14, 15; 15, p. 48. 
ornatus, Uromastix, 8. 
Orthopristis chrysopterus, 2, 13; 15, p. 
AYNo Ty yo, QUE B/G ioe al, akeh ¢ 
Osmerus mordax, 17, p. 18. 
ossifragus, Corvus, 17, p. 58. 
otophorus, Eupomacentrus, 15, p. 50. 
Oxersen) 15 6h, Ze) ICY jay i/e ANS) SG io 
Ps 
oxygenius, Polyprion, 17, p. 4. 
Oxylebiidae, 17, p. 88. 
Oxyrhopus, 17, p. 76. 
oxyrhynchus, Isurus, 17, p. 87. 
Pachygnathus, 16, p. 27. 
Pachynathus, 16, p. 27. 
pachypus, Bombinator, 15, p. 54. 
pacifici, Anisotremus, 17, p. 3 
pagrus, Sparus, 17, p. 4. 
Pagurus pollicaris, 3. 
pallida, Agama, 8. 
pallidus, Lepomis, 16, p. 80. 
Palometa, 17, p. 89. 
palustris, Rana, 2, 4, 16; 15, p. 6, 13 
BOM S55. 163)3) 16; spy 68k eL7,) p= 
15, 100. 
pandionis, Glossamia, 17, p. 46, 87. 
Xystramia 17, p. 87. 
Paralabrax humeralis, 16, p. 64. 
Faralichthys brasiliensis, 17, p. 5. 
dentatus, 1, 2, 13; 16, p. 12, 42; 17, 
D: 2os 0% 
kingii, 16, p. 65. 
oblongus, 1. 
woolmani, 17, p. 4. 
parallelus, Centropomus, 15, p. 50. 
Parexocoetus mesogaster, 15, p. 50. 
parietalis, Thamnophis, 15; 15, p. 10. 
paru, Pomacanthus, 15, p. 24. 
parva, Lucania, 16, p. 37. 
passer, Holacanthus, 17, p. 4. 
patagonius, Acanthistius, 17, p. 4. 
pati, Luciopimelodus, 17, p. 4. 
Pecten, 15, p. 2 
pectinatus, Pristis, 2. 
peltatus, Hadropterus, 16, p. 80. 
penisulae, Menidia, 17, p. 39. 
pensylvanicum, Kinosternon, 4, 11; 15, 


ps 6: 
Penthestes carolinensis, 16, p. 78. 
Pik BS HOE 


Peprilus, 17, p. 89. 
Perca flavescens, 5; 15, p. 

16s pea) le4 256: 80.075 ps 02: 
Percichthys trucha, 16, p. 64 
Percina caprodes, 17, p. 69. 
Percophis brasiliensis, 17, p. 5. 
Percopsis omiscomaycus, 17, p. 86. 
Periophthalmodon schlosseri, 16, p. 12. 
Periophthalmus koelreuteri, 17, p. 53. 
Peristidiidae, 17, p. 28. 
Perona signata, 17, p. 4. 
Peropus multilatus, 6. 
perrotetii, Mabuya, 17, p. 53. 


Petalognathus, 17, p. 76. 
Petromyzon marinus, 16, p. 41. 
Philypnus dormitator, 15, p. 50. 
lateralis, 17, p. 4. 
Phillips, Reyes 
Pholis, 16, p. 26. 
gunnellus, 16, p. 40. 
Phoxinus, 16, p. 28. 
Phrynosoma, 12; 15, p. 10. 
cornutum, 16, p. 81; 17, p. 7. 
Phycis, 17, p. 86. 


brasiliensis, 17, p. 5. 

ene 1, 3, 13°15, p. 25 43); 165 p: 

regius, 13; 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42; 17, 
p. 23 


tenuis, 16) p. 425 Lie) pe ad. 
pichardi, Joturus, 15, p. 50. 
pickeringii, Hyla, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 14, 
SRM, jo Sh 2 sks Sila UGE fos GRE 
68';) 17; p. 145,765. 
picta, Chrysemis, 4, 11, 12, 16; 15, 
Pe 704016) (ps 595) 17, pao. OD). 


Xantusia, 16, p. 14. 
picturatus, Trachurus, 16, p. 64. 
picudilla, Sphyraena, 15, p. 50. 
pidiense, Moxostoma, 16, p. 79. 
Pieris, 15, p. 9. 
Pimelodus wagneri, 16, p. 53. 
Pimephales notatus, 15, p. Bil, 
Pinguipes chilensis, 16, p. 64. 
fasciatus, 17, p. 5. 
Pipa americana, 17, p. 49. 
pipiens, Rana, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11; 15, p. 13, 
BC) sh SOR BUF jon ES Ch GS. 
Piscatorius, Lophius, 2; 15, p. 60; 16, 
4 


pisonis, Eleotris, 15, p. 50. 

pisquetus, Caranx, 15, p. 50. 

Pituophis catenifer, 15; 15, p. 10; 16, 

p. 74, 91. 
melanoleucas, 16, p. 7; 17, p. 101. 
Saya,) lie 2s 

platensis, Prochilodus, 17, p. 4. 

Platessa, 16, p. 28. 

Plathyrhinoides triseriatus, 16, p. 87. 

platostomus, Lepisosteus, 11. 

platycephalus, Ameiurus, 16, p. 54, 79. 

platyrhinus, Heterodon, 4, 11, 17; 15, 

p. 6. 

Plethodon cinereus, 17, p. 105. 
cinereus erythronotus, 2, 4. 
glutinosus, 2, 13; 15, p. 51, 63; 17, 

p. 64. 
oregonensis, 15, p. 62. 

Pleuracromylon, 16, p. 28; 17, p. 87. 

Pleuronectes, 16, p. 28. 

plumieri, Diapterus, 15, p. 50. 
Haemulon, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 23. 
Scorpaena, 15, p. 50. 

pluriticus, Salmo, 16, p. 62. 

Poecilichthys, 16, p. 25; 17, p. 86. 
iowae, 17, p. 71. 

Poecilliidae, 15, p. 20. 

poeyi, Iridio, 15, p. 50. 

Pogonias cromis, 15, p. 44; 16, p. 12, 

A207. poo: 
Pollachius virens, 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42; 
17, p. 22. 

pollicaris, Pagurus, 3. 

Polydactylus, 17, p. 86. 

Polydontophis annulatus, 17, p. 76 

Polynemus, 17, p. 86. 
virginicus, 15, p. 50. 

Polyodon spathula, 4; 16, p. 65, 93. 

Polyprion oxygenius, 17, p. 4. 

Polypterus, 16, p. 54. 


COPEIA Bp 


Bomacensius arcuatus, 15, p. 24; 17, 
p. 24. 
paru, 17; p. 4: 
Pomacentrus rectifraenum, 17, p. 4. 
Pomadasis branicki, 17, p. 4. 
jubelini, 17, p. 53. 
ramosus, 15, p. 50. 
Pomatomus saltatrix, 2, 13: 15, p. 44; 
16stp. 4207s pe 4; 20: 
Pomolobus aestivalis, 13. 
mediocris, 16, p. 12, 41. 
pseudoharengus, 3, 5; 15, p. 43; 16, 
p. 41. 
pomotis, Acantharchus, 10. 
Pomoxis sparoides, 5, 11; 16, p. 56. 
Ropes Es He 165) 15s ps 15) 16) p. 35: 
Porcus bajad, 8. 
Porichthys porosus, 16, p. 65. 
Poronotus, 17, p. 89. 
triacanthus, 2, 13; 15, p. 41; 16, p. 
42 Wits (Dp: 20: 
porosus, Porichthys, 16, p. 65. 
porphyriticus, Gyrinophilus, 15, p. 14, 
Gi a, jo Bas UG wh Cee 
praedatoria, Buccone, 17, p. 4. 
Priacanthus arenatus, 15, p. 50; 16, p. 
39. 
Prionace, 17, p. 89. 
Prionotus carolinus, 1, 13; 16, p. 42; 
17, p. 22. 
punctatus, 17, p. 5. 
strigatus, 2, 13; 15, p. 45; 16, p. 11, 
42. 
IPristisn Lv p. 79. 
pectinatus, 2. 
Prochilodus, 16, p. 53. 
platensis. 17, p. 4. 
procne, Notropis, 16, p. 5, 79. 
productus, Merluccius, 17, p. 38. 
profundorum, Apristurus, 16, p. 36. 
Frolatilus jugularis, 16, p. 64. 
Protonotaria citrea, 16, p. 78. 
Psammophis shokari, 8. 
sibilans, 8. 
Pseudacris triseriatus, 2, 10; 17, p. 
14. 
Pseudemys elegans, 15, p. 15. 
rubriventris, 15, p. 6, 40, 63; 16, p. 
95,985 17, p. U5, 52: 
pseudoharengus, Pomolobus, 3, 5; 15, 
jo), CS Wey, jo, Ghile 
Pseudoplatystoma coruscans, 17, p. 4. 
Pseudopleuronectes americanus, 16, p. 
2 
Pseudopriacanthus altus, 15, p. 44. 
Pseudosciaena, 17, p. 85 
Pseudotolithus typus, 17, p. 53. 
Fseudotriakis microdon, 16, p. 36. 
Pteraclis, 16, p. 26. 
Pterophryne, 17, p. 86. 
Pteroplatea maclura, 2. 
Ptychemys rugosa, 16, p. 97. 
Ptyodactylus hasselquistii 8. 
pubescens, Dryobates, 16, p. 78. 
punctarenae, Gymnothorax, 17, p. 3. 
punctatissimus, Eumycterias, 17, p. 4. 
punctatum, Ambystoma, 8, 13; 15, p. 
BS; 16) p) 05,495" We ip. 405 64: 
punctatus, Aplodactylus, 16, p. 64. 
Buto; 175 p: 5: 
Decapterus, 16, p. 39; 17, p. 20. 
Dermatolepis, 17, p. 3. 
DiadophiswalA ose paO. Olmos oli, 
1 My Ws Ce, 
Isurus, 16, p. 36. 
Myrophis, 17, p. 23. 
Prionotus, 17, p. 5. 
pygmaea, Umbra, 16, p. 12; 17, p. 94. 
pygmaea bilineata, Umbra, 17, p. 94. 


Quassilabia, 17, p. 87. 
quercicus, Bufo, 3, 9. 
Rachycentron canadus, 2; 16, p: 42; 
Radcliffe, L., 7, 14; 16, p. 3; 17, Dp. 25: 
radiata, Raja, 17, p. 87. 
Rafinesquiellus, 16, p. 26. 
Raia pipgcalate, 16D esse 
laphanes, 3, 13; 15, p. 43; H 8% 
IA, Gale ie son Ee : ae 
eglanteria, 2; 16, p. 9, 12, 41. 
erinacea, 13; 16, p. 12, 41; 17, p. 17 
flavirostris, 16, p. 64. : ; 
granulata, 17, p. 88. 
laevis, 17, p. 88. 
lima, 16, p. 64. 
ocellata, 17, p. 87. 
radiata, 17, sp: 872 
scabrata, 17, p. 87. 
sf alsionis: USE ING, jay GG i, joy, ake}, 
ramosus, Pomadasis, 15, p. 50. 
Ranaseliae Danze 
aesopus, 3, 5. 
aerolata, 11. 
catesbiana, 3, 4, 5, 11, 11, 16, 16; 
a Ph By SO, 27, Bil, Ge 3478 io, aa 


clamitans, 2, 3, 5, 11, 16, 16; 15s pe 
Oy isis SOF Sil; Ssh Ge Se sie SIG 
5 Cn SS, GS SUG my, Te, ae 
esculenta, 15, p. 54. 
panies Ss bie SI, jo, 
palusttis, 24, pole lS sap. (6; 13, 39) 
eS eOS se LOND SNOSiLiZap eal. 5 
100. E “ = 
Mons 4, wh a big WR see yey, als, sie). 
8, THR IW wR eS Shs Coe 
septentrionalis, 16; 15, p. 46. 
sphenocephala, 3, 5. 
sylvatica, 2, 4, 11, 16; 15, p. 39, 51; 
LOSS Doze Sieelid Ds 5s 65: 
temporaria, 15, p. 54. 
virgatipes, 16, p. 5 
rectifraenum, Pomacentrus, 17, p. 4. 
regalisy Gynosciony 2,135) 16, ps 125 30) 
42-17. pe 24. 
Scomberomorus, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 81. 
Regina leberis, 16; 15, p. 6. 
Tenis Hybognathus nuchalis, 16, p. 


Phycis, 13; 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42; 17, 


p. 23. 
Reighard, J., 15, p. 35. 
reticulatus, Cynoscion, 16, p. 85. 
BSOx sop elOw ps 24 5550798 
retifer Scylliorhinus, 16, p. 36. 
retractus, Cryptotomus, 14. 
Rhamphichthys rostratus, 15. 
Rhina, 17, p. 89. 
Rhinichthys atronasus, 13; 15, p. 51; 
Wh, JO Sey, 
cataractae, 11, 13. 
Rhinochilus lecontei, 15, p. 32. 
Rhinodon typicus, 15, p. 21. 
Rhinoptera bonasus, 16, p. 11, 41. 
rhombeus, Diapterus, 15, p. 50. 
rhomboides, Lagodon, 16, p. 42; 17, 
p. 39. 
Gop aes: Lampropeltis, 15, p. 


Rhombus, 17, p. 89. 

rhothoecus, Catostomus, 17, p. 88. 

Richardsonius, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 87. 

Rissola marginata, 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42. 

riversiana, Nantusia, 16, p. 14. 

rivoliana, Seriola, 17, p. 4. 

robalite Centropomus, 17, p. 3. 

roberti, Hyporhamphus, 15, p. 44; 17, 
p. 19. 


xil COPEIA 


Roccus lineatus, 16, p. 12, 42. 

Ives, (Ee (Cag 7/5 ide Zils 

Rogers, C. H., 17, p. 76. 

ronchus, Bairdiella, 15, p. 50. 

roseofusea, Lachinura, 15. 

roseus, Cryptotomus, 14. 

rostratus, Rhamphichthys, 15. 

ruber, Caranx, 17, p. 82. 

Speleres, 10, 13, 16; 15, p. 28, 38, 

63) LO. pe 22ce7e pel wOs 

rubicundus, Acipenser, 17, p. 48. 

rubriventris, Pseudemys, 15, p. 6 
63; 16, p. 95, 98; 17, D. if; o) 

rugosa, Ptychemys, 16, p. 97. 

rupestris, Ambloplites, 5, 13. 

Ruthling, P. D. R., 15; 15, p. Mi325 
62S 10snp ee ole 

Ruthven, A. G., 15; 16, p. AAT Tie 
30 


40, 


, 
2 


Rutilus, 16, p. 27. 

sadina, Etrumeus, 16, p. 39; 7/5 10m alts 

sagamius, Ebisus, 17, PD. 88. 

sagax, Sardina, 16, p. 64. 

Sagenichthys ancylodon, 17, p. 4. 

salar, Salmo, 15, p. 20. 

Salminus brevidens, 17, P- 4, 

Salmo eriox, 16, p. 28 
fario, 5; 16, p. 28. 
gairdneri, 16, p- Bie 
irideus, 16, p. 27. 
iridia, 16, p. 27. 
pleuriticus, 16, D. 62. 
salar, 15, p. 20. 
trutta, 16, p. 28. 

salmoides. Micropterus, I, sg, ER Se 

42: 16, p. 12, 42, 56, 80. 
saltatrix, Pomatomus, Nab IG, ee SH 
160 p. 425) Lise p> 4520: 

Salvadora grahamiae, Ss 

Salvelinus fontinalis, 15, PD. 20s soil. 

Sanwald, W., 16, PD. 35) 

sapidissima, Alosa, 16, p. 12; 41. 

sapiens, Homo, 2, 4; Vy ay PS ale 12% 

he 

Sarda chilensis, 16, Pp. 64. 
sarda, 13; 16, p. 41; 172 pets Lo: 

Sardina, une p. i 
sagax, 16, D. : 

eee Harengula, 16, p. 3; 17, P. 18. 

Sardinella, 17, p. 85 
caerulea, 17, p. 38. . 

sauritus, Thamnophis, Ton isos 

AQSs6350 lia) Ds 52 : 
sauritus proxima, Thamnophis, 17, 


savanna Muraenesox, 15, DP. 

saxatilis, Menticirrhus, 2, 9, isis NS, 
44: 16, p. 42; 17, P- ile 

say, Dasyatis, 2; 16, p. 11 

sayanus, Aphredoderus, 16, Pp. 12, 


p. 
p- 

40. 
saurus, Elops, 15, PD. 50, SS es Sb 
5 i 


sayi, Pituophis, 11, 12. 
scabrata, Raja, 17, D- 87. 
Scaphiopus_ holbrooki, Ny oo il S35 
7a peso: u 
Seaphirhynchops, 17, Pp. 87. 
Scaphirhynchus, 17, Pp. Sie 
Scaridae, 16, p. 10. 
Seartichthys eques, 16, p. 65. 
Scarus, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89. 
Sceloporus, 17, p. 91. 
bi-seriatus, 15, p. 10. 
clarkii, 17, p. 5. 
undulatus, 4, 16; 15, p. 6, 9; AQenGors 
16s0p. 225.175 ps. Lo, 39, 
schall, Synondontis, 8. 


pehilbeodes gyrinus, U5; 9p, ols) 16. ps 
insignia, 1165 p24) Leaps O45 
echiossert, Periophthalmodon, 16, p. 


Schmidt; Ke) B= 175 ps 30; 52: 
schoepfii, Alutera, 2, 13; 16, p. 11, 42. 
schoepfii, Chilomycterus, 2; 15, p. 42, 
44; 16, p. 42. 
schotti, Sternarchella, 15. 
Sciaedichthys troscheli, 17, p. 3. 
Sciaena fasciata, 16, p. 64. 
scincicauda, Gerrhonotus, 15, p. 10. 
Scincus scincus, 8. 
sciurus, Haemulon, 15, p. 33. 
Scoliodon terraenovae, 16, p. 2, 36. 
Scomber, 15, p. 21. 
roe alike aby yoy, alle): 
scombrus, 13; 15, p. 12, 41; 16, p. 
Ase 75. 19% 
Seoniber Omer es Cavallased Sor pemo Olsmeline 
p. 5 
maculatus, 25/916; ps 4s Lisa pae20: 
regalis, 15) ps 50s ol7, ps. Sit 
Scombridae, 15, p. 20. 
scombrus, Scomber, 13; 15, p. 12, 41; 
16,° ps 403 W7e pe 9: 
Scorpaena histrio, 17, p. 4. 
mystes, Wve Ds te 
plumieri, 15, p. 50. 
scutatum, Hemidactylium, 9, 13; 17 
p. 14, 64. 
Scylliorhinus, 17, p. 8&6. 
chilensis, 16, p. 64. 
retifer, 16, p. 36. 
Seale, A., 17, p. 28. 
Sebastodes chilensis, 16, p. 64. 
darwini, 16, p. 64. 
sectatrix, Kyphosus, 16, p. 17. 
Seiurus motacilla, 16, p. 31. 
Selene vomer, 15, p. 50. 
Semotilus atromaculatus, 13; 15, p. 51; 
163.pe/9> 
corporalis, 1, 13; 16, p. 28. 
septemvittata, Natrix, 15, p. 37, 63. 
septentrionalis, Rana, 16; 15, p. 46. 
Seriola rivoliana, 17, p. 4. 
ZOnata los pe 425) lisepes aus 
Seriollella violacea, 16, p. 64. 
serpens, Gempylus, 15, p. 50. 
serpentina, Chelydra, 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 
16%) 155s 16.40, 168 5) 16; pp.) SSi 
Tp. lon Ob: 
Testudo, 1. 
setipinnis, Vomer, 15, p. 44, 50; 17, p. 
206 53: 
sexfasciatum, Haemulon, 17, p. 3. 
sexlineatus, Cnemidophorus, 15, p. 6. 
Sharks, 17, p. 25. 
shokari, Psammophis, 8. 
sibilans, Psammophis, 8. 
signata, Perona, 17, p. 4. 
silenus, Zaprora, 12. 
Siluranadon auritus, 8. 
Siluridae, 15, p. 58. 
silus, Crotaphytus, 17, p. 96. 
similis, Fundulus, 17, p. 39. 
sipodon, Natrix, 2, 4, 16, 17; 15, p. 6, 
F MSO) S25 OSs Olmpataare les 
oy 1, OE 
Siphateles, 16, p. 27. 
Siphostoma, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 86. 
Siren operculata, 15, p. 30. 
sirtalis, Thamnophis, 2, 4, 11, 16, 17; 
Wey jo) On, te Sy CHO, il, a OS seb 
Onl S7ape oa Gor 
Sistrurus miliarius, 15, p. 60; 17, Pp. 
3 


Sitta carolinensis, 16, p. 78. 


COPEIA Xili 


Skinner, A., 12. 


Simithe bie Viel pecse 

Snakes, Poisonous, 17, p. 76. 

Bas J. Oe 15, p: 64: 16; p. 16; 
175 ps 94s 


soporator, ee [Veep 4039: 
Sparisoma abildgaardi, 17, p. 24. 
aurofrenatum, 17, p. 24. 
viride, 17, p. 24. 
xystrodon, Tf 0 ZB 
sparoides, Pomoxis, 5, 11; 
Sparus, 16, p. 28. 
pagrus, 17, p. 4. 
spathula, Polydon, 4; 16, p. 65, 93. 
Speck, be Gi. 16; p. 923 175s p..30: 
Spelerpes bislineatus, 2, 4, 13, 16; 15, 
Doo oon ola O45) 605016. ep: 
22 17, ps 14, 64; 
longicauda, 2; 15, p. 63; 16, p. 67; 


eae si, 1S Th, yo, AES Bik GEIS 
16; ps 22; L7e ps W450 64. 
Spencer, R. D., 15, p. 7. 
Sphaerodactylus notatus, 17, p. 39. 
sphenocephala, Rana, 3, 5. 
Spheroides annulatus, 17, p. 4. 
mactlatus, 2. U3is 15, pp. 42% 16, p: 


16, p. 56. 


TOA Tops «22: 
testudineus, 15, p. 50. 
Sphyraena barracuda, 6; 15, p. 50; 17, 
p. 81. 
borealis, 3; 15, p. 443 16; p. 39); 17, 
p. 19: 


guachancho, 15, p. 50. 
picudilla, 15, p. 50 
Sphyrna, 17, p. 89 
zygaena, 2, 13; 

CYS Wiawian ile 
spilopterus, Citharichthys, 15, p. 50. 
Spinden, H. J., 2; 4: 

Squalus, acanthias, 16, p. 36, 41, 64; 

LA: 175738: 

sucklii, 17, p. 37. 
Squatina, 17, p. 89. 

dumeril, 16, p. 36. 
squirella, Hyla, 3; 15, p. 3; 
stansburiana, Uta, 15, p. 10. 
Steaks. 125 (ey IG ib GRE 
Steatogenes elegans, 15. 
Stejneger, L., 6. 
Stenesthes, 17, p. 87. 

SOE, 13; 16, p. 

il 
Stenotomus, 17, p. 87. 
Stechenoleris hispidus, StS 

42% 17) ps 22 
Sternarchella balaenops, ile. 

schotti, 15. 
Sternarchorhamphus macrostoma, 15. 
Sternarchus albifrons, 15. 

bonapartii, 15. 
Sternopygus macrurus, 15. 
Sternothaerus odoratus, 3, 12, 16; 15, 

Dp. 623 16; p. 59:3 17eup: 15, 58; 65. 
Stolephorus, 17, p. 85. 

Stone, W., 10; 17, p. 28. 
Storerpille lo nepa os Grmllos “ps 70. 
Storeria dekayi, 14, 16, 17; 15, p. 6; 
I 7eap a touoo- 
occipitomaculata, 17; 15, p. 6, 7. 
Sissy Io IPs, 98 a7, jon AR 
Streeter, D. D., 16, p. 1. 
striatum, Bathystoma, 17, p. 23. 
striatus, Centropristes, 2, 13; 15, p. 42; 
16aps 142-75 ps 2i. 
Cynoscion, 17, p. 4. 
Epinephelus, 17, p. 23. 


Sp. Ail 


165 p> U1; 


Ws toe Sh 


16, p. 39, 


strigatus, Prionotus, 2, 13; 15, p. 45; 
16, p. 4, 42. 

sturio, Acipenser, 16, p. 41; 17, p. 18. 

subaequalis, Corvula, 15, p. 50. 

subligarius, Eudulus, 17, p. 39. 

suborbitalis, Holocentrus, 17, p. 3. 


sucetta, Erimyzon, 16, p. 54. 


sucetta oblongus, Erimyzon, 11; 15, p. 
Se aL G ps 2 4 
sucklii, Squalus, 17, p. 37. 


Sufflamen, 16, p. 27. 
verres, 16, p. 27. 
surinamensis, Anisotremus, 15, p. 20. 
Lobotes, 1. 
suspectum, Heloderma, 7. 
Swifts, 13. 
sylvatica, Rana, 2, 4, 11, 16; 15, p. 39, 
SlGe peio2)) 4650 17> pylon oo: 
Wf 185 


synagris, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50; 
23. 
Synuenathus, 15) ps, 12: 16.5p. 275 17; 
p. 86. 
PUSCHING Ze doc Losupee44) On ps 39; 
41. 
Synodontis schall, 8. 
Synodus, 16, p. 26. 


dominicensis, Ey 0 BNO) 
foetens, 13; 15, p. 44; 


taeniopterus, Callyodon, 

taiasica, Awaous, 15,Ds 

Tantilla eiseni, 15. 

Tarentola annularis, 8. 

Tarpon atlanticus, 15, p. 59. 

tau, Opsanus, 15, p. 60; 16, p. 42. 

Tautoga onitis, 3; 16, p. 13. 42. 

Tautogolabrus adspersus, 16, p. 42. 

temporaria, Rana, 15, p. 54. 

tenuis, Phycis, 16, p. 42; 17, p. 23 

Tephrosia, 15, p. 57. 

terraenovae, Scoliodon, 16, p. 2, 36. 

Terrapene carolina, 3, 4, 11, 12, 16; 15, 
p. 7, 36, 40, 63; 16, p. 4, 42, 60, 
Gor 7, per Sel 5.09, 0058745, 91. 

testudineus, Spheroides, 15, p. 50. 

Testudo polyphemus, 5. 

serpentina, 1. 
Tetraodontidae, 17, p. 81. 
Tetrapterus imperator, 15, p. 59. 
mitsukurii, 16, p. 80. - 

Tetrodon hispidus, 17, p. 4. 

Tetronarce occidentalis, 16, p. 46. 

Teuthis, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89. 

pexanas Myrauchen, 16) p. 62; 17,,.p: 
8 


Wf, jo, Uy 
Lis) \pen24: 
50. 


thalassina, Uta, 17, 
Thamnophis butleri, 
hammondi, 15; 15, 
megalops, 12. 
Danietaliswm oe los OeLOs 
Sabbonane, ile, iv/8 WG joy COS Ga alr 


p. 98. 
15. 
DaeLos 


DeelS 
Thamnophis sauritus proxima, 17, p. 
40. 
Sintalisse 2 4 ll Only cL Oe Dem OsmGs 
WS, 24 Sil, GOS. Wo, jon SalR alr, 8b 
LS Oos 
thebaicus, Eryx, 8. 
Thoburnia, 17, p. 88. 
Whore; loses 7al- 
Thompson, W. F., 16, p. 30; 17, p. 13. 
Thunder, 5. : 
Thunnus thynnus, 16, p. 11, 41. 
thynnus, Thunnus, 16, p. 11, 41. 
Thyrsites atun, 16 p. 64. 
tigrinum, Ambystoma, 8; 15, p. 30; 16 
roy ANE RR aie Ge fog Lal 


100. 


californiense, Ambystoma, 15, p. 56. 


XIV 


pens, Galeocerdo, 15, p. 43; 16; p. 
tigris, Isurus, 16, p. se yi p. 87. 
Myocteroperca, Wily Sop ty 
Tilapia nilotica, 8. 
timucu, Tylosurus, 15, p. 50. 
tomcod, Microgadus, 16, p. 42. 
torosus, Diemictylus, 15, p. 62. 
Torrentaria, 16, p. 26. 
Trachinotus carolinus, 2, Hehe OIG, jay, Ziebs 
163 pe wale 7a p20: 
falcatus, ilgye 15, p. 50; 16, p. 42. 
glaucus, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 4, 23 
Trachurops crumenophthalmus, ho alhy, 
Ds oO); 165 p: 39) 
ieachusds picturatus, 16, p. 64. 
Travell, W., 4. 
triacanthus, Poronotus, Py NVR. WG yo), 


GS NG 705 CIR Sth, oy AHO). 
Trichiurus lepturus, 2; 15, p. 50; 16, 
p. 413) 175 pe Sil. 

Trichoeaster lalius, 16, p. 17. 

tricornis, Lactophrys, 15, p. 50. 

triqueter, Lactophrys, 15, p. 50. 

triseriatus, Plathyrhinoides, 16, p. 87. 
Pseudaerisy 2) 10-79 "p) 14: 

tristoechus, Tepisostens. ial 

troscheli, Eigenmannia, 15. 
Sciaedichthys, 17, p. 3. 

trucha, Percichthys, 16, p. 64. 

truei, Ascaphus, 17, p. 13. 

trutta, Salmo, 16, p. 28. 

Turtle, 15, p. 19. 

Tylosurus, 15, p. 13; 17, p. 79. 
marinus, 2; 15, p. 41; 17, p. 19, 39. 
timucu, 15, p. 50. 

typicus, Rhinodon, 15, p. 21. 

typus, Pseudotolithus, 17, p. 53. 


tyrannus, Brevoortia, 2, 3, 13; 15, p. 
Zeal 4359 16,0p. 41; 07, peels: 
Wimiase ly ps O7e 
umbellus, Bonasa, 16, p. 8. 
Umbra, 16, p. 26. 
pygmaea, 16, p. 12; 17, p. 94. 
pygmaea bilineata, 17, p. 94. 
Umbrina coroides, 15, p. 50. 
un dulaeds, Micropogon, 2, 13; 16, p. 3, 
SCelLoporusy 45 UG al Sa pam Ome OF 
CMe NOS toe AAS abi jo, AIS Se) 
unifasciatus, Hyporhamphus, 16, p. 41. 


University of Michigan, 17, p. 30. 
Upeneus maculatus, 17, p. 23. 
martinicus, 17, p. 23: 
Uromastix ornatus, 8. 
Urophycis, 17, p. 86. 
Urotheca elapoides, Wis ae OS 
Urotrygon mundus, 17, p. 3. 
ustus, Cryptotomus, 14. 
Witay lize pa ole 
mearnsi, 17, p. 98. 
stansburiana, 15, p. 10. 
thalassina, 17, p. 98. 


valeriae, Virginia, 15, p. 6, 63; 16, p. 
68. 
Van Denburgh, J., 16, p. 15. 
Van Wagenen, G., 17, p. 44 
Varanus griseus, 8. 
niloticus, 8; 17, p. 53. 
variagatus, Cyprinodon, 2; 16, p. 41; 


LSD: 
venenosa apua, Mycteroperca, 17, p. 82. 
ventralis, Callisaurus, 17, p. 97. 
Ophiosaurus, 11. 


COPEIA 


vernalis, Branchippus, 16, p. 48. 
Liopeltis, 17; 15, p. 52: 7/5 1, (See 
verres, Surilamern: 16, p. 27. 
versicolor, Elyla, 4; 15) p. 5, 39, 53, 
By GSS 3/5 jo, US; 65. 
vetula, Balistes, 17; p. 1, 
Callyodon, 17, p. 24. 
vigilis, Xantusia, 16, p. 12, 52. 
villosus, Mallotus, 17, p. 28. 
violacea, Seriolella, 16, p. 64. 
virens, Pollachius, 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42 
175, p. 22: 
virescens, Eigenmannia, 15. 
virgatipes, Rana, 16, p. 5. 
Virginia valeriae, 155 p: 65) 63) 1640p 


24, 81. 


virginianus, Bubo, 16, p. 62. 
virginicus, Polynemus, 15, p. 50. 
viride, Sparisoma, 17, p. 24. 
viridescens, Diemictylus, 2, 10, 13, 14; 
NEY Sos 5 Sil ali, qo, CEE 
viridescens miniatus, Diemictylus, 13. 
Notophthalmus, 16, p. 23. 
viridis, Bufo, 15, p. 54. 
Dendraspis, 17, p. 53. 
vittatus, Ctenops, 4. 
vivanus, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50. 
Vomer setipinnis, 15, p. 44, 50; 
20, 
vomer, Selene, 15, 50. 
Vulpecula marina, "7, p. 89. 
vulpes, Albula, 15, p. 50, 59. 
vulpinus, Alopias, 16, p. 36; 17, p. 89. 
wagneri, Fimelodus, 16, p. 53. 
Wellman, G. B., 17, p. 108. 
Welets W. W., 15; IB, Fah ale 


Wetmore, A., 17, p. 59. ; 
whipplii analostanus, Notropis, 16, p. 


12. 
Wiegmann, W. H., 3, 11; 15, p. 45. 
Wiis De te 


wilderi, Lampetra, 15, p. 1 
wislizenii, Crotaphytus, 5, 12; 17, p. 
6 


17, p. 


16, p. 56, 


Winton, W. M., 16, p. 84; 


woolmani, Paralichthys, 17, p. 4. 
Wright, A. H., 15, p. 48. 
xanthurus, Leiostomus, 2; 15, p. 44; 
16; ps Ll 42Zemisy pies 39: 
Xantocles, 17, p. 88. 
Xantusia henshawi, 1O,9p. 145 
picta, 16, p. 14. 
riversiana, 16, p. 14. 
Vigilise On peedlo sme. 
Xenodon, 17, p. 76. 
Xiphias gladius, 15, p. 
20, 


Xiphidion, 17, p. 87. 
Xiphister, 17, p. 87. 
Xyrauchen cypho, 17, p. 88 
texanus, 16, p. 62; 17, p. 88. 
Xystaema, 17, p. 86. 
cinereum, 17, p. 4. 
Xystramia, 17, p. 46. 
pandionis, 17, ib tao 
xystrodon, Sparisoma, ih i Ae 
Zamenis constrictor, 4, 11, 16, 17; 15, 
mp ey HOS GS Ces US fo, IS, (Ae: 
constricto1 flaventris, 15 
flagelliformis frenatus, 15. 
laterale, 15. 
Zaniolepidae, 17, p. 88. 
Zaniolepis, 17, p. 88. 
Zaprora silenus, 12. 
Zoarces, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89. 
anguillaris, 16, p. 9, 42. 


WA GAN 31/5, 50% 


GOREIA XV 


zonata, oerola, 16; p. 42° 17, p: 20: 
zonatus, Chaetodipterus, 17, p. 4. 
Lampropeltis, 15. 
zonifer, Erilepis, 16, p. 29; 17, p. 9, 
88. 


zonipectus, Pomacanthus, 17, p. 4. 

Zoramia, 17, p. 46. 

zygaena, Sphyrna, 2, 13; 15, p. 41; 16, 
a iil, Slo, Cal, Ge Ce OAS Wy io. 
Sig BI CA 


Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History 


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