CROSSOSOMA
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711
CROSSOSOMA Vol . 14, No. 1
Managing Editor: Allan Schoenherr
February, 1983
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SOME INTERESTING FLORISTIC FINDS IN THE COYOTE MOUNTAIN
AND VOLCANIC HILLS AREA (SAN DIEGO CO. AND IMPERIAL CO. )
by
Erik G. Jonsson, Calif. Native Plant Soc. (descriptive part) , and
Duffie Clemons, San Diego Natural History Museum, Botany Dept,
(herbarium catalog) .
Introduction . For many years we have been collecting and cataloging
plants from the Colorado desert in San Diego and Imperial Counties.
We have discovered a number of interesting plants in the Coyote
Mountain and Volcanic Hills area near the county line 12 miles north
of the Mexican border. We have chosen to group these plants into
three categories: 1. Plants that require abnormally wet years,
2. Plants that have primary and secondary populations in washes, and
3. other interesting discoveries. The following is not only a de-
scription of how we found the plants, but it is also an attempt to
stimulate interest among other botanists to search for rare and
unusual plants in the desert especially during wet years.
1. Plants requiring abnormally wet years .
In our deserts there occur plants that are relicts from the ice
age. After the ice age, conditions were much more humid and could
support vegetation demanding much more moisture than our present
desert plants. As the climate got drier some of these plants died
out or moved out of the area. Others adapted to the new environment.
For some, the adaptation consisted of producing seeds that would
remain viable for many years so that the plants could sprout, flower
and go to seed only during years of abnormally high rainfall. We
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Might call these "relict years." Not only would the seeds have to
remain viable for a long time f but they also would need such a
triggering device for sprouting that it would occur only after a
period of very high rainfall .
When such a "relict year" occurs, as it did in 1983, every
able-bodied botanist ought to leave all normal work aside and go out
in the desert and see what is going on. Not only is it a delight
to walk around in Mother Nature ' s incomparable rock garden under
those conditions, but the chances of finding new locations for rare
plants are high. It is also a good time to find species new to
science in the desert. After all, if Mitchel Beauchamp was able to
find a new Baccharis in Encinitas in the middle of the well populated
coast area of San Diego county, there ought to be some unknown species
hiding in some isolated canyon in the desert waiting for a very wet
year and an inquisitive botanist to set eyes on it.
As a good example of a plant waiting for a "relict year in our
desert take Gilia f il i f ormis that was found in a small tributary
canyon to North Mortero Wash in the Volcanic Hills area. As luck
would have it, I was bending down to look at some white-f lowered
Nemacladus when I was surprised to find a yellow one. Of course,
we do not have any yellow Nemacladus in our desert so it had to be
something else. The ‘three-parted stigma pointed to a Gilia and a
drawing in Jaeger of Gilia f iliformis seemed to fit. After all,
there are not too many yellow Gilias and the stem was so filiform
that the flowers seemed to be hanging in mid-air without any support.
The only thing that did not fit was that it was supposed to grow
only in the Mojave desert.
After Duffie Clemons confirmed my identification in the herbarium
we set out to look for more locations. Some people call the Desert
Stars, Monoptilon bellioides, "belly plants," but these stand out a
mile compared to Gilia filiformis . The only way to make reasonably
sure that they do not grow where one is looking is to go down on hands
and knees and really scan the ground. That way we found that they
seem to be restricted to slopes, mostly northfacing, covered with
volcanic gravel. Nearly all the time they were associated with
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Linanthus jonesii . We have been back to the area several times since
but have found no sign of the plants. It will probably take a
tremendous soaking to bring them out.
Another plant that we were interested in was Phacelia neglecta .
I had found it first in 1979 on the U. S. side of the border by
Signal Mountain. I went back in 1983 when I was scouting out the
area for a possible field trip with the California Native Plant
Society. With more luck than skill I managed to find it again, in
spite of the fact that it was early in the season. The plant consisted
only of two tiny leaves with a little white flower in between, all
hugging the ground. It was small enough to be hidden by a dime.
In fact, after changing film to take a picture of the little beauty,
I had to look for five minutes before I spotted it again!
Later we ran into the Phacelia on desert pavement, just south
of the mouth of Painted Gorge (on the east end of Coyote Mountain) .
This was getting close to San Diego County, and since there was no
record of it from that area I was eagerly looking around for it
during my vacation that spring, all of which I spent in the desert.
The way I found the first location was just plain luck. Carrizo
Creek was flooded that year and the shortest way to bypass it was
to go by Ocotillo Wells and Westmorland. On my way southeast one
afternoon I stopped in Ocotillo Wells to avoid a sandstorm ahead.
During a hike in the roaring wind, I found some plants usually
associated with Phacelia neglecta , so I decided to look around a
little more the next morning, a Monday when the ORV's would be out
of the way. Some 600 meters north of the Los Puertecitos Historical
Marker everything started to fall into place. There were ridges of
desert pavement sticking up out of the generally sandy area and
plenty of Chorizanthe corrugata and Chorizanthe rigida , Langloisia
schottii and Oligomeris linifolia, which usually go with the plant.
And then on a ridge there it was, perhaps 50 lush specimens. Since
it was in the middle of the ORV-area I checked to see how many were
affected by that activity and was happy to find that only a few had
been flattened by a tire. Luckily for the plant, the ORV's stay in
the sand as much as possible and avoid desert pavement.
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Some days later I found a second location for Phacelia neglecta
in the main wash between Coyote Mountain and Hwy S-2 also on desert
pavement. I made a little cairn so as to recognize the place and
have revisited it several times in later years but have found no
trace of the little plants.
Cynanchum utahense seems to be another of those plants that
demand more rainfall than normal. I have found it in three locations
in San Diego County, all just south of Coyote Mountain. One of these
is two miles east of Sweeney Pass, in a small canyon 200 meters N.E.
of where Hwy S-2 crosses from section 34 into section 3. This
population is especially interesting for two reasons. First, the
population there was the biggest I have ever seen, some 100 plants,
and second, it flourished in September 1983 after abundant summer
rains. Both Munz ( Flora of Southern California ) and Wiggins ( Flora
of Baja California ) state that it flowers from April to June, (i.e.,
it is a lateblooming winter annual) . September may not be a pleasant
time to be in the desert, for it can be extremely hot. This could
be the reason why its appearance as a summer annual has been over-
looked. Another reason is of course that abundant summer rains are
very rare in our area. This large and lush September population
could mean that it is predominantly a summer annual and the rare
and tiny winter annual populations that have been found before are
exceptions to the rule.
Lastly, Duffie Clemons and I found Phacelia pachyphylla in a
tiny side canyon at the mouth of Painted Gorge on the east side of
Coyote Mountain. In spite of looking intensely for it during that
spring, no other population was found. Because the plant is fairly
easy to spot, it seems that is quite rare in the area.
2. Primary and secondary populations of desert plants .
When one finds an isolated specimen of a plant species in a
canyon or in a wash, chances are that the source of the seed was
a mother population somewhere upstream. So, just as a prospector,
after finding a placer deposit of gold in a streambed, would look
for the mother lode in the area above, a botanist, who finds a
"placer specimen" in a wash, can do the same thing to find the
"mother population" in its usual habitat higher up.
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In March 1983 I found a white Eriophyllum in the big wash
south of Coyote Moutain in Sect. 17 a little east of the county line.
I thought it was the fairly common Eriophyllum wallacei var. rubellum,
but when I looked at the pappus I realized it was Eriophyllum lanosum ,
known in San Diego County only from Vallecitos. I looked around
but no other specimen was to be seen. "If there is one, there must
be more," Reid Moran always told me. But where was another? A few
days later I got the answer. Hiking up a sidecanyon to Lava Flow
Wash, I noted a few specimens growing in the sand in the upper
part of the canyon, and higher up where the canyon widened to a
large bowl I found the "mother lode," thousands of specimens growing
like a garden ground-cover. The distance from the "mother lode" to
the "placer deposit" I had first found was five miles. Abundant rains
that winter must have flooded the canyon and carried the seeds all
the way down to the main wash.
A similar thing happened with Linanthus aureus var. decorus.
I found a single specimen at the mouth of North Mortero Wash and
later we found the "mother lode" three miles upstream.
Eucnide rupestris shows a similar tendency both in the old
well-known location in Painted Gorge and also in the new location
we found in Indian Gorge. The mother populations are on steep talus
slopes where the species designation rupestris fits well. A specimen
growing in the sand just at the junction of the Indian Gorge and
Torote Canyon indicated that there were more populations higher up
in one or both of those canyons.
One might have expected the plants in the secondary populations
to be smaller and less lush than those in the mother populations,
but the opposite was true. The logical reason was that each plant
in the dense mother populations had much less water and nutrients
available than the isolated ones growing in the washes. Many
botanists concentrate their excursions to washes, where most of the
desert roads are, and avoid the rocky upper areas. It is possible
that the habitat for some plants listed as sandy washes, are based
on "placer deposits." The primary habitat might be in canyon
slopes higher up.
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3.
Other interesting finds.
Riverside County was held to be the southern limit for
Lepidium fremontii , the perennial peppergrass that is so common in
the Mojave desert. We found it first in the Imperial Co. part of
Coyote mountain, in Painted Gorge and in a canyon running north,
only one mile east of the county line. This made us suspect it
would also be in San Diego Co. So, in April 1986 we went looking
for it in a canyon on the northern side of Coyote mountain, two
miles west of the county line, and there it was! The populations
were small; only one or two plants were found in each location.
Psorothamnus polydenius ( Dalea polyadenia ) is supposed to occur
in the Mojave Desert from the Twentynine Palms region to Inyo and
Mono Cos. at an elevation of 2500-6000 ft. It was therefore a
surprise to us when on a California Native Plant Society fieldtrip we
found a large population of it below a 1300 ft. elevation in a little
canyon in the saddle of Coyote Mountain, two miles east of the
county line. It is interesting that other hikes down that canyon
when the shrub was not in bloom had failed to reveal it. This goes
to show that one trip is not enough where shrubs are concerned!
Pilostyles thurberi , the tiny parasite on Psorathamnus emoryi
was not recorded for San Diego County . Wayne Armstrong found it
first in San Diego Co. on the slopes below the Carrizo Badlands
Overlook, and lately Duffie Clemons and I have found it in so many
locations that it is becoming routine. It grows both on the north
and south lower slopes of Coyote Mtn.
Plagiobothrys jonesii is somewhat of a misfit in its genus.
It is bristly as a Cryptantha and has nutlets resembling those of
Amsinckia tesselata. During the wet spring of 1983 we found it in
several locations in the Volcanic Hills area. We also noted it in
the spring of 1984 in the canyon draining the northern part of
the inner pasture, which had been flooded some time earlier. That
is the last we have seen of it. Perhaps it is one of those that
appear in our area only after abnormally wet winters. Heretofore
it was believed to occur only in the Mojave.
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In conclusion, we hope this little presentation has convinced
you that there is still a lot to discover in our local desert,
especially after a wet winter. During those unusual "relict years"
it is a good idea to leave other projects aside and go exploring.
It might be a long time before such favorable conditions occur
again. The following table is a complete catalog of the species
mentioned in this account.
A Catalog of Some Interesting Floristic Finds in the Coyote
Mountain- Volcanic Hills Area , San Diego and Imperial Counties
Cyanachum utahense (Engelm.) Woods Utah deboltia
Range :
Abrams: Mojave & Colorado Deserts, CA to NV, southern UT, & AZ
CNPS Special Publication 1, 3rd ed, 1984:67; List 2 (Rare &
endangered in CA but more common elsewhere). RED 111+ . IMP,
RIV, SBD, SDG, AZ, NV
Munz: Both deserts to AZ, UT
Beauchamp: San Felipe; Blair Valley; SE of Dolomite Mine below
Coyote Mtn.
Collections (IMP & SDG) :
J. Dice 227, 28 Jan 1979 (SD 105419); Blair Valley
D. F. Howe 532, 5 Jun 1937 (SD 113033), Earthquake Valley
Erik Jonsson 306, 14 Apr 1982 (SD 111529), nr Dolomite Mine
E. J. 438, 5 Apr 1983 (SD 115565), nr Coyote Wells, IMP
E.J. 789, 18 Sep 1983 (SD 115675), Sweeney Pass quad.
Eriophyllum lanosum (Gray) Gray Woolly frocks
Range:
Abrams: Eastern SBD to e. IMP, south to central BCfa, east to
southern NV, s. UT, and AZ.
Beauchamp: Vallecito Stage Station; SW of Lava Flow Wash; Volcanic
Hills
Jaeger: Eastern Mojave Desert to AZ, UT, BCfa.
Munz: Eastern Mojave & Colorado Deserts to UT, AZ, BCfa
Collections (IMP & SDG) :
Gander 4176.30, 17 Apr 1935 (SD 11220), Vallecito Station.
E.J. 462, 13 Apr 1983 (SD 115589), Sweeney Pass quad
E.J. 945, 18 Mar 1985 (SD 118117), North Mortero Wash, Carrizo Mtn
quad.
Eucnide rupestris (Baill.) Thompson & Ernst Rock nettle
Range :
Beauchamp: Indian Gorge; Mountain Palm Springs
Munz: Painted Gorge, IMP: to SW AZ & MX on islands & shore of Gulf.
Herbarium, SD: BCfa sur & norte; AZ, Tiburon Id & San Esteban Id,
Sonora.
Collection (SDG only) :
E.J. & Duffie Clemons 806, 18 Mar 1984 (SD 115685) (BSCA) , nr mouth
of Indian Gorge, Sweeney Pass quad.
Gilia filiformis Parry ex Gray Threads tern gilia
Range: ^
Abrams: Mojave Desert from INY & SBD, east to UT & AZ
Beauchamp: Sweeney Pass; SW of Lava Flow Wash
Herbarium, SD: Clark Co, NV
Jaeger: Mojave Desrt to UT
Munz: Mojave Desert to UT, AZ
Collections (SDG only) :
E.J. 446, 6 Apr 1983 (SD 115573), Sweeney Pass quad
E.J. 464, 13 Apr 1983 (SD 115591), Carrizo Mtn quad
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Lepidium fremontii Wats. Fremont peppergrass
Range :
Abrams: Mojave Desert CA to UT, south to BCfa Norte & AZ
Herbarium, SD: INY, KRN, RIV, SBD, NV
Munz: INY to north RIV to UT, AZ
Collections (IMP & SDG) :
E.J. & D.C. 421, 26 Mar 1983 (SD 115548), Painted Gorge, IMP
E.J. & D.C. 1446, 12 Apr 1986 (SD 119046) (BSCA) , east slope
Coyote Mts, SDG
H.V. Witham 1762, 17 Dec 1972 (SD 83103), Painted Gorge, IMP
Linanthus aureus (Nut..) Greene var. decorus (Gray) Jeps.
Range :
Abrams: Mojave Desert
Beauchamp: Dos Cabezos , Volcanic Hills
Herbarium, SD: SBD
Collections:
R.M. Beauchamp & R.C. Pierce 1798, 13 Mar 1971 (SD 85436), nr
Dos Cabezos Sta.
E.J. & D.C. 478, 15 Apr 1983 (SD 115605), Sweeney Pass quad
Phacelia neglecta Jones
Abrams: Mojave & Colorado Deserts, CA to adjacent NV & AZ
Beauchamp: Ocotillo Wells; Valley south of Coyote Mtn
Herbarium, SD: SBD
Munz: Deserts, SBD to IMP; NV, AZ
Collections :
E.J. 434, 2 Apr 1983 (SD 115561), Coyote Wells, IMP
E.J. & D.C. 416, 22 Mar 1983 (SD 115544), nr Painted Gorge Road, IMP
E.J. 463, 11 Apr 1983 (SD 115590), Shell Reef quad, SDG
Phacelia pachyphylla Gray Thick-leaved phacelia
Range:
Abrams: Mojave & Colorado Deserts, CA
Herbarium, SD: INY, SBD
Jaeger: Both deserts to BCfa & AZ
Munz: Deserts, KRN to IMP: north BCfa
Collection: (IMP) :
E.J. & D.C. 415, 22 Mar 1983 (SD 115543), Painted Gorge quad, IMP
Pilostyles thurberi Gray Thurber pilostyles
Range:
Abrams: Southern Colorado Desert
Beauchamp: Coyote Creek below Borrego Valley; Fonts Point Wash;
below Carrizo Overlook; ±4.5 miles west of IMP Co. line on S-2
CNPS S pc 1 Pub 1, 3rd ed, 1984:76; List 2. RED 111+. IMP, RIV,
SDG, AZ, BCfa, NV+
Herbarium, SD: BCfa, Sonora
Jaeger: East of Yuma, IMP
Munz: IMP to AZ
Collections:
W.P. Armstrong s.n. 24 Dec 1977 (SD 99508), slope below Carrizo
Badlands overlook.
J. Dice 211, 12 Jun 1979 (SD 105420), Carrizo overlook above Cyn
Sin Nombre
E.J. & D.C. 902, 28 Jan 1985 (SD 118358), Davies Valley IMP
E.J. & D.C. 1233, 2 Nov 1985 (SD 118581), Fonts Point Wash
E.J. & D.C. 1440, 12 Apr 1986 (SD 119062), Carrizo Badlands,
east slope Coyote Mts.
E.J. 1451, 6 Apr 1986 (SD 119050), Carrizo Mtn quad
P.H. Raven 17381, 19 Apr 1962 (SD 51854), nr Kane Springs, IMP
R.F. Thorne & R.K. Benjamin 31824, 23 May 1963 (S 60399), south
of San Felipe Creek, west of Salton Sea, Hwy 99, IMP
P lagiobothrys jonesii Gray Jones popcorn flower
Range :
Abrams: INY south to Whipple Mts, SBD
Beauchamp: SW of Lava Flow Wash
Herbarium, SD: SBD; White Mts, CA: AZ; Isla Angel de la Guarda
Jaeger: Mountains of east & north Mojave; to AZ
Munz: Whipple Mts; SBD to White Mts, Argus Mts; to AZ
Collections {SDG) :
E.J. 449, 6 Apr 1983 (SD 115576) , Sweeney Pass quad
E.J. & D.C. 829, 7 Apr 1984 (SD 115692), east slope Tierra
Blanca Mts, SDG
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Nevada indigo-bush
Psorothamnus polydenius ( Torr . ) Rydby .
= Dalea polyadenia
Range :
Abrams: INY to NV
Barneby: Daleae Imagines. NYBG 27:49. 1977. INY, MNO, SBD;
NV, UT
Herbarium, SD: MNO, SBD
Munz: Mojave Desert from 29 Palms to INY & MNO
Collection :
D.C. & E. J. 1565, 19 Oct 1986 (SD 120058) , west slope. Coyote Mts,
IMP
Abbreviations :
States :
Geographic:
AZ
Arizona
ID
Island
CA
California
Mtn
Mountain
NV
Nevada
Mts
Mountains
UT
Utah
nr
near
quad
quadrangle
Counties
(CA) :
IMP
Imperial
Miscellaneous :
INY
Inyo
BCf a
Baja California
KRN
Kern
CNPS
Calif. Native Plant Society
MNO
Mono
MX
Mexico
SBD
San Bernardino
NYBG
New York Botanical Garden
SDG
San Diego
RED
Rari ty-Endangermen t-
Distribution
Herbaria :
s . n.
Sine numero (not numbered)
SD
San Diego Natural
+
In this state and others
History Museum
BSCA
Anza-Borrego Desert
State Park
Literature cited .
Abrams, LeRoy. 1923 - 1960. Illustrated Flora of the Pacific
States. Stanford Univ. Press. 4 vol .
Barneby, Rupert C. 1977. Daleae Imagines. Bull . N. Y. Bot .
Gard . Vol 27.
Beauchamp, R. Mitchel . 1986. A Flora of San Diego County,
California. Sweetwater River Press.
Jaeger, Edmund C. 1979. Desert Wild Flowers, Revised Edition.
Stanford University Press.
Munz, Philip A. 1974. A Flora of Southern California.
Univ. of Calif. Press
Smith Jr., James P. and York, Richard. 1984. Inventory of
Rare and Endangered Plants of California. CNPS Special
Publication 1, 3rd Ed.
Wiggins, Ira L. 1980. Flora of Baja California. Stanford
Univ. Press.
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ANNOUNCEMENTS
AUDUBON SOCIETY'S WESTERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE . From March 26-29, 1988, the
Audubon Society is sponsoring its 1988 Western Regional Conference entitled
Defining the Common Ground . This conference, held at Asilomar, California, will
be designed around a series of workshops to discuss conservation issues such as
urban wetlands and status of national wildlife refuges. A number of interesting
fieldtrips also will be offered. Registration fees are $30 for adults and $10
for children. Housing is also available for an additional charge. For more
details contact Audubon at (916) 481-5332.
UNTIMELY DEATH OF DAVID GAINES . David Gaines, who founded the MONO LAKE COMMITTEE
10 years ago, died in a head-on collision on Monday, January 11, 1988. The col-
lision^involving three cars, occurred in a blinding snowstorm on Highway 395
near Mammoth Lakes. David Gaines is best known for his tireless energy in attempting
to secure protection for Mono Lake. His campaign was successful in gaining
congressional approval for a 57,000 acre National Forest Scenic Area surrounding
the lake. He was also instrumental in convincing the Bureau of Land Management
that they should designate the lake as an area of critical environmental concern.
All environmentalists will miss David Gaines.
NATIVE PLANT SALE . The Southern California Botanists will again have its
spring plant sale of native and water-conserving exotic plants on Sunday .
March 20 , 1988, from 8 AM - 2 PM , at the visitor parking lot area at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden . Plants for the sale will be provided by Mockingbird
Nursery (Riverside), Tree of Life Nursery (San Juan Capistrano) & Wildwood
Nursery (La Verne). Note : volunteers will be needed to assist in the plant
sale set-up and take-down — any S.C.B. member who participates will receive
a 10% discount on plant materials purchased at the sale! For further informa-
tion, call Geoff Smith at: (714) 526-6963 or (714) 929-5248.
SCB Board of Directors . The next meeting will be held at Alan Romspert's
house on Thursday, February 4, at 7:30 PM. Please mark your calendars.
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FIELD TRIPS
February 13 (Saturday) . Fungus Foray. Starr Ranch . Walt Wright
will lead this foray potentially held at Starr Ranch. We will
look for mushrooms and examine the oak woodlands and grasslands
at the Ranch. Take 1-5 South to Ortega Hwy (74) and go east. We
will meet at the Caspers Parking lot at 9:00 a.m. (immediately west
of the entrance). If you have a high clearance vehicle, please
bring it along. Be prepared to pay up to $10.00 in entrance fees.
For details, contact Dave Bramlet at (714)549-0647.
February 21 (Sunday) . Laguna Beach . Fred Roberts will lead this
trip to examine some of the unique plants including Verbisina dissita ,
Laguna Beach dudleya, multi-stemmed dudleya and western dichondra
found along the coast near Laguna Beach. To reach the meeting site
take 1-405 S to 133 (Laguna Beach Freeway) and go south on PCH to
Aliso Beach (just south of the Aliso Golf Course) and go right on
Aliso Way. We will meet at 9:00 a.m. in the parking lot. For
details, contact Dave Bramlet at (714)549-0647.
February 27 (Saturday) . Thousand Palms Reserve . Katie Barrows will
take us on this tour of a California fan palm oasis. The reserve
is run by the Nature Conservancy. To reach the reserve take the
1-10 to Rawan Road and go East 6 miles to Palm Cyn. Rd. Then go left
to the Thousand Palms Reserve entrance. Meet at 9:00 a.m. For
details, contact Dave Bramlet at (714)549-0647.
March 5 (Saturday). Camp Pendelton. The purpose of this trip is to examine the
native grasslands and oak woodlands in the eastern part of the base. To reach
the base take the San Diego Freeway (405) south to Vandergrift Road and turn
left (west) to the main gate. We will meet at 8:30 AM. This trip is still
tentative based on getting permission from Camp Pendelton. To verify that
you would like to attend and to make certain that the trip is still on please
call Dave Bramlet at (714) 549-0647.
March 12-13 (Saturday-Sunday ) , Guadalupe Canyon, Baja California. This trip
led by Bob Thorne will visit the spectacular palm oases and surrounding environs
of famous Guadalupe Canyon. Meet on Saturday morning at 9:00 AM at the junction
of Mexico 2 and the dirt road that runs south on the west side of Laguna Salada.
See AAA map of Baja California. Bring camping gear, pesos, Mexican auto insur-
ance, water, and a birth certificate or passport. For more information call
Dave Bramlet at (714) 549-0647.
March 19 (Saturday). Santa River. Walt Wright will lead this trip to view
the remaining vegetation along the Santa Ana River in San Bernardino County.
Meeting time will be 9:00 AM. For details on the exact starting point for the
trip contact Dave Bramlet at (714) 549-0647.
Charter Boat Trip to Guadalupe and Cedros Islands of Coastal Baja
California , Mexico March 26 through April 1, 1988 . Several botanists,
ornithologists and naturalists have expressed an interest in a charter
boat trip to Guadalupe, Cedros and San Martin Islands during the
Easter break of 1988. The primary purpose of the trip is the
observation of the unique flora and fauna of these islands and
surrounding waters. Much of the time will be spent hiking and exploring
the interesting biology and geology of the islands. There will also
be abundant marine mammal and sea bird observations in route and on
the islands. Plans are to have prominent botanists from Mexico and
the U. S. on the trip and persons knowledgeable of marine mammals,
birds and island biogeography.
This is a non-profit cooperative charter that will cost
approximately $950 per person for the 7 day trip. All meals and
lodging on the vessel are included. Departure from San Diego will
be Saturday, March 26 and return on Friday, April 1. Plans are to
spend 3 days in the vicinity of Guadalupe Island with onshore hikes
to visit the Monterey Pine and Guadalupe Cypress forest and other
botanical and wildlife interests. Hopefully we will be able to gain
permission to spend one night on the island in the cypress forest
found at the higher elevations. A day will be spent on Cedros Island
and a half day on San Martin if time is available.
More information is available by contacting Margie Stinson at
(619)726-2228, Thomas Oberbauer at (619)225-8397; work 565-3041) or
writing to Biological Adventures, Fisherman's Landing, 2838 Garrison,
San Diego, CA 92106. Make checks payable to Pacific Sportf ishers .
The trip is sure to be fun and educational. Don't miss out.
TENTATIVE DATES FOR FUTURE EVENTS .
April 10 Pines to Palms Highway
May 15 Spring Mountains, Nevada
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SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
BOTANISTS
GRANTS AVAILABLE
SCB announces its annual program of grants to support student research in field
botany, e g., floristics. taxonomy, ecology Both graduates and undergraduates are
encouraged to apply The amount of an award varies but cannot exceed $200.00. A
limited number of proposals can be funded Grants may cover expendable items
(gasoline, film, etc.) not otherwise available to the student.
Proposals containing the following information will be considered:
1. Title page
2. Description of proposed research, primary objectives, and relationship
of the research to the student’s goals (two page limit).
3. Timetable for research anticipated commencement and completion
dates.
4. Budget, with justifications, and statement regarding availability of
funds from other sources
5 Brief resume stating current position, education, affiliations, qualifications
and anticipated position and address at completion of research.
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CROSSOSOMA
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711
CROSSOSOMA Vol . 14, No. 2 April, 1933
Managing Editor: Allan Schoenherr
REGIONAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF DISJUNCT PLANT SPECIES
IN THE SANTA ANA RIVER CANYON AREA
by
Karlin G. Marsh, Biological Consultant
30262 Acorn Lane, P.O. Box 404
Silverado, California 92676
Introduction
Extending west from Prado Dam, Riverside County to the vicinity of
Imperial Highway, Orange County, Santa Ana Canyon lies at the geographical
boundary of four biogeographic regions, the greater Los Angeles Basin coastal
plain, the San Jose-Puente Chino Hills upland, the Santa Ana Mountains, and
the interior cismontane Chino-San Jacinto Basin canplex. In addition, the
Santa Ana River plays a role in downstream dispersal of montane sp>ecies
originating from the Santa Ana, San Bernardino San Jacinto and San Gabriel
Ranges, and desert flora probably transported into the watershed via San
Timoteo Wash.
Some of the more interesting examples of disjunct or outlier plant
populations along or near the river are discussed below. Certain of these,
never cannon, have presumably been extirpated by development. Several river-
dispersed or range- edge taxa occur in the Canyon but outside of the study
area. The river is of interest not only for its dispersal role but its
function (by carving down Santa Ana Canyon) as a partial barrier between the
Chino Hills and Santa Ana Mountains.
Description of Study Area
The primary area of study for this paper extends from the Orange-
Riverside-San Bernardino County boundary within the Green River Golf Course,
west to Weir Canyon Road, Orange County, and from the Riverside Freeway north
to the slopes of the Chino Hills. Approximately 1085 acres of Santa Ana
River floodplain, Pleistocene-age river terrace and mountain si ope land are
located within the primary study area. By reference to previous studies and
surveys, additional range edge and disjunct species populations outside the
primary study area are included in this paper. Some of the other locales
discussed are the upstream and downstream reaches of the present or preexist-
ing Santa Ana River floodplain between Prado Dam and the City of Anaheim, and
the northern Santa Ana Mountains, including Pleasants Peak, Black Star
Canyon, Coal Canyon and Gypsun Canyon.
The location of each plant species discussed in text is depicted by
number on the study area map.
YORBA
SANTA ANA RIVER CANYON
primary study area outlined
species localities keyed to text numbers
-v'V . • - M ar '
in parentheses represent extirpated stands
N _ T- r A- \ ~ ^ ;
2
Methods
This paper is adapted from Section 2.1.2 of Santa Ana River Canyon,
Orange County , Resource Management Plan , prepared for Orange County
Environmental Management Agency Parks and Recreation and Public Vforks by the
author, S.A. Loe, wildlife biologist and L.R. Hays, ornithologist, on October
21, 1987. Field surveys were conducted in the primary study area from July,
1986 to February, 1987. 86 tours were expended by the author on the walkover
reconnaissances devoted to the inventory of plant species and qualitative
analyses and mapping of plant conmunities. The identification of certain
special interest taxa was confirmed by Fred M. Roberts, Jr., Museum of
Systematic biology. University of California, Irvine, where voucher specimens
from the study are housed.
Information about species of interest which occur outside of the primary
study area is contained in the following studies- Lathrop and Ito ne, 1978
Marsn and Abbott, 1972; Marsh, 1979a, 1979b, 1982.
Unpublished field reconnaissance data of Fred M. Roberts, Jr., John W.
Johnson, Gordon A. Marsh and the author have also been utilized in discussion
of species outside the primary study area.
Southern Disjuncts or Range-Edge Species
A number of these reach their southernmost distribution in the Santa Ana
Canyon area. Some have been slowed by the presence of the Canyon from
establishing footholds in the Santa Ana Range south and several are still
fairly restricted to the Canyon slopes, though they have successfully dis-
persed across the river.
Southern Range Edge Species
1. Southern California black walnut ( Jug Ians califomica )
The distribution of southern California black walnut extends from the
Santa Ynez Mountains southeast to the northern Santa Ana Mountains. Major
populations are located in the Santa Monica Mountains, the San Jose Hills and
the Puente-Chino Hills. The species is quite common in mixed riparian and
southern oak woodland in Santa Ana Canyon but is of very sparing distribution
southward. Gray squirrels appear to play an inportant role in the dispersal
of the species in the local area.
2. Purple sage ( Salvia leuccphylla )
The range of purple sage extends from San Luis Obispo and Kern County
south to the northern Santa Ana Mountains. The coastal sage scrub species is
3
quite camon in the Santa Monica Range. locally, there are populations in
the Chino Hills and the northern Santa Anas, in Black Star and Santiago
Canyon. One locality was found near the Riverside Freeway in Santa Ana
Canyon. Orange County populations of the species may be relict stands
remaining from a more extensive Pleistocene Epoch distribution.
3. Sticky nonkeyf lower ( Diplacus longiflorus longiflorus ).
Except for isolated populations (as at Starr Ranch), the Orange County
coastal cismontane distribution of this species appears to be restricted
to the Santa Ana Canyon region, supplanted southward by orange bush
monkey flower (Ih aurantiacus ). Eh longiflorus populations in San Diego
County may have become established via an interior cismontane dispersal route
through the Temescal Valley hills and inner slopes of the Santa Ana
Mountains. Fred Roberts Jr. suggests that D. aurantiacus is coastal ly ori-
ented while El longiflorus is adapted to the more extreme interior habitats.
The ecological and taxonomic relationships of the two species are areas
requiring additional research.
Southern Disjuncts
These are assumed to occur in the Santa Ana Canyon region in relict
population, isolated stands remaining frcm a more continuous and extensive
distribution during the Pleistocene Epoch.
4. Kevin's brickellia ( Brickellia nevinii)
Nevin's brickellia is a white-leaved stiffly branched subshrub of xeric,
near vertical cobblestone outcrops originally thought to occur in a range
fran the Santa Monica and San Gabriel Mountains north to Santa Barbara and
Kern County. Recently, the author discovered the species in upper Williams
Canyon in the northern Santa Ana Range. Fred Roberts, Jr. and Gordon Marsh
later found a second population in upper Black Star Canyon and a third in
upper Santiago Canyon. During the ongoing study, a population was tenatively
identified high on a headwall within a Chino Hills canyon on the west side of
Scully Hill.
This plant is on the CA Native Plant Society list of restricted-distri-
bution listed species.
5. Braunton's rattleweed ( Astragalus brauntonii )
This rattleweed is a Federal candidate for threatened/ endangered list-
ing. It occurs in a disjunct population on Silverado Formation substrate
between Coal ard Gypsum Canyon. Washdown individuals have been recorded in
both canyons. The purple-flowered species is a fire follower. Its main
distribution is within highly localized areas of the Santa Monica Mountains,
with outlier populations in the Simi Hills and the San Gabriel Range east to
Monrov ia ( Spenger , 1 986 ) .
6. Yellow dicentra ( Dicentra ochroleuca )
This graceful, pale yellcw wildf lower ranges south frcm the Santa Ynez
Mountains to the northern and interior Santa Ana Range. Its type locality is
the Santa Monicas and it is also rather sparingly distributed through the
lower elevations of the San Gabriel Range. A population occurs in the higher
watershed of Santa Ana Canyon in the divide area between Gypsum and Coal
Canyon.
The following southern disjuncts have range centers far to the north.
7. Knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata )
This is a characteristic closed cone pine of serpentine soils in the
Siskiyou Range, southern Oregon and the Klamath Moutains of northwestern
California. It extends south through the inner Coastal ranges north of San
Francisco, and then discontinuous ly along the Monterey-Big Sur coastline
southward. There are isolated populations in the Sierra Nevada, also on
depauperate soils.
In southern California is a disjunct distribution within the San
Bernardino Range and a small disjunct population on Pleasants Peak in the
northern Santa Ana Mountains. The southernmost stand, 150 miles disjunct
frcm the Pleasants Peak population is located near Ensenada, Baja California.
The Pleasants Peak population, near but rot in Santa Ana Canyon, grows
on hypothermically altered volcanic soil. A rare endemic, Santiago Peak
phacelia ( Phacelia suaveolens keckii ) and a disjunct shrub, warty-leaved
ceanothus ( Ceanothus popillosus rcweanus) grew in the unusual association.
8. Rough- leaved aster ( Aster radulinus )
The previously known range of this perennial wildf lower extended frcm
Vancouver B.C. south to San Luis Obispo County and Santa Cruz Island. Re-
cently, Fred Roberts, Jr. discovered a population in upper Mabey Canyon in
the northern Santa Ana Mountains of Orange County (Roberts, pers. oenm 2-10-
87).
5
9. Warty- leaved ceanothus ( Ceanothus papillosus var. roweanus )
This is a striking deep-blue flowered California lilac with aromatic,
viscid leaves. It occurs with knobcone pine on Pleasants Peak, and in a
stand in upper Holy Jim Canyon. Otherwise, it ranges from San Benito and
Monterey Counties to Santa Barbara County (with outliers south into Ventura
County) .
Northern Disjuncts or Range-Edge Species
10. Tecate Cypress ( Cupressus guadalupensis forbesii )
There are four populations of this taxon in southern California, all
relict. Three are restricted to southern San Diego County and the fourth is
in the Santa Ana Canyon watershed on the ridge between Coal and Gypsum
Canyon. The species also occurs in northern Baja California in scattered
localities. Within the State, all populations are threatened (particularly
by overly frequent fires); the one in the periphery of the study area is also
threatened by development. The species, along with its local associate,
Braun ten's rattleweed are in the process of being ncminated for State threat-
ened/endangered listing. The Tecate cypress biotic association contains
several rare floral and faunal components and is in Orange County a unique
habitat type in need of protection.
A Tecate cypress washdewn individual was reported by Marsh and Abbott,
1972, in the study area, but was not relocated during the ongoing study.
11. Orange bush monkeyf lewer ( Diplacus aurantiacus )
See discussion, sticky monkeyf lower.
12. Dense reed grass ( Calamagrostis densa )
Of relatively frequent occurrence on gabbro substrate in San Diego
County mountains, this species is known from only two relict populations in
the Santa Ana Range, one at Hidden Ranch in Black Star Canyon and the second
within the Tecate cypress biotic association on the Coal -Gypsum divide,
peripheral to the primary study area.
Dense reed grass is a CUPS restricted-distribution species.
Interior-origin Disjuncts and Range Edge Species
These are assumed to be dispersed to the study area and its vicinity by
the Santa Ana River. It can also be argued that several of the southern
outlier species discussed above may have been river-dispersed.
6
13. Indian hemp ( Apocynum cannabinum )
This is an attractive understory herb of climax gallery forest floors
and other moist habitats. A rather cosmopolitan species in the United
States, it is sparingly distributed in southern California. Populations
previously discovered in the Santa Ana Canyon Narrows may be dispersed from
out of the San Bernardino Mountain portion of the watercourse, where Richard
Zembal reports the herb to be abundant in areas. Rancto Santa Ana Botanical
Garden records indicate that the herb occurred all through Santa Ana Canyon
in the past. Last records for it in and near the study area were at Green
River Meadows, now a housing tract, and SAVI Business Park, where the gallery
forest was destroyed during site development.
14. Great Basin sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata )
A widespread montane and transmontane valley species typical of coarse
soils with snow as a water source. Great Basin sagebrush occurs here near the
mouth of Coal Canyon, peripheral to the primary study area. The author
recently discovered a second cismontane population of about 1/2 acre extent,
in the extreme southern Orange County within the Cristianitos Canyon water-
shed.
15. Broom baccharis ( Baccharis sarothroides )
This is a shrub of sandy washes and bajadas which has desert affinity.
Previously unknown from Orange County, the population of the species dis-
covered in Horseshoe Bend in the study area is now one of two recently
documented. (The other, discovered by W. Walton Wright in south Laguna ar-
rived here via cismontane dispersal from coastal San Diego County which
contains Colorado Desert outpost populations).
16. Sweetbush ( Bebbia juncea )
A desert subshrub with slender green stems but few to no leaves,
sweetbush is quite cortmon in coastal sage scrub and certain alluvial scrub
habitats in the study area.
17 . Rabbi thrush ( Chry sothamnus nauseosus )
A single, sterile individual of this montane and transmontane Great
Basin scrub plant grows an the s lope land above the Riverside Freeway on the
west side of the mouth of Coal Canyon. Additional localities of the species
in the study area region are Maple Springs Truck Trail, Santa Ana Moun tai ns
and upper Borrego Canyon, Lana Ridge.
7
18. Coulter's ccnyza (or horseweed) ( Conyza coulteri )
This forb is quite rare in Orange County though it has been taken on the
coast in at least two localities (Crystal Cove State Park and Huntington
Beach Central Park). However, it is quite cannon in moist shallow drainages
in the interior cismontane regions, especially in the Tenvescal/San Jacinto
Valley area. One individual was identified on site at the edge of the
abandoned orange grove north of the Feather ly Park Wilderness.
19. Britt lebush ( Encelia farinosa )
This white- leaved, showy yel low-f lowered shrub is widespread in stony
soil at the desert edge and in the interior cismontane inland sage scrub-
vegetated habitats as around Lake Mathews.
In the study area, it is found on dry south- facing cliffsides of the
Chino Hills. The westernmost known natural population in Orange County is or
was in "Los Bueyes" Canyon imnediately southwest of the study area. The
species is now widely dispersed in the County because of its use in highway-
edge hydronulch mixtures. Once more or less isolated from its close rela-
tive, California encelia, the two now grew side by side in many locales and
hybrids are being produced which my profoundly affect the genetic makeup and
survival characteristics of the latter species population.
20. Desert dandelion ( Malacothrix glabrata )
Desert dandelion is a widespread desert wildf lower. John W. Johnson 1
described seeing, many years ago, desert dandelion and pencil cactus ( Opuntia
ramossisima ) in the sandy riverwash alluvium of vacant lots in what is now
the city of Anaheim. Both are now assuned to be extinct in the County.
21. Arrcw-weed ( Pluchea sericea)
This pink-flowered shrub grows about desert springs and watercourses.
Arrow-weed is found in two widely separated localities on the north side of
the Santa Ana River. The first is at the foot of the Chino Hills along the
railroad tracks in the east portion. The second is at the foot of the
Pleistocene terrace which was the site of the Rancho Santa Ana entry station,
in the northwest part of Horseshoe Bend.
1 Longtime resident and naturalist in Orange County, Johnson spent an
illustrious career as a biology teacher in the Newport Mesa School
District .
22. Spreading yellcw-cress ( Ronppa sinuata)
This is a higher montane species primarily of the San Bernardino
Mountains which was found in at least one locality along the River in the
study area (the old road crossing in the Feather ly Park/Green River Golf
Course reach).
23. Beaver tail cactus ( Qpuntia basilaris)
This desert species was found during the G. Marsh - K. Abbott 1972
survey of the river south of the Anaheim Union Canal gatekeeper's house in an
area which was subsequently planted to orange trees. The cactus could not be
relocated during the present survey. 0^ ramosa was recently discovered by
the author in Hot Springs Canyon in the southern Santa Ana Mountains, Orange
County.
24. Pierce's prickly pear ( Qpuntia littoralis piercei )
This variety of the coastal prickly pear typically occurs in the higher
elevation areas of the San Bernardino Mountains. Colonies of cacti tenta-
tively identified as being of this taxon are infrequent in the east part of
the study area in the alluvial scrub association, growing on sand bars within
recently abraided alluvial flats. Variety confirmation by a cactus special-
ist is needed. However, high river and side channel flow blocked recent
attempts to collect samples for verification.
25. Pencil Cactus ( Qpuntia ramossima )
See discussion above.
26. Winged pigweed ( Cyclolcma atriplicifolium )
This interior cismontane ruderal is sparingly established in abraided
alluvial openings north of the River in the Horseshoe Bend reach.
27. Desert stillingia ( Stillingia linearifolia )
One population of this desert herb was found at the foot of the Chino
Hills along the railroad tracks. John Thomas Howell collected it in the
Canyon many years ago but it had not been reported again since his early
botanical explorations until now. This is the only known locality of the
species in Orange County.
28. Wild licorice ( Glycyrrhiza lepidota )
This is an aromatic- rooted shrub of moist places in the Mojave Desert.
It was discovered on a spoils bank at the foot of the Chiro Hills along the
railroad tracks in the east part of the study area, near the easterly arrow-
weed stand. The species occurred along the Santa Ana Valley Irrigation Canal
in Horseshoe Bend before this historic waterway was removed during construc-
tion of SAVI Business Park.
9
29. Water Gentian ( Eustana exaltatum )
While the range of this wild flower extends along the southern tier of
the United States to Florida, in California the blue to white blossoming herb
is restricted to moist places in the Colorado Desert and along the Santa Ana
River channel. Marsh and Abbott found it in the Horseshoe Bend Reach. Dur-
ing the ongoing study it was located farther east, on the bank of a borrow
site pond north of the river. This habitat has apparently been recently
destroyed by grading of the Gypsum Canyon Road extension to La Palma Avenue.
30. Sticky yerba santa ( Eriodictyon trichocalyx )
Three populations of this San Bernardino Mountains alluvial scrub sub-
shrub were found in the study area. The easternmost was in an orange grove
just west of Brush Canyon north of the river. The second was on an old levee
east of Feather ly Park. The third was growing on a 1969 era levee in
Horseshoe Bend. A fourth population exists or existed east of the study area
along the Green River Golf Course east boundary fence.
31. Santa Ana River woolly-star ( Eriastrun densifolim sanctorum )
Once thought to be endemic to Santa Ana Canyon, this brilliant blue-
flowered subshrub of the alluvial scrub oannunity has apparently been extir-
pated in Orange County. The last stand grew on a terrace between Imperial
Highway and Esperanza Station (Weir Canyon Road) which was developed as a
mobile hone park in the 1970's. Richard Zembal is of the opinion that there
is no remaining suitable habitat for the species here. Suitable habitat must
be high enough to escape flood inundation, i.e., a terrace, where substrate
is sandy, not cobbly. Most old terrace habitat is now developed. The forma-
tion of new terraces is now prevented by Prado Dam, which captures sand in
Prado Basin upstream.
Fortunately, several populations have been recently discovered in the
upper reaches of the Santa Ana River and in Cajon-Lytle Creek Wash. These
are probably the endemic stands, and Orange County populations ware wash-
downs. Santa Ana River woolly- star is Federally listed as endangered.
32 . Thurber ' s buckwheat ( Eriogonum thurberi )
This pink-flowered desert herb was found on sandy flats between the
river and the SAVI Ranch terrace in 1979. The locale was subsequently dis-
turbed, but the spring flcwering annual may still persist there. Marsh and
Abbott had found the species north of the river about 9 years earlier.
10
33. Coyote tobacco CNicotiana attenuata )
This is an interior cismontane and desert species discovered in a single
locality in the eastern portion of the study area.
34. Interior saltgrass ( Distich 1 is spicata stricta )
The saltgrass observed in several locales in the study area as in
springy places on the Chino Hills slopes and within the "sandspit" loop of
Feather ly Park is assumed to be the interior stricta variant rather than the
nominate Distichlis spicata of the coastal salt marshes. This species is
found around desert oases and in moist places in the interior cismontane
area.
Coastal Range-Edge Species
35. Wall-rocket ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia )
A small population of this adventive subshrub of the mustard family is
found on either side of the railroad tracks as they pass by Green River Golf
Course just inside the Orange County line. A native of Europe, this species
is sparingly introduced about seaports in California. It appears that the
A.T. and S.F. Railroad has inadvertently aided in its inland transport.
36. "Shart-spined" coastal prickly pear ( Opuntia littoral is
austrocali f omica )
This low-growing rather glaucous and sparse ly-spined variant of coastal
prickly pear cactus is found in open alluviun in the Horseshoe Bend reach of
the study area. 0. littoralis and its variants Ci Ju vaseyi and 0^ 1.
piercei as wel 1 as 0. 1. austrocalifomica appears to occupy most appropriate
habitat niches within the river floodplain. 0. "occidental is" hybrid prickly
pears are restricted to upland slopes in coastal sage scrub, and are rela-
tively rare on the floodplain.
37. Brewer's saltbush ( Atriplex lentiformis ssp. breweri)
This whitish- leaved shrub is a frequent component of coastal bluff
scrub, especially in small canyon drainages flowing out toward the beach. An
inland outpost was found on the eastern margin of the Brush Canyon bajada and
west of Brush Canyon south of the new housing tract (Villa del Rio). Brush
Canyon drains into the Santa Ana River frcm the north, and is located in the
eastern portion of the primary study area.
11
38. Davidson's saltbush or bract-scale (Atrip lex serenana davidsonii)
Populations of this herbaceous chenopod have been found at Goal Canyon
Stables and east of the study area in Green River Meadows. Both sites had
been substantially disturbed by horses.
Sunnary
The Santa Ana River is an ancient feature of the southern California
landscape. The present day watersheds, largest in southern California,
enccrnpasses an estimated 2450 square miles. It includes an area extending
frcm the west slopes of the San Jacinto Mountain, north slopes of the Palanar
range and east slopes of the Santa Ana Mountains north to Pigeon Pass and the
San Timoteo Badlands, the high southern slopes of the San Bernardino and
eastern San Gabriel Ranges and west to the 670 square mile Chino Basin and
the south slope of the Puente-Chino Hills.
Within the study area, the Santa Ana Canyon lies on the camon boundary
of two major land forms, the Chi no/ Puente Hills and the Santa Ana Mountains.
So pronounced is the division created by the Canyon that, for a few upland
plant species, regional dispersal across the chasm is blocked. Thus, on a
minor scale, the Canyon is a biogeographic as wsl 1 as land form boundary.
The setting is thus an ideal area to search for and find unusual relict,
range edge and "washdown" flora species, 37 of which are described above.
Still unanswered issues, fruit for further research are the locations
(or hypothetical locations) of preexisting "bridge" populations between now
disjunct and relict localities of species in the Canyon area and northern
Santa Ana Mountains and more northern present-day localities which are con-
sidered main centers of distribution. Were these "bridge" populations con-
centrated solely in the major mountain chains? Or did such lesser land forms
as the San Jose and Puente-Chino Hills raising above the often marshy allu-
vial basins also function as habitats for now disjunct upland species such as
Brickellia nevinii . Salvia leucophylla . Dicentra ochroleuca , and Astragalus
brauntonii ? The location of preexisting links between now-separated popu-
lations of plants north and south of the Los Angeles Basin is a perplexing
and interesting mystery awaiting research.
Hie author gratefully acknowledges the careful review of the draft of
this paper and the constructive suggestions made by Allan Schoenherr, Goeff
Snith and Jack Burk.
12
Literature Cited
Lathrop, Earl W. and Robert F. Thorne, 1978. "A Flora of the Santa Ana
Mountains". Aliso 9, (2), pp. 197-278.
Marsh Gordon A. and Kenneth D. Abbott, 1972. Plants and Animals of the
Santa Ana River m Orange County . Prepared for Orange County Flood
Control District. 134 pp.
Marsh, Karlin G., 1979a. Cadillac Fairview Homes Green River Meadows
Property, Riverside County, CA Biological Reconnaissance Survey . Pre-
pared for Phillips Brandt Reddick.
, 1979b. Biological Assessment, SAVI Ranch . Prepared for Phillips
Brandt Reddick.
# 1982. Coal Canyon Shooting Sports Center Biological Assessment
Update . Prepared for the Planning Network.
Marsh, Karlin G., Steve A. Loe, Loren R. Hays, 1987. Santa Ana River
Canyon, Orange County, Resource Management Plan . Prepared for Orange
County Environmental Management Agency: Parks and Recreation, Public
Works. Project no. F00824225, 305 pp. plus appendices and attachments.
Spenger, Connie, 1986. Astragalus brauntonii G. Parish, Braun ton's
Rattleweed, Code ASBR . Field Report, CA Natural Diversity Data Base,
Sacramento, CA.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Mona Myatt Memorial . As you probably know, former SCB President,
Mona Myatt passed away February 10. Mona was ill with cancer. Her loss
is deeply felt, both as a person and a scientist. A group of people working
with Mona's husband, Mike Meyer, have established a memorial fund for her.
Because the flowering plants of the desert were dear to Mona, the fund will
be used to further the understanding and protection of the botanical resources
of the desert. Depending upon the level of support, they plan to make a
contribution in her name to the Nature Conservancy and/or establish an
annual memorial prize for the best paper on desert plant biology. If you
would like to contribute to this fund, please make your contribution payable
to "Natural History Museum Foundation," and send it to:
John Palmer (phone 818-302-9750)
Environmental Affairs G01, Room 497
Southern California Edison
P.0. Box 800
Rosemead, CA 91770
The Museum will provide you with a written acknowledgement for tax records,
and you will be informed of the exact use made of the fund. Your support
would be greatly appreciated.
13
Santa Monica Mountains Wi 1 df lowers. The Santa Monica Mountains Chapter of
CNPS is sponsoring a wildf lower show on April 9 and 10, from 10:00 a.m. to
5:00 p.m. at the L.A. Co. Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd.
For details, call Margaret Huffman at (213) 459-4279. They also have a
series of wildflower walks at the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation
Area. These Saturday walks are led by a CNPS naturalist. They usually run
from 8:45 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. For details call (818) 348-5910 or (213) 479-1942.
Nature Trips Sponsored By The American Cetacean Society . Easter Wildf lowers
on Anacapa Island . Saturday, April 2, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Steve Junak,
Botanist at the Santa Barbara Botanic Gardens, offers his expertise on
Channel Islands flora and history in this day hike on Anacapa Island. Boat
leaves from Ventura and takes one hour to travel to the island, which will
be in brilliant bloom. Cost: $35/$30 members. Bring a picnic lunch.
Catalina Safari . Saturday, April 16 or 23, 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Natural-
ist-guided bus tour of the interior of Catalina Island. Package includes
roundtrip passage on the Catalina Express. Cost: $55/$48 members. Bring
a picnic lunch. For further information phone 548-8500. Reservations for
these trips are made upon payment only. Send a check payable to "ACS/LA"
to Sue Lafferty, 3706 Weymouth, San Pedro, CA 90731.
Santa Fe Dam Nature Center . The County of Los Angeles Dept, of Parks and
Recreation has re-opened the Santa Fe Dam Nature Center. The Center will
open to the public on weekends. Open hours will include Saturday and
Sundays, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 o.m. It is located in the midst of the last
remaining Alluvial Scrub plant community left in Southern California. For
millennia, the great San Gabriel River has deposited its riches of alluvium
from the towering San Gabriel mountain range, creating a striking desert-
like landscape. In spring, a profusion of spiky yucca plants sends up a
fragrant forest of 15-foot high creamy white flowering stalks amidst bright-
flowered cacti and many native shrubs and wildf lowers. This unique environ-
ment provides a home for two endangered species, the black-tailed gnatcatcher
and the coast horned lizard, as well as many other species. A self-guided
nature trail provides opportunity to stroll, enjoy the sweeping views and
solitude, and observe the birds and other wildlife as you experience a
glimpse of California as it used to be.
14
Wilderness Fair . The Wilderness Institute is sponsoring the 4th Annual
Wilderness Fair on Saturday, April 9, 1988, at Cal amigos Ranch in Agoura
Hills. The goal of The Wilderness Fair is to provide an opportunity for the
general public of the greater Los Angeles area, including the disabled popu-
lation, to enjoy participatory outdoor activities, such as an adventure
ropes course and nature hikes, live entertainment, and the opportunity to
learn about local outdoor organizations and to purchase artwork by local
artisans. If you have any questions, call Bonnie Berry, event coordinator,
at (818) 887-7831.
Green Scene . The Fullerton Arboretum on the CSUF campus is having a plant
sale April 23, 24 (Saturday and Sunday). All kinds of plants are for sale.
Take Yorba Linda Blvd. west from the 57 Freeway. Turn left at the first
signal .
Undergraduate Research Conference . Occidental College and Santa Clara
University are co-hosting this conference to provide a means of recognizing
undergraduate research. The conference will be held at Occidental College
on Saturday, April 30. For information contact Dr. John C. Hafner, Dept,
of Biology, Occidental College, L.A. 90041. (213) 259-2673.
Southern California Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting . A $100.00 award
for best student paper in botany or plant ecology will be awarded by SCB.
This year's annual meeting will be held at CSU Northridge on May 6, 7.
Topics of interest to botanists include ecology of southern California kelp
beds, desert biology, and the use of microfossils in paleoecologic recon-
structions of southern California.
Botanizing Across Oregon . The Oregon Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, on
July 24 to 30, 1988, will take a botany field trip across Oregon that will
include the newly established Columbia River Gorge Scenic Area, the Cascade
mountains, central Oregon's high desert, immense Malheur National Wildlife
Refuge and spectacular Steens Mountain in southeastern Oregon. Although the
emphasis of this expedition is botany, they will also enjoy excellent
birding, varied geology, and other natural history topics. Accommodations
will include three nights at the historic Frenchglen Hotel, situated at
the base of Steens and adjacent to Malheur Refuge. Travel will be by van,
and space is limited to nine participants. For details write: Oregon Botany
Expedition, The Nature Conservancy, 1205 NW 25th Avenue, Portland, Oregon
97210.
15
FIELD TRIPS
April 10 (Sunday). 8:00 a.m. to dusk. Pines to Palms Trip . Geoff Smi th
will lead this trip to examine desert, chaparral and mountain habitats.
Meet at the S. E. corner of the Ramona Expressway and 215 south of Riverside
Caravan from Hemet through the San Jacinto Mountains on Hwy 74 with stops at
plant communities discussed in Geoff's Crossosoma article (April, 1986).
Bring a sack lunch and comfortable walking shoes. For further information
contact Geoff at (714) 526-6963 (evenings); (714) 929-5248 (evenings) or
(714) 992-7380.
April 16, 17 (Saturday-Sunday) . Ash Meadows, Nevada . This is a trip for
four-wheel drive vehicles (limit 15). David Magney will lead this trip to
examine Federally listed plants in this desert valley, just east of Death
Valley. Write for details to David Magney, 509 Palomar Rd., Ojai, CA.
93023-1737 or call (805) 646-7420 (H), or (805) 686-4415 (W).
April 16, 17 (Saturday-Sunday). Short Canyon, eastern Sierra Nevada .
This trip will be led by the Bristlecone Chapter of CNPS. Meet at 9:30 a.m.
at Brady's, on Highway 395 north of the junction with Highway 14. Call
Dave Bramlet for details. (714) 549-0674.
April 23 (Saturday). Johnson Valley . Dave Bramlet will lead this trip to
view King Clone, the 11,700 year-old ring of creosote bushes. Also, the
Mojave should be nearing the end of its bloom at this time. Meet at 9:00 a.m
at the junction of Highway 247 and Bessemer Rd. Take 1-15 north to Victor-
ville and go east on Highway 18 to Highway 247. Take Highway 247 east to
Bessemer Rd. Call Dave for details at (714) 549-0674.
April 30 (Saturday). Maple Springs, and maybe Bald Peak; Santa Ana Mountains
These areas burned during the Silverado Canyon fire last year. The re growth
includes plants known as fire followers, such as Turricula parry \ (poodle-
dog bush) and Papaver cal ifornicum (fire poppy). From the Newport Freeway
(55) take the Chapman Ave. exit east, following Chapman to Santiago Canyon
Rd. (S18). Turn right on Santiago, and follow it to Silverado Canyon Rd.
Go to the end of Silverado Canyon Rd, where it is blocked by a gate. We
will meet there at 10:00 a.m. Leader: Karlin Marsh, (714) 649-2027.
May 7 (Saturday). Rubidoux Nature Center . Oscar Clarke will lead this
field trip to examine riparian vegetation along the Santa Ana River. Meet
at 9:00 a.m. To reach the Nature Center take the Pomona Freeway (60) east
to Valley Way. Go south to Mission. Take Mission east to Riverview Dr,
then go west to Peralta Place and south just past Riverview to the Rubidoux
Nature Center.
May 14 (Saturday). Big Bear and Baldwin Lake Pebble Plains . Potential trip
to view one of California's greatest centers of endemic plants. Call Dave
Bramlet if you are interested. (714) 549-0674.
May 21 (Saturday). Tetracoccus Ridge, Panamint Mountains . The Bristlecone
Chapter of CNPS will lead this trip. Call Dave Bramlet for details.
(714) 549-0674.
TENTATIVE FUTURE TRIPS
Spring Mountains, Nevada (May or June)
Vernal Pools, San Diego County (April)
Palomar Mountain (June)
If you are interested, send SASE to Dave Bramlet, 1691 Mesa Dr. A-2, Santa
Ana, CA. 92707.
Amateur and Professional Botanists . The journal of the Southern
California Botanists, CR0SS0S0MA, provides an ideal means by which
you can publish things of botanical interest to southern Californians.
If you have a favorite field trip, gardening hints, or some pre-
liminary data that you'd like to have in print submit your manuscript
to: Dr. Allan Schoenherr
Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton Callege
321 E. Chapman Avenue
Fullerton, CA 92634
17
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
BOTANISTS
GRANTS AVAILABLE
SCB announces its annual program of grants to support student research in field
botany, e.g.. floristics. taxonomy, ecology Both graduates and undergraduates are
encouraged to apply The amount of an award varies but cannot exceed $200.00. A
limited number of proposals can be funded Grants may cover expendable items
(gasoline, film, etc.) not otherwise available to the student.
Proposals containing the following information will be considered:
1. Title page
2. Description of proposed research primary objectives, and relationship
of the research to the student's goals (two page limit).
3. Timetable for research anticipated commencement and completion
dates
4 Budget, with justifications, and statement regarding availability of
funds from other sources.
5 Brief resume stating current position, education, affiliations qualifications
and anticipated position and address at completion of research.
6. A letter of recommendation from a faculty member (may be sent
separately to the Student Research Grants Committee)
Three copies of the proposal should be submitted before May 1, 1988
to: Student Research Grants Committee
Southern California Botanists
Department of Biological Science
California State University
Fullerton California 92634
SCB will publish the results of the research in its journal, Crossosoma. Awardees will
provide SCB a formal report of the research completed, in a format suitable for
publication, by not later than one year following receipt of the grant.
18
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
1500 North College Avenue
Claremont, CA 9171 1
The purpose of the SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS is the study,
preservation and conservation of the native plants of California; and
the education of the public to the value of the native flora and its
habitats. It is a non-profit association formed in 1927.
Membership benefits Include
Various field trips throughout the state led by competent
field botanists and biologists.
A yearly plant sale featuring native California species.
An annual symposium on various aspects of the California
vegetat ion .
The SCB Journal. CROSSOSOMA.
Discounts on botanical and natural history books.
Membership categories are:
/
/
Individual*
$ 8.00
/
/
New Member
>
/
/
Croup or organization
$15.00
/
/
Renewal
♦Includes membership for entire family.
Date
Name
Address
Ci ty Zip Code
Phone_( )
In addition, I want to give $ to help support SCB.
Hake check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS.
Mail check and form to:
Alan P. Romspert
Southern California Botanists
Department of Biological Science
California State University, Fullerton
Fullerton, CA 92634
CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August,
October, and December) by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit
corporation. Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available for $2.00 an issue (plus 25tf
postage) or $8.00 a volume (plus $1.00 postage). Send a check with your request to
Alan P. Romspert, Treasurer, at the above address. Manuscripts submitted for
publication should be addressed to Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr, Editor of CROSSOSOMA,
Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College, Fullerton, CA 92634.
19
SCB COMING EV ENTS (DETAILS WITHIN)
April
10
Pines to Palms Highway
April
16,
17
Ash Meadows, Nevada
Apri 1
16,
17
Short Canyon, Eastern Sierra Nevada
April
23
King Clone, Johnson Valley
April
30
Maple Springs, Santa Ana Mountains
May 7
Rubidoux Nature Center
May 14
Big Bear and Baldwin Lakes
May 21
Tetracoccus Ridge, Panamint Mountains
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CROSSOSOMA
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711
CROSSOSOMA Vol . 14, No. 3
Managing Editor: Allan Schoenherr
June, 1988
RECENT ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND PRESENT STATUS
OF THE ENDANGERED SANTA ANA RIVER WOOLY-STAR,
ERIASTRUM DENSIFOLTUM SSP. SANCTORUM (MILLIKEN) MASON
by
John Wheeler
Department of Biological Sciences
California State University, Fullerton
Fullerton, California 92634
INTRODUCTION
ft-i astrUB densi fol ium ssp. ganrtnruin (E.d.s.) is a member
of the phlox family, Polemoniaceae. The plant is a short-lived
perennial sub-shrub found only in the floodplain of the Santa
Ana River in San Bernardino County. Terminal bracteate heads
produce clusters of showy tubular flowers that attract
hummingbirds, swallowtail butterflies, skippers, blue
butterflies and many species of bees and flies. E.d.s. is a
primary source of seasonal color, forming an attractive
profusion of blue when aggregations of plants flower in late
May, June, and July.
The restricted range and potential vulnerability of E.d.s.
was first reported by Zembal and Kramer (1984). Historically,
E.d.s. probably occurred along approximately 60 miles of the
Santa Ana River, but the plant is now restricted to about eight
linear miles of floodplain. The habitat is located from near
the mouth of the Santa Ana River canyon, at the foot of the San
Bernardino Mountains, and extending west to the floodplain in
the vicinity of Norton Air Force Base in San Bernardino County.
In addition to a restricted geographical range, Zembal and
Kramer (1984) recognized that E.d.s. was apparently confined to
certain flood-mediated habitats within the floodplain such as
sand terraces and washes. Areas downstream from the present
range are no longer suitable E.d.s. habitats due to development,
river channeling, and flood control activities (Zembal and
Kramer, 1984? Walt Wright, personal communication).
In 1984, Zembal and Kramer strongly recommended the
protection of remaining E.d.s. habitat and a study of E.d.s.
autecology . In October 1987, E.d.s. was listed as endangered by
the Federal Government. The following report summarizes the
ecological behaviors and habitat requirements of the Santa Ana
River Wooly-star, astrum dens i folium sanctorum , as they are
currently understood based on recent investigations (Burk et a l,
1987) . The status of remaining habitat in terms of human
mediated disturbance is also discussed. This research is
ongoing and will provide guidelines for mitigation of the
effects of Seven Oaks Dam, a Corps of Engineers flood control
project currently under construction in the Santa Ana River
canyon upstream from all verified E.d.s. habitat. E.d.s.
habitat is ephemeral with respect to successional time.
Rejuvenation of habitat is therefore threatened by the control
of periodic flooding.
METHODS
Habitat analysis: In June 1987, we mapped the distribution of
E.d.s. in the Santa Ana Wash (Burk et al , 1987). In late June
and early July, five large subpopulations were selected for
intensive sampling. We intentionally chose widely separated
sites so that variability of habitat throughout the floodplain
could be investigated. These five sites were each paired with a
nearby site that did not support E.d.s., resulting in five pairs
of sites. The pairing of sites was possible because of the
aggregated nature of E.d.s. dispersion. The five sites
supporting E.d.s. were named 1A-5A; each paired site without
E.d.s. was named 1B-5B.
2
At each site a 100 meter east/west axis was established.
Five points along this axis where randomly selected. Northward
from each point, a 30-meter line transect was used to record
cover based on intercept length of perennial plant species,
combined annuals, dead shrubs, and rock (Burk et_al, 1987) . Of
the five randomly placed lines at each site, the center and end
lines were utilized to collect surface (0-10 cm depth) and
subsurface (15-25 cm depth) soil samples and data on ambient and
surface insolation. The soil samples were analysed to provide
values for surface and subsurface pH, salinity, micro-organics,
and texture. Soil texture was classified as large gravels
(1.25-10 cm), small gravels (0.2-1.25 cm), sand (0.05-2 mm),
silt (0.002-0.05 mm), and clay (< 0.002 mm). Soil texture was
analysed using the standard Bouyoucos hydrometer method as
outlined by Cox (1985) .
The line intercept and site data were organized for two
separate multivariate DRA (detrended reciprocal averaging)
analyses (Pimentel and Smith, 1986). To clarify whether E.d.s.
habitat differed from adjacent paired sites in terms of
constituent species, a species response matrix (excluding
E.d.s.) vs. sample sites was analysed. A second matrix of
environmental characteristics (substrate and insolation) vs.
sample sites was then analysed to identify differences, if any,
in environmental conditions between habitats supporting E.d.s.
and adjacent unpopulated habitats.
Seedling survivorship: On 6 and 7 November 1987, initial sets
of individual seedlings were permanently marked for the purpose
monitoring suvivorship at the five E.d.s. study sites.
Permanent plots (0.25 m 2 ) were systematically positioned within
1.0 meter and generally southwest of the base of reproductive
E.d.s. adults. Preliminary seed dispersal measurements
conducted in late September and October 1987 indicated that most
seeds disperse within 1.0 meter of the mother plant; moreover,
preliminary measures of seedling density taken on 28 October
similarly indicated maximium densities within one meter and
generally southwest of the mother plant.
3
Rain data are those recorded by the nearby Redlands Daily
Facts newspaper. Measurements obtained from a raingauge I
installed on 29 November 1987 at a central location within the
floodplain coincide well with measurements of precipitation
taken on the newspaper premises from 29 November 1987 to 11
April 1988.
From 15 November through 9 December 1987, I placed
supplemental plots at four of the five sites. No supplemental
plots were established at site 3A because this site seems to
represent habitat that is modified regularly by seasonally
active, minor washes. Seasonal disturbance would have regularly
reversed any local successional processes on the 3A site. The
other sites (1A, 2A, 4A, and 5A) represent terrace habitats that
have apparently been modified only during flood years. These
terrace sites are similar in that successional processes would
not have been reversed since the initial formation of the
terrace.
It was not possible to mark all seedlings of the initial
cohort at each site on one day. Seedlings marked later than 6-7
November but before 10 December 1987, were considered to be
members of the initial cohort based on: 1) limited precipitation
during this period (only 23 mm spread over 5 separate dates) and
2) the absence of subsequent recruitment during this period in
plots established on 6-7 November. All seedlings marked
between 6 November and 10 December were therefore assumed to be
members of the cohort that germinated in response to 104 mm of
precipitation recorded from 12 October to 5 November 1987
(spread over 12 separate dates) .
A total of 125 permanent 0.25 m 2 plots were placed in the
field between 6 November and 9 December 1987. At sites 1A, 2A,
4A, and 5A respectively, 31, 26, 31, and 31 plots were
established. These plots have been monitored regularly from
time of placement to the present in order to follow seedling
survivorship and recruitment over time.
4
Adult mortality: Dead E.d.s individuals were collected at each
of the five study sites. The root crown was sectioned and the
cut surface polished to allow descrimination of growth rings.
RESULTS
Habitat and vegetation analyses: With a single exception, DRA
analyses (Fig. 1 and 2) showed that habitats supporting E.d.s.
differed from adjacent habitats without E.d.s., both in species
composition and environmental characteristics. Sites 1A-5A
(those supporting E.d.s.) are relatively open. Surface
insolation is higher, and clays and silts form a lower
percentage of the soil composition. The percentage of sand in
the soil is higher at the A sites. Salinity and percent micro-
organics are lower in habitats supporting E.d.s. The analysis
suggests that Croton californica . Heterotheca fastigiata ssp.
villosa (formerly Chrvsopsis fastigiata ) . Ericameria pinifolia
(formerly Haplopappus pinifolius ) , Eriodictyon trichocaylx and
Lepidospartum sguamatum are species with distributions and
habitat reguirements that are similar to E.d.s. In contrast,
species occurring on B sites such as Adenostoma fasciculatum,
Artemisia californica. Brickellia californica. Prunus
illicifolia, Rhamnus crocea, Rhus ovata, and Solanum xanti were
never found on E.d.s. sites.
The exception was site 5B, which was more closely related
to the A sites than to B sites, based on either associated
species or physical characteristics. See discussion for an
explanation of this anomaly.
Except for site 5B, the A sites are distinctly segregated
from B sites (Fig. 1 and 2). In addition, A sites form a
spectrum with respect to the B group of sites. Two of our A
sites (2A and 4A) plotted relatively close to the grouping of B
sites; this indicates that habitats in 2A and 4A exhibit
characteristics that relate them to the B group. Two other
sites (1A and 5A) plot away from the B group? habitats at 1A and
5A are relatively less similar to habitats on B sites. One site
( 3A) plots in an intermediate position.
5
Axis
20
CVJ
28
25
3
22
1 A
4A
17
10
18
8
1 1
12
* 5A
13
23
5
Axis 1
Fiqure 1. Ordination diagrams showing results of DRA analysis
of the species vs. samples data matrix. I have superimposed the
species ordination onto the samples (sites) ordination. The
proximity of sites and species on the graph implies positive
association in nature. The placement of site labels on the
figure represents the geometric center of the coordinates of
transects per site. Numbers 1-29 represent species codes (see
Table 1) . E.d.s was not included in the data? its location on
the figure was approximated from separate DRA runs where it was
included.
6
Table 1. Summary of cover by species at all sites (% of total
cover) , at A sites plus site 5B (group 1) , and at B sites (group
2) . Where a species occurred in both groups, Mann-Whitney U
tests were used to determine significance. ns = not
significant, ** = significant (P < .01)
Species
Species
Total
Cover
Cover
code
cover
Group 1
Group
2
Adenostoma fasciculatum
1
1.57
0.00
3.94
Artemisia califomica
2
0.22
0.00
0.55
Bebbia -juncea
3
0.08
0.13
0.00
Brickellia californica
4
0.07
0.00
0.19
Croton califomicus
5
1.90
2.74
0.66
ns
Encelia farinosa
6
0.42
0.13
0.85
ns
Eriastrum densifolium
7
0.83
1.66
0.00
Eriodictvon trichocalvx
8
5.16
8.19
0.62
ns
Erioaonum fasciculatum
9
10.87
10.60
11.28
ns
Gutierrez ia bracteata
10
0.60
0.56
0.66
ns
Ericameria Dinifolia
11
0.07
0.12
0.00
Heterotheca fastiaiata
12
1.71
2.86
0.00
Juniperus californica
13
0.32
0.13
0.62
ns
Leoidospartum sauamatum
14
4.03
4.97
2.62
ns
Lotus scoparius
15
0.67
0.43
1.02
ns
Melica frutescens
16
0.01
0.02
0.00
ODuntia littoral is
17
0.54
0.34
0.83
ns
Opuntia parry i
18
0.54
0.08
1.24
ns
Prunus ilicifolia
19
0.33
0.00
0.84
Rhamnus crocea
20
0.01
0.00
0.04
Rhus ovata
21
0.05
0.00
0.14
Salvia apiana
22
0.22
0.37
0.00
Senecio doualasii
23
0.26
0.22
0.32
ns
Solanum xanti
24
0.15
0.00
0.39
Steohanomeria pauci flora
25
0.09
0.13
0.04
ns
Yucca whipplei
26
0.89
0.88
0.90
ns
Annual plants
27
38.67
19.07
68.08
**
Dead shrubs
28
4.41
3.65
5.55
ns
Cryptogams
29
0.05
0.09
0.00
Table 2. Statistical comparison of environmental factors in
plots contained in Group 1 (A sites plus 5B) and Group 2 (B sites
excluding 5B) . ns = not significant, * = significant (P = <
.05), ** = significant (P = < .01) as determined by Mann-Whitney
U Two Sample Test.
Factor
Ambient light
Reflected light
Rock > 10 cm
Bare ground
Surface sand
Subsurface sand
Surface silt
Subsurface silt
Surface clay
Subsurface clay
Surface particles <2mm
Subsurface particles <2mm
Surface gravel 0.2 - 1.25 cm
Subsurface gravel 0.2 - 1.25 cm
Surface gravel 1.25 - 10cm
Subsurface gravel 1.25 - 10cm
Surface salinity (% of max)
Subsurface salinty (% of max)
Surface micro-organics
Subsurface micro-organics
Code
Group 1
Group 2
1
85.5
88.7
ns
2
48.2
30.0
*
3
5.6
6.2
ns
4
30.6
4.6
**
5
97.1
77.9
**
6
98.1
87.3
**
7
2.3
20.3
**
8
1.3
11.6
**
9
0.7
1.9
**
10
0.6
1.2
*
11
91.0
94.3
ns
12
88.1
85.2
ns
13
4.5
2.6
ns
14
6.5
3.7
ns
15
3.9
3.2
ns
16
5.4
9.8
ns
17
52.9
68.4
*
18
47.6
53.9
ns
19
0.5
1.9
**
20
0.3
0.9
**
7
Axis 2
Figure 2. Ordination diagrams showing results of DRA analysis of
the environmental factors vs. samples data matrix. I have
superimposed the factors ordination onto the samples (sites)
ordination. The proximity of sites and environmental factors on
the graph implies a positive association in natvre. Numbers 1-20
represent codes for environmental factors listed in Table 2.
8
Adult Mortality: Growth ring counts are summarized in Table 1.
On the average, E.d.s. individuals live for five years.
Observations in the field suggest that plants are reproductive by
their second year. An area known to have been disked in October
1984 supports fully grown and even senescent individuals.
Table 3. Summary of growth ring analysis at the five Eriastrum
densifnl itim sanctorum study sites. Numbers represent age at
death for all plants on each site for which root crowns remained
in place.
Site
1A
2A
3A
4A
5A
N
24
26
29
39
35
Mean
5.00
4.96
5.03
4.62
4.71
Maximum
7.00
8.00
10.00
9.00
7.00
Std. dev.
1.00
1.22
1.79
1.27
1.03
Seedling survivorship: The first rainfall after E.d.s. seed
dispersal, in the Fall of 1987, occurred on 12 October (13.2 mm)
followed on 23 October 1987 (the largest storm in October) by
27.4 mm of precipitation. Seedlings were first noticed on 26
October. Preliminary seedling densities were measured on 28
October. Prior to 10 December 1987, a final sample size of 453,
310, 387, and 514 seedlings were individualy marked at sites 1A,
2A, 4A, and 5A respectively.
E.d.s. seedling survival through 11 April 1988 is summarized
in Figure 3 . The four survivorship curves document the
survivorship of individual seedlings on each site. Survivorship
has been lowest on site 2A; only 7.6% of the initial cohort
remain alive. Survivorship has been highest on site 1A where
77.8% of the initial cohort remain alive. At site 5A, 48.3% of
the initial cohort remain alive; at 4A, 29.0% are living.
Herbivores are probably not the cause of mortality because I
found > 80% of the dehydrated remains of dead seedlings in the
field.
9
Survivors (%)
1 00 -
V * //f • HIMIHIIIHIIIIIIIIIIII# ,||, I|||M
50 -
10 -
•^///
S'/.
I llllllllllllllllllllllll 4
'""Oil/
30
V
X
X
— I —
60
90
120
150
180
Age (days)
Figure 3. Eriastrum dens ifni ium sanctorum seedling survival
through 11 April 1988. The four survivorship curves document the
survivorship of individual seedlings on sites 1A, 2A, 4 A, and 5A.
N = 453, 310, 387, and 514 respectively. The vertical axis is on
log scale.
10
DISCUSSION
Southern California represents a main center of endemism
for the family, Polemoniaceae; of 54 species in cismontane
Southern California, 35 are endemic (from Munz, 1974). The
genus Eriastrum contains one perennial woody species: E.
dens i folium . Perennial woody tissue is thought to indicate a
primitive state, whereas the annual habit is considered to be a
derived state. E. densi fol ium . therefore, is considered to be
the most primitive extant species in the genus (Grant, 1959) .
Craig (1934) and Mason (1945) recognized five subspecies of
E . dens i fm i ub . E. d. densifolium (typical occurs in coastal
areas from Santa Barbara County northward to the Monterey area.
E. d. mohavensis. E. d. austr omontanum , and E . d . elongatum
occupy transmontane, montane, and cismontane habitats
respectively from central California to lower California.
Eriastrum densifolium sanctorum (E.d.s.) is an exceptional local
subspecies apparently restricted to the Santa Ana River drainage
in San Bernardino County. E.d.s. is easily distinguished from
the other subspecies because of its large stature (25-75 cm to
rarely 100 cm) and large corolla ( 25-32 mm). E.d.s. is also
the only subspecies that is conspicuously lanate throughout.
The California Flora (Munz and Keck, 1959) recognizes the above
five subspecies; however, E. d. elongatum w as somehow omitted in
the Flora of Southern California (Munz, 1974) .
The verified present range of E.d.s. is about eight miles
of floodplain mentioned above. Additional E.d.s. populations
have been reported in association with the Lytle Creek and Cajon
Washes to the west (Zembal and Kramer, 1984; Krantz, 1985).
However, two lines of evidence suggest that individuals in these
populations clearly differ from the pure E.d.s. type. In July
1987, I visited Eriastrum densifolium populations in the Lytle
Creek Wash. With respect to floral size (16-22 mm) , branching
pattern, stature, and pubescence they resemble E. d. elongatum
or perhaps an intermediate between E. d. elongatum and
11
sanctorum. In addition, Craig (1934) documented the occurrence
of E. d. e Iona a turn in the Cajon Wash one mile above Devore and
at Highland Blvd. He mentioned no E.d.s. associated with the
Cajon Wash. Craig then recorded intermediates ( E. d. elongatum
X E. d. sanctorum ) near the cities of Colton and San Bernardino.
These localities are associated with the Lytle Creek drainage.
Eriastrum densifoliua individuals associated with Lytle
Creek Wash appear to form a hybrid swarm that is in need of
taxonomic resolution. They are variable, but clearly different
from E.d.s. Craig's (1934) historical records indicate that
plants in the Cajon Wash (Devore area) may also differ. If
these populations are, in fact, taxonomically separate or
genetically diluted then the known range of pure E.d.s. is
restricted to the single population north of Redlands.
Within its range, E.d.s. is confined to flood-mediated
habitats. Taken together, sites supporting E.d.s. exhibit
species compositions, surface light levels, and substrate
characteristics that indicate these habitats were established by
sand deposition during flooding and are young in successional
time. In contrast, sites without E.d.s. exhibit the
characteristics of older successional habitats.
One pair of sites that does not show the above trend is 5A
and 5B. Site 5B resembles A sites in both species composition
(except E.d.s.) and physical factors. Sites 5A and 5B are
located downstream of all other sites in a relatively
homogeneous portion of the floodplain south of Norton Air Force
Base. *We suspect that E.d.s. is not found in site 5B because of
dispersal limitations rather than elimination in successional
time. Smooth E.d.s. seeds exhibit no features that would
facilitate either wind or animal dispersal.
E.d.s. individuals produce abundant viable seed. Seeds
stored in the lab for 7-8 months are > 90% viable. Our field
work suggests that essentially all seeds germinate with the
first rain(s) of the season and that no scarification is
required.
12
Seedling survivorship at each site generally correlates
with relative successional age of the terrace. Cohorts of
seedlings on A sites that are most similar to the B group in
both multivariate analyses, exhibit low survivorship, whereas
cohorts on A sites that are less related to the B group exhibit
higher survivorship.
In the DRA analyses, annuals are associated with the B
sites. Conditions on relatively older successional sites favor
the establishment and reproduction of certain annual species.
Alien species such as Schismus barbatus , Erodiu m c ic ut ar ium , and
Bromus rubens are ubiquitous at all sites. Relative cover of
annuals probably accounts for some of the differences in
seedling survival on A sites. At sites with high cover of
annuals, they conceivably could monopolize soil moisture and/or
light during the establishment phase of E.d.s. seedlings. The
fact that I was usually able to find the dehydrated remains of
dead seedlings corroborates this idea, barring mortality due to
pathogens .
Habitat characteristics and seedling survival both indicate
that E.d.s. habitat naturally deteriorates in successional time.
In this respect, appropriate habitat is ephemeral. Habitat
analyses show that E.d.s. is confined to open, well lighted
areas with abundant washed sand. In addition, E.d.s. habitats
themselves form a spectrum of successional states. In other
words, some areas that support E.d.s. are older and relatively
deteriorated; seedling mortality is higher in these areas.
E.d.s. colonizes freshly deposited terraces and reproduces
by seed until the habitat reaches a point in successional time
where seedlings can no longer establish. For adult plants, the
average age at death is five years; maximum age appears to be
about ten years. In the absence of flooding, E.d.s. stands
eventually decline as establishment decreases and adults became
senescent. Under normal conditions, however, periodic flooding
would tend to renew E.d.s. habitats and prevent local
extirpation events.
13
Seven Oaks Dam will prevent the periodic flooding upon
which E.d.s. depends for rejuvenation of its habitat.
Eventually, artificial manipulation will be necessary to arrest
succession in existing E.d.s. habitats.
Germination, seed bank, and competition analyses are
underway to help resolve this complicated problem. Preliminary
analysis of lab work and field observations indicates that
E.d.s. seeds are present in the soil for less than one year.
E.d.s. seeds require leaching and therefore probably contain
water soluble inhibitors. The lack of a permanent seed bank is
indicated for two reasons: 1) > 95% of the seeds germinate in
the lab under constant drip within 24 hours and 2) no
recruitment was observed at site 1A on 22 April 1988 despite
heavy rains (a total of 57 mm) in the prior week. No
recruitment on 22 April suggests that in the field all viable
seeds had either reached the leaching threshold and germinated
or had been removed by animals. No seeds were found in soils
collected prior to dispersal of the 1987 seed crop.
Interestingly, transient seedbanks are often associated with
rare taxa (Fiedler , 1987) .
In the short term, it is imperative that remaining E.d.s.
habitat be protected from human disturbance. A recent
publication by the California Native Plant Society featured an
article that placed E.d.s. in a top-twelve priority list of
California's most endangered plants (York, 1987) . At present,
existing E.d.s. habitats are heavily used and regularly
disturbed. Habitat protection is essential so that ongoing
autecological studies can continue and maximum numbers of
individuals saved for a source of seed.
Reclamation of disturbed areas and future mitigation
strategies will most certainly require large numbers of seeds.
Habitat integrity is even more critical in view of the short
life span of adults. Seeds for future use will come from the
seedlings of today, not the adults, because adults will soon
become senescent. For this reason, seed collection should be a
careful and conservative process. Liberal harvest of seeds on a
yearly basis would reduce recruitment in existing stands.
14
Based on modern distribution, large tracts of optimum
habitat already have been removed by sand and gravel interests
west of Orange Street. Suboptimal (older) habitats east of
Orange Street are currently being mined. Plans are underway to
reclaim exhausted pits. Reclamation of pits involves
modification of the pit walls until substrate reaches the angle
of repose. E.d.s. seeds can then be introduced to these
surfaces.
Illegal unrestrained off-road vehicle use is also alarming,
especially in open (optimum) habitats west of Orange Street.
Part of the off-road vehicle problem stems from the confusing
diversity of land juristiction and law enforcement on the
floodplain. Ownership should be consolidated to facilitate
management and protection of remnant E.d.s. habitats.
SUMMARY
Eriastniw densifol ium sanctorum . the Santa Ana River Wooly-star,
is restricted in geographical range to about eight miles of
floodplain habitat. Moreover, recent visits and historical
records suggest that populations reported in the Lytle Creek and
Cajon washes are phenotypically different from E.d.s. If true,
then E.d.s. exists as a single relatively continuous population
in the main Santa Ana River floodplain in San Bernardino County.
In addition to its restricted range, E.d.s. is further
confined to flood-mediated habitats within the floodplain.
Flood deposited sand terraces are the most important habitat.
The sand terraces are not static; E.d.s. habitats
deteriorate as normal successional processes modify the
environment. Multivatiate analyses involving measures of
perennial plant species, combined annuals, dead shrubs, rock,
insolation, and suostrate indicate that E.d.s. habitats are
relatively young in successonal time when compared to adjacent
habitats without E.d.s. Moreover, when E.d.s. sites are
considered in isolation, they form a spectrum of successional
states.
15
Studies of seedling success on sites with different
successional (flooding) histories, show that seedling
survivorship decreases as habitats age. If E.d.s. habitats
succeed to climax, seedling establishment would undoubtedly
cease. Encroachment by annuals, especially alien species, also
seems to hasten habitat deterioration.
Normally, periodic flooding would tend to recycle E.d.s.
habitat. However, Seven Oaks Dam will stop the flooding upon
which E.d.s. depends for rejuvenation of habitat. If flooding
is stopped, artificial habitat manipulation will be essential to
simulate the effect of flooding and prevent extinction of the
plant. Protection of existing stands is urgently needed to
preserve the integrety of remaining habitat and retain existing
individuals for an immediate source of seed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am very grateful to Dr. Jack H. Burk for advice and
support in my studies and with this article. I similarly thank
Dr. C. Eugene Jones for his support and Dr. Allan Schoenherr for
helpful editorial comments. Sandra DeSimone was a great help to
us last summer, in the field, in the lab, and with the
multivariate analyses.
Thanks are due to Richard Zembal and Karla Kramer for first
noticing E.d.s., publicizing its status, and initiating the
research. Tim Krantz has also invested personal time in the
study of this vulnerable plant.
Information in this article resulted from research funded
by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and coordinated by
Environmental Audit, Inc. (Placentia, California). The seedling
survivorship studies were funded in part by the Departmental
Associations Council (DAC) and the Department of Biological
Sciences at California State University, Fullerton.
LITERATURE CITED
Burk, J.H., C.E. Jones, J. Wheeler, and S. DeSimone. 1987. The
ecology of Eriastr um d^n sifoi ium sanctorum (Milliken)
Mason: a preliminary report. Mimeo. California State
University, Fullerton.
Cox, G.W. 1985. Laboratory Manual of General Ecology, Fifth
Edition. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa.
16
Craig, T. 1934. A revision of the subgenus Hugelia of the genus
Gilia (Polemoniaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Club 61:
385-396.
Fiedler, P.L. 1987. Life history and population dynamics of
rare and common mariposa lilies ( Calochortus Pursh:
Liliaceae) . Journal of Ecology 75: 977-995.
Grant, V. 1959. Natural history of the Phlox family. Volume
1, Systematic Botany. Martinus Nijhoff, The Haque,
Netherlands.
Krantz, T.P. 1985. Rare plant survey- Santa Ana River Wash,
Chorizanthe leptoceras and Eriastrum dens i folium sanctorum
San Bernardino County, CA. Prepared by Bio-Tech /
Environmental Planning Consultants for the Bureau of Land
Management .
Mason, H.L. 1945. The genus Rriastniia and the influence of
Bentham and Gray upon the problem of generic confusion in
Polemoniaceae. Madrono 8: 65-104.
Munz, P. A. and Keck. 1959. A California Flora. University of
California Press, Berkeley.
Munz, P. A. 1974. A Flora of Southern California. University
of California Press, Berkeley.
Pimentel, R. A. and J.D. Smith. 1986. Biostat II; A
Multivariate Statistical Toolbox. Sigma Soft. Placentia,
CA.
York, R.P. 1987. California's most endangered plants. In:
Conservation and management of rare and endangered plants.
Pages 109-120. T.S. Elias, ed. California Native Plant
Society Publication.
Zembal, R. and K.J. Kramer. 1984. The known limited
distribution and unknown future of the Santa Ana River
wooly-star (ERIASTRUM) . Crossosoma 10(5): 1-8.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Biogeography of Southern California . The Southern California Botanists are
sponsoring their fourteenth annual symposium to be held on October 29, 1988.
Mark your calendars now. Among the speakers will be Dr. Robert Thorne of
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden who will speak on the history of southwestern
deserts and Dr. Richard Minnich of the University of California, Riverside
who will discuss the influence of fire on the distribution of native southern
California vegetation.
SCB Board of Directors Looks for Volunteers . Due to an untimely sequence
of events, the SCB Board of Directors has experienced a depletion of its
ranks. If you would like to be a participant in the planning of SCB events,
ie . symposia, field trips, or social gatherings, please contact Geoff Smith
at (714) 526-6963. The Board of Directors meets once a month, usually on
the first Thursday of the month.
17
San Diego County Floras . SCB has a limited number of San Diego County Floras,
by Mitch Beachamp (1986), that will be sold to SCB members at a discount. The
price is $20.00 plus tax and handling for a total of $23.20. Send your
order to:
Alan Romspert, Treasurer
Southern California Botanists
California State University
Fullerton, CA 92634
Southern Cal ifornia Academy of Sciences Bulletin , Reviews Solicited . The
Southern California Academy of Sciences Bulletin is a peer reviewed journal
specializing in the publication of papers with a regional focus. Research
papers in all areas of science are considered. Normally there are no page
charges and the current time from submission to publication is 9 months.
Beginning with Volume 88, the Bulletin will include solicited review articles
(10-20 manuscript pages) dealing with regional problems of current scientific
interest. Selection of reviews will attempt to reflect the range of interests
represented by the membership. Persons interested in writing a review should
send an outline of the topic, and names of referees who can comment on the
appropriateness of the topic, to the technical editor. Also welcomed are
suggestions for topics in need of review. Send topic suggestions and names
of potential authors to the technical editor:
Dr. Jon E. Keeley, Editor
Department of Biology
Occidental College
Los Angeles, CA 90041
FIELD TRIPS
May 28, 29, 30, Saturday thru Monday (Memorial Weekend ). Granite Mountain
Tamarisk Eradication . Budweiser Spring and Budweiser Wash have a recent
invasion of tamarisk that should be susceptible to hand-pulling. The area's
elevation of about 4000 ft. should make temperatures tolerable for work in the
morning and evening. Camp near Granite Cove in the University of California's
Granite Mountains Reserve. Arrive there at any time on Saturday; then work
on Sunday and depart Sunday evening or Monday. For details contact Bill Neill,
4900 Glenview, Anaheim, CA 92807, H: (714) 779-2099; W: (714) 528-7201 x2423.
June 4 (Saturday). Mazourka Canyon, Inyo Mountains . The Bristlecone Chapter
of CNPS will lead this outing. Meet at 9:00 AM at the "rock" service station,
corner of Mazourka Rd. and Hwy 395 just south of Independence. Beautiful
desert canyon full of wildf lowers. Prepare for the desert; lots of water.
Contact: Mark Bagley, P.0. Box 1431, Bishop, CA 93514, (619) 873-5326.
18
etc.
June 4, 5 (Saturday, Sunday). The Nature Conservancy's Big Bear Valley
Preserve . Tim Krantz will lead this joint field trip of the San Diego Chapter
and the San Gabriel Mountains Chapter to the Big Bear Valley Preserve. The
pebble plains of Baldwin lake (near Big Bear Lake) have a unique and highly
endemic flora consisting of more than a dozen rare plants. Meet at the
preserve entrance at 10:00 AM. The entrance is at the Nature Conservancy
sign by an old building on the north side of North Short drive (Hwy 18) at
the north end of Baldwin Lake. This will be a weekend field trip. Camping
sites and Motels are nearby. The Preserve requests a $5.00 donation from
each participant. If you plan to attend, call or write: Harry Spilman,
715 Prospect #G, South Pasadena CA, 91030, (818) 799-9486.
June 11 (Saturday ). Ventura River Mouth . This trip led by the Channel
Islands Chapter of CNPS will meet at 9:00 AM at parking lot of Ventura River
bridge east end of Main St., Ventura. Explore wetlands vegetation of the
Ventura River mouth. Discuss wetlands vegetation types, invasive exotics,
and management problems. Easy walking. Ends about 2 PM. Leader:
David Magney, Dames & Moore, 175 Cremora Dr., Suite A-E, Goleta, CA 93117.
(805) 685-4415 or (805) 646-7420.
June 19 (Sunday). Newport Back Bay . Dave Bramlet will lead this popular
trip to see salt marsh vegetation at one of California's few remaining
estuaries. Interesting plants include salt marsh bird's beak, Cordylanthus
maritimus , and Yerba Mansa, Anemopsis cal i form' ca . Meet at 9:00 AM at the
intersection of San Joaquin Road and Back Bay Drive. For details call Dave
at (714) 855-0222.
June 25, 26 (Saturday, Sunday). San Gabriel Mountains Field Trip . Meet at
9:15 AM Saturday, Angeles Crest Highway at the entrance to Charlton Flats
picnic area. Exact itinerary will be decided later. If conditions are
favorable we may camp overnight at Chilao and visit a different area Sunday.
Contact Geoff Burleigh, (818) 361-1015.
July 16, 17 (Saturday, Sunday). Sagehen Creek & Research Station . Sacramento
Valley Chapter of CNPS will lead this trip. Meet Saturday 10:30 AM in front
of ranger station, Tahoe NF on Hwy 89 near Truckee. See east-side Sierran
montaine & subalpine vegetation that includes 2 or 3 rare species. Camping
at Sagehen Creek, Tahoe NF. Leader: G.L. Stebbins, (916) 753-2665.
19
May 28-30
June 4
June 4, 5
June 11
June 19
June 25, 26
July 16, 17
SCB COMING EVENTS (DETAILS WITHIN)
Granite Mountain Tamarisk Eradication
Mazourka Canyon, Inyo Mountains
Big Bear Valley Reserve
Ventura River Mouth
Newport Back Bay
San Gabriel Mountains
Sagehen Creek
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CROSSOSOMA
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711
•' .
CROSSOSOMA Vol . 14, No. 4
' :b
Managing Editor: Allan Schoenherr
August, 1988
WATER CONSERVATION IN TWO SPECIES OF DQDECATHEON
(PRIMULACEAE) IN THE COTTONWOOD BASIN,
SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA.
Sherry Schmidt
Hrpaj^Y
Mount San Antonio College
Department of Biology
AUG l 1338
N li v ^ \ r\ (\ >
SQTANICAL GARDEM
INTRODUCTION
Alpine sites in the Sierra Nevada exhibit m large de-
gree of variability in soil moisture due to differences in
snow distribution and topography. Kllkoff ( 1965a, b) pro-
posed that microsite variability in soil moisture Is a
primary factor that contributes to a sharp local pattern-
ing of alpine vegetation. This is exemplified by sharp
variations in vegetation within a few meters, between wet
meadows dominated by herbaceous species, and dry slope
regions dominated by conifers and woody perennials.
Although the Sierra Nevada receives heavy winter
snowfall It is characterized by high atmospheric aridity
and high solar radiation during the summer months. Summer
aridity is unique to the Sierra Nevada when compared to
other North American mountain ranges. This is reflected
by the proportion of annual plants found in alpine
regions. Went (1953) reported that 40-00 annual species
may be found above 3,000 m in the Sierra Nevada. Accord-
ing to Chabot and Billings (1972), only a single annual
species, Koenlaia lslandla . is listed for North American
alpine areas outside the Sierra Nevada.
Alpine plants have evolved numerous adaptations to
cope with aridity. A number of investigators have noted
that vegetation tends to become more xeromorphic with in-
creasing elevation. Physiological adaptations to reduce
transpi rat iona 1 water loss have also been noted. For ex-
ample, Mooney et al. (1965) reported that dry site alpine
plants in the Sierra Nevada had lower transpiration rates
than species inhabiting wet sites. Ehlerlnger and Miller
(1975) and Oberbauer and Billings (1981) found that plants
inhabiting dry sites had higher leaf resistance values
than wet site species.
Shooting stars ( Dodecatheon spp. ) are small her-
baceous perennials characteristic of wet localities and
alpine meadows. Two species of shooting star, Dodecatheon
lef f reyl and Dodecatheon redolens. co-occur in the
southern Sierra Nevada but occupy different microenviron-
ments. Dodecatheon lef f reyl . a wet meadow species, is
found in abundance in saturated soils. Dodecatheon
redolens inhabits drier sites along stream margins and
within the meadow-f orest ecotone. Apparent differences in
habitat preference between these two species may be re-
lated to differences in their geographical history and as-
sociated water-related adaptations. The occurrence of Ds_
redolens in drier mlcrohabi tats suggests that it has
evolved a more efficient means of restricting water loss
than Dj_ lef f revi . Dodecatheon lef freyi . a widespread
western cordilleran species, is found throughout the
Sierra Nevada, Cascade, and Rocky Mountain ranges.
Dodecatheon redolens. an endemic western species, is
restricted to Isolated locations in the Great Basin Ranges
2
and southern Sierra Nevada. This study considers the de-
gree to which eeasured differences in transpiration and
leaf resistance are related to the variation in micro-
habitat distribution of D^_ lef f rev 1 and D^. redo 1 ens and
how these water relation parameters may be related to the
phytogeographic history of each species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study site was located in the Cottonwood Basin of
the Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Location of the study area in California.
3
Transpiration and stomatal resistance were measured to
determine differences in water conserving ability between
the two species. Measurements of soil moisture, soil tex
ture, elevation, and slope were obtained at sites where
either species was present in abundance to determine fac-
tors that might influence local distribution patterns
( Fi gure 2 ) .
• Dodecatheon jeffreyi
▲ Dodecatheon redolens
Figure 2: Distribution map of Dodecatheon jeffreyi and
Dodecatheon redolens .
4
Physiological measurements were conducted on plants
obtained from a meadow along Cottonwood Creek (3,175 m)
where both species were present and growing in close
proximity. This ensured that the plants had been exposed
to similar environmental conditions throughout their de-
velopment. Twenty plants were transplanted into 4-liter
plastic pots and transported to the study site (3,385 m).
Soil was at field capacity during all physiological
measurements.
Five plants of each species were used for all
measurements. Transpiration and leaf resistance were
measured on 14 July, 2 August, and 25 August 1982 at 3,385
m. Plants were transported to 2,985 m on 26 August 1982
to determine if elevation affected either transpiration or
leaf resistance. The plants were allowed to acclimate
overnight before measurements were taken.
Transpiration rates were obtained by the phytometer
method. Pots were placed in plastic bags with only the
shoots exposed. Pots were weighed to the nearest 0.1 g at
two-hour intervals from 0700 h until dusk (1800-1900h) on
a triple beam balance. Leaf surface areas were measured
within three days after transpiration rates were obtained.
Leaf resistance measurements were juxtaposed with
transpiration measurements. Resistance values were
measured at two-hour intervals with a Li-Cor diffusive
resistance meter by the method described by Morrow and
Slatyer (1971). Plants were placed in full sunlight since
both species are generally found in open areas.
In order to quantify elevatlonal changes in species
abundance microhabitat data were obtained during July and
August 1983 at 21 locations ranging from 3,070 m to 3,555
m. The 3,070 m site was the lowest elevation where D .
lef f rey i occurred in dense patches. The 3,555 m site was
above timber line and was the highest elevation where D.
redo 1 ens was observed (Table 1).
5
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Dodecatheon lef f revl had significantly higher
transpiration rates than Dj_ redo 1 ens (Figure 3).
Dodecatheon lef f revl also showed a greater fluctuation in
transpiration between measurement intervals. Although
both species achieved their maximum observed transpiration
rates between 1300 h and 1400 h, D±_ lef f reyl exhibited
higher maximum transpiration rates than D^_ redo 1 ens . There
was also greater variability in the data obtained from D.
lef f reyl than those from Dj_ redo 1 ens .
6
*D. redolens observed in isolated areas but no density measurements obtained.
There were significant differences in leaf re-
sistances between Dj_ lef f revi and redo lens . D.
reddens had higher average leaf resistance values than D.
lef f rev 1 . Rainfall during the first two weeks of August
was correlated with changes In leaf resistance. Leaf
resistance values obtained on 25 August indicate that
stomates were open for all measurements prior to 1300 h.
Resistance increased by 1900 h for both species reflecting
early stomatal closure. Measured transpiration rates fol-
lowed a pattern similar to that observed earlier in the
season. Thus water loss did not appear to be excessive
even though resistance was low.
Transpiration and leaf resistances were measured 27
August after transporting the plants from 3,385 m to 2,985
m and allowing them to acclimate overnight. Observed leaf
resistance values were low for both species. Stomates ap-
parently remained open during the entire period measure-
ments were taken (0900 h - 1300 h). Observed transpira-
tion rates increased in both species as the day prog-
ressed. Dodecatheon lef f rey 1 exhibited a higher observed
transpiration rate than D^_ redo 1 ens at the lower elevation
(Figure 3).
Soil moisture estimates were obtained during July and
August 1983. Soil moisture differed significantly between
sites. As expected, based on the 1982 data, D^_ redo 1 ens
inhabited sites with drier soils than lef f rev i . Also,
the driest soils were found at the upper elevations except
for the 3,480 m site where there was seepage from an un-
derground spring. All sites Inhabited by 1 ef f rev 1 were
characterized by standing water except the 3,245 m site.
Soil moisture values obtained for a specific site at dif-
ferent dates did not differ significantly.
Density was significantly different between sites.
EK_ lef f rey 1 reached the highest density at Golden Trout
Camp (3,135 m) where there were 43 individuals m~ 3 .
7
MAXIMUM TRANSPIRATION (sec cm " 2 hr"
Dodecatheon redo 1 ens showed a trend of Increasing density
with an increase in elevation (r * .966) as shown in table
3. The 3, 245 m site was the highest elevation where D^_
lef f rev 1 was found in abundance. Scattered individuals of
D. lef f revl were observed as high as 3,385 m.
There is a possibility that some of the data included
in this report could have been obtained from D^_ lef f eryi x
D, redo l ens hybrids. A few intermediate morphotypes were
observed near Golden Trout Camp. Furthermore, D. a 1 pi num
may also occur in the area. This species is nearly indis-
tinguishable from Ds_ ief f rey i . but the Cottonwood Lakes
Basin is considered to be out of its known range.
DATE
Figure 3: Maximum and minimum observed transpiration
rates of Dodecatheon jeffreyi and Dodecatheon
redolens on 14 July, 2 August, 25 August, and
27 August 1982. Values for 14 July, 2 August,
and 25 August were obtained at 3,385 m. The
27 August values were obtained after trans-
porting the plants to a lower elevation (2,985 m).
8
DISCUSSION
Variation in soil moisture is a prime factor con-
tributing to the distribution of Sierran alpine plant
species. Differences in mlcrohabltat preference between
D«_ Jeffrey! and D^_ redo 1 ens are correlated with dif-
ferences in soil moisture and water conservation ability.
The difference in water conservation ability between these
species is reflected in their respective transpiration
rates and leaf stomatal resistances. Dodecatheon
redo 1 ens . which occupies drier sites, has a greater water
conservation ability as indicated by higher leaf
resistances and lower transpiration rates. Dodecatheon
Jeff rey i . which occupies sites where water is readily
available, exhibits higher transpiration rates and lower
leaf resistances. These observations are in agreement
with studies by Mooney et al. (1965) and Ehleringer and
Miller (1975), who demonstrated that water expenditures in
alpine species are correlated with the water supply of
their habitat.
In addition to species differences in transpiration
and leaf stomatal resistance, seasonal differences within
each species were observed. Fluctuations in the dally
course of leaf resistance throughout the season appear to
be related to rainfall. The low leaf resistance during
wet periods do not result in significant Increases in
transplratlona 1 water loss. This finding supports
Kramer’s (1959) statement that there is little increase in
transpiration over a wide range of stomatal apertures if
evaporative rates are low.
Although significant differences in transpiration and
leaf resistance occur between Dj_ redo 1 ens and D^_ Jeffrey! .
some similarities were noted. Neither species reached
levels of water stress sufficient to cause stomatal
closure at midday and both species responded to variation
in elevation in the same manner. The lack of a midday
9
reduction in transpiration conflicts with findings
reported by Mooney et al. (1965) and Ehleringer and Miller
(1975). The absence of a midday reduction might be due to
a difference in experimental method since soil was at
field capacity during all physiological measurements.
Stomatal closure to reduce transpiration at midday, in ab-
sence of severe water stress, would decrease the diffusion
of CO, into the leaf and could limit productivity. Prod-
uctivity is an important limiting factor for species with
short growing seasons such as those that Inhabit desert
and alpine regions.
The Increase in transpiration rates for both species,
when transported to a lower elevation, indicates that
elevation may be a factor that influences the distribution
of D s_ ief f rey 1 and redolens through its effect on
transpiration. This observation supports the results of
an earlier study by Mooney et al. (1965). These data
imply that elevation can be a factor that influences plant
drought adaptations. Billings and Mooney (1968) note
that plants tend to become more xeromorphic with an in-
crease in elevation. However, factors that limit the
lower distributions of alpine plants are rarely consider-
ed. The effect of elevation on transpiration appears to
be an important factor that limits the lower distributions
of alpine plants. This may be due the relationship be-
tween leaf size and its effect on water loss. Differences
in leaf size have been reported to have significant in-
fluences on transpiration by Smith and Geller (1980). The
dry site high elevation species, D^_ redo 1 ens, has larger
leaves than D^_ lef f reyl . In high elevation perennials,
large leaf sizes could act to increase the leaf tempera-
tures early in the summer when temperature is a factor
limiting growth. However, at lower elevations where
temperatures are higher, a large leaf size could lead to
substantial increases in transpiration due to high leaf
temperatures.
10
The evolution of different physiological and mor-
phological adaptations may be related to the proposed
biogeographic origins of D^_ lef f revl and IK_ redo 1 ens .
Dodecatheon lef f reyi is a western cordilleran species that
apparently evolved in more mesic regions than the endemic
western D . redo 1 ens . Dodecatheon redo 1 ens is restricted
to the more arid regions of the Sierra Nevada and occurs
in the Great Basin ranges. Since D^_ redo 1 ens exhibits a
greater degree of stomatal control over water loss than D.
lef f rev i . D. redo 1 ens can inhabit drier sites. It appears
that the difference in elevational distribution between
the two species is related to drought adaptations.
Aridity increases directly with elevation and Dodecatheon
redo 1 ens occupies higher sites. However, the large leaf
size of D^_ redo 1 ens may exclude this species from lower
elevations where Dj_ lef f revl is abundant, due to the ef-
fect of leaf temperature on transpiration. To clarify the
relationship between phytogeography and drought adaptions,
future studies should compare water-related physiology in
a number of species with different blogeographic origins.
LITERATURE CITED
Billings, W.D. and H. A. Mooney. 1968. The ecology of
arctic and alpine plants. Biol. Rev. 43:481-530.
Chabot, B.F. and W.D. Billings. 1972. Origins and
ecology of Sierran alpine flora and vegetation.
Ecol. Monogr. 42:163-199.
Ehleringer, Jr. and P.C. Miller. 1975. Simulation
model of plant water relations and production in
alpine tundra, Colorado. Oecologia 19(3) : 177-193.
Klikoff, L.G. 1965a. Photosynthetic response to temper-
ature of moisture stress of three timberline meadow
species. Ecology 46:516-517.
11
Klikoff, L.G. 1965b. Microenvironmental influence on
vegetational pattern near timber line in the central
Sierra Nevada. Ecological Monographs 35:187-211.
Mooney, H.A., U.D. Billings, and R.D. Hiller. 1965.
Transpiration rates of alpine plants in the Sierra
Nevada of California. Amer. Midland Naturalist
74 C 2 ) : 374-386.
Morrow, P.A. and R.O. Slatyer. 1971. Leaf resistance
measurements with diffusion porometers: Precautions
in calibration and use. Agricultural Meteorology 8:
223-233.
Oberbauer, S.F. and U.D. Billings. 1981. Drought toler-
ance and water use by plants along an alpine topo-
graphic gradient. Qecologla 50:325-331.
Smith, W.K. and G.N. Geller. 1980. Leaf environmental
parameters influencing transpiration: theory and
field measurements. Oecologia 46:308-313.
Uent, F.W. 1953. Annual plants at high altitudes in the
Sierra Nevada, California. Madrono 12:109-114.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
California Riparian Systems . This three-day conference from
September 22 to 24 at U. C. Davis is a follow-up to the 1981
conference. The theme of this conference is riparian restoration.
There is a variety of sponsors and cosponsors for this conference
that includes more than 120 speakers and panelists. There are sev-
eral enrollment options. The fee for all three days is $80: Saturday
only costs $30. You may enroll by phone if you use MasterCard or
Visa. Call (800) 752-0881. To enroll by mail, contact University
Extension, U. C. Davis, CA 95616.
San Diego County Floras . SCB has a limited number of San Diego County Floras,
by Mitch Beachamp (1986), that will be sold to SCB members at a discount. The
price is $20.00 plus tax and handling for a total of $23.20. Send your
order to: Alan Romspert, Treasurer
Southern California Botanists
California State University
Fullerton, CA 92634
Biogeography of Southern California . The Southern California Botanists are
sponsoring their fourteenth annual symposium to be held on October 29, 1988.
Mark your calendars now.
1 4-™ Ar-JHiJAi- -
THf^ Of' JTHagNl
^ALir^NiA Ve^eti^Nl
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5**jWf*J ^U(*fefe^iAVe^fAt ierJ "
Hx>WL Ua^1lL-I27t4 vi».C.»J-Kr MfvJ^.
11 ^ U*£ii4+»®
^gvfc*4C -t3efrfr<af fcfaMfj C^L- Ac^A^y °P 6*zt*hici*&
4 iTi^. £tggac#j >t » fW <57* of -nJe k^RiJ fLafRAd
"TTm f^irA»J4^ - f^Ai-JHir44
** #|^*cx3iC4f+Jt<AL
<T -t^iS "
Society for Ecological Restoration and Management . This new society
ig soliciting charter members. It has been organized in response
to the growing interest in ecological restoration as a technique
for environmental conservation. This is an interdisciplinary
organization designed to promote research and facilitate communi-
cation about restoration technologies. Dues are $25/year, Contact
the society at the University of Wisconsin Arboretum, 1207 Seminole
Highway, Madison, Wisconsin 53711.
Proceedings of the Second Native Plant Revegetation Symposium .
Proceedings of this symposium held on April 15-18, 1988, are now
available from the Native Plant Revegetation Society. Send $15
to NPRS , 3808 Rosecrans St., No. 373, San Diego, CA 92110.
13
FIELD TRIPS
July 30 (Saturday). White Mountains. This trip hosted by the
Channel Islands Chapter of CNPS will visit the bristlecone pines
of the White Mountains, the oldest living things. Alpine and
subalpine flora will also be observed. Contact Ron Wilkinson,
(805) 643-5007.
August 7 (Sunday). Mount Baldy. Meet at 9:30 AM at the foot of
the Mt. Baldy Ski Lift. Ride up the ski lift (fee charged) and
explore the montane flora with Orlando Mistretta. From 1-10 take
the Indian Hill exit to Claremont (north). Go about 10 miles to
Foothill Blvd., then east to Mills Avenue. Go north all the way
to the end. For information call Dave Bramlet at (714) 549-0647.
August 13-14 ( Saturday- Sunday ) . Rock Creek Basin, Sierra Nevada.
The Bristlecone Chapter of CNPS will lead this trip to the beautiful
basin north of Bishop. Meet at 9:00 AM on Rock Creek Road and
Hiway 395 near Tom's Place. Mark Bagely will lead this trio to
examine alpine, subalpine, and riparian vegetation. For information
call him at (619) 873-5326.
August 13-14 ( Saturday- Sunday ) . Ash Meadows, Nevada. The Channel
Islands Chapter of CNPS is hosting this trip to see summer-blooming
wildf lowers in the desert. Bob Love, who lives in Ash Meadows will
lead the group. Prepare for summer in the desert. For information
call Dave Magney (805) 646-7420.
September 3-5 ( Saturday-Monday) . Clark Mountain, eastern Mojave. The
Channel Islands Chapter of CNPS will host this Labor Day trip to
the white fir forest on Clark Mountain in the eastern Mojave. For
details call Ron Wilkinson (805) 643-5007.
Amateur and Professional Botanists . The journal of the Southern
California Botanists, CR0SS0S0MA, provides an ideal means by which
you can publish things of botanical interest to southern Californians.
If you have a favorite field trip, gardening hints, or some pre-
liminary data that you'd like to have in print submit your manuscript
to: Dr. Allan Schoenherr
Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton Callege
321 E. Chapman Avenue
Fullerton, CA 92634
14
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
1500 North College Avenue
Claremont, CA 91711
The purpose of the SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS ts the study,
preservation and conservation of the native plants of California; and
the education of the public to the value of the native flora and its
habitats. It is a non-profit association formed In 1927.
Membership benefits include
Various field trips throughout the state led by competent
field botanists and biologists.
A yearly plant sale featuring native California species.
An annual symposium on various aspects of the California
vegetat Ion .
The SCB Journal. CROSSOSOMA .
Discounts on botanical and natural history books.
Membership categories are:
/
/
Individual*
$ 8.00
/
/
New Member
/
_/
Croup or organization
$15.00
/
/
Renewal
♦Includes membership for entire family.
Date
Name
Address
City Zip Code
Phone_( J
In addition, I want to give $ to help support SCB.
Make check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS.
Mall check and form to:
Alan P. Romspert
Southern California Botanists
Department of Biological Science
California State University, Fullerton
Fullerton, CA 92634
CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August,
October, and December) by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit
corporation. Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available for $2.00 an issue (plus 25<t
postage) or $8.00 a volume (plus $1.00 postage). Send a check with your request to
Alan P. Romspert, Treasurer, at the above address. Manuscripts submitted for
publication should be addressed to Or. Allan A. Schoenherr, Editor of CROSSOSOMA,
Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College, Fullerton, CA 92634.
July 30
August 7
August 13-14
August 13-14
September 3-5
October 29
SCB COMING EV ENTS (DETAILS WITHIN)
White Mountains, Bristlecone Pines.
Mount Baldy, San Gabriel Mountains.
Rock Creek Basin, Sierra Nevada.
Ash Meadows, Nevada
Clark Mountain, eastern Mojave.
Symposium, Biogeography of Sowthem California
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CROSSOSOMA
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711
i ' j n o a r?V!
CR0S50S0I1A Vol. 14, No. 5 PROGRAM ISSUE
Managing Editor: Allan Schoenherr
OCT i 1 1988
14th Annual SymfMM 1 ^
on the Topic of
The Biogeography
of
Southern California
Vegetation
Date
Time:
Place:
Saturday October 29, 1988
8:45 am to 4:00 pm
Cal State University Fullerton
Room 121 McCarthy Hall
Admission:
$7.00 for Current SCB Members
$10.00 for Non-Members
$15.00 for SCB Membership and
Admission
BIOGBOGRAFHY OF SOmffiPN
CALIFORNIA VEGETATION
Saturday, October 29th, 1988
California State University at Fullerton
Roan 121, McCarthy Hall
The natural landscape of California is a fascinating environment to
experience. Few geographic regions in the world of comparable size have
such a wide diversity of geologic landforms, climates, and complex vegeta-
tion patterns. This rich mosaic of native plant distribution is largely a
result of dramatic geologic events and climatic changes that have occured
within the region, particularly during the past 60 million years (Cenozoic) .
Mountain-building, sea-level fluctuations, movement of crustal plates and
regional changes in climate thru geologic time have resulted in a vast array
of rock types, soild, and terrain vAiich provide the substrate for plant
distribution. This synposiun presents a series of speakers who will give
accounts of hew current biogeographic patterns of native plant distribution
in Southern California have been influenced by the past geologic and climatic
events. You are invited to hear these insights into our region's amazing
past!
Geoff Smith, SCB President
PROGRAM SCHEDULE
8:00 Registration, coffee
9:00 Introduction, Geoff smith, SCB President
9:10 Dr. Robert F. Thome, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden.
A Historical Overview of the Vegetation of the Mojave and
Colorado Deserts of the American Southwest .
The Mojave and Colorado Deserts of the American Southwest are
geologically recent in origin, resulting primarily from the rain-
shadew caused by the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene elevation of the
Sierra Nevada, Transverse, and Peninsular ranges. Their age thus
is perhaps two to three million years . The present vegetation is
even more recent, largely Holocene in origin, and still evolving.
IXiring the last, Wisconsin, glacial episode the California deserts
were well supplied with huge, deep lakes and large streams and an
3
open woodland, possibly grassy, supporting nonercus large manuals,
now mostly extinct. The desert flora, hcwever, is in large part
more ancient, having been assembled since early Paleogene time
frcxn many sources. Most of the perennials are probably former
members of the ftedro-Tertiary Geoflora that dominated southern
California and adjacent areas during the Tertiary. They are
species of dry habitats preadapted to long periods of drought, hot,
dry stunners, and oool, wet winters and thus able to populate and
adapt to the varied desert habitats when they became available.
They survived oool, pluvial, glacial periods by migration south-
ward or to lower elevations. Sane elements of the American south-
western desert flora are derived fran Mexico, South America,
central Asia, and a few possibly fran North Africa and the
Mediterranean region by overland immigration or long distance
dispersal. In sane instances this was aided by changing ocean
size due to continental movement, glacial sea-level lowering, and
to changes in oceanic-current patterns. Sate desert plants, at
least sane of the ephemeral s, may well be of very recent, even
Holocene, origin in our arid Southwest.
10:00 Tim Krantz, Big Bear Valley Preserve, Big Bear lake.
Biogeography of Manic Plant Oaiminities of the San Bernardino
^fountains .
The San Bernardino Mountains of southern California exhibit
one of the highest natters of endemic species in California for an
area of its size. Ocmprising approximately 864 square miles, the
San Bernardinos include 21 strictly endemic and at least another
14 near^-endemic taxa.
These are largely distributed among four different plant
oaiminities: pebble plains and associated subalpine meadows,
Mt. San Gorgonio alpine zone, and limestone endemics. With the
exception of three or four of the endemic taxa, all of then are
confined to these general oaiminities.
Perhaps the best indicators of a flora's geological history
anl origins are its endemic plants. This is certainly the case
4
with the flora of the San Bernardino Mountains and its biogeography.
The limestone endemics tell a tale of ancient coral seas and of
monumental and, at times, catastrophic upheaval. The pebble
plains describe periods of huge lakes that left deep clay
deposits, followed by the inexorable upheaval and fragmentation
that takes place with mountain building, interspersed with the
advances and retreats of Ice Ages and d ese r ts.
Mt. San Gorgonio itself, representing the highest peak in
southern California at 11,500 feet and rising, hosts a highly
discrete alpine ocmunity at its summit. Gnarled and wind-pruned
lodgepole and limber pines virtually crawl up the last 200 meters
as they give way to a unique and interesting alpine flora
including several strict endemics found only cn the suimit and
a number of other species found nowhere else in southern California.
The discussion will include principles of island biogeography,
archipelago configuration, isolation mechanisms, and the effects
of habitat fra^nentation as exemplified by the rare plant
ocnnunities described.
10:50 Break
11:00 Dr. Michael P. Hamilton, University of California James San Jacinto
Mountains Reserve, Idyllwild.
1,000 Year Old Lodgepole Pine : The Old-growth forests of the San
Jacinto fountains .
Lodgepole pine ( Pirns oontorta) is distribu t ed fztxn the central
Ybkon to Baja California and east to South Dakota. It grcws over
a wider range of cl irate, from sea level to over 4,000 meters in
elevation, them any other type of pine. The southern California
lodgepoles (Pimis oontorta ssp . nurrayana ) occur at high elevations
in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto fountains.
This is the mountain subspecies that occurs northward through the
Sierra Nevada and Cascades. Studies of old-growth lodgepole
stands in the San Jacinto Mountains, near the southern limit of
distribution, ray reveal factors relating to ancient distribution
patterns.
5
Ihia presentation reports an investigation of an old-grcwth
lodgepole pine forest growing at 3,050 m in the San Jacinto
Maintains. Height, diameter, and condition of all trees in a
1 ha. plot located in a dry, well drained area, were measured
ai*l their relative position loca te d on a stand map. Similar data
were collected for all standing snags and stamps and for dcwn
snags, branches, awi tops. Increment cores were taken from 65
trees represent iff? the range of diameters present, and ages were
determined using a dendrochronological sequence developed for the
areas. Soil samples were taken and standard nutrient analyses
were conducted. Similar data were collected in a 1/10 ha plot
located in a nearby, moist area.
The dry site study area was dominated by an open stand of
large lodgepole pines with very lew density (400 trees/ha) .
Stand averages for diameter, height, and age were 33 an, 7.4 m,
and 250 years old, with maxima exceeding 90 an, 15 m, and 1,000
years old. The frequency dist r ibuti o n of diameters at 1.3 an was
birodal with maxima at 0-5 an (5-70 years old) and 40-45 an
(250-390 years old) . Despite heavy cone crops, stand replacement
wag proceeding very slowly as "seedlings" (heights 0.50 m) were
few in number (41/ha) , were as old as 55 years, and were primarily
growing in crevices in surface rocks.
In contrast, the moist-site study area was dominated by a
dense staff! of lodgepoles (3240 trees/ha) . Trees in this stand
were smaller and younger than those in the dry site. The
frequency distribution of diameters at 1.3 ro was strongly
skewed to smaller sizes with most trees being in the 0-5 an
diameter class (35-80 years old). "Seedlings" (heights 0.50 m)
were quite abundant (260/ha) .
Stand dynamics appeared to be dictated by the severity of the
environment, especially the occurrence of wind storms, lightning
fires, and drought. The standard climatic analysis of the dendro-
chronalogical sequence indicated that midwinter precipitation
(ie. snowpack) and early growing season air tarperature were
the controlling variables for diameter growth. Interestingly,
6
growth rates after 1955 were better than those predicted by known
climatic variables suggesting the possibility of anthropogenic
causes. Soil analyses indicated a surprisingly good nutrient
balance despite the low levels of organic nitrogen due to the slow
rates of decextposition. Stand regeneration and tree growth appeared
to be primarily controlled by site water balance. Plans for
specifically examining this subject will be discussed.
12:00 Lunch
1:40 Dr. Richard A. Minnich, Geography Program, Depa r t m e n t of Earth
Sciences, University of California Riverside.
The Influence of Fire on Distribution Patterns of Native Southern
California Vegetation
Hie interested student of California vegetation is easily
impressed by how climatic differences produced by the large
altitudinal relief of its mountain ranges and distance from the
Pacific ocean, as well as the influences of soils and geancrphology,
affect the patterning of plant camunities within the State.
Seldom, however, are plant distributions looked at in terms of
recurrent fire, as a dependent variable upon these environmental
factors. In California's mediterranean climatic region, the
potential for fire is so great that more mortality and reproduction
of woody vegetation is probably aoocnpiished through burning than
any other process. Many ocnminities persist ever Hbb because
taxa respond flexibly to disturbances through such adaptations as
sprouting, fire-resistant bark, seed scarification, fruit serotiny,
and long-distance seed dispersal. At the scale of plant oemruni-
ties, fires influe n ce the floristic corpositicn and physiognomy
of ecosystems.
Plant ocxmunities have been associated with model "fire
regimes" which desc r ibe general fire recurrence intervals, fire
size and behavior, vegetation damage, and postfire succession.
This approach does not take into consideration the selective
influence of fire on distributions because the impacts of fire
are not homogeneous within ecosystems, but occur in gradients
7
corresponding with changes in the physical enviroment . Key
variables influencing fire gradients include terrain, exposure
to the ambient wind field, vegetal productivity, and stratifica-
tion of fuels. Geographic relationships between fire and vegeta-
tion can be elusive because site fire pattern is subject to the
vagaries of ignitions, weather, and previous fire history;
individual taxa must be adapted to considerable temporal and
spatial fluctuation in the pattern of disturbances. The con-
straints of climate, terrain, and vegetation exert an inertia,
however, such that the pattern of burning and conoanitant biotic
distributions occur in mean states that reflect site conditions.
Ecological research has shown that woody perennial taxa in
California have wide-ranging adaptive modes and establishment
efficiences after bums. Thus, in view of interactions between
vegetal physiognomy, species adaptations and fire pattern, it
follows that gradients in fire regime influence ecosystem bio-
geography.
In this presentation, I will survey several major ecosystems
in southern California, including grassland-coastal sage scrub,
chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, mixed conifer forest, pinyon
woodland, and creosote bush scrub. Fire pattern and postfire
succession of each are evaluated in relation to environmental
gradients. The discussion will net be restricted to the contem-
porary scene. California wildlands have been influenced by a
long history of fire suppression management vhich has modified
fire regimes and vegetation throughout the state, and plant
distributions were originally shaped by uncontrolled fire. In
many examples, I will address accounts of vegetation and fire in
southern California written before fire control in the late 19th
century. Data are also shown for adjacent northern Baja California,
Itexico, where fire aontrol is still not effectively practiced.
2:30 James R. Shevock, Regional Botanist, Pacific Southwest Region,
USDA Forest Service, San Francisco.
Blogeograrhy of vegetation of the Kern River Plateau of the
Southern Sierra Nevada .
8
The vegetation and flora of the southern Sierra Nevada
contains the greatest diversity of plant camunities and number
of native species for any physiographic province in California.
The position of the southern Sierra in relation to other physio-
graphic provinces including the San Joaquin Valley, Transverse
Ranges, Mojave Desert, and the Great Basin affect the distrifcution
and arrangement of plant camunities for this area. Other factors
influencing the distribution and range of vegetative types and
camunities include geology and soils, elevation and aspect,
annual precipitation and climate. Elevation ranges from 800 to
14,000 feet in the southern Sierra and annual precipitation from
8 to 50 inches. It is estimated that over 60% of the state's
flora occurs in the Southern Sierra Nevada.
3:20 Closing remarks
ANNOUNCEMENTS
CALIFORNIA OAK jPCTOD SYMPOSIUM
A symposium on hardwood range and oak woodland camunities entitled:
"California Oak Woodlands: Attitudes and Responsibilities" is to be held
in Sacramento on January 22-24, 1989. There will be 2 days of panel discus-
sions by various groups on land use issues, management concerns, and con-
servation alternatives. Panelists will include small and large land owners,
conservation group mothers, policy maker, planners, developers, architects
and natural resource management agencies. The synposium will be preceded by
a field trip on Sunday, January 22, to look at residential development in
oak woodland areas. Poster session will also be held to provide information
on prograns, activities, or other materials related to hardwood range and
other oak woodlands. CNPS is one of the many co-sponsors of this synposiun.
More detailed information will be provided in the next Bulletin and
brochures will be available shortly frcm: Oak Synposiun Ctordinators,
c/o Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Roan 1516-20, P.O. Bcoc
944246, Sacramento, CA 94244-2460.
9
UPPER NEWPORT BAY NEEDS YOUR HELP
Upper Newport Bay has survived threats fron development and tram
siltation. New the reserve faces another threat - the destruction of
native plant caimmities by the invasion of severed species of weedy exotic
plants which have escaped from cultivation. The most inportant and poten-
tially damaging s p ecies are panpas grass, castor bean and ice plant. These
aggressive weeds are rapidly displacing native species along the shores of
the bay itself, as well as in the surrounding riparian and coastal sage
scrub communities.
We nust act soon to protect the fragile plant ccxmunities which are
beocxning increasingly rare in Southern California, and which provide food
and shelter for the bay's wildlife. The Department of Fish and Game can
use the help of teams of volunteers in a program of weed control.
Volunteers are needed for the physical work of ranoving weeds and for
napping and photographic documentation of progress of the work. Donations
and the loan of equipment will also be appreciated.
If you can join a team to start this inportant work, please notify:
Greg Gerstenberg
615 S. Grand Avenue
Orange, CA 92666
WETLANDS
Novenfcer 4-6. There will be a synposiun on wetland management and the
operation of nature centers at the Chula Vista Interpretive Center in San
Diego. Anyone interested in this synposiun should contact Dave Bramlet,
(714) 549-0647.
NON-NATIVE TREE REMOVAL ON THE M3JAVE RIVER FTXXPPLAIN
Carp Cady Wildlife Park, October 22-23. Tamarisk, native to Eurasia,
is invading a woodland of cottonwood and mesquite on the Mojave River
floodplain. Removal of these trees is sponsored by the Desert Protective
Council on a wildlife reserve of the California Fish 6 Game Department.
Call Bill Neill, (714) 779-2099. Angeles Chapter Wildlife Chair, Sierra
Club, for more information.
Non-native tree re m oval without harming native vegetation is labor
intensive. You can contribute by helping to clear and pile the cuttings.
You should wear lightweight protective clothing, work gloves, and sunglasses.
10
FIETD TRIPS
October 8 (Saturday) . Cahuilla Mountain . Steve Boyd, Riverside/San
Bernardino chapter (CUPS) will lead this trip to a Coulter pine, black oak
woodland. Meet at the intersection of Florida Avenue, (Hwy 74) and Fairview
Avenue, vrtiich is about 6 miles east of Hemet (Ihanas Guide 57, D3) . Call
Harry Spilman, (818) 799-9486, for details.
October 15 (Saturday) . Cactus Field Trip . Geoff Smith will lead this
trip. Meet at Dana Point Harbor, at comer of Del Obispo Street and Ensenada
Place. Hairs: 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM (approx.). Bring lunch. We shall encounter
most of the taxonomic segregates of the highly ocnplex populations of native
prickly pear cactus ( Opuntia ) , from coastal habitats to interior valley
locations. Route is from Dana Harbor to Capistrano, over Ortega Hwy (Hwy 74)
to the Temecula region of southern Riverside Go. Of major interest is
examining the possible influence that the introduced mission cactus may have
played on present Opuntia populations.
Amateur and Professional Botanists . The journal of the Southern
California Botanists, CR0SS0S0MA, provides an ideal means by which
you can publish things of botanical interest to southern Californians.
If you have a favorite field trip, gardening hints, or some pre-
liminary data that you'd like to have in print submit your manuscript
to: Dr. Allan Schoenherr
Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton Callege
321 E. Chapman Avenue
Fullerton, CA 92634
CR0SS0S0MA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August,
October, and Oecember) by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit
corporation. Back issues of CR0SS0S0MA are available for $2.00 an Issue (plus 254
postage) or $8.00 a volume (plus $1.00 postage). Send a check with your request to
Alan P. Romspert, Treasurer, at the above address. Manuscripts submitted for
publication should be addressed to Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr, Editor of CR0SS0S0MA,
Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College, Fullerton, CA 92634.
11
SCB COMING EV ENTS (DETAILS WITHIN)
October 8
October 15
October 29
Cahuilla Mountain
Ortega Highway Cactus Trip
Symposium, Biogeography of Southern California
J
A''-
K7</
*> 4
CROSSOSOMA
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711
CROSSOSOMA Vol . 14, No. 6
Managing Editor: Allan Schoenherr
December, 1938
ALKALOIDS IN TWO SPECIES OF CHOLLA,
OPUNTIA ACANTHOCAJRPA AND OPUNTIA ECHINOCARPA
Frits Zeylemaker
Natural History Museum, 900 Exposition Boulevard,
Los Angeles, CA 90007
The alkaloids dimethoxyphenethylamine , tyramine, and
hordenlne were found in chollas from Morongo Valley and Yucca
Valley. However, presence or absence of the chemicals varied at
each locality indicating the possible influence of environmental
factors such as soil or sunlight differences.
Introduction
Plants produce a variety of chemicals that are not
recognizable by external morphological features. The function of
these chemicals varies. Some of them function in photosynthesis
or metabolism. Others are produced to discourage herbivory.
Nevertheless, the presence or absence of these chemicals may aid
in the identification of species. The presence of flavenoids in
prlckly-pear cacti has been used for taxomic purposes
(Walkington, 1965), and the presence of the flavenoid mearnsitrin
has been detected in some varieties of Acaci a mearnsil where
there is no external difference from other varieties (Zeylemaker,
1969) .
Alkaloids also have been detected in cacti. The presence in
peyote of the hallucinogenic drug mescaline Is a well known
example. Several species of Opuntia also contain alkaloids, as
demonstrated by the work of J.L. McLaughlin and his students
(Meyer, et . al . , 1980). The purpose of this paper is to report
Abstract
on the presence of alkaloids In two species of cholla.
Methods
In October 1983 specimens of Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. &
Bigelow were collected from Morongo Valley and Opuptia
echln oca rpa Engelm. & Bigelow from three different locations in
Yucca Valley of the Mojave desert.
Five Opuntia acanthocarpa plants and seven Opuntia
echlnocarpa plants from different locations were tested. Plants
were separately labeled and screened for alkaloids using a method
developed by J.L. McLaughlin (Meyer, Bryan N. et al . 1980).
Young stem joints were dried and twenty to thirty grams ground
with chloroform and two ml cone, ammonium hydroxide in a blender
for 10 minutes and filtered. The extract was condensed by rotary
evaporator and extracted with 80 ml In hydrochloric acid. The
acidic solution was shaken with 100 ml chloroform and 100 ml
ether. These extracts were discarded. The remaining watery
solution, however, was adjusted to pH 9.5 with sodium hydroxide
and the basic solution extracted again with 100 ml chloroform and
100 ml ether. The combined extracts were condensed in a rotary
evaporator and used for thin layer chromatography. The solvent
used was ethylacetate-methanol-conc . ammonium hydroxide (17:2:1)
on silica gel GF 250,CaSO^ plates.
The markers used were hordenine, tyramlne and 3,4-
d 1 me thy 1 phene thy 1 amine HC1 . The plates were viewed under UV and
sprayed with fluoram 0.02% in acetone and dansyl Chi in 0.05% in
acetone. Provisional identification was obtained by
cochromatography .
Results and discussion
The samples of Opuntia acanthocarpa collected in Morongo
Valley (8320, 8321, 8322 and 8324) contained
dlmethoxyphenethy lamine and tyramine (Table I). For
unknown reasons, one sample (8323) contained none of the
alkaloids mentioned. The populations of Opuntia echlnocarpa
sampled from Yucca Valley were variable (Table I).
2
TABLE I
Presence
( + )
or absence
(-) of alkaloids
in Opuntia acanthocarpa
col lected
in
Morongo Valley (M) and
Opuntia echinocarpa,
from
Yucca Valley.
Localitiesi La Contenta Rd
(C) ,
Rancho Nogusta (R), and
Aberdeen Rd
(A) .
plant 0
locality
dimethoxyph-
- hordenine -
tyramine
enethylamine
8320
M
+
-
+
8321
M
+
-
+
8322
M
+
-
+
8324
M
+
-
+
8323
M
-
-
-
8325
C
+
+
+
8327
C
+
+
+
8328
R
+
+
+
8332
A
+
+
+
8333
A
+
+
+
8335
A
+
+
-
8326
C
+
_
+
8330
R
+
-
+
833 1
A
+
-
+
8334
A
+
-
+
8329
R
+
-
-
It was not possible to identify all alkaloids in the plants.
The occurence of dimethoxyphenethylamine was confirmed by
Dr. J.L. McLaughlin and his students (Ma, et al , 1986) in Opuntia
echinocarpa (8327 and 8328). [Specimens are preserved in the
herbarium of the Museum of Natural History of the Los Angeles
county respectively under § 122209, 122210 and 122212.1
The occurrence of mescaline in Opuntia basilaris has been
reported by Ma et al . , 1986 in a quantity (0.011) which is
insufficient to cause hallucinations In humans.
Conclusion
The presence of alkaloids such as dimethoxyphenethylamine
are widely distributed in both Opuntia acanthocarpa from Morongo
Valley and Opuntia echinocarpa from Yucca Valley. Hordenlne was
only found in Opuntia echinocarpa, but its presence or absence
varied at every locality. Individual Opuntia plants of the same
species may differ considerably in their content of alkaloids.
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks are due to the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Co.
and expecially to Dr. Ron R. Reynolds for the use of their
facilities. I thank Dr. Jerry McLaughlin for the pure samples
used as markers in the TLC.
LITERATURE CITED
Ma, W.W. , Jiang, X.Y., Cooks, R.G. , McLaughlin, J.L.,
Zeylemaker, F. Cactus Alkaloid. LCI . Identification of
Mescaline and related compounds in eight new species using
TLC and MS/MS. 1986. F. Natural Products 49*735-736.
Meyer, Bryan N., Mohamed, Yehia A.H., and McLaughlin, Jerry L.
1980. B-Phenethylamlnes from the cactus Opuntia. Phyto-
chemistry 19:719-720.
Walkington, D.L. 1965. Morphological and chemical evidence for
hybridization in some species of Qpyntia occurring in
southern California. Doctoral Dissertation. Claremont
Graduate School. Claremont, CA.
Zeylemaker, F.C.J. 1969. Distribution of Mearnsitrin in Acacia
populations. Phytochemistry 8*435-436.
VASCULAR PLANTS OF LAS ISLAS DE TODOS SANTOS,
NW BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO
Robert F. Thorne and Steven A. Junak
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711 and
Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, CA 93105
This list of the vascular plants collected or observed on the
Todos Santos Islands in Todos Santos Bay, is based in part upon
collections and observations made by Robert F. Thorne and associates
on a Southern California Botanists boat trip out of Ensenada to the
South Island on March 8, 1980, and by Steven A. Junak and Ralph N.
Philbrick on trips to the islands in April 1978 and April 1985.
Stephen A. Junak made additional collections in March 1987. The use
of earlier collections made by Ralph N. Philbrick and Michael R.
Benedict is greatly appreciated. Additional species not seen on
these trips are included from a list of "Plants of the Todos Santos
Islands, Baja California," published by Reid Moran in 1950 in Leaflets
of Western Botany 6: 53-56 and from a later informal list also
apparently generated by Dr. Moran. A preceding * denotes species
believed to be introduced on the islands. Vouchers are mostly filed
at RSA, SBBG, SD, and MEXU.
The two islets comprising Las Islas de Todos Santos have a
combined area of 1.2 sq km. They are located about 6 km from the tip
of the Punta Banda peninsula on the mainland at lat 31 deg 48 min N
and long 116 deg 48 min W. The larger of the two islets, Isla Todos
Santos del Sur, reaches a maximum elevation of about 100 m and has a
diverse topography with a main peak and several hills and swales. The
vegetation on the larger islet is an interesting mixture of coastal
sage scrub, maritime desert scrub, and grassland. The smaller islet,
Isla Todos Santos del Norte, is a relatively flat tableland with
limited topographic diversity and a maximum elevation of about 20 m.
The vegetative cover on the north islet is primarily disturbed
grassland and coastal sage scrub.
Aizoaceae
Carpobrotus aequilaterus (Haw.) N. E. Br.
♦Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.
♦Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L.
Alliaceae
Dichelostemma pulchellum (Salisb.) Heller
Anacardiaceae
Malosma laurina (Nutt, in T. & G.) Nutt, ex Abrams
(Rhus laurina Nutt.)
Rhus integrifolia (Nutt, in T. & G. ) Brewer & S. Wats.
Apiaceae
Apiastrum angustifolium Nutt, in T. & G.
Daucus pusillus Michx.
Asteraceae
Amblyopappus pusillus Hook. & Arn.
Ambrosia chenopodiifolia (Benth.) Payne
Artemisia calif ornica Less.
♦Centaurea melitensis L.
♦Chrysanthemum coronarium L.
Coreopsis maritima (Kell.) Hall
Encelia californica Nutt.
Filago californica Nutt.
Gnaphalium beneolens A. Davids.
Gnaphalium bicolor Bioletti
Hazardia berberidis (A. Gray) Greene
Hemizonia fasciculata (DC.) T. & G.
Hemizonia greeneana Rose ssp. peninsularis Moran
♦Hypochoeris glabra L.
Isocoma veneta (H.B.K.) Greene ssp. oxyphylla (Greene) ined.
Lasthenia californica DC. ex Lindl. [L. chrysostoma
Fisch. & Mey.) Ornduff]
Malacothrix similis Davis & Raven
Microseris lindleyi (DC.) A. Gray [M. linearifolia
(Nutt.) Sch.Bip.)
Perityle emoryi Torr.
Rafinesquia californica Nutt.
♦Sonchus oleraceus L.
♦Sonchus tenerrimus L.
Stephanomeria diegensis Gottlieb
Verbesina dissita A. Gray
Viguiera laciniata A. Gray
Boraginaceae
Amsinckia intermedia F. & M.
Cryptantha clevelandii Greene var. clevelandii
Cryptantha intermedia (A. Gray) Greene
Brassicaceae
♦Cakile maritima Scop. ssp. maritima
Caulanthus lasiophyllus (Hook. & Arn.) Pays.
[Thelypodium lasiophyllum (Hook. & Arn.) Greene)
Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt, ssp. menziesii (DC.) Detling
♦Sisymbrium irio L.
♦Sisymbrium orientale L.
Lepidium nitidum Nutt. var. nitidum
Lepidium oblongum Small
Cactaceae
Bergerocactus emoryi (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose
Mammillaria dioica K. Bdg.
♦Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.
Opuntia littoralis (Engelm.) Ckll. ssp. littoralis
Opuntia oricola Philbrick
Opuntia prolifera Engelm.
Caryophyllaceae
Polycarpon depressum Nutt, in T. & G.
Silene antirrhina L.
♦Silene gallica L.
Chenopod iaceae
Aphanisma blitoides Nutt, ex Moq. in DC.
Atriplex californica Moq. in DC.
Atriplex julacea S. Wats.
♦Atriplex semibaccata R. Br.
Chenopodium californicum (S. Wats.) S. Wats.
♦Chenopodium murale L.
♦Salsola australis R. Br. (S. kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch)
5
longiloba
Convolvulaceae
Calystegia macrostegia (Greene) Brummitt ssp.
(Abrams) Brummitt
Calystegia macrostegia ssp. macrostegia
Dichondra occidental is House
Crassulaceae
Crassula connata (R. & P.) Berger in Engler & Prantl
var. connata (Tillaea erecta Hook. & Arn.)
Dudleya anomala (A. Davids.) Moran
Dudleya attenuata (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose
ssp. orcuttii (Rose) Moran
Dudleya brittonii Johansen
Dudleya Xsemiteres (Rose) Moran
Cucurbitaceae
Marah macrocarpus (Greene) Greene
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia crenulata Engelm.
Euphorbia misera Benth.
Fabaceae
Astragalus trichopodus (Nutt.) A. Gray ssp. leucopsis
(T. & G.) Thorne (A. leucopsis T. & G.)
Lotus scoparius (Nutt, in T. & G.) Ottley ssp. watsonii
(V. & R.) ined. (L. watsonii (V. & R.) Greene]
Lotus strigosus (Nutt, in T. & G.) Greene var. strigosus
Lupinus truncatus Nutt, ex Hook. & Arn.
Trifolium graciientum T. 6 G.
Tri folium tridentatum Lindl.
Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. (V. exigua Nutt, in T. & G.)
Fiankeniaceae
Frankenia salina (Mol.) Jtn. (F. grandifolia Cham. & Schlecht.)
Geraniaceae
♦Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. ex Ait.
♦Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Her.
♦Pelargonium zonale (L.) Ait.
Grossulariaceae
Ribes viburnifolium A. Gray
Hydrophyllaceae
Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia (Benth.) Greene
Phacelia cicutaria Greene ssp. hispida (A. Gray)
Beauchamp ex Thorne
Phacelia distans Benth.
Phacelia hirtuosa A. Gray
Phacia ixodes Kell.
Pholistoma racemosum (Nutt.) Const.
Lamiaceae
♦Marrubium vulgare L.
Malvaceae
Eremalche exilis (A. Gray) Greene
♦Lavatera assurgentif lora Kell.
♦Malva parviflora L.
Nyctaginaceae
Mirabilis californica A. Gray var. californica
Orchidaceae
Piperia unalascensis (Spreng.) Rydb.
[Habenaria unalascensis (Spreng.) S. Wats.]
Papaveraceae
Eschscholzia californica Cham. var. peninsularis (Greene) Munz
Eschscholzia ramosa Greene
Poaceae
♦Avena barbata Brot.
♦Avena fatua L.
Bromus arizonicus (Shear) Stebb.
♦Bromus diandrus Roth.
♦Bromus mollis L.
♦Bromus rubens L.
Elymus condensatus Presl
♦Hordeum murinum L. ssp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvel.
♦Hordeum murinum L. ssp. leporinum (Link) Arcang.
♦Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench.
Melica imperfecta Trin.
Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Kunth
♦Phalaris minor Retz
Poa secunda Presl [P. scabrella (Thurb. ) Benth. ex Vaseyl
♦Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.
Stipa diegoensie Swall.
Vulpia myuros (L.) K. C. Gmel. var. hirsute Hack.
(Festuca megalura Nutt.)
Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. (Festuca octoflora Walt.)
Polemoniaceae
Gilla sp.
Polyaonacea*
Briegonum f a *a leu la turn Banth. sap. faaaiculatum
Eriogonum grande Greene sap. teatudinum (Reveal) ined.
Pterostegia drymarioides F. & M.
Polypod iaceae
Polypodium californicum Kaulf.
Portulacaceae
Calandrinia ciliata (R. & P.) DC. var. menziesii (Hook.) Macbr.
Calandrinia maritima Nutt.
Claytonia perfoliata Donn. var. perfoliata
Ranunculaceae
Clematis pauciflora Nutt, in T. & G.
Delphinium parryi A. Gray ssp. maritimum (A. Davids.) ined.
Resedaceae
Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl) Macbr.
Rosaceae
Heteromeles arbutifolia (Ait.) M. Roem.
Scrophular iaceae
Antirrhinum nuttallianum Benth. in DC.
Linaria canadensis (L. ) Dum.-Cours. var. texana (Scheele) Penn.
Castilleja jepsonii Bacig. & Heckard
Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth. var. purpurascens
Solanaceae
Lycium brevipes Benth. var. brevipes
Lycium californicum Nutt, ex A. Gray
♦Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Nicotiana clevelandii A. Gray
Physalis greenei Vasey & Rose
♦Solanum americanum Mill.
Solanum palmeri Vasey & Rose
Urticaceae
Hesperocnide tenella Torr. (Urtica urens of Wigg.)
Parietaria hespera Hinton ssp. hespera (Parietaria
floridana auct.)
Zosteraceae
Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats.
Updated 27 May 1988
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Operation Phoenix is a partnership of individuals and organizations
that have been formed to work together tcward resource recovery on fire
daneged land. The opportunities are basically tvo-fold; man pcwer to
complete the tasks, and financial support to provide materials and supplies.
Volunteer work will involve tree planting, tree plantation maintenance,
stream rehabilitation and other projects. Of 700,000 acres burned during
the simmer fire siege of 1987, approximately 250,000 acres of devastated
forest will nee helping hands to heal the land. The local work to be done
includes one area in Trabuco and the Cleveland National Forest.
The U.S. Forest Service, the California Department of Forestry and
7
Fire Protection, and the BIM are agencies involved in this project. If
you are interested in helping in any way, call Gas and Frieda Kinoshita,
at 974-1639, and they will forward additional information to yew.
CALIFORNIA OAK WOODLAND SYMPOSIUM
A symposium on hardwood range and oak woodland oenmunities entitled:
"California Oak Woodlands: Attitudes and Responsibilities" is to be held
in Sacramento on January 22-24, 1989. There will be 2 days of panel discus-
sions by various groups on land use issues, management concerns, and con-
servation alternatives. Panelists will include snail and large land owners,
conservation group members, policy maker, planners, developers, architects
and natural resource management agencies. The symposium will be preceded by
a field trip on Sunday, January 22, to lock at residential development in
oak woodland areas. Poster session will also be held to provide information
on programs, activities, or other materials related to hardwood range and
other oak woodlands. CNPS is one of the many co-sponsors of this synposium.
More detailed information will be provided in the next Bulletin and
brochures will be available shortly frem: Oak Synposium Coordinators,
c/o Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Roan 1516-20, P.O. Bax
944246, Sacramento, CA 94244-2460.
Planning and Conservation league . Annual Symposiun . January 28 , 29
at Sacramento State University. The Planning and Conservation League is
a membership organization that represents to the state legislature
organizations such as CNPS, Audubon Society, Wilderness Society, and the
Laguna Greenbelt. PCL is devoted to the passage of sound environmental
legislation in California. For information on this synposium write to
PCL, 909 12th St., Suite 203, Sacramento, CA 95814.
Trailbwilding in scuthem California . Each weekend the Sierra Club
(and associated environmental groups) sponsors volunteer trail building.
Ycu can take part by helping for a day, a weekend or becoming a regular.
Call the Sierra Club Trails Coordinator for the Mountain Range in which
you want to work. Sierra Club manbership is not required. Santa Monica
Mountains, call Ron Webster, (213) 451-1231; San Gabriel Mountains
(Angeles N.F.), call Charles Jones, (818) 352-9611; Santa Ana Mountains,
call Ken Croker, (714) 546-7016.
8
NEW PUBLICATIONS
Bibl iographi.es on Chaparral and the Fire Ecology of other Mediterranean
Systems , 2nd Edition, by Jon E. Keeley. This publication may be obtained
free of charge try writing to the Water Resources Center, University of
California, Pubidoux Hall, Riverside, CA 92521; or call (714) 787-4327.
Desert Eooloqy ; A Research Symposium , Robert G. Zahary, Editor. This
volume is a collection of papers presented at the 1986 Symposium on Desert
Ecology sponsored by the Southern California Academy of Sciences and the
Southern California Desert Studies Consortium. Of botanical interest are
papers on southern California desert oanminities, post-pollination changes
in floral morphology, symbiotic microorganisms in roots of desert plants,
and the influence of cactus morphology on the interception of light. Copies
may be ordered by calling Margaret Barber at (213) 744-3304. The price is
approximately $26.00.
California Oak Heritage Conservatio n Conference , Peter Bcwler and
Stacy Brown, Editors. This volume is a series of papers frcm a 1983 sym-
posium at the University of California, Irvine. It stresses practical,
nontechnical information on management, natural history, ecology, and
preservation of native southern California oaks. Tt> order a copy, send a
check or money order for $10.00 to Sea and Sage Audubon Society, P.O.
Box 25, Santa Ana, CA 92702.
CNPS Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants , 4th Edition.
This volume is now for sale at $19.95 (add $2.95 tax and shipping for first
copy, $1.95 tax and 'shipping for each additional ocpy) . Order from Calif.
Native Plant Society, 909 12th St. Suite 116, Sacramento, CA 95814.
Plant Biology of Eastern California . This volume frcm the
Mary DeDecker Symposium is new available at $15.00 per copy (includes
postage and handling) . Order frcm White Mountain Research Station, 6713
Geology Bldg., University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1567.
Camion Riparian Plants of California and Ccmmon Wetland Plants of
Co astal California . These Field Guides written and designed for use by
professionals an! lay people, use photocopies of actual plants, presented
life-size. Prices; Riparian Plants, $18.00 + $1.50 shipping; Wetland Plants ,
$12.00 + $1.00. Order from; Pickleweed Press, 212 Del Casa, Mill Valley,
CA 94941.
9
FIELD TRIPS
December 10 (Saturday) 10.00 AH to dusk. Mvcologlcal Fora^_
El Carlso Campground. This LA Hycological Society field trip will
look for a variety of fungi in the Santa Ana Mountains. Meet at
the entrance to the Hi Carlso campground on the Ortega Highway. To
reach the meeting take the San Diego freeway (5) south to the
Ortega Highway (74). Go east on 74 to the El Cariso Guard Station
and go turn left to the campground entrance. Call the LA
Mycological Society at (213) 292-1900 for details.
January 14 (Saturday) lOiOO AM to dusk. Mycologial foray, Stunt_
Cvn . The Mycological Society will conduct this field trip to the
Santa Monica Mountains to look for mushrooms and other fungi. Call
the LA Mycologial Society at (213) 292-1900 for details.
January 22 (Sunday) 9>00 AM to 3i00 PM. Torrey Pines State Park^
Dave Bramlet will lead this trip to examine the relictual Torrey
pine. Other interesting species include* Shaw's agave, western
dichondra, warty-stem ceanothus, and mission manzanita. To reach
the park take the San Diego freeway (5) south to Carmel Valley Rd.
(past Del Mar) and go right (west). Continue west to North Torrey
Pines Rd and turn left (south) and go south to the park entrance.
We will meet at 9*00 AM at the upper parking lot, near the visitors
center. Please remember that the Park rules do not allow pets or
food within the park. For details call Dave Bramlet at (714)
549-0647.
February 11 (Saturday) 9»30AM to dusk. Fungus foray. Rancho,
Mission Vie 1o . Walt Wright will lead this field trip to look at
plants (vascular) and fungi in the oak woodlands found on the
Rancho Mission Viejo. Take the San Diego freeway (5) south, to the
Ortega Highway (74) and go east about 5 miles. We will meet at the
large yellow gates on the south side of Ortega Hwy. ( Cr istianitos
Rd.), which is about 1/4 mi. before (west) the entrance of Caspers
Park. For additional information call the LA Mycological Society
at (213) 292-1900.
10
February IX (Saturday) Tentative Desert rigid Trip
Dave Charlton may lead a field trip in the Mojave desert for the
Riverside Chapter of CNPS. For additional information send an SASE
to Dave Charlton 427 Canoe Cove Dr., Diamond Bar CA 91765.
February 12 (Sunday) 10.00 AM to 5.00 PH. Mycoloqial Faire .
The LA Mycological society will hold a series of demonstrations,
displays and lectures on common fungi of southern California at the
Orange County Natural History Museum. To reach the Museum take the
San Diego Freeway (405) to Jamboree and turn right (south).
Continue south to Eastbluff Dr. Turn left on Eastbluff, go past
Corona del Mar high school to Vista del Oro. Turn right and look
for the Museum on the left (2627 Vista del Oro). For additional
information call the LA Mycological Society at (213) 292-1900.
February 25, 26 (Saturday and Sunday) Fungus forays and Faire.
The LA Mycological Society will hold a number of forays in Los
Angeles and potentially Orange Counties to look for mushrooms and
other fungi. A faire to display these fungi with lectures and
demonstrations will be held on Sunday at the LA Arboretum. For
details contact the LA Mycological Society at (213) 292-1900.
March 5 (Sunday) 9»30AM to 3i00PM. Moro Canyon, Crystal Cove State
Park . Fred Roberts will lead this trip to examine coastal sage
scrub, oak woodland and riparian vegetation in the Sycamore Hills.
To reach the park take the San Diego Freeway (405) to McArthur and
go right (south). Continue on McArthur to the Pacific Coast
Highway (PCH) and turn left (southeast). Continue south on PCH to
the sign for the Moro Cyn parking lot and visitors center. Turn
left and drive to the visitors center where we will meet.
April 1 and 2 (Saturday and Sunday). Anza-Borrego Desert Weekend.
Erik Jonsson will lead this trip to look for desert wildflowers in
the park. It is too early to determine the exact areas we will
visit but we will dry camp somewhere within the park. Be prepared
11
for hot weather end bring along plenty of water. Must have
containers for two quarts of water on Sat. afternoon, boots and
camping gear. We will meet at IOiOO AH on Sat. at Scissors
Crossing- junction of SR-78 and S-2 (San Diego County). Trip will
end about noon on Sunday. If you plan to attend, call or writei
Dave Bramlet, 1691 Mesa Dr. Ho. A-2, Santa Ana CA 92707, (714)
549-0647.
TENTATIVE TRIPS
March 12 Telegraph Cyn. , Chino Hills State Park
April 15-16 Cactus Trip, Dana Pt. to Hemet
April 30 Harford Springs Park, Riverside County.
Penmen ts on the Fall Symposium . The Board of Directors thanks all
SCB members and other interested persons for their attendance and support
of this year's highly successful symposium. We wish to acknowledge in
particular the excellent , well-organized presentations of the five speakers:
Robert Thome, Tim Krantz, Mike Hamilton, Richard Mirtnich and Jim Shevock.
Several individuals donated extra energies and time to ensure the
success of the symposium and should be singled out for their contributions:
A1 Ranspert (speakers luncheon, registration and membership) , Linda Harris
and Sherry Schmidt (registration) , Diana Cosand (audio-visual setup and
registration) , Allan Schoenherr (photo display and audio-visual operation) ,
Laura Kopase, Dave Charlton and Dave Bramlet (advance publicity), and
Terry Daubert (tables for registration and refreshments setup) .
The Board appreciates the synposium co-sponsorship and participation
by the Cal State Fullerton Biology Club, and also wishes to thank the
Biology Dept, faculty at CSUF for allowing the syrrposium to be held at
McCarthy Hall - an excellent facility! I personally enjoyed being the
'Moderator' for this event at my alma mater, and am looking forward to
having the 1989 Syrrposium at CSUF!
Geoff Smith, SCB President
12
i.y&b SLb brn^ubiun:
MEMBERSHIP- TREASURER'S REPORT
As in past SCB symposia this year's symposium again had
an agenda of excellent subjects presented by knowledgable
speakers. What sets this year's symposium apart from those
of the past eight years is the financial outcome. The
combination of a most welcome attendance, the free use of
the lecture hall, and the ability to provide our own
refreshments allowed us to post a profit this year. We wish
to thank the CSUF Biology Club for co-sponsoring this year's
symposium and arranging for the food sales permit . Thanks
also to SCB Director Diana Cosand for her efforts in reser-
ving the lecture room and audio visual equipment.
We had an attendance of approximately 140 people during
the day's activities. As the room held only 120 seats this
turnout far exceeded our expectations. Not everyone was
able to stay for all the talks; this allowed seating for
most people during the course of the symposium. Twenty-five
new members joined and fourty-four current members renewed
their memberships for the coming year.
Receipts for symposium attendance totaled nine hundred
fourty-two dollars ($942.00). Our expenses for advertise-
ment, refreshments, speaker honorariums and lunches was four
hundred thirty-seven dollars ($437.00). The profit of five
hundred and five dollars ($505.00) will allow for more
student grants in 1989.
Thanks go out to members (both old and new) who attended
this year's SCB symposium making it the huge success that it
was. We hope to see and visit with you again next year. To
those members that were unable to attend we hope to See you
at the next symposium and at future SCB functions during the
coming new year.
13
Alan P. Romspert
SCB Membership-Treasurer
Two revised floras from the
Southern California Botanists
A FLORA OF THE SANTA ROSA PLATEAU,
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. By Earl W.
Latbrop and Robert F. Thorne. 39
pagea; paperback; comb binding;
FLORA OF THE SANTA MONICA
MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA.
By Peter H. Raven, Henry J.
Thompson, and Barry A. Prigge.
179 pages; paperback; amvth
sewn binding; $10.50
Please send:
Price
copies of A FLORA OF THE SANTA ROSA PLATEAU £ $7.00
copies of FLORA OF THE SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS Q $10.50
Return to: So. Calif Botanists
Dept, of Biology
Calif. State University
Fullerton, CA 92634
Total
$
Price includes tax, handling,
and postage.
Make check or money order payable to: Southern California Botanists
- 14 -
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
1500 North College Avenue
Claremont, CA 91711
The purpose of the SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Is the study,
preservation and conservation of the native plants of California; and
the education of the public to the value of the native flora and its
habitats. It is a non-profit association foraied in 1927.
Membership benefits include:
Various field trips throughout the state led by competent
field botanists and biologists.
A yearly plant sale featuring native California species.
An annual symposium on various aspects of the California
vegetat ion .
The SCB Journal. CROSSOSOMA.
Discounts on botanical and natural history books.
Membership categories are:
/
/
Individual*
$ 8.00
/
/
Croup or organization
$15.00
/ / New Member
/ / Renewal
^Includes membership for entire family.
Date
Name
Address —
City * Zip Code
Phon e ( )
In addition, I want to give $ _ to hel P ■ u PP ort SCB -
Hake check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS.
Mail check and form to:
Alan P. Romspert
Southern California Botanists
Department of Biological Science
California State University, Fullerton
Fullerton, CA 92634
CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August,
October, and December) by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit
corporation. Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available for $2.00 an issue (plus 25J
postage) or $8.00 a volume (plus $1.00 postage). Send a check with your request to
Alan P. Romspert, Treasurer, at the above address. Manuscripts : submitted for
publication should be addressed to Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr, Editor of CROSSOSOMA,
Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College, Fullerton, CA 92634.
15
December 10
January 14
January 22
February 11
February 11
February 12
February 25
March 5
April 1&2
SCB COMING EV ENTS (DETAILS WITHIN)
Fungus Foray, El Carlso Campground
Fungus Foray, Stunt Cyn.
Torrey Pines State Park
Fungus Foray, R. Mission Viejo
Desert Field Trip (Tentative)
Fungus Faire, Nat. Hist. Mus.
Fungus Foray and Faire
Moro Canyon
Ana-Borrego State Park
4
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