Full text of "Crossosoma"

See other formats

Crossosoma

Journal of the Southern California Botanists, Inc.

Volume 33, Number 1

Spring-Summer 2007

Southern California Botanists, Inc.

— Founded 1927 —

CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published twice a year by Southern California
Botanists, Inc., a California nonprofit organization of individuals devoted to the study,
preservation and conservation of the native plants and plant communities of southern
California.

SCB Board of Directors for 2007

President
Vice President
Secretary
Treasurer
Webmaster

Editor of CROSSOSOMA
Editor of Leaflets
Directors-at-large

Ex officio Board Members

Sula Vanderplank
Naomi Fraga
Linda Prince
Alan P. Romspert
Naomi Fraga
Denise Knapp
Kimberlyn Williams
David Bramlet
Jill Carpenter
Jennifer Cogswell
Terry Daubert
Elizabeth Delk
Kerry Knudsen
Orlando Mistretta
Kerry Myers
Fred Roberts
Susan Schenk
Allan A. Schoenherr
Paul Schwartz

Gary Wallace (Immediate Past
President)

Articles, book reviews, or other items for submission to CROSSOSOMA can be
sent to Denise Knapp, Editor, at dknappfajcatalinaconservancv.org or P.O. Box 2739,
Avalon, California, 90704, USA. Electronic submission is preferred. Please see our
website, www.socalbot.org, for 6rmat guidelines. Notices of a time-dated nature (field
trips, workshops, symposia, etc.) to be included in the newsletter Leaflets should be
submitted to Kimberlyn Williams, Editor of Leaflets, Biology Department, CSUSB, 5500
University Parkway, San Bernardino, California, USA.

Views published in CROSSOSOMA are those of the contributing author(s) and are
not necessarily those of the editors, the membership of Southern California Botanists
Inc., or the SCB Board of Directors, unless explicitly stated.

Permission to reproduce items in CROSSOSOMA , in whole or in part,
should be requested from the current Editor.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Volume 33, Number 1

Spring-Summer 2007

CONTENTS

Vascular plants of the Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy, Rancho Mission
Viejo, Orange County, California

— Fred M. Roberts, Jr. and David E. Bramlet 2

Noteworthy Collections: New records of lichenicolous fungi from California
— Kerry Knudsen and Jana kocourkova 39

Book Review: Before California: An archaeologist looks at our earliest
inhabitants by Brian Fagan (2003) 41

Cover: Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy, photos by Fred M. Roberts, Jr. and David E.
Bramlet. Upper left: mixed coastal sage scrub and sumac chaparral, from near center
west boundary looking north; upper right: eroded cliff along ridge in southern portion of
preserve; lower left: Calochortus weedii flower, typical of intermediate forms between
C.w. var. intermedius and C.w. var. weedii. The background color of this flower is more
typical of C.w. var. intermedius although solid yellow is more typical of C.w. var. weedii;
lower right coastal sage scrub on ridge, Cristianitos Canyon on Rancho Mission Viejo
(off the the preserve) in background.

Lu ESTHER T MERTZ
LIBRARY

JUL 0 6 2007

NEW YORK
BOTANICAL GARDEN

http://www.socalbot.org

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE
DONNA O’NEILL LAND CONSERVANCY,

RANCHO MISSION VIEJO, ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

Fred M. Roberts, Jr.

P.O. Box 517, San Luis Rey, California 92068
antshrike@cox.net

and

David E. Bramlet

1691 Mesa Dr., No. A-2, Santa Ana, California 92707
debramlet@earthlink.net

ABSTRACT: The Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy is a 486 hectare (1,172 acre)
reserve located within Cristianitos Creek watershed on Rancho Mission Viejo, southern
Orange County'. The Conservancy was set aside to offset impacts to the Talega Homes
development site during the 1980s and is privately managed. The vegetation is primarily
composed of coastal sage scrub, chaparral, southern oak woodland, sycamore riparian
woodland, native needlegrass perennial grassland, and annual grassland, with scattered
sandstone cliffs and outcrops. The authors conducted rare plant and floristic surveys of
the Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy in 2003 and 2004. Two-hundred and forty-four
taxa, representing 59 families, were collected during the survey. One hundred and eighty
taxa were native and sixty-seven taxa were non-native. Twelve addditional taxa were
observed but not documented. The largest plant families were Asteraceae (51 taxa),
Poaceae (35 taxa), Fabaceae (17 taxa), and Scrophulariaceae (eight taxa). Twelve
documented species within the Conservancy are listed in the California Native Plant
Society’s Inventory of Rare and Endangered Species or considered of Local Concern.

KEYWORDS: Orange County. Rancho Mission Viejo, Cristianitos Canyon, Donna
O'Neill Land Conservancy, vascular plants, special status plants.

INTRODUCTION

The Cristianitos Creek watershed is located on the southern portion of Rancho Mission
Viejo, south of State Route 74 (Ortega Highway), east of San Clemente, and north of
Camp Joseph Pendleton Marine Corps Base. It forms the northwestern-most tributary to
the San Mateo Creek— Gabino Canyon watershed, an important site for the federally-
listed endangered arroyo toad (Bufo microscaphus californicus). The Donna O’Neill
Land Conservancy (Conservancy), previously known as the Rancho Mission Viejo Land
Conservancy, contains 486 hectares (1,172 acres) of habitat along the western flank of
Cristianitos Canyon. A diverse assemblage of plant communities includes coastal sage
scrub, chaparral, native perennial needlegrass grassland, southern oak woodland, coast
live oak riparian forest, and sycamore riparian woodland. The Conservancy also includes
exposed sandstone cliffs and one of two small patches of scrub dominated by Artemisia
tridentala on Rancho Mission Viejo. At about seven kilometers, these stands represent
the closest that A. tridentala approaches the Pacific Ocean in San Diego or Orange
Counties.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

The Conservancy was set aside in the mid 1980s to offset impacts from the adjacent
Talega Development. The lands set aside were centered on extensive stands of southern
oak woodland dominating every major tributary within the Conservancy. Included within
Conservancy lands was a portion of the extensive native needlegrass grasslands found
within the Cristianitos Creek watershed. These grasslands represent some of highest
quality native grasslands remaining in southern California. For twenty years the
Conservancy has protected and managed these habitats through volunteer efforts and
provided environmental education. However, like too many other areas of southern
California, even the Conservancy is at risk as surrounding regions are proposed for
development. During the late 1990s, the Talega residential development advanced right
up to the border of the Conservancy and seemingly minor boundary changes resulted in
significant alterations of the viewshed. Today, the Conservancy itself is within the path of
the proposed Southern Foothill Tollway, which is a proposed pass through the adjacent
San Onofre unit of San Clemente State Park (FHWA and TCA 2004). Like many
conservation areas in Orange County, plant taxa occurring in the Donna O’Neill Land
Conservancy have been surprisingly poorly documented. In 2002 Laura Cohen, the
Conservancy manager, presented us with an opportunity to inventory the reserve’s flora.
Rancho Mission Viejo supplied additional funding to study the rare plants found within
the Conservancy.

Location of the study area

The Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy is located in southern Orange County (Figure 1)
within the watershed of Cristianitos Creek, generally west of the creek channel and
Cristianitos Road on Rancho Mission Viejo. The middle and southern portions of the
Conservancy are bordered by the Talega residential development on the west, while land
to the east consists of undeveloped grazing lands, old clay pits, and the Northrop-
Grumman Capistrano Test Site (formally TRW). The area immediately north of the
Conservancy is also currently undeveloped, although there is a sand and gravel mining
operation in the adjacent (west) Trampas Canyon. The lands immediately south of the
Conservancy are currently being developed as a residential community. Camp Joseph
Pendleton Marine Corps Base is to the southeast just beyond the Northrop-Grumman
Capistrano Test Site. Public access to the Conservancy is restricted and may be granted
for educational and research activities.

Physical description of the study area

The topography within the Conservancy is dominated by a series of northwest- to
southeast-running shallow canyons and ridges leading into Cristianitos Canyon. The
northern part consists of rolling hills with a few exposed clay barrens. The southern
portion is higher, more rugged, and with numerous steep-sided sandstone cliffs. The
lowest point in the Conservancy is 91 meters (300 feet) elevation, found at the southern
edge adjacent to the TRW access road. The highest point is 263 meters (862 feet)
elevation. None of the physical features within the Conservancy, with the exception of
Cristianitos Canyon, have formal names on 7.5 minute U.S.G.S. topographic maps.
However, Conservancy managers have informally named a number of features including
Flagpole Meadow, North Ridge Trail, Middle Ridge Trail, High Ridge Trail, Shady
Canyon Trail, and Gato Canyon Trail (Figure 1).

Bedrock geology throughout the Conservancy consists of a Santiago Formation, except
along the streambeds. These are an Eocene formation consisting of marine sandstones

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

ORANGE

sCOUNTY

/ ? 'Flagpole
j jgj Meado?

‘Gate Arp;

OLD

RIVERSIDE
CEMENT
- LEASE >
HOLDING

'mm,

TALEGA

DEVELOPMENT

NORTRROP-GRUMM
' LEASE HOLDING

SDG<$iE Substation

kilometers

0.5

02 0.4 0.6 0.8

miles

Canada Gobemadora
U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute quadrangle.

Figure 1: Donna O'Neill Land Conservancy at Rancho Mission Viejo: general location within
Orange County, borders, and important physical features in and surrounding Study Area.

FM Robert* 1 7 January 2007

Crossosoma 33( 1 ), Spnng-Summer 2007

and conglomerates (Rogers 1965, Tan 1999). Cristianitos Creek and the smaller
drainages on the reserve contain recent alluvial deposits, while some of the ephemeral
drainages are composed of colluvium and alluvial deposits. Along Cristianitos Creek
there are some areas of older, moderately consolidated alluvial deposits on the benches
adjacent to the streambanks. In the steeper areas of the Conservancy, there are also
landslide deposits. These localities are comprised of broken-up and recently weathered
areas of sandstone (Tan 1999).

Soils in the region have been described in The soil survey of Orange County and western
part of Riverside County (Wachtell 1978). Soils within the Conservancy are generally
comprised of a Cieneba sandy loam 30-75 percent slopes, Botella loam 2-9 percent
slopes, Botella clay loam, Capistrano sandy loam, Myford sandy loam, San Andreas
sandy loam, Cieneba-Blasingame rock outcrop complex, and some small areas of
Bosanko clay. Although only small patches of Bosanko clay occur on the Conservancy, it
is very important in terms of plant distribution.

PLANT COMMUNITIES

The Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy is characterized by coastal sage scrub and
chaparral on the slopes of many smaller canyons draining into Cristianitos Creek. Large
areas of grasslands are found on the reserve and these are typically native perennial
grasslands in the northern end and south central portions of the Conservancy property. In
contrast, annual grasslands are more common in the southern portion of the reserve. In
this area of the reserve, stands of a coastal sage scrub-grassland ecotone are also found.

Southern oak woodlands are also found on the north- facing slopes of the canyons. The
upper drainages and portions of Cristianitos Creek contain coast live oak riparian forest.
Sycamore riparian woodlands are found in at least two localities on Conservancy land,
both in the northeast comer of the reserve and at the "sycamore gate" area at the start of
the Shady Canyon Trail. Coast live oak riparian forest, willow rparian scrub, and mulefat
scrub grow along Cristianitos Creek. A riparian herb community and open a-eas of
alluvial wash are also found along the creek and other drainages on the reserve. The
Conservancy land also contains some important cliff habitat, principally found in the
southern portion of the reserve. See Figure 2 for a generalized map of vegetation within
the Conservancy.

Coastal sage scrub

Coastal sage scrub is the most common plant community found on the Donna O’Neill
Land Conservancy property and is found throughout the reserve. This community is
characterized by drought deciduous shrub species, although some evergreen chaparral
shrubs may be present. The reserve generally contains some eight named subassociations
(Gray and Bramlet 1992, Jones and Stokes 1993) or series (Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf
1995) of coastal sage scrub. These include sagebrush scrub, sagebrush-buckwheat scrub,
sagebrush- monkey flower scrub, mixed sage scrub, baccharis scrub, black sage scrub,
white sage scrub, cactus scrub, alluvial fan scrub fepidospartum squamatum), and
coastal sage scrub-grassland ecotone. The most common members of the coastal sage
scrub community include Artemisia californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Encelia
californica, Mimulus aurantiacus, Baccharis pilularis, Salvia mellifera. Salvia apiana,
and Opuntia littoralis. Small stands of Cylindropuntia prolifera are found on east and
south- facing slopes. Lepidospartum squamatum is found as a small stand on the southeast

Crossosoma 33(1). Spring-Summer 2007

chaparral

□

coastal sage scrub

1 1

css. grassland ecnionc

1 1

annual grassland

□

w ct meadow % seeps

□

Riparian

1 1

-Mluwalwash

1 1

i*ak woodland

□

clifTrock

kilometers

0.5 |.o

milts

Figure 2. General vegetation map of the Donna O'Neill I and Conservancy Modified after Orange
County county -wide vegetation map ( 19941.

VI Kt.lvn. IK \..¥uu 2tKK.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

boundary of the reserve, where Cristianitos Creek crosses into the Conservancy lands.
The coastal sage scrub just south of Sycamore gate along the south-facing slope of a
sandstone ridge is unusual in being dominated by a combination of Artemisia tridentata,
A. californica, Opuntia littoralis, and Isocoma menzesii. This is one of the few sites
where A. tridentata is encountered as a native within Orange County.

Chaparral

Chaparral is composed of evergreen, sclerophyllus shrubs that are occasionally found
scattered in the coastal sage community, but form dense stands along the north facing
slopes and other localities within the Conservancy. Most chaparral is toyon-sumac
chaparral, composed mostly of Rhus integrifolia, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Quercus
berberidifolia, Sambucus mexicana, and Rhamnus ilicifolia. Some small chaparral
chaparral stands are dominated by Q. berberidifolia and Q. engelmannii X Q.
berberidifolia hybrids. In some localities on the reserve the chaparral and coastal sage
scrub communities intergrade, forming ecotonal areas between these two communities.

A chaparral stand along the western ridgeline also includes a few Cercocarpus
minutiflorus . Cercocarpus minutiflorus is primarily a San Diego County species known
only in Orange County from the Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy and Niguel Hill in
Laguna Niguel.

Grasslands

Grasslands are the third largest community in terms of acrage on the Donna O’Neill Land
Conservancy. Native perennial needlegrass grassland is characterized by open to dense
stands of Stipa pulchra. In some localities the co-dominant is Agrostis diegoensis. Other
species found in this community lesser amounts of Bromus madritensis, B. hordeaceus,
Distichlis spicata, Melica imperfecta , and Arena barbata.

The annual grasslands are generally characterized by stands of Bromus diandrus ,
Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum, Lolium perenne, and Bromus hordeaceus.
Characteristic grasses on slightly drier sites include Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens.
Arena fatua, Gastridium rentricosum, Vulpia myuros, and Arena barbata. The open
barrens on clay soils comprise the most unique annual grasslands found on the
Conservancy. Although some native perennial grasses, principally Bothrichloa
barbinodis and Aristida ternipes, along with some Stipa pulchra, occur in these
grasslands, annuals are the dominant plant species. The annual grasses found in these
barrens are generally the same grasses described for the dry, annual grassland sites of the
reserve.

Native herbs are a characteristic component of these grasslands and some of the
characteristic perennial species include Sisyrinchium bellum, Dodecatheon clerelandii,
Dichelostemma capitatum. Bloomeria crocea, Sidalcea malreflora, Jepsonia parryi,
Oxalis albicans, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Sanicula arguta, Stachys rigida, Grindelia
camporum, Castilleja affinis, and Calochortus splendens. Common annual forbs in this
grassland are Osmadenia tenella, Erodium brachycarpum, Anagallis arrensis, Lotus
purshianus, Lupinus bicolor, Achillea millefolium, Medicago polymorpha, and
Microseris heterocarpa. Other forbs on the open barrens consist of Crassula connata,
Plantago erecta, Filago californica, Lotus hamatus, Centaurea melitensis, Atriplex
semibaccata, Salsola tragus, Eriastrum sapphirinum, and Deinandra paniculata.

Crossosoma 33(1). Spring-Summer 2007

Riparian

Riparian communities are associations of trees, shrubs and herbaceous species found
along stream channels. The most characteristic riparian community on the Donna O'Neill
Land Conservancy is coast live oak riparian forest, which occurs in the ephemeral
tributaries and along Cristianitos Creek. Sycamore riparian woodland is generally
restricted to two areas on the reserve, although Platanus racemosa trees are often a
component of coast live oak riparian forest. Willow riparian scrub was generally
restricted to areas along Cristianitos Creek, while mulefat scrub was found in both
Cristianitos Creek and the ephemeral drainages. The riparian herb community was found
in stream courses throughout the reserve. Other communities associated with stream
channels include the alluvial wash and alluvial fan sage scrub, both found in open wash
areas of Cristianitos Creek.

The riparian herb community is composed of herbaceous species found within or at the
margins of Cristianitos Creek or the ephemeral drainages. Common species are Agrostis
viridis, Juncus bufonius. Cvperus eragrostis, Melilolus indicus, M. albus. Mimulus
gutiatus , Veronica anagaUis-aquatica, Juncus arcticus var. mexicanus , Xanthium
strumarium, Rumex crispus, Cynodon dactylon, Distichlis spicaia, Artemisia
douglasiana. Picris echioides, and Gnaphalium palustre.

Mulefat scrub is dominated by open to dense stands of Baccharis salicifolia , along with
some willows, usually Salix lasiolepis. Other characteristic shrubs include Baccharis
pilularis, Sambucus mexicana Toxicodendron dhersilobum. Heteromeles arbutifolia,
Tamarix ramosissima. and Nicotiana glauca. Willow riparian scrub is occasional along
Cristianitos Creek. This community is composed of Salix lasiolepis, Salix laesigata. Salix
gooddingii. Salix exigua. and Baccharis salicifolia.

Coast live oak riparian forest is found along the drainages, including Cristianitos Creek.
The forest is dominated by an overstory of Ouercus agrifolia with an occasional Platanus
racemosa. Beneath this is a subcanopy of tall shrubs including Salix lasiolepis,
Heteromeles arbutifolia Rhamnus ilicifolia, and Rhus integrifolia. A lower shrub lay er is
composed of Baccharis pilularis. Toxicodendron dhersilobum. Ribes speciosum,
Mimulus aurantiacus, and Galium porrigens.

Sycamore riparian woodland contains open woodland dominated by scattered, large
Platanus racemosa, with an occasional Ouercus agrifolia. Shrubs among these trees
include Sambucus mexicana Baccharis pilularis. Rhamnus ilicifolia Toxicodendron
dh ersilobum. Artemisia douglasiana, and Rubus ursinus.

Ephemeral wetlands are characteristically small and isolated. Two types were found on
the Conservancy: freshwater seep and wet meadow. Freshwater seep is found on the
benches along Cristianitos Creek and some other drainages. The community is generally
characterized by open to dense stands of Eleocharis palustris. Other species in these
moist habitats include Rumex crispus. Ambrosia psilostachya, Lolium perenne. Juncus
arcticus , Trifolium hirtum. Sidalcea malvi flora. Sonchus oleraceus. Bromus hordeaceus,
and Ranunculus califomicus. Wet meadow’ occurs in several areas within the smaller
ephemeral drainages. These are areas generally dominated by Juncus arcticus. Geranium
dissectum. Bromus sterilis. Bromus hordeaceus. and Sonchus oleraceus.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Woodlands and forest

Coast live oak woodland or forest on mesic slopes not associated with an ephemeral or
perennial stream channel is similar to the coast live oak riparian forest in composition but
lacks the riparian elements such as Salix spp. or Baccharis salicifolia. Stands of Quercus
berberidifolia often form the margins of this community.

Cliff and rock

Cliff and rock is an important plant habitat on the Conservancy. Generally these habitats
are devoid of vegetation. However, in some areas they contain a scattered cover of Rhus
integrifolia, Salvia mellifera, Eriogonum fasciculalum, Opuntia littoralis, Yucca
whipplei, Arlemisia californica, Stipa coronata, Encelia californica, Lotus scoparius,
Ehidleya edulis, and Galium angustifolium.

METHODS

The floral checklist was compiled from Roberts’ (2004) records and new field
collections. We attempted to collect at least one representative specimen of each species
encountered. Voucher specimens are deposited at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
Herbarium. A few species were observed and not collected. These plants are listed in
Appendix I. Fourteen surveys were made in 2003 beginning in March and running
through September. Seven additional surveys were conducted in 2004, which included
summer and fall surveys. 2004 proved to be a fairly dry year and floristic diversity and
abundance was much improvised as compared to 2003. For example, Deinandra
paniculata was widespread throughout grasslands of the Conservancy in 2003 but was
represented by only a fraction of the number of sites and individuals in 2004.
Nomenclature for the most part follows Roberts (1998) and Roberts et al. (2004) with
some exceptions.

All sensitive species occurrences were recorded by UTM coordinates obtained from
Magellan or Garmin GPS receivers. The location, number of individuals, habitat, and
associated plant species were noted at each site. Specific details for sensitive species are
reported in Roberts and Bramlet (2004) and Roberts and Bramlet (2005), on file with the
Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy.

FLORISTICS

The vascular flora of the Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy includes a total of 244 taxa,
representing 58 families, located and documented within the Conservancy. This total
includes 242 species and one additional subtaxa. Two hybrids, one named and one
unnamed, were also found. A statistical summary of the floristic diversity within the
Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy is presented in Table 1. The largest families include
Asteraceae (52 species), Poaceae (35 species), Fabaceae (17 species), and
Scrophulariaceae (eight species). The most diverse families and a summary of life forms
are presented in Tables 2 and 3. The number of species compares with 281 species for the
3,500 acres study area of the Whittier Hills (Schbeider-Ljubenkov & Ross 2001); 242
species for the 202 acres study area of the University of California Natural Reserve
System’s San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve (Bowler and Elvin 2003)1; and 285

1 Fifty-eight taxa listed for the San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve in Bolwer and Elvin were not documented by
vouchers and are not verifiable. Thus the total vouchered taxa were actually 144.

Crossosoma 33(1). Spring-Summer 2007

Table 1. Statistical summary of floristic diversity
in the Donna O’Neill Land Conserv ancy-

Group

Families

Genera

Species

Additional
var. &
subsp.

Total*

Native

Non-

native

Pteridophytes

Psilophyta

Sphenophyta

Lycophyta

Polypodiophvta

Coniferophyta

Magnoliophyta

163

234

235

171

Dicots

131

185

186

141

Monocots

TOTALS

170

243

244

180

Table 2. Twelve largest families
in the Donna O’Neill Land Conserv ancy

Family

Total

species

Native (%)

Non-
native (°0>

Asteraceae

38 (75)

13(25)

Poaceae

17(49)

18(51)

Fabaceae

11 (65)

6(35)

Scrophulariaceae

6(75)

2(25)

Boraginaceae

6(100)

0(0)

Lamiaceae

5(83)

1 (17)

Rosaceae

5(100)

0(0)

Polygonaceae

4(80)

1(20)

Apiaceae

4(80)

1 (20)

Geraniaceae

2(40)

3(60)

Brassicaceae

2(33)

4(67)

Carvophvllaceae

2(33)

4(67)

These 156 taxa account for 63% of the flora.

Table 3. Summary of life-forms

Group

Annual

Perennial

Herb

Suffruticose

Perennial

Shrub

Woody

Tree

Vine

Native

Non-

native

Total (%)

115(47)

81 (33)

8(3)

29 (12)

8(3)

3(1)

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

plant species reported from Sycamore Canyon Park in Riverside County (Temple 1999).
The flora of the Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy represents about 19 percent of the
overall 1,269 taxa reported in Orange County (Roberts 1998). Twelve additional species
were observed but not documented and have been included within the analysis (see
Appendix I).2

Seventy-three percent (180 taxa) of the Donna O’Neill flora is of native origin, while 27
percent (67 taxa) represent introduced taxa. The following tables provide various
statistical summaries of the Conservancy’s vascular plant diversity.

SPECIAL STATUS SPECIES

Thirteen special status plant species were encountered during the 2003 and 2004 surveys.
Nine of these species are included within the California Native Plant Society’s Inventory
of Rare and Endangered Plants of California (CNPS 2001). Four other taxa, including
Cercocarpus minuliflorus , Gnaphalium cf. leucocephalum, Juniperus californica , and
Selaginella cinerascens are of local concern in Orange County (Roberts 1998, Roberts
2006, in ed.). Two of these species, Cercocarpus minuliflorus and Juniperus californica ,
were also considered as Locally Rare by the County of Orange (Gray and Bramlet 1994).
The Conservancy supports significant numbers of Dudleya multicaulis. Selaginella
cinerascens, otherwise known from Orange County only in Shady Canyon within the San
Joaquin Hills, is also present.

Three additional species, Vigueira laciniala, Calochortus calalinae, and Piperia cooperi
have been reported from the Conservancy. Viguiera laciniala was reported within the
southern portion of the Conservancy by Laura Cohen in June 2006 but the authors have
not seen these plants and they have not been vouchered. It is uncertain whether the V.
laciniala reported represent native or naturalized individuals. Where this species has been
found at other locations within Orange County, it is clearly introduced. Native
populations do occur within adjacent San Diego County not far from the County line. The
authors did see one individual of Piperia likely to be P. cooperi, a CNPS List 4 species,
however, only a single immature plant was observed and it was seen only once in April
2005. It was not seen on subsequent visits to the site. Calochortus calalinae has been
reported to occur within the central portion of the Conservancy (FHWA and TCA 2004)
but the authors did not locate this species.

The special status plants were documented at 281 sites. Deinandra paniculata and
Dudleya multicaulis were the most frequently encountered special status plants during the
survey, with 166 and 47 sites respectively. Harpagonella palmeri, Hordeum intercedens,
and Calochortus weedii var. inlermedius each occurred at over 1 0 locations, although the
latter was restricted to the southern portion of the Conservancy. The remaining species
were found at four or fewer locations. Comments on each special status species are in the
Annotated List of Plant Species. All special status plants within the Donna O’Neill Land
Conservancy, including their rank, number of sites, and individuals censused are
summarized in Table 4. All special status of the diversity of sensitive plants found within
the Conservancy is presented in Table 5.

2 E1R 581 (County of Orange 2004) reported 55,736 individuals for Rancho Mission Viejo but a math error increased
the total by about 10,000 individuals so the 45,436 figure is correct based on data supplied within the document.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Table 4. Special status plant species at the Donna O’Neill Land
Conservancyt

Scientific Name

Common Name

Family

Rank

Colonies/

Individuals

Cercocarpus minutiflorus

San Diego mountain-
mahogany

Rosaceae

1/4

Calochorlus weedii var.

intermediate

Liliaceae

CNPS IB

18/585

intermedius

mariposa lily

Convolvulus simulans

small-flowered

morning-glory

Convolvulacaeae

CNPS4

1/200

Deinandra paniculata

paniculate tarplant

Asteraceae

CNPS 4

166/*

Dudleya muhicaulis

many-stemmed

dudleya

Crassulaceae

CNPS IB

47/7,963

Harpagonella palmeri

Palmer’s grappling
hook

Boraginaceae

CNPS 4

20/5,817

Hordeum inlercedens

vernal barley

Poaceae

CNPS 3

14/878

Gnaphalium c£
leucocephalum

alluvial everlasing

Asteraceae

2/21

Juniperus californica

California juniper

Cupressaceae

3/3

Microseris douglasii
subsp. platycarpha

small-flowered

microseris

Asteraceae

CNPS 4

4/590

Quercus engelmannii

Engelmann oak

Fagaceae

CNPS 4

4/6

Selaginella cinerascens

ashy spike moss

Selaginaceae

2/*

tSee Table 5 for Rank explanation.
•Sites not censused.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Table S. Summary of sensitive plant diversity

FE FT CE CT 1A IB 2 3 4 LC

0 000020164

Federal Designations:

FE = Listed by the federal government as Endangered.

FT = Listed by the federal government as Threatened.

State Designations:

CE = Listed by the State of California as Endangered
CT = Listed by the State of California as Threatened

California Native Plant Society (CNPS):

CNPS I A = Plants presumed extinct in California.

CNPS IB = Plants considered rare, threatened or endangered in California and elsewhere.

CNPS 2 = Plants rare, threatened or endangered in California but more common elsewhere.
CNPS 3 = Plants requiring additional information- A review list.

CNPS 4 = Plants of limited distribution - A watch list.

Other:

LC = Local Concern; while potentially common overall, rare or restricted in Orange County or
southern California (Gray & Bramlet 1994, Roberts et al., 2004).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to acknowledge Laura Cohen, the Conservancy manager, for requesting,
encouraging, and finding funding for these surveys. We thank Rancho Mission Viejo for
funding rare plant surveys and Tony Bomkamp of Glen Lukos Associates for reviewing
the original rare plant report. Not enough of Orange County’s park and conservation
lands have been properly inventoried and we hope this work encourages similar surveys
in these areas. We would also like to thank Laura Cohen, Arthur Davenport and Bob
Allen for their assistance in the field.

LITERATURE CITED

Bowler, P.A. and M.A. Elvin 2003. The vascular plant checklist for the University of
California Natural Reserve System’s San Joaquin Marsh Reserve. Crossosoma 29(2):
45-66.

California Native Plant Society (CNPS). 2001. Inventory of rare and endangered plants
of California (sixth edition). Rare plant scientific advisory committee, D.P. Tibor,
convening editor. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Foothill/Eastem Transportation Corridor
Agencies (TCA). 2004. EIS/ subsequent EIR and Draft 4(f) evaluation for the South
Orange County Transportation Infrastructure Project (Foothill Transportation
Corridor). SCH No. 2001061046.

Fiedler, P. and B. Ness. 1993. Calochortus In The Jepson manual: Higher plants of
California, ed. J.C. Hickman. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Gray, J. and D.E. Bramlet. 1992. Habitat classification system, Orange County Natural
Resources GIS Project. Unpublished report prepared by Dames and Moore for the
County of Orange Environmental Management Agency, Santa Ana, CA

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

. 1 994. Species of special interest: Orange County natural resources GIS project.

Prepared by Dames and Moore for the County of Orange, Environmental
Management Agency, Santa Ana, CA.

Hickman, J.C. (ed.). 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. University of
California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Jones and Stokes Associates. 1993. Methods used to survey the vegetation of Orange
county parks and open space areas and The Irvine Company property. Unpublished
report prepared for County of Orange, Environmental Management Agency, Santa
Ana, CA.

County of Orange. 2004. DEIR No 589, the General Plan Amendment/Zone Change
(PA01-1 14) on Rancho Mission Viejo. Santa Ana, CA.

Roberts, F.M., 1998. A checklist of the vascular plants of Orange County, California.
F.M. Roberts Publications, Encinitas, CA.

. 2004. Herbarium records of the vascular plants of Orange County, California,

June 2004. Unpublished document prepared in support of the Orange County Flora
and Wildflowers of Orange County projects. (R.L. Allen, C.M. Barnhill, and F.M.
Roberts auth.). San Luis Rey, CA.

, & D.E. Bramlet 2004. A botanical assessment of the Donna O’Neill Land

Conservancy, Rancho Mission Viejo, California: Sensitive, rare, and endangered
species. Unpublished report prepared for Glenn Lukos Associates and the Donna
O’Neill Land Conservancy, San Juan Capistrano, CA.

, & D.E. Bramlet 2005. A botanical assessment of the Donna O'Neill Land

Conservancy, Rancho Mission Viejo, California: Part 2, plant communities and
floristic inventory. Unpublished report prepared for the Donna O’Neill Land
Conservancy, San Juan Capistrano, CA.

, S.D. White, A.C. Sanders, S.D. Boyd, and D.E. Bramlet. 2004. The vascular

plants of western Riverside County, California: An annotated checklist. F.M. Roberts
Publications, San Luis Rey, CA.

Rogers, T.H. (compiler). 1965. Geologic map of California: Santa Ana sheet (1:250,000).
California Dept, of Mines and Geology, Sacramento, CA.

Sawyer, J.O. and T. Keeler-Wolf 1995. A manual of California vegetation. California
Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.

Schneider-Ljubenkov, J.A. & T.S. Ross. 2001. An annotated checklist of the vascular
plants of the Whittier Hills, Los Angeles County, CA. Crossosoma 27: 1-23.

Tan, S.S. 1999. Geologic map of the San Clemente 7.5' USGS Quadrangle Orange and
San Diego Counties, California: A digital database. U.S. Geological Survey and
California Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento, CA.

Temple, P.J. 1999. Plants of Sycamore Canyon Park, Riverside, California. Crossosoma
25:45-72.

Wachtell, J.K. 1978. Soil survey of Orange County and western part of Riverside County.
USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Berkeley, CA.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

APPENDIX I: ANNOTATED LIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF DONNA
O’NEILL LAND CONSERVANCY

This is a complete list of vascular plant species documented during the 2003 and 2004
surveys of the Donna O’Neill Land Conservancy, combined with historic collections. The
list is given alphabetically within major groups (ferns and allies, gymnosperms, flowering
plants). Each entry is structured with the scientific name followed by the author and
common name. If the name differs from the Jepson Manual, the name used in Jepson is
offered in synonomy. A brief summary is offered regarding the relative abundance and
habitat for the species within the Conservancy, followed by a citation of the documenting
specimen. All specimens collected as part of the survey have been deposited at the
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California (RSA). Several older
collections were deposited at the Museum of Systematic Biology Herbarium at
University of California, Irvine (1RVC). Additional species, which were not vouchered
are listed in Appendix I.

PTERIDOPHYTES - FERNS AND ALLIES

Dryopteridaceae - Wood Fern Family

Dryopteris arguta (Kaulf.) Watt. COASTAL WOOD FERN. Perennial from rhizome.
Scattered on shady north-facing slopes; understory of oak woodland. DEB & FMR
3426 (RSA).

Polypodiaceae - Polypody Family

Polypodium californicum Kaulf. CALIFORNIA POLYPODY. Perennial originating
from a rhizome. Uncommon on shaded slopes; loamy sand and leaf litter in
understory of oak woodland. FMR & DEB 5873.

Pteridaceae - Lip Fern Family

Adiantum jordani K. Mull. CALIFORNIA MAIDENHAIR. Perennial. Infrequent on
shaded north-facing slopes; oak woodland understory. DEB & FMR 3355 (RSA).

Pellaea andromedifolia (Kaulf.) Fee COFFEE FERN. Perennial. Occasional on dry
slopes; coastal sage scrub. FMR 5695 (RSA).

Pellaea mucronata var. mucronata BIRD'S FOOT CLIFF-BRAKE. Perennial from
rhizome. Infrequent on dry slopes; annual grassland. DEB & FMR 3359 (RSA).

Pentagramma triangularis (Kaulf.) Yatsk., Windh., & Wollenw. subsp. triangularis
GOLDENBACK FERN. Perennial from rhizome. Uncommon on shaded slopes near
Flagpole Meadow; oak woodland understory. FMR & Laura Cohen 5272 (RSA).

Selaginellaceae - Spike Moss Family

Selaginella bigelovii Underw. BIGELOW'S or BUSHY SPIKE MOSS. Low, spreading
perennial. Occasional to fairly common on dry slopes, ridges, and sandstone outcrop
borders; coastal sage scrub, needlegrass perennial grassland, toyon-sumac chaparral.
FMR & DEB 6079 (RSA).

Selaginella cinerascens Maxon MESA SPIKE MOSS. Low, spreading perennial.
Infrequent, forming small isolated patchy carpets on clay soil; needlegrass perennial
grassland. Collected at two sites in the Conservancy. Also known from a ridge along

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

the western boundary [Dave Bramlet and Walt Wright s.n, 4 May 1986 (1RVC)] but
we were unable to determine if this site was within the Conservancy or just west of it.
For many years the Bramlet-Wright collection was the only report for S. cinerascens
in Orange County. Rare: Local Concern. FMR 5675 (RSA); DEB & FMR 3425
(RSA).

GYMNOSPERMS

CONIFEROPHYTA - CONE-BEARING PLANTS

Cupressaceae - Cypress Family

Juniperus californica Carr. CALIFORNIA JUNIPER. Shrub. Reported from three sites
on slopes west of Cristianitos Canyon and its tributaries; coastal sage scrub and along
margins of oak woodland. Rare: Local Concern. DEB & FMR 3360 (RSA).

ANGIOSPERMAE - FLOWERING PLANTS

DICOTYLEDONES - “DICOTS”

Adoxaceae - Elderberry Family

Sambucus mexicana Presl MEXICAN ELDERBERRY. Small tree. Infrequent to
occasional on slopes and canyon bottoms; annual grassland, coastal sage scrub,
toyon-sumac chaparral, mulefat scrub, sycamore riparian woodland, and oak
woodland. FMR 5684 (RSA).

Aizoaceae- Carpet-weed Family

*Carpobrotus edulis (L.) Rotm. HOTTENTOT-FIG. Succulent, spreading perennial.
Recorded from a single site along Cristianitos Creek in the south; open mulefat scrub.
FMR & DEB 6083 (RSA).

Anacardiaceae - Sumac Family

Malosma laurina (Nutt, ex Torr. & A. Gray) Nutt, ex Abrams LAUREL SUMAC.
Shrub. Occasional to fairly common on slopes and ridges; toyon-sumac chaparral,
coastal sage scrub, and alluvial fan scrub. FMR & Laura Cohen 5271 (RSA), DEB
3594 (RSA).

Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. LEMONADE BERRY. Shrub. Widespread and
common in canyon bottoms and hillsides; toyon sumac chaparral, oak woodland. Less
frequent in coastal sage scrub. FMR & Laura Cohen 5271 (RSA).

Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray) E. Greene POISON OAK. Shrub. Fairly
common throughout, especially on mesic slopes and in drainages; coastal sage scrub,
toyon-sumac chaparral, baccharis scrub, mulefat scrub, and the understory of oak
woodland. FMR 5665 (RSA).

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) - Carrot Family

Daucus pusillus Michx. RATTLESNAKE WEED Annual. Occasional to fairly common
throughout; annual grassland, needlegrass perennial grassland, openings in coastal
sage scrub, borders of oak woodland and chaparral. FMR 5673; FMR & DEB 6028.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

*Foeniculum vulgare Miller SWEET FENNEL. Perennial. Occasional weed on slopes,
canyon bottoms, and along drainages; disturbed areas, coastal sage scrub, oak riparian
woodland. FMR & DEB 6092 (RSA).

Sanicula argula Coulter & Rose. SHARP-TOOTH SANICLE Perennial. Occasional on
ridges and open north-facing slopes; needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR & DEB
5573, 5574 (RSA).

Sanicula crassicaulis Poepp. ex DC. var. crassicaulis PACIFIC SANICLE. Perennial.
Occasional about drainages and on mesic slopes; grassy borders of oak woodland and
toyon-sumac chaparral. FMR & Laura Cohen 5270 (RSA).

*Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. KNOTTED HEDGE-PARSLEY. Annual. Occasional;
annual grassland and openings in oak woodland. FMR 5672 (RSA).

Asclepiadaceae - Milkweed Family

Asclepias fascicularis Dene. NARROW-LEAVED MILKWEED. Perennial. Occasional
on sandy soil in canyon bottoms; sycamore riparian woodland. FMR & A. Davenport
6011 (RSA).

Asteraceae (Compositae) - Sunflower Family

Achillea millefolium L. var. californica (Pollard) Jepson CALIFORNIA YARROW.
Annual. Occasional on shaded slopes; understory of oak woodland and borders of
sumac -toyon chaparral, needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR & DEB 5875 (RSA).

Acourtia microcephala DC. SACAPELLOTE. Perennial. Infrequent on dry slopes and
along ridges; coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5872 (RSA).

Ambrosia psilostachya DC. var. californica (Rydb.) Blake WESTERN RAGWEED.
Annual. Occasional to locally frequent along drainages, sandy washes, and on gentle
hillsides; ephemeral wetlands, riparian herb community, mulefat scrub, baccharis
scrub, alluvial fan scrub, and sycamore riparian woodland. FMR & A. Davenport
6005 (RSA).

Artemisia californica Less. COASTAL SAGEBRUSH. Shrub. Common on dry slopes
and ridges; coastal sage scrub. Less common in alluvial fan scrub and chaparral. FMR
& A. Davenport 6018 (RSA).

Artemisia douglasiana Besser CALIFORNIA MUGWORT. Perennial. Occasional to
locally common in drainages, mostly in Cristianitos Canyon; sycamore riparian
woodland, oak riparian woodland, baccharis scrub, mulefat scrub, and riparian herb
community. FMR & A. Davenport 6012 (RSA).

Artemisia tridentata Nutt, subsp. tridentata GREAT BASIN SAGEBRUSH. Shrub.
Small population on dry ridge above Cristianitos Canyon immediately south of
Sycamore Gate. Possibly the closest occurrence of A. tridentata to the ocean in
southern California; coastal sage scrub. FMR & A. Davenport 6017 (RSA).

Baccharis pilularis DC. subsp. consanguinea (DC.) C.B. Wolf. COYOTE BRUSH or
CHAPARRAL BROOM. Shrub. Occasional to fairly common on slopes and along
drainages, often on north-facing aspects; baccharis scrub, coastal sage scrub, mulefat
scrub, and oak riparian woodland. FMR & Laura Cohen 6024 (RSA).

Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers. MULEFAT. Shrub. Fairly common along
drainages, occasional in other mesic areas; mulefat scrub and willow riparian scrub.
FMR 5627 (RSA).

*Carduus pycnocephalus L. ITALIAN THISTLE. Annual. Occasional on slopes and in
drainages; annual grassland, coastal sage scrub, and mulefat scrub. Locally common
in canyon bottoms within the understory of oak woodland. FMR 5682 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

*Centaurea melitensis L. TOCALOTE. Annual. Fairly common weed in disturbed areas
and along trails; annual grassland and open coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5890
(RSA).

Chaenactis glabriuscula DC. var. glabriuscula YELLOW PINCUSHION. Annual.
Sandy places; openings in coastal sage scrub. DEB & FMR 3427 (RSA).

Cirsium occidental (Nutt.) Jepson var. occidentale COBWEB THISTLE. Perennial.
Occasional on slopes and on ridges; coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5907 (RSA).

*Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. FLAX-LEAVED HORSEWEED. Annual. Occasional
on flats and canyon bottoms; sycamore riparian woodland. FMR & A. Davenport
6014 (RSA).

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. COMMON HORSEWEED. Annual. Occasional on flats,
hillsides, and along drainages; annual grassland, baccharis scrub, mulefat scrub, and
sycamore riparian woodland. FMR & A. Davenport 6009 (RSA). FMR & DEB 6078.

Corethrogyne filaginifolia (Hook. & Am.) Nutt. var. virgata (Benth.) A. Gray [Lessingia
f. (Hook. & Am.) M.A. Lane var. filaginifolia] VIRGATE SAND. ASTER. Perennial.
Scattered on ridges and slopes; open coastal sage scrub, needlegrass perennial
grassland, annual grassland, and ephemeral wetlands. FMR & A. Davenport 6004
(RSA).

*Cynara cardunculus L. CARDOON or GLOBE ARTICHOKE. Perennial. Occasional
on open slopes and along drainages; annual grassland, and baccharis scrub. This
invasive weed would probably be far more abundant except for management efforts
to control its spread on Conservancy land. FMR & DEB 6125 (RSA).

Deinandra fasciculata (DC.) E. Greene [Hemizonia f. DC] FASCICLED TARPLANT.
Annual. Occasional to fairly common in open areas, frequently on heavier soils;
annual grassland, needlegrass perennial grassland, and openings in coastal sage scrub.
FMR 5692 (RSA).

Deinandra paniculata (A. Gray) Davids. & Moxley [Hemizonia p. A. Gray]
PANICULATE TARPLANT. See Figure 3. Annual. Scattered to locally abundant on
flats, slopes, and ridge lines, mostly on clay soils; annual grassland, perennial
grasslands, and openings in coastal sage scrub. In 2003 D. paniculata was found at
1 66 sites forming an almost continuous population along the eastern boundary of the
Conservancy and toward the interior. The stands varied in number from about ten
individuals to hundreds with a few sites probably exceeding several thousand. In
2004 the population was considerably reduced. Rancho Mission Viejo forms the core
for D. paniculata distribution in Orange County and the plant is less frequently
encountered away from this area. Rare: CNPS List 4. FMR & DEB 5891 (RSA);
DEB & FMR 3432 (RSA).

Encelia californica Nutt. CALIFORNIA ENCELIA. Shrub. Fairly common on slopes;
coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5569 (RSA).

Ericameria palmeri (Hall) Hall var. pachylepis (Hall) Nesom GRASSLAND
GOLDENBUSH. Subshrub. Occasional to locally fairly common on open grassy
hillsides; annual grassland. FMR & DEB 6132 (RSA).

Erigeron foliosus Nutt. var. foliosus LEAFY DAISY. Perennial. Occasional on ridges
and slopes; coastal sage scrub and toyon-sumac chaparral. FMR & DEB 5826; FMR
& DEB 5891 (RSA).

Filago californica Nutt. [Logfia filaginoides (Hook. & Am.) Morefield] CALIFORNIA
FILAGO or FLUFFWEED. Annual. Occasional on ridges, barrens, and on slopes;
openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5827 (RSA), DEB & FMR 3339 (RSA).

*Filago gallica L. [Logfia g. (L.) Cosson & Germain] NARROW-LEAVED FILAGO.
Annual. Fairly common on ridges, barrens.and slopes; annual grassland, openings in
coastal sage scrub, dirt roads and trail. DEB 3339 (RSA); FMR & DEB 5637 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

*Gazania linearis (Thunb.) Druce GAZANIA. Perennial. Uncommon weed; needlegrass
perennial grassland. FMR 5677 (RSA).

Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. LOWLAND CUDWEED. Annual. Occasional along sandy
washes in Cristianitos Creek; open mulefat scrub, riparian herb community. FMR &
DEB 5898 (RSA).

Grindelia hirsulula Hook. & Am. [G. camporum E. Greene, G. c. E. Greene var.
bracteosa (J.T. Howell) M.A. Lane, G. robusta Nutt. var. robusta ] WHITE-STEM
GUMPLANT. Perennial. Occasional on hillsides and barren margins; coastal sage
scrub and needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR & DEB 6126 (RSA).

Gulierrezia californica (DC.) Torr. & A. Gray CALIFORNIA MATCHWEED.
Subshrub. Occasional on dry slopes and ridges; coastal sage scrub. FMR & A.
Davenport 6015 (RSA).

*Hedypnois cretica (L.) Dum.-Courset. CRETE HEDYPNOIS. Annual. Fairly common
in heavy clay soils along paths and disturbed areas; annual grassland and coastal sage
scrub. FMR 5624 (RSA).

Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt. TELEGRAPH WEED. Perennial. Fairly common in
sandy places and disturbed areas, flats, drainages, and on slopes; annual grassland,
open coastal sage scrub, and alluvial fan scrub. FMR & DEB 5919 (RSA).

*Hypochaeris glabra L. [ Hypochaeris g. L.] SMOOTH CAT’S EAR. Annual. Fairly
common on slopes and in disturbed sites as along paths; annual grassland and
openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5615 (RSA).

Isocoma menziesii (Hook. & Am.) Nesom var. vernonioides (Nutt.) Nesom COASTAL
GOLDENBUSH. Shrub. Occasional to locally frequent along drainages, flats, and on
hillsides; coastal sage scrub, openings in oak riparian forest, and baccharis scrub.
FMR & A. Davenport 6002 (RSA).

*Lactuca serriola L. PRICKLY or WILD LETTUCE. Annual. Occasional weed on
slopes and in canyon bottoms; annual grassland, and sycamore riparian woodland.
FMR & A. Davenport 6016 (RSA).

Lepidospartum squamatum (A. Gray) A. Gray SCALE-BROOM. Shrub. Uncommon
along sandy creek benches of Cristianitos Creek in the south; alluvial fan scrub. FMR
& DEB 6089 (RSA).

Micropus californicus Fischer & C. Meyer var. californicus SLENDER
COTTONWEED. Annual. Occasional but locally common on slopes and ridges;
needlegrass perennial grassland, openings in oak woodland. FMR & DEB 6037.

Microseris douglasii (DC.) Sch.-Bip. subsp. platycarpha (A. Gray) Chambers SMALL-
FLOWERED MICROSERIS. Annual with nodding heads. Scattered, mostly on
slopes and flats on clay soil; perennial grassland. M. douglasii subsp. platycapha was
located in four separate stands consisting of about 590 individuals in the northeastern
portion of the Conservancy. Rare: CNPS List 4. DEB & FMR 3358 (RSA); FMR &
DEB 5621 (RSA).

Microseris heterocarpa (Nutt.) Chambers [ Stebbinopsis h. (Nutt.) Chambers] DERIVED
MICROSERIS. Annual. Occasional to locally frequent on heavy soils; coastal sage
scrub and needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR & DEB 5614 (RSA).

Microseris lindleyi (DC.) A. Gray [A/, linearifolia (Nutt.) Sch.-Bip., Uropappus l. (DC.)
Nutt.] SILVER PUFFS. Annual. Fairly common on slopes; needlegrass perennial
grassland, annual grassland, openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 6032.

Osmadenia tenella Nutt. SOUTHERN ROSIN WEED. Annual. Fairly common but
variable, locally abundant in 2003 but much less common in other years; open areas,
annual grassland, needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR 5676 (RSA).

*Picris echioides L. [Helminthotheca e. (L.) Holub] BRISTLY OX-TONGUE. Annual.
Occasional weed in mesic habitats along drainages, flats, and gentle slopes, often in

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

disturbed areas; ephemeral wetlands, annual grassland, riparian herb community.
FMR & A. Davenport 6006 (RSA).

Pseudognaphalium bioletti Anderberg ( Gnaphalium bicolor Bioletti) BIOLETTI'S or
BICOLORED CUDWEED. Perennial. Occasional; perennial grassland, openings of
coastal sage scrub, and sandtone barrens. FMR & DEB 5589 (RSA); DEB 3349
(RSA).

Pseudognaphalium californicum (DC.) Anderberg [Gnaphalium c. DC.] CALIFORNIA
EVERLASTING. Perennial. Occasional on slopes, ridges, and in openings; coastal
sage scrub, baccharis scrub, annual grassland, oak woodland. FMR 5671 (RSA).

Pseudognaphalium microcephalum (Nutt.) Anderberg [Gnaphalium canescens subsp.
m. (Nutt.) Stebb. & Keil, G. m. Nutt.] WHITE EVER-LASTING. Perennial.
Occasional to fairly common on dry ridges, slopes, banks, and sandstone outcrops;
openings in coastal sage scrub and chaparral, and alluvial fan scrub. FMR & DEB
5642 (RSA), FMR 5869 (RSA).

Pseudognaphalium cf. leucocephalum [Gnaphalium l. A. Gray] ALLUVIAL
EVERLASTING. See Figure 4. Perennial. Uncommon, represented by two small
stands with a total of 21 individuals, in sandy washes and stream benches along
Cristianitos Creek in the south; alluvial fan scrub, mulefat scrub. Andrew Sanders at
UCR has pointed out that southern California plants appear to be distinct from plants
in Arizona and Mexico. If this is the case, the species is nearly endemic to southern
with fewer than 25 known occurrences. In Orange County all recent records are from
San Juan Creek in the vicinity of San Juan Capistrano, or the Conservancy.
Regardless of its distinctiveness, P. leucocephalum in California would qualify as a
CNPS. Rare: Local Concern. FMR & DEB 6087 (RSA), FMR & DEB 6088 (RSA).

*Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt [Gnaphalium I. L.] WEEDY
CUDWEED. Perennial. Uncommon and local along sandy washes in Cristianitos
Creek; alluvial fan scrub and open mulefat scrub. FMR & DEB 5899 (RSA).

Pseudognaphalium stramineum (Kunth.) Anderberg [Gnaphalium chilense Sprengel, G.
s. Kunth.] COTTON-BATTING PLANT. Perennial. Occasional on slopes and ridges;
openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5842 (RSA).

Rafinesquia californica Nun. CALIFORNIA CHICORY. Annual. Fairly common on
ridges and canyon slopes throughout the Conservancy; coastal sage scrub. DEB &
FMR 3331 (RSA).

*Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. MILK THISTLE. Perennial. Locally abundant in
understory of oak woodland. FMR 5686 (RSA).

*Sonchus oleraceus L. COMMON SOW-THISTLE. Annual. Occasional on flats and
near drainages, especially in Cristianitos Canyon; annual grassland, oak woodland,
disturbed areas. FMR 5669 (RSA).

Stephanomeria diegensis Gottlieb SAN DIEGO WREATH-PLANT. Annual. Occasional
on sandy soil in canyon bottoms, slopes and along ridges; sycamore riparian
woodland, needlegrass perennial grassland, and coastal sage scrub. FMR & A.
Davenport 6010 (RSA), FMR & DEB 6128 (RSA).

Stylocline gnaphaloides Nutt. EVERLASTING NEST-STRAW. Annual. Scattered to
frequent on ridges and sandstone barrens; coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5588
(RSA).

Xanlhium strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray COCKLEBUR.
Perennial. Infrequent on slopes and along drainages; ephemeral wetlands, riparian
herb community, and mulefat scrub. FMR & DEB 6003 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33( 1 ), Spring-Summer 2007

Boraginaceae - Borage Family

Amsinckia menziesii (Lehm.) Nels. & Macbr. var. intermedia (F. & M.) Ganders
COMMON FIDDLENECK. Annual. Fairly common in sunny locations, often on
sandy soil; openings in coastal sage scrub, annual grassland, and disturbed sites. DEB
& FMR 3333 (RSA).

Cryptantha intermedia (A. Gray) E. Greene COMMON CRYPTANTHA. Annual.
Widespread in sandy areas along ridges and on slopes; openings of coastal sage scrub.
DEB & FMR 3332 (RSA); FMR & DEB 5651 (RSA).

Cryptantha microstachys (A. Gray) E. Greene TEJON CRYPTANTHA. AnnuaL
Occasional to locally frequent on ridges and slopes; openings of coastal sage scrub.
FMR & DEB 5584 (RSA); FMR & DEB 5908 (RSA).

Harpagonella palmeri A. Gray PALMER'S GRAPPLING-HOOK. Annual with
distinctive grappling- hook shaped fruits. Scattered and patchy on clay soil on slopes;
annual grassland, perennial grassland, and open coastal sage scrub. Twenty stands
consisting of 5,817 individuals were located along the eastern side of the
Conservancy. Rare: CNPS List 4. FMR & DEB 5563 (RSA); DEB 3352B (RSA);
DEB 3354; FMR 5691 (RSA).

Plagiobothrys collinus (Phil.) I.M. Johnston, var. caiifornicus (A. Gray) Higgins
CALIFORNIA POPCORN-FLOWER. Annual. Ridges and slopes; openings of
coastal sage scrub. DEB & FMR 3338 (RSA).

Plagiobothrys nothofulvus (A. Gray) A. Gay RUSTY POPCORN-FLOWER Annual.
Occasional in open areas; coastal sage scrub and needlegrass perennial grassland
FMR & DEB 5577 (RSA).

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) - Mustard Family

*Brassica geniculata (Desf.) J. Ball SHORTPOD or SUMMER MUSTARD Biannual
or short-lived perennial. Fairly common weed in open areas; annual grassland, open
coastal sage scrub, and alluvial fan scrub. FMR & DEB 5921 (RSA).

*Brassica nigra (L.) Koch BLACK MUSTARD. Annual. Occasional weed on slopes,
ridges, and canyon bottoms; annual grassland and baccharis scrub. FMR & DEB 6041
(RSA).

Caulanthus heterophyllus Nutt. [ C. h. var. pseudosimulans R. Buck, nomen nudum]
SAN DIEGO JEWEL FLOWER. Annual. Openings in coastal sage scrub. DEB &
FMR 3429 (RSA).

Lepidium nitidum Torr. & A. Gray var. nitidum SHINING PEPPERGRASS. Annual.
Occasional on ridges and on slopes; openings of coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB
5583 (RSA).

*Raphanus sativus L. WILD RADISH. Annual. Uncommon on slopes in disturbed areas
as along dirt roads; coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 6043 (RSA).

*Sisymbrium officinale L. HEDGE-MUSTARD. Annual. Occasional weed on gentle
hillsides; annual grassland. FMR & DEB 5924 (RSA), FMR & DEB 6042 (RSA).

Cactaceae - Cactus Family

Cylindropuntia prolifera (Engelm.) F.M Kunth [Opuntia p. Engelm] COASTAL
CHOLLA. Succulent shrub. Occasional on dry hillsides; coastal sage scrub and
cactus scrub. FMR & DEB 6129 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Figure 3. Deinandra paniculata (A. Gray) Davids. & Moxley [Hemizonia p. A. Gray]
PANICULATE TARPLANT.

Figure 4. Ps e udog naphalium cf. leucocephalum [Gnaphalium I. A. Gray]
ALLUVIAL EVERLASTING.

Crossosoma 33( 1 ), Spring-Summer 2007

Figure 5. Dudleya multicaulis (Rose) Moran
MANY-STEMMED DUDLEYA.

Figure 6. Calochortus weedii Alph. Wood var. intermedius F. Ownbey
INTERMEDIATE MARIPOSA LILY

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Opuntia littoralis (Engelm.) Cockerell COASTAL PRICKLY PEAR. Succulent shrub.
Fairly common on dry slopes and ridges; cactus scrub, coastal sage scrub, and toyon-
sumac chaparral. FMR & DEB 6081 (RSA).

Campanulaceae - Bellflower Family

Triodanis biflora (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) McVaugh SMALL VENUS'S LOOKING-
GLASS. Annual. Shady openings; oak woodland DEB & FMR 3371 (RSA).

Caryophyllaceae - Pink Family

*Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. STICKY MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED Annual.
Occasional in shaded areas; annual grassland, sycamore woodland. FMR 5629
(RSA).

Silene antirrhina L. SNAPDRAGON CATCHFLY. Annual. Infrequent on sandy soil
along dry ridges; openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5825 (RSA).

*Silene gallica L. WINDMILL PINK. Annual. Occasional on ridges, slopes, and flats;
open coastal sage scrub, annual grassland, and disturbed areas. FMR 561 1 (RSA).

Silene laciniata Cav. subsp. major Hitchc. & Maguire MEXICAN PINK. Annual.
Occasional on ridges and slopes; openings of coastal sage scrub, borders of toyon-
sumac chaparral, and shaded understory of oak woodland. FMR & DEB 5874 (RSA);
DEB 3595 (RSA).

*Spergularia villosa (Pers.) Camb. VILLOUS SAND SPURRY. FMR & Laura Cohen
5266 (RSA).

*Slellaria media (L.) Villars COMMON CHICKWEED. Annual. Occasional, but
sometimes abundant in shady places under oaks; annual grassland, oak woodland,
sycamore woodland. FMR & DEB 6040 (RSA).

Chenopodiaceae - Goosefoot Family

*Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. AUSTRALIAN SALTBUSH. Perennial. Occasional to
fairly common weed of disturbed sites along roadsides, trails, and barrens; annual
grassland, coastal sage scrub. FMR & A. Davenport 6008 (RSA).

Chenopodium californicum (S. Watson) S. Watson CALIFORNIA GOOSEFOOT.
Perennial. Occasional along ridgelines and in shady spots; coastal sage scrub, oak
woodland. FMR & DEB 5648 (RSA).

*Chenopodium murale L. NETTLE- LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. Annual. Uncommon
weed on hillsides; annual grassland. FMR & DEB 5926 (RSA).

Convolvulaceae - Morning-glory Family

Calystegia macrostegia (E. Greene) Brummitt subsp. cyclostegia (House) Brummitt
PURPLE-BRACTED MORNING-GLORY. Perennial. Uncommon in canyon
bottoms; grassy openings within oak woodland. FMR & DEB 5600 (RSA).

Calystegia macrostegia (E. Greene) Brummitt subsp. intermedia (Abrams) Brummitt
SHORT-LOBED MORNING-GLORY. Perennial, often clambering over shrubs,
occasional to fairly common; coastal sage scrub and annual grassland. FMR & DEB
5591 (RSA).

Convolvulus simulans L.M. Perry SMALL-FLOWERED MORNING-GLORY. Annual.
Known only from a single location with about 200 individuals along one of the

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

southern ridgelines. The site is on a north-facing slope on clay soils in a needlegrass
perennial meadow. Rare: CNPS List 4. FMR & DEB 5652 (RSA).

Crassulaceae - Stonecrop Family

Crassula connata (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) Berger SAND PIGMY-STONECROP. Annual.
Occasional to locally common in open sandy areas on ridges, slopes, and sandstone
barrens; coastal sage scrub, needlegrass perennial grassland, and annual grassland.
FMR 5867 (RSA).

Dudleya edulis (Nutt.) Moran LADIES'-FINGERS. Succulent perennial. Fairly common
on dry cliffs, and borders of sandstone outcrops and barrens; coastal sage scrub. FMR
& DEB 5909 (RSA).

Dudleya lanceolala (Nutt.) Britton & Rose LANCELEAF or COASTAL DUDLEYA.
Succulent perennial. Occasional on dry slopes and along sandstone cliffs; open
coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5885 (RSA).

Dudleya multicaulis (Rose) Moran MANY-STEMMED DUDLEYA. See Figure 5.
Succulent perennial. Occasional, patchy, sometimes locally common, slopes, ridges,
and sandstone outcrops; needlegrass perennial grassland and coastal sage scrub. A
total of 47 stands totaling of 7,963 individuals were located within the Conservancy.
This represents about 18 percent of the 45,436 individuals reported from Rancho
Mission Viejo (County of Orange 2004)3. Rare; CNPS List IB. FMR & DEB 5841
(RSA).

Dudleya pulverulenta (Nutt.) Britton & Rose subsp. pulverulenla CHALKY LIVE-
FOREVER. Large, white-chalky succulent perennial. Uncommon on dry slopes and
sandstone cliffs; coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 6080 (RSA).

Cucurbitaceae - Gourd Family

Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth CALABAZILLA. Perennial vine. Occasional on flats;
annual grassland. FMR & DEB 6130 (RSA).

Marah macrocarpus (E. Greene) E. Greene var. macrocarpus WILD CUCUMBER.
Perennial vine. Occasional, often climbing over shrubs on slopes; coastal sage scrub,
toyon-sumac chaparral. FMR & Laura Cohen 6023 (RSA).

Euphorbiaceae - Spurge Family

Croton setiger Hook. [Eremocarpus s. (Hook.) Benth.] DOVEWEED. Annual.
Occasional on flats and gentle hillsides; annual grassland. FMR & DEB 5922 (RSA).

Euphorbia polycarpa Benth. var. polycarpa [Chamaesyce polycarpa (Benth.) Millsp.]
GOLONDRINA or SMALL-SEED SANDMAT. Perennial. Occasional on dry slopes,
ridges, and along sandy washes on Cristianitos Creek; coastal sage scrub, mulefat
scrub, alluvial fan scrub. FMR & DEB 6086 (RSA).

Fabaceae (Leguminosae) - Pea Family

Amorpha fruticosa L. [Inch A. f. var. occidentalis (Abrams) Kearney & Peebles]
WESTERN FALSE INDIGO. Shrub. Uncommon on creek terraces along Cristianitos
Creek in the south; willow riparian scrub and alluvial fan scrub. FMR & DEB 6090.

3 EIR 581 (County of Orange 2004) reported 55,736 individuals for Rancho Mission Viejo but a math error increased
the total by about 10,000 individuals so the 45,436 figure is correct based on data supplied within the document.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Lotus hamatus E. Greene GRAB LOTUS. Annual. Occasional; openings of coastal sage
scrub. FMR & DEB 5582 (RSA).

Lotus salsugirtosus E. Greene subsp. salsuginosus ALKALI LOTUS. Annual.
Occasional on ridges; coastal sage scrub and sandstone outcrops. FMR & DEB 5653
(RSA).

Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Ottley var. scoparius COASTAL DEER WEED. Subshrub. Fairly
common on slopes and along ridges; coastal sage scrub, alluvial fan scrub, and less
common in toyon-sumac chaparral. FMR & DEB 5570 (RSA).

Lotus strigosus (Nutt.) E. Greene var. strigosus STR1GOSE LOTUS. Annual.
Occasional annual along ridges and on slopes; openings of coastal sage scrub. FMR
& DEB 5585 (RSA).

Lotus purshianus (Benth.) Clements & E.G. Clements SPANISH LOTUS. Annual.
Fairly common throughout; annual grassland, perennial needlegrass grassland, and
openings about oak woodlands and sycamore riparian woodland. FMR 5666 (RSA).

Lupinus bicolor Lindley MINIATURE LUPINE Annual. Fairly common; needlegrass
perennial grasslands, annual grasslands, and sandy openings in coastal sage scrub.
FMR & DEB 5576 (RSA); DEB 3350 (RSA).

Lupinus microcarpus Sims var. microcarpus CHICK LUPINE. Annual. Occasional in
canyons; annual grassland openings in oak woodland. FMR 5689 (RSA).

Lupinus succulentus Koch ARROYO LUPINE. Annual. Occasional on slopes and flats;
annual grassland and needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR & DEB 5623 (RSA).

Lupinus truncatus Hook. & Am. COLLAR LUPINE. Annual. Occasional; open, grassy
coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5580 (RSA)

*Medicago polymorpha L. BUR-CLOVER. Annual. Fairly common on hillsides and in
canyons; annual grassland, oak woodland, and coastal sage scrub. FMR & Laura
Cohen 5267 (RSA).

*Melilotus albus Medickus WHITE SWEET-CLOVER. Annual. Occasional along sandy
washes in Cristianitos Creek; open mulefat scrub and riparian herb community. FMR
& DEB 5896 (RSA).

*Melilotus indicus (L.) All. YELLOW SWEET-CLOVER. Annual. Occasional about
drainages mostly in vicinity of Cristianitos Canyon; riparian herb community, annual
grassland, and at borders of oak woodland. FMR 5668 (RSA).

Trifolium ciliolatum Benth. TREE CLOVER. Annual. Uncommon on slopes and
sandstone barrens; coastal sage scrub and needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR 5694
(RSA), FMR & DEB 6030 (RSA).

*Trifolium hirtum All. ROSE CLOVER. Annual. Occasional on slopes and about
drainages; perennial needlegrass grassland, ephemeral wetlands, and annual grassland
openings of oak woodland. FMR 5667 (RSA); DEB & FMR 3352D (RSA).

*Vicia benghalensis L. PURPLE VETCH. Annual. Occasional in canyon bottoms;
annual grassland and borders of coastal sage scrub and oak woodland. FMR 5683
(RSA).

*Vicia saliva L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrhart NARROW-LEAVED VETCH. Occasional to
locally frequent along drainage borders; annual grassland. FMR & DEB 5617 (RSA).

Fagaceae - Oak Family

Quercus agrifolia Nee var. agrifolia COAST LIVE OAK. Tree. Common along
drainages and on north-facing slopes; oak woodland, riparian oak woodland,
sycamore riparian woodland. Less common as isolated individuals on dry slopes in
coastal sage scrub and toyon-sumac chaparral. FMR & DEB 5923 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1 ), Spring-Summer 2007

Quercus berberidifolia Liebm. x Q. engelmannii E. Greene. Shrub. Fairly common on
ridges, slopes, and canyon bottoms; toyon-sumac chaparral and bordering oak
woodlands. FMR & DEB 5645 (RSA).

Quercus engelmannii E. Greene ENGELMANN’S OAK. Small tree. Uncommon in
canyon bottoms and occasionally higher on the slopes; mostly oak woodland or
bordering chaparral. Quercus engelmannii is known from four sites consisting of six
individuals. Habitat at the northernmost site, where a single large tree grows in deep
soils, is probably most characteristic of the species. Rare: CNPS List 4. FMR & DEB
5596 (RSA).

Quercus engelmannii E. Greene infl. by Quercus berberidifolia Liebm.
ENGELMANN’S OAK. Rare: CNPS List 4. Shrub. Fairly common on slopes and in
canyon bottoms; chaparral and oak woodland. FMR 5685 (RSA).

Gentianaceae - Gentian Family

Centaurium venuslum (A. Gray) Robinson CANCHALAGUA. Annual. Occasional to
fairly common along ridges and on slopes; annual grassland, openings in coastal sage
scrub, needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR & DEB 5886 (RSA).

Geraniaceae - Geranium Family

*Erodium brachycarpum (Godron) Thell. SHORT-FRUITED FILAREE. Annual. Fairly
common on gentle slopes and canyon bottoms; annual and perennial grassland, and
along dirt roads. DEB 3351 (RSA).

*Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. RED-STEMMED FILAREE. Annual. Widespread and
common; annual grassland, disturbed areas, and openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR
& DEB 5622 (RSA).

*Er odium moschalum (L.) L’Her. WHITE-STEMMED FILAREE. Annual. Fairly
common, slopes, flats, and canyon bottoms; mostly annual grassland and oak
woodlands. FMR 5602 (RSA).

Geranium carolinianum L. CAROLINA GERANIUM. Annual. Occasional; perennial
grassland. DEB & FMR 3357 (RSA).

*Geranium disseclum L. CUT-LEAVED GERANIUM. Annual. Fairly common
bordering drainages; oak woodland, sycamore riparian woodland, annual grassland,
and ephemeral wetlands. FMR & DEB 5619 (RSA), FMR 5664 (RSA).

Hydrophyllaceae - Waterleaf Family

Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia (Benth.) E. Greene var. chrysanlhemifolia COMMON
EUCRYPTA. Annual. Scattered along ridges and on slopes; open coastal sage scrub.
FMR 5603 (RSA).

Pholistoma auritum (Lindley) Lilja var. attrition BLUE FIESTA FLOWER. Annual.
Occasional; mostly oak woodlands. FMR & DEB 5599 (RSA).

Lamiaceae - Mint Family

*Marrubium vulgare L. COMMON HOREHOUND. Perennial. Occasional weed on
hillsides and on flats; annual grassland, open grassy oak woodland. FMR & DEB
5927 (RSA).

Salvia apiana Jepson WHITE SAGE. Shrub. Fairly common on dry hillsides and on
ridges; coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5830 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Salvia apiana Jepson x S. mellifera E. Greene. Shrub. Occasional where ever white and
sage and black sage occur together. FMR & DEB 5829 (RSA).

Salvia mellifera E. Greene BLACK SAGE. White-flowered perennial shrub, common in
coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5593 (RSA).

Stachys rigida Nutt, subsp. quercetorum (Heller) Epl. [5. ajugoides Benth. var. rigida
Jepson. & Hoover, in part] HILLSIDE HEDGE-NETTLE. Perennial. Occasional on
mesic slopes: needlegrass perennial grassland and margins of coastal sage scrub and
oak woodland. FMR & DEB 5575 (RSA).

Trichostema lanceolatum Benth. VINEGAR WEED. Annual. Occasional on gentle
hillsides: ephemeral wetlands, needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR & A. Davenport
6001 (RSA).

Malvaceae - Mallow Family

Sidalcea malvaeflora (DC.) Benth. subsp. malvaeflora COMMON CHECKER BLOOM.
Perennial. Occasional on mesic hillsides and drainages; needlegrass perennial
grassland, openings in oak woodland, open coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5928A
(RSA).

Nyctaginaceae - Four-O'Clock Family

Mirabilis laevis (Benth.) Curran CALIFORNIA WISHBONE BUSH. Perennial.
Occasional to fairly common, mostly south-facing aspects, along ridges and on
slopes: coastal sage scrub. FMR 5605 (RSA).

Onagraceae - Evening Primrose Family

Camissonia bistorta (Torr. & A. Gray) Raven CALIFORNIA SUNCUP. Annual.
Occasional to frequent in sandy open areas and along old dirt roads; open coastal sage
scrub, and chaparral. FMR & DEB 5647 (RSA).

Clarkia purpurea (Curtis) Nelson & J.F. Macbr. subsp. quadrivulnera (Douglas) Harlan
Lewis & M. Lewis FOUR-SPOT CLARKIA. Annual. Scattered on ridges and slopes;
openings in coastal sage scrub, and chaparral. FMR & DEB 5641 (RSA).

EpUobium canum E. Greene subsp. canum NARROW-LEAVED FUCHSIA. Annual.
Occasional in canyon bottoms and drainages; sycamore woodland, mulefat scrub, and
riparian herb community. FMR & A. Davenport 6103 (RSA).

Oxalidaceae - Wood-Sorrel Family

Oxalis albicans HBK. subsp. californica (Abrams) Eiten. CALIFORNIA WOOD-
SORREL. Yellow-flowered perennial. Occasional on ridges and slopes and on
exposed sandstone; coastal sage scrub, annual grassland. FMR & DEB 5590 (RSA);
DEB & FMR 3340 (RSA).

*Oxalis pes-caprae L. BERMUDA-BU 1 1 hRCUP or SOUR-GRASS. Perennial.
Occasional weed, sometimes common where found, canyons; understory and borders
of oak woodland. FMR & Laura Cohen 6022 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Papaveraceae - Poppy Family

Eschschohia californica Cham, subsp. californica CALIFORNIA POPPY. Annual.
Infrequent on slopes and on flats mostly near Cristianitos Road; annual grassland and
coastal sage scrub. FMR 5680 (RSA).

Plantaginaceae - Plantain Family

Plantago erecla Morris CALIFORNIA PLANTAIN. Annual. Occasional on clay soil or
borders of sandstone barrens on slopes and ridges; needlegrass perennial grassland
and open coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5564 (RSA).

*Plantago major L. COMMON PLANTAIN. Annual. Infrequent on bank above
Cristianitos Creek at south end of Conservancy; willow riparian scrub. FMR & DEB
6085 (RSA).

*Plantago virginica L. RED-SEEDED PLANTAIN. Annual. Infrequent on ridges and
along dirt roads; open coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5654 (RSA).

Platanaceae - Sycamore Family

Plalanus racemosa Nutt. CALIFORNIA SYCAMORE. Tree. Occasional to fairly
common along drainages in Cristianitos Canyon; sycamore riparian woodland. FMR
& A. Davenport 6007 (RSA).

Polemoniaceae- Phlox Family

Eriastrum sapphirinum (Eastw.) H. Mason SAPPHIRE WOOLLY-STAR. Annual.
Occasional, sporadic, but sometimes abundant on dry ridges and slopes; openings in
coastal sage scrub, annual grassland. FMR & DEB 591 1 (RSA).

Leptosiphon liniflorus (Benth.) J.M. Porter & L.A. Johnson FLAX-FLOWERED
LINANTHUS. Uncommon but sometimes locally frequent on grassy slopes; coastal
sage scrub, and needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR & DEB 5693 (RSA).

Polygonaceae - Buckwheat Family

Chorizanthe staticoides Benth. TURKISH RUGGING. Annual. Fairly local on sandstone
outcrops and open barrens; annual grassland and openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR
5871 (RSA); DEB & FMR 3424 (RSA).

Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. subsp. fasciculatum CALIFORNIA BUCKWHEAT.
Shrub. Widespread and fairly common on ridges and slopes; coastal sage scrub and
alluvial fan scrub, less frequent in toyon-sumac chaparral. FMR & DEB 5639 (RSA).

Pterostegia drymarioides Fischer & C. Meyer PTEROSTEGIA or GRANNY’S
HAIRNET. Annual. Occasional on slopes, ridges, and on barrens; open coastal sage
scrub. FMR & DEB 5828 (RSA).

*Rumex crispus L. CURLY DOCK. Annual. Occasional on slopes and along drainages;
sycamore woodland, annual grassland and riparian herb community. FMR 5682
(RSA).

Rumex salicifolius J.A. Weinm. var. denticulatus Torr. CALIFORNIA DOCK.
Perennial. Infrequent in canyons and near moist areas; sycamore woodland and
drainages. FMR 5629 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Portulacaceae - Purslane Family

Calandrinia ciliata (R. & P.) DC. RED MAIDS. Annual. Occasional on ridges and
slopes; needlegrass perennial grassland, annual grassland, and open coastal sage
scrub. FMR & DEB 5578 (RSA).

Claytonia perfoliala Willd. subsp. perfoliata COMMON MINER’S-LETTUCE. Annual.
Occasional on shaded slopes; oak woodland and perennial grasslands. DEB 3352
(RSA).

Primulaceae - Primrose Family

*Anagallis arvensis L. SCARLET PIMPERNEL. Annual. Widespread but uncommon
along roads and on flats; annual grassland, mixed chaparral, coastal sage scrub, and
disturbed areas. FMR & DEB 5640 (RSA).

Dodecatheon Cleveland ii Greene subsp. clevelandii PADRE’S SHOOTING STAR.
Perennial. Fairly common but scattered and patchy; needlegrass perennial grassland,
annual grassland. FMR & Laura Cohen 5269 (RSA).

Ranunculaceae - Crow foot Family

Ranunculus californicus Benth. var. californicus CALIFORNIA BUTTERCUP.
Perennial. Occasional to fairly common on open hillsides; needlegrass perennial
grassland, annual grassland. FMR & Laura Cohen 5268 (RSA).

Rhamnaceae - Buckthorn Family

Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg HOLLY-LEAVED REDBERRY. Shrub. Occasional on
ridges, slopes, and in shaded canyons; toyon-sumac chaparral and oak woodlands.
Infrequent in coastal sage scrub. FMR 5607 (RSA).

Rosaceae - Rose Family

Aphanes occidentals (Nutt.) Rydb. [Alchemilla o. Nutt.] WESTERN LADY’S
MANTLE. Annual. Uncommon on shaded, mesic slopes; needlegrass perennial
grassland along borders of oak woodland and chaparral. FMR & DEB 6038 (RSA).
Cercocarpus minutiflorus Abrams SAN DIEGO MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY. Shrub.
Scarce along ridges on western boundary of Conservancy; chaparral where a small
stand of four individuals was observed. Rare: Local Concern. FMR & DEB 5646
(RSA).

Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindley) Roemer TOYON or CHRISTMAS BERRY. Shrub.
Fairly common on slopes, especially north-facing slopes, and in drainages; toyon-
sumac chaparral, and oak woodland. Occasional in coastal sage scrub. FMR & R. L.
Allen 6020 (RSA).

Potentilla glandulosa Lindley subsp. glandulosa STICKY CINQUEFOIL. Perennial.
Uncommon on mesic slopes; grassy borders of toyon-sumac chaparral. FMR & DEB
6035 (RSA).

Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schldl. CALIFORNIA BLACKBERRY. Shrubby vine.
Occasional in canyon bottoms; sycamore riparian woodland and mulefat scrub. FMR
5626 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Rubiaceae - Madder Family

Galium angustifolium Nutt, subsp. angustifoium NARROW-LEAVED BEDSTRAW.
Shrub. Occasional throughout on hillsides and in canyons; coastal sage scrub,
chaparral, and oak woodland. FMR & DEB 5644 (RSA).

*Galium aparine L. COMMON BEDSTRAW. Annual. Occasional to fairly common,
especially in understory of oak woodland. FMR 5674 (RSA).

Galium nuttallii A. Gray subsp. nuttallii SAN DIEGO BEDSTRAW. Clinging and
climbing perennial. Occasional on slopes; borders of oak woodland and toyon-sumac
chaparral. FMR & DEB 6036 (RSA).

Galium porrigens Dempster var. porrigens CLIMBING BEDSTRAW. Shrubby
perennial. Occasional on hillsides; borders of oak woodland, baccharis scrub, and
toyon-sumac chaparral. FMR & DEB 6029 (RSA).

Salicaceae- Willow Family

Salix exigua Nutt. [5. hindsiana Benth., S. h. var. leucodendroides (Rowlee) C. Ball, &
S. h. var. parishiana (Rowlee) C. Ball] NARROW-LEAVED WILLOW. Shrub.
Occasional along sandy washes and drainages; mule fat scrub, willow riparian scrub.
FMR & DEB 6091 (RSA).

Salix gooddingii C. Ball GOODDING’S WILLOW or BLACK WILLOW. Small tree.
Occasional in drainages; willow riparian scrub, mulefat scrub, oak riparian forest, and
sycamore woodland. FMR & DEB 5895 (RSA).

Salix laevigata Bebb RED WILLOW. Small tree. Fairly common along drainages and
washes, Cristianitos Creek and tributaries; willow scrub, mulefat scrub, willow
riparian scrub, oak riparian forest, and sycamore woodland. FMR & DEB 5894
(RSA).

Salix lasiolepis Benth. ARROYO WILLOW. Small tree. Fairly common along drainages
and canyon bottoms; willow riparian scrub, mulefat scrub, oak riparian forest, and
sycamore woodland. FMR 5690 (RSA).

Saxifragaceae - Saxifrage Family

Jepsonia parryi (Torr.) Small COAST JEPSONIA. Perennial geophyte, often in bloom
before the winter rains and leafing out in the spring. Occasional to patchy and locally
common on mesic slopes; needlegrass perennial grasslands, grassy openings in
coastal sage scrub and chaparral. FMR & Robert L. Allen 6021 (RSA), FMR & DEB
6127 (RSA).

Scrophulariaceae - Figwort Family

Castilleja affinis Hook. & Am. subsp. affinis COASTAL PAINTBRUSH. Occasional
perennial found on ridges, often in association with sandstone, coastal sage scrub.
FMR 5608 (RSA).

Castilleja foliolosa Hook. & Am. FELT PAINTBRUSH. Perennial subshrub. Occasional,
often in association with sandstone outcrops, ridges and canyon slopes; coastal sage
scrub. FMR 5968 (RSA); DEB & FMR 3437 (RSA).

*Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. SHARP-LEAVED FLUELLIN. Annual. Infrequent in
disturbed areas such as at the parking area at Gato Gate. FMR & DEB 6093 (RSA).

Mimulus aurantiacus Curt. var. pubescens (Torr.) D.M. Thompson x Mimulus
aurantiacus var. puniceus (Nutt.) D. Thompson [M. a. subsp. australis (McMinn)

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Munz, M.puniceus (Nutt.) Steudel] BUSH MONKEY FLOWER. Shrub, flowers pale
orange to pale orange tinged reddish, or streaked. Frequent on ridges and particularly
north-facing slopes, less common along drainages; coastal sage scrub, toyon-sumac
chaparral, and baccharis scrub. FMR 5604 (RSA).

Mimulus floribundus Lindley SHOWY MONKEY-FLOWER. Occasional along sandy
washes in Cristianitos Creek; open mulefat scrub and riparian herb community. FMR
& DEB 5902 (RSA).

Mimulus guttatus DC. SEEP MONKEY-FLOWER. Annual. Occasional along sandy
washes in Cristianitos Creek; open mulefat scrub and riparian herb community . FMR
& DEB 5901 (RSA).

Scrophularia californica Cham. & Schldl. subsp. floribunda (E. Greene) Shaw
CALIFORNIA FIGWORT. Perennial. Occasional in drainages and on slopes; open
coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5889 (RSA).

*Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. GREAT WATER SPEEDWELL. Annual. Occasional
along sandy washes in Cristianitos Creek; open mulefat scrub, riparian herb
community. FMR & DEB 5900 (RSA).

Solanaceae - Nightshade Family

Datura wrightii Regel JIMSONWEED. Perennial. Occasional on dry hillsides; annual
grassland and open coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5920 (RSA).

*Sicotiana glauca Grah. TREE TOBACCO. Shrub. Uncommon in drainages and on
slopes; annual grassland, coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5925 (RSA).

Solanum douglasii Dunal DOUGLAS' NIGHTSHADE. Perennial. Occasional on slopes;
openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5888 (RSA).

Tamaricaceae - Tamarisk Family

*Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. MEDITERRANEAN TAMARISK. Small tree. Scattered
in sandy wash of Cristianitos Creek; open mulefat scrub. FMR & DEB 6084 (RSA).

Urticaceae - Nettle Family

Urtica dioica L. subsp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thome HOARY NETTLE. Perennial.
Occasional along drainages and in shaded areas; oak riparian forest sycamore
riparian forest. FMR & DEB 5930 (RSA).

*Urtica urerts L. DWARF NETTLE. Annual. Occasional on slopes and canyon bottoms
in annual grassland and disturbed sites; locally frequent in understory of oak
woodland. FMR & DEB 6039.

Verbenaceae - Vervain Family

Verbena lasiostachys Link var. scabrida Mold. ROBUST VERVAIN. Perennial.
Occasional on slopes and in drainages; baccharis scrub, annual grassland, and oak
woodland. FMR 5663 (RSA).

Viscaceae - Mistletoe Family

Phoradendron macrophyllum (Engelm.) Cockerell CHAPARRAL or LONG-SPIKED
MISTLETOE. Perennial. Fairly common parasite on sycamores; sycamore riparian
woodland, oak riparian forest. FMR & DEB 5929 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

MONOCOTYLEDONES - “MONOCOTS”

Agavaceae — Agave Family

Yucca whipplei Torr. subsp. whipplei CHAPARRAL YUCCA or OUR LORD'S
CANDLE. Perennial. Occasional on dry slopes and ridges; coastal sage scrub. FMR
5870 (RSA).

Alliaceae - Onion Family

Allium praecox Brandegee EARLY ONION. Local and infrequent pale lavender-
flowered perennial originating from a bulb, found along ridgeline along Middle Ridge
Trail in mixed needlegrass perennial grassland and coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB
5568 (RSA).

Cyperaceae - Sedge Family

Cyperus eragrostis Lam. TALL UMBRELLA-SEDGE. Perennial. Occasional on mesic
slopes and along Cristianitos Creek; openings in coastal sage scrub and riparian herb
community. FMR & DEB 5887 (RSA).

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & Schultes [E. macrostachya Britton] PALE SPIKE-
RUSH. Perennial. Occasional around moist areas and along stream courses in
Cristianitos Canyon; ephemeral wetlands. FMR & DEB 5613 (RSA).

Scirpus microcarpus Presl SMALL-FRUITED BULRUSH. Perennial. Uncommon along
shaded drainages in Gato Canyon; understory of oak woodland. This population
represents the only Orange County locality outside the Santa Ana Mtns. FMR & DEB
6131 (RSA).

Hyacinthaceae - Soap Plant Family

Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth var. pomeridianum WAVY-LEAVED SOAP
PLANT. Perennial geophyte. Occasional along dry ridges and on hillsides; open,
grassy, coastal sage scrub, and annual grassland. FMR & DEB 5928B (RSA).

Iridaceae - Iris Family

Sisyrinchium helium S. Watson CALIFORNIA BLUE-EYED GRASS. Fairly common
blue-flowered perennial on north-facing slopes, canyon bottoms, and open ridges in
mesic needlegrass perennial grassland, annual grassland, and openings in coastal sage
scrub. FMR & DEB 5571 (RSA); DEB 3348 (RSA), 3349 (RSA).

Juncaceae - Rush Family

Juncus bufonius L. var. bufonius COMMON TOAD RUSH. Occasional, seeps, along
drainages, and sandy washes; wet meadows, open mulefat scrub, and riparian herb
community. FMR & DEB 5903 (RSA).

Juncus dubius Engelm. [ inch J. rugulosus Engelm.] MARIPOSA RUSH. Perennial.
Occasional in dense patches along a ravine in lower Shady Canyon and along sandy
washes in Cristianitos Creek; wet meadow, open mulefat scrub, riparian herb
community. FMR & DEB 6034 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Juncus arcticus var. mexicanus (Willd. ex Roemer & Schultes) Traut. [J. m. Willd.]
MEXICAN RUSH. Perennial. Occasional but locally abundant in places, drainages
and creek terraces; baccharis scrub, wet meadow, and riparian herb community. FMR
& DEB 5904 (RSA), FMR & DEB 6123 (RSA).

Liliaceae- Lily Family

Calochortus splendens Benth. SPLENDID MARIPOSA LILY. Perennial originating
from bulb. Fairly common on hillsides and along ridges; annual grassland,
needlegrass grassland, and openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5581 (RSA).

Calochortus weedii Alph. Wood var. intermedius F. Ownbey INTERMEDIATE
MARIPOSA LILY. See Figure 6. Perennial geophyte. Occasional, patchy, mostly
found on dry ridges near sandstone cliffs or barrens on more gentle slopes in the
southern portion of the Conservancy; coastal sage scrub. The largest stand included
186 plants situated on a gentle south-facing slope above the San Diego Gas and
Electric substation near the southern boundary of the Conservancy. This stand was in
scattered sandstone barrens, native grassland, and open coastal sage scrub.
Calochortus weedii var. intermedius in north and central Orange County is reasonably
well defined by flower color in live plants. The petals are a thin lemon yellow or
“champagne” yellow with purplish-brown margins and splotches on the petal,
rounded petal margins (rather than square), and the width of the sepal, which are
broader and more asymmetric. Calochortus weedii var. weedii typically has bold
golden-yellow flowers with fewer purplish-brown blotches. The petal margins are
generally square and the sepals are narrower than those of intermediate mariposa lily.
Fiedler and Ness (1993) state that the anthers are pointed (acute) in C.w. weedii as
compared to rounded in C.w. var. intermedius. However observations of flowers for
duration of a bloom for both taxa suggests this is a weak or unreliable character,
better related to the age of the flower than to variety. Calochortus weedii var. weedii
is characteristic of the Santa Ana Mountains and San Diego County and probably
extends into the eastern portion of Rancho Mission Viejo. The best examples of
Calochortus weedii var. intermedius in southeastern Orange County are found within
the Tijeras Canyon area of the Rancho Mission Viejo with a northwest-southeast
gradient of integradation showing increasing influence of C. weedii var. weedii
toward the southeast. Within the Conservancy, the majority of individuals have pale
yellow or lemon yellow flowers, rounded petal margins, and broad asymmetrical
sepals typical of C. weedii var. intermedius. However, nearly half of these,
particularly amongst the earliest bloomers, displayed some evidence of integradation.
Only a very few plants actually had yellow petals but none where the bold yellow
color typical of the southern variety. Thus the Conservancy plants for the most part
represent the sensitive form. Rare; CNPS List IB. FMR & DEB 5884 (RSA); FMR &
DEB 5931 (RSA).

Poaceae- Grass Family

Agrostis diegoensis Vasey SAN DIEGO BENTGRASS. Perennial. Occasional to locally
common on slopes and on ridges; needlegrass perennial grassland. DEB 3352A
(RSA), DEB 3353 (RSA), FMR & DEB 5840 (RSA).

*Agrostis viridis Gouan WATER BENTGRASS. Annual. Occasional along sandy
washes in Cristianitos Creek; open mulefat scrub and riparian herb community. FMR
& DEB 5897 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1 ), Spring-Summer 2007

*Aristida adscensionis L. SIX-WEEKS or ANNUAL THREE-AWNED GRASS.
Annual. Infrequent, but sometimes locally common of barrens and sandstone
outcrops; open coastal sage scrub. FMR 5609 (RSA).

Aristida purpurea Nutt. var. parishii (Hitchc.) Allred. [A. parishii Hitchc.] PARISH’S
THREE-AWNED GRASS. Perennial. Occasional on sandstone outcrops; openings of
coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5594 (RSA).

Aristida ternipes Cav. var. hamulosa (Henr.) J.S. Trent [A. hamulosa Henr.] MESA
THREE-AWNED GRASS. Perennial. Occasional to locally frequent on dry ridges
and on sandstone outcrops; openings of coastal sage scrub. DEB & FMR 3336, FMR
& DEB 5595 (RSA).

*Avena barbata Brot. SLENDER WILD OAT. Annual. Widespread; annual grassland,
openings in coastal sage scrub, and disturbed areas. FMR 5610 (RSA).

*Avena fatua L. WILD OAT. Annual. Fairly common; non-native annual grassland and
disturbed areas. FMR & DEB 5566 (RSA).

Bothriochloa barbinodis (Lagasca) Herter CANE BLUESTEM. Perennial. Occasional
on ridges and borders of sandstone outcrops; openings of coastal sage scrub. DEB &
FMR 3337 (RSA), FMR & DEB 5839 (RSA).

*Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv. PURPLE FALSE BROME. Annual. Occasional
and patchy on clay soils, mostly on hillsides; annual grassland. FMR 5679 (RSA).

Bromus carinatus Hook. & Am. var. carinatus CALIFORNIA BROME GRASS.
Perennial. Occasional on slopes and drainages; annual grassland borders of oak
woodland and sycamore riparian woodland. FMR 5688 (RSA), FMR & DEB 5825
(RSA); DEB & FMR 3356 (RSA).

*Bromus diandrus Roth COMMON RIPGUT GRASS. Annual; Widespread, fairly
common to locally abundant in heavy soils, particularly on north-facing and east-
facing slopes; annual grassland, sycamore riparian woodland, and oak woodland.
FMR & DEB 5601.

*Bromus hordeaceus L. SOFT CHESS. Annual. Frequent; annual grassland and open
coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5618 (RSA); DEB & FMR 3370 (RSA).

*Bromus madritensis L. subsp. rubens (L.) Husnot FOXTAIL CHESS or RED BROME.
Annual. Common to locally abundant; disturbed sites, annual grassland, less common
in coastal sage scrub openings. FMR & DEB 5565 (RSA); DEB & FMR 3335 (RSA).

*Bromus sterilis L. STERILE BROME. Annual. Uncommon along sandy washes in
Cristianitos Creek; open mulefat scrub and ephemeral wetlands. Probably also in
annual grasslands along Cristianitos Creek and elsewhere. FMR & DEB 5905 (RSA).

*Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. BERMUDA GRASS. Perennial. Occasional in disturbed
areas and along drainages; riparian herb community. FMR & DEB 5638 (RSA).

Distichlis spicata (L.) E. Greene SALT GRASS. Perennial. Occasional and local along
drainages and disturbed sites; annual grassland, wet meadow, and riparian herb
community. FMR 5632 (RSA).

*Ehrharta calycina J.E. Smith VELDTGRASS. Perennial. Infrequent along dirt road
along western margin of Reserve; mixed chaparral and coastal sage scrub. FMR &
DEB 5636 (RSA).

Elymus condenstatus J.S. PresI (Leymus c. (J.S. Presl) Love) GIANT WILDRYE.
Perennial. Occasional on more mesic slopes; coastal sage scrub, less common in
toyon-sumac chaparral. FMR & DEB 5910 (RSA).

Elymus triticoides Buckl. (Leymus t. (Buckl.) Pilger) BEARDLESS WILD-RYE.
Occasional on slopes and in drainages on loamy soils; openings in oak woodland,
sycamore riparian woodland, annual grassland, and mulefat scrub. FMR 5687 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

*Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. NITGRASS. Annual. Occasional
along dirt roads and on ridges; annual grassland, coastal sage scrub, and chaparral.
FMR & DEB 5833 (RSA).

Hordeum intercedes Nevski VERNAL BARLEY. Annual. Scattered sites, mostly on
ridges and canyon slopes bordering Cristianitos Canyon; perennial and annual
grassland. Fourteen stands with 878 individuals were located. Rare: CNPS List 3.
DEB 3355 (RSA); DEB & FMR 3370 (RSA): FMR & RLA 5634 (RSA); DEB &
FMR 3423 (RSA); DEB 3430 (RSA); DEB & FMR 3433 (RSA); DEB & FMR 3436
(RSA).

*Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcangeli HARE BARLEY or
FOXTAIL BARLEY. Annual. Widespread and fairly common; annual grassland.
FMR 5625 (RSA).

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Spreng. JUNEGRASS. Perennial. Infrequent to scattered
on sandstone barrens and outcrops; coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5592 (RSA);
FMR & DEB 5906 (RSA).

*Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench GOLDENTOP. Annual. Occasional on ridgelines and on
slopes in annual grassland and openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5650
(RSA).

*Lolium perenne L. PERENNIAL RYEGRASS. Annual. Occasional in drainages and on
slopes, especially in the vicinity of seeps and wet areas; mesic annual grassland,
openings in oak woodland. FMR 5670 (RSA).

Melica imperfecta Trin. SMALL-FLOWERED MELIC GRASS. Perennial. Fairly
common; coastal sage scrub. Occasional in needlegrass perennial grassland and the
borders of oak woodland. FMR & DEB 5579 (RSA): DEB & FMR 3334.

Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Kunth LITTLESEED MUHLY. Annual. Infrequent
on slopes and barrens; coastal sage scrub. DEB & FMR 3431 (RSA).

Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A. Hitchc. CALIFORNIA DEERGRASS. Perennial.
Uncommon and local on mesic slopes and in drainages; perennial needlegrass
grassland. FMR & DEB 6031 (RSA).

*Pennisetum setaceum (Forsk.) Chiov. AFRICAN FOUNTAIN GRASS. Perennial.
Infrequent weed found in sandy wash of Cristianitos Creek at the southern end of the
Conservancy; mulefat scrub. FMR & DEB 5893 (RSA).

*Poa annua L. ANNUAL BLUEGRASS. Annual. Scattered along trails, often in mesic
areas; annual grassland, sycamore woodland. FMR 5628 (RSA).

Poa secunda J.S. Presl subsp. secunda PERENNIAL BLUEGRASS. Perennial.
Uncommon on hillsides; needlegrass perennial grassland. FMR & DEB 6033. FMR
& DEB 6033 (RSA).

Stipa coronata Thurber var. coronata [Achnatherum c. (Thurber) Barkworth] GIANT
NEEDLEGRASS. Perennial. Occasional on barrens, rock outcrops, and on ridges;
coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 583 1 (RSA).

Stipa lepida A. Hitchc. [Nassella I. (Hitchc.) Barkworth] FOOTHILL NEEDLEGRASS.
Perennial. Frequent on ridges and on slopes; coastal sage scrub, occasionally
extending into needlegrass perennial grassland and non-native annual grassland. FMR
5606 (RSA).

Stipa pulchra Hitchc. [Nassella p. (Hitchc.) Barkworth] PURPLE NEEDLEGRASS.
Perennial. Frequent, often the most common element of needlegrass grassland, less
common in annual grassland and openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR & DEB 5572,
5586 (RSA).

*Vulpia myuros (L.) K.C. Gmelin var. ntyuros RATTAIL FESCUE. Annual. Frequent
and widespread annual in perennial needlegrass grassland and annual grassland. FMR
& DEB 5620 (RSA).

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Themidaceae- Brodiaea Family

Bloomeria crocea (Torr.) Cov. COMMON GOLDEN STAR. Perennial geophyte.
Occasional on mesic grassy slopes; needlegrass perennial grassland, annual grassland,
openings in coastal sage scrub. FMR 5678 (RSA), FMR & DEB 5832 (RSA).
Dichelostemma capitatum Alph. Wood subsp. capitatum WILD-HYACINTH or BLUE-
DICKS. Fairly common in needlegrass perennial grassland, annual grassland, and in
openings of coastal sage scrub throughout the preserve. FMR & DEB 5567 (RSA).

APPENDIX II: SPECIES OBSERVED BUT NOT COLLECTED ON THE
CONSERVANCY

The following list includes additional species that were observed but not formally
documented within the boundaries of the Conservancy. In some cases, these plants were
observed early in the project while not in bloom and not encountered again. Some species
may have been encountered as a single individual. In others it was a simple oversight
they were not collected. Because the number of unvouched taxa is fairly low, we present
them in a separate list to encourage future documentation.

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) - Carrot Family

*Conium maculalum L. COMMON POISON-HEMLOCK. Perennial. Occasional in
annual grassland in canyons along the southern border of the Conservancy.

Asteraceae (Compositae) - Sunflower Family

Eriophyllum confertiflorum (DC.) A. Gray var. confertiflorum LONG-STEMMED
GOLDEN YARROW. Coastal sage scrub and toyon-sumac chaparral.

Viguiera laciniata A. Gray SAN DIEGO SUNFLOWER. Shrub. Infrequent in coastal
sage scrub on ridges west of Cristianitos Cyn. Not seen by authors. According to
Conservancy manager Laura Cohen, two plants have been found and are located in an
area that suggests the plants are of native origin. If this proves to be the case, this
would be the first native population of this species recorded in Orange County. Rare;
CNPS List 4.

Chenopodiaceae - Goosefoot Family

*Chenopodium album L. LAMB'S QUARTERS. Annual. Occasional in riparian herb
community.

*Salsola tragus L. [5. iberica Sennen & Pau., S. australis R. Br.] RUSSIAN-THISTLE.
Annual. Occasional in barrens; annual grassland.

Euphorbiaceae - Spurge Family

Euphorbia albomarginata Torr. & A. Gray [Chamaesyce a. (Torr. & A. Gray) Small]
RATTLESNAKE SPURGE. Annual. Uncommon in coastal sage scrub and
needlegrass perennial grassland.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Grossulariaceae - Gooseberry Family

Ribes speciosum Pursh FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY. Shrub. Occasional in
toyon-sumac chaparral.

Malvaceae - Mallow Family

*Malva parviflora L. CHEESEWEED. Annual. Occasional in annual grassland.

Orchidaceae - Orchid Family

Piperia cooperi (S. Watson) Rydb. COOPER'S REIN ORCHID. A single individual was
observed in Shady Canyon in leaf. The plant was not found later in the study. Rare:
CNPS List 4.

Polygonaceae - Buckw heat Family

Eriogonum elongatum Benth. var. elongation LONG-STEMMED or TALL
BUCKWHEAT. Perennial. Occasional in coastal sage scrub.

Scrophulariaceae - Figwort Family

Cordylanthus rigidus (Nutt, ex Benth.) Jepson subsp. setiger Chuang & Heckard DARK-
TIPPED BIRD’S BEAK. Annual. Occasional in coastal sage scrub.

Keckiella cordifolia (Benth.) Straw. HEART-LEAVED BUSH-PENSTEMON. Shrub.
Occasional in toyon-sumac chaparral.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

NOTEWORTHY COLLECTIONS

New Records of Lichenicolous Fungi from California

ENDOCOCCUS OREINAE Hafellner. California: Riverside County, Santa Rosa Plateau,
wildlife corridor northeast ofTenaja Road, 33° 30’ 17” N 117° 21’ 27” W, 690 m, on
Dimelaena oreina on large granite boulder Knudsen 7969.1 (UCR)

Previous knowledge. The genus Endococcus contains over 30 species worldwide of
lichenicolous fungi. Endococcus oreinae was recently described (Hafellner et al. 2002)
and is currently known from a few locations in the states of Sonora and Chihuahua in
Mexico and from Arizona in the western United States. It is host specific, occurring on
the widespread lichen Dimelaena oreina , but we have seen no new reports since the
original description.

Significance. Endococcus oreinae is reported new to California. Though its host is
widespread in the mountains of southern California and in the foothills along the coast, it
appears to be rare.

ENDOCOCCUS STIGMA (Korb.) Stizenb. California: Riverside County, Riverside,
University of California, Coyote Hill 33°58'09”N, 1 17°19’24"W, 384 m, on Acarospora
socialis on granite boulders. Knudsen #3526 (UCR, hb. Diederich); San Diego County,
Anza Borrego Desert State Park, Yaqui Pass, on Acarospora socialis. Valerie Reeb VR
23-X1I-05/1 with Kerry Knudsen & Silke Werth (DUKE); Yaqui Pass 33°08’48”N,
1 16°20’43"W, 550 m, on Acarospora socialis. Knudsen #5906 with Rolf Muertter (UCR,
hb. Etayo, PRM 857261); north of S22, near 33°12'43"N, 116°28'18"W, 831 m. Jojoba,
on A. socialis Knudsen #3629 (PRM 857256); Santa Barbara County, Santa Barbara, e/o
San Antonio Creek at end of Q street 32°27’44”N, 1 19°46’04"W, 384 m, on Acarospora
robiniae. Knudsen #4296.2 with Melody Hickman (UCR, hb. Diederich).

Previous knowledge. Endococcus stigma is host specific to species of the lichen genus
Acarospora as treated by Triebel (1989). It is widespread in Europe with several reports
from North America.

Significance. The California collections are Endococcus stigma in the strict sense with
ascomata 150-250 pm in diameter and with dark one-septate ornamented ascospores with
equal cells, 12-16 x 6-7 pm. The species is reported new to California. It appears to be
widespread and relatively common in southern California. According to an unpublished
paper by Brand, there is an undescribed species with smaller spores and ascomata
included in Triebel’s concept of E. stigma (Diederich, pers. comm.) but we have not
collected specimens of this taxon yet.

INTRALICHEN BACCISPORUS D. Hawksw. & M.S. Cole. California, San Luis Obispo
County, San Simeon State Park, Molinari property, on rock pile next to ravine along old
Highway One dirt road, 35° 36’ 10” N 121° 07’ 33” W, 27 m, infrequent on apothecia of
Caloplaca impolita, Knudsen 8096 (UCR, PRM 857257).

Previous knowledge. Intralichen baccisporus is a lichenicolous hypomycete known in
North America only from Nebraska (Hawksworth and Cole 2002). Recently it was

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

reported in Europe (Serusiaux et al 2003) from Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, the
Netherlands and Germany.

SigniScance. Intralichen baccisporus is reported new to California. Intralichen
baccisporus produces multicellular conidia and seems to be confined at the least to
species of the genus Caloplaca m the family Tbeloschistaceae, while I. christiansenii
produces only 1-septate conidia and appears to be heterogeneous considering the wide
spectrum of unrelated hosts.

Acknowledgments

The work of J. Kocourkova was financially supported by a grant from the Ministry of

Culture of the Czech Republic (MK00002327201).

Literature Cited

Hafellner, J., Triebel, D., Ryan, B.D. & Nash, T. H, III. 2002. On lichenicolous fungi
from North America, n. Mycotaxon 84:293-329.

Hawksworth, D.L. & Cole, M.S. 2002. Intralichen, a new genus for lichenicolous
‘Bispora’ and ‘Trimmatostroma’ species. Fungal Diversity 1 1:87-97.

Serusiaux, E., Diederich, P., Ertz, D., and van den Boom, P. 2003. New or interesting
lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France. IX.
Lejeunia 173:1-48.

Triebel, D. 1989. Lecideicole Ascomyceten. Eine revision der obligat lichenicolen
Ascomyceten auf lecideoiden Flechten. Bibliotheca Ucbenologica 35:1-278.

Kerry Knudsen, Lichen Curator, UCR Herbarium, Dept, of Botany and Plant
Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521. Knudscnf&ucr. edu

Jana Kocourkova, Lichen Curator, National Museum, Department of Mycology,
Vaclavske nam. 68, 115 79 Praha 1, Czech Republic, /ana kocourkova(a)jmLCz

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

BOOK REVIEW

Before California: An Archaeologist Looks at Our Earliest Inhabitants, by Brian
Fagan. 2003. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, Lanham, MD. 361 pp. + notes and
index. $24.95 (AltaMira Press paperback edition 2004, $21.95).

There are several excellent non-specialist overviews of Native American prehistory for
other regions (e.g., Plog 1997) but Brian Fagan’s Before California is the only such book
now in print for California. As a Californian, I often wonder what the pre-Columbian
landscape was like or how people lived here before European contact. As a botanist, I am
curious about Native Californians’ uses of plants and their influences on plant
distributions and vegetation ecology. Because I lack the time and background to research
the anthropology literature, I looked forward to reading Before California.

Brian Fagan is an Emeritus Professor of Archaeology at UC Santa Barbara and has
written some two dozen textbooks and popular treatments on archaeology. He describes
himself as a generalist, without special expertise in California prehistory. Fagan
emphasizes in the preface and throughout Before California that published archaeological
work is spotty; that much of the available evidence is from gray literature; and that
reviewing information for this synthesis was an especially difficult task.

Before California seems designed as both an undergraduate textbook and an introduction
for a more general audience. It is illustrated throughout and uses “boxes” to describe
special topics, a common style in textbooks. It is organized into sections covering broad
time periods, and the sections are arranged into chapters on geographic regions or other
topics. Fagan keeps his focus on the big picture and rarely bogs down in details, data, or
graphs. The writing is largely conversational, with minimal use of specialized terms, and
strictly avoids the dense style of academic literature. The organization, layout, and tone
all work well to provide a broad overview, as intended.

Unfortunately, Before California suffers from badly flawed writing and editing. The text
is often padded with nonsensical or pithy remarks. Chapters tend to ramble well away
from their chronological or geographic scopes. Ideas are repeated, often several times
within chapters, within subsections, and in successive chapters. Ideas that do not fit well
into specific time-frames (e.g., petroglyphs) are shoehomed into one or another of the
book’s chronological sections with no rationale. Rank speculation, especially about social
structure (Ch. 6) and spiritualism (Chs. 8 and 9), is common and often stated as though
factual. Errors and misediting are so common that they become distracting. A few
examples are: upwelling is referred to as “downwelling” on p. 52; a list of seafoods
“suggests a generalized diet with a heavy emphasis on terrestrial foods” on p. 97; and
milkweed is called “milkwood” on p. 116.

Fagan sometimes avoids whole issues or contradicts himself as he ducks them. For
example, he does not believe that the first Californians arrived by sea and he is not
willing to discuss the pros and cons. “No one believes that they paddled down the ... .
coast simply because there were no suitable watercraft for doing so” (p. 22). But later (p.
46), he writes of the Bering Sea crossing that “Some experts believe that the Americas
were settled not only by land, but along the shores ... by people who moved eastward in
skin boats. . . .” but “there is absolutely no evidence for such activities, in part because
their sites, if any, are deep below the Bering Strait.” On the next page, he writes that
whether the first humans came over land or by sea is “one of the great controversies of

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

California archaeology.” In just these few pages, he progresses from “no one believes” to
“some experts believe” to “one of the great controversies.” As a non-specialist reader, I
gather that (1) the evidence, if any, is underwater, and (2) Fagan does not believe that the
New World was colonized by sea but cannot explain his reasoning. Similar
unsubstantiated assertions, poorly constructed arguments, and self-contradictions are
found throughout the book.

From the botanical perspective, Before California is similarly disappointing because it
skips important topics and misconstrues others. Land management via deliberate
chaparral burning (Anderson 1993) is not covered. Fagan presents a thorough description
of the acorn-based diet in place at European contact. But his discussion of earlier food
plants is indecipherable. Before acoms became a staple, he says, Indians subsisted largely
on milled grass seed. But none of the food plants he names are grasses, and I can find
virtually no native cismontane grasses listed in compilations of Native American food
plants (e.g., Moerman 1998). Milling forb seeds into meal is well-documented among
Native Californians at European contact and since. But Fagan presents no evidence for
heavy use of grass seeds at contact or earlier.

As a biologist, I am often disappointed by common misunderstandings of population
ecology, and Fagan promotes a serious one. Artifacts near the coast in the Kings Range
predating about AD 500 are surprisingly scarce. Fagan offers the explanation (first made
by others) that the coast may have been uninhabited due to more abundant food resources
farther inland. Only when the interior populations expand or “hunted out their territory”
did people move to the coast for its rich food supplies. The argument is nonsense.
Populations in superior habitat with abundant resources expand quickly, and disperse into
surrounding suitable areas. It is unreasonable to propose that humans could have lived in
the New World for thousands of years and expanded their ranges across two entire
continents and numerous islands before their numbers finally grew large enough to
migrate to the Kings Range coast. Archaeologists should seek a better explanation for the
sparse early record there.

This is the only book of its sort now in print. It presents a great deal of worthwhile
information and will be a useful introduction for some readers. 1 found, however, that the
poor writing and editing, redundancy, factual errors, unacknowledged speculation, and
logical fallacies distracted so badly from the information content that reading Before
California was more frustrating than educational. In his preface, Fagan emphasizes that
there is room for more than one popular book on California archaeology. I hope to see
another one soon. Meanwhile, readers may be better served by older overviews
(Chartkoff & Chartkoff 1984; Moratto 1984) or compilations of more technical papers,
such as Raab and Jones (2004).

Many thanks to Elizabeth Lawlor for her suggestions on an earlier version of this review.

Literature Cited

Anderson, M. K. 1993. Native Californians as ancient and contemporary cultivators. In
Before the wilderness: Environmental management by native Californians, eds. T.C.
Blackburn and M.K. Anderson, 151-174. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, CA.

Chartkoff, K.K. & J.L. Chartkoff. 1984. The archaeology of California. Stanford
University Press, Palo Alto, CA.

Moerman, D.E. 1998. Native American ethnobotany. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

Crossosoma 33(1), Spring-Summer 2007

Moratto, M.J. 1984. California archaeology. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.

Plog, S. 1997. Ancient peoples of the American Southwest. Thames & Hudson, London,
England.

Raab, L.M. and T.L. Jones. 2004. Prehistoric California: Archaeology and the myth of
paradise. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, UT.

— Scott D. White , Scott White Biological Consulting, 201 North First Ave., No. 102,
Upland, CA 91786. scottbioservicesidverizon.net

Become a Member of

Southern California Botanists

Today!

Individual (family)

$15.00

□ New Member

Organization

$25.00

Q Renewal

Name

Address 1

Address 2

City State

Zip code Phone (optional)

E-mail address

In addition, I would like to give $ to help support SCB.

Make checks payable to Southern California Botanists and mail to:

Alan P. Romspert
Department of Biology
California State University
Fullerton, CA 92834

New York Botanical Garden Library

3 5185 00268 0286

Southern California Botanists, Inc.

— Founded 1927 —

Memberships, Subscriptions, and Back Issues

Individual and Family Memberships in SCB are $15 per calendar year domestic, and $20
per year to foreign addresses. Membership includes two issues of CROSSOSOMA, and 5 or
6 issues of Leaflets , the newsletter of SCB. Leaflets provides time-dated information on
activities and events that may be of interest to our membership. A subscription to
CROSSOSOMA is available to libraries and institutions at the domestic rate of $25 per
calendar year, and $30 to foreign institutions. Back issues (Volumes 18-present) are
available for $5 each, or $10 for the volume, postpaid. Prior to Volume 18, CROSSOSOMA
included time-dated notices to the membership and was published six times a year.
These back issues of Volumes 1-17 are $1 each, or $6 per volume, postpaid. Some back
issues that are out of stock may be provided as photocopies.

SCB Special Publications

No. 1 A Flora of the Santa Rosa Plateau, by Earl W. Lathrop and Robert F. Thome, 39

$7.00

[No. 2, Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, 2nd ed., by Peter H. Raven, Henry J
Thompson, and Barry A. Prigge is out of print]

No. 3 Endangered Plant Communities of Southern California, Proceedings of the 15th
Annual SCB Symposium, edited by Allan A. Schoenherr, 1 14 pp $12.00

By request, the following article has been reprinted separately, with covers, and is
available for plant collecting workshops:

Herbarium specimens as documents: purposes and general collecting techniques, by
T.S. Ross [from CROSSOSOMA 22(l):3-39, 1996] $3.95 each; 10 for $22.50

Prices include California state sales tax, handling, and domestic postage.

Applications for membership, requests for purchases of Special Publications and back
issues, name or address corrections, and requests for replacement of lost or damaged
CROSSOSOMA issues should be sent to Alan Romspert, Treasurer Southern California
Botanists, Inc., Department of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA
92834, USA. Consult the website for current email contact information. Make your
check or money order payable to Southern California Botanists , or SCB.

http: "socalbot.org

Southern California Botanists I

c/5

c/5 00
(N

60 £ O'

2 n E

^ o

s *

cn u
c

E 2

O »-

£*

c/)

■O

jx:

^ —

-rt?

Crossosoma

Journal of the Southern California Botanists, Inc.

Volume 33, Number 2

Fall-Winter 2007

Southern California Botanists, Inc.

— Founded 1927 —

CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published twice a year by Southern California
Botanists, Inc . a California nonprofit organization of individuals devoted to the study,
preservation and conservation of the native plants and plant communities of southern
California

SCB Board of Directors for 2007

President

Sula Vanderplank

Vice President

Naomi Fraga

Secretary

Linda Prince

Treasurer

Alan P Romspert

Webmaster

Naomi Fraga

Editor of Crossosom.4

Denise Knapp

Editor of Leaflets

Kimberlyn Williams

Directors-at-large

David Bramlet
Jill Carpenter
Jennifer Cogswell
Terry Daubert

Elizabeth Delk
Kerry Knudsen
Orlando Mistretta
Kerry' Myers
Fred Roberts
Susan Schenk
Allan A Schoenherr
Paul Schwartz

officio Board Members

Gary Wallace (Immediate Past
President)

Articles, book reviews, or other items for submission to CROSSOSOMA can be
sent to Denise Knapp, Editor, at dknapp@lifesci ucsb edu or Ecology, Evolution, and
Marine Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610,
USA Electronic submission is preferred Please see our website, www socalbot org, for
format guidelines Notices of a time-dated nature (field trips, workshops, symposia, etc )
to be included in the newsletter Leaflets should be submitted to Kimberlyn Williams,
Editor of Leaflets , Biology Department, CSUSB, 5500 University Parkway, San
Bernardino, California, USA

Views published in CROSSOSOMA are those of the contributing author(s) and are
not necessarily those of the editors, the membership of Southern California Botanists
Inc , or the SCB Board of Directors, unless explicitly stated

Copyright € 2007 b> Southern California Botanists. Inc All rights reserved
Permission to reproduce ilems in CROSSOSOMA. in whole or in part,
should be requested from the current Editor

Volume 33, Number 2

Fall-Winter 2007

CONTENTS

Plant succession in the eastern Mojave Desert; An example from Lake Mead
National Recreation Area, southern Nevada

Scott R. Abella, Alice C. Newton, and Dianne N.

Bangle 45

Additions to the flora of western Riverside County, California

Fred M. Roberts, Jr., Scott D. White, Andrew C. Sanders, and David
E. Bramlet 55

Noteworthy Collections: New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi
from California

Jana Kocourkova and Kerry Knudsen 70 x

Book Review: Designing Californian native gardens: the plant community
approach to artful, ecological gardens by G. Keator and A. Middlebrook
(2007) 74

Book Review: Introduction to California chaparral by R.D. Quinn and S.C.
Keeley (2006) 75

kuRSTHER 1 MKRTZ “

LIBRARY

jan u ? ?nn8

— botanical garden

Cover: Penstemon grinellii, photographed by Fred Roberts on Santiago Peak in the Santa
Ana Mountains.

http://www.socalbot.org

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

PLANT SUCCESSION IN THE EASTERN MOJAVE DESERT: AN EXAMPLE
FROM LAKE MEAD NATIONAL RECREATION AREA, SOUTHERN

NEVADA

Scott R. Abella

Public Lands Institute and School of Life Sciences
University of Nevada Las Vegas
4505 S. Maryland Parkway
Las Vegas, NV 89154-2040
scott.abella@unlv.edu

Alice C. Newton
National Park Service
Lake Mead National Recreation Area

601 Nevada Way
Boulder City, NV 89005

-and-

Dianne N. Bangle
Public Lands Institute
University of Nevada Las Vegas
4505 S. Maryland Parkway
Las Vegas, NV 89154-2040

ABSTRACT: Plant succession remains a poorly understood process in the Mojave
Desert, yet knowledge is needed in this area where increasing human populations may
amplify disturbance frequencies and intensities. In a retrospective study, we examined
plant communities on two pipeline right-of-ways cleared in 1998 or 1968 to supply water
to metropolitan Las Vegas, Nevada. We also evaluated the effectiveness of restoration
treatments (raking soil surfaces, spreading artificial desert varnish, and planting four
species of native shrubs) applied by the National Park Service on the 1998 right-of-way
to enhance recovery of Larrea tridentata communities. Plant cover was sparse (< 5%) on
the untreated 1998 right-of-way eight years after clearing, with a mean shrub density of
only 99/ha. On the restoration-treated area, however, L. tridentata established at a density
of 300/ha., 36% of the density of an adjacent control area. Restoration treatments also
made the right-of-way less visually distinct from surrounding L. tridentata communities.
Even 38 years after clearing, the older right-of-way was dominated by species such as
Stephanomeria pauciflora and Encelia farinosa, which are classified as early colonizers
in the Mojave Desert. Our findings concur with long recovery estimates after vegetation-
removing disturbances given in the literature, but suggest that ecological restoration has
potential for manipulating the speed and trajectory of plant succession in the Mojave
Desert.

KEYWORDS: disturbance, ecological restoration, Encelia farinosa, Hymenoclea
salsola, Larrea tridentata, Plantago ovata, Stephanomeria pauciflora, vegetation.

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

INTRODUCTION

Mining, military activities, off-road vehicles, agriculture, livestock grazing, and land
clearing for linear corridors (e.g., roads, power lines) are some of the many types of
human disturbances impacting Mojave Desert ecosystems (Lovich and Bainbridge 1999).
Plant succession (rate and species composition) following these disturbances can vary
with disturbance type (Webb et al. 1987) and size (Hunter et al. 1987), precipitation
(Brum et al. 1983), time since disturbance (Carpenter et al. 1986), and also with other
less-documented factors such as soil type (Lathrop and Archbold 1980). Larrea
tridentata (DC.) Cov. communities, which are a dominant vegetation type in the Mojave
Desert, have generally taken decades to more than centuries to approximate pre-
disturbance plant composition (Lovich and Bainbridge 1999).

Vasek (1979/1980) documented plant succession in the Mojave Desert nine years after
land clearing for a highway borrow pit in southern California. He found that early
colonizers included Ambrosia dumosa (A. Gray) Payne, Encelia frutescens (A. Gray) A.
Gray, Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torrey) Nelson, and Porophyllum gracile Benth. These
species exhibited 19-177 times greater densities in the disturbed pit bottom than in
adjacent Larrea tridentata communities. Vasek (1983) further classified Mojave Desert
perennial species into three main successional categories: early colonizers that respond
strongly and positively to disturbance and have short individual fife spans (e.g.,
Hymenoclea salsola A. Gray, S. pauciflora, Encelia spp.), long-lived opportunistic
species important in mature communities but also exhibiting pioneering ability (e.g., A.
dumosa, Opuntia bigelovii Engelm.), and long-lived perennials that recover slowly from
disturbance (e.g., L. tridentata). Vasek (1983) also noted that many early colonizers after
human disturbance are abundant in frequently disturbed “natural” habitats such as
washes, and that annual plants occur in both early and late-successional communities.

Specific questions about succession, such as factors affecting its rate and trajectory,
remain poorly understood in the Mojave Desert (Bolling and Walker 2000). This hinders
ecological management in this desert, where increasing human populations may intensify
disturbance levels (Kemp and Brooks 1998; Lovich and Bainbridge 1999). In a
retrospective study in the eastern Mojave Desert, we assessed plant community and soil
characteristics on two water pipeline right-of-ways (ROWs) cleared of upper soil and
vegetation eight (1998) or thirty-eight (1968) years before this study. The National Park
Service also applied restoration treatments designed to speed recovery of Larrea
tridentata communities on part of the 1998 ROW. Both ROWs cross National Park
Service land (Lake Mead National Recreation Area [LMNRA]) and were constructed by
the Southern Nevada Water Authority to supply water to the Las Vegas Valley. Since
further water developments are planned to occur within LMNRA, this study was intended
to evaluate potential for ecological remediation of these disturbances. Additionally, our
study adds site-specific successional data needed to build general theories of succession
for the Mojave Desert. We sought to answer the following questions at this site: (1) What
is species composition, shrub density, and species richness on ROWs cleared in 1998 or
1968 relative to adjacent L. tridentata communities? (2) On the 1998 ROW, do soil
properties differ among treatments and below L. tridentata compared to openings? (3)
How does species composition on this site after disturbance compare with other
successional sequences described for the Mojave Desert?

Crossosoma 33(2), Fail-Winter 2007

METHODS

Study Area and Pipeline Treatments

This study was conducted in LMNRA, Clark County, Nevada, 30 km east of Las Vegas
at an elevation of 400 m (UTM 696000 m E, 3993000 m N; zone 1 1; NAD83). The study
area consisted of a 0.21-ha area in each of four adjacent locations: a 1998 ROW receiving
no restoration treatments (hereafter untreated 1998 ROW), an adjacent section of the
same ROW that received restoration treatments (hereafter treated 1998 ROW), an
adjacent Larrea tridentata community off the ROW that served as a control, and a ROW
cleared in 1968 adjacent to the 1998 ROW (Fig. 1). This study is limited by a lack of
replication; however, the study area comprises one landform (an alluvial fan) and one soil
association (Carrizo-Carrizo-Riverbend, primarily consisting of Typic Torriorthents; Lato
2006). This supports an assumption that potential differences among the four areas result
from their successional age or the restoration treatments, rather than from pre-existing

Fig. 1 (a) Fig. 1 (b)

Fig. 1 (c) Fig. 1 (d)

Figure 1. Views of (a) bladed eight-year-old (1998) water pipeline right-of-way that
received no restoration except for soil replacement; (b) the same right-of-way that
received the restoration treatments of raking the soil surface, applying artificial desert
varnish, and planting four species of native shrubs in addition to soil replacement; (c)
control area adjacent to the right-of-way; and (d) 38-year-old (1968) water pipeline right-
of-way, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, southern Nevada. Photos by S.R. Abella,
3 1 August 2006 for (a-c) and 25 October 2006 for (d).

Crossosoma 33(2), Fail-Winter 2007

environmental differences. Both the treated and the untreated 1998 ROW were cleared by
blading with heavy equipment, with the upper 20 cm of soil stockpiled and reapplied
after construction. The 20-cm depth may have varied slightly depending on rockiness or
other factors. Procedures for clearing the 1968 ROW are not known to the authors, but
are thought to have included mechanical blading without soil replacement.

Restoration treatments applied by the National Park Service in January-February 1999 to
the 1998 ROW included hand-raking the soil surface after soil replacement to re-spread
rocks, applying artificial desert varnish (product name = permeon) evenly to the soil
surface for color restoration, and planting Larrea tridentata (96 plants), Ambrosia
dumosa (12 plants), Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & J. Bigelow (9 plants), and Acacia
greggii A. Gray (2 plants). Newton (2001) provides details of the planting. Survival by
2001 was 0% for A. greggii and A. dumosa, 92% for L. tridentata, and 100% for O.
basilaris (Newton 2001). Annual precipitation from 1999-2005 after clearing of the 1998
ROW averaged 105% of the long-term (32 yr) mean (14 cm/yr), measured at Willow
Beach, A Z, 26 km south of the study site (Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, NV).

Field Sampling

Between 31 August and 25 October 2006, we delineated a 30 x 70 m section in the
centers of each of the four areas. Within these sections, we randomly established a 10 x
70 m transect divided into seven 10 x 10 m (0.01 ha) plots. Using simple random
sampling, we selected three plots in each section for sampling. In six 1 x 1 m subplots per
plot, we visually estimated areal percent cover of each plant species rooted in subplots
using a l-m2 frame divided into 25, 0.04 m2 compartments. We also surveyed whole
plots on a presence/absence basis for species not occurring in subplots. We included dead
annuals in subplot and plot sampling, but not dead perennials. Shrubs, including
seedlings, were counted on each plot. Nomenclature and native/exotic species
classifications follow Baldwin et al. (2002). To compare soils among the control and the
treated and untreated 1998 ROW, we collected a 0-10 cm soil sample in an opening (> 1
m away from any shrub) at the northwest and southeast comers of each plot and
composited these samples on a plot basis. We also selected a dominant Larrea tridentata
on each plot on the control and on the treated 1998 ROW (the untreated ROW contained
no L. tridentata) and collected four soil samples (composited on a plot basis) halfway
between the main stem and the canopy edge.

Laboratory and Data Analysis

The air dry < 2 mm fraction of soil samples was analyzed for pH (saturated paste), total P
and K (Olsen NaHC03 method), total C and N (Leco C/N analyzer), and texture
(hydrometer method). We compared mean (n = 3 for each area) species richness, total
shrub density, and open-area soils among the control and the treated and untreated 1998
ROW using one-way analyses of variance and Tukey’s test in JMP (SAS Institute 2004).
For the control and the treated 1998 ROW, paired t tests were used to compare soil
properties between openings and below Larrea tridentata. Statistical results should not be
extrapolated to other sites since treatments were not replicated, but mean comparisons are
presented as interpretational aids. Mean vegetation characteristics for the 1968 ROW
were compared descriptively to the 1998 ROW and the control.

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

RESULTS
1998 Right-of-Wav

Exotic species richness/m2 was lowest in the control, and was similar between treated
and untreated areas (Fig. 2) in the 1998 ROW. Total species richness/ 100m2 was similar
among treatments, ranging from 8-9.3 species. The exotic annual grasses Schismus spp.
exhibited the highest relative cover on the ROW compared to the control, but total
absolute cover for all species on the ROW was only 5-6% (Fig. 3). Relative cover of the
native annual Plantago ovata Forsskal increased from the untreated ROW to the control.
Perennial forbs and grasses were sparse or absent from all treatments. Shrub density was
eight times higher in the control than in the untreated ROW, which contained no Larrea
tridentata (Fig. 4). Ambrosia dumosa and Encelia farinosa Torrey & A. Gray were the
only shrubs inhabiting the untreated ROW, and these species did not occupy plots on the
treated ROW or on die control. Larrea tridentata exhibited a density of 300/ha on the
treated ROW, which was 36% of the density on the control.

In openings, soil properties were similar among the three areas except for K, which was
significantly greater on the untreated ROW than on the control (Table 1). Sand
concentration was 10% higher and silt 9% lower on the untreated ROW compared to the
control, but all soils were still sandy loams. P and K both tended to be greater below
Larrea tridentata than in openings for the treated ROW and the control, but the only
difference that was statistically significant was for P for the control.

1968 Right-of-Wav

Exotic species richness was minimal in the 1968 ROW, and total richness/100 m2 was
comparable to both the 1998 ROW and control (Table 2). Similar to the 1998 ROW,
Plantago ovata was a major contributor to relative cover, although Stephanomeria
pauciflora exhibited the highest relative cover. Total shrub density averaged 3134/ha,
four and 31 times more than the 1998 ROW or the control, respectively. Stephanomeria
pauciflora and Hymenoclea salsola contributed 76% of the total shrub density.

DISCUSSION

Although lack of replication and one-time sampling limits statistical inferences, our
findings represent a case study of succession after land clearing in the eastern Mojave
Desert and how a particular set of restoration treatments may influence succession.
Several dominant species on the 1968 ROW, such as Stephanomeria pauciflora.
Ambrosia dumosa, and Eriogonum inflatum Torrey & Fremont, were also important nine
years after land clearing in the California Mojave Desert (Vasek 1979/80). Two species
differences, however, were that Encelia farinosa was an important early colonizer in our
study rather than Encelia frutescens, and Chamaesyce polycarpa (Benth.) Millsp. was
important in Vasek’s (1979/80) study but not in ours. Additionally, shrub densities are
50% lower on the 1968 ROW and 98% lower on the untreated 1998 ROW in our study
compared to Vasek’s (1979/80) study.

Also in the eastern Mojave Desert, Bolling and Walker (2002) concluded that soils
beneath Larrea tridentata, even 88 years after road abandonment, lacked tight circular
gradients in nutrient concentrations relative to control shrubs. P and K showed the
strongest trends to concentrate below control L. tridentata in our study (Table 1). It is
also possible that a weak trend may exist for these nutrients to be more concentrated
below planted L. tridentata relative to openings on the treated 1998 ROW.

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Treatment

Figure 2. Mean plant species richness at (a) 1 rtf and (b) 100 m: scales among treatments
on an eight-year-old (1998) water pipeline right-of-way, Lake Mead National Recreation
Area, southern Nevada. Restoration on the treated right-of-way (ROW) consisted of
raking the soil surface, applying artificial desert varnish, and planting four species of
native shrubs. Error bars are 1 SD for total mean richness. In comparisons within native
or exotic categories, only exotic species/m' differed significantly (p < 0.05) among
treatments.

120

Untreated ROW

Treated ROW

Treatment

Control

Figure 3. Relative cover of dominant plant species and genera among treatments on an
eight-year-old (1998) water pipeline right-of-way, Lake Mead National Recreation Area,
southern Nevada. Restoration on the treated right-of-way (ROW) consisted of raking the
soil surface, applying artificial desert varnish, and planting four species of native shrubs.
CRYSPP = Cryptantha spp., ERIDEF = Eriogonum deflexum, LARTRI = Larrea
tridentata, PLAOVA = Plantago ovata, and SCHSPP = Schismus spp. Numbers at the
top of each bar represent total mean absolute cover.

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Table 1. Comparison of 0-10 cm soil properties among treatments and between
openings and below Larrea tridentata within treatments on an eight-year-old
(1998) water pipeline right-of-way. Lake Mead National Recreation Area,
southern Nevada.

Property

Untreated ROW1

Treated ROW

Control

Open

Larrea

Open

Larrea

Open

Larrea

8.1±0.12

8.1±0.2

8.1±0.1

7.9±0.1

P (mg/kg)

4.0±1.2

—

3.5±0.7

3.7±0.8

4.1±1.6

1 1.5±2.9

K (mg/kg)

555±13a

—

491±62ab

575±204

400±61b 552±42

C (mg/kg)

942±35

—

716±1 18

954±107

686±180 736±90

N (mg/kg)

27±5

—

37±14

43±8

57±27

50±15

Sand (% wt.)

70±2a

—

65±3b

67±4

60±lb

66±6

Silt (% wt.)

24±lb

—

29±3a

27±3

33±2a

28±5

Clay (% wt.)

6±2

—

6±0

6±1

7±1

6±2

1 ROW = right-of-way. Restoration treatments included raking the soil surface, applying
artificial desert varnish, and planting four species of native shrubs.

2 Vales are mean ± SD (« = 3 within each treatment and canopy combination). Letters
within a row compare means among treatments for openings only. Values in bold denote
significant differences at p < 0.05 between openings and below Larrea tridentata within
treatments.

3 Not measured because L. tridentata did not occur in this treatment.

Table 2. Plant community attributes on a 38-year-old (1968) water
pipeline right-of-way. Lake Mead National Recreation Area, southern
Nevada.

Community attribute

Mean±SD

Species richness

No. natives/m2

2.2±0.2

No. exotics/m2

0±0

No. natives/100 m2

7.7±1.5

No. exotics/ 100 m2

1±0

Relative % cover

Stephanomeria pauciflora

41±16

Chamaesyce spp.

30±14

Plantago ovata

18±10

Other species

10±8

Shrubs/ha

Ambrosia dumosa

367±379

Bebbia juncea

167±208

Encelia farinosa

233±321

Hymenoclea salsola

767±551

Stephanomeria pauciflora

1600±361

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

While effects of individual restoration treatments cannot be discerned in this study, the
set of treatments including surface raking, applying artificial desert varnish, and planting
of shrubs, appeared to make shrub composition on the treated 1998 ROW converge with
that of the control (Fig. 4). Although our study was not designed to track survival of
planted individuals, we found that Larrea tridentata established on the treated 1998
ROW at a density 36% of that of the control. Previous studies of L. tridentata outplanting
have produced widely differing results, ranging from complete mortality (Graves et al.
1978) or < 2% survival (Brum et al. 1983), to > 90% survival (Wallace et al. 1980; Clary
and Slayback 1984; Newton 2001). In our view, the restoration treatments also made the
1998 ROW less visually distinct from surrounding L. tridentata communities, an
important consideration on National Park Service lands (Fig. 1).

Untreated ROW Treated ROW Control

Treatment

Figure 4. Shrub densities among treatments on an eight-year-old (1998) water pipeline
right-of-way, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, southern Nevada. Restoration on the
treated right-of-way (ROW) consisted of raking the soil surface, applying artificial desert
varnish, and planting four species of native shrubs. Error bars are 1 SD for total mean
density. Means without shared letters differ at p < 0.05 for total density.

This study highlights several topics requiring additional research for a better
understanding of Mojave Desert successional patterns and how ecological restoration
might be used to influence successional trajectories. The effects of soil salvage and
replacement after disturbance may depend on several factors, such as soil type, depth of
salvage, and length of time soil is stored (Bainbridge et al. 1998). Effects also hinge on
whether or not nutrients and seed banks are diluted upon reapplication by mixing upper
and lower soil layers (Nelson and Chew 1977). Soil salvage has been little studied in the
Mojave Desert, and cannot be evaluated in this study since this would have required areas
on the 1 998 ROW that were bladed but did not have soil replaced. While we believe that
applying artificial desert varnish helped make the treated 1998 ROW less visually distinct
from control areas, potential ecological effects of this application are not clear. The
darkening varnish could affect soil temperatures or have other ecological effects (Elvidge
and Iverson 1983). While many studies in the Mojave Desert, including this one, have
compared post-disturbance revegetation to composition of adjacent control communities,
these “control” communities likely have been exposed to other human disturbances.
These communities may not be good reference models for ecological restoration, unless a
specific restoration goal is to blend a disturbed area into the surrounding matrix (Lovich
and Bainbridge 1999). For example, neither the control nor the two ROWs contained
perennial grasses or forbs, with the exception of Eriogonum inflatum. It remains unclear

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

whether these plant groups were more common at this site historically, or whether
establishing them would produce ecological benefits.

Our analysis of the 1968 ROW revealed that species previously classified as early
successional (Vasek 1983) remain dominant even 38 years after clearing (Table 2). This
concurs with other research in the Mojave Desert reporting that plant composition on
denuded areas can require over 40 years to approximate that of adjacent areas (e.g..
Carpenter et al. 1983; Prose et al. 1987). Early successional shrub communities are not
necessarily “bad,” depending on ecological management objectives. For example, plant
species richness on the 1968 ROW was similar to the control, and exotic species richness
was actually lower (Table 2, Fig. 2). Plant assemblages similar to those on the 1968
ROW also characterize natural washes in this region (Wells 1961). Since early
successional shrubs have established at only low densities eight years following creation
of the 1998 ROW, future research could evaluate whether establishing these species more
rapidly speeds natural recruitment of longer-lived species like Larrea tridentata.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Stacey Provencal, Mike Boyles, and Mark Sappington with the National Park
Service for facilitating our research permit for this study; the Southern Nevada Water
Authority for enabling sampling on their right-of-way; Utah State Analytical Laboratories
for analyzing soil samples; and Jill Craig and Jef Jaeger for reviewing the manuscript.
Funding was provided by the National Park Service through a cooperative agreement
with the University of Nevada Las Vegas.

LITERATURE CITED

Bainbridge, D., R. MacAller, M. Fidelibus, A.C. Newton, A.C. Williams, L. Lippitt, and
R. Franson. 1998. A beginner's guide to desert restoration. 2nd edition. U.S.
Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 35 pp.

Baldwin, B.G., S. Boyd, B.J. Ertter, R.W. Patterson, T.J. Rosatti, and D.H. Wilken (eds.).
2002. The Jepson desert manual: vascular plants of southeastern California.
University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 624 pp.

Bolling, J.D., and L.R. Walker. 2002. Fertile island development around perennial shrubs
across a Mojave Desert chronosequence. Western North American Naturalist 62:88-
100.

Bolling, J.D., and L.R. Walker. 2000. Plant and soil recovery along a series of abandoned
desert roads. Journal of Arid Environments 46:1-24.

Brum, G.D., R.S. Boyd, and S.M. Carter. 1983. Recovery rates and rehabilitation of
powerline corridors. I. In Environmental effects of off-road vehicles, eds. R.H. Webb
and H.G. Wilshire, 303-314. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Carpenter, D.E., M.G. Barbour, and C.J. Bahre. 1986. Old field succession in Mojave
desert scrub. Madrono 33: 1 11-122.

Clary, R.F., and R.D. Slayback. 1984. Revegetation in the Mojave Desert using native
woody plants. In Proceedings of the native plant revegetation symposium, eds. J.P.
Rieger and B.A. Steele, 42-47. California Native Plant Society, San Diego, CA.
Elvidge, C.D., and R.M. Iverson. 1983. Regeneration of desert pavement and varnish. In
Environmental effects of off-road vehicles, eds. R.H. Webb and H.G. Wilshire, 225-
243. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Graves, W.L., B.L. Kay, and W.A. Williams. 1978. Revegetation of disturbed sites in the
Mojave Desert with native shrubs. California Agriculture 32:4-5.

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Hunter, R., F.B. Turner, R.G. Lindberg, and K.B. Hunter. 1987. Effects of land clearing
on bordering winter annual populations in the Mojave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist
47:234-238.

Kemp, P.R., and M.L. Brooks. 1998. Exotic species of California deserts. Fremontia
26:30-34.

Lathrop, E.W., and E.F. Archbold. 1980. Plant responses to utility right of way
construction in the Mojave Desert. Environmental Management 4:215-226.

Lato, L.J. 2006. Soil survey of Clark County area, Nevada. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1801 pp.

Lovich, J.E., and D. Bainbridge. 1999. Anthropogenic degradation of the southern
California desert ecosystem and prospects for natural recovery and restoration.
Environmental Management 24:309-326.

Nelson, J.F., and R.M. Chew. 1977. Factors affecting seed reserves in the soil of a
Mojave Desert ecosystem. Rock Valley, Nye County, Nevada. American Midland
Naturalist 97:300-320.

Newton, A.C. 2001. DRiWATER: an alternative to hand-watering transplants in a desert
environment (Nevada). Ecological Restoration 19:259-260.

Prose, D.V., S.K. Metzger, and H.G. Wilshire. 1987. Effects of substrate disturbance on
secondary plant succession: Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Applied Ecology
24: 305-313.

SAS Institute. 2004. JMP user’s guide. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. 402 pp.

Vasek, F.C. 1979/80. Early successional stages in Mojave Desert scrub vegetation. Israel
Journal of Botany 28:133-148.

Vasek, F.C. 1983. Plant succession in the Mojave Desert. Crossosoma 9:1-23.

Wallace, A., E.M. Romney, and R.B. Hunter. 1980. The challenge of a desert:
revegetation of disturbed desert lands. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 4:216-225.

Webb, R.H., J.W. Steiger, and R.M. Turner. 1987. Dynamics of Mojave Desert
assemblages in the Panamint Mountains, California. Ecology 68:478-490.

Wells, P.V. 1961. Succession in desert vegetation on streets of a Nevada ghost town.
Science 134:670-671.

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF WESTERN RIVERSIDE COUNTY,

CALIFORNIA

Fred M. Roberts, Jr.

P.O. Box 517, San Luis Rey, California 92068
antshrike@cox.net

Scott D. White

Scott White Biological Services
201 North First Ave., No 102, Upland, CA 91786
scottbioservices@verizon.net

Andrew C. Sanders

Herbarium, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences
University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0124
andrew.sanders@ucr.edu

David E. Bramlet

1691 Mesa Dr., No. A-2, Santa Ana, California 92707
debramlet@earthlink.net

-and-

Steve Boyd

Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
1500 N College Ave., Claremont, CA 9171 1-3157
steve.boyd@cgu.edu

ABSTRACT: We report 83 taxa vouchered from Riverside County west of the San
Jacinto Mountains not included in our earlier checklist for western Riverside County
(Roberts et al. 2004). In addition, four species and a variety are deleted from that
checklist based on redetermination of specimens. We also include short discussions of
several species reported from western Riverside County by various sources, but to our
knowledge not confirmed by specimens, or excluded for other reasons. With these
additions and deletions, the known western Riverside County Flora now totals 1 ,489 taxa
(species, subspecies, varieties, and hybrids).

KEY WORDS: Riverside County, vascular plants, special status plants.

INTRODUCTION

We published The Vascular Plants of Western Riverside County, an Annotated Checklist
in 2004, interpreting western Riverside County as the part of the county west of the San
Jacinto Mountains along a rough north-south line running from the San Gorgonio River
to California State Route 243, and along the western boundary of the San Bernardino
National Forest extending south to the San Diego County line. See Figure 1 for a general
map of the region with important landmarks. A more detailed map of this region is

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

presented on pages 12 and 13 of Roberts et al. (2004). We excluded most of the San
Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains and Colorado Desert, and included the Riverside
County portions of the Santa Ana and Agua Tibia mountains. In 2004 we reported 1,41 1
taxa, including 1,322 species, an additional 73 infraspecific taxa (subspecies or varieties),
and 16 named and unnamed hybrids for western Riverside County.

LOS

ANGELES I
COUNTY /

3T00*N

117*30' 117 00 W

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY

San Bernardino Mtns.

34*00'N

Vail
Lake

liosa Temecula
Plateau

Agua Tibia Mtns.

' 1

1 17’00'W

33'30’N

Figure 1. Western Riverside County with important landmarks.

This compilation represents the addition of 83 taxa to the flora that have come to our
attention since 2004. These include 67 species, 11 infraspecific taxa (subspecies or
varieties), and five unnamed hybrids. The additions are based on our continued field
work, reviews of herbarium collections, reviews of data from other herbaria now
available via the online Consortium of California Herbaria website
(http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/), and specimens provided by other field botanists
or brought to our attention by readers of the 2004 checklist. We have deleted four
species, Plagiobothrys stipitatus var. micranthus. Euphorbia crenulata, Tamarix gallica,
Tamarix aralensis, and one variety, Aristida purpurea var. wrightii, based on
redetermination of the specimens upon which these reports were based. We also have
revised nomenclature for one species, Machaeranthera asteroides var. asteroides,
reported in Roberts et al. (2004) as M. canescem (Pursh) A. Gray var. canescens ) based
on treatment by Keil and Brown in Hickman (1993) (see discussion under M asteroides
below). We now recognize a total of 1,489 taxa in western Riverside County, including
1,385 species, 83 infraspecific taxa, and 21 named and unnamed hybrids.

Systematists have published new names for some taxa included in the flora. For example,
Nesom (2006) revised Gnaphalium in the Flora of North America (Vol. 19) and we
follow his treatment here for Gamochaeta pensylvanica ( =Gnaphalium pensylvanicum).

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

But we have not attempted to update nomenclature for taxa listed in our earlier annotated
checklist. We anticipate producing a completely revised and updated second edition of
the checklist in several years and that work will reflect a more comprehensive review of
current nomenclatural changes. Whenever we have opted to recognize a name that is not
used in Hickman (1993) or the Flora of North America (Vols 1-5, 19-26), we include the
name used in those references in brackets. Each account follows the format of the
checklist with common names in capital letters, followed by a brief description of the
abudnance and distribution of the taxon in the study area. In the following list, a ^
symbol is used to indicate a species of special status or conservation concern, as per
Roberts et al., 2004.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to thank Chet McGaugh, Kurt Campbell, Rick Riefner, Michael L. Charters,
Bob Allen, Mitch Provance, and Michael Wall for collecting the first known specimens
of several taxa from western Riverside County, and especially, Tom Chester for bringing
several omissions from the earlier checklist to our attention, and for specimens he
provided documenting several species new to the flora.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE WESTERN RIVERSIDE COUNTY,
CALIFORNIA VASCULAR FLORA

DICOTS

Apiaceae - Carrot Family

*Ammi visnaga (Kellogg) E. Greene VISNAGA. Uncommon annual in disturbed soils.
[Temecula: G. McTeer s.n., 3 Sep 2004 (UCR)].

Asteraceae - Sunflower Family

*Centromadia p ungens (Hook. & Am.) E. Greene subsp. p ungens [ Hemizonia p. (Hook.
& Am.) Torr. & A. Gray subsp. p.\. COMMON SPIKEWEED. Presumably recently
introduced weed found at scattered locations in the Perris Basin such as Perris,
Moreno Valley, and March Air Reserve Base. [Perris (Perris Valley Storm Drain):
D.E. Bramlet 2048 (UCR)].

Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera [Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd., incl.
Gnaphalium peregrinum Femald, Gnaphalium purpureum (L.) Cabrera of Riverside
Co. authors] PENNSYLVANIA CUDWEED. Specimens previously identified as
Gnaphalium purpureum in Roberts et al. (2004) were based on misidentified
specimens of Gnaphalium pensylvanicum according to Guy Nesom (pers. comm, to
A.C. Sanders). Note: we are following Nesom (2006) in treating the subgenus
Gamochaeta of Gnaphalium as a full genus.

Gamochaeta stagnalis (I.M. Johnst.) And. [Gnaphalium stagnate I.M. Johnst.]. DESERT
CUDWEED. Scarce annual known in the study area from Glen Avon and Menifee.
[Glen Avon, sand dune area on the north slope of the Jurupa Hills: A.C. Sanders
16566 (UCR)].

Hesperevax acaulis (Kellogg) E. Greene var. ambusticola Morefield DWARF EVAX.
Uncommon annual on clay soils, Santa Rosa Plateau. [4 mi W of Murrieta: E. W.
Lathrop 5739B (RSA)].

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

*Lasthenia glaberrima A. DC. SMOOTH GOLDFIELDS. Uncommon annual along
borders of vernal pools on the Santa Rosa Plateau. First found in our area in 2003.
[Santa Rosa Plateau: M.L. Charters 204 (UCR)].

Machaeranthera asteroides (Torr.) Greene var. asteroides [M tephrodes (A. Gray) E.
Greene; Dieteria asteroides Torr. var. a .] ASH-COLORED ASTER. Late-flowering
large perennial herb. Reported as M. tephrodes from the Hemet area by Munz (1974).
Mistakenly reported as M. canescens (Pursh) A. Gray var. canescens in Roberts et al.
(2004) based on Keil and Brown (1993), who synonymized M. tephrodes into M.
canescens while retaining M. asteroides as distinct. Machaeranthera tephrodes is
treated as a synonym of M. asteroides, distinct from M. canescens, in other treatments
we have seen including Abrams and Ferris (1960) and Shreve and Wiggins (1964).
Morgan (2006) places it in the genus Dieteria Nuttall. He retains D. asteroides and D.
tephrodes as synonyms, distinct from D. canescens. Uncommon, washes and alluvial
benches of the San Jacinto River toward the eastern margin of our area [San Jacinto:
D. Myrick 2127 (RSA)].

*Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norlindh AFRICAN DAISY. Scarce weed, perhaps only
a waif. [Agua Tibia Mtns.: D.L. Banks & E.H. Banks 953 (RSA)].

Stephanomeria exigua Nutt, subsp. exigua SLENDER WREATH PLANT. Uncommon
annual on open benches of Arroyo Seco, Agua Tibia Mtns. and Gavilan Hills area.
More common east of the study area. Seems to intergrade with S. exigua subsp.
deanei (J.F. Macbr.) Gottlieb around the southern and eastern margins of our area;
more common to the east. [Agua Tibia Mtns.: D.L. Banks & S. Boyd 774B (RSA).

Brassicaceae - Mustard Family

*Cardamine flexuosa With. WAVY BITTERCRESS Common agricultural weed,
especially in shady and irrigated places. Difficult to separate from, and easy confused
with, C. deblis (L.) Desv. and C. parviflora L., which are both also found in irrigated
landscapes. [Riverside, UCR campus: A.C. Sanders 20006 (UCR) Determined by I.
Al-Shehbaz].

*Cardamine hirsuta L. HAIRY BITTERCRESS. Uncommon urban weed of irrigated
ground. [Riverside (Arlington Heights): C. McGaugh s.n., 12 Dec 2006 (UCR)].

Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton subsp. glabra (Wooton & Standley) Detl.
SMOOTH WESTERN TANSY-MUSTARD. Uncommon annual in sandy soils on
alluvial benches and in oak woodland in the vicinity of Butterfield Valley and Arroyo
Seco, north base of the Agua Tibia Mtns. Subtaxa perhaps not truly separable and best
treated only at the species level. [Agua Tibia Mtns.: D.L. Banks & D. Hannon 1007
(RSA)].

Draba verna L. SPRING DRABA. Occasional in open oak woodland, shrubland, and
disturbed sites, Agua Tibia Mtns. [Agua Tibia Mtns.: D.L. Banks 1398A (RSA)].

Lepidium densiflorum Schrader var. ramosum (Nelson) Thell. COMMON PEPPER
GRASS. Scarce annual on disturbed sandy soils, Agua Tibia Mtns. [Agua Tibia
Mtns.: D.L. Banks & D. Hannon 976 (RSA)].

Campanulaceae - Bellflower Family

Nemacladus longiflorus A. Gray var. breviflorus McVaugh NOT-SO-LONG LONG-
FLOWERED THREAD PLANT Uncommon annual in coarse seasonally moist sand
on alluvial benches, Agua Tibia Mtns. [Agua Tibia Mtns.: D.L. Banks 222 (RSA)].

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Caprifoliaceae - Honeysuckle Family

Symphoricarpos rotundifolius A. Gray var. parishii (Rydb.) Dempster PARISH’S
SNOWBERRY. Uncommon shrub found in chaparral, higher elevations, Santa Ana
Mtns. where known only from Santiago Peak near the Orange Co. line. [Santa Ana
Mtns.: R.L. Allen 12259 (MACF)].

Caryophyllaceae - Pink Family

Spergularia macrotheca (Homem.) Heynh. var. macrotheca PINK ALKALI SAND-
SPURRY. Occasional perennial on alkali flats in the southern Perris Basin. Largely a
species of coastal wetlands, apparently intergrades with S. macrotheca var. leucantha
B.L. Rob. in alkaline pools around Murrieta. [Murrieta: P.A. Munz 2136 (POM)].

Chenopodiaceae - Goosefoot Family

Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Watson. ALL-SCALE. Recently found on alkali flats in
association with saltgrass meadow on the dry lake flats south of Lake Elsinore. [Lake
Elsinore: R.E. Riefner 04-306 (RSA)].

*Chenopodium ficifolium Smith. [C. serotinum L. misappl.] FIGLEAF GOOSEFOOT.
Represented by a single sterile collection from the San Jacinto Wildlife area, and
annotated as C. serotinum. The specimen has the unique distinctive leaf form
characteristic of C. ficifolium. According to Clemants and Mosyakin (2003), P. Aellen
and P. Uotila have shown that the type of C. serotinum is based on a specimen of
sterile Atriplex. [San Jacinto Wildlife Area: J. Greene 1082 (RSA)].

Chenopodium pratericola Rydberg NARROW-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT. Generally of
higher elevations but sometimes reaching sandy flats, dunes, and disturbed riparian
areas, vicinity of Riverside and Jurupa Mtns. [Riverside: M. Provance 2265 (RSA)].

Crassulaceae - Stonecrop Family

Sedum spathulifolium Hook. BROADLEAF STONECROP. Local in oak woodland
understory, cool drainages of Dripping Springs Alcove, north flank Agua Tibia Mtn.,
considerably more common about rock outcrops at higher elevations, San Diego Co.
portions of the range. [Agua Tibia Mountains: S. Boyd & D.L. Banks 8415 (RSA)].

Dipsacaceae - Teasel Family

Dipsacus sativus (L.) Honck. FULLER’S TEASEL. Uncommon biennial weed.
[Temecula: K. Campbell s.n., 15 Jun 2006 (UCR)].

Ericaceae - Heath Family

Arctostaphylos pringlei C. Parry subsp. drupacea (C. Parry) P. Wells PINK-BRACT
MANZANITA. Scarce shrub on dry slopes in chaparral, eastern slopes of Santiago
Peak. Common in the San Jacinto Mtns. just east of the study area. Uncommon in the
Santa Ana Mtns. Known only from one additional location in adjacent Orange Co.
[Santa Ana Mtns.: D. Menuz 185 (UCR)].

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Euphorbiaceae - Spurge Family

*Euphorbia lathyris L. GOPHER SPURGE. Uncommon biennial weed near Hemet.
[Santa Rosa Hills: S.D. White &J. Wood 1 1644 (RSA)].

Euphorbia melanadenia Torr. [Chamaesyce m. (Torr.) Millsp.] RED-GLAND SPURGE.
Perennial herb, locally scarce. Widespread in the Sonoran Desert and disjunct in
cismontane Los Angeles County. Only local record: South slopes of the Jurupa Hills
[5. Boyd 5516 (RSA)].

Euphorbia micromeria Engelm. [Chamaesyce m. (Engelm.) Wooten & Standley]
SONORAN SPURGE. Scarce annual in dry bills of the interior. Common on the
deserts. [Aguanga: T. Craig & F. Craig s.n., Nov 1939 (POM)].

Euphorbia polycarpa Benth. var. hirtella Boiss [Chamaesyce p. var. h. (Boiss) Parish]
DESERT GOLONDRINA. Scarce in western Riverside Co. near Riverside and the
Jurupa Hills. More common in the deserts. [Riverside (Arlington Heights): L.
Cushman s.n., 1 Nov 1901 (RSA)].

Euphorbia setiloba Torr. [Chamaesyce s. (Torr.) Millsp.] YUMA SANDMAT. Scarce
annual in sandy places, known in our area only from the cited location. Common in
the deserts east of our area, including the eastern foothills of the San Jacinto Mtns.
[near Aguanga: T. Craig & F. Craig s.n., Nov 1939 (POM)].

Fabaceae - Pea Family

Astragalus didymocarpus Hook. & Am. var. dispermis (A. Gray) Jepson DWARF
WHITE MILKVETCH. Occasional annual on sandy soils and bums on hillsides and
flats, scattered sites in the Perris Basin. More common east of the study area. [San
Jacinto Valley: M. Wall 258 (RSA)].

Astragalus douglasii (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. parishii (A. Gray) M.E. Jones
PARISH’S MILKVETCH. Fairly common perennial on fine sand in sycamore
alluvial woodland at the northern base of the Agua Tibia Mtns. and at Vail Lake.
More common east of the study area. [Agua Tibia Mtns.: D.L. Banks & R.M. Pant
1028 (RSA)].

Astragalus nuttallianus DC. var. imperfectus (Rydb.) Bameby SMALL-FLOWERED
MILKVETCH. Scarce annual; a desert species known in this area only from one
collection in 1897. This appears to have been one of several desert plants that ranged
into the Perris Basin and even west to the Temescal Valley before extensive land
alteration associated with agriculture and urbanization. Superficially similar to Lotus
s/r/gojws.(Nutt.) E. Greene [San Jacinto: H.M. Hall 434 (RSA)].

Dalea mollis Benth. SILK DALEA. Known in western Riverside Co. only from cited
specimen. This may have been among the many desert taxa at scattered sites in W
Riverside Co., or may have been a “waif," perhaps transported by sheep. Dalea mollis
is much like D. mollissima (Rydb.) Munz, and this specimen is somewhat
intermediate in flower size and leaf margin characters. [“Riverside vicinity”: Albert J.
Perkins s.n., May 1914 (RSA)].

Lotus argophyllus (A. Gray) E. Greene var. argophyllus X Lotus heermannii (Durand &
Hilg.) E. Greene var. heermannii. Uncommon perennial sometimes found where the
parents occur together. [Agua Tibia Mtns.: S. Boyd & D.L. Banks 8418B (RSA)].

Lotus oblongifolius (Benth.) E. Greene var. oblongifolius STREAM LOTUS. Scarce in
damp soil of drainage ditch, Hemet. Presumably washed down from the San Jacinto
Mtns., more typical of stream courses at higher elevations. [Hemet: S.D. White & M.L.
Balk 11 590 (UCR)].

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Hydrophyllaceae - Waterleaf Family

Pholistoma membranaceum (Benth.) Constance WHITE FIESTA FLOWER.
Uncommon annual on alluvial benches near Vail Lake. [Temecula Creek: S. Boyd et
al. 2942 (RSA)].

Malvaceae - Mallow Family

*Lavatera cretica L. CRETAN LAVATERA. Scarce weed recently found in a field at
the cited location. [Riverside: M. Provance 288 (UCR)].

Sphaeralcea antibigua A. Gray [inch S. a. var. rugosa Kearney] APRICOT MALLOW.
Scarce subshrub or perennial herb found near Riverside, the vicinity of the Badlands,
San Jacinto, Temecula, Murrieta, and Dripping Springs along the northern foothills of
the Agua Tibia Mtns. Common in desert regions to the east and north. Few recent
records in our area. [Box Springs Mtn.: J. Roos 5542 (RSA)].

Molluginaceae - Carpet-weed Family

*Glinus radiatus (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) Rohrb. SHINING DAMASCISA. Scarce annual
found in drying stock pond at cited location. [Murrieta: R.E. Riefner 03-379 (RSA)].

Onagraceae - Evening Primrose Family

Epilobium brachycarpum C. Presl SUMMER COTTON WEED. Uncommon in
floodplain, San Jacinto River, vernal alkali grassland near Hemet, and stream banks,
Agua Tibia Mtns. [Hemet: R.E. Riefner 04-347 (RSA)].

Ludwigia hexapetala (Hook. & Am.) Zardini, Gu, & Raven WATER PRIMROSE.
Uncommon in still water, Temescal Wash at Walker Cyn., just north of Lake Elsinore.
[Temescal Wash: R.E. Riefner 04-344 (RSA)].

Polemoniaceae - Phlox Family

Eriastrum densifolium (Benth.) H. Mason subsp. austromontanum (Craig) H. Mason
SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN WOOLLY-STAR. Uncommon on alluvial benches in the
Agua Tibia Mtns. The authors disagree over recognizing subspecies in E. densiflorum.
Some of us prefer to follow Brunell (1997) who suggested that only E.d. subsp.
densifolium and E.d. subsp. sanctorum (Millikin) H. Mason warrant recognition. For
now we are continuing to recognize the traditional treatment. [Agua Tibia Mtns.: D.L.
Banks & S. Boyd 784 (RSA)].

Linanthus bigelovii (A. Gray) E. Greene BIGELOW’S LINANTHUS. Uncommon
annual on alluvial benches, granitic slopes, sedimentary hills, and bums near Vail
Lake and the Agua Tibia Mtns. [Vail Lake: S. Boyd 4455 (RSA)].

Polygonaceae - Buckwheat Family

Eriogonum baileyi S. Watson var. baileyi BAILEY’S WILD BUCKWHEAT.
Uncommon annual in sandy places Wilson Creek watershed near Aguanga. Specimen
determined by J. Reveal. [Wilson Creek: V. Moran s.n., 1 Sep 2003 (UCR)].

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Ranunculaceae - Crowfoot Family

Clematis lasiantha Nutt. X Clematis pauciflora Nutt. Uncommon hybrid occurring
where both parents come in contact. [Pechanga Indian Reservation: D.L. Banks 1638
(RSA)].

Rhamnaceae - Buckthorn Family

Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. X Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. var. cuneatus Sandy
benches associated with the Gavilan Creek drainage in the southeast comer of Harford
Springs Co. Park; a hybrid swarm with numerous introgressant forms. [Gavilan Hills
S. Boyd 810304-Q, 4 Mar 1981 (RSA)].

Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. X Ceanothus ophiochilus S. Boyd, T.S. Ross, & L.
Amseth. Occasional hybrid in chaparral west of Vail Lake and on Agua Tibia Mtn.
[Vail Lake: 5. Boyd 7900 (RSA)].

Rosaceae - Rose Family

*Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees HIMALAYAN BLACKBERRY. Occasional, but poorly
documented weedy vine about old dwellings, abandoned orchards, etc. in the foothills.
[Santa Rosa Plateau: T.J. Chester 979 (UCR)].

Salicaceae - Willow Family

*Populus nigra L. LOMBARDY POPLAR. Commonly cultivated and occ-asionally
escaping in disturbed moist areas. [Temescal Valley: A.C. Sanders 25634 (UCR)].

Scrophulariaceae - Figwort Family

Keckiella ternata (Torr. ex A. Gray) Straw var. ternata BLUE-STEMMED BUSH
PENSTEMON. Very local shrub found only on dry slopes at higher elevations, Santa
Ana Mtns. Often fairly common in chaparral where found, especially along road cuts
on Santiago Peak. Not otherwise known from our area. [Santa Ana Mtns..' R.L. Allen
12296 (MACF)].

Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis X Mimulus clevelandii Brandegee. Rare hybrid occurring
in chaparral where two species come into contact. [Agua Tibia Mtns.: D.L. Banks & S.
Boyd 558 (RSA)].

Mimulus moschatus Lindley MUSK MONKEY FLOWER. Uncommon annual found on
old clearing on alluvial terrace along the San Jacinto River just east of Valle Vista.
More common at higher elevations east of the study area. [Valle Vista: T.B. Salvato &
A.C. Sanders 895 (UCR)].

Mimulus rattanii A. Gray RATTAN’S MONKEY-FLOWER. Scarce in chaparral, Santa
Ana Mtns. [ Santa Ana Mtns. (Glen Ivy): F. W. Peirson 9379 (LA)].

Penstemon grinellii Eastw. GRINELL’S PENSTEMON. Uncommon perennial in
chaparral at higher elevations, Santa Ana Mtns. [Santa Ana Mtns. (Santiago Pk.): D.
Menuz 182 (UCR)].

Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. AMERICAN SPEEDWELL. Uncommon in wet
places. Known locally only from cited location. [Santa Rosa Plateau: R.F. Thorne &
E.L. Lathrop 39334 (RSA)].

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Solanaceae - Nightshade Family

*Datura quercifolia Kunth OAK-LEAF THORN-APPLE. Scarce weed found in a
former cow pasture in Riverside, collected 1984 and again in 1996. [Riverside: A.C.
Sanders et al. 19644 (UCR)].

*Petunia integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thell. [P. violacea Lindley], VIOLET-
FLOWERED PETUNIA. Scarce urban weed. [Riverside: A.C. Sanders 7046 (UCR)].

Tamaricaceae - Tamarisk Family

*Tamarix parviflora DC. SMALL-FLOWERED TAMARISK. Uncommon weedy tree,
mainly in moist, disturbed situations. [Riverside: M. Provance 408 (UCR)].

Tropaeolaceae - Nasturtium Family

Tropaeolum majus L. GARDEN NASTURTIUM. Scarce escape from cultivation,
naturalized in a willow-dominated riparian thicket at Riverside. Commonly
naturalized near the coast of southern California. [Riverside: J. Ross 145 (UCR)].

Violaceae - Violet Family

Viola purpurea Kellogg subsp. purpurea MOUNTAIN VIOLET. Occasional perennial
on rocky soil in openings of chaparral and cismontane woodland, higher elevations,
Santa Ana Mtns. The distinction between V. purpurea subsp. purpurea and V. p.
subsp. quercetorum (Baker & Clausen) R.J. Little seems ambiguous and is in need of
further study. [Santa Ana Mtns. (Bear Springs): C. Davidson 5624 (RSA)].

MONOCOTS

Alismataceae - Water-plantain Family

Sagittaria longiloba Engelm. LONGBARB ARROWHEAD. Occasional in persistently
wet roadside ditch, Hemet. First southern California record since 1894. Possibly
spread by waterfowl. [Hemet: S.D. White & M.L. Balk 11582 (UCR)].

Sagittaria montevidensis S. Watson subsp. calycina (Engelm.) C. Bogin HOODED
ARROWHEAD. Occasional in persistently wet roadside ditch, Hemet. Possibly
spread by waterfowl. First record in Riverside County. [Hemet: S.D. White & M.L.
Balk 11510 (UCR)].

Convallariaceae - Lily-of-the-Valley Family

Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link subsp. amplexicaule (Nuttall) LaFrankie
WESTERN FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL. Scarce perennial in shaded Pseudotsuga
woodlands, Santa Ana Mtns. [Santa Ana Mtns.: E. W. Lathrop 6909 (RSA)].

Cyperaceae - Sedge Family

Cyperus retrorsus Chapman PINE BARRENS FLATSEDGE. Occasional on irrigated
ground at Riverside. Native from Florida to Texas. [U.C. Riverside campus: A.C.
Sanders 24885 (UCR)].

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Eleocharis bella (Piper) Svenson PRETTY SPIKERUSH. Occasional annual along
streams in the Santa Ana Mtns., e.g., Santa Rosa Plateau, Bear Canyon., and between
Tenaja and Alamos Canyons. [Santa Ana Mtns.: E. W. Lathrop 7080 (RSA)].

Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lamarck) S.G. Smith [Scirpus g. Lamarck] TUBEROUS
BULRUSH. Local perennial growing in wet places; known in our area only from cited
collection. [San Jacinto Wildlife Area: A. Sleigh & A. Hainov 107 (RSA)].

Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla var. longispicatus (Britton) S.G. Smith [Scirpus p.
Vahl] COMMON THREE-SQUARE. Scarce perennial on sandy benches; known in
our area only from cited location. [Riverside (Santa Ana River): M. Provance 1692
(UCR)].

Iridaceae - Iris Family

*Iris pseudacorus L. PALE YELLOW IRIS. Scarce escape from cultivation in the Santa
Ana River Valley. A widespread wetland weed in California. The cited specimen
represents the first record for Riverside Co. [Riverside (Rancho Jurupa Park): A C.
Sanders 25019 (UCR)].

Juncaceae - Rush Family

Juncus bryoides F.J. Herm. MOSS-LIKE DWARF RUSH. Uncommon along streams in
the Agua Tibia Mtns. More common east of our area. [Agua Tibia Mtns: D.L. Banks
1 67 (RSA)].

Juncus hemiendytus F.J. Herm. var. hemiendytus HERMANN’S DWARF RUSH.
Uncommon, vernal pools and grassy mesas; known in our area only from cited
location. More common east of the study area. [Santa Rosa Plateau: A.C. Sanders et
al. 738 (UCR)].

Juncus luciensis Ertter SANTA LUCIA DWARF RUSH. Local caespitose annual, moist
depressions in grassland, often associated with vernal pools; known in western
Riverside Co. only from cited location. [Santa Rosa Plateau: R.F. Thorne 45498
(RSA)].

Juncus orthophyllus Cov. STRAIGHT-LEAF RUSH. Scarce along stream banks in
grassland and oak woodland, southern Santa Ana Mtns. [Santa Ana Mtns.: E.W.
Lathrop 7081 (RSA)].

Juncus phaeocephalus Engelm. [incl. J.p. var. paniculatus Engelm.] BROWN-
HEADED RUSH. Occasional in moist grasslands and along streams at the cited
location. Our local plants have been treated as J.p. var. paniculatus Engelm. (e.g.,
Coffey Swab 1993). However, Brooks and Clemants (2000) suggest plants treated as
J. p. var. paniculatus are similar to, and perhaps better treated under J. macrandus
Coville. Studies of the entire subgenus are needed before making such a transfer.
[Santa Rosa Plateau: R.F. Thorne et al. 61169 (RSA)].

Melanthiaceae - Camas Family

Zigadenus venenosus S. Watson var. venenosus MEADOW DEATH CAMAS.
Uncommon perennial in moist grasslands and vernal depressions; southern Santa Ana
Mtns. from Elsinore Peak south, Santa Rosa Plateau, and Agua Tibia Mtns. [Santa
Ana Mtns.: J.D. Olmsted 3636 (RSA)].

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Poaceae - Grass Family

*Aegilops cylindrica Host JOINTED GOATGRASS. Occasional annual weed growing
along trails on the Santa Rosa Plateau. [Santa Rosa Plateau: T.J. Chester 631 (UCR)].

*Ehrharta longiflora J.E. Smith LONG-FLOWERED VELDT GRASS. Locally
abundant annual, apparently aggressively spreading in disturbed places and along
stream courses in near the San Diego Co. line. [Santa Margarita Ecological Preserve:
A. Montalvo 662 (UCR)].

Eriochloa aristata Vasey BEARDED CUPGRASS. Locally common weed in ditches
and roadside swales at Hemet. [Hemet: R.E. Riefner 04-352 (RSA)].

*Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter BARBGRASS. Uncommon annual weed in
vernal pools at the cited location. [Santa Rosa Plateau: G.D. Wallace et al. 2082
(RSA)].

*Panicum dichotomiflorum Michaux subsp. dichotomiflorum FALL PANIC GRASS.
I Incommon in wet river sand at cited location [Corona (Santa Ana River). R.E.
Riefner 04-435 (RSA)].

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. COMMON REED. Poaceae. Very local in coastal
sage scrub at hillside spring in "Walsh Cyn." in the southeastern Gavilan Hills; to be
expected elsewhere about seeps and edges of alkaline wetlands. [Gavilan Hills: S.
Boyd 11721 (RSA)].

Poa infirma Kunth WEAK BLUEGRASS. Occasional and scattered, mostly along foot
trails at the cited location. Easily confused with morphologically very similar P.
annua L. [Santa Rosa Plateau: T.J. Chester 595 (UCR)].

Poa secunda J.S. Presl subsp. juncifolia (Scribner) R. Soreng RUSH BLUE GRASS.
Scarce on sandstone-derived soils in chaparral. Known only from cited collection.
[Agua Tibia Mtns.: D.L. Banks 971 (RSA)].

*Setaria adhaerens (Forssk.) Chiov. TROPICAL BARBED BRISTLEGRASS.
Occasional to locally common annual weed in irrigated landscaping and roadside
seepages near Riverside. [La Sierra: R.E. Riefner 05-793 (RSA)].

Themidaceae - Brodiaea Family

Brodiaea santarosae T. Chester, W. Armstrong, & K. Madore. SANTA ROSA BASALT
BRODIAEA. Overall uncommon but sometimes locally frequent on Santa Rosa
Basalt in grassland and sometimes near vernal pools; southern Santa Ana Mtns. at
Miller Mtn., Elsinore Peak, and Santa Rosa Plateau. The Type specimen is cited.
Some authors are not convinced that these plants represent a full taxon due to
variation in staminode and other floral characters. The authors in S. Boyd et al. (1995)
presumed these plants to be the result of introgressive hybridization between B.
filifolia and B. orcuttii. Other authors believe T. Chester et al. (2007) have made a
good argument that B. santarosae could be the progenator of these two Brodiaea
species. Regardless, increased knowledge of these plants suggest that the status of B.
filifolia may require re-assessment, since previous evaluations of the conservation of
this species may have been overly reliant on populations on the Santa Rosa Plateau
and Miller Mtn. Local Concern. [Santa Rosa Plateau: T. Chester et al. 927 (UCR)].

Typhaceae - Cattail Family

Typha angustifolia L. NARROW-LEAVED CATTAIL. Uncommon in ponds and along
stream courses, Agua Tibia Mtns. [Agua Tibia Mtns.: D.L. Banks & V. Steinmann 748
(RSA)].

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

ADDITIONAL EXCLUDED TAXA

The following species accounts are added to the Excluded Species discussion of Roberts

et al. (2004; Appendix I, page 158).

* Acacia baileyana F. Muell. BAILEY ACACIA. Fabaceae. Shrubby tree. Locally scarce,
probably only persisting ornamentals, as in the La Sierra area near Riverside [S.D.
White 9894 (RSA)]. Additional records are needed to confirm this species as part of
the flora.

Acacia greggii A. Gray CATCLAW ACACIA. Fabaceae. Shrub, just reaching the
northeastern margin of our area along Banning Canyon Road, but not yet vouchered.

Allium monticola Davidson SAN BERNARDINO ONION. Alliaceae. Scattered and
local in the Santa Ana Mtns. on scree slopes of Santiago and Modjeska peaks,
adjacent Orange Co. To be expected in adjacent areas of western Riverside Co.

Aristida purpurea var. wrightii (Nash) K.W. Allred [A. wrightii Nash] WRIGHT
THREE-AWNED GRASS. Poaceae. Originally included in Roberts et al. 2004 based
on a single collection [J.R. Holliday 44 (UCR)]. However, this specimen has been
redetermined as A. p. var. glauca (Nees) Walp. according to the Consortium of
California Herbaria (2007). A. p. var. glauca is a synonym of A.p. var. nealleyi
(V asey) K.W. Allred according to Allred (2003). This latter variety is already reported
as part of the flora.

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. subsp. binghamiae (E. Greene) Brummitt SANTA
BARBARA MORNING GLORY. Convolvulacaeae. A perennial vine of wet areas
once reported from “Chino Creek south of Ontario” [I.M. Johnston 1274 (POM)].
Chino Creek is predominately in San Bernardino Co. but a small portion flows
through Riverside Co. This collection suggests this taxon may have occurred at what
is now the Prado Basin and may well have occurred in adjacent areas of northwestern
Riverside Co. * CNPSListlB.

Cardamine californica (Nutt.) Greene var. californica CALIFORNIA TOOTHWORT.
Brassicaceae. Some plants in the Santa Ana Mountains seem to key as this subspecies,
but we cannot reliably separate it from C. californica var. integrifolia (Torr. & A.
Gray) Rollins, (included in our earlier checklist) and we are uncertain of the
taxonomic merit of these subspecific taxa.

Centaurium exaltatum (Griseb.) Piper DESERT CENTAURY. Gentianaceae. Known
from San Bernardino Valley in adjacent San Bernardino Co. — “near San
Bernardino’’ (S.B. Parish 5897 (UC)] and “along the Santa Ana River” [5.5. Parish
s.n., May 1899 (UC)]. Also known from 1935 collections at Lake Hemet [e.g. I.W.
Clokey & E.G. Anderson 6790 (UCR)] just east of our area. Almost certainly formerly
found along the Santa Ana River in Riverside Co., but we can find no voucher
specimens to confirm this.

*Celtis australis L. MEDITERRANEAN HACKBERRY. Ulmaceae. Reported to occur
fairly commonly along the Santa Ana River in adjacent San Bernardino Co. by Clarke
et al. (2007) but we have not been able to locate any vouchers for western Riverside
Co.

*Celtis sinensis Persl. JAPANESE HACKBERRY. Ulmaceae. Reported to occur fairly
commonly along the Santa Ana River in adjacent San Bernardino Co. by Clarke et al.
(2007) but we have not been able to locate any vouchers for western Riverside Co.

Delphinium parryi A. Gray subsp. maritimum (Davidson) M.J. Wamock. MARITIME
LARKSPUR. Ranunculaceae. Reported from open slopes in the Pauba Valley. [D.L.
Banks & V. Steinmann 1428 (RSA)]. But the specimen does not clearly show

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

characters of this subtaxon. The infraspecific taxa in /D. parryi/ seem problematic to
us. We do not include this taxon pending a more confident determination or a more
distinct specimen.

Dudleya cymosa subsp. pumila (Rose) K. Nakai. CHALKY CANYON DUDLEYA.
Crassulaceae. Reported to occur in Riverside Co. on Santiago Peak, Santa Ana Mtns.
but not yet vouchered. This taxon is scattered on rocky banks, cliffs, and roadcuts in
chaparral at higher elevations of the Santa Ana Mtns. in adjacent Orange Co.

Eriogonum nudum Benth. var. pauciflorum S. Watson NAKED BUCKWHEAT.
Polygonaceae. Known to occur in the Santa Ana Mtns. on Santiago Peak in adjacent
Orange Co. To be expected in adjacent western Riverside Co. within the highest
reaches of the Santa Ana Mtns.

Erysimum capitatum (Douglas) E. Greene subsp. capitatum WESTERN
WALLFLOWER. Brassicaceae. Local but fairly common on dry slopes in openings
of chaparral at high elevations in the vicinity of Modjeska and Santiago Peaks, Santa
Ana Mtns., Orange Co. To be expected in adjacent Riverside Co.

Euphorbia crenulata Engelm. CHINESE-CAPS. Euphorbiaceae. Included in Roberts et
al. (2004) based on misidentification of two specimens of E. spathulata.

Gamochaeta antiliana (Urban) Anderberg [Gnaphalium a. Urban] DELICATE EVER-
LASTING. Asteraceae. One of three specimens on a sheet of G. stagnale collected in
Glen Avon [A.C. Sanders 16566 (UCR)] has been annotated by Guy Nesom as
“resembling” G. antillana. More definitive material is needed before we add this
species to the checklist, however.

Hypericum anagalloides Cham. & Schldl. TINKER’S PENNY. Hypericaceae. Reported
to occur at San Jacinto ( Hasse s.n., 3 Jul 1892 [RSA]). This species is typically found
at higher elevations and at moister sites. Hasse made other collections in the San
Jacinto Mtns. that same day. While the “San Jacinto” report may be valid, it would
seem more likely the label was meant to read “San Jacinto Mountains,” therefore we
are excluding it for now. Hypericum anagalloides has also been documented within
San Diego Co. near the San Mateo Canyon Wilderness Area, Santa Ana Mtns. not far
from the Riverside Co. line and can be expected to occur in adjacent western
Riverside Co. in that region (Boyd et al. 1995).

Machaeranthera canescens (Pursh.) A. Gray var. canescens [Dieteria canescens
(Pursh.) Nutt. var. c.] HOARY ASTER. See discussion under M. asteroides var.
asteroides above.

Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. DESERT PRICKLY PEAR. Cactaceae. See discussion
under O. engelmannii Salm-Dyck in the Excluded Taxa section of Roberts et al.
(2004). While O. littoralis (Engelm.) Cockerell, O. phaeacantha, and O. engelmannii
are clearly defined in other areas of the southwestern United States, the relationship of
these taxa, and hybrids O. xoccidentalis Engelm. and O. xvaseyi (J.M. Coult.) Britton
& Rose are confused and uncertain in western Riverside Co.

*Pisum sativum L. GARDEN PEA. Fabaceae. Reported as uncommon in disturbed areas
on the Pechanga Indian Reservation according to D.L. Banks (1999) based on D.L.
Banks 1365 (RSA). We believe this collection represents a waif escaped from
cultivation and that this species has not become an element of the flora.

Plagiobothrys stipitatus (E. Greene) I.M. Johnston var. micranthus (Piper) I.M.
Johnston SMALL-FLOWERED POPCORN FLOWER. Boraginaceae. Included in
Roberts et al. (2004). The only reports were based on a misidentified specimen of
Plagiobothrys leptocladus (E. Greene) I.M. Johnston [A.C. Sanders 10927 (UCR)]
and P. undulatus (Piper) I.M. Johnston [R.E. Reifner 98-303 (RSA)].

Quercus xacutidens Torr. Fagaceae. Quercus xacutidens specifically applies to hybrids
between Q. cornelius-mulleri Nixon & K. Steele and Q. engelmannii Greene (Tucker

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

1993). While plants referable to Q. xacutidens are almost certainly present in the
foothills of the Agua Tibia and southern San Jacinto Mtns., we have not been able to
locate any voucher specimens that clearly represent this hybrid form. In collections
that are of hybrid origin, we can not unambiguously determine the parentage of many
individuals in those areas where Q. engelmannii, Q. comelius-mulleri and Q.
berberidifolia Liebm. occur in close proximity. The results of a cross between Q.
engelmannii and Q. comelius-mulleri vs. that between Q. engelmannii and Q.
berberidifolia can be difficult (if not impossible) to distinguish morphologically, as
they converge in general appearance. More work will be required to clearly separate
oaks of hybrid origin in this region.

Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. WESTERN BUTTERCUP. Ranunculaceae. Reportedly
occurs on the Santa Rosa Plateau. Ranunculus occidentalis is closely related to R.
californicus Benth. and we are still evaluating whether the Santa Rosa Plateau plants
are "good" R. occidentalis or simply a local form of R. californicus with lower than
average number of petals.

*Solanum aviculare Forest f. [5. laciniatum Ait.] KANGAROO APPLE. Solanaceae.
Scarce weedy shrub once found in Riverside at Fairmont Park [J?. Cooper 4 (RSA)].
Cooper’s collection probably represents cultivated material.

Sphaeralcea emoryi Torr. EMORY’S MALLOW. Malvaceae. A desert species
occasionally found west of the mountains. Known from several collections in the San
Bernardino Valley of southwestern San Bernardino Co. (e.g., Redlands) near the
Riverside Co. line. To be expected in adjacent western Riverside Co.

*Tamarix aralensis Bunge. PERSIAN TMARIX. Tamaricaceae. Reported in Roberts et
al. (2004) based on misidentified specimens of T. ramosissima Ledeb.

*Tamarix gallica L. FRENCH TREE. Tamaricaceae. Reported in Roberts et al. (2004)
based on misidentified specimens of T. ramosissima Ledeb.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF ENDANGERED, THREATENED, AND
SENSITIV E TAXA OF WESTERN RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

The following species are added to the Sensitive Species list of Roberts et al. (2004;

Appendix II, page 163). Pickeringia montana and Quercus palmeri are in the 2004

checklist but we now feel they merit conservation status. Senecio aphanactis was

inadvertently left off the original sensitive species fist.

Scientific Name/Common Name Status

Brodiaea santarosae Santa Rosa Basalt brodiaea J

Erodium texanum Texas storkbill LC

Machaeranthera asteroides var. asteroides ash-colored aster LC

Pickeringia montana subsp. tomentosa chaparral pea CNPS 4.3

Gnaphalium [PseudognaphaliumJ leucocephalum alluvial CNPS 2.2

wash everlasting or white rabbit-tabacco

Quercus palmeri Palmer’s oak LC

Senecio aphanactis rayless ragwort CNPS 2.2

CNPS List 2: California Native Plant Society List 2 - Species that are rare in California
but more widespread outside the State.

CNPS List 4: California Native Plant Society List 4 - Species that have restricted
distribution within California.

LC: Local Concern. Locally rare species within western Riverside County or regionally
rare within southern California, but without formal designation.

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

LITERATURE CITED

Abrams, L. and R.S. Ferris. 1960. Illustrated flora of the Pacific States, Vol. IV:
Bignoniaceae to Compositae. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

Allred, K.W. 2003. Aristida. Vol. 25. In The fora of North America north of Mexico, eds.
Flora of North America Editorial Committe, 314-342. Oxford University Press, New
York, NY.

Boyd, S., T.S. Ross, O. Mistretta, and D.E. Bramlet 1995. Vascular flora of the San
Mateo Canyon Wilderness Area, Cleveland National Forest, California. Aliso 14:
109-139.

Brunell, M.S. and R. Whitkus. 1997. RAPD Marker variation in Eriastrum densifolium
(Polemoniaceae): implications for subspecific delimitation and conservation.
Systematic Botany 22:543-553.

Clarke, O.F., D. Svehla, G. Balmer, & A. Montalvo. 2007. Flora of the Santa Ana River
and environs. Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA.

Clemants, S.E. and S.L. Mosyakin. 2003. Chenopodium. Vol. 4. In The Flora of North
America north of Mexico, eds. Flora of North America Editorial Committe, 275-299.
Oxford University Press, New York, NY.

Coffey Swab, J. 1993. Juncus. In The Jepson manual: higher plants of California, ed.
J.C. Hickman, 1157-1165. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Hickman, J.C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. University of
California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Keil, D., and G. K. Brown. 1993. Machaeranthera. In The Jepson manual: higher plants
of California, ed. J.C. Hickman, 308-310. University of California Press, Berkeley,
CA.

Morgan, D.R. 2006. Dieteria. Vol 20. In The Flora of North America north of Mexico,
eds. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 395-401. University of Oxford
Press, New York, NY.

Munz, P.A. 1974. A flora of southern California. University of California Press,
Berkeley, CA.

Nesom, G. 2006. Gamochaeta, Vol. 19. In The Flora of North America north of Mexico
eds. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 431-438. Oxford University Press,
New York, NY.

Riefner, R.E. Jr., and S. Boyd 2007. New records of wetland and riparian plants in
southern California, with recommendations and additions to the National list of plant
species that occur in wetlands. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas l(l):719-740.

Roberts, F.M., S.D. White, A.C. Sanders, D.E. Bramlet, and S. Boyd. 2004. The vascular
plants of western Riverside County, California: An annotated checklist. F.M. Roberts
Publications, San Luis Rey, CA.

Shreve, F. and I.L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran Desert, Vol. II.
Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

Steinmann, V.W. & R.S. Felger. 1997. The Euphorbiaceae of Sonora, Mexico. Aliso
16:1-71.

Tucker, J. 1993. Quercus. In The Jepson manual: higher plants of California, ed. J.C.
Hickman, 658-662. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

NOTEWORTHY COLLECTIONS

New records of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi from California

CORNUTISPORA CILIATA California: Riverside County, Santa Ana Mountains,
Elsinore Peak, 33° 35’ 58” N, 117° 21’ 13” 1004 m, on Evemia prunastri on bark of
Adenostoma fasciculatum, 12 April 2007, Kocourkova w/ Knudsen PRM (9091 16).

Previous knowledge. Cornutispora is a genus of four widely-distributed anamorphic
parasitic coelomycetes which are fungicolous and lichenicolous. The species differ in
symmetry of the basically Y-shaped pattern of conidia. Cornutispora ciliata was
described from Tasmania (Gierl & Kalb 1993) and has been collected in New Zealand
(Kalb et al 1995), Austria (Berger et al 1998), Czech Republic and Germany (von
Brackel & Kocourkova 2006), Luxembourg (v.d. Boom et al. 1996), the Netherlands (v.
d. Boom 2002), Spain (Etayo 1996) and the Canary Islands (Hafellner 1996). It has been
reported from North America (Cole & Hawksworth 2001).

Significance. Cornutispora ciliata is reported new to California. It occurred in mixed
infection with Lichenoconium erodens (see below) and Phaeosporobolus usneae on
Evemia prunastri on Adenostoma fasciculatum on Elsinore Peak in the Santa Ana
Mountains.

LEPRAR1A R1GIDULA (B. de Lesd.) Tons berg. California: Riverside County, north fork
of the San Jacinto River, San Jacinto Mountains, San Bernardino National Forest,
northeast of Highway 243, in shaded dense watershed, 33° 47’ 45” N, 116° 44’ 39” W,
1641 m, on granite in shaded niche, 10 Aug. 2006, Knudsen 7064 (UCR).

Previous knowledge. Twenty-three species of leprose and sterile Lepraria are reported
from North America (Esslinger 2007). Sixteen species of Lepraria are currently reported
from California (Tucker & Ryan 2006, Knudsen et al. 2006, Knudsen & Elix 2007,
Knudsen et al. 2007, Knudsen & Kramer 2007, Knudsen & Elix 2007). Lepraria rigidula
is distinguished by its long radiating hyphae and its uniform chemistry of atranorin and
nephrosteranic acid, a fatty acid. It is common in northwest Europe and has been reported
from southern Europe, Turkey and Morocco (Kiimmerling et. al. 1995). Tonsberg (1993)
reported L. rigidula from North America from British Columbia, Washington, and the
Adirondack Mountains of New York. Recently it was reported from 2650-3359 meters in
the mountains of Arizona (Tonsberg 2004).

Significance. Lepraria rigidula appears to be rare in California and is only currently
known from the north fork of the San Jacinto River in the San Jacinto Mountains. The
chemistry was analyzed with thin-layer chromatography in solvent C and determined to
species by J.A. Elix. This represents the seventeenth species of Lepraria reported for
California.

LICHENOCONIUM ERODENS M.S. Christ. & D. Hawksw. California: Riverside
County, Santa Ana Mountains, Elsinore Peak, 33° 35’ 58” N, 1 17° 21’ 13” W 1004 m, on
Evemia prunastri on bark of Adenostoma fasciculatum, 12 April 2007, Kocourkova w /
Knudsen PRM (909115).

Previous knowledge. Lichenoconium is a lichenicolous genus of anamorphic ascomycete
coelomycetes with fourteen known species (Cole & Hawksworth 2004), ten of which
have been reported from North America (Esslinger 2007) with three species reported

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

from California (Diederich 2003; Tucker & Ryan 2006). Lichenoconium erodens is
distinguished from other species by its small pycnidia (30-40 pm), small conidiogenous
cells (4-5 x 3-3.5 pm) and conidia (2-3.5 pm) (Diederich 2004). Lichenoconium erodens
is the most common species of the genus in parts of Europe (Kocourkova 2000) and has
been reported from South America (Diederich & Christiansen 1994) and China
(Hawksworth & Cole 2003). It was first reported in North America from New Jersey
(Hawksworth 1977). It occurs on a wide range of hosts from approximately 24 genera on
over 50 species (Kocourkova 2000). This wide range of hosts has led to the opinion that
it only attacks hosts already damaged and weakened (Diederich 2004). It is parasitic and
its infection of the host is pathogenic.

Significance. Lichenoconium erodens is reported new for California on Evernia prunastri
on Adenostoma fasciculatum. It was locally abundant in the Elsinore Peak area. It is
probably under-collected and is not expected to be rare in California.

ZWA CKHIOMYCES COEPULONUS (Norm.) Grube & R. Sant. California: San
Bernardino County, Cactus Flats, San Bernardino National Forest, 34° 18’ 16” N, 116°
47’ 00” W, 1895 m, on Xanthoria elegans, 16 Sept. 2004, Knudsen et al (UCR 1685).

Previous knowledge. Zwackhiomyces is a lichenicolous genus containing approximately
twenty species (Calatayud et al. 2007) with six species reported from North America
(Esslinger 2007). The genus is characterized by perithecioid ascomata, lacking ostiolar
filaments, having branched and anastomosing interascal filaments, fissitunicate asci, and
usually 1 -septate asymmetric and verruculose hyaline spores. A distinctive granular
brown pigment is deposited between the excipular cells. Zwackhiomyces coepulonus is
parasitic on hosts from the genera Xanthoria and Caloplaca on various saxicolous and
epiphytic species. It has perithecioid ascomata 150-250 pm in diameter, cylindrical asci
70-100 x 12-25 pm with 6(-8) one-septate hyaline spores per ascus, 15-21 x 5.5-9 pm. It
is common in Europe (Grube & Hafellner 1990; Foucard 2001; Calatayud et al. 2007)
and has been reported from Mongolia (Huneck et al 1992) and Israel (Navrotskaya et al
1996). It was reported from North America from British Columbia on Xanthoria elegans
(Goward et al 1996).

Significance. Zwackhiomyces copulonus is reported new to California (Tucker & Ryan
2006) on the apothecia of its common host, Xanthoria elegans, growing on dolomite at
Cactus Flats in the San Bernardino Mountains. It appears to be rare in California, though
its host is quite common. It is to our knowledge only the second report of this species
from North America. Another Zwackiomyces specimen collected on Caloplaca persimilis
growing on the bark of Quercus engelmanii on the Santa Rosa Plateau in Riverside
County has wider spores (usually 10 pm) with more globose cells with rounded apices
and taller, more saccate asci 105 x 20-25 pm (Kocourkova w / Knudsen PRM 909117)
and needs further study from more collections. It may be an undescribed taxon or fit in to
a slightly wider concept of variation in Z. coepulonus.

Acknowledgments

The work of J. Kocourkova was financially supported by a grant from the Ministry of
Culture of the Czech Republic (MK000023272001).

Special thanks to J.A. Elix for the analysis and determination of Lepraria rigidula and
Shirley Tucker for proofing the manuscript.

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

LITERATURE CITED

Berger, F., F. Priemetzhofer, and R. Turk. 1998. Neue und seltene flechten und
lichenicole pilze aus Oberosterreich, Osterreich IV. Beitrage Naturkunde
Oberdsterreichs 6: 397-416.

Calatayud, V., D. Triebel, and S. Perez-Ortega. 2007. Zwackhiomyces cervinae, a new
lichenicolous fungus (Xanthopyreniaceae) on Acarospora, with a key to the known
species of the genus. Lichenologist 39 (2): 129-134.

Cole, M.S. and D.L. Hawksworth. 2001. Lichenicolous fungi, mainly from the USA,
including Patriciomyces gen. nov. Mycotaxon 77: 305-338.

Cole, M.S. and D.L. Hawksworth. 2004. Lichenoconium christiansenii sp. nov. from
Nodobryoria abbreviate* (Parmeliaceae) in the Pacific Northwest, with a key to the
known lichenicolous species. Lichenologist 36(1): 1-6.

Diederich, P. 2003. New species and new records of American lichenicolous fungi.
Herzogia 16: 41-90.

Diederich, P. 2004. Lichenoconium. In Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert
region, Vol. 2, eds T.H. Nash HI, B.D. Ryan, P. Diederich, C. (fries, and F. Bungart,
659-661. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.

Diederich, P. and M.S. Christiansen. 1994. Biatoropsis usnearum Rasanen, and other
Heterobasidiomycetes on Usnea. Lichenologist 26(1): 47-66.

Esslinger, T.L. 2007. A cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and
allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. North Dakota State
University: http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm. Fargo,
ND.

Etayo, J.J. 1996. Contribucion al conocimiento de los liquenes y hongos liquenicolas de
Mallorca (Islas Baleares, Espana). Bulletin de la Societe Linneenne de Provence
47:111-121.

Foucard, T. 2001. Svenska Skorplavar. Interpublishing, Stockholm, Sweden. 392 pp.

Gierl, C. and K. Kalb. 1993. Die flechtengattung dibaeis. eine Ubersicht liber die
rosafriichtigen arten von Baeomyces sens. lat. nebst Anmerkungen zu Phyllobaeis
gen. nov. Herzogia 9:593-645.

Goward, T., O. Breuss, B. Ryan, B. McCune, H. Sipman, and C. Scheidegger. 1996.
Notes on the lichens and allied fungi of British Columbia. HI. The Bryologist
99(4):439-449.

Grube, M. and J. Hafellner. 1990. Studien an flechtenbewohnenden pilzen der
sammelgattung Didymella (Ascomycetes, Dothideales). Nova Hedwigia 5 1 (3-4):283-
360.

Hafellner, J. 1996. Bemerkenswerte funde von flechten und lichenicolen pilzen auf
makaronesischen Inseln V. Uber einige Neufunde und zwei neue Arten. Herzogia 12:
133-145.

Hawksworth, D.L. 1977. Taxonomic and biological observations on the genus
Lichenoconium (Sphaeropsidales). Persoonia 9:159-198.

Hawksworth, D.L. and M.S. Cole. 2003. A first checklist of lichenicolous fungi from
China. Mycosystema 22(3):359-363.

Huneck, S., T. Ahti, U. Cogt, J. Poelt, and H. Sipman. 1992. Zur verbreitung und chemie
von flechten der Mongolei. IH. Ergebnisse der Mongolisch-Deutschen biologischen
expedition seit 1962 Nr. 217. Nova Hedwigia 54(3-4):277-308.

Kalb, K., J. Hafellner, and B. Staiger. 1995. Haematomma-studien. H. Lichenicole pilze
auf arten de flechtengattung Haematomma. Bibliotheca lichenologica 59. J. Cramer,
Berlin and Stuttgart, Germany.

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

Knudsen, K., J.A. Elix, and J.C. Lendemer. 2006. Two new records of Lepraria from
California. Bulletin of California Lichen Society 13(1): 10-13.

Knudsen, K. and J.A. Elix. 2007. A new Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae) from the Santa
Monica Mountains in southern California. The Bryologist 110:115-118.

Knudsen, K., J.A. Elix, and J.C. Lendemer. 2007. Lepraria adhaerens : a new species
from North America. Opuscula Philolichenum 4:5-10.

Knudsen, K. and K. Kramer. 2007. The lichen flora of the San Jacinto Mountains: San
Jacinto Wilderness Area, San Bernardino National Forest, Riverside County,
California. Evansia 24(2):42-47.

Knudsen, K. and J.A. Elix. 2007. In press. Additional species: Lepraria. In Lichen flora of
the greater Sonoran Desert region, Vol. 3, eds. T.H. Nash, ID et al. Lichens
Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.

Kocourkova, J. 2000. Lichenicolous fungi of the Czech Republic (the first commented
checklist). Sbomik Narodniho Musea v Praze, Rada B 55(3-4): 59-169.

Kiimmerling, H., C. Leuckert, and V. Wirth. 1995. Chemische flechtenanalysen X.
Lepraria rigidula (B. de Lesd.) Tonsberg. Nova Hedwigia 60(1-2): 233-240.

Navrotskaya, I.L., S.Y. Kondratyuk, S.P. Wasser, E. Nevo, and S.D. Zelenko. 1996.
Lichens and lichenicolous fungi new for Israel and other countries. Israel Journal of
Plant Sciences 44:181-196.

Tons berg, T. 1993. Additions to the lichen flora of North America n. The Bryologist
96(4): 629-630.

Tonsberg, T. 2004. Lepraria. In Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert region, Vol.
2, eds. T.H. Nash HI, B.D. Ryan, P. Diederich, C. (fries, and F. Bungartz, 322-329.
Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.

Tucker, S.C. & Ryan, B.D. 2006. Constancea 84: Revised catalog of lichens,
lichenicoles, and allied fungi in California, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/constancea/84/.

van den Boom, P.P.G., P. Diederich, and E. Serusiaux. 1996. Lichens et champignons
lichenicoles nouveaux ou interessants pour la flore de la Belgique et des regions
voisines. VII. Bulletin de la Societe des Naturalistes Luxembourgensis 97: 81-92.

van den Boom, P.P.G. 2002: Some interesting records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi
from The Netherlands 5. Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Pilzkunde 9: 153-157.

Von Brackel, W. and J. Kocourkova. 2006. Endococcus karlstadtensis sp. nov., und
weitere funde von flechtenbewohnenden pilzen in Bayern - Beitrag zu einer
Checkliste II. Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 76: 5-32.

Jana Kocourkova, Lichen Curator, National Museum, Department of Mycology,

Vaclavske nam. 68, 115 79 Praha 1, Czech Republic, iana kocourkova(a).nm.cz

Kerry Knudsen, Lichen Curator, UCR Herbarium, Dept, of Botany and Plant

Sciences, University of California at Riverside, CA, 9252. Knudsen(a) ucr. edu

Crossosoma 33(2), Fail-Winter 2007

BOOK REVIEWS

Designing California Native Gardens: the plant community approach to artful,
ecological gardens, by Glenn Keator and Alrie Middlebrook. 2007. University of
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 352 pp. (ISBN 13:978-0-520-25110-6
$27.50 paperback)

Glenn Keator is a botanist and teacher and Alrie Middlebrook is a landscape designer.
This book is the outcome of classes in which they have collaborated and it intends to
introduce the general reader to the concept and methods of creating gardens based on
local native plant communities. The book is divided into an introduction, twelve chapters
detailing different communities and suggestions for gardens based on them, and
appendices. The chosen communities are bluff and cliffs, redwood forest, coastal sage
scrub, the Channel Islands, deserts, montane meadows, mixed evergreen forests, oak
woodland, grasslands, chaparral, riparian woodlands, and wetlands.

In the introduction, Glenn Keator provides background by first listing reasons for
choosing to build a native garden: local natives are already adapted to local conditions;
maintenance is reduced; native pollinators are attracted and supported; money and water
are saved; pesticides are not needed; soil preparation is less; natives are highly diverse in
structure and requirements; natives are beautiful; and of course the chances of the escape
of exotics into the local environment is eliminated. Factors determining what plants will
grow in an area are briefly discussed, and an overview of the changes in conditions and
plant communities which occur along two transects, one across central California and the
other across southern California, are described. Alrie Middlebrook describes her garden
making ‘ethic’: make a place of beauty, design a space that has meaning for the owner,
create an ecologically sound garden incorporating natural features of the area. She lists
six steps she follows: evaluate the physical site, select the plant community to be
incorporated, design the garden, create the hardscape, build the garden, and maintain the
garden. For each of these she includes a mix of general and specific suggestions.

Each community chapter begins with a description of the location, the conditions
affecting the community, and the requirements of plants adapted to those conditions. This
is followed by a paragraph or two about creating a garden and then by a section on a
garden actually designed by the author. Diagrammatic plans for the garden are included
with some information about the work which was done during construction, and the
plants used in the design. A list of suitable plants with descriptions, methods of
propagation, and useful notes forms the next part of each chapter. An excellent inclusion
at the end is a description of places to visit where the natural community can be seen.
One chapter includes information about constructing ‘tree columns’ (cylinders planted
with shrubs every 15 ft or so) to soften the edges of high rise buildings. There is also
some information on establishing green roofs.

The book has much to recommend it. Although the style is somewhat uneven, varying in
formality, voice, and degree of detail, the text is very accessible to the ordinary reader.
The community descriptions are good and the plant lists and notes are very helpful. There
are also many excellent photographs of plants and garden areas. The semi-elevation
drawings of gardens are interesting and useful. The appendix listing sources for the plants
is a terrific inclusion and the lists of gardens to visit, books to read, and websites to
browse are all useful. Unfortunately, many of the plants described have no photograph.
This may be a problem for those not already familiar with the California flora. Smaller

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

annoyances were that the legends for the photographs are at the bottom of the pages and
that many garden photos show interesting plants that are not identified. However, the
authors have met their stated goals of informing readers about plant communities that are
native to different areas, of describing plants along with their requirements and means of
propagation, and of providing sample plans. This book helps to fill a need both for the
amateur and professional gardener and would be a useful addition to anyone’s
horticultural library.

Susan Schenk, Claremont Colleges, 925 North Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA
91711 SSchenk@jsd.claremont.edu

Introduction to California Chaparral, by Ronald D. Quinn and Sterling C. Keeley with
Line Drawings by Marianne D. Wallace. 2006. University of California Press, Berkeley
and Los Angeles. 344 pp., 338 color illustrations, 89 line drawings, 15 tables.

(ISBN 24885-4 cloth $60.00, ISBN 24886-1 $24.95 paper)

Well, it is about time. Not since Francis Fultz wrote The Elfin Forest of California in
1927 has an entire book, published by a major publisher, been devoted entirely to
chaparral. Richard Halsey came close in 2005 with a self-published book entitled, Fire,
Chaparral, and Survival in Southern California (Sunbelt Publishers, San Diego), and
Rundel and Gustafson came close with Introduction to the Plant Life of Southern
California (UC Press, 2005). What makes this chaparral book different is that it covers
plants AND animals, as well as chapters on Mediterranean climate, fire, and living with
chaparral. It’s all here in one book.

In Chapter One the location and characteristics of chaparral are covered. It describes what
chaparral is and what it isn’t. For example coastal sage scrub is not chaparral. This is an
introductory chapter that includes a brief introduction to chaparral adaptations, including
those associated with drought and fire.

The Mediterranean climate is very well explained in Chapter Two. In fact it is a good
primer on climate in California in general. In a section on microclimates the importance
of slope exposure, steepness, and herbaceous cover are discussed. The section entitled
“Convergence” draws comparisons to other places in the world where Mediterranean
climate has caused similar communities to develop. Finally, as an example of animal life
and its survival in a Mediterranean climate, the life of rain beetles is described.

Chapter Three is devoted entirely to the subject of fire. It describes the nature of the fire
cycle and how plants and animals cope with it. Particularly valuable is the discussion of
the history of fire in California including causes and sources of ignition. A particularly
sensitive topic, that of the controversy between two points of view on large fires, is well
handled. Whether large fires are a consequence of fire suppression, Santa Ana winds, or
both is aptly discussed without taking sides.

Chapters Four and Five include the discussions of plants and animals. Every single plant
and every single animal is not described. As such this book is not really a field guide; it is
more of a natural history. The organisms are treated within groups, and the major plants
and animals within each group are discussed. Here is where excellent line drawings and
photographs help with identification. In the plant portion, the plants are arranged in
family groupings, in order of dominance as perceived by the authors. Rosaceae and

Crossosoma 33(2), Fall-Winter 2007

chamise come first. Probably an irritation to some taxonomists, the Scrophulariaceae
remains intact, in the manner to which we are accustomed. Interestingly, a number of
coastal sage scrub species are included in a section entitled, “Other chaparral herbs and
subshrubs.” Finally, introduced weeds get a page. In the animal chapter there is, likewise,
a taxonomic grouping, including common mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects,
and arachnids. There is a wealth of interesting material on each of the animals that is
discussed. If I had written this book, however, I would have included more animals The
rodents are fairly well covered, although pocket mice and pocket gophers inexplicably
are omitted. Predatory birds are fairly important, but only three hawks are mentioned.
Owls got a quarter page. Important reptiles (except skinks) are covered, but only two
amphibians. There are so many insects and arachnids in chaparral that it would be
inappropriate to attempt thorough coverage, but those that are included are well done. I
do believe that spiders other than tarantulas and trap door spiders could have been
discussed.

The final chapter, “Living with Chaparral,” is a compendium of risks and remedies. Fire,
flood, and other risks are described along with attempts by public agencies to reduce or
mitigate for the risks. Fire and flood case histories are presented. This chapter includes
the threats to chaparral such as shortened fire frequency, invasive plants, and climate
change, and it provides a discussion of public and private land management priorities.
Finally, it concludes with a section on the value of chaparral as a community, and why
we should care about it.

For someone living in southern California, this is a book worth owning. It is well written
and it is amply illustrated with line drawings and color photographs. While it is not a
thorough compendium of all the plants and animals of chaparral, it covers all the
important ones with natural history tidbits to embellish the descriptions.

Allan A. Schoenherr, Department of Biology, California State University,
Fullerton, CA 92834 ASchoenherr@fullcoll.edu

Become a Member of

Southern California Botanists

Today!

G Individual (family)

$15.00

G New Member

Q Organization

$25.00

Q Renewal

Name

Address 1

Address 2

City State

Zip code Phone (optional)

E-mail address

In addition, I would like to give $ to help support SCB.

Make checks payable to Southern California Botanists and mail to:

Alan P. Romspert
Department of Biology
California State University
Fullerton, CA 92834

Southern California Botanists, Inc.

— Founded 1927 —

Memberships, Subscriptions, and Back Issues

Individual and Family Memberships in SCB are $15 per calendar year domestic, and $20
per year to foreign addresses Membership includes two issues of CROSSOSOAtA. and 5 or
6 issues of Leaflets , the newsletter of SCB Leaflets provides time-dated information on
activities and events that may be of interest to our membership A subscription to
CROSSOSOAtA is available to libraries and institutions at the domestic rate of $25 per
calendar year, and $30 to foreign institutions Back issues (Volumes 18-present) are
available for $5 each, or $10 for the volume, postpaid Prior to Volume 18, CROSSOSOAtA
included time-dated notices to the membership and was published six times a year These
back issues of Volumes 1-17 are $1 each, or $6 per volume, postpaid Some back issues
that are out of stock may be provided as photocopies

Available SCB Special Publications

No. 1 A Flora of the Santa Rosa Plateau, by Earl W Lathrop and Robert F Thome, 39

pp $7 00

No. 3 Endangered Plant Communities of Southern California, Proceedings of the 1 5th
Annual SCB Symposium, edited by Allan A Schoenherr, 1 14 pp $12 00

No. 4 Flora and Ecology of the Santa Monica Mountains, 194 pp $40 00

By request, the following article has been reprinted separately, with covers, and is
available for plant collecting workshops

Herbarium specimens as documents purposes and general collecting techniques, by
T S Ross [from CROSSOSOAtA 22(1) 3-39, 1996] $3 95 each, 10 for $22 50

Prices include California state sales tax, handling, and domestic postage

Applications for membership, requests for purchases of Special Publications and back
issues, name or address corrections, and requests for replacement of lost or damaged
CROSSOSOAtA issues should be sent to Alan Romspert, Treasurer Southern California
Botanists, Inc., Department of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA
92834, USA Consult the website for current email contact information Make your
check or money order payable to Southern California Botanists, or SCB

http //socalbot ore

Southern California Botanists

c/i

3i =o

v u N

So ¥ O'

O n3

.2 p E

0 si
c ^ U
o» m -

1 '2 o

Js O

<^3 qj

cl _i:

U 3
Q U Uh

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Crossosoma"

See other formats