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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000009005
RURAL ESSAYS,
BY
A. Jd. DOWNING.
EDITED, WITH A MEMOIR OF THE AUTHOR,
o BY
®@®GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS
AND
A LETTER TO HIS FRIENDS,
BY
FREDERIKA BREMER.
NEW-YORK :
GEORGE P. PUTNAM AND COMPANY,
10 PARK PLACE.
M.DOCO,LIEL _
1 2
Ewrerep, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by
GEORGE P. PUTNAM & CO.,
in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the
: Southern District of New-Xork.) °°
JOHN F. TROW,
Pronter. AND STERROTYPER,
49 Ann-strect.
PREFACE
————_+-¢ « —_—__
YHIS, posthumous volume completes the series of Mr.
Downing’s works. It comprises, with one or two ex-
ceptions, all his editorial papers in the er ebvoubiuin iE
The Editor has preferred to retain their various temporary’
alligeny, because they serve to remind the reader of the
circumstances under which the articles were prepared.
Mr. Downing had. designed. a work upon the Shade-Trees of
the United States, but left no notes upon, the subject.
In the preparation of the memoir, the Editor has been
indebted to a sketch in the Knickerbocker Magazine, by
Mrs. Monell, of Newburgh, to Mr. Wilder’s eulogy before
the Pomological Congress, and to an article in the “ New-
York Quarterly,” by Clarence Cook, Esq, ;
The tribute to the’ genius and character of Downing
iv PREFACE.
by Migs Bremer, although addressed to all his friends, has
the unreserved warmth of a private letter. No man has
lived in vain who has inspired such regard in. such a
‘woman,
Nuw-Yorx, April, 1853,
CONTENTS.
MEMOIRS . ; : . .
LETTER FROM MISS BREMER . Sox, Fi ‘
i .
HORTICULTURE.
L Inrgopucrory ae eZ
IL Hints on Frower-Garpens .
TIL. Inetvence or Horrourrore
YV.. A Tang wirg Frora anp Pomona . aos *
V. A Carrer on Roses. ‘ 4 ‘
VI. A Cuarrze on Green-Hovses
VIL On Femme Taste IN Rourat AFrams . 5
VIII. Economy iv Gagpenine =. - F é
--[X. A Loox azovr us 3 ‘ a4 ;
X. ASpsine Goss . , - ae :
XIE. Tur Great Discovery Iv VEGETATION .
XII. Stare anp Prosrects or HorticunturE ; ‘
XIII. Amwenican vs. Britiso Horricurrure . ei
XIV. On toe Drarery or GorracEs AND GARDENS
vi CONTENTS.
“LANDSCAPE GARDENING. |
: PAGE
I. ‘Tue Purosorny or Rurat Taste Eee . : . 101
I. Tar’ Bedvrrur ww Grounp 3 F 5 : 106
IIL. Hivrs ro Rurat ImpPRovERS 5 F é - 110
TV. A rew Hints on LanpscareGarpEnine é F 119
V. Ow tae Misraxes or Crrizens in Country Lire | 2 +, 128
VIL Citizens RETIRING TO THE CouNTRY o ‘ ‘ é 181
VIL A Tarx azour Pusiic Parxs AnD Ganpens i i . 188
VOI. Taz New-Yors Park . ‘ F 7 147
EX. Pustic Cemurernms awp Pusric GARDENS ‘ : - 154
X. How 7o cnoose a’ Sire ror A Counrry-Sear a aie ot 160
XI How ro arraner Counvry Piacrs : ‘ - 166
XIL Tae Managemen of Large Country Praces : = 172
XUL Country Praces in Avromy . * 3 ‘ e La
XIV. A Cuaptee on Lawys : é 3 : ‘ 181
XV. Mr. Tuvor’s Garven av Nawant 5 ‘ ; . 188
XVI. A Visirto Monrcomery Pracr’ 2 . : 192
RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
I. A Few Worps on Rurat ARCHITECTURE . x 265
TL Monat Inrivence or Goop Houses , - ‘ " 209
1. A rew Worps on OUR Progress in Burying eg. 214
IV. CocKNEYISM IN THE Country ‘ ’ : i ~ 224
V. On tHe Improvements or Country Vintages , 7 229
VI. Our Country Vintages . : 7 ‘ . 286
VIL. On SmMpLe Rorjt Corraces : 7 5 : 244
VIII. On rar Cotor or Country Hovsrs 7 s - 252
IX. A snort CHAPTER on Country CuurcHEs . i . : 260
X. A Cuarrer on Sonoor-Hovses ie 7 3 ‘ . 265
XL How ro Bunp Ioz-Hovszs ; : és 5 271
XIL Tae Favorrre Porson or AMERICA 7 . . - 248
TREES.
. L Tae Beavriroy IN A Tree ‘ ‘ ‘ “ , 289
II. How to Porutarizr tue-Tasts ror PLantina ‘ ‘ 293 °
*
CONTENTS, : vii
: . PAGE
IL Ow Pranrine Saape-Trees ‘ . 299
“TV. Trezs In Towns anp VILLaces ‘ ‘ . . 303
Vz. SrA pu-Trexs in Crrizs .
r 311
VI Rare Evergreen Trees a : 319
VII. A Worn i Favor or EvERGREENS~ “s ae . 827
VII. .Tax Camzse Macnoris . . 835
IX. Tue Nectectep American PLants . . : 889
X Tue Arr or TRANSPLANTING TREES . - 3843
XI On ‘TRANSPLANTING Larcs Trees § ‘ . . 849
XIE A Caarrun on Hepers . F : x » ° 857
xm. On THE EMPLOYMENT OF sararila Trexs AND Sanuss iv Noara
AMERICA $ : . 814
AGRICULTURE.
I. Corrrvators,—Tue Great Inpusrkian Cxass OR AMERICA . 385"
IL Tae Natiowat Iexorance or tHe AGRicuLTeRAL INTEREST . 890
IL. Tae Home Enucation or tar Rupa Disteicrs . 7 . 896
Iv. How TO ENRICH ‘mz Som ee i, r : 404
VA Cuarren ow AGricutturan Scaoois . ‘ 410
VI. A Few Worps on tam Kircnen GarpEn. i ag 416
VIL ‘A Caar in tae Kironen GARDEN ‘ BO a . 421
VIL Wasuineron, tHe Farmer me F o : 427
FRUIT. =
_ LA Few Wonrps on Frurr Currurz , ae - 486
IJ. Tue Feurrs nv Convention . : ‘ ‘ 5 442"
JUL Tas Pamosorny or Manurine Ononarps a. judy . 452
IV. Tue Vineyarps of tHe Wast ‘ ; . 4 ‘ 463
V. On tae Improvement or VecrtasLe Races ‘ ‘ . 468
‘LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
I Warwick Castiz: Kentiworta: Stratrorp-on-AVON » 4
Il. Kew-Garpens: New Houses or Partiament: A Nosieman’s
s : 485
. es - 497
4
_ Sgar ; , tee og
TIL Cuatsworta
viii CONTENTS,
- PAGE
TV. Eneuise Traverzme: Happon Harz: Martock: Taz Densy
Azgoretum: Boranic Garpen ww Rucenr’s-Park 51U
V. Tus Istzor Wient |. eM & . - 522
VIL Wosurn Azsry 7 Be 4 ‘ . ‘ 532
VIL Drorwore—Enetisa Ramwars.—Socrety . r . 588
VII. Taz Lorpon Parks = * kate — 25 ‘i é 547
MEMOIR
MEMOIR.
——_*6-e—____
| NDREW JACKSON DOWNING was born at New-
burgh, upon the Hudson, on the ‘spot where he always
~ lived, and which he always Aoged more than any other, on
the 30th of October, 1815. His father and mother were
both natives of Lexington, Massachusetts, and, upon their
marriage, removed to Orange County} “New Yoreewhers
they settled, some thirty or. forty miles from Newburgh.
Presently, however, they came from the interior of the
. county to the banks of the river. The father built a cot-
tage upon’ the highlands of . Newburgh, on the skirts of
the town, and there his five children were born. He had
begun life as a wheelwright, but abandoned the trade
to become a nurseryman, and after working prosperously
in his garden for twenty-one’ years, died in 1822. —
Andrew was born many years after the other children.
He was the child of his parents’ age, and, for that reason,
very dear. He began to talk before he could walk, when
he was'only nine months old, and the wise village gossips
shook their heads in his mother’s little cottage, and pro-
‘phesied-a bright career for the precocious child. At eleven
months that career manifestly began, in the gossips’ eyes,
by his walking bravely about. the room: a handsome,
xii MEMOIR.
cheerful, intelligent child, but quiet and thoughtful, pet-
ted by the’ elder brothers: and sister, standing sometimes
in the door, as he grew older, and watching _ the, shadows
of the clouds chase each other over the Fishkill mountains
upon the opposite side of the river ;. soothed by the uni-
versal silence of the country, while the constant occupation,
of the father, and of the brother who worked. with him in
the nursery, made, the ‘boy. serious, by. necessarily leaving
him much alone.
In the little cottage upon the Newburgh highlands,
looking down upon the broad bay which the Hudson river:
‘there makes, before winding in a narrow stream through |
the - highlands of West Point, and looking eastward across
the river to the Fighkill hills, which rise gradually from,
the bank into a, gentle mountain boldness, ; and northward,
up the river, to shores that do not obstruct. the horizon,—
passed, the first years of the boy’ s life, thus early befriend-
ing him with one of. the loveliest of landscapes. While his
father and brother were pruning and grafting their trees,
and the other brother was busily at, work in the comb fac-.
tory, where he was employed, the young Andrew ran alone
about the garden, playing his solitary games in the pre-
sence of the scene whose influence helped to mould his life, .
and which, even so early, filled his mind with images of
rural beauty. His health, like that of most children born
‘in their parents’ later years, was not at. all robust, The
father, watching the slight form glancing among his trees,
and the mother, aware of her boy sitting: silent and’
thoughtful, had many a@ pang of apprehension, which
was not relieved by the ominous, words of the. gossips
that it was “hard to raise these smart children,”—the
homely modern echo of the old Greek fancy, “Whom the
gods love die young.”
MEMOIR, xii
The mother, a thrifty housekeeper and a religious wo-
than, occupied with her many cares, cooking, mending, ,
scrubbing, and setting things to rights, probably looked.
forward with some apprehension to the future condition
of her sensitive Benjamin, even if ‘he lived. The dreamy,
shy ways of the boy were not such as indicated the stern
stuff that enables poor men’s children to grapple with the
world. Left to himself’ his will began to grow imperious.
The busy mother could not severely scold her ailing child ;
but ‘a sharp rebuke had probably often been pleasanter to
‘him than the milder treatment that resulted from affec-
tionate compassion, but showed no real sympathy. It
is evident, from the tone in which he always spoke’ of
his ghilhood, that his recollections of it were not alto-
gether agreeable. It was" undoubtedly clouded by a want.
of sympathy, which he could not understand at the time,
but which appeared plainly enough when his genius came
into play. ‘It is the same kind’ of clouded childhood that
so oftén occurs ‘in literary biography, where there was great
mutual affection and no ill feeling, ‘but a lack of that in-
stinctive apprehension of médtives and aims, which makes
each one perfectly tolerant of ‘each other. ,
When Andrew was seven yeats old, his: father died,
and his elder ‘brother svicceeded to the management of the
nursery business. Andrew's developing tastes led him to
the natural sciences, to botany and ‘mineralogy.. As he
grew older he began to read the treatises upon these favor-
ite subjects, and went, at length, to an academy at Mont-
gomery, a town not far from Newburgh, and. in the same
county. Those who remember him here, speak of him as
a thoughtful, ‘reserved boy, looking fixedly out of his large,
‘dark brown eyes; ‘and carrying his brow a little inclined
forward, as if slightly defiant. He was a poor boy, and
xiv - MEMOIR.
very acon). Doubtless that indomitable will: had already
resolved that he should not be the least. of the men that
he. and his ‘schoolfellows would presently become. He
was shy, and made few friends among the boys. ‘He kept
his own secrets, and his companions do not remember that
he gave any hint, while at Montgomery Academy, of his
peculiar power. Neither looking backward nor forward,
was the prospect very fascinating to his dumb, and proba-
bly-a little dogged, ambition. “Behind were the few first
years of childhood, sickly, left much alone in the cottage
and garden, with nothing in those around him (as he felt
without knowing it) that strictly sympathized with him ;,
and yet, as always in such cases, of a nature whose devel-
opment craved the most generous . sympathy:: these. few
years,’too, cast among all the charms of a landscape | which
the Fishkill hills lifted from littleness, and the broad fiver
inspired with a kind of grandeur ; years, which the univer=-
sal silence of the country, always so imposing to young
imaginations, and the rainbow pomp of the year} as it
came and went up and down the river-banks and over thé
mountains, and the general solitude of country life, were
not very likely to enliven. Before, lay a career of hard:
work in a pursuit which rarely emichen the workman) with
little apparent promise of leisure to. pursue his studies or
to follow his tastes. It is natural enough, that*in. the’
midst, of such prospects, the boy, delicately organized to
appreciate his position, should, have gone to his recitations
and his play in a very silent—if not stern—manner; all
the more reserved and silent for the firm resolution to
master and ‘not be mastered. It is hard to fancy that he
was ever a blithe boy, © ‘The gravity of’ maturity came
early upon him. Those who. saw him only in later years
can, probably, easily see the boy at Montgomery Academy,
MEMOIR, xv
by uae him quite as they knew him, less twenty or
twenty-five years.. One® by one, the boys went from the
. academy. to college, or into business, and when Andrew
was sixteen years old, he also left the academy and return-
ed home., a. ,
. He, too, had been. hoping " go to college ; but the
‘family. means forbade. His mother, anxious to see him
early settled, urged him, as ‘his’ elder brothers~ were
both “doing well in business—the one as a nurseryman,
and the’ other, who had left the comb factory, practis-.
ing ably and prosperously: as a. physician—to enter as
a .clerk into a drygoods:store. That request. explains
the want of delight. with which he remembered his
childhood : because it shows that his good, kind mother,
in the midst of her baking, and boiling, and. darning the
children’s stockings, made no allowance—as how should
she, not being able to perceive them—for the possibly
very positive tastes of her boy, ’, Besides, the first duty of
each member of the poor household was, as she justly con-
ceived, to get a living’; and.as Andrew was a delicate
child, and could not lift and carry much, nor brave the
chances of an out-door occupation, it was better that he
shduld be in the shelter of a store. He, however, a youth
of sixteen years, frésh from. the since, and dreams, and
hopes of the Montgomery Academy, found his first duty to
be the gentle withstanding of his mother’s wish ; and quite
willing to, “ settle, ” if he could do it in his own way,
a. joined his Sirsthier in the management of the nursery.
‘He had no doubt of his vocation.‘ Since it was clear that
he must directly do something, his fine taste and exquisite
appreciation of natural beauty, his love of natural forms,
and the processes and phenomena of natural life, im-
mediately determined his choice.’ Not in vain had his
xvi MEMOIR.
‘eyes first looked upon the mountains and the river. Those
silent companions of his childhood claimed their own in
the spirit. with which the youth entered upon his profes-
sion. To the poet’s eye began to be added the philoso--
pher’s mind ; and the great. spectacle of Nature which he
had loved as hesuty, began to enrich his life as knowledge.
Yet I remember, as showing that with all his accurate
science he was always a poet, he agreed in marly con-.
versations that the highest enjoyment of beauty was
quite independent of use ; and that while the pleasure of
a botanist who could at once determine the family and
species of a plant, and detail all: the peculiarities and fit-
ness of its structure, was very great and inappreciable,
yet that it was upon a lower level than the instinctive
delight in the beauty of the same flower. The botanist.
could not have the highest pleasure in the flower if he were
not a poet. The poet would increase the variety of his
pleasure, if he were a botanist. It was this constant sub-
jection of science to the sentiment of beauty that, made
him an artist, and did not leave him an artisan; and. his
science was Alwar most accurate and mreteannil, because
the very depth and delicacy of his feeling for beauty gave
“him the utmost patience to‘learn, and the greatest rapidity-
to adapt, the means of organizing to the eye the ideal
image in his mind.
About this time the Baron de Liderer, the Austrian
Consul General, who had a summer retreat in Newburgh,
began to notice the youth, whose botanical and mineral-
ogical tastes so harmonized with his own. Nature keeps
fresh the feelings of her votaties; and the Baron, although
an old man, made hearty friends with Downing ; and they
explored topetlier the hills and lowlands of the neighbor-
hood, till it had no more vegetable nor mineral secrets from
MEMOIR. xvii
the enthusiasts. ‘Downing always kept in-the hall of his
house, a cabinet, containing mineralogical specimens col-
lected in these excursions. At the house of the Baron,
also, and in that, of his wealthy neighbor, Edward. Arr
strong, Downing discovered how subtly cultivation refines
.men as well as plants, and there first met that polished
‘society whose elegance and grace could. not fail to charm
-him as essential to the most satisfactory intercourse, while
it presented the most éntire.contrast to the associations of
his childhood: ‘It is not difficult to fancy the lonely child,
playing. unheeded in the garden, and the dark, shy boy, ‘of
the Montgomery Academy, meeting with a thrill of satisfac-
tion, as if he had been waiting for them, the fine gentle-
men.and ladies at the Consul Genéral’s, and the wealthy
‘neighbor’s, Mr. Armstrong, at whose country-seat he was in-
‘troduced to Mr. Charles: dngustis Murray, when, for the first
time, he saw one of the class that, he never eae to honor
for their virtues and graces—the English gentleman. At
this time, also, the figure of Raphael Hoyle,. an English
landscape painter, flits across his history. | Congenial in
‘taste and’ feeling, and with varying knowledge, the two
young men rambled together over the country near New-
“burgh, . and while Hoyle caught upon canvas the colors
and forms of the flowers, and the outline of the landscape,
Downing instructed ee in their history and habits, until
they wandered from the actual scene into discussions dear
to. both, of art, and life, and beauty ; ; or the artist piqued
the imagination of ‘his friend with stories of English
parks, and-of Italian vineyards, and of cloud-capped Alps,
embracing every zone and season, as they rose, —while
the untravelled youth looked across the river to the Fish-
kill hills, and imagined Switzerland. This soon ended.
Raphael Hoyle died. The ‘living book of travel and
xviii , MEMOIR.
romantic experience, in which the youth who had wandered.
no farther than to Montgomery ‘Academy and to the top
of the South Beacon,—the highest hill of the Fishkill
range, —had._ so deeply read of scenes and a life. that suited
him, was closed forever. .
Little record is left of these years of application, -of
work, and study. The: Fishkill hills and the broad river,
‘in whose presence ‘he had . always’ lived, and the quiet:
country around Newburgh, which he had so thoroughly ex-
plored, began to claim some visible token of their influence.
Tt ‘is pleasant. to know that his first literary works were re-
“cognitions of their charms. It shows the intellectual integ-
rity of the man that, despite glowing hopes and restless
ambition for other fines. his first essay was written from -
his experience ; it was a description of the “ Danskamer,”
or Devil’s Dancing-Ground—a point on the recs
seven miles abdve Newburgh—published i in the New- York
Mirror, A description of Beacon Hill followed.
He wrote, then, a discussion of novel-reading, ¢ and some,
botanical papers, which were published in a Boston journal: :
Whether ‘he was discouraged by : the ill ‘success of these’
attempts, or perceived that: he was not yet sufficient. mas-
ter of his resources to present them ‘properly to the: ‘public,
does not appear, but he published nothing more’ for several
years, Perhaps he knew that upon the subjects to which his
natural tastes directed his studies, * nothing: but experience
_spoke with authority. Whatever the reason, of his. silence,
however, ‘he worked on “unyieldingly, ‘studying, | proving,
succeeding ; ; finding time, also, to read the poets and the
- philosopliers, and to gain, that familiarity with elegant
literature which always graced his own composition. Of
this period of his life, ‘little record, but. great results,
remain, ° With his pen, and books, and microscope, in the
MEMOIR. xix
ed: house, and his sruiiar and sharp eye’ in the
nursery end garden, he was learning, adapting, and tri-
umphing,—and also, doubtless, dreaming and resolving.
If any stranger wishing to purchase trees at the nursery
of the Messrs. Downing, in Newburgh, had visited that
pleasant town, and transacted .business with the younger
partner, he would have been perplexed to understand why
the younger partner with his large knowledge, his remark-
able power of combination, his fine taste, his rich cultiva-
. tion, his singular force and precision of expression, his evi-
dart, mastery of his profession, was not a recognized
authority in it, and why he had never been heard of. For
it was. ‘remarkable i in Downing, to the end, that he always
attracted attention and. excited speculation, The boy-of i.
_ the Montgomery, Academy. carried ¢that slightly defiagt
‘head into the arena of life, and: seemed, always too much a
critical observer not to-challenge wonder, Sometimes, even,
to excite distrust... That was the eye which in the vege-
table world had scanned the law through the appearance;
and. followed through the landscape the elusive line of
beauty. It, was'a full, firm, serious eye. He did not
smile with his eyes as many do, but they held you as: in a
grasp, looking from under their cover of dark brows.
The young man, now twenty years old or more, and
hard: at work, began to visit the noble estates upon the
banks of the Hudgoni, to extend his experience, and confirm
- his nascent theories of art in landscape-gardening. Study-
ing in the'red cottage, and working in the nursery upon
the Newburgh highlands, he had early seen that in a new,
and unworked, and quite boundless country, with every
‘variety of kindy climate and available soil, where fortunes
_ arose in.a night, an opportunity was offered to~Art, of
achievinga new and characteristic triumph. ‘To: fe
xX ; MEMOIR. :
the content lying chaotic, i in mountain, and laké,.and
forest, with a finger that should develop-all its resources
of beauty, for the admiration and benefit of its children,
seemed to him a task worthy the highest genius. ‘This
was the dream that dazzled the silent years of his life
in the garden, and. “inspired and strengthened hirh in’
every exertion, As he saw more and more of the- résults
of this, spirit . in the beautiful Hudson country-seats, he,
was, “naturally, only’ the: more. resolved.’ To. , lay out one
garden well, in conformity with the character: of the sur-
rounding: landscape, 3 in obedience to the. truest taste, and,
to. make’ a man’s home, and its grounds, and its accésso-
ries, as genuine works of art’ as any picture or. statue that
the owner had brought.over the sea, was, in his mind, the
fest step toward the great ‘result.
At the-various places upon the river, as he ited then.
from time to time, che was ‘received as a gentleman, a scho-’
lar, and the. most. practical man of the party, would neces-
sarily be welcomed. He sketched, he measured ; “in a
walk he plucks from an overhanging bough a uals leaf, :
examines its color, form and structure ; inspects it’ with:
his microscope, and, having recorded his observations, pre-",
‘sents it to his Seiad and invites him to study it,.as sug-
gestive of pore of the first principles of rural architecture
ahd economy.” No man enjoyed society more, and none
ever lost less time. ‘His: pleasure trips from point to point.
upon the. river were the,excursions of tle honey-bee into
‘the flower. He returned ‘richly laden ; and the young:
partner, feeling from childhood the necessity of entire ‘self-
dependence, continued to live much alone, to be ‘Teserved,
but always affable and: gentle. These tra@els were netially
brief, and strictly essential to his: education. He was wisely.
getting ready ; it would be so fatal to speak without autho-
MEMOIR, , xx1
rity, and authority came _ with much observaiagn ape
many years, -
_ But, during these victorious incursions into the realms
of experience, the younger partner had himself. ‘been con-
quered., Directly opposite the red ‘cottage, upon. the
other side of the river, at Fishkill Landing, ‘lay, ‘under
blossoming locust trees, the’ estate and old family mansion
a John P. De Wint, Esq. The place had the charms of a
“ moated, grange,” and was quite the contrast of the ele-
gant care and incessant cultivation’ that marked the grounds
of the young man in Newburgh. ‘But the finé old place,
indolently lying in luxuriant decay, was the seat of bound-
less hospitality and social festivity.’ The: spacious ‘piazzas,
and the geutly sloping lawn, which-made the foreground of
one of the most exquisite Gimmes of the Hudson, rang all
summer long with happy laughter. Unider those: blossom=
ing locust. trees were walks that led to the shore, and the’
moon hanging over Cro’ Nest recalled to’ all loitéerers along
the bank the loveliest legends « of the river. In winter” the’
revel shifted from the lawn to the frozen river. One ‘such
gay household is sufficient nucleus for endless enjoyment.
From the neighboring West Point, only, ten miles. distant,
came gallant young: officers, boating: in summer, and es
ing in winter, to serenade under the locusts, or join the
dance upon the lawn. Whatever was young ; and ‘gay: was
drawn into the merry ‘maelstrom, ‘and thé dark-haired boy
from Newburgh, now grown, somehow, to be a gentleman
of quiet. and polished manners, found. himself, even when in
the grasp of the scientific coils - Parnientier, Repton, Price,
Loudon, Lindley, and the rest,—-or busy with knife, clay,
and grafts, —dreaming of the grange beyond the river, and
of the Marianna he had found: there.
Summer lay warm upon ‘the hills and river ; the Jand-
aa ee j _MEMOIR..
\
scape was yet’ untouched by the scorching July. heats’;
and on the seventh of June, 1838,—he being then in ‘this:
twenty-third year, — Downie was married to Caroline; >
eldest’ daughter of J. P. De Wint, Esq. At this time,
he dissolved the business connection with his elder brother,
. and ¢ontinued the nursery by himself. There were other
changes also. The busy mother of his childhood was busy
no longer. *: ‘She had now been for several years an invalid,
unable even to walk in’ ‘the garden. She continued, to tive
in the little red. cottage which. Downing. afterwards re-
moved to make way- for a greeri-house. Her sons were
men ‘now, and her daughter a woman, The necessity for
hher own exertion was passed, and her hold upon life was
gradually loosened, until she died in 1839,
Downing now considered. himself ready to begin: the .
career for which he had so long been preparing ; and very
“properly | his first ‘work was his own house, built in the gar-
den of hig father, and only a few rods eae the cottage . |
-in which he was born.’ It was a‘ simple house, in an. Eliz-
abethan. style, by which he designed to prove that a beau-
tifal, and durable, and convenient mansion, could be built
as cheaply i as a poor and tasteless temple, which seemed: to .
be, at that time; the highest American conception of a
_ fine residence. In this design he, entirely succeeded. His.
house, which did not, ‘however, satisfy his maturer eye,
was externally very simple, but extremely elepant ; “indeed,
its chief impression was that. of elegance. Internally it, .:
was spacious and convenient, very gracefully ‘proportioned
and finished, and marked every where by: the same spirit.
‘Wherever the eye fell, it detected that a wiser eye had.
° “been before it.. All the forms and colors, the style of the —
furniture, the frames of the mirrors and pictures, the pat-
terns’ of the a Se were, harmonious, and it was. a: har-
al
|
!
+ re i
|
ott
:
©
+
- Residence of the late A. J. Downititg: Newburgh, on the Huds
st ae
&
‘MEMOIR. ~ xxiii
“mony as easily achieved by taste as’ disoord by vulgarity.
There was no painful. conformity, no rigid monotony ;
there was nothing finical nor foppish in this elegance—it
was the necessary result: of Knowledge and skill. ‘While
“the. house. was building, he lived with his wife at. her
‘father’s. He- personally superintended the work, which
went briskly forward. From the foot of the: Fishkill hills
’ beyond. the: river, other eyes. superintended it, also, scan-
. ning, with a telescope, the Newburgh’ garden aad growing
house ; and, possibly,.from some rude telegraph, as a white
cloth upon a tree, or a blot of black paint upon a smooth
board, -~Hero knew whether at evening to ape “her Le-
ander.
The house ¥ was at: Iength finished. A. pocstl and
beautiful building stodd in the. garden, higher and hand-
‘somer than the little red cottage—a very pregnant symbol
to’ any poet who should. chance: that ey and hear the
history of the architect. a
Once fairly established i in his house, it ieee re seat
of the most gracious. hospitality, and ‘was a peautiful illus-
tration of that “ rural home” upon whose influence Down-
ing counted’ so largely for the education and intelligent
patriotism of his countrymen. His personal, exertions
were unremitting. He had been for some time projecting
a work upon his favorite art of Landscape Gardening, and
presently" began to throw it into form. His time for liter- .
' aty labor was necessarily limited by his superintendence of
the. nursery. ° But the book was at length completed, and
. in thé year 1841, the Author being then twenty-six years
old, Messrs. Wiley & Putnam published in New-York and
: ‘London, “A "Preatise on the Theory and Practice of
Landscape Gardening, adapted to North America, with a
view to the’ Improvement. of Country Residences. With
xiv MEMOIR. °
Remarks on Rural Architecture.’ By’ a J. Downing.”
The most concise and comprehensive definition of Land-
scape Gardening that occurs in his works, is to be found
in the essay, ““ Hints, on Landscape Gardening.” “Tt is
an art,” he, says, “which selects: from: natural materials.
‘that abound in ‘any “country its best: sylvan ‘features, and
by giving them a better: opportunity than they could
otherwise obtain, brings | about a. higher | beauty of. ‘de-
velopment anda. more perfect. expression than nature
herself offers.” The preface. of the book is quite with-
out pretence. “The love. of country,” says our. author,
with a gravity that. overtops his years,’ “is inseparably
connected ‘withthe love of home:, “Whatever, therefore,.
leads man to assemble the ‘comforts and elegancies of -
life around his habitation, tends ‘to increase - ‘local attach-
ments, and render domestic life more delightful ; thus, not
only augmenting his own enjoyment, but: strengthening
‘his patriotism, and making him a better citizen. And
there is no employment or recreation which. affords. the
mind greater or more ‘permanent satisfaction than that of ©
cultivating the. earth and adorning our own property.
*God Almighty ; first planted a garden ; and, indeed, it is
the parent of human pleasures,’ says Lord Baceu, And’
as the first man was shut out’ from the garden; in the cul-
tivation of which no alloy was mixed with his happiness,
the desire to return to it, seems to be implanted by nature, -
more or less strongly, in every heart.”
This book passed to instant. popularity, and became a
classic, invaluable to the thousdrds in every part of the
country who were waiting: for the master-word which
should tell them what to do to make their homes as beau-
tiful as they wished. Its fine scholarship i in the literature
and history of, rural art ; its. singular dexterity i in stating
Bie
spmnorzpy pus ssnoy jo vig :eoueprsey sSarzmoq IPL
3 2
% Ee a ant SRA
i LE ESOS LE
Oh
ry =
N 6a,°
KITCHEN GARDE!
ryrvyyy
x
“MEMOTR..° XXV
‘the, great principles of taste, and their application to actual’
circumstances, with a clearness that satisfied the dullest
mind ; its genial grace’ of style, illuminated ‘by the sense
of that beauty which it was its aim to indicate, and with a
cheerfulness ‘which i is one of the marked characteristics of
Downing as an author ; the easy mastery of the subject, :
and its intrinsic. interest ;—all these combined to secure
to the book tle ‘position : it has always occupied. The tes-
timony of the men most competent to speak with author-
ity in thé matter was grateful, because deserved, praise.
. Loudon, ‘the editor ‘of “ Repton’s Landscape Gardening,”
and perhaps at the time, the greatest living Gnie in. the
department of rural art, at’ once declared it “a masterly
work ;” and after qustine freely from its pages, remarked :
cs ‘We have quoted largely from this. work, because in so
doing we think we shall give a just idea of the great merit
of the author.” Dr. Lindley, also, in his. “ Gardener's
Chronicle, ” dissented from “some minor points, ” but
-said : “On the whole, we know of no work in which the
"aindamental principles of this profession are so well or so
concisely expressed :” adding, “No English lands¢ape
pardener has written so clearly, or with so much real in-
tensity.”
~The | “ quiet, thoughtfal, = Paes boy.” of the
Montgomery ‘Academy had thus suddenly displayed, the
talent which was not suspécted by his school-fellows.
The younger partner had now justified the expectation. he
aroused ; and the long, silent, careful years of study and
experience insyred the permanent value of the results he
announced. The following year saw the, publication of the:
* Cottage Residences,” in which the principles of the first
volume ‘were applied in detail.” For the same reason it
achieved a success similar to the “Landscape Gardening.”
xxvi , MEMOIR.
Rural England recognized its great value, Loudon ‘said :
“It cannot fail to be of great service.” Another said :
“ We stretch our arm across ‘the. big water’ to tender
our Yankee. coadjutor an English’ shake and a cordial re-
cognition.” ‘These welcomes from those ‘who knew what
and’ why they welcomed; founded Downing’s authority i in
the minds of the less learned, while the simplicity of his
own statements confirmed it.. From. the publication of
the ‘Landscape Gardening” until his death, he continued
to be the chief American authority ‘in ural art.
. European ‘honors soon began to seek the young gardener.
upon the Hudson. | He‘had -béen for some time in corres-
pondence with Loudon, and the other eminent’ men of: the
profession. He was now elécted corresponding member of
the Royal Botanic, Society of London, of the Horticultural
Societies of Berlin, the Low Countries, &e. Queen Amne
of Denmark sent him “a. magnificent ring,” in acknow-
ledgment of her pleasure in his works, But; as: the
years slowly passed, a sweeter, praise saluted him than the
Queen’s ring, namely, the gradual improvement of the na-.
tional rural taste, and the universal testimony’ that it was.
due to Downing. -It was found as easy to live i in a hand-
some house as in one that shocked all sense of" propriety.
and beauty. The, capahilities | of the landscape began to
develop themselves to; the 1 man who looked. at it from his.
says hit: a » gentleman ‘ iit is stuthently qualified to cae
an enlightened judgment,” declared that much of the im-
provement that-has taken place in this country’ during the
‘last twelve years, in rural architecture and’ in ornamental
gardening and planting, may be ascribed to him. Another
gentleman, “ ‘ speaking of suburban cottages in the West,”
says :,“I asked the origin of so much taste, and was told
MEMOIR, EXVil-
it might principally be traced. to ‘Downing’s Cottage Resi-,
dences’ and the ‘Horticulturist. ’” ‘He was naturally elect-
ed an honorary 1 member of most of the Horticultural. Soci-
eties in the country ; and as his interest in. rural life: was
‘universal, embracing no less the soil ' and cultivation, than
the plant, and flower, and fruit, with, the residence of” the
cultivator, he received the same ‘bonor from the Agricultu-
ral Associdtions,
“Meanwhile ’his studies were unremitting : ee in 1845
Wiley .& Putnam published in New-York and London
“The ‘Fruits and Fruit Trees: of America, ” a volume of
six hundred pages. The duodecimo edition had only Jineal
‘drawings. The. large. octavo was illustrated with. finely
colored plates, executed in Paris, from drawings made in
‘this-country from the original fruits. It is a masterly
resumé of the’résults of American experience in. the his-
tory, character, and growth of fruit, to the date of its pub-
lication. The fourteenth edition was published in he year
1852. |
| It was in May of the year | 1846 that I first saw Down-
ing. A party was made up under the locusts to: cross the
iver and. ‘pass the day at “Highland Gardens,” as his place
aas named. The river at Newburgh is about a mile wide,
_and ‘ is crossed by a quiet country. ferry, whence the view
downward toward the West Point Highlands, Butter Hill,
Sugar-Loaf, Cro’ Nest, and Skunnymunk, is as beautiful
a river view as can be seen’ upon a summer day.’ It was a
merry. party which crossed, that bright May morning, and
' broke, with ringing laughter, the ‘silence of the river, :
‘Most of us were newly escaped from the city, where we
had been blockaded: by the winter ‘for many months, and.
although: often tempted by ‘the warm days that came in
_ March, opening the windows on’ Broadway and ranging
Xxvili MEMOIR.
the blossoming plants in them, to believe that, summer
had fairly arrived, wé had. uniformly found the spring to
be that laughing: lie which the poets insist it, is not,
There was no- doubt longer, however. The country was
80 brilliant with the.tender green: that it seemed festally
adorned, and it was easy,enough to. believe that human
genius could have no lévelier nor. loftier. task than the
development of these colors, and forms, and opportunities,
into their greatest use. and adaptation to human life.
“ God Almighty first planted a, garden, and, indeed, it is
the first. of human ‘pleasures. ” Lord Bacon said it long’
ago, and the bright May pane echoed: it, as we crossed
the river. .
I had read Downing’s ‘books ; and fae had given me
the impression, naturally formed “of one who truly said of
himself, “ Angry volumes of politics. have we written: none® . |
but peaceful books, humbly’ aiming to weave ‘something
more into the fair serlanth of the beautiful and useful that
encircles this excellent old earth.”
His i image in-my mind was idyllic. ‘I looked upon ae
as akind of pastoral poet. Thad fancied a simple, abstracted’
cultivator, gentle and silent. We left the boat and, drove
to his house. The open gate admitted us to a smooth ave-
nue. We had glimpses of an Arbor-Vitz hedge,—a small
and exquisite lawn—rare and flowering trees, and bushes
beyond—a lustrous and ‘odorous thicket—a gleam of the
river below-—“‘a feeling ”, of the ‘mountains across the
river—and were at the same moment alighting at the
door of. the elegant mansion, in which stood, what ap-
peared to me a tall, slight Spanish gentleman, ‘with thick
black’ hair worn very long, and’ dark eyes: fixed upon me
with a searching glance. He was dressed: simply in a cos-
tume fitted for the morning hospitalities of. his. ‘house, or
MEMOIR. . XXIX
for the study, or the garden. His welcoming smile was.
reserved, but genuine,—his manner ‘singularly hearty. and
quiet, mated by the: easy’ elegance and perfect savoir
faire which would have adorned the Escurial. We passed
irito the library. The book-shelves were let into the wall, and:
_ the doors covered with glass. They, occupied ‘only part: of
the walls, and, upon the‘ space above each was a brackets,
-with busts of Dante, Milton, Petrarch, Franklin, Linneus,
and Scott. There was a large. bay window opposite the
. fireplace. The forms and odors of this room were. delight-'
It was the-retreat of:an elegantly: cultivated. gentle-
man. ' There-were no signs of work except a writing-table,
with pens, and portfolios, and piles of letters. -
Here we sat and conversed. Our host entered into
every subject gayly and familiarly, with an appreciating
deference to differences of opinion, and an evident tenacity
of his own, all the while, which surprised me, as the pecu-
» Harity of the most accomplished man of the world. There
was a certain aristocratic hawtewr in his manner, a constant
sense of personal dignity, which comported with the reserve
of his smile and the quiet welcome. His intellectual atti-
tude seemed’ to be one of curious criticism, as if he were
sharply scrutinizing all that his affability of manner drew
forth. No.one had a yeadier generosity of acknowledgment,
and there was"a negative flattery in his address and atten-
tion, which was very subtle and’ attractive. -In all allu-
sions to rural aftairs, and matters with which he was entirely
familiar, his conversation was -not in ‘the slightest degree
pedantic, nor | positive. He spoke of such things with the
simplicity of a child talking of his toys. The workman,
the author, the artist, were entirely subjugated in him to
the gentleman. “That was his favorite idea. The gentle-
man was the full flower, of which all the others were sug-
XXX) MEMOIR.
gestions and ‘parts.’ The gentleman is, to the various pow-
ers and cultivations of the man, what the tone is to the
picture, which lies in no single color, but in the harmony
of the whole. ‘The gentleman is the firial. bloom of the
“man. But no man could be a gentleman, without original
nobleness of feeling and. genuineness of character. ' Gentle~-
ness was developed from that by experience and study, as
the'delicate tinge upon precious fruits, by a circum- -
starices and healthy growth.
In this feeling, which was a constituent of his ‘charac-.
ter, lay the secret of the appearance of hauteur, that was
so often remarked in him, to: which Miss: Bremer al-
ludes, and which all his fonda perceived, more or less dis-
tinctly. Its origin was, doubtless, twofold. It Sprang
first from his exquisite mental organization, which instinct-°
ively shrunk from whatever was coarse or crude, and which
made his artistic taste so true and fine. That easily ex-
tended itself to demand the finest results of men, as of
trees, and fruits, and flowers; and then committed the
natural error of often ‘acceptitig the appearance of this re-.
sult, where the fact‘was wanting. Hence he had a natural.
fouilatoes for the highest circles of society—a fonduess as
deeply founded as his love of the. best possible’ fruits. His ,
social tendency was constantly toward those to whom great
wealth had given opportunity of that ameliorating culture,
—of surrounding beautiful homes ‘with beautiful grounds,
and filling them with refined and beautiful persons, which
is the happy fortune of féw. Hence, also, the fact: that his
introduction to Mr. Murray was’ a remembered event, be-
cause the mind of the boy instantly recognized that society -
to which, by affinity, he belonged ; and hence, also, that
admiration: of the character and life ce the English gentle
man, which was life-long with him, and which ‘made him,
MEMOIR. : xxii
when he went to England, naturally and directly at home
among them. From.-this, also, came his extreme fondness
for music, although he had very little ear ; and often when
his wife read to him any peculiarly beautiful or touching
passage. from a book, ‘he was quite unable | to speak, so
much was he mastered by his emotion. Besides this deli-
cacy of organization, which makes aristocrats of all who
have it, the sharp contrast between his childhood and his
“mature life: doubtlessly nourished a kind of mental protest
against the hard discomforts, want of ' sympathy, and 1 mis- °°
understandings of poverty.
I recall but ‘one place in which he deliberately sista
‘this instinct’ of his, as an opinion: In the paper upon
ee ‘Improvement, of Vegetable Races,” April, 1852, he says :
“We are not going to be led into a physislogial digres-
sion on the subject of the inextinguishable rights of a su-
perior organization in certain men, and races of men, which
Nature every day reaffirms, notwithstanding: the social-
istic and democratic theories of our politicians.” But’
this statement only asserts the difference of organization.
No man was a truer American. than Downing ; no: man
moré.oppésed to all kinds of recognition of that difference
in intellectual organization by a difference of -social rank.
That he considered to be the true democracy which as-
serted the absolute equality of opportunity ;—and, there-
fore, he writes from’ Warwick “Castle, a place which in
every way could:charm no man more than him: “but I
turned my face at last westward toward miy native land,
and with uplifted eyes thanked the good God that, though
. to Englarid, the country: of: my- ancestors, it had bean given
‘to: show the growth of man in his highest development: of
class or noble, to America‘ has been reserved the greater
blessing of solving for the world ‘the true problem oF all
XXxil f MEMOIR.
humanity,—that of the abolition of all castes, and the re-
cognition of the divine. rights.of every human soul.” On
that May morning, in the library, I remember the conver-
sation, drifting from subject to subject, touched an essay.
upon $ “« Manners,” by Mr. Emerson, then recently pub-
lished’; and in the few.words that Mr. Downing said, lay
the paras of what I gradually discovered tobe his feeling
upon the subject. This hauteur was always evident in his
personal’ intercourse. In his dealings with , workmen, with
publishers, with men of affairs of all. kinds, the Bane feel-
ing, which. they called ee ”” eoldness,” “ pride,”
“haughtiness,” or “ reserve,” revealed itself. That) first.
‘morning it only heightened’ in, my mind the Spanish im-
pression of the dark, slim. a who. so courteously’ wee
comed us at his door. es
Tt was May, and the aapnolies were in blossom. Un-:
der.. cur host’s guidance, we strolled about his grounds,
which, although they comprised but, some five acres, were
laid out in a large style, that greatly enhanced their appar
ent extent.. The town lay gt. the bottom of the hill, be-
tween the garden and the water, and there was a: pad just
at the foot of the garden. ‘But so skilfully. were the. trees
arranged, that all suspicion of town or road was removed.
Lying upon the lawn, standing in the door, or sitting under.
the light piazza . before the parlor windows, the enchanted.
visitor saw only the garden ending in the thicket, which was
80 dexterously trimmed as to reveal the loveliest glint of .
the river, each a picture. in ‘its frame’ of foliage, but which
was not cut low enough to betray the presence of road or
_town. You fancied the estate extended to the river ; yes,
and probably owned, the river as an ornament, and ‘in-
cluded , the mountains “beyond. ,: At, _ leash, you ‘felt that
here was 2 man who knew that the best part of the land-
MEMOIR. xxxili .'
scape sould not be owned, but belonged. to every one who
could appropriate it. - The thicket seemed not only to con-
ceal, but to annihilate, the town. So sequestered and sat-
is el was the guest é that garden, that he was quite care-
less and incurious of: the world beyond. I have often
‘passed a week there without wishing. to go outside the
gate, and entirely forgot that there was any town near by.
Sometimes,.at sunset or twilight, we’ stepped. into a light
wagon, and turning up the hill, as we came out: of. the
_ grounds, left Newburgh below, and drove along roads hang- _
‘ing’ over the river, or, passing Washington's ‘Head Quar-
ters, trotted leisurely along ; the shore-
Within his house it was’ easy to understand that the
home was so much the subject of his thought.’ Why did
he wish that the landscape should be lovely, and the houses
graceful. and beautiful, and the fruit fine, and the flowers
. perfect, but because these weré all dependencies and orna-
‘ments of home, and home was. the sanctuary of the high-
est. human affection. This was the point of departure of
“his philosophy. ‘Nature must serve man. The landscape
must”be made a picture in the gallery of love. Home was
the pivot upon which turned all his theories of rural art.
All his efforts, all the grasp of genius, and the cunning of
talent, were to complete, in a perfect home, the apotheosis
of love. -It is in this fact that the permanence of his in-
fluence is rooted. His works are not the result of elegant
taste; and generous cultivation, and a clear intellect, only ;
but. of a noble hope that inspired taste, galtinaiin, and
' intellect. This saved him as an author from. being swiecked’
‘upon formulas, He was strictly scientific, few men in his
department more so; but he was never rigidly academical.
‘He always. discerned the thing signified through the ex-
“pression ; and; in his own art, insisted that if there was
XXXIV Q : MEMOTR.
nothing to say, anette should be ‘said, He knew per-
fectly well that there is a time for discords, ‘and a place
for departures from rule, and he. understood them. when
they: came »-—which was pooliar and very lovely i ina man
of so delicate a nervous organization. . This‘ led him to be
" toleraint . ‘of all differences of opinion and: action, and tobe
sensitively wary of i injuring the feelings of those from whom
he differed. He was thus scientific in the true sense. In,
his department he was wise, and we find him. writing from
Warwick Castle again, hus : Whoever designed this,
front, made up as‘it is: of lofty, towers. and itregular walls,
must ‘have been’ a poet, ag well as architect, for’ its cem-
position and details struck me as having the. proportions
and congruity of a fine scene in nature, which we feel ‘is
-not to be measured and defined by the ordinary rulés of
‘art. 7
His own home was his finest one It was ‘materially
beautiful, and. spiritually bright with the, , purest lights of
affection. ” Its: hospitality was gracious and’ graceful. it
consulted the taste, wishes, and habits of the guest, but
with such inobtruaiveness, that the fayorite flower every
morning by the plate upon _ the breakfast-table, seemed to.
have come there as naturally, j in the family. arrangements,
as the plate itself, He held his house as the steward of
his friends. His social. genius never suffered a moment to
drag wearily by. No man was so necessarily’ devoted to
“his own affairs,——no host ever seemed so devoted to his
' guests. - these guests were of the most agreeable kind, or,
at least, they seemed so in that house. Perhaps the inter-
preter of the House Beautiful, she who—in the poet’s
natural - ‘order—-was as « moonlight unto sunlight,” was
ithe universal solvent: By day, there were always books,
conversation, driving , working, lying onthe lawn, excur-
MEMOIR. XXXV
sions anes the mountains ‘across the river, waite: to beatu-
tiful. neighboring places, boating , botanizing, painting,—or
whatever else could be done in ‘the country, and done in
the- Pleasantest way. At evening, there was music,—fine:
playing and singing, for the guest. was thrice welcome who
was musical, and the musical were triply musical : ‘there>—
dancing, charades, games of every kind,—never sutton’ to
flag, always delicately directed,—and’ in due season some
slight violation of the Maine Law. ‘ Mr. Downing liked the
Ohio, wines, with which his friend, Mr. Longworth, kept
him supplied, and of which he said, with his calm good
sense, in the “ Horticulturist,” August, 1850,—* We do
not, mean to say. that. men deol not live and breathe just
as well if there were no such thing as wine known ; but
that’ since the’ time of Noah men will not be contented
with. merely living and breathing ; and it is therefore
better to provide them with proper and wholesome food
and. drink, than to put improper aliments within their
reach.” Charades were a favorite diversion, in which sév-.
eral of his most frequent guests excelled. He was always
ready to take part,, but his reserve and self-consciousness
interfered with . his success. His social enjoyment was
always quiet. He rarely laughed loud. He preferred
rather to sit with a friend and watch the dance or the ; game
from a corner, than to mingle in them. He wrote yerses,
but_never showed them. . They were chiefly rhyming let-
ters, clever and graceful, to his wife, and her sisters, and:
some ‘intimate friends, and to a little niece, of whom he
was especially fond. ‘One: evening, after vainly endeavoring.
to persuade a friend that he was mistaken ix ‘the’ kind of
a fruit, he sent him the following characteristic lines :
XXxxvi MEMOIR,
«0 THE DocTox, ON HIS PASSION FOR THE “DUCHESS OF
ac OLDENBUEGH.’” F
: Dear ie 1 white you this little effision, |
“On learning you're still in that fatal delusion
Of thinking: the object you love is a Duchess, -
When “tis only.a milkmaid you hold i in your clutches ; 5
Why, ‘tis certainly: plath as the. spots in the sun,
‘That the creature is only a fine Duteh Mignonne.
She is Dutch—thero i is surely no question of. that, —
She’s so large and'so ruddy—so plump and so fat;
= And that: she’s ‘a Mignonne—a beauty—mosgt moving,
eo As equally: proved by your desperate loving ;
_ But that she’s a Duchess I flatly deny,
There’s such a broad twinkle about her deep eye ;
And glance at’the russety hue of her skin—
A lady—a noble—would think it asin! _.
Ab-no; my dear Doctor, updn my own honor, .
_, -Imust sénd you.a dose. of the true Bella donna!”
5 had : adivcoseit wee delight with ‘thé magnolia, and
‘nia one of the flowers in my hand during our morning
‘stroll. At’ evening he handed me.a fresh one, and every
day while I remained, the breakfast-room, was perfumed by
the magnolia that was placed beside my plate.’ This deli-
cate’ thoughtfulness was universal with him. He knew all
the flowers that his. friends especially ‘loved ; and in: his
notes ue me he often wrote, “the magnolias are waiting
for you,” as an irresistible: pllarement— which it was very
apt to prove. Downing was in the library when I came
down the morning after our arriyal. He had the air
man who: has ‘been. ‘broad awake ‘and at work for ‘sorted
chours. There was the same quiet greeting as before—a
gay conversation, glancing at a thousand. things — and.
breakfast. . After. breakfast he disappeared ; but if, at
any time, an excursion was proposed,—to climb some hill,
to explore some. meadows rich in rhododendron, to visit
, u i C "
MEMOIR. : . XXXVI
some lovely lake,—he was quite ready, and went with the
same-unhurried air that marked all ‘his, actions. Like
. Sir Walter Scott, he was producing results implying close:
application and lakor;, but without any apparent expense
‘of time or means. His’ step'was so leisurely, his manner
<BO" composed, there was always such total absence of wea-
riness in all’ he said and did, that it was impossible to be-
lieve he was so diligent, a worker. fs
But this composure, this reticence, this: Jeisurély air,
were ‘all imposed upon his manner by. hig regal will, He:
‘was under, the most supreme self-control. It was’ so abso-
lute.as to deprive him of spontaneity and enthusiasm. In
social intercourse he was like two persons ;. the one con-
versed with you: pleasantly upon every topic, the other
“watched you from ‘behind that pleasant talk, like a senti-
nel: The delicate child, left much to himself by his
parents, naturally grew recreandl and imperious. - But the
man of shrewd common sense, with his way to miake in 'the
world, saw clearly that, that ray wandnees ‘must be: sternly
subjugated. Tt was so, and at. the usual expense. ‘What
the friend of Downing most: desired in him was a frank and
“unreserved flow of feeling, which should drown out that
curious, ‘critical self- -consciousness, He felt this want as
mich: as any one, and often playfully endeavored to. supply,
it. It doubtless arose, in great’ part, from too fine a: ner-
“yous organization. Under the mask of the finished man
of the wotld ‘he concealed the most feminine feelings; which
aeften expressed themselves with pathetic oe to the
only one in whom, le unreservedly ‘confided:
. This critical reserve behind the cordial manner invésted
“hig whole character with mystery. “The long dark hair,
the firm ‘dark eyes, the slightly defiant brow, the Spanish
mien, that welcomed us that May morning, seenied to
afi
EXXVili . MEMOIR.
me always afterward, the symbols of his character. A
cloud wrapped his inner life: Motives, and. the deeper feel-
ings, were lost to view in that obscurity. It seemed that
within this cloud’ there might be desperate struggles, like
_ the battle.of the Huns and Rowan invisible i in the air, but
of which no token escaped ; into.the experience of his friends.
He confronted circumstances with the same composed and
indomitable resolution, and it was not possible to tell whether
he were entertaining angels, or wrestling with demons, in
the secret chambers of his soul. There are passages in,
letters to his wife which: indicate, and they only'by impli-
cation, that his character was tried and tempered’ ‘by strug-
gles. Those most intimate letters, however, are fall of
expressions of religious faith and dependence, sometimes
uttered with a kind of clinging earnestness, as if he well
“knew the value of the peace that passes understandings
But nothing of all this. ‘appeared in ‘his friendly inter-
course with men. He had, however, very. few intimate’:
friends among men. His warmest and: most confiding
friendships were with women. In his intercourse with
them, he revealed a rare and beautiful sense of the uses
of feoniishins which -united him very closely to them. To
men he was much more inaccessible. It cannot be denied
thatrthe feeling of mystery in his character affected the i im-
pression he made upon various porous. a might be a
as. before, “haughtiness,” “reserve,” “ coldness,” or
’ “hardness,” but it. was quite the same. thing. It: re-
pelled many who were otherwise -most strongly attracted
to him by his books. In others, still, it begot a slight dis-
trust, and suspicion of self-socking upon his part.
I remember # little circumstance, the impression of,
which is strictly in accordance with my feeling of this-sin-
gular mystery in his character. We had one day been
MEMOIR, 4 XxxiX
sitting in the library; and he had told me his intention of
building a little study and’ worming avon, adjoining the
house : ‘but I-don’t know,” he said, “where or how to
connect it with the house.”. But I was on well convinced
that he. would arrange it in the best possible manner, and
was ni6t. surprised when he afterward. wrote me that he had
made.a door.through the wall of the library into the new
building. This: door occupied just the space’ of one of the
book-cases’ let into the wall, and, by retaining the double
doors of the. book-tase relly as they were, and putting
false books behind: the glass of the doors, the appearance
of the library 3 was entirely unaltered, while the whole ‘appa-
rent: bookcase, doors and all, swung to and fro, at his will,
as a, private door. During my. next visit. at hia house, I
was sitting very late at night in the library, with a ainpla
candle, thinking that. every one had long since retired, and
having quite forgotten, in the perfectly familiar ‘ ‘appearance
of the room, that the little change had been made, when:
suddenly one.-of the book-cases flew out of the wall, turn-
ing upon noiseless hinges, and, out of the perfect darkness
behind, Downing darted into. the room, while I sat: staring
like a ‘benighted -guest in “the Castle of Otranto. The mo-~
ment, the place, and the circumstance, were entirely har-
monious with my impression of the man.
‘Thus,-although, upon the bright’ May morning, I had
crossed the river to: see a: man of transparent and simple
nature, a. lover and. poet of rural beauty, a man who had
travelled. little, who had made his own. way into polished
and cultivated social relations, as he did into every thing
which he’ mastered, being altogether a. self-made man—I
found the courteous and accomplished gentleman, the quiet
man of the world, full of tact and easy dignity, in whom it
was easy to discover that lover and: ‘poet, though not in the
xl e MEMOTR.
form ‘anticipated. His exquisite regard for the détails of
life, gave a completeness to his household, which is nowhere :
syrpasséd. ‘Fitness is the~first. element of beauty, and
every thing in his arrangement was ' “appropriate. It was,
‘hard not'to sigh, when’ conteniplating- the beautiful results
‘he accomplished by taste and tact, and at comparatively
little pécuniary expense, to think of the ‘sums “elsewhere
squandered ‘upon an. ‘insufficient and shallow splendor, 3
Yet, as beauty was, with Downing, life, and not luxury,
although he.was, ‘in feeling and by dermal profession, the
Priest of Beauty, he was never.a Sybarite, never sentimen-.
tal, never weakened by the service. In the dispositions of
most, men devoted to: beauty, as artists and poets, there is
a vein of . Janguor, a leaning’ to luxury; of which no trace
was even visible in him. His habits. of life were singularly
regular. ‘He used no tobacco, drank little wine, and was
no gourmand; But he was no ascetic. He loved. to en-
tertain Sybarites, posts, and the lovers of luxury : doubt-
less from a consciousness that he. had the magic. of pleasing
‘them more than they had ever. been pleased. He enjoyed.
the pleasure of chis guests. The various play of different’
characters entertained him. Yet with all his:fondness for
fine pines he justly estimated the tendency of. their in-
fluence. _ He’ was not enthusiastic, he was not seduced
into blindriess by his own ‘preferences, - ‘but he: main-
tained that cool and accurate estimate of things and ten-
dencies which always made his advice invaluable. Is there
any truer account of. the syren influence. of a, superb >
and extensive ‘countty-seat than the following froin the
paper : “A Visit to Montgomery Place.” “ It is not, we
are sure, the spot f for°a man to. plan - campaigns of con-
quest, and we: doubt, even, whether the ‘scholar whose’ am-
bition it is .
MEMOIR. xli
“to scorn delights, _
_And live laborious days,”
soothing as rte dampen the fire of his great’ purposes, and
dispose him to believe that there is more dignity i in repose,
than merit in action.”
‘Bo, certainly, ie believed, as. thé May ‘days passed, and
found me still lingering 1 in the enchanted garden,
‘In ‘August, 1846,’ The .'Horticulturist’” was com-
menced by Mr: luther Tucker, of Albany, who invited
Mr. Downing’ to become the editor, in which position he
remained, writing a monthly’ leader for it, until his
death. These articles are contained in the present vol-
ume. Literature offers no mote charming rural essays.
They are the thoughtful talk of a country gentleman, and .
scholar, and practical workman, upon the rural aspects
and. interests of every month in the year. ‘They insinuate
instruction, rather ‘than directly teach, and in a style mel-
low, mature, and cheerful, adapted’ to every age and every
mood. By their variety of topic and treatment, oe are,
perhaps, the most complete memorial of the man. Theit
genial simplicity fascinated all kinds of persons. A cor-
respondence which might be called affectionate, sprang up
between the editor and scores of his readers: They want-
ed instruction and Advice. They confided to him théiz
plans. and hopes ; to him—the personally 1 unknown “we”
of their. monthly magazine—the reserved man whom pub-
lishers and others found “ stiff,’ and “ cold,” and ‘“ 4 lit-
tle haughty,” and whose fine points of character stood out,
like sunny mountain peaks against a mist, These letters,
it’ appears; were ‘personal, and full of feeling. The
writers wished to know the man, to see his portrait, and
ont) a3 6 «cats, Aces OR att nd So tha. @ Harti
e
xhi ’ MEMOIR.
culturist.” ‘When in his neighborhood, these correspond-
ents came to visit him. “They were anxious “to seethe
man who had.written books which..had enabled them to
make their, houses beautiful, — which had helped their
wives in the flower-garden, ‘and. had shown them how, with
little expense, to decorate their humble parlors, and add a
grace to the barrennen of daily life.” el this was better :
than Queen Anné’s “ magnificent ring.” ... «-
_ Meanwhile, business. in the , nursery. looked a little
‘threatening.. Money was always dropping from the- hospi-
table hand of the owner. Expenses: increased—affairs
‘became . complicated. It is not. the genius of men like
Downing to manage the. finances very skilfully. eas
tree that he. sold for-a dollar, cost him ten shillings ;’
which is not a money-making process. He was: ete
too, lavish, too careless, too sanguine, ‘‘ Had ‘his income
been a millon. a minute, he would always have been
in debt,” says one who Bnav? hith well:. The composed
manner was as unruffled as ever ; the regal will preserved
the usual appearance ‘of. things, but in the winter: of.
1846-7 Mr. Downing. was seriously embarrassed, It was
avery grave juncture, for it was. likely that he. would
_ be obliged to. leave his house and begin life again.. But
his friends rallied to the rescue. _ They. assured .to him
his house .and grounds; and he, without ‘losing. time,
‘without repining, andwith the old ‘detertninatifn, went to
work more industriously than ever. His attention was
unremitting to the “Horticulturist,” and to all the projects
he-had undertaken. His interest in the management of the
nursery, however, decreased, and he devoted’ himself’ with
more energy to rural architecture and landscape gardening,
until: he gradually discontinued altogether the raising of
trees for, sale. His house was still the resort of the: most
2 : -MEMOIR. ; xliti
brilliant:society ; still—as it always had been, and was, until
the end—the seat of beautiful hospitality. — He was often
enough perplexed in his affairs—hurried by. the ‘monthly
recurring necessity of “ the ‘eader, ” and not ‘quite satgsfied
at any time until; that literary task was accomplished.
His business contined and. interested him; his large cor-
respondence was promptly: managed but. hs was still san-
guine, under that Spanish reserve, and still spent profusely.
He hada thousand interests ; a State agricultural school,
a national agricultural bureau at Washington, designing pri-
vate and public buildings, laying out large estates, pursuing
his own scientific and literary studies, and preparing a_ work
upon Rural Architecture. From his elegant home he was
scattering, in the Horticulturist, pearl-seed of precious
suggestion, which fell in all kinds of secluded and remote
regions, and bore, and are bearing, costly fruit.
-In ‘1849, Mr. John Wiley published “ Hints to Young
Architects, by George® Wightwick, Architect ; with Ad-
ditional. Notes and Hints to Persons about Building in
this: Country, py A. J. Downing.” It was.a work prepar-
atory: to the original one he designed to publish, and full
of most valuable suggestions. For in every thing he was
American. His sharp sense. of propriety as the primal
element of beauty, led him constantly to insist that. the
place, and circumstances, and time, should always be care-,
fully considleréd, before any step was taken. The satin
shoe was a grace. in the parlor, but a deformity i ‘in the gar-
den. The Parthenon was perfect in a certain climate,
under certain conditions, and for certain purposes. But
the Parthenon.as a country mansion in the midst of
American woods.and fields was. unhandsome and offensive.
His:aim in building a house was to adapt ‘it to the site,
and . to the means and. character of the owner,
xliv MEMOIR.
-It was in the autumn of 1849 that Frederik Bre-
_mer came to America. She. had been for: several years
in “intimate. correspondence with Mr. Downing, and was
closaly attracted.to him by a .profound sympathy with | his
view of the dignity’ and influence of the home. He’ e=
‘ceived Miss Bremer upon her arrival, and she went with
him to his house, where she staid AGA weeks, and wrote
there the saiteodnotion to the authorized American edition
of her works. - It is well for us, perhaps, that as she has
written,a work upon ce The Homes of the United States,”
she should have taken her first impression, of them from
that of Mr, Downing: During all ‘her travels in this
country’ she constantly corresponded with him and his
wife, to whom she was very tenderly. attached. Her letters
were full of cheerful. humor and. shrewd. observation. She
went bravely about alone, and was treated, almost without
exception, with consideration aid courtesy. And after her
journey: was over, and she was,abdtt to return home,.she
came to say f farewell where she had first. greeted America,
in Downing’ sgarden., ,
In this year he finally resolyed to oe himself entirely
to architecture and building, and, in order to benefit by the
largest variety of experience. in alepantt rural life, and to se-
cure the services of an accomplished and able architect,
thoroughly trained to thé business he proposed, Mr. Dowsing
went to England in the summer of 1850, having arranged
with Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. for the publication of
“The Architecture of Country Houses ; ; including Degigns
for Cottages, Farm-houses, and Villas.”
' Already in ‘correspondence with the jeading Englishmen
in his department, .Mr.. Downing was at once. cordially
welcomed. He showed the admirable, and not the un-
friendly, qualities ; of his countrymen, ‘and was directly en-
MEMOIR. xlv
gaged in a series of | estas to: the most ' ee and
remarkable of English country sedts,. where he was an
honored ‘guest... The delight of ‘the position was beyond
words to’ a man of his peculiar character and’ habits.
He saw on ‘every hand’the perfection. of elegant rural life,
which was his ideal of life. He saw thé boundless’ parks,
the cultivated landscape, the tropics imprisoned i in glass ;
he saw spacious Italian villas, more Italian’ than in Italy ;
every various’ triumph of park, garden, and country-
house. But with these, also, he met in the- pleasantest
way much fine English society, which was his ideal of
society. “There was nothing wanting to gratify his fine
ahd fastidious taste; but the passage already quoted from
his’ letter at Warwick Castle shows how firmly his faith
was set upon his native land, while his: private letters are
full of affectionate longing to return. It is easy to figure
hin moving with courtly grace ‘through the rooms of
palaces, gentle, respectful, low in tone, never exaggerating,
welcome-to lord and lady for’ his good sense, his practical
knowledge, his exact detail ; pleasing the English man and
woman by his English sympathies, and interesting them by
his manly and genuine, not boasting, assertions of Ameri-
can genius: ‘and success. . Looking at the picture, one re+
members again that eanlier: one of the boy coming home
from Montgomery Academy, i in Orange County, and intro-
duced, at the wealthy neighbor's to the English gentleman.
The ‘instinct that remembered so slight. an event secured
his appreciation of all that England offered. No Ameri-
can ever visited England with a mind more in tune with
all that is nobly characteristic of her. ' He remarked, upon
his return, that he had. been ‘much impressed by the quiet,
religious life and ‘habits which he found in many great
Enolich honses. It is not a voint of Enolish life ‘often
am MEMOIR.
ee nor presupposed, but it was “doubly gratéful to
him, because he was always a Christian. believer, and ‘be-
cause all parade was repugnant to him. His letters before
his marriage, and during the last years of his life, evince
the most genuine Christian faith and feeling.
' His residence in England was very brief—a summer
trip. He crossed to Paris and saw- French . life. For-
tunately, as his” time was short, he saw more in a day
than most men in a month, because he was prepared
to see, and knew where to look. He found the assistant
vhe wished in Mr. Calvert Vaux, a young English ar--
chitect, to whom he was. sebsodnsed by’ the. Secretary
of the Architectural Association, and with whom, 50:
mutual was the satisfaction, he directly concluded ‘an
agreement, Mr. Vaux sailed with him froni Liverpool
-in September, presently became his partner in business,
and commanded, to the end, Mr. Downing’s ‘unreserved
confidence and respect.
T remernber a Christmas visit to Downing i in 1850, thee
his return from Europe, when we all danced to a fiddle upon .
the’ marble pavement of the hall, by the light of rustic.
chandeliers wreathed with Christmas. green, and under the
antlers, and’ ‘pikes, and. helmets; and breastplates, and’
plumed hats of cavaliers, that hung upon the walls.. ‘ The
very genius of English Christmas ruled the revel.
During these years he was engaged: in superintending
the various new editions of his works, and. looking forward.
to larger achievements with maturer years,” He designed
a greatly enlarged edition of the “ Fruit- -Trees,” and
spoke occasionally ofthe ‘“ Shade-Trees,” as a work which
would -be of the’ greatest practical value. He was much |
interested. in the éstablishment of the Pomological Con-
gress, was chairman of its fruit comnfittee from'the begin-
MEMOIR, xlvii
fy
ning, arid drew up the “Rules of American Pomology.”
Every moment had its work. There was not a more use-
ful man in America ; but his visitor found still the same
quiet ‘host, leisurely, disengaged ; -picking his favorite
flowers before breakfast + driving here and there, writing,
studying, as if rather. ion amusement ; and at twilight
stepping into the wagon for a loitering drive along the
river.
His: love of ‘lis country and faith in rural influences
were too genuine for him not to be deeply interested in the
improvement, of cities by means of public ‘parks and gar-
dens. Not only for their sanitary use, but for their ele-
gance and refining influence, he was anxious ‘that all our
ities should be richly endowed with them. He alluded
frequently. to. the subject in the columns of his magazine,
and when it was resolved by Congress to turn the public
grounds in Washington, near the Capitol, White House,
and Smithsonian Institute, into a’public garden and pro-
menade, ‘Downing’ was naturally the man invited by the
President, in April, 1851, to design the arrangement of the
grounds and to superintend their execution. © All the de-
signs and much of the work were completed before his
death. This new labor, added to the rest, while it in-
creased his income, consumed much of his time. He went
once every month to ‘Waslangon, and was absent ten or
‘twelve days.
He was not suffered to be at peace in this position.
‘Bhere were plenty of jealousies and rivalries, and much
sharp questioning about the $2500 annually paid to an
accomplished artist for laying out the public’ grounds of
the American Capital, in a manner worthy the nation, and
for reclaiming: many acres from waste and the breeding of
miasma, At length the matter was discussed in Congress.
xdviii : MEMOIR.
On the 24th March, 1852, during. a debate upon various,
appropriations, , Mr.. Jones, ‘of Tennessee, moved to strike
out. the sum of-$12,000, proposed to complete the’ im-
provements around the -President’s house ; complained that
there were great abuses under the proviso of this appro-
priation, and declared, quite directly, that Mr. Downing.
was overpaid for his services. Mr. Stanton, of Kentucky,
replied :—“ It is astonishing to my mind—and I have no
doubt to the minds of others—with what: facility other-
wise intelligent and respectable gentlemen on this floor
can deal: out wholesale denunciations of men about whom
they know nothing,. and will not inform themselves ; and
how much the legislation: of the country is esutegiled by-.
prejudices thus invoked and. clamor, thus raised.” After.
speaking of the bill under which the improvements were
making, he continued : “The President. was authorized td
appoint some competent person to superintend the carrying
out of the plan adopted. He appointed Mr. Downing. And °
who is he ? One of the most accomplished gentlemen in his /
profession in- the Union ; 4 man known to the world as pos-
sessing rare skill as a rural architect’ and landscape garden-
er, as well as a man of great scientific intelligence. * * * *%
™~
I deny that he has neglected his duties, as the gentlemai
from Tennessee has charged. Instead of being here only
three days in the month, he has been’ here vigilantly: dis- «
charging his duties at all times when those duties: ‘required
him to be here. He has superintended, directed, and
carried out the: plan adopted, as fully as the funds apprg- -
priated have enabled him to do. If all the officers of the
‘Government had- been asconscientious and scrupulous i in
the discharge of their duties as he has been since his
appointment, there would: be no ground. for reproaches «
against those who have control of the Government.”
‘MEMOIR. xlix
cd
Mr. Downing was annoyed by this continual carping and
bickering, and anxious to have the matter definitely ar-
ranged, he requested the President to summon the Cabinet.
The Secretaries assembled, and Mr. Downing was presented.
He explained the case as he understood it; unrolled his
plans, stated, his duties, and the time he devoted to
them, and the salary. he received, ‘He then added, that:
che iahod the arrahgement ‘to be clearly understood,
If. the President..and Cabinet thought that his require-
ments were extravagant, he'was perfectly willing to roll up
-his plans, and return home. If they.approved them, he.
would gladly remain, -but upon the express condition that
he was to be relieved from the annoyances of the quarrel.
The President and Cabinet.agreed that his plans were the
best, and his demands reasonable ; ; and the Sue went on
in peace from that time,
The- year 1852_ ‘oat upon Downing, i in the, gar
den. where he had -played and dreamed alone, while the
father tended the trees; and.to which he had clung, with
indefeasible instinct, when thé busy mother had suggested
that’ her delicate boy would: thrive better as a drygoods
clerk. ’ He was just past his thirty-sixth birth-day, and
the Fishkill mountains, that had watched the boy depart-
ing for the.academy where he was to show rio sign of
his power, now beheld: him, in. the bloom of manhood,
honored at-home and: abroud —n6 man, in fact, more
honored at home than he.. Yet the honor sprang: from
the work. that had. been achieved in that garden. It
was -there - he ‘had thought,-and studied, and observed.
it mes to that home. he returned from his little excur-
sions, to ponder upon’ the new things he’ had seen and
heard,.to. try them by the immutable principles of taste,
and to test them by rigorous proofs. Tt was from that
4
:
1 MEMOIR.
home that he looked upon’ the landscape which, as it
allured his youth, now satisfied his manhood. The moun-
tains, upon whose shoreward slope his wife was born under
the blossoming locusts on the very day on which he was
‘born in the Newburgh garden, smiled upon his success and
shared it. He owed them a debt he. never disavowed.
Below his house flowed the river of which he so proudly
wrote in the preface to the ‘‘Fruit-Trees ”—“ A’ man born
on the banks of one of the noblest and most fruitful rivers
in America, and whose best days’ have‘been spent in gardens
and orchards, mayperhaps be pardonéd for talking about
friit-trees.” . Over the gleaming bay which the river's ex-
pansion at Newburgh forms, glided the dazzling summer
days; or the black thunder-gusts swept suddenly out '
from the bold highlands of West’ Point ; or the winter
landscape lay calmaround the garden:, From his windéws
he saw all the changing glory of the year. New-York was
of easy access by the steamers that constantly passed:to
and from Albany and the river towns, and the railroad
‘prought the city within three hours of his door. It
brought constant visitors also, from the city. and beyond ;
‘and scattered up and down the banks of the Hudgon were
the beautiful homes of friends, with whom he was con-
stantly'in the exchange of ‘the most unrestrained hospi-
tality. He'added to his house the working-room commu-
nicating with the library by the mysterious door, and was
deeply engaged in the planning and building of country-
houses in every direction. Among these I may mention, as
among the last and finest, the summer residence of Daniel
Parish, Esq., at’ Newport, R. I Mr. Downing knew that
Newport was the great social exchange of the country, that
men of wealth and taste yearly assembled there, and that
a fine house of his designing erected there would be of the-.
MEMOIR. li
greatest service to his art. This house is at once simple,
massive, and graceful, as becomes the spot. It is the work
of.an artist, in the finest sense, harmonious with the bare
cliff and the sea. But even where his personal services |
were not required, his books were educating taste, and his
influence was visible in hundreds -of houses. that he had
never seen. He edited, during this year, Mrs. Loudon’s
Gardening for Ladies, reli was published by Mr, J ohn
Wiley. No man was a more practically useful friend to
thousands who did not know him. Yet’ if, at any time,
while his house was full of visitors, business summoned
him, as it freqifently did, he apped quietly out: of the
gate, left the visitors .to a care‘as thoughtful and beav-.
tiful as his own, and. his house was made their home
for the time they chose to remain. Downing was in
his’ thirty-seventh year, in the fulness of his' fame and
power, The difficulties of the failure were gradually dis-
appearing behind him like clouds rolling away. He stood
in his golden prime, as in his summer garden; the Fu-
ture smiled upon him like the blue Fishkill hills beyond
the river. That’ Future, also,-lay beyond the river.
_ At the end of June, 1852, I-went to pass a few days
with him. He held an annual feast of roses with as many
friends as he could gather and his house could hold. The
days of my visit had all the fresh sweetness of early sum-
mer, and the garden and the landscape were fuller than
ever of grace and beauty. It was an Arcadian chapter,
with the roses and blossoming figs upon the green-house
wall, and the. music by moonlight, and reading of songs,
cand tales, and games upon the lawn, under the Warwick
vase. Boccaccio’s groups in their Fiesole: garden, were not
gayer; nor the blithe circle of a summer's day upon Sir
Walter Vivian’s lawn. Indeed it was precisely in Down-.
hi MEMOIR.
ing’s garden that the poetry of such old traditions became
fact—or rather the fact. was lifted into that old poetry.
He had achieved in it the beauty of'an extreme civiliza-
tion, without losing the natural, healthy vigor of his coun-
try and time. ;
One evening—the moon was fall—!we crossed in a tow-
boat to the Fishkill shore, and floated upon the gleaming
river under the black banks of foliage to a quaint old coun-
try-house, in whose small library the Society’ of the Cin-
cinnati was formed, at the close of the Revolution, and ‘in
whose rooms a plensind party was gathered that summer
‘evening. The doors and windows were open. We stood
in the rooms or loitered upon the piazza, looking into the
unspeakable beauty of the night. ‘A lady was pointed out
to me ‘as the heroine of a romantic. history—a handsome
woman, with the traces of hatd experience in her fate,
standing in that little peaceful spot of summer moonlight,
as a child snatching a brief dream of peace between
spasms of mortal agony. As we returned at midnight
across the river, Downing told us more of the. stranger
lady, and of his early feats‘of swimming from Newburgh
to Fishkill; and so we drifted homeward upon the oily
calm with talk, and song, and silence—a brief,- beautiful
voyage. upon the water, where the same summer, while: yet
unfaded, should see him embarked upon a longer journey.
In these last days he was the same generous, thoughtful,
quiet, effective person I ‘had always found him. Friends
peculiarly dear to him were in his house. .'The ‘Washing-
ton work was advancing finely: he was much interested in
his Newport ‘plans, and we looked forward’ to a gay meet-
‘ing there in the later summer. The time for his monthly
trip to Washingtoti arrived while I was still his guest.
“We shall meet in Newport,” I said. “Yes,” he an-
MEMOIR, li
swered, “but you miust stay and as house with my
wife until I return.”
I was gone before he reached home- again, but, with
many who wished t¢é consult him about ‘houses: they were
building, and with many whom he honored -and wished to
know, awaited his promised visit at Newport.
Mr. Downing had intended to leave Newburgh with his
wife upon Tuesday, the 27th of-July, when they would
have taken one of the large river steamers for New-York,
But his business prevented his leaving upon that day, and it
was postponed to ‘Wednesday; the 28th of July, on which
day only the two smaller boats, the “Henry Clay” and
the “ Armenia” were running. Upon reaching the wharf,
Mr.:and Mrs. Downing met: her mother, Mrs. De Wint,
with her youngest son and daughter, and the lady who had
been pointed out as’the heroine of a tragedy. But this
morning she was as sunny as the-day,-which was one of
the loveliest of summer.
The two steamers were already in sight, coming down
the river, and there was a little discussion in the party as
to which they would take. But the “Henry Clay” was
the largest. and reached the wharf first. Mr. Downing
and his party embarked, and soon perceived that the two
boats were desperately racing. The circumstance was,
however, too common to excite any apprehension in ie
minds of the party, or even to occasion remark, » They sat
upon the deck enjoying’ the graceful shores that fled ‘by
them-—a picture on the air. Mr. Downing was engaged
in lively talk with his companion, who had never beén to
Newport and was very:curious to see and share its brilliant
life. They had dined, and the boat was within twenty
miles of New-York, in a broad reach of the river between
the Palisades and the town of Yonkers, when Mrs. Down-
liv MEMOIR.
ing observed a slight smoke blowing toward them from the
centre of the boat. She spoke of it, rose, and said they
had better go into the cabin. Her Toshand) replied, n0,
that they were as safe where:they then were as any where.
Mrs. Downing, however, went into the cabin where . her
mother was sitting, knitting, with her daughter by her
side. There was little time to say any thing. The smoke
rapidly increased ; all who could reach it hurried into the
cabin. The. (iiokening smoke peared: in after the crowd,
who were nearly suffocated.
The dense mass-choked the. door, and Mr. Down-
ing’s party instinctively rushed to the cabin windows to
escape. They. climbed through them to the, narrow pas-
sage between the cabin and the bulwarks of the boat,
the crowd pressing ‘heavily, shouting, crying, despairing,
and suffocating in the smoke that now fell upon the
in black clouds. Suddenly Mr. Downing. ‘said, “‘ They are
running her ashore, and we shall all be taken off.” He
led them round to the stern of the boat, thinking to escape
more readily from the other side, but - there saw a person
upon the shore waving them back, so they returned to
their former place. The flames pepan now to crackle and
roar as they crept along the woodwork from the boiler, and
the pressure of the throng: toward the stern was frightful.
Mr. Downing was seen by his wife to step upon the railing,
with his coat tightly buttoned, ready for a spring upon the
upper deck. At that moment she was borne away by the
crowd and saw him no more. Their friend, who had been
conversing with Mr. Downing, was calm but pale with
alarm. ‘What will become of us?” said one of these
women, i in this frightful extremity of peril, as they held
each other’s hands and were removed from all human help.
“May ‘God have mercy upon us,” answered the other.
MEMOIR. lv
Upon the cgi they were. separated by the swaying
crowd, but Mrs. Downing still kept near her- mother, and
sister, and brother. The flames were now within thes
yards of them, and her brother said, “We must get over-
board.” Yet she still held some books and a parasol in
her hand, not yet able to believe that this was Death creep-
ing lene the deek. She tured and looked for her hus-
band.’ She could not see him and called his name. Her
voice-was lost in that wild whirl and chaos of frenzied de-
spair, and her brother again said to her, “ You must get
overboard.” In that moment the daughter looked upon
the mhother—the mother, who had said to her daughter’s
husband when he asked her hand, “ She has been the comfort
of her mother’s heart, and the solace of her hours,” and
she saw that her mother’s face was “ full of the terrible re-
ality and inevitable necessity” that awaited them. The
crowd choked them, the flames darted. toward them ; the
brother helped them upon the railing and they leaped into
the water.
Mrs. ‘Downing stretched out her hands, and grasped
two chairs that floated near her, and lying quietly upon
her back, was buoyed up by the chairs ; then seizing an-
other that was passing her, and holding two in one hand
arid one in the. other,.she floated away from the smoking
and blazing wreck, from the shrieking and drowning crowd,
past the stern of the boat that lay head in to the shore,
past the blackened fragments, away from the roaring death
struggle into the calm water of the river, calling upon God
to, save her. She could see the burning boat below her,
three hundred yards, perhaps, but the tide was coming in,
and after floating some little distance up the river, a current
turned her directly toward the shore. “Where the water
was yet too deep for her to stand, she was grasped by a
lvi MEMOIR.
man, drawn toward the bank, and there, finding that she
could stand, she was led out of the water by.two men.
With. the rest of the bewildered, horror-stunned people,
she walked up and down the margin of the. river looking
for her husband. Her brother and sister met her as she
walked’ here—a meeting more sad than, joyful. Still the
husband did not come, nor the mother, nor that. friend
who had implored the mercy of God. Mrs. Downing was
sure that her husband was safe. He had come ashore
above—he was still floating somewhere—he had been pick-
ed up—he had swam out to some sloop in the river—he.
was busy rescuing the drowning—he was doing his duty
somewhere—he could not be lost.
She was persuaded into.a little house, where she sat at
a window until nightfall, watching the wreck and the con-
fusion: . Then: she was taken: home upon the railroad. ,The
neighbors and. friends came to’her to pass the night. They
sat partly in the house and partly stood: ‘watching at the
door and upon the piazza, waiting,for news from the mes-
sengers who came constantly from the wreck. Mr. Vaux
and others left directly for the wreck, and remained there
until the end. The wife clung to. her hope,. but lay very
ill,.in, the care of the physician. The day dawned over
that blighted garden, and in the afternoon they told her
that the -body of her husband. had been found, and they
were bringing it - home, A young woman who had been
saved from the wreck and. sat trembling in the house, then
said what until then it had been impossible for her to say,
that, at the last moment, Mr. Downing had told her how
to sustain herself in the water, but that before she was
compelled to leap, she saw him striggling in the river
with. his friend and . others clinging to him. Then she
heard him utter a prayer to-God, and saw him no more.
MEMOIR. Wii
Another had seen him upon the upper deck, probably
just after his.wife lost sight of him, throwing chairs into
the river to serve as supports; nor is it too improbable
. ‘that the chairs upon which his wife floated to shore were
- * among those he had so thoughtfully provided.
In the afternoon, they brought him home, and laid him
in his library. A terrific storm burst over. the river and
crashed.among the hills, and the wild sympathy of nature
surrounded that blasted home. But its master lay serene
in the peace of the last prayer he uttered. Loving hands
had woven garlands of the fragrant blossoms of the Cape
jessamine, the sweet clematis, and the royal roses he-loved
go well. The next morning was calm and bright, and he
was laid in the graveyard, where his father and mother
lie. The quiet Fishkill mountains, that won the love of the
shy boy in the garden, now.watch the grave of the man,
who was buried, not yet thirty-seven years old, but, with
‘great duties done in this world, and with firm faith in the
divine goodness.
“Unwatch’d, the garden bough shall sway,’
The tender blossom flutter down,
Unloved, that beech will gather brown,
‘This maple | burn itself away; \
ef Unloved, the sun-flower, shining fair
Ray round with flame her disk of seed,
And many a rose-carnation feed
With summer spice the humming air.
“Unlovéd, by many a sandy bar
The brook shall babble down the plain, +
At noon, or when the lesser wain
Is twisting round the polar star ;
“ Uncared for, gird the windy grove,
And flood the haunts of hern and crake;
lviii ‘ MEMOIR.
Or into silver arrows break,
The sailing moon in creek and cove;
“Till from the garden and the wild,
A fresh association blow,
And year by year, the landscape grow
Familiar to the stranger’s child ;
“ As, year by year, the laborer tills
His wonted glebe, or lops the glades ;
And year by year our memory fades
From all the circle of the hills.”
A LETTER, FROM MISS BREMER.
1°
TO THE FRIENDS OF A. J. DOWNING.
o
oe
StovxHoim, November, 1852.
ERE, before me, are the pages on which a noble and
refined spirit has breathed his mind. He is gone, he
breathes no more on earth to adorn. and ennoble it ; but’
in these-pages his mind still speaks to us—his ee his
discerning spirit still guides,and directs us. Thank God,
there is immortality even on earth! Thank God, the, work
of the good, the word of the noble and intelligent, has in
it seeds of eternal growth ! \
Friends of my friend, let. us rejoice,-while we weep,
that we still have So) nigh of him left, so much of him
with us, to learn by, to beautify our homes, our loves, our
lives !
Let us be thankful that we can turn to these pages,
which bear his words and works, and again there enjoy his
conversation—the peculiar glances of his mind and eye at
the objects of life ;‘let us thank the Giver of all good things
for the gift of such a nind as his to this imperfect world ;
for he understood and knew the perfect, and worked for
perfection wherever his word or work could reach. But
not as that personage ascribed to Shakspeare, to whom it
is said : “ You seem to me somewhat surly and critical,”
xii A LETTER FROM MISS BREMER.
and who answers, “It is that I have early seen the perfect
beauty.” ed
‘Our friend had—even — seen the atteok beau-
ty, but he was not ‘surly when he saw what was not. so.
His- criticism, unflinching’ as was his eye, looked upon
things ‘mpertoct or mistaken with a quiet rebuke, more of
commiseration than of scorn. A smile of gentle, good-
humored. sarcasm, or a simple, earnest, statement of. the
truth, were his modes of condemnation, and the peauty of
the Ideal and his faith in its power would, as a heavenly
light, pierce through his frown. So the real diamond will,
-by a ray of superior power, criticize the false one, and
make it darken-and shrink into nothingness.
Oh! let*me speak of my friend to you, his friends,
‘though you saw him more and knew him for a longer time
than I, the stranger, who came to his home: and went, as a
passing bird. Let, me speak of him to you, for, thouzh:’
you saw him more and knew him longer, I loved him het-
ter than all, save one—the sweet wife who made all his
days days of peace and pleasantuess, And the eye of love
is clairvoyant. Let me plead also with you my right as a
stranger ; for the stranger comes to a new world with fresh
eyes, as those ac ustomed to snowy climates would be ,more
alive to the peculiar beauty of tropical. life, than‘ those who
see it every day. And it’ was so that, glen I saw him,
our departed friend, I became aware of a kind of individanl
beauty and finish, that I had little anticipated to find in
the New World, and indeed, had never seen before, any
where.
« At war with the elegant refinements and beauties of
life, to which I was secretly bound by strong sympathies,
but which I looked upon as Samson should have looked upon
Delilah, and i in love with the ascetic severities of life, with
‘A LETTER FROM MISS BREMER, Ixiii
St. John and St. Theresa,—I used to have a little pride
in my disdain of things that the greater part of the world
look upon as most desirable. Still; I could not but believe:
that things beautiful and refined—yea, even the luxuries
of life, had a right to citizenship in the kingdom of God.
And I had said to myself, as the young Quakeress said to
her mother, when reproached. by her for seeking more the
gayeties of this world than the things made of God ;
: “ He made the flowers and the rainbow. i
But again, the saints and the Puritans after them, had
said, “ Beauty is Temptation,” and’ so it has been_ a all
times. -
When I came to the’ Naw World, I wast met on. ‘es
shore’ by A. J. Downing, who had invited me.to his house. ‘
Bg some of his books that I'had seen, as well as by his let-
; ters, T knew him to’ be a man of a refined and noble mind.
When f saw him, I was struck, as we are by a natural ob-
ject of uncommon ¢ast or beauty. He took me gently by
the hand, and led me to thts home. “That he became to me
as a, brother, —that his discerning eye and mind guided my
‘untutored spirit with a careless:grace, but not the. ‘ess im-
pressively, to look upon things and persons most influertial
and leading i in the formation of the life and mind of the
people of the United States, was much to me ;° ‘that he
became to me a charthing friend, whose care and attention
followed me every where during my pilgrimage,—that he
made a new summer life, rich with the, charm of America’s
Indian summer, come in’ my heart, though the affection
with which he inspiréd me, was much to me; yet what was
still more, was, that in him I learned to understand a new
nature, and through him, to appreciate a new realin of
life.
lxiv A LETTER FROM MISS BREMER,
You will understand this easily from what I have just
stated, and when you think of him, and look on these,pages
where he has written down his individual mind ; for .if;
ever writer incarnated his very nature in his mate truly
and entirely, it was done by A. J. Downing. - And-if his
words and works have won authority all over the United’
States, wherever the mind of the people has risen to the
sphere of intelligence and beauty ; if under the snowy roofs
of Concord in the-Pilgrim State, as under the orange and
oak groves of. South Carolina, I heard the same words—
“Mr. Downing has done much for this country ;” if even
in other countries I hear the same appreciation of his
works, and not a single contradiction ; it is that his peculiar
nature and t&lent were so one and whole, so in one gush
“out of the hand of the Creator, that he-won authority and
faith by the force of those primeval laws to ‘which we
bow by a divine necessity as ‘we recognize in them the mark -
of divine truth.
God had given to our friend to understand the ini
beauty ; Christianity had elevatefl the. moral standard of
his mind ; the spirit of the New World had breathed on him
its enlarging influence ; and so he became a judge of beau-
ty'in a new sense. The beauty that he saw, ‘that inspired
him, was no more the Venus Anadyomene of tif heathen
world still living on through all ages, even in the Christian
one, mingling the false with the true and carrying abomi-
nations under her golden mantle. It was the Venus Ura-
nia, radiant with the pure glory of the Virgin, mother of
divinity on earth. The beauty that inspired him was in
accordance with all that was true and good, nor would he
ever see the first severed. from the two eae It was the
_ beauty: at home in the’ Kingdom of God. m
In Mr. Downing’s homé on the Buda 7 was impressed
A LETTER FROM MISS BREMER,, lxv
with the chastity in forms and colors, as well as with the
perfect grace and nobleness even in the slightest things. A
soul, a pure and elevated soul,’seemed to have breathed
through them, and modelled them to expressions of its in-
nermost life and taste. -How earnest was the home-spirit
breathing throughout the house and in every thing there,
and yet how cheerful, how calm, and yet how full of life ;
how silent and yet how suggestive, how full of noble
teaching !:
When I saw the master of the house in, the quiet of
his home, in every day life, I ceased to think of his art,
but I began to-admire his nature. And his slight words,
his smile, even his silence, became to me as revélations of
new ceuithes, “You must see it also, you. must recognize it
in these pages, through which he still speaks to. us; you
roust recognize in them a special gift, a power of inspired,
not acquired, kind ; what, is acquired, others may acquire
also, but what is gis by the grace of God is the exclu-
sive property of the favored. one.
When I saw how my friend worked, I saw how it was
with him. For he worked not as the workman does ; he
worked as the lilies in the field, which neither toil nor spin,
but ‘unconsciously, smilingly, work out their glorious robes
and breathe forth their perfumes.
To me it is.a labor to write a letter, especially on busi-
ness; he discharged every day, ten or twelve letters, as
-epidly as the wind carries flower-seeds on its wings over the
land. ;
He never spoke of. business—of faeiti much to. do; .
he never seemed to have. much to do. With a careless
ease and grace, belonging naturally to him, he did many
things as if they were nothing, and had plenty of leisure
and pleasantness for his friends. He seemed. quietly. and
lxvi A LETTER FROM MISS BREMER.
joyfully, without any effort, to breathe forth the life and
light. given him. It was his nature. In a flower-pot ar-.
ranged by his hand, there was’a.silent lecture on true taste,
_ applicable to all objects and arrangements in life. His
slight and delicately formed hand, “la main ame,” as Vi-
éomte d’Agincourt would have named it, could not touch
things to arrange them without giving. ‘them a soul of
beauty.
Though Zarate silent and retired, there was in his
very presence something that made you feel a secret influ-
ence, a secret speaking, in appreciation or in criticism—
that made you feel that the Judge was there ; yea, though
kind and benevolent, still the Judge, severe to the thing, :
the expression, Chong indulgent to the individual. Often
when travelling with him on his beloved Hudson, and: in
deep silence sitting by his side, a glance of his eye, a smilé,
‘half melancholy, half arch, would direct my looks to.some
curious things passing, or some words would break the si-
Jence, slightly’ spoken, without accent, yet with meaning’
and power enough never to be Tamatien, His appre-
ciation of things always touched the characteristic points.
He could not help it, it was his nature.
And so, while I heen impressed with that nature, as
a peculiar finished work of God, and the true spirit and
aim of the refinements and graces of. civilized life became
through him mere dlear to me, I felt a very great joy to
see that the New World—the world of my hopes—had ip
him a leading, mind, through which its realm of beauty
might rise out of the old heathenish chaos and glittering
falsities, to the pure region where beauty is connected with
what is chaste, and noble, and dignified in every form and
application.
A new conception of beauty and refinement, in all
A LETTER FROM MISS BREMER. Ixvii
_ realms of life, belongs to the New World, the new home of
the people sf peoples, and it was given through A. J.
Downing.
T am not sure of being right in my observation, but it
seemed to'’me that in the course of no long time, the mind
of my friend had undergone a change in some views that to
me seem of” importance. When I knew him at first he
seemed to me a little too exclusive,.a little aristocratic, as
T even told him, and used to tenn him with, half in earn-
est, half in play and we had about. that theme some skir-
ieange: just good to stir up a fresh breeze over the smooth
waters of daily life and intercourse. I thought that he
still wanted a baptizing of a more Christian, republican
spirit. Later I thought the baptizing nee come, gentle
and pure as heavenly dew.
’ And before my leaving America I ea to see the
soul of my friend rise, expand, and becore more and more
enlarged and sinigereal ‘It could not be otherwise, a soul
so gifted must scatter its divine gifts as the sun its rays,
and the flower its seeds, ovey the whole land, for the whole
people, for one and for all. The good and gifted man would
not else be a true republican. It was with heartfelt delight
that I, on my last visit to the home of my friend, did read
in the epost number of the Horticulturist hese words
in a leading article by him, on the New-York Park.
“ Social doubters, who-:intrench themselves in the cit~
adel of exclusiveness in republican America, mistake our
people and its destiny. If we would but have listened to
them, our magnificent river and: lake steamers, those real
palaces of ' the million, would have no velvet couches, no
splendid mirrors, no luxurious carpets ; such costly and
rare appliances of civilization, they would have told us,
could only be rightly used by: the privileged’ families of
Ixviil A LETTER FROM MISS BREMER.
wealth, and would be trampled upon and utterly ruined
by the democracy of the country, who travel one hundred
miles for half a dollar. And yet these our floating palaces,
and ‘our monster hotels, with their purple and fine linen,
are they not respected by the majority who usé them as
truly-as other palaces by their rightful sovereigns? Alas,
for thé faithlessness of the few who possess, regarding. the
capacity for culture of the many who are wanting. —
“Even upon the lower platform of liberty and education
that the masses stand in Europe, we see the elevating influ-
ences of a wide popular enjoyment of galleries of art, pub-
lic libraries, parks and gardens, which have raised the peo-
ple in social civilization and social culture, to a far: higher
level ‘than we have yet attained in republican’ America,
And yet this broad ground of popular refinement must be
taken in republican Ametica, for it belongs of right’ more
truly here than elsewhere.. It is republican in its very idea
and tendency. It takes up popular education where the
common school and ballot-box leave it, and raises up the
working man to the same level of enjoyment with the man
of leisure and accomplishment. The higher social and
artistic elements of every man’s nature lie dormant within’
him, and every laborér is a possible gentleman ; not: ‘by the
possession of money or fine clothes,: but’ through the refin-
ing influence of intelligent.and moral culture. | Open wide
therefore the doors ‘of your libraries, and picture-galleries,
all ye true republicans ! ! Build halls where knowledge shall
be freely diffused. among men, and not shut up within the
narrow walls of narrower institutions. Plant spacious parks
in your cities, and unloose their gates as wide as the gates
of the morning, to the whole people. ' As there are no dark
places at noonday, so education and culture—the’true sun-
shine of the soul—will banish the plague-spots of democ-
A LETTER FROM MISS BREMER, lxix
racy; and the dread of the ignorant exclusive who has
no faith in the refinement of a republic, will stand. abashed
in the next century, before'a-whole peoplé whose. ‘system of
_voluntary education embraces (combined with, perfect indi-
vidual freedom) not only common schools and rudimentary
knowledge, but common enjoyments for-all classes in the
higher realms of art, letters, science, social recreations and
enjoyments. Were our legislators ae enough to under~
stand to-day the destinies of the New World, the gentility
of Sir Philip.Sidney made universal, would ‘be not half so
much a miracle fifty years hence in America, as ‘the ‘idea
of.a whole, nation of laboring men reading and writing was,
in his day, in England.” a
In one of my. latest ‘conversations with my friend, as
he followed me down to the sea-shore, he spoke with’ great
satisfaction of Miss Cooper’s work, t Rural Hours,” just
"published, and expressed again a hope I had lieard him
express more than ‘once, that the taste for rural science
and occupations would ‘more and more be cultivated, by
the women of America, It was ‘indeed: a thing for which
I felt most grateful, and that marked my friend as a true
_American man, namely, the interest he took in’ the eleva-
tion of woman’s culture and social influence, e
His was a mind alive to every thing good and beautiful
and true, in every department of life, and he would fain
have made them all, and every species of excellence, adorn
‘ his native country.
~ Blessed be his words and wks, on the soil of the New
World. As he was to his stranger friend, so may he be to
millions yet to come in his land, a giver of "Hesperian fruits,
a sure guide through the wilderness !
lxx A LETTER FROM MISS BREMER.
When I was in Cuba, I remember being strongly
impressed with a beauty € nature and existence, of
which I hitherto had formed no ‘idea, and that enlarged
my conceptions of the realms of nature as well as of art.
I remember writing of it to Mr. Downing, saying (if not
exactly in the same words, at least’ to the same pur-
port) ::
“You must come here, my brother, you must see these
trees and flowers, these curves and colors, and take into
your soul the image-of this earthly paradise, while you are
still on earth ; and then, when God shall call you to that
other world, to: ‘be there a gardener of His own, and you
will have a star of your own to plant and’ perfect—as of
course you will have—then you will mingle the palms and
bamboo groves of Cuba with your own American oaks and
elms, and taking models out of the beautiful objects of all
nature and all climates, you will build houses and temples .
of which even ‘The Seven Lamps of Architecture’ give
but distant ideas. You will build a cathedral, where
every plant and every creature will be as.a link rising
upwards, joining in one harmonious Apocelypse revealing”
the glory of the Creator.”
And now, when the call has come, und my friend is
‘taken away, anil much of the charm of this world is taken
from me with him, I solace my fancy with the vision I thus
anticipated. I see my friend working in some more perfeet
world, out of more perfect matter, the ideas of beauty and
perfection which were lifggof his life, so to make it a fit
abode for pure and heavenly spirits.
Why should it not beso? I think it must be so, as
God’s gifts are of immortal cost as well as the individual
spirit to whom they were given. 1s not all that is beauti-.
ful in nature, true and charming in art, based upon laws
A ‘LETTER FROM MISS BREMER.. Ixxi
and affinities as eternal as the Spirit which recognizes
them? Are these laws not manifested through the
whole, universe, from — planet to planet, from, sun to
sun P.
Verily, the. immortal Spirit will ever reproduce its in-
-ward world, even if the scene of action is changed, and
the stuff for working is changed. | Every man will, as it
was said -by the prophet of old, “awake in his own part,
when the days (of sublunary life) will be ended 1”
I know that in my final hopes beyond this world, I
shall ‘look forward. i in prayer and hope, to a home among
trees.and flowers planted by the hand of my friend, there
to.see him again and with him to explore a new world —
with him to adore !
FREDERIKA’ BREMER.
HORTICULTURE.
HORTICULTURE.
I.
INTRODUCTORY.
July, 1846.
RIGHT and beautiful June! Embroidered with clusters of
odorous roses, and laden with ruddy cherries and strawberries ;
rich with the freshness of spring, and the luxuriance of summer,—
leafy June! If any one’s heart does not swell with the unwritten
thoughts that belong to this season, then is he only fit for “treasons,
stratagems and spoils.” He does not practically believe that “God
made the country.”
«Flora and Pomona, from amid the blossoming gardens and
orchards of June, smile graciously as we write these few intro-
ductory words to their circle of devotees. Happy are we to know
that it is not to us a new or strange circle, but to feel that large
numbers of our readers are already congenial and familiar spirits.
Angry volumes of politics have we written none; but peaceful
books, humbly aiming to weave something more into the fair gar-
land of the beautiful and useful, that encircles this excellent old
Earth. .
To the thousands, who have kindly made our rural volumes part
of their household library, we offer this new production, which be-
gins to unfold itself now, in the midsummer of the year. In its
pages, from month to month, we shall give them a collection of all
4 HORTICULTURE.
that can most interest those whose feelings are firmly rooted in the -
soil, and its kindred avocations. The garden and the orchard; the
hof-house and the conservatory; the park and the pleasure-grounds;
all, if we can read them rightly, shall be made to preach useful
lessons in our pages. All fruitful and luxuriant grounds shall we
revel in, and delight to honor. Blooming trees, and fruitful vines,
we shall open our lips to praise. And if nature has been over-par-
tial to any one part of the globe, either in good gardens, fair flowers,
or good fruits,—if she has any where lavished secret vegetable trea-.
sures that our cultivators have not yet made prizes of, we promise
our readers to watch closely, and to give a faithful account of them.
Skilful cultivators promise to make these sheets the repository of
their knowledge. Sound practice, and ingenious theory will be con-
tinually developed and illustrated. The humblest cottage kitchen
garden, as well as the most extended pleasure-grounds, will occupy
the attention of the pens in our service., Beautiful flowers shall
picture themselves in our columns, till even our sterner utilitarians
shall be tempted to admire and cultivate them; and the: honeyed,
juicy gifts of Pomona shall be treated of till every one who reads
shall discover that the most delicious products of our soil are no
longer forbidden fruits.
Fewer, perhaps, are there, who have watched as closely as our-
selves the zeal and enthusiasm which the last five years have
begotten in American Horticulture’ Every where, on both sides
of the Alleghanies, are our friends rapidly turning the fertile soil into
luxuriant gardens, and crying out loudly for more light and more
knowledge. Already do the readers of rural works in the United
States number more than in any cisatlantic country, except garden-
ing: England. Already do our orchards cover more acres than
those of any other country. Already are the banks of the Ohio
becoming famous for their delicate wines. Already are the suburbs
of our cities, and the banks of our broad and picturesque rivers,
studded with the tasteful villa and cottage, where a charming taste
in ornamental gardéning is rapidly developing itself. The patient
toil of the pioneer and settler has no sooner fairly ceased, than our
people begin to enter with the same zeal and spirit into the refine-
ments and enjoyments which belong to a country life, and a country
ee Ta
INTRODUCTORY. 5
“home. A fortunate range of climate—lands fertile and easily
acquired, tempt persons even of little means and leisure into the
delights of gardening. Where peaches and melons, the richest
fruits of the tropics, are raised without walls—where apples and
pears, the pride of the temperate zones, are often grown with little
more than the trouble of planting them—who would not be tempted
to join in the enthusiasm of the exclamation,
“Allons mes amis, il faut cultiver nos jardins,”
Behold us then, with all this growing zeal of our countrymen
for our beautiful and favorite art, unable to resist the temptation of
commencing new labors in its behalf Whatever our own feeble
efforts can achieve, whatever our more intelligent correspondents
can accomplish, shall be done to render worthy this monthly record
of the progress of horticulture and its kindred pursuits. If it is a
laudable ambition to “ make two blades of grass grow where only
one grew before,” we shall hope for the encouragement, and assistance,
and sympathy of all those who would see our vast territory made
smiling with gardens, and rich in all that makes one’s country
worth living and dying for.
Il.
HINTS ON FLOWER-GARDENS.
April, 1847. °
E are once more unlocked from the chilling embraces of the
Ice-King! Apri, full of soft airs, balm-dropping showers, -
and fitful gleams of sunshine, brings life and animation to the mil-
lions of embryo leaves and blossoms, that, quietly folded up in the
‘bud, have slept’ the mesmeric sleep of a northern winter—ApriL,
that first gives us of the Northern States our proper spring flowers,
which seem to succeed almost by magic to the barrenness of the
month gone by. <A few pale snowdrops, sun-bright crocuses, and
timidly blushing mezereums, have already gladdened us, like the
few faint bars of golden and ruddy light that usher in the full radi-
ance of sunrise ; but Apri scatters in her train as she goes out, the
first richness and beauty that really belong to a temperate spring.
Hyacinths, and daffodils, and violets, bespread her lap and fill the
air with fragrance, and the husbandman beholds with joy his orchards
gay with the thousand blossoms—beautiful harbingers of luscious
and abundant crops.
All this resurrection of sweetness and beauty, inspires us with
a desire to look into the Mlower-Garden, and to say a few words
about it and the flowers themselves. We trust there are none of
“our parish,” who, though they may not make flower-gardens, can
turn away with impatient or unsympathizing hearts from flowers
themselves. If there are such, we must, at the very threshhold of
the matter, borrow a homily for them from that pure and eloquent
preacher, Mary Howitt :
HINTS ON FLOWER-GARDENS, ‘ vi
“God might have made the earth bring forth
Enough for great and small,
The oak tree and the cedar tree,
Without a flower at all.
“Our outward life requires them not—
Then wherefore had they birth?
To minister delight to man,
To beautify the earth.
“To comfort man, to whisper hope
Whene’er his faith is dim;
For who so careth for the flowers,
Will much more eare for him!”
Now, there are many genuine lovers of flowers who have at-
tempted to make flower-gardens—in the simplicity of their hearts
believing it to be the easiest thing in the world to arrange so many
beautiful annuals and perennials into “a living knot of wonders”—
who have quite failed in realizing all that they conceived of and
fairly expected when they first set about it. It is easy enough to
draw upon paper a pleasing plan of a flower-garden, whether in the
geometric, or the natural, or the “ gardenesque ” style, that shall
satisfy the eye of the beholder. But it is far more difficult to plant
and arrange a garden of this kind in such a way as to afford a
constant succession of beauty, both in blossom and leaf. Indeed,
among the hundreds of avowed flower-gardens which we have
seen in different parts of the country, public and private, we cannot
name half-a-dozen which are in any considerable degree satisfactory.
The two leading faults in all our flower-gardens, are the want
of proper selection in the plants themselves, and a faulty arrange-
ment, by which as much surface of bare soil meets the eye as is
clothed with verdure and blossoms.
Regarding the first effect, it seems to us that the entire beauty
of a flower-garden almost depends upon it. However elegant or
striking may be the design of a garden, that design is made poor
or valueless, when it is badly planted so as to conceal its merits, or
filled with a selection of unsuitable plants, which, from their coarse
or ragged habit of growth, or their remaining in bloom but a short
8 HORTICULTURE.
time, give the whole a confused ahd” meagre effect. A flower-gar-
den, deserving the name, should, if possible, be as rich as a piece
of embroidery, during the whole summer and autumn. In a botan-
ical garden, or the collection of a curious amateur, one expects to
see variety of species, plants of all known forms, at the expense of
every thing else. But in a flower-garden, properly so called, the
whole object of which is to afford a continual display of beautiful
colors and delicious odors, we conceive that every thing should be
rejected (or only most sparingly introduced), which does not com-
bine almost perpetual blooming, with neat and agreeable habit of
growth.
The passion for novelty and variety among the lovers of flowers,
is as great as in any other enthusiasts. But as some of the greatest
‘of the old painters are said to owe the success of their master-
‘pieces to the few colors they employed, so we are confident the most
beautiful flower-gardens are those where but few species are intro-
duced, and those only such as possess the important qualities ye
have alluded to.
Thus among flowering shrubs, taking for illustration the tribe
of Roses, we would reject, in our choice flower-garden, nearly all the
old class of roses, which are in bloom for a few days and but once
a year, and exhibit during the rest of the season, for the most, part,
meagre stems and dingy foliage. We would supply their place by
Bourbons, Perpetuals, Bengals, etc., roses which offer an abundance
of“Blossoms and fine fresh foliage during the whole growing season.
Among dnnuals,'we would reject every thing short-lived, and intro-
duce offly thosé like the Portulaccas, Verbenas, Petunias, Mignon-
ette, Phlox Drummondii, and the like, which are always in bloom,
and fresh and pretty-in habit.*
After this we would add to the effect of our selection of perpet-
ual blooming plants, by abandoning altogether the old method of
intermingling species and varieties of all colors and habits of growth,
* Some of the most beautiful of the perpetual blooming plants for the
flower-garden, are the Salvias, Bowardias, Scarlet Geraniums, &e., properly
green-house plants, and requiring protection in a pit or warm cellar in win-
ter. “Bedded out” in May, they form rich flowing masses till the frosts of
autumn. ;
HINTS ON FLOWER-GARDENS. 9.
and substitute for it the opposite mode of grouping or massing colors
and particular species of plants. Masses of crimson and white, of
yellow and purple, and the other colors and shades, brought boldly
into contrast, or disposed so as to form an agreeable harmony, will
attract the eye, and make a much more forcible and delightful im-
pression, than ‘can ever be produced by a confused mixture of shades
and colors, nowhere distinct enough to give any decided effect to
the whole. The effect of thus collecting masses of colors in a flower-
garden in this way, is to give it what the painters call breadth of
effect, which in the other mode .is entirely frittered away and de-
stroyed.
This arranging plants in patches or masses, each composed of
the same species, also contributes to do away in a great degree with
the second fault which we have alluded to as a grievous one in
most of. our flower-gardens—that of the exhibition of bare surface
of soil—parts of beds not covered by foliage and flowers.
In a hot climate, like that of our summers, nothing is more un-
pleasing to the eyes or more destructive to that expression of soft-
ness, verdure, and gayety, that should exist in the flower-garden, than
to behold the surface of the soil in any of the beds or parterres un-
clothed with plants. The dryness and parched appearance of such
portions goes far to impair whatever air of freshness and beauty
may be imparted by the flowers themselves. Now whenever beds
are planted with a heterogeneous mixture of plants, tall and short,
spreading and straggling, it is nearly impossible that considet#ble
parts of the surface of the soil should not be visible. Om the con-
trary, where species and varieties of plants, chosert*for théir excel-
lent habits of growth and flowering, are planted in masses; almost
every part of the surface of the beds may be hidden from the eye,
which we consider almost a sine qua non in all ‘good flower-gardens.
Following out this principle—on the whole perhaps the most
important in all flower-gardens in this country—that there
should, if possible, be no bare surface soil visible, our own taste
leads us to prefer the modern English style of laying out flower-
gardens upon a groundwork of grass or turf, kept scrupulously
short. Its advantage over a flower-garden -composed only of beds
with a narrow edging and gravel walks, consists in the greater soft-
10 HORTICULTURE,
ness, freshness and verdure of the green turf, which serves as a set-
ting to the flower beds, and heightens the brilliancy of the flowers
themselves. Still, both these modes have their merits, and each is
best adapted to certain situations, and harmonizes best with its ap-
propriate scenery.
There are two other defects in many of our flower-gardens,
easily remedied, and about which we must say a word or two in
passing.
One of these is the common practice, brought over here by
gardeners from England, of forming raised convex beds for flowering
plants. This is a very unmeaning and injurious practice in this
country, as a moment's reference to the philosophy of the thing will
convince any one. In a damp climate, like that of England, a bed
with a high convex surface, by throwing off the superfluous water,
keeps the plants from suffering by excess of wet, and the form
is an excellent one. In this country, where most frequently our
flower-gardens fail from drouth, what sound reason can be given
for forming the beds with a raised and rounded surface of six inches
in every three feet, so as to throw off four-fifths of every shower ?
The true mode, as a little reflection and experience will convince
any one, is to form the surface of the bed nearly level, so that it
may retain its due proportion of the rains that fall.
Next to this is the defect of not keeping the walks in flower-
gardens full of gravel. In many instances that we could name,
the level of the gravel in the walk is six inches below that of the
adjoining bed or border of turf. This gives a harsh and ditch-like
character to the walks, quite at variance with the smoothness and
perfection of details which ought especially to characterize so ele-
gant a portion of the grounds as this in question. “Keep the walks
brimful of gravel,” was one of the maxims most strongly insisted
on by the late Mr. Loudon, and one to which we fully subscribe.
We insert here a copy of the plan of the celebrated flower-gar-
den of Baron Von Higel, near Vienna. This gentleman is one of
the most enthusiastic devotees to Horticulture in Germany. Jn the
Algemeine Garten Zeitung, a detailed account is given, by the Se-
cretary of the Imperial Horticultural Society of Vienna, of the resi-
dence and grounds of the Baron, from which we gather that they
' The Roccoco Garden of Baron Hugel, near Vienna.
HINTS ON FLOWER-GARDENS, 11
are not surpassed in the richness and variety of their botanical trea-
sures by any private collection on the Continent. “A forest of
Camellias almost makes one believe that he is in Japan.” Some
of these are 22 feet high, and altogether the collection numbers
1000 varieties. The hot-house devoted to orchids, or air plants,
contains 200 varieties, and the various green-houses include equally
tich collections of the exotics of various climates. Regarding the
Baron’s flower-garden itself, we quote the words of M. Peinter.
“ But still another most delightful scene is reserved, which is a
mosaic picture of flowers, a so-called Rococo garden. . We have to
thank Baron Von Hiigel for giving the first example of a style, since
pretty largely copied, both here and in the adjacent country. , A
garden, laid out in this manner, demands much cleverness atid skill
in the gardener, both in the- choice and the arrangement “f' the
flowers. He must also take care that, during the whole summer,
there are no portions destitute of flowering plants. It is but justice
to the Baron’s head gardener, to affirm that he has completely ac-
complished this task, and has been entirely successful in carrying
out the design or purpose of this garden. The-connoisseur does not
indeed see the usual collection of ornamental plants in this sea of
flowers, but a great many varieties; and, in short, here, as every-
where else, the zsthetic taste of the Baron predominates. Beau-
tiful is this garden within a garden, and hence it has become the
model garden of Austria. Around it the most charming landscape
opens to the view, gently swelling hills, interspersed with pretty
villages, gardens and grounds.”
In the plan of the garden, a and } are masses of shrubs ; ¢,
circular beds, separated by a border or belt of turf, ¢, from the ser-
pentine bed, d. The whole of this running pattern is surrounded.
by a border of turf, f; g and h are gravel walks; 7, beds, with
pedestal and statue in the centre; &, small oval beds, separated from
the bed, J, by a border of turf; m, n, 0, p, irregular or arabesque
beds, set in turf. *
As a good deal of the interest of such a flower-garden as this,
depends on the plan itself, it is evident that the beds should be
filled with groups or masses, composed mostly of fow growing
flowers, as tall ones would interfere with, or break up its effect as
12 HORTICULTURE.
a whole. Mr. Loudon, in some criticisms on this garden, in the
Gardener's Magazine, says, that the running chain pattern of beds,
which forms the outer border to the design, was originated in Eng-
land, by the Duchess of Bedford, about the year 1800. “It is,”
he remarks, “ capable of producinga very brilliant effect, by plant-
ing the circular beds, ¢, with bright colors, each alternating with
white. For example, beginning at. c, and proceeding to the right,
we might have dark red, white, blue, white, yellow, whzte, scarlet,
white, purple, white, and so on. The interlacing beds, d, might be
planted on exactly the saine principle, but omitting white. Pro-
ceeding to the right from the bed, d, which may be yellow, the next
may be crimson, the next purple, the next orange, and so on.”
This plan is by no means faultless, yet as it is admirably planted
with ever-blooming flowers, and kept in the highest order, it is said
to attract universal admiration, and is worthy of the examination of
our floral friends. We should imagine it much inferior, in design
and general effect, to the very beautiful new flower-garden Bt
Montgomery Place, the seat of Mrs. Edward Livingston, on the
Hudson, which is about double its size, and is undoubtedly one of
the most beautiful and most tastefully managed examples of a flower-
garden in America. ,
OL
INFLUENCE OF HORTICULTURE.
July, 1847.
ni tages multiplication of Horticultural Societies is taking place so
rapidly. of late, in various parts of the country, as to lead one
to reflect somewhat on their influence, and that of the art they
foster, upon the character of our people.
Most persons, no doubt, look upon them as performing a work
of some usefulness and elegance, by. promoting the culture of fruits
and. flowers, and introducing to all parts of the country the finer
species of vegetable productions. In other words, they. are thought
to add very considerably to the amount of physical. gratifications
which every American citizen endeavors, and has a right to endea-
vor, to assemble around him.
Granting all. the foregoing, we are inclined to claim also, for
horticultural pursuits, a political and. moral influence vastly more
significant and important than the mere gratification of the senses,
We think, then, in a few words, that Horticulture and its kindred
arts, tend strongly to fix the habits, and elevate the character, of our
whole rural population.
One does not need to be much ofa philosopher to remark that one
of the most striking of our national traits, is the sPrRir OF UNREST.
It is the grand energetic element which leads us to clear vast forests,
and settle new States, with. a rapidity unparalleled in the world’s
history; the spirit, possessed with which, our yet comparatively
scanty people do not find elbow-room enough in a territory already
in their possession, and vast enough to hold the greatest of ancient
J
14 HORTICULTURE,
empires; which drives the emigrant’s wagon across vast sandy de-
serts to California, and over Rocky Mountains to Oregon and the
Pacific; which builds up a great State like Ohio in 30 years, so
populous civilized and productive, that the bare recital of its growth
sounds like a genuine miracle to European ears; and which over-
runs and takes possession of a whole empire, like that of Mexico,
while the cabinets of old monarchies are debating whether or not it
is necessary to interfere and restore the balance of power in the new
world as in the old.
~ This is the grand and exciting side of the picture. Turn it in an-
other light, and study it, and the effect is by no means so agreeable
to the reflective mind. The spirit of unrest, followed into the bosom
of society, makes of man a feverish being, in whose Tantalus’ cup
repose is the unattainable drop. Unable to take root any where, he
leads, socially and physically, the uncertain life of a tree transplanted :
from place to place, and shifted to a different soil every season.
It has been shrewdly said that what qualities we do not possess,
are always in our mouths, Our countrymen, it seems to us, are
fonder of no one Anglo-Saxon word than the term seééle.* It was
the great object of our forefathers to find a proper spot to settle.
Every year, large numbers of our population from the older States _
go west to settle; while those already west, pull up, with a kind of
desperate joy, their yet new-set stakes, and go farther west to settle
again. So truly national is the word, that all the business of the
country, from State debts to the products of a “truck farm,” are
not satisfactorily adjusted till they are “ settled ;” and no sooner is a
passenger fairly on board one of our river steamers, than he is
politely and emphatically invited by a sable representative of its
executive power, to “call at the captain’s office and settle /”
Yet,.as a people, we are never settled. It is one of the first
points that strikes a citizen of the old world, where something of
the dignity of repose, as well as the value of action, enters into their
ideal of life. De Tocqueville says, in speaking of our national
trait:
* Anglo-Saxon sath-lian, from the verb settan, to set, to cease from mo-
tion,| to fix a dwelling-place, to repose, ete.
INFLUENCE OF HORTICULTURE. 15
“ At first sight, there is something surprising in this strange un-
rest of so many happy men, restless in the midst of abundance. The
spectacle itself is, however, as old as the world. The novelty is to
see a whole people furnish an exemplification of it.
“Tn the United States a man builds a house to spend his latter
years in, and sells it before the roof ison; he brings a field into
tillage, and leave other men to gather the crops; he embraces a
profession, and gives it up; he settles in a place, which he soon
after leaves, in order to carry his changeable longings elsewhere. If
his private affairs leave him any leisure he instantly plunges into
the vortex of politics; and if at the end of a year of unremitting
labor, he finds he has a few days’ vacation, his eager curiosity whirls
him over the vast extent of the United States, and he will travel
fifteen hundred miles in a few days, to shake off his happiness.”
Much as we admire the energy of our people, we value no less
the love of order, the obedience to law, the security and repose of
society, the love of home, and the partiality to localities endeared
by birth or association, of which it is in some degree the antagonist.
And we are therefore deeply convinced that whatever tends, without
checking due energy of character, but to develope along with it
certain virtues that will keep it within due bounds, may be looked
upon as a boon to the nation.
Now the difference between the son of Ishmael, who lives in
tents, and that man who has the strongest attachment to the home
of his fathers, is, in the beginning, one mainly of outward circum-
stances. He whose sole property is a tent and a camel, whose ties
to one spot are no stronger than the cords which confine his habita-
tion to the sandy floot of the desert, who can break up his encamp-
ment at an hour’s notice, and choose a new and equally agreeable
site, fifty miles distant, the next day—such a person is very little
likely to become much more strongly attached to any one spot of
earth than another.
The condition of a western emigrant is not greatly dissimilar.
That long covered wagon, which is the Noah’s ark of his preserva-
tion, is also the concrete essence of house and home to him. He
emigrates, he “ squats,” he “ locates,” but before he can be fairly
said to have a fixed home, the spirit of unrest besets him ; he sells
16 HORTICULTURE,
his “ diggins” to some less adventurous pioneer, and tackling: the
wagon of the wilderness, migrates once more. ,
Tt must not be supposed, larga as is the infusion of restlessness
in our people that there are not also large exceptions to the’ general
rule. Else there would never be growing villages and prosperous
towns. Nay, it cannot be overlooked by a ‘careful observer, that
the tendency “to settle” is slowly but gradually on the increase,
and that there is, in all the older portions of the country, growing
evidence that the Anglo-Saxon love of home is gradually developing
itself out of the Anglo-American love of change.
It is not difficult to see how strongly horticulture contributes to
the development of local attachments.” In it lies the most powerful
phaltre that civilized man has yet found to charm him to one spot
of earth. Jt transforms what is only a tame meadow and a bleak
aspect, into an Eden of interest and delights. It. makes all the
difference between “Araby the blest,” and a pine barren. It gives
a bit of soil, too insignificant to find a place in the geography of the
earth’s surface, such an importance in the eyes of its possessor, “that
he finds it more attractive than countless acres of unknown and un-
explored “territory.” In other words, it contains the mind and soul
of the man, materialized in many of the fairest and richest forms of
nature, so that he looks upon it as tearing himself up, root and
branch, to ask him to move a mile to the right or the left. Do we
need to say more, to prove that it is the panacea that really “settles”
mankind ?
It is not, therefore, without much pleasurable emotion, that we
have had notice lately of the formation of five new Horticultural
societies, the last at St. Louis, and most of them west of the Alle-
ghanies. Whoever lives to see the end of the next cycle of our
race, will see the great valleys of the West the garden of the world ;
and we watch with interest the first development, in the’ midst of
the busy fermentation of its active masses, of that beautiful and quiet
spirit, of the joint culture of the earth and the heart, that is destined
to give a tone to the future character of its untold millions.
The increased love of home and the garden, in the older States,
is a matter of every-day remark; and it is not a little curious, that
just in proportion to the intelligence and settled character of its popu-
INFLUENCE OF HORTICULTURE. 17
lation, is the amount of interest. manifested in horticulture. Thus,
the three most settled of the original States, we suppose to be Massa-
chusetts, New-York and Pennsylvania; and in these States horti-
culture is more eagerly pursued than in any others. The first
named State has now seven horticultural societies; the second,
seven ; the third, three. Following out the comparison in the
cities, we should say that Boston had the most settled population,
Philadelphia the next, and New-York the least so of any city: in the
Union; and it is well known that the horticultural society of Boston
is at this moment the most energetic one in the country, and that it
is stimulated by the interest excited by societies in all its neighbor-
ing towns. The Philadelphia society is exceedingly prosperous ;
while in New-York, we regret to say, that. the numerous efforts that
have been made to establish firmly a society of this kind have not,
up to this time, resulted in any success whatever. Its mighty tide
of people is as yet too much possessed with the spirit of business and
of unrest,” *
* “The New-York Horticultural Society” was organized in the spring
of 1852, and is already in # flourishing condition.—Ep.
IV.
A TALK WITH FLORA AND POMONA,
September, 1847.
E beg leave to inform such of our readers as may be inter-
ested, that we have -lately had the honor of a personal inter-
riew. with the distinguished deities that preside over the garden and
he orchard, Flora and Pomona.
The time was a soft balmy August night ; the scene was a feafy
aook in.our own grounds, where, after the toils of the day, we were
snjoying the dolee far niente of a hammock, and wondering at the
necessity of any thing fairer or diviner than rural nature, and such
noonlight as then filled the vaulted heaven, bathed the tufted fore-
zround of trees, the distant purple hills, and”
“Tipt with silver all the fruit tree tops.”
It was a scene for an artist; yet, as we do not write for the
Court Journal, we must be pardoned for any little omission in the
costumes or equipages of the divinities themselves. Indeed, we were
so thoroughly captivated with the immortal candor and freshness of
the goddesses, that we find many of the accessories have escaped our
memory. Pomona’s breath, however, when she spoke, filled the
air with the odor of ripe apricots, and she held in her left hand a
fruit, which we immediately recognized ’as one of the golden apples
of the Hesperides, (of which she knew any gardener upon earth
would give his right hand for a slip,) and which in the course of our
interview, she acknowledged was the only sort in the mythological
gardens which excels the Newtown Pippin. Her lips had the dewy:
A TALK WITH FLORA AND POMONA. 19
freshness of the ruddiest strawberries raised by Mr. Longworth’s
favorite old Cincinnati market woman; and there was a bright
sparkle in her eye, that assured us there is no trouble with the cur-
culio in the celestial orchards.
But if we were charmed with the ruddy beauty of Pomona, we
were still more fascinated by the ideal freshness and grace of Flora.
She wore on her head a kind of fanciful crown of roses, which were
not only dewy moss roses, of the loveliest shades imaginable, but the
colors themselves changed every moment, as she tumed her head,
in a manner that struck us quite speechless with admiration. The
goddess observing this, very graciously remarked that these roses were
the true perpetuals, since they not only really bloomed always, but
when plucked, they retained their brilliancy and freshness for ever.
Her girdle was woven in a kind of green and silver pattern of jas-
mine leaves ‘and starry blossoms, but of a species far more lovely
than any in Mr. Paxton’s Magazine. She held a bouquet in her
hand, composed. of sweet scented camellias, and violets as dark as
sapphire, which she said her gardener had brought from the new
planet Neptune ; and unique and fragrant blossoms continually
dropped: from her robe, as she walked about, or raised her arms in
‘vestures graceful as the swinging of a garland wooed by the west
wind.
After some stammering on our own part, about the honor con-
ferred on an, humble mortal like ourselves—rare visits of the god-
desses to earth, etc., they, understanding, probably, what Mr. Beecher
calls our “amiable fondness for the Hudson,” obligingly put us at
our ease, by paying us some compliments on the scenery of the
Highlands, as seen at that moment from our garden seat, comparing
the broad river, Yadiant with the chaste light of the moon, to some
favorite lake owned by the immortals, of whose name, we are sorry
to say, we are at this moment entirely oblivious.
Our readers will not, of course, expect us to repeat all that eased
during this enchanting interview. But, as we are obliged to own
that the visit was not altogether on our own behalf, or rather that
the turn of the discourse held by our immortal guests showed that
it was chiefly intended to be laid before the readers of the Horticul-
‘purist, we lose no time in putting the latter en rapport.
20 HORTICULTURE.
Pomona opened the discourse by a few graceful remarks, touch-
ing the gratification it gave them that the moderns, down to the
present generation, had piously recognized her guardian rights and
those of her sister Flora, even while those of many of the other
Olympians, such as Jupiter, Pan, Vulcan, and the like, were nearly
forgotten. The wonderful fondness for fruits and flowers, growing
up.in the western world, had, she declared, not escaped her eye, and
it received her warmest approbation. She said something that we
do not quite remember, in the style of that good old phrase, of
tt making the wilderness blossom like the rose,” and declared that
Flora intended to festoon every cottage in America with double
Michigan roses, Wistarias, and sweet-scented vines. For her. own
part, she said, her people were busy enough in their invisible super-
intendence of the orchard planting now going on at such a gigantic
rate in America, especially in the Western States. Such was the
fever in some of those districts, to get large plantations of fruit, that
she could not, for the life of her, induce men to pause long enough
to select their ground or the proper sorts of fruit to be planted. * As
a last resort, to keep them a little in check, she was obliged, against
her better feelings, to allow the blight to cut off part of an orchard
now and then. Otherwise the whole country would be filled ug
with poor miserable odds and ends from Europe—“Beurrés and
Bergaimots, with more sound in their French names, than flavor
under their skins.” :
These last words, we confess, startled us so much, that we opened
our eyes rather widely, and called upon the name of Dr. Van Mofis,
the great Belgian—spoke of the gratitude of the pomological world,
etc. To our surprise, Pomona declared tha. she Jad her doubts
about the Belgian professor—she said he was a very crotchety man,
and although he had devoted his life to her service, yet he had such
strange whims and caprices about improving fruits. by a regular sys-
tem of degeneration or running them out, that she could make
nothing of him. “Depend upon it,” she said, “many of his sorts
are worthless,—most of them have sickly constitutions, and,” she
added, with some emphasis, snapping her fingers as she spoke, “I
would not give one sound healthy seedling. pear, springing up under
natural culture in your American soil, for all that Dr. Van Mons
A TALK WITH FLORA AND POMONA. 21
ever raised!” [We beg our readers to understand that these were
Pomona’s words and not ours.] She gave us, after this, very special
charge to impress it upon her devotees in the United States, not to
be too much smitten with the love of new names, and great. collec-
tions. It gave her more satisfaction to see the orchards and fruit
room of one of her liege subjects teeming with the abundance of the
few sorts of real golden merit, than to see whole acres of new varie-
ties that have no other value than that of novelty. She said too,
that it was truly amazing how this passion for collecting fruits—a
genuine monomania—grew upon a poor mortal, when he was once
attacked by it; so that indeed, if he could not add every season at
least fifty new sorts from the continent, with some such outlandish
names, (which she said she would never recognize,) as Beurré bleu
dété nouveau de Scrowsywowsy, etc., he would positively hang him-
self in a fit of the blues !
Pomona further drew our attention in some sly remarks that
were half earnest and half satire, to the figure that many of these
“Belgian pericarps” cut at those handsome levees, which her vota-
ries among us hold in the shape of the great September exhibitions,
She said it was really droll to see, at such shows as those of our two
arge cities, where there was a profusion of ripe and luscious ¢ruit,
that she would have been proud of in her own celestial orchards—
to see there intermingled some hundred or so mean looking, hard
green pears, that never had ripened, or never did, would, or could
ripen, so as to be palatable to any but a New Zealander. “Do so-
licit my friends there, for the sake of my feelings,” said she, “to give
the gentlemen who take such pleasure in exhibiting this degenerate
foreign squads, separate ‘green room’ for themselves.” To this
remark we smiled and bowed low, though we would not venture to
carry out her suggestion for the world.
We had a delightful little chat with Flora, about some new
plants which she told us grew in certain unknown passes in the
Rocky Mountains, and mountainous parts of Mexico, that will prove
quite hardy with us, and which neither Mr. Fortune nor the London
Horticultural Society know any thing about. But she finally in-
formed us, that her real object in making herself visible on the
earth at present, with Madam Pomona, was to beg us to enter her
22 HORTICULTURE,
formal and decided protest against the style of decorations called
after her name, and which had, for several years past, made the
otherwise brilliant AurumyaL HorricutruraL Suows in our quar-
ter of the globe so disagreeable an offering to her. “To call the
monstrous formations, which, under the name of temples, stars, tri-
pods, and obelisks—great bizarre masses of flowers plastered on
wooden frames—to call these after her name, ‘ Floral designs,’ was,”
she said, “even more than the patience of a goddess could bear.”
If those who make them are sincerely her devoted admirers, as they
profess to be, she begged us to say to them, that, unless they had
designs upon her flow of youth and spirits, that had: hitherto been
eternal, she trusted they would hereafter desist.
We hereupon ventured to offer some apology for the offending
parties, by saying they were mostly. the work of the “bone and
sinew” of the gardening profession, men with blunt fingers but
earnest souls, who worked for days upon what they fancied was a
worthy offering to be laid upon her altars. She smiled, and said
the intention was accepted, but not its results, and hinted somethifig.
about the same labor being performed under the direction of: the
more tasteful eye’ of ladies, who should invent and arrange, while
the fingers of honest.toil wrought the ruder outline only. :
Flora then hinted to us, how much more beautiful flowers were
when arranged, in; the simplest forms, and said, when combined
or moulded into shapes or devices, nothing more elaborate or arti-
ficial than a vase-form is really pleasing. Baskets, moss-covered
_and flower-woven, she said, were thought elegant enough for Para-
dise itself. “ There are not only baskets,” continued she,“ that are beau-
tiful lying down, and showing inside a rich mosaic ofsflowers—each
basket, large or small, devoted perhaps, to some one choice flower.
in its many varieties; but baskets on the tops of mossy pedestals,
bearing tasteful emblems interwoven on their sides; and baskets
hanging from ceilings, or high festooned arches—in which case
they display in the most graceful and becoming manner, all
manner of drooping and twining plants, the latter: stealing out
of the nest or body of the basket, and waving to and fro in the air
they perfume.” “Then there is the garland,” continued our fair
guest; “it is quite amazing, that since the days of those clever and,
A TALK WITH FLORA AND POMONA. 23
harmonious people, the Greeks, no one seems to know any thing of
the beauty of the garland. Now in fact nothing is more beautiful
or becoming than flowers woven into tasteful garlands or chaplets.
The form a circle—that emblem of eternity, so full of dread and
mystery to you mortals—and the size is one that may be carried in
the hand or hung up, and it always looks lovely. Believe me,
nothing is prettier in my eyes, which, young as they look, have had
many thousands of your years of experience, than a fresh, green
garland woven with bright roses.”
As she said this, she seized.a somewhat common basket that lay
near us, and passing her delicate fingers over. it, as she plucked a
few flowers from the surrounding plants, she held it, a picture of
magical verdure and blossoms, aloft in the air over our heads, while
on her arm she hung a garland as exquisitely formed and’ propor-
tioned as if cut in marble, with, at the same time, all the airiness
which only flowers can have. The effect was ravishing ! simplicity,
delicacy, gracefulness, and perfume. The goddess moved around us
with an air and in an attitude compared with which the glories of
Titian and Raphael seem tame and cold, and as the basket was again
passing over our head, we were just reaching out our hand to detain
the lovely vision, when, unluckily, the parti-colored dog that guards
our demesne, broke into a loud bark; Pomona hastily seized her
golden apple; Flora dropped our basket (which fell to the ground in
its wonted garb of plain willow), and both vanished into thé dusky
gloom of the night shadows; at that moment, suddenly rismg up
in our hammock, we found we had been—dreaming. —
V.
.-
A CHAPTER ON ROSES.
August, 1848.
FRESH bouquet of midsummer roses stands upon the table be-
fore us. The morning dew-drops hang, heavy as emeralds, upon
branch and buds; soft and rich colors delight the eye with their
lovely hues, and that rose-odor, which, every one feels, has not lost
any thing of its divine sweetness since the first day the flower bloomed
in that heaven-garden of Eve, fills the air. Yes, the flowers have
it; and if we are not fairly forced to say something this month in
behalf of roses, then was Dr. Darwin mistaken in his theory of
vegetable magnetism.
We believe it was that monster, the Duke of Guise, who al-
ways made his escape at the sight of a rose. If there are any “ out-
side barbarians” of this stamp among the readers of our “ flowery
land,” let them glidé out while the door is open. They deserve to
be drowned in a butt of attar of rose—the insensibles! We can
well afford to let them go, indeed ; for we feel that we have only to
mention the name of a rose, to draw more closely around us the
thousands of the fairer and better part of our readers, with whom it
is the type of every thing fair and lovely on earth.
“Dear flower of heaven and love! thou glorious thing
That lookest out the garden nocks among ;
Rose, that art ever fair and ever young ;
Was it some angel on invisible wing
Hover'd around thy fragrant sleep, to fling
His glowing mantle of warm sunset hues
A CHAPTER ON ROSES. 25
O’er thy unfolding petals, wet with dews,
Such as the flower-faysto Titania bring ?
O flower of thousand memories and dreams,
That take the heart with faintness, while we gaze
On the rich depths of thy inwoven maze ;
From the green banks of Eden’s blessed streams
I dream’d thee brought, of brighter days to tell
Long pass’d, but promised yet with us to dwell.”
’
If there is any proof necessary that the rose has a diviner origin
than all other flowers, it is easily found in the unvarying constancy of
mankind to it for so many long centuries. Fashions there have been
innumerable, in ornaments of all sorts, from simple seashells, worn
by Nubian maidens, to costly diamonds, that heightened the charms
of the proudest court beauty—silver, gold, precious stones—all have
their season of favor, and then again sink into comparative neglect ;
but a simple rose has ever been and will ever be the favorite emblem
and adornment of beauty.
“Whatsoe’er of beauty
Yearns, and yet reposes,
Blush, and bosom, and sweet breath,
Took @ shapé in roses.” Laien Hunt.
Now the secret of this perpetual and undying charm about the
rose, is not to be found in its color—there are bright lilies, and gay
tiger-flowers, and dazzling air-plants, far more rich and vivid: it is
not alone in fragrance,—for there aye violets and jasmines with
“ more passionate sighs of sweetness ;” it is not in foliage, for there
are laurels and magnolias, with leaves of richer and more glossy
green. Where, then, does this secret of the world’s six thousand
years’ homage lie ?
In its being a type of infinity. Of infinity! says our most
innocent maiden reader, who loves roses without caring why, and
who does’ not love infinity, because she does not understand it.
Roses, a type of infinity, says our theological reader, who. has been
in the habit of considering all flowers of the field, aye, and the gar-
den, too, as emblems of the short-lived race of man—* born to
trouble as the sparks fly upward.” Yes, we have said it, and for
the honor of the rose we will prove it, that the secret of the world’s
e
26 HORTICULTURE.
devotion to the rose—of het being the queen of flowers by accla-
mation always and for ever, is that the rose is a type of infinity.
In the first place, then, the rose is a type of infinity, because
there is no limit to the variety and beauty of the forms and colors
which it assumes. From the wild rose, whose sweet, faint odor is
wasted in the dwpths of the silent wood, or the eglantine, whose
wreaths of fresh: sweet blossoms embroider even the dusty road
sides, a
ob
“Starring each bush in lanes and glades,”
to that most verfect, full, rounded, and odorous flower, that swells
the heart of the florist as he beholds its richness and symmetry,
what an innumerable range of shades, and forms, and colors! And,
indeed, with the hundreds and thousands of roses of modern times,
we still know little ofall the varied shapes which the plant has taken
in by-gone days, and which have perished with the thousand other
refinements and luxuries of the nations who cultivated and enjoygd
them.*
All this variety of form, so far from. destroying the admiration
of mankind for the rose, actually increases it. This very character
of infinity, in its beauty, makes. it the symbol and interpreter of the
* Many of our readers may not be aware to what perfection the culture
of flowers was once carried in Rome. During Casar’s reign, so abundant
had forced flowers become in that city, that when the Egyptians, intending to
_ compliment him on, his birthday, sent him roses in midwinter, they found
their present almost valueless from the profusion of roses in Rome. The
following translation of Martial’s Latin Ode to Cesar upon this present,
will give some idea of the state of floriculture then: There can scarcely be
a doubt that there were hundreds of sorts of roses known to, and cultivated
by the Romans, now entirely lost.
“The ambitious inhabitants of .the land, watered by the Nile, have sent
thee, O Cesar, the roses of winter, as a present, valuable for its novelty.
But the boatman of Memphis will laugh at the gardens of Pharaoh as soon
as he has taken one etep in thy capital city ; for the spring in all its charms,
and the flowers in their fragrance and beauty, equal the glory of the fields
of Pestum. Wherever he wanders, or casts his eyes, every street is brilliant
with garlands of roses, And thou, O Nile! must yield to the fogs of Rome.
Send us thy harvests, and we will send thee roses,”
A CHAPTER ON ROSES. 27
affections of all ranks, classes, and conditions of men. The poet,
amid all the perfections of the parterre, still prefers the scent: of the
woods and the air of freedom about the original blossom, and says—
“Far dearer to me is the wild flower that grows
Unseen by the brook where in shadow it flows.”
The cadbage-rose, that perfect emblem of healthful rural life, is
the pride of the cottager; the daily China rose, which cheats the
window of the crowded city of its gloom, is the joy of the daughter
of the humblest day laborer; the delicate and odorous tea-rose,
fated to be admired and to languish in the drawing-room or.the
boudoir, wins its place in the affections of those of most cultivated
and fastidious tastes; while the moss-rose unites the admiration ‘of
all classes, coming in as it does with its last added charm, to com-
plete the circle of perfection. :
Again, there is the infinity of associations which float like rich
incense about the rose, and that, after all, bind it most strongly to
us; for they represent the accumulated wealth of joys and sorrows,
which has become’ so inseparably connected with it in the human
heart.
“ What were life without a rose!”
seems to many, doubtless, to be a most extravagant apostrophe;
yet, if this single flower were to be struck out of existence, what a
chasm in the language of the heart would be found without it!
What would the poets do? They would find their finest emblem of
female loveliness stolen away. Listen, for instance, to old Beaumont
and Fletcher :
“Of all flowers,
‘Methinks a Rose is best ;
It is the very emblem of a maid;
For when the west wind courts her gently,
How modestly she blows and paints the sun
With her chaste blushes! When the north wind comes near her
Rude and impatient, then, like chastity,
She locks her beauties in her bud again,
And leaves him to base briars.”
28 HORTICULTURE.
What would the lovers do? What tender confessions, hither
uttered by fair half-open buds and bouquets, more eloquent of pa
sion than the Mouwwelle Heloise, would have to be stammered for!
in miserable clumsy words! How many doubiful suits would |
lost—how many bashful hearts would never venture—how mar
rash and reckless adventurers would be shipwrecked,’if the tend
and expressive language of the rose were all suddenly lost ar
blotted out! What could we place in the hands of childhood -
mirror back its innocent expression so truly? What blosson
could bloom on the breast of the youthful beauty so typical of tl
infinity of hope and sweet thoughts, that lie folded up in her own heai
as fair young’ rose-buds? What wreath could so lovingly encire
the head of the fair young bride as that of white roses, full of puri
and grace? And, last of all, what blossom, so expressive of hums
affections, could. we find at the bier to take the place of ‘the rox
the rose, sacred to this purpose for so many ages, and with so mar
nations,
*
“because its breath
Is rich beyond the rest ; and when it dies
Tt doth bequeath a charm to sweeten death.”
Barry Cornwaut.
The rose is not only infinite in its forms, hues, types, and ass
ciations, but it deserves an infinite number of adinirers, This is th
explanation of our desire to be eloquent in its behalf. There ar
unfortunately, some persons who, however lovely, beautiful, or pe
fect:a thing may be ‘in itself, will never raise their ‘eyes to loc
at it, or open their hearts to admire it, unless it is incessantly talke
about,
We have always observed, however, that the great. difficul
with those who like to talk about fruits and flowers is, when on
talking, to stop. There is no doubt whatever, that we might go o
therefore, and fill this whole number with ‘roses, rosariums, rosarie
and rose-water, but that some of our western readers, who'are loo.
ing for us to give them a cure for the pear-blight, might cry out-
“a blight on your roses!” We must, therefore, grow more systemat
and considerate in our remarks,
A CHAPTER ON ROSES. 29
We thought some years ago that we had seen that ultima thule
—*a perfect rose.” But we were mistaken! Old associates,
familiar names, and long cherished sorts have their proper hold on
our affections ; but—we are bound to confess it—modern florists
have coaxed. sail teased nature till she has given them roses more
perfect in form, more airy, rich and brilliant in color, and more
delicate and exquisite in perfume, than any that our grandfathers
knew or dreamed of. And, more than all, they have produced
roses—in abundance, as large and fragant as June roses—that
blossom all the year round. If this unceasingly renewed perpetuity
of charms does not complete the claims of the rose to infinity, as
far as any plant can express that quality, then are we no metaphysician.
There is certainly something instinctive and true in that fa-
vorite fancy of the poets—that roses are the type or symbol of
female loveliness—
“ Know you not our only
‘Rival flower—the human ?
Loveliest weight, on lightest foot—
Joy-abundant woman,”
sings Leigh Hunt for the roses. And, we will add, it is striking
and curious that refined and careful culture has the same effect on
the outward conformation of the rose that it has on feminine beauty.
The Tea and the Bourbon roses may be taken as an illustration of:
this. They are the last.and finest product of the most perfect cul-
ture of the garden; and do they not, in their graceful airy forms,
their subdued and bewitching odors, and their refined and delicate
colors, body forth the most perfect symbol of the most refined and
cultivated Imogen or Ophelia that it is possible to conceive? We
claim the entire merit of pointing this out, and leave it for some poet
to make himself immortal by!
There are odd, crotchety persons among horticulturists, who
correspond to old bachelors in society, that are never satisfied to love
any thing in particular, because they have really no affections of
their own to fix upon any object, and who are always, for instance,
excusing their want of devotion to the rose, under the pretence that
among so many beautiful varieties it is impossible to choose.
30 HORTICULTURE,
Undoubtedly there is an embarras de richesses in the multitude
of beautiful varieties that compose the groups and subdivisions of
the rose family. So many lovely forms and colors are there, daz-
dling the eye, and attracting the senses, that it requires a man or
woman of nerve as well as taste, to decide and select. Some of. the
great rose-growers continually try to confuse the poor amateur by
their long catalogues, and by their advertisements about “acres of
roses.” (Mr. Paul, an English nurseryman, published, in June last,
that he had 70,000 plants in bloom at once!) This is. puzzling
enough, even to one that has his eyes wide open, and the sorts in
full blaze of beauty before them. What,then, must be the quan-
dary in which the novice, not yet introduced into the aristocracy of
roses, whose knowledge only goes up to a “cabbage-rose,” or a
“ maiden’s blush,” and who has in his hand a long: list of some great
collector—what, we say, must be his perplexity, when he suddenly
finds amidst all the renowned names of old and new world’s history,
all the aristocrats and republicans, heroes and-heroines of past and
present times—Napoleon, Prince Esterhazy, Tippoo Saib, Semita-
mis, Duchess of Sutherland, Princesse Clementine, with occasionally
such touches of sentiment from the French rose-growers, as Souve-
nir dun Ami, or Nid d'Amour (nest of love!) &e. &. In this
whirlpool of rank, fashion, and sentiment, the poor novitiate rose-
hunter is likely enough to be quite wrecked; and instead of look-
ing out for a perfect rose, it is a thousand:to one that he finds him-
self confused amid the names of princes, princesses, and lovely
duchesses, a vivid picture of whose charms rises to his imagination
as he reads the brief words “ pale flesh, wax-like, superb,” or “ large,
perfect form, beautiful,” or “ pale blush, very pretty ;” so that it is
ten to one that Duchesses, not Roses, are all the while at the bottom
of his imagination !
Now, the only way to help the rose novices out of this difficulty,
is for all the initiated to confess their favorites. No doubt it will bea
hard task for those who have had butterfly fancies—coquetting first
with one family and then with another. But we trust these horti-
cultural flirts are rare among the more experienced of our garden-
ing readers,—persons of sense, who have laid aside such follies, as
only becoming to youthful and inexperienced amateurs.
A CHAPTER ON ROSES. 31
We have long ago invited. our correspondents to send us their
“ confessions,” which, if not as mysterious and fascinating as those
of Rousseau, would be found far more innocent and wholesome tu
our readers. Mr. Buist.{whose new nursery grounds, near Phila-
delphia, have, we learn, been a paradise of roses this season), has
already sent us his list of favorites, which we have before made pub-
lic, to the gréat satisfaction of many about. to form little rose-gar-
dens. Dr. Valk, also, has indicated his preferences. And to en-
courage other devotees—more experienced than ourselves—we give
our own list of favorites, as follows:
First of all roses, then, in our estimation, stands the Boursons
(the only branch of the family, not repudiated by republicans).
The most perpetual of all perpetuals, the most lovely in form, of all
colors, and many of them of the richest fragrance; and, for us
northerners, most of all, hardy and easily cultivated, we cannot but
give them the first rank. Let us, then, say—
HALF A DOZEN BOURBON ROSES.
Souvenir de Malmaison, pale flesh color.
Paul Joseph, purplish crimson.
Hermosa, deep rose.
Queen, delicate fawn color.
Dupetit Thouars, changeable carmine.
Acidalie, white.
Souvenir de Malmaison is, take it altogether,—its constant
blooming habit, its large size, hardiness, beautiful form, exquisite
color, and charming fragrance,—our favorite rose; the rose which,
if we should be condemned to that hard penance of cultivating but
one variety, our choice would immediately settle upon. . Its beauty
suggests a blending of the finest sculpture and the loveliest femi-
nine complexion.
Second to the Boursons, we rank the Remontantes, as the
French term them: a better name than the English one—perpe-
tuals ; for they are by no means perpetual in their blooming habit,
when compared. with the Bourbons, China, or Tea roses. They are,
in fact, June roses, that bloom two or three times in the season,
32 - HORTICULTURE.
whenever strong new shoots spring up; hence, no name so app
priate as Remontante,—sending-up new flower shoots. We thi
this class of roses has been a little overrated by rose-growers. |
great merit is the true, old-fashioned rose character of the blosson
—large and fragrant as a damask or Provence rose. But in tl
climate, Remontantes cannot be depended on for a constant supp
of flowers, like Bourbon roses. Here are our favorite:
HALF A DOZEN REMONTANTES,
La Reine, deep rose, very large.
Duchess of Sutherland, pale rose.
Crimson Perpetual, light crimson.
Aubernon, brilliant crimson.
Lady Alice Peel, fine deep pink.
Madame Dameme, dark crimson.
Next to these come the Cara Roszs, less fragrant, but ag
ingly in bloom, and with very bright and rich colors.
HALF A DOZEN CHINA ROSES.
Mrs. Bosanquet, exquisite pale flesh color.
Madame Breon, rose.
Eugene Beauharnais, bright crimson.
Clara Sylvain, pure white.
Cramoisie Superieure, brilliant crimson.
Virginale, blush.
The Tza Roszs, most refined of all roses, unluckily, requi:
considerable shelter and care in winter, in, this climate; but they :
richly repay all, that no roselover can grudge them this troubl
Tea roses are, indeed, to the common garden varieties what th
finest porcelain is to vulgar crockery ware.
HALF A DOZEN TEA ROSES,
Safrano, the buds rich deep fawn.
Souvenir d’un Ami, sélmon; shaded with rose.
Goubault, bright rose, large and fragrant.
A CHAPTER ON ROSES, 33
Devoniensis, creamy white.
Bougere, glossy bronze.
Josephine Malton, beautiful shaded white.
We thought to give Norserrns the go-by; but the saucy, ram-
pant little beauties climb up and thrust their clusters of bright blos-
soms into our face, and will be heard. So here they are:
’ HALF A DOZEN NOISETTES.
Solfaterre, bright sulphur, large.
Jaune Desprez, large bright fawn.
Cloth of Gold, pure yellow, fine.
Aimee Vibert, pure white, very free bloomer.
Fellenberg, brilliant crimson.
‘Joan of Arc, pure white.
“Girdle of Venus! does he call this a select list?” exclaims
some leveller, who expected us to compress all rose perfections into
half a dozen sorts; when here we find, on looking back, that we
have thirty, and even then, there is not a single moss rose, climbing
rose, Provence rose, darhask rose, to say nothing of “musk roses,”
“ microphylla roses,” and half a dozen other divisions that we boldly
shut our eyes upon! ‘Well, if the truth must come out, we confess
it boldly, that we are: worshippers of the EVERBLOOMING roses.
Contipared with them, beautiful as all other roses may be and are
(we can’t deny it), they have little chance of favor with those that
we have named, which are a perpetual garland of sweetness. It is
the difference bétween a smile once a year, and a golden temper, al-
ways sweetness and sunshine, Why, the everblooming roses make
a garden of themselves! Not a day without rich colors, delicious
perfume, luxuriant foliage. No, take the lists as they are—too
small by half; for we cannot cut a name out of them.
And yet, there are a few other roses that ought to be in the
‘smallest collection. That finest of all rose-gemns, the Old Red Moss,
still at the head of all moss roses, and its curious cousin, the Cheated :
‘Moss, must have their place. Those fine hardy climbers, that in
northern gardens will grow in any exposure, and cover the highest
3
834 HORTICULTURE.
walls or trellises with garlands of beauty,—the Queen of the Prai-
vies and Baltimore Belle (or, for southern gardens, say—Lawre Da-
voust, and Greville, and Ruga Ayrshire) ; that finest and richest
of all yellow roses, the double Persian Yellow, and half a dozen of
the gems among the hybrid roses, such as Chénédole, George the
Fourth, Village Maid, Great Western, Fulgeus, Blanchefleur ; we
should try, at least, to make room for these also.
If we were to have but three roses, for our own personal gratifi-
cation, they would be—
Souvenir de Malmaison,
Old Red Moss,
Gen. Dubourg.
The latter is a Bourbon rose, which, because it is an old variety,
and not very double, has gone out of fashion. We, however, shall
cultivate it as long as we enjoy the blessing of olfactory nerves; for
it gives us, all the season, an abundance of flowers, with the most
perfect rose scent that we have ever yet found; in fact, the tive
attar of Rose.
There are few secrets in the cultivation of the rose in this
climate. First of all, make the soil deep ; and, if the subsoil is not
quite dry, let it be well drained. Then remember, that what the
rose delights to grow in is loam and rotten manure. Enrich your
soil, therefore, with well-decomposed stable manure; and if it is
too sandy, mix fresh loam from an old pasture field; if it is too
clayey, mix river or pit sand with it. The most perfect specific
. stimulus that we have ever tried in the culture of the rose, is
what Mr. Rivers calls roasted turf, which is easily made by paring
sods from the lane sides, and half charring them. It acts like
magic upon the little spongioles of the rose ; making new buds and
fine fresh foliage start out very speedily, and then a succession of
superb and richly colored flowers. We commend it, especially, to
all those who cultivate roses in old gardens, where the soil is more
or less worn out. on
And now, like the Persians, with the hope that our fair read-
ers “may sleep upon roses, and the dew that falls may turn into
rose-water,” we must end this rather prolix chapter upon roses,
VI.
A CHAPTER ON GREEN-HOUSES.
i) December, 1848.
|) enor, here in the north, is certainly a cold month. Yes,
one does not look for primroses under the hedges, nor gather
violets in the valleys, often, at this season. One must be content to
enjoy a bright sky over head, and a frosty walk under foot; one
must find pleasure in the anatomy of trees, and the grand outline of
hills and mountains half covered with snow. And then, to be sure,
there are the evergreens. What a pleasant thing it is to see how
bravely they stand their ground, and bid defiance even to zero;
especially those two fine old veterans, the Hemlock and the W hite
Pine. They, indeed, smile defiance at all the attacks of the Ice
King. It is not easy to make a winter landscape dull or gloomy
where they stand, ready as they are at all times with such a sturdy
look of wholesome content in every bough.
That must be an insipid climate, depend upon it, where there is
“summer all the year round.” In an ideal point of view,—that is,
for angels and “beatitudes”—it is, nay, it must. be, quite perfect.
Their sensations never wear out. But to us, poor mortals, com-
pounded as we are of such a moiety of clay, and alas, too many of
us full of inconstancy,—always demanding variety—always looking
for a change—wearying, as the angels do not, of things which ought
to satisfy any reasonable creature for ever; no, even perpetual sum-
mer will not do for us. Winter, keen and frosty winter, comes to
brace up our languid nerves. It acts like a long night’s sleep, after
36 HORTICULTURE.
a day full of exciting events. Spring comes back again to us like a
positively new miracle! To watch all these black and leafless trees
suddenly become draped with green again, to see the ice-bound and
snow-clad earth, now so dead and cold, absolutely bud and grow
warm with new life,—that, certainly, is a joy which never animates
the soul of our fellow-beings of the equator.
“But the winter, the long winter—without verdure—without
foliage—without flowers—all so bleak and barren.” Softly, warm
weather friend, open this little glazed door, out of the parlor, even
now, while the icicles hang from the eaves, and what do you see?
Truly a cheering and enlivening prospect, we think; a little minia-
ture tropical scene, separated from the outer frcetiworld only by a
few panes of glass, and yet as gay and blooming as the valley of -
Cashmere in June. What can be purer than these pure, spotless
double white-—what richer than these rich, parti-colored Camel-
lias? What more delicate than these Heaths, with their little fairy-
like bells? What more fresh and airy than these Azaleas? What
more delicious than these Daphnes, and Neapolitan Violets ? Why,
one can spend an hour here, every day, in studying these curious
and beautiful strangers—belles of other climes, that turn winter into
summer, to repay us for a little warmth and shelter. Is there not
something exciting and gratifying in this little spectacle of our tri-
umph ‘of art over nature? this holding out a little garden of the
most delicate plants in the very face of winter, stern as he is, and
bidding him defiance to his teeth? Truly yes; and therefore, to one
who has enough of vegetable sympathy in his nature to love flowers
with all his or her heart—to love them enough to watch over them,
to care for all their wants, and to feel an absolute thrill of joy as
the first delicate bit of color mounts into the cheek of every blushing
bud as it is about to burst open,—to such of our readers, we say, a
GREEN-HOUSE is a great comfort and consolation !
There are many of our readers who enjoy the luxury of green-
houses, hot-houses, and conservatories,—large, beautifully construct-
ed, heated with hot water pipes, paved with marble, and filled with
every rare and beautiful exotic worth having, from the birdlike air
plants of Guiana to the jewel-like Fuchsias of Mexico. They have
taste, and much “money in their purses.” They want no advice
“gSNOH-NIFZAO
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A CHAPTER ON GREEN-HOUSES, 87
from us; they have only to say “let us have green-houses,” and they
have them. .
But we have also other readers, many thousands of them, who
have quite as much natural taste, and not an hundredth part as mach
of the “needful” with which to gratify it. Yes, many, who look
upon a green-house as a sort of crystal palace, which it requires a
great deal of skill to construct, and untold wealth to pay for and
keep in order. The little conversation that we hold to-day must be
considered as addressed to this latter class ; and we don’t propose to
show even them, how to build a green-house for nothing,—but how
it may be built cheaply, and so simply that it is not necessary to
send for the architect of Trinity Church to give them a plan for its
construction.
The idea that comes straightway into one’s head, when a green-
house is mentioned, is something with a half roof stuck against a
wall, and glazed all over,—what gardeners call a lean-to or shed-
roofed green-house. . This is a very good form where economy alone
is to be thought of; but not in the least will it please the eye of
taste. We dislike it, because there is something incomplete about
it; it is, in fact, only half a green-house.
‘We must have, then, the idea, in a complete form, by having
the whole roof—what in garden architecture is called a “ span-roof”—
which, indeed, is nothing more than the common form of the roof
of a house, sloping both ways from the ridge pole to the eaves.
A green-house may be of any size, from ten to as many hundred
feet; but let us now, for fhe sake of having something definite be-
fore us, choose to plan one 15 by 20 feet. We will suppose it at-
tached to a cottage in the country, extending out 20 feet, either on
the. south, or the east, or the west side; for, though the south is
the best aspect, it will do in this bright and sunny climate very ‘well
in either of the others, provided it is fully exposed to the sun, and
not concealed by trees at the sunny time of day. oe
Taking fig.2 as the ground-plan, you will see that by cutting
down the window in the parlor, so as to make a glazed door of it,
_. you have the opening precisely where you want it for convenience,
"~and exactly where there will be a fine vista down the walk as you
sit in the parlor. Now, by having this house a little wider than
38 HORTICULTURE,
usual, with an open roof, our plants have the light on all sides; con-
sequently they are never drawn. Besides this, instead of a single
walk down the front of the house, at the end of which you are forced
to wheel about, like a grenadier, and return; you have the agreea-
ble variety of making the entire circuit of the house, reaching the
same spot again, with something new before you-at every step.
This walk is 24 feet wide. The stage for the tall plants is a paral-
lelogram, in the middle of the house, ¢, 7 feet wide; the shelf, which
borders the margin of the house, d,'is about 18 inches wide. This
will hold all the small pots, the more delicate growing plants, the
winter-flowering bulbs, and all those little favorites which of them-
selves like best to be near the light, and which one likes to have
near the eye. It is quite incredible what a number of dozen of.
small plants this single shelf, running nearly all round, will hold.
WSJ
\
N
\
N
N
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N
\
N
N
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\
Fic. 2.— Plan of a small Green-House.
Now let us take a glance at the plan of the section of the green-
house, fig. 3, which may be supposed’ to be a slice down through
the end of it. The sides of the house are 8 feet high. They con-
sist of a row of sashes (f), 34 feet high, placed just below the plate
that supports the roof, and a wall, h, on which these sashes stand.
This may be a wall of brick or stone (if of the former. 8 inches
A CHAPTER ON QREEN-HOUSES. 39
thick is sufficient) ; or
it may, when it is to
be attached to a wood-
en dwelling,-be built
‘of wood—good cedar
posts being set as sup-
ports 33 feet deep, and
lined with weather-
“boarding on each ——
side, leaving a space
of 12 inches wide, to
be filled very com-
pactly with charcoal dust, or dry tan.
At the farther end of the house is a door, i.
The roof may rise in the middle so as to be from 12'to 15 feet
high (in our plan, it is shown 12 feet). It is wholly glazed,—the
sashes on either side sliding down in the rafters, so as to admit air
when necessary. The rafters themselves to be placed about 4 feet
apart. Is it nota neat little green-house—this structure that we
have conjured up before you? It is particularly light and airy ; and
do you not observe that the great charm about itis, that every plant
is within reach—always inviting attention, always ready to be en-
joyed? Truly, it is not like those tall houses, with stages running
up like stairs, entirely out of the reach of one’s nose, arms or fingers.
Do you not see, also, that you can very well water and take care of
every plant yourself, if you dre really fond of such things? Very
well; now let us look a little into the way in which we are to keep
this little place of pleasure always warm and genial for the plants
themselves. —
In the first place, we must inform our reader that we are not to
have either a furnace with brick flues, or a boiler with hot water
pipes. They are both excellent things; but we must have, at pre-
sent, something simpler and more economical.
Every body, in the northern States, very well knows what an air-
tight stove is; a most complete and capital little machine, whether
‘ for wood or coal; most easily managed, and giving us almost the
whole possible amount of caloric to be got out of hickory or anthracite.
e
AUTH
Fia. 3, Section of the Same.
40 HORTICULTURE.
Now we mean to heat our little green-house with an air-tight stoye,
of good size; and we mean to heat it, too, in the latest and most
approved system—nothing less than what the English call Polmaise
—by which we are able to warm every part of the house alike; by
which we shall be able to create a continual circulation of the warm
air from one end of it, quite over the plants, to the other; and
which, no doubt, they will mistake for a West India current of air
every evening.
In order to bring this about, we must have an air-chamber. This
also must be below the level of the green-house floor. It is not im-
portant under what part it is placed ; it may be built wherever it is
most convenient. In our plan (fig. 2), as there is a cellar under
the parlor, we will put it next the cellar wall, so that there may be
a door to enter it from this cellar. This air-chamber must be built
of brick, say about 7 or 8 feet square (as represented by the dotted
lines around 6). The wall of this air-chamber should be two bricks
thick at the sides and one brick at the ends, and all smoothly plas-
tered on the inside. The top should be covered with large flaggiig
stones ; and upon the top of these, a course of bricks should be laid,
which. ill form part of the floor of the walk in the green-house
above, _ Or, if flagging is not to be had, then cover the whole with
a low,arch of brick work.
In this air-chamber we will place our air-tight stove, the smoke
pipe of which must be brought back into the cellar again, so as to be
carried into one of the chimney flues of the house. There must be
a large sheet-iron or cast-iron door to the air-chamber, to enable us
to feed the fire in the stove ; and, in the top or covering of the air-
chamber, directly in the middle of the walk (at 1), must be an
opening 18 inches in diameter, covered with a grating, or register.
Through this the hot air will rise into the house.
Now, beth that we may heat the house easily and quickly,.and
also that we may. have that continual circulation of air which is so
wholesome der the plants, we must also have what is called a “ cold-
air drain ;” it must lead from that end of the house farthest from
the heeae chamber, and therefore the coldest end, directly to the bot-
tom of the air-chamber itself. We will put the mouth of this drain in
the middle of the walk near the door, at 2, with a grating over it
A CHAPTER ON GREEN-HOUSES. 41
also. This drain shall be simply a long box, made of boards; and
we will have it 1 foot by 2 feet, inside. From the mouth, 2, it shall
lead along, in a straight line, just below the level of the floor, to B,
where it descends so as to enter on a level with the floor of the hot-
air chamber. We will also have a smaller box, or drain, for fresh
air, leading from the bottom of the air-chamber to the open air
through the foundation wall, at 4,to supply the house with fresh
air. This air-pipe should be six inches in diameter, and there
should be a slide in it to enable us to shut it up, whenever the
weather is too cold to admit of its being open, without lowering the
temperature of the house too much.
Now let us suppose all is ready, and that a fire is lighted in our
air-tight stove. The air in the air-chamber becoming heated, it
rises rapidly and passes into the green-house through the grated
opening at 1. Very quickly, then, in order to supply the deficiency
caused in the air-chamber, the air rushes through the cold-air drain.
This makes a current from the coolest part of the house, at 2, towards
the air-chamber;. and, to make. good again the lost air carried off
from that end of the house, the warm stream which rises through
the opening at 1, immediately flows over the tops of the plants to-
wards the opposite end of the house, and, as it becomes cold again,
descends and enters the mouth of the cold-air drain, at 2. By taking
advantage of this simple and beautiful principle, that is to say the
rising of warm air, we are able in this way to heat every part
of the house alike, and have a constant bland zephyr passing over
the plants.*
It is not easy to find any thing simpler or more easily managed
than this way of heating a small green-house. In this latitude, a
couple of cords of wood or a couple of tons of anthracite, will be
sufficient for the whole winter; for, it must be remembered, that no
matter how cold the day, the moment the sun shines there is not
the slightest need of a fire; the temperature will then immediately
‘begin to rise. Usually after bright days, which are abundant in
our coldest winter-months, we shall not need to light a fire till one,
* When a coal air-tight stove is used, there should be a water pan sus-
pended over it. For a wood air-tight it is not necessary.
42 HORTICULTURE.
two, or sometimes three hours after sunset; and ‘if our air-tight
one of good size, and constructed as it should be, so as to maintai
a good fire for a long time, our last replenishing in the evening nee
not usually be later than ten o’clock ; but we must, in this case, gis
a full supply of fuel for the night’s consumption. —
Every sensible person will, of course, use light outside shutter
for the roof and side glass of such a house as this. We slide ther
on at sunset, and take them off at sunrise; and by this means.w
not only save one-third of our fuel, but keep up a pleasant gree
house temperature, without cold draughts at night. It is wort
while to remember, too, that in glazing the roof, the most usefi
possible size for the glass is 4 by 6 inches, or, at the largest, 6 by
inches. The former answers the purpose perfectly, and is not onl
much less costly than large glass, but is also far less expensive t
keep in repair; neither hail nor frost breaking the small pane
as they do the large ones.
As to the minor details, we will have a small cistern under, th
floor, into which the water from the roof can be conveyed for wate
'' ing the plants. Beneath the centre stage (which may be partl
concealed with lattice work), we may keep our dahlia roots, and
dozen other sorts of half hardy plants for the summer border, no
dormant, and snugly packed quite out of sight.
We did intend, when we sat down, to give our novices a great de:
of exceedingly valuable advice about the sorts of plants that they ougl
to cultivate in this glazed flower-garden. But we see that we a
getting beyond the limits of a leader, and must not, therefore, wear
those of our subscribers, who take no more interest in geraniun
than we do in Irish landlords, with too long a parley on exotics.
We must have space enough, however, for a word or two moi
to beginners. Let them take our word for it—if they prefer a
abundance of beautiful flowers to a pot-pourri, of every imaginab.
species that can be grown under glass, they had better confine then
selves to a few really worthy and respectable genera.. If they onl
want winter-blooming plants, then let them take Camellias and Ch
nese Azaleas, as the groundwork of their collection, filling in tk
interstices with davhnes, heaths, sweet-scented violets, and choi
A CHAPTER ON GREEN-HOUSES. - 43
bulbs. For the spring, rely on everblooming roses,* ana geraniums.
If they also wish to have the green-house gay in summer, they must
shade it (or wash the under side of the roof-glass with whiting), and
grow Fuchsias and Achimenes. In this way, they will never be
without flowers in abundance, while their neighbors, who collect
every new thing to be heard of under the sun, will have more tall
stalks and meagre foliage, than bright blossoms and odorous bouquets
for their trouble.
* Nothing is more satisfactory than those fine Noisette roses, the La-
marque and Cloth of Gold, planted in-an inside border, and trained up
under the rafters of the green-house. In this way they grow to great size,
and give a profusion of roses.
Vil.
ON FEMININE TASTE IN RURAL AFFAIRS.
April, 1849,
YT HAT a very little fact sometimes betrays the national charac-
ter; and what an odd thing this national character is! Look
ata Frenchman. He eats, talks, lives in public. He is only happy
when he has spectators. ‘ In town, on the boulevards, in the cafe, at
places of public amusement, he is all enjoyment. But in the
country—ah, there he never goes willingly; or else, he only goes
to sentimentalize, or to entertain his town friends. Even the natural
born country people seem to find nature and solitude ennuyant,
and so collect in little villages to keep each other in spirits! The
Frenchman eats and sleeps almost any where; but he is never “at
home but when he is abroad.”
Look, on the other hand, at John Bull. He only lives what he
feels to be a rational life, when he lives in the country. His country
place is to him a little Juan Fernandez island ; it contains his own
family, his own castle, every thing that belongs to him. He hates
the smoke of town; he takes root in the soil. His Horses, his dogs,
his trees, are not separate existences; they are parts of himeelf.
He is social with a reservation. Nature is nearer akin to him than
strange men. His dogs are truly attached to him; he doubts if his
fellows are. People often play the hypocrite; but the trees in
his park never deceive him. Home is to him the next best place
‘to heaven.
And only a little narrow strait of water divides these two
nations |
ON FEMININE TASTE IN RURAL AFFAIRS, 45
Shall we ever have a distinct national character? Will a
country, which is settled by every people of the old world,—a dozen
nations, all as distinct as the French and the English,—ever crys-
tallize into a symmetrical form—something distinct and homoge-
neous? And what will that national character be?
Certainly no one, who looks at our comparative isolation—at
the broad ocean that separates us from such external influences—
at the mighty internal forces of new government and new circum-
stances, which continually act upon us,—and, above all, at the
mighty vital force of the Yankee ‘Constitution, which every year
swallows hundreds of thousands of foreigners, and digests them all;
no one can look reflectingly on all this, and not see that there is
a national type, which will prevail over all the complexity, which
various origin, foreign manners, and different religions bring to our
shores.
The English are, perhaps, the most distinct of civilized nations,
in their nationality. But they had almost ag mixed an origin as
ourselves,— Anglo-Saxon, Celts, Roman, Danish, Norman; all these
apparently discordant elements, were fused so successfully into a
great and united people.
That a hundred years hence will find us quite as distinct and
quite as developed, in our national character, we cannot doubt,
What that character will be, in all its phases, no one at present can
precisely say; but that the French and English elements will largely
influence it in its growth, and yet, thatgjn morals, in feeling, and in
heart, we shall be entirely distinct either of those nations, is as
clear to us as a summer noon.
We are not going into a profound ‘philosophical dissertation on
the political or the social side of national character. We want to
touch very slightly on a curious little point that interests us; one
that ‘political philosophers would think quite beneath them; one
that moralists would not trouble themselves about; and one that
we are very much afraid nobody else will think worth notice at all ;
and therefore we shall set about it directly.
What is the reason American ladies don’t love to work in their
gardens ? .
It is ‘of no use whatever, that some fifty or a hundred of our fair
46 * ite HORTICULTURE.
readers say, “ we do.” We have ‘carefully studied the matter, until
it has become a fact past all contradiction. They may love to
“potter” a little. Three or four times in the spring they take a
fancy to examine the color of the soil a few inches below the sur-
face; they sow some China Asters, and plant a few Dahlias, and it
is all over. Love flowers, with all their hearts, they certainly do,
Few things are more enchanting to them than a fine garden; and
bouquets on their centre tables are positive necessities, with every
lady, from Maine to the Rio Grande,
Now,-we certainly have all ‘the love of nature of our English
forefathers. % We love ‘the eountry 5 and a large. part of the mil-
lions, earned every. year by our enterprise, is spent in creating and
‘embellishing country homes. But,.on the contrary, our wives and
daughters only love gardens as the French love them—for the
results. They love to walkthrough them; they enjoy the beauty
and perfume of their products, but only as amateurs. ; They’ know
no more, of’ that intemse enjoyment of yher who plans, creates, and
daily watches the gtowth of those gardens or: flowersy—no nioré of
that absolute, living enjoyment, which the English have in out-of
door pursuits, than a mere amateur, who goes through a fine gal.
lery of pictures, knows of the intensified emotions which the painters
of those pictures experienced in their souls, when. they gazed on the
gradual growth and perfected splendor of their finest master-pieces.
As it is plain, from our love of the country, that we are not French
at.heart, this manifestation a we complain of, must come from
our natural tendency to .cépypthe social manners of the most.
polished nation in the world%# And it is indeed quite wonderful,
how, being scarcely in the least affected by the morale, we still bor-.
row almost instinctively, and entirely without being aware of it, so
much from éa Belle France. That our dress, mode of: life, and in-
tercourse, is largely tinged withrFrench taste, every traveller notices.
But it goes farther. Even the plans of our houses become more and
more decidedly French. ‘We have had occasion, lately, to make
considerable explorations i in the domestic architecture of France and
England, and we have noticed some striking national peculiarities.
One of these relates to the connection of the pringipal apartments,
Tn a French house, the beau ideal is to have every thing ensuite ;
ON FEMININE TASTE IN RURAL AFFAIRS, 47
all the rooms open into each other; or, atleast, as many of the
; largest as will produce a fine effect. In an Eniglish house, every
room is complete in itself. It may be very large, ands ‘very grand,
but it is all the worse for being connected with any other room; for
that destroys the privacy which an Englishman so much. loves. :
Does any one, familiar with the progress of building in the
-- United States for the last ten years, desire to be told which mode
we have followed?-.And yet, there are very few who are aware
that our Jove of folding-doors, and suites of apartments, is essen-
tially French. ; F;
Now our national taste in gardening and-out-door employments,
is just in the process of formation. “Honestly and -ardently be-
lieving that the loveliest and best women in the world are those of
our own country, we cannot think of their losing so much of their
own and -nature’s bloom,.as only to enjoy their gardens by the
results, like the French, rather than through’ the development, like
the English. We would gladly show them how- much they lose.
We would convince them, that only to pluckgthe full-blown.flower,
is like a first introduction to it, compared: with: life-long friend-
ship of its mistress, who has nursed it from its QiSt two leaves; and
that the real zest of our enjoyment of naturfeven in a garden, lies
in our looking at her, notydilf& a spectator who admires, but like a
dear and intimate friend§ to whom, after long intimacy, she reveals
sweets wholly hidden paki? who-only come to her ih full dress,
and in the attitude of formal viéitors.
If any one wisheg§jo know ioe completely and intensely Eng-
lish women enter, into gha spirit of gardening, he has only to watch
the wife of the most h¥nfi@artisan who settles in any of our cities.
She not only has a po ft flowers—her back-yard is a perfect curi- *
-osity-shop of botanical ‘afties. She is never done with training,
and, watering, and caring’ for them. And truly, they reward her
wall for who ever saw such large geraniums, such fresh daisies,
such ruddy roses! Comparing them with the neglected and weak
specimens in the garden of her neighbor, one might be tempted to
believe that they had: been magnetized.by the charm of personal. +
fondness of their mistress, into a life and beauty not common to
other piace: €
a
48 HORTICULTURE.
Mr. Colman, in his European Tour, seems to. have been struck
by this trait, and gave so capital a portrait of rural accomplish-
ments in a lady of rank he had the good fortune to meet, that we
cannot resist the tenipietien of turning the picture to the light once
more :
“T had no sooner, then, entered the house, where my visit had been’
expected, than I was met with an unaffected cordiality, which at once
made meat home. In the midst of gilded halls, and hosts of liveried
servants, of dazzling lamps and glittering mirrors, redoubling the high-
est triumphs of art and of taste; in the midst of books, and statues,
and pictures, and all the elegancies and refinements of luxury; in the
midst of titles, and dignitaries, and ranks allied to regal. grandeur,—
there was one object which transcended and eclipsed them all; and
showed how much the nobility of character surpassed the nobility of
rank, the beauty of refined and simple manners all the adornments of
art, the scintillations of the soul, beaming from the eyes, the ‘purest
gems that ever glittered in a princely diadem. In person, in education
and improvement, in quigkness of perception, in facility and elegance of
expression, in accomplishments and taste, in a frankness and gentleness
of manner, temperedby a modesty which courted confidence and in-
spired respect, and in. #§pigh moral tone and sentiment, which, like a
bright halo, seemed to-encircle the wholg sperson,—I confess the fictions.
of poetry became substantial, and the déau ide
nation was realized. .
“In the morning I first met ae prayd
l of my youthful imagi-
S 5 ae to the honor of
child, the teacher and the taught, the fridiag
gether to recognize and strengthen the senspidigtheir common equality,
in the presence of their common Father, an&i# acknowledge their equal
dependence upon his care and mercy. She was then kind enough to
tell me, after her morning’s arrangements, she claimed me for the day.
She first showed me her children, whom, like the Roman mother, she
deemed her brightest jewels, and arranged their studies and occupations
for the day. She then took me two or three miles on foot, to visit a
sick neighbor; and, while performing this act of kindness, left me to
visit some of ‘the cottages upon the estate, whose inmates I found loud
in the praises of her kindness and benefactions.’ Our next excursion
the stranger, come to-
ON FEMININE TASTE IN RURAL AFFAIRS. 49
was to see some of the finest, and largest, and most aged trees in the
park, the size of which was truly magnificent ; and I sympathized in
the veneration which she expressed for them, which was like that ‘with
which one recalls the illustrious memory of a remote progenitor. Our
next visit was to the green-houses and gardens; and she explained to
me the mode adopted there, of managing the most delicate plants, and
of cultivating, in the most economical and successful manner, the fruits
of a warmer region. From the garden we proceeded to the cultivated
fields; and she informed me of the system of husbandry pursued on
the estate, the rotation of crops, the management and application of
manures, the amount of seed sown, the ordinary yield, and the appro-
priation of the produce, with a perspicuous detail of, the expenses and
results. She then undertook to show me the yards and offices, the
byres, the feeding stalls, the plans for saving, increasing, and managing
the manure ; the cattle for feeding, for breeding, the milking stock, the
piggery, the poultry-yard, the stables, the harness-rooms, the implement-
rooms, the dairy. She explained to me the process of making the dif-
ferent kinds of cheese, and the general management of the milk, and
the mode of feeding the stock ; and then, conducting me into the bailiff’s
house, she exhibited to me the Farm Journal, and the whole systematic
mode of keeping the accounts and making the returns, with which she
seemed as familiar as if they were the accounts of her own wardrobe.
This did not finish our grand tour ; for, on my return, she admitted me
into her boudoir, and showed me the secrets of her own admirable
nected with the dairy, the marke} the table, and the drawing-room, and
the servants’ hall. All§this wag§done with a simplicity and a frank-
ness, which showed an ‘absenggpof all consciousness of any extraordi-
nary merit in her own¢departfient, and which evidently sprang solely
from a kind desire to s curiosity on my part, which, I hope, un-
der such circumstances{was pot unreasonable.
“A short hour after tiis brought us into another relation ; for the
dinner bell summoned d this same lady was found presiding over
a brilliant circle of the highest rank and fashion, with an tase, elegance,
wit, intelligence, and good humor, with a kind attention to every one’s
wants, and an unaffected concern for every one’s comfort, which would lead
one to suppose that this was her only and her peculiar sphere. Now I
will not say how many mud-puddles we had waded through, and how
many manure heaps we had crossed, and what places we had explored,
and how every farming topic was discussed ; but I will say that she
pursued her object without any of that fastidiousness and affected deli-
4
50 HORTICULTURE.
eacy, which pass with some persons for refinement; but which, in many
cases, indicate a weak, if not a corrupt mind. * * * *
“ Now I do not say that the lady to whom I have referred was her-
self the manager of the farm; that rested entirely with her husband ;
but I have intended simply to show how gratifying to him must have
been the lively interest and sympathy which she took in concerns which
necessarily so much engaged his time and attention ; and how the coun-
try would be divested of that dulness and ennui,.so often complained
of as inseparable from it, when a cordial and practical interest is taken
in the concerns which belong to rural life. I meant also to show—and
this and many other examples, which have come under my observation,
emphatically do show—that an interest in, and familiarity with, even
the most humble occupations of agricultural life, are not inconsistent
with the highest refinements of taste, the most improved cultivation of
the mind, and elegance, and dignity of manners, unsurpassed in the
highest circles of society.”
This picture is ‘thoroughly English ; and who do our readers
suppose this lady was? Mr.' Colman puts his finger on his lips, apd
declares that however much he may be questioned by his fair readers
at home, he: will make no disclosures. But other people recognize
the portrait ; and we understand it is that of the Duchess of Port-
land.
Now, as a contrast to this, here i
—but enough to show the French :
from one of Madame de Sevigne’
society as she was, she certainly had%as Zuch, of fore of the coun-
try as belongs to her class and sex on her. sidé of the channel. Itis
part of a letter written from her counfty:h@fpe. She is writing to
her daughter; and speaking of an expé@té@’ visit from one of her
friends :
“Tt follows that, after I have been to see her, she will come to. see
me, when, of course, I shall wish her to find my garden in good order ;
my walks in good order-—those fine walks, of which you are so fond.
Attend also, if you please, to a little suggestion en passant. You are
aware that haymaking is going forward. “Well, I have no haymakers.
I send into the neighboring fields to press them into ‘my service; there
are none to be found; and so all my own people are summoned to make
ON FEMININE TASTE IN RURAL AFFAIRS. 51
hay instead. But do you know what haymaking is? I will tell you.
Haymaking is the prettiest thing in the world. You play at turning
the grass over in a meadow ; and as soon as you know that, you
_ know how to make hay.”
Is it not capital? We italicize her description of haymaking,
it is so Frangaise, and so totally unlike the account that the Duchess
would have given Mr. Colman. Her garden, too; she wanted to
have it put in order before her friend arrived. She would have
shown it, not as an English woman would have done, to excite an
interest in its rare and beautiful plants, and the perfection to which
they had grown under her care, but that it might give her friend a
pleasant promenade.
Now we have not the least desire; that American wives and
‘daughters should have any thing to do with the rough toil of the
farm or the garden, beyond their own household province. We de-
light in the chivalry which pervades this whole country,.in regard
to the female character, and which even foreigners have remarked
as one of the strongest national characteristics.* But we would
_giladly have them seize on that happy medium, between the English
passion for every thing out of doors, and the French taste for nothing
beyond the drawing-room. Every thing which relates to the gar-
den, the lawn, the pleasure-grounds, should claim their immediate
interest. And this, nof ne walk out occasionally and enjoy
it; but to know it by heart; lo do it, or see it all done; to know
ft
* M.-Chevalier, one of the most intelligent of recent French travellers,
. says, in his work on this country—“ Not only does the American mechanic |
and farmer relieve, as much ts possible, his wife from all severe labor, all
disagreeable employmettebitt there is also, in relation to them, and to
women in general, a dis a eae to oblige, that is unknown among us, even
in men who plane ere es upon cultivation of = and literary educa-
tion.” * * *
“We buy our wives aaah our fortunes, or we sell ieee to them for
their dowries. The American chooses her, or rather he offers himself to her
for her beauty, her intelligence, and the qualities of her heart ; it is the
only dowry which he seeks, Thus, while we make of that which is most
sacred a matter of business, these traders affect. a delicacy, and an elevation
of sentiment, which would have done honor to the most perfect models of
.chivalry.”.
52 HORTICULTURE.
the history of any plant, shrub, or tree, from the time it was so
small as to be invisible to all but their eyes, to the time when every
passer-by stops to admire and enjoy it; to live, in short, not only
the in-door but the out-of-door life of a true woman in the country.
Every lady may not be “born to love pigs and chickens” (though
that is a good thing to be born to); but, depend upon it, she has
been cut off by her mother nature with less than a shilling’s patri-
mony, if she does not love trees, flowers, gardens, and nature, as if
they were all part of herself.
We half suspect, if the truth must be told, that there is a little
affectation or coquetry among some of our fair readers, in this want
of hearty interest in rural occupation. We have noticed that it is
precisely those who have the smallest gardens, and, therefore, who
ought most naturally to wish to take the greatest interest in their
culture themselves,—it is precisely those who depend entirely upon
their gardener. They rest with such entire faith on the chivalry of
our sex, that they gladly permit every thing to be done for them,
and thus lose the greatest charm which their garden could give
that of a delightful personal intimacy.
Almost all the really enthusiastic and energetic lady gardeners
that we have the pleasure of knowing, belong to the wealthiest class
in this country. We have a neighbor on the Hudson, for in-
stance, whose pleasure-grounds cove many acres, whose flower-
garden is a miracle of beauty, and who kee six gardeners at work
all the season. But there is never a tree tratsplanted that she does
not see its roots carefully handled ; not ‘a Walk laid out that slie does
not mark its curves ; not a pavionts arranged that she does not direct
its colors and grouping, and even assist ! pting it. No. matter
what guests enjoy her hospitality, several hours every day are thus
spent in out-of-door employment; and from tHe zeal and enthusiasm
with which she always talks of every thing relating to her country
life, we do not doubt that she is far more rationally happy now,
than when she received the homage of a circle of admirers at one
of the most brilliant of foreign courts.
On the table before us, lies a letter from a lady of fortune in
Philadelphia, whose sincere and hearty enthusiasm in country life
always delights us. She is one of those beings who animate every
ON FEMININE TASTE IN RURAL AFFAIRS. 58
thing she touches, and would make a heart beat in a granite rock,
if it had not the stubbornness of all “ facts before the flood.” She
is in a dilemma now about the precise uses of lime (which has stag-
gered many an old cultivator, by the way), and tells the story of her
doubts with an earnest directness and eloquence that one seeks for in
vain in the essays of our male chemico-horticultural correspondents.
We are quite sure that there will be a meaning in every fruit and
flower which this lady plucks from the garden, of which our fair
friends, who are the disciples of the Sevigne school, have not the
feeblest conception.
There are, also, we fear, those who fancy that there is something
rustic, unfeminine and unrefined, about an interest in country out-of-
door matters. Would we could present to them a picture which
rises in our memory, at this moment, as the finest of all possible de-
nials to such a theory. In the midst of the richest agricultural region
of the northern States, lives a lady—a young, unmarried lady;
mistress of herself; of some thousands of acres of the finest lands;
and a mansion which is almost the ideal of taste and refinement.
Very well. Does this lady sit in her drawing-room all day, to re-
ceive her visitors? By no means. You will find her, in the morn-
ing, either on horseback or driving a light carriage with a pair of
spirited horses. She explores every corner of the estate ; she visits
her tenants, examines the ‘@f@ps, projects improvements, directs re-
pairs, and is thoroughly{mistr of her whole demesne. Her man-
sion opens into the most exquisite garden of flowers and fruits, every
one of which she knows by heart. And yet this lady, so energetic
and spirited in her enjoy: e and management in out-of-door mat-
ters, is, in the drawing-r the most gentle, the most retiring, the
most refined of her sex
A word or two more, and upon what ought to be the most im-
portant argument of all. Exercisz, FRESH AIR, HEALTH,—are they
not almost synonymous? The exquisite bloom on the cheeks of
American girls, fades, in the matron, much sooner here than in Eng-
land,—not alone because of the softness of the English climate, as
many suppose. It is because exercise, so necessary to the mainte-
nance of health, is so little a matter of habit and education here, and
so largely insisted upon in England ; and it is because exercise, when
54 HORTICULTURE,
taken here at. all, is taken too often as a matter of duty; that it is
then only a lifeless duty, and has no soul in it; while the English
woman, who takes a living’ interest in her rural employments, in-
hales new life in every day’s occupation, and plants perpetual roses
in her cheeks, by the mere act of planting them in her garden.
“But, Mr. Downing, think of the hot sun in this country, and
our complexions ! ”
Yes, yes, we know it. But get up an hour earlier, fair reader ;
put on your broadest sun-bonnet, and your stoutest pair of gloves,
and try the problem of health, enjoyment and beauty, before the
sun gets too ardent. A great deal may bé done in this way; and
after a while, if your heart is in the right place for ruralities, you
will find the occupation so fascinating that you will gradually find
yourself able to enjoy keenly what was at first only’ a very irksome
sort of duty. of
VIIL
ECONOMY IN GARDENING.
May, 1849.
R. COLMAN, in his Agricultural Tour, remarks, that his ob-
servations abroad convinced him that the Americans are the
most extravagant people in the world ; and the truth of the remark
is corroborated by the experience of every sensible traveller that re-
turns from Europe. The much greater facility of getting money
here, makes us more regardless of system in its expenditure; and
the income of many an estate abroad, amounting to twenty thou-
sand dollars, is expended with an exactness, and nicety of calcula-
tion, that would astonish persons in this country, who have only an
income of twenty hundred’ ydollars. Abroad, it is the study of
those who have, how to ~) or, in the case of spending, how to
getothe most for their money# At home, it seems to be the desire
of every body to get—and, having obtained wealth, to expend it in
the most lavish and careless manner.
There are, again, manty who wish to be economical in their dis-
bursements, but find, in a country where labor is one of the. dearest
of commodities, that every thing which is attained by the expendi-
ture of labor, costs so much more than they had supposed, that
moderate “improvements”—as we call all kinds of building and
gardening in this country—in a short time consume a handsome
competence.
The fact, that in no country is labor better paid for than in ours,
is one that has much to do with the success and progress of the
country itself, Where the day-laborer is so poorly paid, that he
56 HORTICULTURE.
must, of necessity, always be a day-laborer, it follows, inevitably,
that the condition of the largest number of human beings in the
State must remain nearly stationary. On the other hand, in a com-
munity where the industrious, prudent, and intelligent day-laborer
can certainly rise to a more independent position, it is equally evi-
dent that the improvement of national character, and the increase of
wealth, must go on rapidly together.
But, just in proportion to the ease with which men accumulate
wealth, will they desire to spend it; and, in spénding it, to obtain
the utmost satisfaction which it can produce. Among the most
rational modes of. doing this, in the country, are building and gay-'
dening ; and hence, every year, we find a greater number of our
citizens endeavoring to realize the pleasures of country life.
Now building is sufficiently cheap with us. A man may build
a cottage ornée for a few hundred dollars, which abroad would cost
a few thousands. But the moment. he touches a spade to the
ground, to plant a tree, or to level a hillock, that’ moment his farm
is taxed three or four times as heavily as in Europe; and as he
builds in a year, but “ gardens” all his life, it is evident that.his out-
of-door expenses must be systematized, or economized, or he will find
his income greatly the loser by it. Many a citizen, who has settled
in the country with the greatest enthusiasm, has gone back to town
in disgust at the unsuspected cost of country pleasures.
And yet, there are ways in hice
sults may be combined in country life. “fhere are — two ways
of arriving at a result; and, in some cases, that mode least usually
pursued is the better and more satisfactory one.
The price of the cheapest labor in the country generally, aver-
ages 80 cents to $1 per day. Now we have no wish whatever to
lower the price of labor; we would rather feel that, by and by, we
could afford to pay even more. But we wish either to avoid un-
necessary expenditure for labor-in producing a certain result, or to
aurive at some mode of insuring that the dollar a day, paid for labor,
shall be fairly and well earned.
Four-fifths of all the gardening labor performed in the eastern
and middle States is performed by Irish emigrants. Always accus-
tomed to something of oppression on the part of landlords and em-
are)
ECONOMY IN GARDENING, 57
ployers, in their own country, it is not surprising that their old
habits stick close to them here; and as a class, they require far
more watching to get a fair aye labor from them than many of
our own people, On the other hand, there is no workman who is
more stimulated by the consciousness of working on his own ac-
count than an Irishman. He will work stoutly and faithfully, from
early to late, to accomplish a “job” of his own seeking, or which
he has fairly contracted for, and accomplish it in a third less time
than if working by the day.
The deduction which experienced employers in the country draw
from this, is, never to employ “rough hands,” or persons whose
ability and steadiness have not been well proved, by the day or
month, but always by contract, piece or job. The saving to the em-
ployer is large; and the laborer, while he gets fairly paid, is in-
duced, by a feeling of greater independence, or to sustain his own
credit, to labor faithfully and without wasting the time of his em-
ployer.
We saw a striking illustration of this lately, in the case of two
neighbors,— both planting extensive orchards, and requiring, there-
fore, a good deal of extra labor. One of them had all the holes for
his trees dug by contract, of good size, and two spades deep, for six
cents per hole. The other had it executed by the day, and by the
same class of labor,— forei; igners, newly arrived. We had the curi-
osity. to ask a few questions, “tofiscertain the difference of cost in the
two cases; and found, as we expected, that the cost in the day’s
work gyatorh was about ten cents per hole, or more than a third be-
yond what it cost by the job.
Now, whether a country place is large or small, there is always,
in the course of the season, more or less extra work to be performed.
The regular gardener, or workman, must generally be hired by the
day or month ; though we know instances of every thing being done
by contract. But all this extra work can, in almost all cases, be
done by contract, at a price greatly below what it would otherwise
cost. Trenching, subsoiling, preparing the ground for orchards or
kitchen gardens, or even ploughing, and gathering crops, may be
done very much cheaper by contract than by day’s labor.
In Germany, the whole family, including women and children,
58 HORTICULTURE,
work in the gardens and vineyards; and they always do the same
here when they have land in their own possession. Now in every
garden, vineyard, or orchard, there is a great deal of light. work,
that may be as well performed by the younger members of such -a
family as by any others. Hence, we learn that the Germans, in the
large vineyards now growing on the Ohio, are able to cultivate the
grape more profitably than other persons; and hence, German fami-
lies, accustomed to. this kind of labor, may be employed by contract
in doing certain kinds of horticultural labors, at a great saving to
the employer.
Another mode of economizing, in this kind of expenditure, is by
the use of all possible dabor-saving machines. One of our corres-
pondents—a practical gardener—recommended, in our last num-
ber, that the kitchen garden, in .this country, in places of any im-
portance, should always be placed near the stables, to save trouble
and time in carting manure; and should be so arranged as to allow
the plough and cultivator to be used, instead of the spade and hoe.
This is excellent and judicious advice, and exactly adapted. to this
country. In parts of Europe where garden labor can be had for 20
cents a day, the kitchen garden may properly be treated with, such
nicety that not only good. vegetables, but something ornamental
shall be attained by it. But here, where the pay is as much for one
man’s labor as that of five men’s labor is worth in Germany, it is far
better to cheapen the cost of vegdiables, and pay for ornamental
work where it is more needed.
So, too, with regard. to every iisbantees where the more cheap and
rapid working of an improved machine, or implement, may be sub-
stituted for manual labor. In several of the largest country seats
on the Hudson, where there is so great an extent of walks-and car-
riage road, that several men would be employed almost constantly
in keeping them in order, they are all cleaned of weeds in a day by
the aid of the horse hoe for gravel walks, described in the appendix
to our Landscape Gardening. In all such cases as these, the pro-
prietor not only gets rid of the trouble and care of employing a
large number of workmen, but of the annoyance of paying more
than their labor is fairly worth for the purpose in question.
There are many modes of economizing in the expenditures of a
ECONOMY IN GARDENING. 59
country place, which time, and the ingenuity of our countrymen
will suggest, with more experience. But there is one which has
frequently occurred to us, and which is so obvious that we are sur-
prised that no one has adopted it. We mean the substitution, in
country places of tolerable size, of fine a for the scythe, in i
ing the lawn in order.
No one now thinks of considering his place in any way orna-
mental, who does not keep his lawn well mown,—not once or twice
a year, for grass, but once or twice a month, for “velvet.” This, to
be sure, costs something ; but, for general effect, the beauty of a
good lawn and trees is so much greater than that of mere flowers,
that no one, who values them rightly, would even think of paying
dearly for the latter, and neglecting the former.
Now, half a dozen or more sheep, of some breed serviceable and
ornamental, might be kept on a place properly arranged, so as to do
the work of two mowers, always keeping the lawn close and short,
and not only without expense, but possibly with some profit. No
grass surface, except a short lawn, is neater than one cropped by
sheep; and, for a certain kind of country residence, where the pic-
turesque or pastoral, rather than the studiously elegant, is desired,
sheep would heighten the interest and beauty of the scene.
In order to use sheep in this way, the place should be so ar-
ranged that the flower-garden, 2 shrubbery shall be distinct’ from
the lawn. In many cases iEngland, a small portion, directly
round the house, is inclosed with a wire fence, woven in a pretty
pattern (worth three or four shillings a yard). This contains the
flowers and shrubs, on the parlor side of the house, with a small
portion of lawn dressed by the scythe. All the rest is fed by the
sheep, which are folded regularly every night, to prevent accident
from dogs. In this way, a beautiful lawn-like surface is maintained
without the least annual outlay. "We commend the practice for im-
itation in this country.
IX.
A LOOK ABOUT US.
April, 1850.
N the o:d-fashioned way of travelling, “up hill and down dale,”
by post-coaches, it was a great gratification (altogether lost in
swift and smooth railroads), to stop and rest for a moment on a hill-
top and survey the country behind and’ about us.
Something of this retrospect is as refreshing and salutary in any
other field of progress. Certainly, nothing will carry us on with
such speed as to look neither to the right or left, to concentrate all
our powers to this undeviating straight-forward line. But, on the
other hand, as he who travels in a rail-car knows little or nothing
of the country, except the points of departure and arrival, so, if we
do not occasionally take a slight glarice at things about us, we shall
be comparatively ignorant of many initéresting features, not in the
straight line of “onward march.”
One of the best signs of the times for country people, is the in-
crease of agricultural papers in number, and the still greater increase
of subscribers. "When the Albany Cultivator stood nearly'alone in
the field, some fifteen years ago, and boasted of twenty thousand
subscribers, it was thought a marvellous thing—this interest in the
intellectual part of farming; and there were those who thought it
“could not last long.” Now that there are dozens of agricultural
journals, with hundreds of thousands of readers, the interest in’
“book farming” is at last beginning to be looked upon as something
significant ; and the agricultural press begins to feel that it is of some
account in the commonwealth. When it does something more—
A LOOK ABOUT US. 61
when it rouses the farming class to a sense of its rights in the state,
its rights to good education, to agricultural schools, to a place in the
legislative halls; when farmers shall not only be talked about in
complimentary phrase as “honest yeomen,” or the “bone and sinew
of the country,” but see and feel by the comparison of power and
influence with the commercial and professional classes that they are
such, then we shall not hear s6 much about the dangers of the
republic, but more of the intelligence and good sense of the
people.
Among the good signs of the times, we notice the establishment
of an Agricultural Bureau at Washington. At its head has been
placed, for the present, at least, Dr. Lee, the editor of the Genesee
Farmer—a man thoroughly alive to the interests of the cultivators
of the soil, and awake to the unjust estimation practically placed
upon farmers, both by themselves and the country at large. If he
does his duty, as we think he will, in collecting and presenting sta-
tistics and other information showing the importance and value of
the agriculture of the United States, we believe ‘this Agricultural
Bureau will be of vast service, if only in showing the farmers their
own strength for all good purposes, if they will only first educate
and. then use their powers.
In our more immediate department—horticulture—there are the
most cheering signs of improvement in every direction. In all parts
of the country, but especiallyjat the West, horticultural societies are
being formed. We think Ohio alone numbers five at this moment ;
and as the bare formation of such societies shows the existence of
a little more than private zeal on the part of the inhabitants, in gar-
dening matters, we may take it for granted that the culture of gar-
dens is making progress at the West, with a rapidity commensurate
to the wonderful growth there in other respects.
It is now no longer a question, indeed, that, horticulture, both for
profit and pleasure, i is destined to become of far more consequence
here than in any part of Europe. Take, for example, the matter of
fruit culture. In no part of Europe has the planting of orchards
been carried to the same extent as it has already been in the United
States. There is no single peach orchard in France, Italy, or Spain,
that has produced the owner over $10,000 in a single year, like
62 : ‘HORTICULTURE.
one in Delaware. There is no apple orchard in Germany or north-
ern Europe, a single crop of which has yielded $12,000, like that
of Pelham farm on the Hudson. .And these, though unusual ex-
amples of orchard cultivation by single proprietors, are mere frac-
tions of the aggregate value of the products of the orchards, in all
the northern States. The dried fruits—apples and peaches alone, of
western New-York, amount in value to very large sums annually.
And, if we judge of-what we hear, orchard culture, especially. of
the finer market fruits, has only just commenced.
We doubt if, at any horticultural assemblage that ever con-
vened in Europe, there has been the same amount of. practical
knowledge of pomology brought together as at the congress of fruit-
growers, last October, in New-York. An intelligent nurseryman, who
has just. returned from a horticultural tour through Great-Britain,
assures us, that.at the present moment that country is astonishingly
behind us, both in. interest-in, and knowledge of fruits. This he
partly explains by the fact, that only half a dozen sorts of each fruit
are usually grown in England, where we grow twenty or thitty;
but mainly by, the inferiority of their climate, which makes the cul-
ture of pears, peaches, &c., without walls, an impossibility, except in
rare cases. Again, the fact that in this country, there are so many
landholders. of intelligence among all classes of society—all busy i in
improving their places—whether they.consist of a rood ora mile
square—causes the interest in ey to become so.multiplied,
that it assumes an importance here that is not dreamed of -for it, on
the other side of the water.
With this wide-spread interest, and the numberless experiments
that large. practice will beget, we trust we shall very soon see good
results in the production of best native varieties of the finer fruits.
Almost every experienced American horticulturist has become
convinced. that we shall never fairly “touch bottom,” or rest :on a
solid foundation, till we get a good assortment of first-rate pears,
grapes, &c., raised from seeds in this country; sorts with sound con-
stitutions, adapted to our climate and soil, With great respect for
the unwearied labors of Van Mons,.and others who have followed
his plan of obtaining varieties, we have not the least faith in the
vital powers of varieties so originated. They will, in the. end, be
A LOOK ABOUT US. 63
entirely abandoned in this country for sound healthy seedlings,
raised directly from vigorous parents.
Far as we are in advance of Europe, at this moment, in the
matter of pomology, we are a long way behind in all that relates to
ornamental gardening. Not that there is not a wonderfully growing
taste for ornamental gardening, especially in the northern and east-
em States. Not, indeed, that we have not.a number -of’ country
places that would be respectable in point of taste and good cultiva-
tion every where. But the popular feeling has not fairly set in this
direction, and most persons are content with a few common trees,
shrubs, and plants, when they might adorn their lawns and gardens
with species of far greater beauty.
One of the greatest drawbacks to the satisfaction of pleasure-
grounds, in this country, is the want of knowledge as to how they
should be arranged to give rapid growth and fine verdure. The
whole secret, as we have again and again stated, is the deep soil ;
if not naturally such, then made so by deep culture. Even the best
English gardeners (always afraid, in their damp climate, of canker,
if the roots go downwards) are discouraged, and fail in our plea-
sure-grounds, from the very fineness and dryness of our climate, be-
cause they will not trench—trench—trench ! as we all must do, to
.. have satisfactory lawns or pleasure-grounds.
And this reminds us ‘that a great want in the country, at the
present time, is a sort of practical school for gardeners; not so
much to teach them from the outset—for ninéty-nine hundredths
of all owr gardeners are Europeans—as to naturalize their know-
ledge in this country. If one of the leading horticultural societies,
with ready means (that of Boston, for example), would start an
-éxperimental garden, and making, by an agency abroad, some ar-
rangement with deserving gardeners wishing to emigrate, take these
freshmen on their arrival, and carry them through a season’s prac-
tice in the experimental garden, and let them out at the end of a
year really good gardeners for our climate, they would do an incal-
culable service to the cause of horticulture, and to thousands of
employers, besides getting their own gardens (like that of the Lon-
don Horticultural Society) cultivated at a little cost.
‘It may be said that gardeners would not enter such a prepara-
64 HORTICULTURE.
tory garden, since they could find places at once. We reply to this,
that if they found, after they had had their year’s practice in this
garden, and could show its certificate of character and abilities, they
could readily get $50 or $100 a year more—as we are confident
they could—there would be no difficulty on this head,
The Belgian government has just established such a school, and
placed it under the direction of M. Van Houtte, the well-known
horticulturist of Ghent. Something of the sort has been contem-
plated here, in connection with the agricultural college proposed by
this State. Considering the scarcity,-nay, absolute dearth of good
gardeners among us at the present moment,—the supply not half
equal to the demand,—it seems to us that some plan might be
adopted by which we should not be at the mercy of those who only
call themselves gardeners, but who also know little beyond the mys-
teries of cultivating that excellent plant, the Solanum tuberosum,
commonly known as the potato.
X.
A SPRING GOSSIP.
May, 1850.
F any man feels no joy in the spring, then has he no warm
blood in his veins!” So said one of the old dramatists, two
hundred years ago; and so we repeat his very words in this month
of May, eighteen hundred and fifty. Not to feel the sweet influences
of this young and creative season, is indeed like being blind to the
dewy brightness of the rainbow, or deaf to the rich music of the
mocking-bird. Why, every thing feels it; the gushing, noisy brook ;
the full-throated robin; the swallows circling and sailing through
the air. Even the old rocks smile, and look less hard and stony;
or at least try to by the help of the moss, lately grown green in the
rain and sunshine of April. And, as Lowell has so finely said,
“Every elod feels a stir of might,
An instinct within it that reaches and towers;
And grasping blindly above it for light,
Climbs to soul in grass and flowers.”
From the time when the maple hangs out its little tufts of ruddy
threads on the wood side, or the first crocus astonishes us with its au-
dacity in embroidering the ground with gold almost before the snow
has left it, until June flings us her first garlands of roses to tell us
that summer is at hand, all is excitement in the country—real po-
etic excitement—some spark of which even the dullest souls that
follow the oxen must feel.
‘No matter how barren the past may have been,
*Tis enough for us now that the leaves are green.”
5
*
66 HORTICULTURE,
And you, most sober and practical of men, as you stand in your
orchard and see the fruit trees all dressed in spring robes of white,
and pink, and blush; and immediately set about divining what a
noble crop you will have, “if nothing happens” —meaning, thereby,
if every thing happens as nature for the most part makes it happen
—you, too, are a little of a poet in spite of yourself. You imagine—
you hope—you believe—and, from that delicate gossamer fabric of
peach- blossoms, you conjure out of the future, bushels of downy, .
ripe, ruddy, and palpable, though melting rareripes, every one of
which is such as was never seen but at prize exhibitions, when gold
medals bring out horticultural prodigies. If this is not being a poet
—a practical one, if you please, but still a poet—then are there no
gay colors in peacocks’ tails.
And as for our lady readers in the country, who hang over the
sweet firstlings of the flowers that the spring gives us, with as fresh
and as pure a delight every year as if the world (and violets) were
just new born, and had not been convulsed, battered, and torn by
earthquakes, wars, and revolutions, for more than six thousand years ;
why, we need not waste time in proving them to be poets, and their
lives—or at least all that part of them passed in delicious rambles
in the woods, or sweet toils in the garden—pure poetry. However
stupid the rest ‘of creation may be, they, at least, see and understand
that those early gifts of the year, yes, and the very spring itself, are
types of fairer and better things. They, at least, feel that this won-
derful resurrection of life and beauty out of the death-sleep of win-
ter, has a meaning in it that should bring glad tears into our eyes,
being, as it is, a foreshadowing of that transformation and awaken-
ing of us all in the spiritual spring of another and a higher life.
The flowers of spring are not so gay and gorgeous as those of
summer and autumn. Except those flaunting gentlemen-ushers the
Dutch tulips (which, indeed, have been coaxed into gay liveries
since Mynheer fell sick of flori-mania), the spring blossoms are
delicate, modest, and subdued in color, and with something more of
freshness and vivacity about them than is common in the lilies,
roses, and dahlias of a later and hotter time of the year. The fact
that the violet blooms in the spring, is of itself enough to make the
season dear to us. We do not now mean the pansy, or three-col-
#
A SPRING GOSSIP, 67
ored violet—the “Johnny-jump-up” of the cottager—that. litile,
roguish coquette of a blossom, all animation and boldness—but the
true violet of the poets; the delicate, modest, retiring violet, dim,
_ “But sweeter than the lids of Juno’s eyes,
Or Cytherea’s breath,”
The flower that has been loved, and praised, and petted, and culti-
vated, at least three thousand years, and is not in the. least spoiled
by it; nay, has all the unmistakable freshness still, of a nature
ever young and eternal.
There is a great deal, too, in the associations that cluster about
spring flowers. Take that early yellow flower, popularly known as
“Butter and Eggs,” and the most common bulb in all our gardens,
though introduced from abroad. It is not handsome, certainly, al-
though one always welcomes its hardy face with pleasure ; but when
we know that it suggested that fine passage to Shakspeare—
“Daffodils
That come before the swallow dares, and take
The winds of March with beauty ”—
we feel that the flower is for ever immortalized ; and though not
half so handsome as our native blood-root, with its snowy petals, or
our wood anemone, tinged like the first blush of morning, yet still
the daffodil, embalmed by poesy, like a fly in amber, has a value
given it by human genius that causes it to stir the imagination more
than the most faultless and sculpture-like camellia that ever bloomed
in marble conservatory.
A pleasant task it would be to linger over the spring flowers,
taking them up one by one, and inhaling all their fragrance and
poetry, leisurely—whether the cowslips, hyacinths, daisies, and haw-
thorns of the garden, or the honeysuckles, trilliums, wild moccasins,
and liverworts of the woods. But we should grow garrulous on
the subject and the season, if we were to wander thus into details.
Among all the flowers of spring, there are, however, few that
surpass in delicacy, freshness, and beauty, that common and popular
thing, an apple blossom. Certainly, no one would plant an apple-
tree in his park or pleasure ground; for, like a hard day-laborer,
68 HORTICULTURE.
it has a bent and bowed-down look in its head and branches, that. |
ill accord with the graceful bending of the elm, or the well-rounded °
curve of the maple. But as the day-laborer has a soul, which at,
one time or another must blossom in all its beauty, so too has the
apple-tree a flower that challenges the world to surpass it, whether
for the delicacy with which the white and red are blended—as upon
the cheek of fairest maiden of sixteen—or the wild grace and sym-
metry of its cinquefoil petals, or the harmony of its coloring height-
ened by the tender verdure of the bursting leaves that surround it.
We only mention this to show what a wealth of beauty there is in
common and familiar objects in the country; and if any of our
town readers are so unfortunate as never to have seen an apple or-
chard in full bloom, then have they lost one of the fairest sights that
the month of April has in her kaleidoscope.
Spring, in this country, is not the tedious jade that she is in
England—keeping one waiting from February till June, while she
makes her toilet, and fairly puts her foot on the daisy-spangled turf.
For the most part, she comes to us with a quick bound; and, to
make amends for being late, she showers down such a wealth of
blossoms, that our gardens and orchards, at the end of April, look as
if they were turned into fairy parterres, so loaded are they—espe-
cially the fruit trees—with beauty and promise. An American
spring may be said to commence fairly with the blossom of the apri-
cot or the elm tree, and end with the ripening of the first strawber-
ries.
To end with strawberries / What a finale to one’s life. More
sanguinary, perhaps (as there is a stain left on one’s fingers some-
times), but not less delicious than to
“Die of a rose in aromatic pain.”
But it is a fitting close to such a beautiful season to end with such
a fruit as this. We believe, indeed, that strawberries, if the truth
could be known, are the most popular of fruits. People always af-
fect to prefer the peach, or the orange, or perhaps the pear ; but this
is only because these stand well in the world—are much talked of
—and can give “the most respectable references.” But take our
A SPRING GOSSIP. “69
word for it, if the secret preference, the concealed passion, of every
lover of fruit could be got at, without the formality of a public trial,
the strawberry would be found out to be the little betrayer of hearts.
Was not Linnzus cured of the gout by them? And did not even
that hard-hearted. monster, Richard the IIL, beseech “My Lord
of Ely” to serid for some of “the good strawberries” from his gar-
den at Holborn? Nay, an Italian poet has written a whole poem,
of nine hundred lines or more, entirely upon strawberries. “Straw-
berries and sugar” are to him what “sack and sugar” was to Fal-
staff—“the indispensable companion—the sovereign remedy for
all evil—the climax of good.” In short, he can do no more in wish-
ing a couple of new married friends of his the completest earthly
happiness, than to say—
“E a dire che ogni cosa lieta vada,
Su le Fragole il zucchero le cada.”
In short, to sum up all that earth can prize,
May they have sugar to their strawberries!
There are few writers who have treated of the spring and its in-
fluences more fittingly than some of the English essayists; for the
English have the key to the poetry of rural life. Indeed, we cannot
perhaps give our readers greater pleasure than by ending this article
with the following extract from one of the papers of that genial and
kindly writer, Leigh Hunt:
“The lightest thoughts have their roots in gravity ; and the most
fugitive colors of the world are set off by the mighty background
of eternity. One of the greatest pleasures of so light and airy a
thing as the vernal season, arises from the consciousness that. the
world is young again; that the spring has come round ; that we
shall not all cease, and be no world. Nature has begun again, and
not begun for nothing. One fancies somehow that she could not
have the heart to put a stop to us in April or May. She may pluck
away a poor little life here and there ; nay, many blossoms of youth,
—but not all,—not the whole garden of life. She prunes, but does
not’ destroy. If she did,—if she were in the mind to have done
with us,—to look upon us as a sort of experiment not worth going
70 HORTICULTURE.
on with, as a set of ungenial and obstinate compounds, which re-
fused to co-operate in her sweet designs, and could not be made to
answer in the working,—depend upon it, she would take pity on our
incapability and bad humors, and conveniently quash us in some
dismal, sullen winter’s day, just at the natural dying of the year,
most likely in November; for Christmas is a sort of spring itself—
__a winter flowering. We care nothing for arguments about storms,
earthquakes, or other apparently unseasonable interruptions of our
pleasures. We imitate, in that respect, the magnanimous indiffer-
ence, or what appears to be such, of the great mother herself, know-
ing that she means us the best in the gross ; and also that we may
all get our remedies for these evils in time, if we will only co-operate.
People in South America, for instance, may learn from experience,
and build so as to make a comparative nothing of those rockings of
the ground. It is of the gross itself that we speak; and sure we
are, that with an eye to ¢hat, Nature does not feel as Pope ventures
to say she does, or sees ‘ with equal eye’—
e
Atoms or systems into ruin hurl’d,
And now a bubble burst, and now a world.’
“He may have flattered himself that he should think it a fine
thing for his little poetship to sit upon a star, and look grand in his
own eyes, from an eye so very dispassionate ; but Nature, who is the
author of passion, and joy, and sorrow, does not look upon animate
‘and inanimate, depend upon it, with the same want of sympathy.
‘A world’ full of hopes, and loves, and endeavors, and of her own
life and loveliness, is a far greater thing-in her eyes, rest assured, than
a ‘bubble ;’ and, @ fortiori, many worlds, or a ‘system,’ far greater
than the ‘atom,’ talked of with somuch complacency by this di-
vine little whipper-snapper. go, the moment the kind mother
gives promise of a renewed year, with these green and budding sig-
nals, be certain she is not going to falsify them ; and that being sure
of April, we are sure as far as November. As for an existence any
further, that, we conceive, depends somewhat upon how we behave
ourselves ; and therefore we would exhort everybody to do their best
for the earth, and all that is upon it, in order that it and they may
be thought worth continuance.
A SPRING GOSSIP. TW
“What! Shall we be put into a beautiful garden, and turn up
our noses at it, and call it a‘vale of tears, and all sorts of bad
names (helping thereby to make it so), and yet confidently reckon
that nature will never shut it up, and have done with it, or set about
forming a better stock of inhabitants? Recollect, we beseech you,
dear ‘Lord Worldly Wiseman, and you, ‘Sir Having, and my
‘Lady Greedy,’ that there is reason for supposing that man was
not always an inhabitant of this very fashionable world, and some-
what larger globe ; and that perhaps the chief occupant before him
was only an inferior species to ourselves (odd as you may think it),
who could not be brought to know what a beautiful place he lived
in, and so had a different chance given him in a different shape.
Good heavens! If there were none but mere ladies and gentlemen,
and city-men, and soldiers, upon earth, and no poets, readers, and
milkmaids, to remind us that there is such a thing as Nature, we
really should begin to tremble for Almacks and Change Alley (the
‘upper ten’ and Wall-street), about the 20th of next October.”
XI.
THE GREAT DISCOVERY IN VEGETATION.
Pe April, 1851..
| T is one of the misfortunes of an editor to be expected to answer
all questions, as if he were an oracle. It is all pleasant enough,
when his correspondent is lost in the woods, and he can speedily set
him right, or when he is groping in some dark passage that only
needs the glimmer of his farthing candle of experience, to make
the way tolerably clear to him. But correspondents are often un-
reasonable, and ask for what is little short of a miracle. It is clear
that an editor is not only expected to know every thing, but that he
is not to be allowed the comfort of belonging to any secret societies,
or any of those little fraternities where such a charming air of mys-
tery is thrown over the commonest subjects.
We are brought to these reflections by a letter that has just
come before us, and which runs as follows :
Dear Sin :—I have been expecting in the last two numbers, to
hear from you on the subject of the great discovery in vegetation,
which was laid before the committee of the State Agricultural Soci-
ety at its annual meeting in January last. You were, if I mistake
not, a member of that committee, and of course, the fullest disclo-
sures of the secret of the gentleman who claims to have found out
a new “principle in vegetation,” were laid before you. No formal
report has, I think, been published by the Society. The public are,
therefore, in the dark still. Is this right, when the discoverer is now
urging the Legislature of this State to pass a bill giving him a
THE GREAT DISCOVERY IN VEGETATION. 73
bonus of $150,000 to make his secret public, for the benefit of all
cultivators of the soil? Either the ‘thing i is pure humbug, or there
is something in it worthy of attention. Pray enlighten us on this
subject. Yours, &e.
Yes, we were upon that committee, and nothing would give us.
greater pleasure than to unburden our heart to the public on this
subject, and rid our bosom of this “ perilous stuff” that has weighed
upon us ever since. But alas! this gentleman who has been urging
his great discovery upon the attention of Congress and the Legisla-
ture for ten or twelve years past, put all the committee under a
solemn vow of secrecy, though we protested at the time against his
expecting that a horticultural editor should preserve silence touching
any thing that is told him sub rosa.
And yet we would not treat our correspondent rudely; for his
letter only expresses what a good many others have expressed to us
verbally. We shall, therefore, endeavor to console him for the want
of the learned dissertation on vegetable physiology which he no
doubt expected, by telling him a story.
Once on a time there was a little spaniel, who lived only for the
good of his race. He had a mild countenance, and looked at the
first, enough like other dogs. But for all that, he was an oddity.
Year in and year out, this little spaniel wandered about with a wise
look, like the men that gaze at the stars through the great tele-
scopes. The fact was, he had taken-it into his head that he was a
philosopher, and had discovered a great secret. This was no less
than the secret of instinct by which dogs do so many wonderful
things, that some men with all their big looks, their learning, yes,
and even their wonderful knack of talking, cannot do.
It was curious to see how the little spaniel who had turned philo-
sopher, gave himself up to this fancy that had got into his head. He
had a comfortable kennel, where he might have kept house, barked,
looked after trespassers, where he might have been well fed, and
had a jolly time of it like other dogs.
But no, he was far too wise for that. He had, as he said, found
out something that would alter the whole “platform” on which
dogs stood, something that would help them to carry their heads
74 HORTICULTURE.
higher than many men he could name, instead of being obliged to
play second fiddle to the horse. If the community of dogs in gen-
eral would but listen to him, he would teach them not only how to
be always wise and rich, how to be strong and hearty, but above’ all,
how to preserve their scent—for the scent is a pleasure that dogs
prize as much as some old ladies who take snuff. In short, the
knowledge of this wonderful discovery would bring about'a canine
millennium—for he assured them that not only was every one of them
entitled to his “day,” but that “a good time was coming,” even for
dogs. ,
And why, you will say, did not our philosopher divulge for the
benefit of the whole family of dogs? “It is so pleasant to do some-
thing for the elevation of our race,” as the travelled monkey thought
when he was teaching his brothers to walk on their hind legs, ‘All
the dogs in the country could not but owe him a debt of gratitude,
since they would soon become so wise that they might even teach
their masters something of instinct. And then they would be so
happy—since there would not be a downcast tail in all‘ the land—
for the whole country would be in one perpetual wag of delight.
Ah! dear reader, we see that you, who put such questions, know
nothing either of philosophy, or the world. As if the people who
discover why the world turns round, and the stars shine, throw their
knowledge into the street for every dog to trample on. No, indeed!
They will have a patent for it, or a great sum of money from the
government, or something of that sort. It would be a sorry fellow
who should think that every new thing found out is to be given
away to every body for nothing at all, in that manner. To be sure,
it would, perhaps, benefit mankind all the more; but that is only
half the question. “If you think the moon is made of green
cheese,” said our curly philosopher to his friends, “ you are greatly
mistaken. I am well satisfied, for my part, that that is only a vul-
gay error. If it had been, John Bull would have eaten it up for
lunch a long time ago.”
So our philosopher went about among his fellow-dogs, far and
near, and spent most of his little patrimony in waiting on distin-
‘guished mastiffs, Newfoundlands, and curs of high degree. He
went, also, to all conventions or public assemblies, where wise ter-
THE GREAT DISCOVERY IN VEGETATION. 45
riers were in the habit of putting their heads together for the public
good. Wherever he went, you would see him holding some poor
victim by the button, expounding his great secret, and showing how
the progress, yes, the very existence of dogs, depended upon the
knowledge of his secret—since it would really explain in a moment
every thing that had been dark since the days when their great-
grandfathers were kept from drowning in the ark. Only let the
congress of greyhounds agree to pay him a million of money, and
he would make known principles that would make the distemper
cease, and all the other ills that dog-flesh is heir to, fade clean out
of memory.
Some of the big dogs to whom he told his secret (always, re-
member, in the strictest, confidence), shook their heads, and looked
wise 5 others, to get rid of his endless lectures, gave him a certificate,
saying that Solomon was wrong when he said there was nothing
new under the sun; and all agreed that there was no denying that
there is something in it, though they could not exactly say it was a
new discovery. ‘
Finally, after a long time spent in lobbying, and after wise talks
with all the members that would listen to him, yes, and after exhib-
iting to every dog that had an hour to give him, his collection of
dogs’ bones that had died solely because of the lamentable ignorance
of his secret in dogdom, he found a committee that took hold of
his doctrine in good earnest—quite determined to do justice to him,
and vote him a million if he deserved it, but, nevertheless; quite de-
termined not to be humbugged by any false doggerel, however
potent it might have been to terriers less experienced in this current
commodity of many modern philosophers.
It was along story that the committee were obliged to hear,
and there were plenty of hard words thrown in to puzzle terriers
who might not have had a scientific education in their youth. But
the dogs on the committee were not to be puzzled; they seized hold
of the fundamental principle of the philosophic spaniel, tossed it,
and worried it, and shook it, till it stood out, at last, quite a simple
truth (how beautiful is deep philosophy), and it was this—
Tur GREAT sEcREt of perfect instinet in dogs, is TO KEEP THEIR
NOSES COOL.
76 HORTICULTURE,
Of course, the majority of the committee were startled and de-
lighted with the novelty and grandeur of the discovery. There
were, to be sure, a few who had.the foolhardiness to remark, that
the thing was not new, and had been acted upon, time out of mind,
in all good kennels. But the philosopher soon put down such non-
sense, by observing that the fact might, perchance, have been known
to a few, but who, before him, had ever shown the principe of the
thing ?
And now, we should like to see that cur who shall dare to say
the canine philosopher who has spent his life in studying nature and
the books, to such good results, shall not have a million for his
discovery. .
XII.
STATE AND PROSPECTS OF HORTICULTURE.
December, 1851.
RETROSPECTIVE glance over the journey we have travelled,
is often both instructive and encouraging. We not only learn
what we have really accomplished, but we are better able to over-
come the obstacles that lie in our onward way, by reviewing the
difficulties already overcome.
The progress of the last five years in Horticulture, has been a
remarkable one in the United States. The rapid increase of popu-
lation, and the accumulation of capital, has very naturally led to the
multiplication of private gardens and country-seats, and the planting
of orchards and market gardens, to an enormous extent. The
facility with which every man may acquire land in this country,
natufally leads to the formation of separate and independent homes,
and the number of those who are in some degree interested in the
culture of the soil is thus every day being added to. The very fact,
however, that a large proportion of these little homes are new
places, and that the expense of building and establishing them
is considerable, prevents their owners from doing much more
for the first few years, than to secure the more useful and necessary
features of the establishment. Hence, the ornamental still appears
neglected in our country homes and gardens, generally, as compared
with those of the more civilized countries abroad. The shrubs, and
flowers, and vines, that embellish almost every where the rural homes
of England, are as yet only rarely seen in this country—though in all
the older sections of the Union the-taste for ornamental gardening
78 HORTICULTURE.
is developing itself anew every day. On the other hand, the great:
facility with which excellent fruits and vegetables are grown in this
climate, as compared with the North of Europe, makes our gardens
compare most favorably with theirs in respect to these two points.
The tables of the United States are more abundantly supplied with
peaches and melons, than those of the wealthiest classes abroad—
and the display of culinary vegetables of the North of Europe, which
is almost confined to the potatoes, peas, French beans, and cauli-
flowers, makes but a sorry comparison with the abundant bill of
fare within the daily reach of all Americans. The traveller abroad.
from this side of the Atlantic, learns to value the tomatoes, Indian
corn, Lima beans, egg-plants, okra, sweet potatoes, and many other
half-tropical products, which the bright sun of his own land offers
him in such abundance, with a new relish; and putting these and.
the delicious fruits, which are so cheaply and abundantly produced,
into the scale against the smooth lawns and the deep verdure of
Great Britain, he is.more than consoled for the superiority of the
latter country in these finer elements of mere embellishment. *
In the useful branches of gardening, the last ten years have
largely increased the culture of all the fine culinary vegetables, and
our markets are now almost every where abundantly supplied with
them. The tomato, the egg-plant, salsify, and okya, from being
rarities have become almost universally cultivated. The tomato
affords a singular illustration of the fact that an article of food not
generally relished at first, if its use is founded in its adaptation to
the nature of the climate, may speedily come to be. considered ‘in-
dispensable to a whole nation. Fifteen years ago it would have been
difficult to find this vegetable for sale in five market towns in
America. At the present moment, it is grown almost every where,
and there are hundreds of acres devoted. to its culture for the supply
of the New-York market alone. We are certain that no people at
the present moment, use so large a variety of fine vegetables as the
people of the United States, Their culture is so remarkably easy,
and the product so abundant.
We have no means of knowing the precise annual value of the
products of the orchards of the United States. The Commissioner
of Patents, from the statistics in, his possession, estimates it at ten
STATE AND PROSPECTS OF HORTICULTURE. 719
millions of dollars. The planting of orchards and fruit-gardens
within the last five years has been more than three times as great as
in any previous five years, and as soon as these trees come into
bearing, the annual value of their products cannot fall short of
twenty-five or thirty millions of dollars. American apples are uni-
versally admitted to be the finest in the world, and our pippins and
Baldwins have taken their place among the regular exports of the
country. In five years more we confidently expect to see our fine
late pears taking the same rank, and from the great success which
has begun to attend their extensive culture in Western New-York,
there can be little doubt that that region will come to be considered
the centre of the pear culture of this country.
The improvements of the last few years in fruit-tree culture have
been very great, and are very easily extended. From having been
pursued in the most careless and slovenly manner possible, it is now
perhaps the best understood of any branch of horticulture. in
America. The importance of deep trenching, mulching, a correct
system of pruning, and the proper manures, have come to be pretty
generally acknowledged, so that our horticultural shows, especially,
and the larger markets, to a certain extent, begin to show decided
evidences of progress in the art of raising good fruits. Our nursery-
men and amateurs, after having made trial of hundreds of highly
rated foreign sorts, and found but few of them really valuable, are
turning their attention to the propagation and dissemination of
those, really good, and to the increase of the number mainly by
selections from the numerous good native varieties now springing
into existence.
‘The greatest acquisition to the amateur’s fruit garden, within the
last few years, has been the cold vinery,—a cheap glass structure by
the aid of which, without any fire heat, the finest foreign grapes can
be fully ripened, almost to the extreme northern parts of the Union.
These vineries have astonishingly multiplied within the last four
years, so that instead of being confined to the gardens of the very
wealthy, they are now to be found in the environs of all our larger
towns—and a necessary accompaniment to every considerable
country place. As a matter of luxury, in fruit gardening, they per-
haps afford more satisfaction and enjoyment than any other single
80 HORTICULTURE.
feature whatever, and the annual value of the grapes, even to the
market-gardener, is a very satisfactory interest on the outlay made
in the necessary building.
Now that the point is well settled that the foreign grapes cannot,
be successfully grown without the aid of glass, our most enterprising
experimentalists are busy with the production of new hybrid varie-
ties—the product of a cross between the former and our native vari- |
eties—which shall give us fine flavor and adaptation to open air
culture, and some results lately made public, would lead us to the ,
belief that the desideratum may soon be attained. In the mean
time the native grapes, or at least. one variety—the Catawba—has
taken its rank—no longer disputed—as a fine wine grape; and the
hundreds of acres of vineyards which now line the banks of the
Ohio, and the rapid sale of their vintages, show conclusively that we
can at least make the finest light wines on this side of the Atlantic.
’ In omamental gardening, many and beautiful are the changes
of the last few years. Cottages and villas begin to embroider fhe
country in all directions, and the neighborhood of our three or four
largest cities begins to vie with the environs of any of the old world
capitals in their lovely surroundings of beautiful gardens and grounds.
The old and formal style of design, common until within a few years, ;
is almost displaced by a more natural and graceful style of curved
lines, and graceful plantations. The taste for ornamental planting
has extended so largely, that much as the nurseries have increased,
they are not able to meet the demand for rare trees and shrubs—
especially evergreens—so that hundreds of thousands of fine species
are annually imported from abroad: Though by no means so favor-
able a climate for lawns as that of England, ours is a far better one
for deciduous trees, and our park and pleasure-ground scenery (if
we except evergreens) is marked even now by a greater variety. of .
foliage than one easily finds in any other temperate climate.
A peculiar feature of what may be called the scenery of orna-
mental grounds in this country, at the present moment, is, as we
have before remarked, to be found in our rural cemeteries. They
vary in size, from a few to three or four hundred acres, and in char-
acter, from pretty shrubberies and pleasure-grounds to wild sylvan
groves, or superb parks and pleasure-grounds—laid out and kept in
STATE AND PROSPECTS OF HORTICULTURE. 81
the highest style of the art of landscape gardening. There is noth-
ing in any part of the world which equals in all respects, at the
present moment, Greenwood Cemetery, near New-York—ihough it
has many rivals.. We may give some idea of the extent and high
keeping of this lovely resting-place of the dead, by saying that about
three hundred persons were constantly employed in the care, im-
provement, and preservation of its grounds, this season. The Ceme-
tery of the Evergreens, also near New-York, Mount Auburn at Bos-
ton, Laurel Hill at Philadelphia, and the cemeteries of Cincinnati,
‘Albany, Salem, and several others of the larger towns, are scarcely
less interesting in many respects—while all have features of interest
and beauty: peculiar to themselves.
From cemeteries we naturally rise to public parks and gardens.
As yet our countrymen have almost entirely overlooked the sanitary
value and importance of these breathing places for large cities, or
the powerful part which they may be made to play in refining, ele-
vating, and affording enjoyment to the people at large. A more
rapid and easy communication with Europe is, however, beginning
to awaken us to a sense of our vast inferiority in this respect, and
the inhabitants of our largest cities are beginning to take a lively
interest in the appropriation of sufficient space—while space may be
obtained—for this beautiful and useful purpose. The government
has wisely taken the lead in this movement, by undertaking the im-
provement (on a comprehensive plan given by us) of a large piece
of public ground—150 acres or more—lying almost in the heart of
Washington. A commencement has been made this season, and
we hope the whole may be completed in the course of three or four
years. The plan embraces four or five miles of carriage-drive—
walks for pedestrians—ponds of water, fountains and statues—pic-
turesque groupings of trees and shrubs, and a complete collection of
all the trees that belong to North America. It will, if carried out
as it has been undertaken, undoubtedly give a great impetus to the
popular taste in landscape-gardening and the culture of ornamental
trees; and as the climate of Washington is one peculiarly adapted
to this purpose—this national park may be made a sylvan museum
such ‘as it would be difficult to equal in beauty and variety in any
part of the world.
6
82 HORTICULTURE.
As a part of the same movement, we must not forget to mention
that the city of New-York has been empowered by the State legis-
lature to buy 160 acres of land, admirably situated in the upper
part of the city, and improve and embellish it for a public park. A
similar feeling is on foot in Philadelphia, where the Gratz estate and
the Lemon Hill estate are, we understand, likely to be purchased by
the city for this purpose. It is easy to see from these signs of the
times, that gardening—both as a practical art and an art of taste—
is advancing side by side with the steady and rapid growth of the
country—and we congratulate our readers that they live in an age
and nation where the whole tendency is so healthful and beautiful,
and where man’s destiny seems'to grow brighter and better every
day.
XT.
AMERICAN vs. BRITISH HORTICULTURE.
June, 1852.
Wwe a man goes into a country without understanding its
language—merely as a traveller—he is likely to comprehend
little of the real character of that country; when he settles in it,
and persists in not understanding its language, manners, or customs,
and ‘stubbornly adheres to his own, there is little probability of
his ever being a contented or successful citizen. In such a country
as this, its very spirit of liberty and progress, its freedom from old
prejudices, and the boundless life and energy that make the pulses
of its true citizens—either native or adopted—beat with health and
exultation, only serve to vex and chafe that alien in a strange land,
who vainly tries to live in the new world, with all his old-world
prejudices and customs.
We are led into this train of reflection by being constantly re-
minded, as we are in our various journeyings through the country,
of the heavy impediment existing—the lion lying in the path of our
progress in horticulture, all over the country, in the circumstance
that our practical gardening is almost entirely in the hands of for-
eign gardeners. The statistics of the gardening class, if carefully
collected, would, we imagine, show that not three per cent. of all
the working gardeners in the United States, are either native or
naturalized citizens. They are, for the most part, natives of Ireland,
with a few Scotchmen, and a still smaller proportion of English and
Germans.
We suppose we have had as much to do, for the last sixteen or
84 HORTICULTURE.
eighteen years, with the employment of gardeners, as almost any
person in America, and we never remember an instance of an Ame-
rican offering himself as a professional gardener.. Our own rural
workmen confine themselves wholly to the farm, knowing nothing,
or next to nothing, of the more refined and careful operations of the
garden. We may, therefore, thank foreigners for nearly all the
gardening skill that we have in the country, and we are by no
means inclined to underrate the value of their labors. Among them
there are, as we well know, many most excellent men, who deserve
the highest commendation for skill, taste, and adaptation—though,
on the other hand, there are a great’ many who have’ been gar-
deners (if we may trust their word for it), to the Duke of —~,
and the Marquis of , but who would make us pity his grace or
his lordship, if we could believe he ever depended on Paddy for
any other exotics than potatoes and cabbages.
But taking it for granted that our gardeners are wholly foreign-
ers, and mostly British, they all have the disadvantage of coming
to us, even the best educated of them, with their practice wholly
founded -upon a climate the very opposite of ours. Finding how
little the “natives” know of their favorite art, and being, therefore,
by no means disposed to take advice of them, or unlearn any of
their old-world. knowledge here, are they not, as a class, placed very
mouch in the condition of the aliens in a foreign country, we have
just alluded to,:who refuse, for the most part, either to learn its lan-
guage, or adapt themselves to the institutions of that country? We
think so; for-in fact, no two languages can be more different than
the gardening tongues of England and America. The ugly words
of English gardening, are damp, wet, want of sunshine, canker. Our
bugbears are drought, hot sunshine, great stimulus to growth, and
blights. and diseases -resulting-from sudden checks. An English
gardener, therefore, is very naturally taught, as soon: as he can lisp,
to avoid cool and damp aspects, to nestle like a lizard, on the sunny
side of south walls, to be perpetually guarding the: roots of plants
against wet, and continually opening the heads of his trees and
shrubs, by thinning out the branches, to let the light in. He.raises
even his flower-beds, to shed off the too abundant rain; trains his
-fruit-trees upon trellises, to expose every leaf to the sunshine, and is
AMERICAN VS. BRITISH HORTICULTURE. 85
continually endeavoring to extract “sunshine from cucumbers,” in
a climate where nothing grows golden and ripe without coaxing na-
ture’s smiles under glass-houses !
For theorists, who know little of human nature, it is easy to
answer——“ well, when British gardeners come to a climate totally
different from their own—where sunshine is so’ plenty that they can
raise melons and peaches as easily as they once did cauliflowers
and gooseberries—why, they will open their eyes to such glaring
facts, and alter their practice accordingly.” Very good reasoning,
indeed. But anybody who knows the effect of habit and education
on character, knows that it is as difficult for an Irishman to make
due allowance for American sunshine and heat, as for 2 German to
forget sour-krout, or a Yankee to feel an instinctive reverence for
royalty. There is a whole lifetime of education, national habit,
daily practice, to overcome, and reason seldom has complete sway
over the minds of men rather in the habit of practising a system,
than referring to principles, in their every-day labors.
- Rapid as the progress of horticulture is at the present time in
the United States, there can be no doubt that it is immensely. re-
tarded by this disadvantage, that all our gardeners have been edu-
cated in the school of British horticulture. It is their misfortune,
since they have the constant obstacle to contend with, of not under-
standing the necessities of our climate, and therefore endeavoring to
carry out a practice admirably well suited where they learned it—
but mst ill suited to the country. where they are to practise it. It
is our misfortune, because we suffer doubly by their mistakes—first,
in the needless money they spend in their failures—and second, in
the discouragement they throw upon the growing taste for garden-
ing among us. A gentleman who is himself ignorant of gardening,
establishes himself at a country-seat. He engages the best gar-
dener he can find. The latter fails in one half that he attempts,
and the proprietor, knowing nothing of the reason of the failures,
attributes to the difficulties of the thing itself, what+should be attri-
buted to the want of knowledge, or experience of the soil and cli-
mate, in the gardener.
A case of this kind, which has recently come under our notice,
is too striking an illustration not to be worth mentioning here. In
86 HORTICULTURE.
one of our large cities south of New-York, where the soil and cli-
mate are particularly fine for fruit-growing—where the most deli-
cious peaches, pears, and apricots grow almost as easily as the apple
at the north; it was confidently stated to us by several amateurs, that
the foreign grape could not be cultivated in vineries there—* several
had tried it and failed.” We were, of course, as incredulous as if
we had been told that the peach would not ripen in Persia, or the
fig in Spain. But our incredulity was answered by a promise to
show us the next day, that the thing had been well tried.
We were accordingly shown: ands the exhibition, as we sus-
pected, amounted to this. The vineries were in all cases placed and
treated, in that bright, powerful sunshine, just as they would have
been placed and treated in Britain—that is, facing due south, and
generally under the shelter of a warm bank. Besides this, not half
provision enough was made, either for ventilation or water. The
result was perfectly natural. The vines were burned up by excess
of light and heat, and starved for want of air and water. We pointed
out how the same money (no small amount, for one of the tanges
was 200 feet long), applied in building a span-roofed house, on a
perfectly open exposure, and running on a north and-south, instead
of an east and west line, and treated by a person who would open
his eyes to the fact, that he was no longer gardening in the old, but
the new world—would have given tons of grapes, where only pounds
had been obtained.
The same thing is seen on a smaller scale, in almost every fruit
garden that is laid out. Tender fruit trees are planted on the south
side of fences or walls, for sun, when they ought always to be put on
the north, for shade; and foliage is constantly thinned out, to let
the sun in to the fruit, when it ought to be encouraged to grow
thicker, to protect it from the solar rays.*
But, in fact, the whole routine of practice in American and
British horticulture, is, and must be essentially different. We give
to Boston, Salem, and-the eastern cities, the credit of bearing off the
* If we were asked to say what practice, founded on principle, had been
most beneficially introduced into our horticulture—we should answer
mulching—tmulehing suggested by the need of moisture in our dry climate,
the difficulty of preserving it about the roots of planta,
oe
AMERICAN VS. BRITISH HORTICULTURE. 87
.
palm of horticultural skill; and we must not conceal the fact, that
the superiority of the fruits and flowers there, in a climate more un-
. favorable than that of the middle States, has been owing, not to the
superiority of the foreign gardeners which they employ—but to the
greater knowledge and interest in horticulture taken there by the
proprietors of gardens themselves. There is really a native school
of horticulture about Boston, and even foreign gardeners there are
obliged to yield to its influence. :
We have spoken out our thoughts on this subject plainly, in the
hope of benefiting both gardeners and employers among us. Every
right-minded and intelligent foreign gardener, will agree with us in
. deploring the ignorance of many of his brethren, and we hope will,
by his influence and example, help to banish it. The evil we com-
. plain of has grown to be a very serious one, and it can only be
cured by continually urging upon gardeners that British horticulture
will not suit America, without great modification, and by continually
insisting upon employers learning for themselves, the principles of
-gardening as it must be practised, to obtain any good results. This
sowing good seed, and gathering tares, is an insult to Providence, in
a country that, in its soil and climate, invites a whole population to
a feast of Flora and Pomona.
XIV.
ON THE DRAPERY OF COTTAGES AND GARDENS. .
February, 1849.
UR readers very well know that, in the country, whenever any
thing especially tasteful is to be done, when a church is to be
“dressed for Christmas,” a public hall festooned for a fair, or 4 sa
loon decorated for a horticultural show, we have to entreat the assist-
ance of the fairer half of humanity. All that is most graceful and
charming in this way, owes its existence to female hands. Over the
heavy exterior of man’s handiwork, they weave a fairy-like web of ens
chantment, which, like our Indian summer haze upon autumn hills,
spiritualizes and makes poetical, whatever of rude form or rough
outlines may lie beneath.
Knowing all this, as we well do, we write this leader especially
for the eyes of the ladies. They are naturally mistresses of the art
of embellishment. Men are so stupid, in the main, about these mat-
ters, that, if the majority of them had their own way, there would
neither be a ringlet, nor a ruffle, a wreath, nor a nosegay left in the
world. All would be as stiff and as meaningless as their own
meagre black coats, without an atom of the graceful or romantic
about them; nothing to awaken a spark of interest or stir a chord
of feeling; nothing, in short, but downright, commonplace matter-
of-fact. And they undertake to defend it—the logicians—on the
ground of utility and the spirit of the age! As if trees did not
bear lovely blossoms as well as good fruit; as if the sun did not
give us rainbows as well as light and manuth, as if there were not
still mocking-birds and nightingales as well as ducks and turkeys.
ON THE DRAPERY OF COTTAGES AND GARDENS. 89
But enough of that. You do not need any arguments to prove
that grace is a quality as positive as electro-magnetism. Would
that you could span the world with it as quickly as Mr. Morse with
his telegraph. To come to the point, we want to. talk a little with
you about what we call the drapery of cottages and gardens; about
those beautiful vines, and climbers, and creepers, which nature made
on purpose to cover up every thing ugly, and to heighten the charm
of every thing pretty and picturesque. In short, we want your aid
and assistance in dressing, embellishing, and decorating, not for a
single holiday, fair, or festival, but for years and for ever, the out-
sides of our simple cottages, and country homes; wreathing them
about with such perennial festoons of verdure, and starring them
over with such bouquets of delicious odor, that your husbands and
brothers would no more think of giving up such houses, than they
would of abandoning you (as that beggarly Greek, Theseus, did the
lovely Ariadne) to the misery of solitude on a desolate island.
And what a difference a little of this kind of rural drapery,
‘tastefully arranged, makes in the aspect of a cottage or farm house
in the country! At the end of the village, for instance, is that old-
fashioned stone House, which was the homestead of Tim Steady.
First and last, that family lived there two generations; and every
thing about them had a look of some comfort. But with the ex-
ception of a coat of paint, which the house got once inten years,
nothing was ever done to give the place the least appearance of
taste. An old, half decayed ash-tree stood near the south door, and
a few decrepit and worn-out apple-trees behind the house. But
there was not a lilac bush, nor a syringo, not a rose-bush nor a honey-
suckle about the whole premises. You would never suppose that
a spark of affection for nature, or a gleam of feeling for grace or
beauty, in any shape, ever dawned within or around the house.
Well, five years ago the place was put up for sale. There were
some things to recommend it. There was a “good well of water ;”
the house was in excellent repair; and the location was not a bad
one. But, though many went to see it, and “liked the place toler-
ably well,” yet there seemed to be a want of heart about it, that
made it wnattractive, and prevented people from buying it.
It was a good while in the market; but at last it fell into the
90 HORTICULTURE.
hands of the Widow Winning and her two daughters. They bought
it at a bargain, and must have foreseen its capabilities.
What that house and place is now, it would do your heart good
to see. A porch of rustic trellis-work was built over the front door-
way, simple and pretty hoods upon brackets over the windows, the
door-yard was all laid out afresh, the worn-out apple-trees were dug
up, a nice bit‘of lawn made around the house, and pleasant groups
of shrubbery (mixed with two or three graceful elms) planted about
it. But, most of all, what fixes the attention, is the lovely profusion
of flowering vines that enrich the old house, and transform what
was a, soulless habitation, into a home that captivates all eyes. Even
the old and almost leafless ash-tree is almost overrun with a creeper,
which ‘is stuck full of gay trumpets all summer, that seem to blow
many a strain of gladness to the passers by. How many soris of
honeysuckle, clematises, roses, etc., there are on wall or trellis about
that cottage, is more than we can tell.’ Certain it is, however, that
half the village walks past that house of a summer night, and in-
wardly thanks the fair inmates for the fragrance that steals through
the air in its neighborhood : and no less certain is it that this house
is now the “admired of all admirers,” and that the Widow Winning
has twice refused double the sum it went begging at when it was
only the plain and meagre home of Tim Steady.
Many of you in the country, as we well know, are compelled by
circumstances to live in houses which some one else built, or which
have, by ill-luck, an ugly expression in every board or block of stone,
from the sill of the door to the peak of the roof. Paint won’t hide
it, nor cleanliness disguise it, however goodly and agreeable things
they are. But vines will do both; or, what is better, they will, with
their lovely, graceful shapes, and rich foliage and flowers, give a new
character to the whole exterior. However ugly the wall, however bald
the architecture, only give it this fair drapery of leaf and blossom,
and nature will touch it at once with something of grace and beauty.
“What are our favorite vines?” This is what you would ask
of us, and this is what we are most- anxious to tell you; as we see,
already, that no sooner will the spring open, than you will imme-
diately set about the good work.
Our two favorite vines, then, for the adornment of cottages, in
ON THE DRAPERY OF COTTAGES AND GARDENS. 91
the Northern States, are the double Prairie Rose, and the Chinese
Wistaria. Why we like these best is, because they have the greatest
number of good qualities to recommend them. In the first place,
they are hardy, thriving in all soils and exposures; in the second
place, they are luxuriant in their growth, and produce an effect in
a very short time—after which, they may be kept to the limits of a
single pillar on the piazza, or trained over the whole side of a cot-
tage; in the last place, they are rich in the foliage, and beautiful in
the blossom.
Now there are many vines more beautiful than these in some
respects, but not for this purpose, and taken altogether. For cottage
drapery, a popular vine must be one that will grow anywhere, with
little care, and must need no shelter, and the least possible attention,
‘beyond seeing that it has something to run on, and a looking over,
pruning, and tying up once a year—say in early spring. This is
precisely the character of these two vines; and hence we think they
deserve to be planted from one end of ihe Union to the other. They
will give the greatest amount of beauty, with the least care, and in
the greatest number of places.
_ The Prairie roses are, no doubt, known to most of you. They
shave been raised from seeds of the wild rose of Michigan, which
clambers over high trees in the forests, and are remarkable for the
profusion of their very double flowers (so double, that they always
look like large pouting buds, rather than full-blown roses), and
their extreme hardiness and luxuriance of growth,—shoots of twenty
feet, in a single year, being a not uncommon sight. Among all the
sorts yet known, the Queen of the Prairies (deep pink), and Superba
(nearly white), are the best.
We wish we could give our fair readers a glance at a Chinese
Wistaria in our grounds, as it looked last April. It covered the
side of a small cottage completely. If they will imagine a space of
10 by 20 feet, completely draped with Wistaria shoots, on which
hung, thick as in a flower pattern, at least 500 clusters of the most
delicate blossoms, of a tint between pearl and lilac, each bunch of
bloom shaped like that of a locust tree, but eight inches to a foot
long, and most gracefully pendant from branches just starting into
tender green foliage ; if, we say, they could see all this, as we saw it,
92 HORTICULTURE.
and not utter exclamations of delight, then they deserve to be classed
with those women of the nineteenth ee who are thoroughly
“fit for sea-captains.”
For a cottage climber, that will filie care of itself better. than
almost any other, and embower door and windows with rich foliage
and flowers, take the common Boursauwlt Rose. Long purplish
shoots, foliage always fresh and abundant, and bright purplish
blossoms in June, as thick as stars in a midnight sky,—all belong
to this plant. Perhaps the richest and prettiest Boursault, is the
one called by the nurserymen Amadis, or Hlegans ; the flower a
bright cherry-color, becoming crimson purple as it fades, wa a
delicate stripe of white through an occasional petal.
There are two very favorite climbers that belong properly to
the middle States, as they are a little tender, and need protection
to the North or East. One of them is the Japan Honeysuckle
(Lonicera japonica, or flexuosa*); the species with very dark, half
evergreen leaves, and a profusion of lovely delicate white and fawn-
colored blossoms. It is the queen of all honeysuckles for cottage
walls, or veranda pillars; its foliage is always so rich; it is entirely
free from the white aphis (which is the pest of the old sorts), and it
blooms (as soon as the plant gets strong) nearly the whole summer,
affording a perpetual feast of beauty and fragance. *The other, is
the Sweet-scented Clematis (C. flammula), the very type of deli-
cacy and grace, whose flowers are broidered like pale stars over the
whole vine in midsummer, and whose perfume is the most spiritual,
impalpable, and yet far-spreading of all vegetable odors.
All the honeysuckles. are beautiful in the garden, though none
of them, except the foregoing, and what are familiarly called the
“ trumpet honeysuckles,” are fit for the walls of a cottage, because
they harbor insects. Nothing, however, can well be prettier than
the Red and Yellow Tr umpet Honeysuckles, when planted together
and allowed to interweave their branches, contrasting the delicate
straw-color of the flower tubes of one, with the deep coral-red hue of
those of the other; and they bloom with a welcome prodigality from
April to December.
* The “ Chinese twining,” of some gardens.
ON THE DRAPERY OF COTTAGES AND GARDENS. 93
Where you want to produce a bold and picturesque effect with
a vine, nothing will do it more rapidly and completely than our
native prapes. They are precisely adapted to the porch of the farm-
house, or to cover any building, or part of a building, where expres-
sion of strength rather than of delicacy is sought-after. Then you
will find it edsy to smooth away all objections from the practical
soul of the farmer, by offering him a prospect, of ten bushels of fine
Isabella or Catawba grapes a year, which you,.in your innermost
heart, do not value half so much as five or ten months of beautiful
drapery !
Next to the grape-vine, the boldest and most striking of hardy
vines is the Dutchman’s pipe (Aristolochia sipho). It is a grand
twining climber, and will canopy over a large arbor in a short time,
and make a shade under it so dense that not a ray of pure sunshine
will ever find its way through. Its gigantic circular leaves, of a
rich green, form masses such as delight a painter's eye,—so broad
and effective are they; and as for its flowers, which are about an
inch and a half long,—why,. they are so like a veritable meer-
schaum—the pipe of a true Dutchman from “Faderland”—that you
cannot but laugh outright at the first sight of them. Whether
Daphne was truly metamorphosed into the sweet flower that bears
her naine, as, Ovid says, we know not; but no one can look at the
blossom of the Dutchman’s pipe vine, without being convinced that
nature has punished some inveterately lazy Dutch smoker by turning
him into a vine, which loves nothing so well as to bask in the warm
sunshine, with its hundred pipes, dangling on all sides.
_And now, having -glanced at the best of the climbers and
twiners, properly so called (all of which need a little training and
supporting), let us take a peep at those climbing shrubs that seize
hold of a wall, building, or fence, of themselves, by throwing out
their little rootlets into the stone or brick wall as they grow up, so
that it is as hard to break up any attachments of theirs, when they get
fairly established, as it was to part Hector and Andromache. The
principal of these are the true Ivy of Europe, the Virginia Creeper,
or American Ivy, and the “Trumpet Creepers” (Bignonias.or Teco-
mas).
These are all fine, picturesque vines, not to be surpassed for cer-
94 HORTICULTURE,
tain effects by any thing else that will grow out of doors in our cli-
mate, You must remember, however, that, as they are wedded for
life to whatever they’ cling to, they must not be planted by the sides
of wooden cottagés, which are to be kept in order by a fresh coat
of paint now and then. Other’ climbers may be taken down, and
afterwards tied back to their places ; but constant, indissoluble inti-
macies like these must be let alone. You will therefore always take
care to plant them where they canfix themselves permanently on a
wall of some kind, or else upon some rough wooden building, where
they will not be likely to be disturbed.
Certainly ‘the finest of all this class of climbers is the European
Ivy. Such rich masses of glossy, deep green foliage, such fine con-
trasts of light and shade, and such a wealth of associations, is pos-
sessed by no other plant; the Ivy, to which the ghost of all the
storied past alone tells its tale of departed greatness; the confidant
of old ruined castles and abbeys; the bosom companion of Boliiude
itself,—
7
“Deep in your most sequestered bower
Let me at last recline,
Where solitude, mild, modest flower,
Leans on her évy'd shrine.”
True to these instincts, the Ivy does not seem to be ‘naturalized
so easily in America as most other foreign vines. We are yet too
young—this country of a great future, and a little past.
The richest and most perfect specimen of it that we have seen,
‘in the northern States, is upon the cottage of Washington Irving,
on the Hudson, near Tarrytown. He, who as you all know, lingers
over the past with a reverence as fond and poetical as that of a pious
Crusader for the walls of Jerusalem—yes, he has completely won the
sympathies of the Ivy, even on our own soil, and it has garlanded
and decked his antique and quaint cottage, “Sunnyside,” till its
windows peep out from amid the wealth of its foliage, like the dark
eyes of a Spanish Senora from a shadowy canopy of dark lace and
darker tresses.
The Ivy is the finest of climbers, too, because it is so perfectly
evergreen. North of New-York it is a little tender, and needs to be
ON THE DRAPERY OF COTTAGES AND GARDENS. 95
sheltered for a few years, unless it be planted on a north wall, quite
out of the reach of the winter sun); and north of Albany, we think
it will not grow at all. But all over the middle States it should be
planted and cherished, wherever there is a wall for it to cling to, as
the finest of all cottage drapery.
After this plant, comes always our Virginia Creeper, or American
Ivy, as it is often called (Ampelopsis). It grows more rapidly than
the Ivy, clings in the same way to-wood or stone, and makes rich
and beautiful festoons of verdure in summer, dying off in autumn,
before the leaves fall, in the finest crimson. Its greatest beauty, on
this account, is perhaps seen when it runs tip in the centre of a dark
cedar, or other evergreen,—exhibiting in October the richest contrast
of the two colors. It will grow any where, in the coldest situations,
and only asks to be planted, to work out its own problem of beauty
without further attention. This and the European Ivy are the two
climbers, above all others, for the exteriors of our rural stone
churches; to which they will give a local interest greater than that
of any carving in stone, at a millionth part of the cost.
The common Trumpet Creeper all of you know by heart. It is
rather a wild and rambling fellow in its habits; but nothing is bet-
ter to cover old outside chimneys, stone out- sbullaiuge, and rude walls
and fences. The sort with large cup-shaped flowers (Tecoma grandi-
flora), is amost showy and magnificent climber in the middle
States, where the winters are moderate, absolutely glowing in July
with its thousands of rich orange-red blossoms, like clusters of.
bright goblets.
We might go on, and enumerate dozens more of fine twining
shrubs and climbing roses; but that would only defeat our present
object, which is not to give you a garden catalogue, but to tell you
of half a dozen hardy shrubby vines, which we implore you to make
popular; so that wherever we travel, from Maine to St. Louis, we
shall see no rural cottages shivering in their chill nudity of bare walls
or barer boards, but draped tastefully with something fresh, and
green, and graceful: let it be a hop-vine if nothing better,—but
roses, and wistaria, and honeysuckles, if they can be had. How
much this apparently trifling feature, if it could be generally carried
out, would alter the face of the whole country, you will not at once
96 HORTICULTURE.
be able to believe. What summer foliage is to a naked forest, what
rich tufts of ferns are to a rock in a woodland dell, what “ hya-
cinthine locks” are to the goddess of beauty, or wings to,an angel,
the drapery of climbing plants is to cottages in the country.
One word or two about vines in the gardens and pleasure-
grounds before we conclude. How to make arbors and trellises is
no mystery, though you will, no doubt, agree with us, that the less
formal and the more rustic the better. But how to manage single
specimens of. fine climbers, in the lawn or garden, so as to display
them to the best. advantage, is- not quite so clear. Small fanciful
‘frames are pretty, but soon want repairs; and stakes, though ever
so stout, will rot off at the bottom, and blow down in high winds, to
your great mortification; and that, too, perhaps, when your plant
is in its very court dress of bud and blossom.
Now the best mode of. treating Single vines, when you have not
a tree to festoon them upon, is one which many of you will be able
to attain easily. It is nothing more than getting from the woods
the trunk of a cedar-tree, from ten to fifteen feet high, shorteninB-in
all the side branches to within two feet of the trunk (and still
shorter near the top), and setting it again, as you would a post, two
or three feet deep in the ground.*
Cedar is the best; partly because it will last for ever, and partly
because the regular disposition of its branches forms naturally a fine
trellis for the shoots to fasten upgn.
Plant your favorite climber, ‘whether rose, wistaria, or honey-
suckle, at the foot of this tree. It will soon cover it, from top to
- bottom, with the. finest pyramid of verdure. The young shoots will
ramble out on its side branches, and when in full bloom, will ais
most gracefully or picturesquely from the ends.
The advantage of this mode is that, once obtained, your sup-
port lasts for fifty years; it is so firm that winds do not blow it
down ; it presents every side to the kindly influences of sun and air,
* We owe this hint to Mr. Alfred Smith, of Newport, a most intelligent
and successful amateurs, in whose garden we first saw fine specimens of this
mode of treating climbers,
ON THE DRAPERY OF COTTAGES AND GARDENS. 97
and permits every blossom that opens, to be seen by the admiring
spectator. How it looks at first, and afterwards, in a complete state,
we have endeavored to give you a faint idea in this little sketch.
“What shall those of
us do who have neither
cottages nor gardens !—
who, in short, are confined
to a little front and back
yard of a town life, and
yet who love vines and
climbing plants with all
our hearts ?”
That is a hard case,
truly. But, now we think
of it, that ingenious and
clever horticulteur, Mon-
sieur Van Houtte, of Ghent,
has contrived the very thing
for you.* Here itis. He
calls it a “ Trellis Mobile ;”
and if we mistake not, it
will be quite as valuable
for the ornament and de-
fence of cities, as the Garde
Mobile of the Parisians. It
is ‘nothing more than a
good strong wooden box,
upon wooden rollers. The box is about: three feet long, and the
‘double trellis may be eight or ten feet high. % In this box the finer
sorts of exotic climbers, such as passion flowers, everblooming roses,
maurandias, ipomea learii, and the like, may be grown with a
charming effect. Put upon wheels, as this itinerant bower is, it
may be transported, as Mr. Van Houtte says, “ wherever fancy dic-
tates, and even into the apartments of the house itself” And here,
having fairly escorted you back to your apartments, after our long
Movable Trellis.
* Flore des Serres.
98 HORTICULTURE.
talk about out-door drapery, we leave you to examine the Trellis
Mobile, and wish you a good morning.
Climbing Plants on Cedar Trunks,
LANDSCAPE GARDENING,
LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
I.
eI
+
THE PHILOSOPHY OF RURAL TASTE.
August, 1849.
LL travellers agree, that while the English people are far from
being remarkable for their taste in the arts generally, they are
unrivalled in their taste for landscape gardening. So completely is
this true, that wherever on the continent one finds a garden, con-
spicuous for the taste of its design, one is certain to learn that it
is laid out in the “English style,” and aaa kept by an English
gardener.
+ Not, indeed, that the south of ee is wanting in magnificent
gardens, which are as essentially national in their character as the
parks and pleasure-grounds of England. The surroundings of the
superb villas of Florence and Rome, are fine examples of a species
of scenery as distinct and striking as any to be found in the world;
but which, however splendid, fall as ‘far below the English gardens
in interesting’ the imagination, as a level plain does below the
finest mountain valley in Switzerland. In the English landscape
garden, one sees and feels every where the spirit of nature, only
softened and: refined by art. In the French or Italian garden,
one sees and feels only the effects of art, slightly assisted by nature.
In one, the free’ and luxuriant growth of every tree and shrub, the
widening and curving of every walk, suggests perhaps even a higher
5
102 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
ideal of nature—a miniature of a primal paradise, as we would
imagine it to have been by divine right; in the other, the prodi-
gality of works of art, the variety of statues and vases, terraces and
balustrades, united with walks marked by the same studied symme-
try and artistic formality, and only mingled with just foliage enough
to constitute a garden,—all this suggests rather a statue gallery in
the open air,—an accompaniment to the fair architecture of the
mansion, than any pure or natural ideas of landscape beauty.
The only writer who has ever attempted to account for this
striking distinction of national taste in gardening, which distin-
guishes the people of northern and southern Europe, is Humboldt.
Tn his last great work—Cosmos—he has devoted some pages to the
consideration of the study of nature, and the description of natural
scenery,—a pprtion of the work in the highest degree interesting to
every man of taste, as well as every lover of nature. |
In this portion he shows, we think, very conclusively, that cer-
tain races of mankind, however great in other gifts, are deficient in
their perceptions of natural beauty; that northern nations posséss
the love of. nature much more strongly than those of the south;
and that the Greeks and Romans, richly gifted as they were with
the artistic endowments, were inferior to other nations in a profound
feeling of the beauty of nature.
Humboldt also shows that our enjoyment of natural landscape
gardening, which many suppose-to have originated in the cultivated
and refined taste of a later age, is, on the contrary, purely a matter
of national organization; The parks of the Persian monarchs, and
the pleasure-gardens of the Chinese, were characterized by the same
spirit of natural beauty which we sec in the English landscape gar-
dens; and which is widely distinct from. that elegant formality of
the geometric gardens of the Greeks and Romans of several centu-
ries later. To prove how sound were the principles of Chinese taste,
ages ago, he gives us a quotation from an ancient: Chinese writer,
Lieu-tscheu, which might well be the text of the most tasteful im-
prover-of the present day, and which.we copy for the study of our
own readers.
“ What is it,” says Lieu-tscheu, “ that we seek: in the pleasures
of a garden? It has always been agreed that these plantations
THE PHILOSOPHY OF RURAL TASTE. 103
should make men amends for living at a distance Srém what would
be their more congenial and agreeable dwelling-place—in the midst
of nature, free and unconstrained. The art of laying out gardens
consists, therefore, in combining cheerfulness of prospect, luxuriance
of growth, shade, retirement and repose; so that the rural aspect
may produce an illusion. Variety, which is the chief merit in the
natural landscape, must be sought by the choice of ground, with
alternation of hill and dale, flowing streams and lakes, covered with
aquatic plants. Symmetry is wearisome; and a garden where
every thing betrays constraint and art, becomes tedious and distaste-
ful”
‘We shall seek in vain, in the treatises of modern writers, for a
theory of rural taste more concise and satisfactory than this of the
Chinese landscape garden.
Looking at this instinctive love of nature as a national charac-
teristic, which belongs almost exclusively to distinct races, Hum-
boldt asserts, that while the “ profoundest feeling of nature speaks
forth in the earliest poetry of the Hebrews, the Indians, and the, Se-
mitic and. Indo-Germanic nations, it is comparatively wanting in
the works of the Greeks and Romans.”
“Tn Grecian art,” says he, “all is made to concentrate within
the sphere of human life and feeling. The description of nature, in
her manifold diversity, as a distinct branch of poetic literature, was
altogether foreign to the ideas of the Greeks. With them, the
landscape is always the mere background of a picture, in the fore-
ground of which human figures are moving. Passion, breaking
forth in action, invited their attention almost exclusively ; the agita-
tion of politics, and a life passed chiefly in public, withdrew men’s
minds from enthusiastic absorption in the tranquil pursuit of
nature.”
On the other hand, the poetry of Britain, from a very early
period, has been especially. remarkable for the deep and instinctive
love of natural beauty which it exhibits. And. here lies the explana-
tion of the riddle of the superiority of English taste in rural embel-
lishment; that people enjoying their gardens the more as they
embodied the spirit of nature, while the Italians, like the Greeks,
enjoyed them the more as they embodied the spirit of art.
104 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
The Romans, tried in the alembic of the great German savan,
are found still colder in their love of nature’s charms than the
Greeks. “A nation which manifested a marked predilection for
agriculture and rural life might have justified other hopes; but
with all their capacity for practical activity, the Romans, in their
cold gravity and measuredesobriety of understanding, were, as a
people, far inferior to the Greeks in the perception of beauty, far
less sensitive to its influence, and much more devoted to the reali-
ties of every-day life, than to an idealizing contemplation of
nature.” ; .
Judging them by their writings, Humboldt pronounces the great
Roman writers to be comparatively destitute of real poetic feeling
for nature. . Livy and Tacitus show, in their histories, little or no in-
terest in natural scenery. Cicero describes landscape without poetic
feeling. Pliny; though he rises to true poetic inspiration when de-
scribing the great moving causes of the natural universe, “has few
individual’ descriptions of. nature.” Ovid, in his exile, saw Hule to
-charm him in the scenery around him’; and Virgil, though he ‘often
devoted himself to subjects which prompt the enthusiasm of'a lover
of nature, rarely glows with the’fire of a true worshipper of her mys-
terious charms. And not only were the Romans indifferent to the
‘beauty of natural landscape which daily surrounded them, but even
‘to the sublimity and magnificence of those wilder and grander
scenes, into which their love of conquest often led them. The fol-
-lowing striking paragraph, from Humboldt’s work, is at once elo-
‘quent and convincing on this point:
“No description of the eternal snows of the Alps, when tinged
in the morning or evening with a rosy hue,—of the beauty of the
blue glacier ice, or of any part of the grandeur of the scenery in
Switzerland—have reached us from the ancients, although states-
men and generals, with men of letters in their train, were constantly
passing from Helvetia into Gaul. All these travellers think only of
complaining of the difficulties of the way ;.the romantic character
of the scenery seems never to have engaged their attention. It is
even known that Julius Cesar, when returning | to his legions, in
Gaul, employed his time while passing over the Alps in preparing a
grammatical ‘treatise, ‘De Analogia,’”
THE PHILOSOPHY OF RURAL TASTE, 105
The corollary to be drawn from this learned and, curious investi-
gation of the history of national sensibility and taste, is a very clear
and satisfactory one, viz., that as success, in “the art of composing
a landscape” (as Humboldt significantly calls landscape-gardening),
depends on appreciation of nature, the taste of an individual as well
as that of a nation, will be in direct proportion to the profound sen-
sibility with which he perceives the Beautiful in natural scenery.
Our own observation not only fully confirms this theory, but it
also leads us to the recognition of the fact, that among our country-
men, at the present day, there are two distinct classes of taste in
rural art; first, the poetic or northern taste, based’ on a deep, in-
stinctive feeling for nature; and second, the artistic or symmetric
taste, based on a perception of the Beautiful, as embodied in works
of art.
The larger part of our countrymen inherit the northern or Anglo-
Saxon love of nature, and find most delight in the natural landscape
garden; but we have also not a few to whom the classic villa, with
its artistic adornments of vase and statue, urn and terrace, is an ob-
ject of much more positive pleasure than the most varied and seduc-
tive gardens, laid out with all the witchery of nature’s own handi-
work.
It is not part of our philosophy to urge our readers to war against
their organizations, to whichever path, in the “ Delectable Mountains,”
-they may be led by. them ; but, those who have not already studied
Cosmos will, we trust, at least thank us for giving them the key to
their natural bias towards one or the other of the two world-wide
styles of ornamental gardening.
I.
THE BEAUTIFUL IN GROUND.
March, 1852,
E have sketched, elsewhere, the elements of the beautiful in a
tree. Let us glance for a few moments at the beautiful in
ground.
We may have readers who think themselves not devoid of some
taste for nature, but who have never thought of looking for beauty
in the mere surface of the earth—whether in a natural landscape,
or in ornamental grounds. Their idea of beauty is, for the most
part, attached to the foliage and verdure, the streams of water, the
high hills and the deep valleys, that make up the landscape. A
meadow is to them but a meadow, and a ploughed field is but the
same thing in a rough state. And yet there is.a great and endur-
ing interest, to a refined and artistic eye, in the mere surface of the
ground. There is a sense of pleasure awakened by the pleasing lines
into which yonder sloping bank of turf steals away from the eye,
and a sense of ugliness and harshness, by the raw and broken out-
line of the abandoned quarry on the hill-side, which hardly any one
can be so obtuse as not to see and feel. Yet the finer gradations
are nearly overlooked, and the charm of beautiful surface in a lawn
is seldom-or never considered in selecting a new site or improving
-an old one. ~
We believe artists and men of taste have agreed that all
forms of acknowledged beauty are composed of curved lines ; and
we may add to this, that the more gentle and gradual the curves,
or rather, the farther they are removed from those hard and forcible
THE BEAUTIFUL IN GROUND. 107
lie which denote violence, the more beautiful are they. The prin-
iple applies as well to the surface of the earth as to other objects.
The most beautiful shape in ground is that where one undulation
melts gradually and insensibly into another. Every one who has
observed scenery where the foregrounds were remarkable for beauty,
must have been struck by this prevalenée of curved lines; and every
landscape gardener well knows that no grassy surface is so captiva-
ting to the eye, as one where these gentle swells and undulations
rise and melt away gradually into one another. Some poet, happy
in his fancy, has called such bits of grassy slopes and swells, “earth’s
smiles ;” and when the effect of the beauty and form of outline is
heightened by the pleasing gradation of light and shade, caused by
the sun’s light,.variously reflected by such undulations of lawn, the
simile seems strikingly appropriate. With every change of position
the outlines vary, and the lights and shades vary with them, so that
the eye is doubly pleased by the beauty of form and chiaro-oscuro,
in a lawn with gracefully undulating surface.
A flat or level surface is considered beautiful by many persons,
though it has no beauty in itself. It is, in fact, chiefly valued because
it evinces art. Though there is no positive beauty in a straight or
level line, it is often interesting as expressive of power, and we feel as
much awed by the boundless prairie or desert, as by the lofty snow-cap-
ped hill. On a smaller scale, a level surface is sometimes agreeable
in the midst of a rude and wild country by way of contrast, as a
small, level garden in the Alps will sometimes attract one astonish-
ingly, that would be passed by, unnoticed, in the midst of a flat and
cultivated country.
Hence, as there are a thousand men who value power, where
there is one who can feel beauty, we see all ignorant persons who
, set about embellishing their pleasure-grounds, or even the site for
! a home, immediately commence Jevelling the surface. Once brought
j to this level, improvement can go no further, according to their
tt
i
views, since to subjugate or level, is the whole aim of man’s am-
bition. Once levelled, you may give to grounds, or even to a whole
landscape, according to their theory, as much beauty as you like. It
is only a question of expense.
This is a fearful fallacy, however ; fearful, oftentimes, to both the
108 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
eye and the purse. If a dead level were the thing needful to con-
stitute beauty of surface—then all Holland would be the Arcadia
of Landscape Painters ; and while Claude, condemned to tame Italy,
would have painted the interior of inns, and groups of boors drink-
ing (vide the Dutch School of Art), Teniers, living in the dead level
of his beautiful nature, would have bequeathed to the world pictures
of his native land, full of the loveliness of meadows smooth as a
carpet, or enlivened only by pollard willows and stagnant canals.
It is not the Jess fearful to see, as we have often seen in this country,
where new places are continually made, a finely varied outline of
ground utterly spoiled by being graded for the mansion and its sur-
rounding lawn, at an expense which would have curved all the
walks, and filled the grounds with the finest trees and shrubs, if their
ace had been left nearly or quite as nature formed it. Not much
etter, or even far worse, is the foolish fancy many persons have of
racing every piece of sloping ground—as a mere matter of orna-
ent, where no terrace is needed. It may be pretty safely said, that
a terrace is always ugly, unless it is on a large scale, and i is treated
with dignity, so as to become part of the building’ itself, or more
properly be supposed to’ belong to it than to the grounds—like the
fine, architectural terraces which surround the old English mansions.
But little gardens thrown up into terraces, are devoid of all beauty
whatever—though they may often be rendered more useful or avail-
able in this way.
The surface of ground is rarely ugly in a state of nature—
because all nature leans to the beautiful, and the constant action of
the elements goes continually to soften and wear away the harshness
and violence of surface. What cannot be softened, is hidden and
rounded by means of foliage, trees and shrubs, and creeping vines,
and so the tendency to the curve is always greater and greater. But
man often forms ugly surfaces of ground, by breaking up all natural
curves, without recognizing their expression, by distributing lumps
of earth here and there, by grading levels in the midst of undulations,
and raising mounds on perfectly smooth surfaces; in short, by re-
garding only the little he wishes to do in his folly, and not studying
the larger part that nature has already done in her wisdom. As a
common, though accidental illustration of this, we may notice that
THE BEAUTIFUL IN GROUND. 109
ural beauty of surface, by ridging up the soil at the outsides of the
field, and thus breaking up that continuous flow of line which de-
lights the eye.
Our object in these remarks, is simply to ask our readers to think
in the beginning, before they even commence any improvements on
the surface of ground which they wish to embellish—to think in
what natural beauty really consists, and whether in grading, they are
not wasting money, and losing that which they are seeking. It
will be better still, if they will consider the matter seriously, when
they are about buying a place, since, as we have before observed, no
money is expended with so little to show for it, and so little satisfac-
tion, as that spent in changing the original surface of the ground.
Practically—the rules we would deduce are the following: To
select, always, if possible, a surface varied by gentle curves and un-
dulations, If something of this character already exists, it may
often be greatly heightened or improved at little cost. Very often,
too, a nearly level surface may, by a very trifling addition—only
adding a few inches in certain points, be raised to a character of
positive beauty—by simply following the hints given by nature.
When a surface is quite level by nature, wé -must usually con-
tent ourselves with trusting to planting, and the arrangement of
walks, buildings, dsc., to produce beauty and variety; and we would
always, in such cases, rather expend money in introducing beautiful
vases, statues, or other works of positive artistic merit, than’ to ter-
race and unmake what character nature has stamped on the ground.
" Positively ugly and ‘forbidding surfaces of ground, may be ren-
dered highly interesting and beautiful, only by changing their char-
acter, entirely, by planting. Such ground, after this has been done,
becomes only the'skeleton of the fair outside of beauty and verdure
that covers the forbidding original. . Some of the most picturesque
ravines and rocky hill-sides,-if stripped entirely of their foliage,
would appear as ugly as they were before beautiful ; and while this
may teach the improver that there is’ no situation that may not be
rendered attractive, if the soil will yield a growth of trees, shrubs,
and vines, it does not the less render it worth our attention in choos-
ing or improving a place, to examine carefully beforehand, in what
really consists the Beautiful in ground, and whether we should lose
or gain it in our proposed improvements.
Il.
HINTS TO RURAL IMPROVERS.
July, 1848.
NE of the most striking proofs of the progress of refinement, in
the United States, is the rapid increase of taste for ornamental
gardening and rural embellishment in all the older portions of the
northern and middle States.
It cannot be denied, that the tasteful improvement of a country |
residence is both one of the most agreeable and the most natural |
recreations that can occupy a cultivated mind. With all the interest |
and, to many, all the excitement of the more seductive amusements
of society, it has the incalculable advantage of fostering only the
purest feelings, and (unlike many other occupations of business men)
refining, instead of hardening the heart.
The great German poet, Goethe, says—
“Happy the man who hath escapéd the town,
Him did an angel bless when he was born.”
This apostrophe was addressed to the devotee of country life as a
member of a class, in the old world, where men, for the most part,
are confined to certain walks of life by the limits of caste, to a de-
gree totally unknown in this country.
. With us, country life is a leading object of nearly all men’s de-
sires. The wealthiest merchant looks-upon his country-seat as the
best ultimatum of his laborious days in the counting-house. The
most indefatigable statesman dates, in his retirement, from his “Ash-
land,” or his “Lindenwold.” Webster has his “ Marshfield,” where
HINTS TO RURAL IMPROVERS. lil
_ his scientific agriculture is no less admirable than his profound elo-
quence in the Senate. Taylor's well-ordered plantation is not less
significant of the man, than the battle of Buena Vista. Washing-
ton Irving’s cottage, on the Hudson, is even more poetical than any
chapter of his Sketch Book ; and Cole, the greatest of our landscape
painters, had his rural Nome under the very shadow of the Catskills.
This is well. In the United States, nature and domestic life are
better than society and the manners of towns. Hence all sensible
men gladly escape, earlier or later, and partially or wholly, from the
turmoil of the cities. Hence the dignity and value of country life
is every day augmenting. And hence the enjoyment of landscape
or ornamental gardening—which, when in pure taste, may properly
be called a more refined kind of nature,—is every day becoming
more and more widely diffused. ‘
Those who are not as conversant as ourselves with the statistics
of horticulture and rural architecture, have no just idea of the rapid
multiplication of pretty cottages and villas in many parts of North
America. The vast web of railroads which now interlaces the con-
tinent, though really built for the purposes of trade, cannot wholly
escape doing some duty for the Beautiful as well as the Useful.
Hundreds and thousands, formerly obliged to live in the crowded
streets of cities, now find themselves able to enjoy a country cottage,
several miles distant,—the old notions of time and space being half
annihilated ; and these suburban cottages enable the busy citizen to
breathe freely, and keep alive his love for nature, till the time shall
come when he shall have wrung out of the nervous hand of com-
merce enough means to enable him to realize his ideal of the “re-
tired life” of an American landed proprietor.
The number of our country residences which are laid out, and
kept at a high point of ornamental gardening, is certainly not very
large, though it is continually increasing. But we have no hesita-
tion in saying that the aggregate sum annually expended in this
way for the last five years, in North America, is not exceeded in any
country in the world save one.
England ranks before all other countries in the perfection of its
landscape gardening ; and enormous, almost incredible sums have
been expended by her wealthier class upon their rural improvements.
112 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
But the taste of England is, we have good reasons for believing, at
its maximum; and the expenditure of the aristocracy is, of late,
chiefly devoted to keeping up the existing style of their parks’ and
pleasure-grounds. In this country, it is quite surprising how rapid
is the creation of new country residences, and how large is the ag-
gregate amount continually expended in the construction of houses
and grounds, of a character more or less ornamental.
Granting all this, it cannot be denied that there are also, in the
United States, large sums of money—many millions of dollars—
annually, most unwisely and injudiciously expended in these rural
improvements. While we gladly admit that there has been a sur-
prising and gratifying advance in taste within the last ten years, we
are also forced to confess that there are countless specimens of bad
taste, and hundreds of examples where a more agreeable and satis-
factory result might have been attained at one-half the cost.
Is it not, therefore, worth while to inquire a little more definitely
what are the obstacles that lie in the way of forming satisfactory,
tasteful, and agreeable country residences ?
The common reply to this question, when directly put in the face
of any signal example of failure is—“ Oh, Mr. is a man of no
taste!” There is, undoubtedly, often but too much truth in’ this
clean cut at the esthetic capacities of the unlucky improver. But
it by no means follows that it is always true. A man may have
taste, and yet if he trusts to his own powers of direction, signally
fail in tasteful improvements.
We should say that two grand errors are the fertile causes of
all the failures in the rural improvements of the United States at the
present moment. ,
The first error lies in supposing that good taste is a natural gift,
which springs heaven-born into ‘perfect existence—needing no cilti-
vation or improvement. Thesecond is in supposing that taste alone
is sufficient to the production of extensive or complete works in
architecture or landscape gardening.
A lively sensibility to the Beadtiful, is a natural faculty, mistaken
by more than half the world for good taste itself, But good taste,
in the true meaning of the terms, or, more strictly, correct taste,
only exists where sensibility to the Beautiful, and good judgment,
HINTS TO RURAL IMPROVERS. 113
are combined in the same mind. Thus, a person may have a deli-
cate organization, which will enable him to receive pleasure from
every thing that possesses grace or beauty, but with it so little power
of discrimination as to be unable to select among niany pleasing
objects, those which, under given circumstances, are the most beauti-
ful, harmonious, or fitting. Such a person may be said to have na-
tural sensibility, or fine perceptions, but not good taste; the latter
belongs properly to one who, among many beautiful objects, rapidly
compares, discriminates, and gives due rank to each, according to
its merit.
Now, although that delicacy of organization, usually called taste,
is a natural gift, which can no more be acquired than hearing can
be by a deaf man, yet, in most persons, this sensibility to the Beau-
tiful may be cultivated and ripened into good taste by the study and
comparison of beautiful productions in nature and art.
This is precisely what we wish to insist. upon, to all persons
about to commence rural embellishments, who have not a cultivated
or just taste; but only sensibility, or what they would call a natural
taste.
Three-fourths of all the building and ornamental gardening of
America, hitherto, have been amateur performances—often the pro-
ductions of ‘persons who, with abundant natural sensibility, have
taken no pains to cultivate it and form a correct, or even a good
taste, by studying and comparing the best examples already in
existence in various parts of this or other countries. Now the
study of the best productions in the fine arts is not more necessary
to the success of the young painter and sculptor than that of build-
ings and grounds to the amateur or professional improver, who
desires to improve a country residence well and tastefully. In both
cases comparison, discrimination, the use of the reasoning faculty,
educate the natural delicacy of perception into taste, more or less
just and perfect, and enable it not only to arrive at Beauty, but to
select the most beautiful for the end in view.
There are at the present moment, without going abroad, oppor-
tunities of cultivating a taste in landscape-gardening, quite sufficient
to enable any one of natural sensibility to the Beautiful, combined
with good reasoning powers, to arrive at that point which may be
8
114 LANDSCAPE’ GARDENING.
considered ‘good taste. There are, indeed, few persons who are
aware-how instructive and: interesting to -an amateur, a visit to all
the finest country residences of the older. States, would be at the
present moment. The study of books on taste is by no means to be
neglected by the novice in rural embellishment; but: the practical
illustrations of different styles and principles, to be found in the best
cottage and villa residences, are far more convincing and instruc-
tive to most minds, than lessons taught in any other mode what-
ever.
We shall not, therefore, hesitate to commend a few ofthe most
interesting places to the study of the tasteful improver. By the
expenditure of the necessary time and money to examine and com-
pare thoroughly such places, he will undoubtedly save himself much
unnecessary outlay; be will be able to seize and develope many
beauties which would otherwise be overlooked ; and, most of all, he
will be able to avoid the exhibition of that crude and uncultivated
taste, which characterizes the attempts of the majority of beginners,
who rather know how to enjoy:beautiful grounds than how to g6 to
work to produce them.
For that species of suburban cottage or villa residence one is
most frequent within the reach of persons of moderate fortunes, the
environs of Boston afford the finest examples in the Union. Averag-
ing from five to twenty acres, they are usually laid out with taste,
are well planted with a large variety of trees and shrubs, and above
all, are exquisitely kept. As a cottage ornée, there are few places
in America more perfect than the grounds of Colonel Perkins, or of
Thos. Lee, Esq., at Brookline, near Boston. The latter is especially
remarkable for the beauty of the lawn, and the successful manage-
ment-of rare trees and shrubs, and ‘is a most excellent study for the
suburban landscape-gardener. There are many other places in that
neighborhood abounding with interest; but the great feature of the
gardens of Boston lies rather in their horticultural than their artis-
tical merit. In foreing and skilful cultivation, they still rank before
any other of the country. Mr. Cushing’s residence, near Watertown,
has long been celebrated in this respect.
An amateur who wishes to study trees, should visit the fine old
places in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. A couple of days spent
HINTS TO RURAL IMPROVERS. 115
at the Bartram Garden, the Hamilton Place, and many of the old
estates bordering the Schuylkill, will make him-familiar with rare
and fine trees, such as Salisburias, Magnolias, Virgilias, etc., of a size
and beauty of growth that will not only fill him with astonishment,
but convince him what effects may be produced by planting. As
a specimen ofa cottage residence of the-first class, exquisitely kept,
there are also few examples in America more perfect than Mrs.
Camac’s grounds, four or five miles from Philadelphia.
For landscape gardening, on a large scale, and in its best sense,
there are no places in America which compare with those on the
east bank of the Hudson, between Hyde Park and the town of
Hudson. The extent of the grounds, and their fine natural advan-
tages of wood and lawn, combined with their grand and beautiful’
views, and the admirable manner in which these natural charms
are heightened by art, place them far before any other residences in
the United States in picturesque beauty. In a strictly horticultural
sense, they are, perhaps, as much inferior to the best places about
Boston as they are superior to them in the beauty of landscape gar-
dening and picturesque effect.
Among these. places, those which enjoy the highest reputation,
are Montgomery Place, the seat of Mrs. Edward Livingston, Blithe-
wood, the seat of R. Donaldson, Esq., and Hyde Park, the seat of
W. Langdon, Esq. The first is remarkable for its extent, for the
wonderful variety of scenery—wood, water, and gardenesque—which
it-embraces, and for the excellent general keeping of the grounds.
The second is a fine illustration of great natural beauty,—a mingling
of the graceful and grand in scenery,—admifably treated and
heightened by art. Hyde Park is almost too well known to need
more than a passing notice. It is a noble site, greatly enhanced in
interest lately, by the erection of a fine new mansion.
The student or amateur in landscape gardening, who wishes to
examine two places as remarkable for breadth and dignity of effect
as any in America, will not fail to go to the Livingston Manor, seven
miles east of Hudson, and to Rensselaerwyck, a few miles from
Albany, on the eastern shore. The former has the best kept and
most extensive lawn in the Union; and the latter, with five or six
miles of gravelled walks and drives, within its own boundaries, ex-
116 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
hibits some of the cleverest illustrations of practical skill in laying
out grounds that we remember to have seen.*
If no person, about to improve a country residence, would ex-
pend a dollar until-he had ‘visited and carefully studied, at: least
twenty places of the charactér.of these which we have thus pointed
out, we think the number of specimens of. bad taste, or'-total want
of taste, would be astonishingly dirainished. We could: point to
half a dozen examples ‘within our own knowledge, where ten days
spent by their proprietors in examining what had already been done
in some of the “best specimens of: building and gardening -in the
country, could not but have prevented their proprietors from mak-
ing their places ‘absolutely hideous, and throwing away ten, twenty,
or thirty thousand dollars.. Ignorance is not bliss, nor is it econo-
my, in improving a country-seat.
We think, also, there can scarcely be a question that an exam-
ination of the best examples of taste in rural improvement at
home, is far more instructive to an American, than an inspection :of
the finest country places in Europe; and this, chiefly, because’ a
really successful example at home is based upon republican modes
of life, enjoyment, and expenditure——which are almost the reverse
of those of an aristocratic government. For the same reason, we
think those places most instructive, and best worthy general study
in this country, which realize most completely our ideal of refined
country life in America. To do this, it is by no means necessary to
have baronial possessions, or a mansion of vast extent.' No more
should be attempted than can be done well, and in perfect: harmony
with our habits, mode of life, and domestic institutions. Hence,
smaller suburban residences, like those in the neighborhood of Bos-
ton, are, perhaps, better models, or studies for the public generally,
_ than our grander and more extensive seats; mainly because they
are more expressive of the means and ‘character of the majority of.
* We should apologize for thus pointing out private places, did we not
know that the liberal proprietors of those just named, are persons.who take
the liveliest interest in the progress of good taste, and will cheerfully. allow
their places to be examined by those who visit them with such mone ag
we here urge,—very different from idle curiosity.
HINTS TO RURAL IMPROVERS. 117
those of our countrymen whose intelligence and refinement lead
them to find their happiness in country life. It is better to attempt
a small place, and attain perfect success, than to fail in one of
greater extent.
‘Having pointed out what we consider indispensable to be done,
.to assist in forming, if possible,a correct taste in those who have
only a natural delicacy of organization, which they miscall taste, we
may also add that good taste, or even a perfect taste, is often by
no means sufficient for the production of really extensive works of
rural architecture or landscape-gardening.
“Taste,” says Cousin, in his Philosophy of the Beautiful, “is a
faculty indolent and passive; it reposes tranquilly in the contem-
plation of the Beautiful in Nature. Genius is proud and free; ge-
nius creates and reconstructs.”
He, therefore (whether as amateur or professor), who hopes to
be successful in the highest degree, in the arts of refined building or
landscape-gardening, must possess not only faste to appreciate the
Beautiful, but genius to produce it. Do we not often see persons
who have for half their lives enjoyéd a reputation for correct taste,
suddenly lose it when they attempt to embody it in some practical
manner? Such persons have only the “indolent and passive,” and
not the “ free and creative faculty.” Yet there are a thousand little
offices of supervision and control, where the taste alone may be ex-
ercised with the happiest results upon a country place. It is by no
means a small merit to prevent any violations of good taste, if we
cannot achieve any great work of genius. And we are happy to
be able to say that we know many amateurs in this country who
unite with a refined taste a creative genius, or practical ability to
carry beautiful improvements into execution, which has already
enriched the country with beautiful examples of rural residences ;
and we can congratulate ourselves that, along with other traits of
the Anglo-Saxon mind, we have by no means failed in our inherit-
ance of that fine appreciation of rural beauty, and the power of de-
véloping it, which the English have so long possessed.
We hope the number of those who are able to enjoy this most
‘tefined kind of happiness will every day grow more and more nu-
118 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
merous; and tnat it may do so, we are confident we can give no
better advice than again to commend beginners, before they lay a
comer stdne,.or: plant.a tree, to visit and study at least a dozen
or twenty of the acknowledged best specimens of good taste in
America,
IV.
A FEW HINTS ON LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
November, 1851.
OVEMBER is, above all others, the tree-planting month over
the wide Union. Accordingly, every one who has a rood of
land, looks about him at this season, to see what can be done to im-
prove and embellish it. Some have bought new places, where they
have to build and create every thing in the way of home scenery,
and they, of course, will have their heads full of shade trees and
fruit trees, ornamental shrubs and evergreens, lawns and walks, and
will tax their imagination to the utmost to see in the future all the
varied beauty which they mean to work out of the present blank
fields that they have taken in hand. These, look for the most rapid-
growing and effective materials, with which to hide their nakedness,
and spread something of the drapery of beauty over their premises,
in the shortest possible time. Others, have already a goodly stock
of foliage and shade, but the trees have been planted without taste,
and by thinning out somewhat here, making an opening there, and
planting a little yonder, they hope to break up the stiff boundaries,
and thus magically to convert awkward angles into graceful curves,
and harmonious outlines. Whilst others, again, whose gardens and
pleasure-grounds have long had their earnest devotion, are busy turn-
ing over the catalogues of the nurseries, in search of rare and curious
trees and shrubs, to add still more of novelty and interest to their
favorite lawns and walks. As the pleasure of creation may be sup-
posed to be the highest pleasure, and as the creation of scenery in
landscape gardening is the nearest approach to the matter that we
”
120 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
can realize in a practical way, it is not difficult to see that Novem-
ber, dreary as it may seem to the cockneys who have rushed back
to gas-lights and the paved streets of the city, is full of interest; and
even excitement, to the real lover of the country.
It is, however, one of the characteristics of the human mind to
overlook that which is immediately about us, however admirable,
and to attach the greatest importance to whatever is rare, and diffi-
cult to be obtained. A remarkable illustration of the truth of this,
may be found in the ornamental gardening of this country, which is
noted for the strongly marked features made in its artificial. scenery
by certain poorer sorts of foreign trees, as well as the almost total
neglect of finer native materials, that are indigenous to the soil.
We will undertake to say, for example, that almost one-half ofall
the deciduous trees that have been set in ornamental plantations for :
the last ten years, have been composed, for the most part, of two
very indifferent foreign trees—the ailantus and the silver poplar.
When we say indifferent, we do not mean to-say that such trees as
the ailantus and the silver poplar, are not valuable . trees in their
way—that is, that they are rapid growing, will thrive in all soils, and
are transplanted with the greatest facility—suiting at once both the
money-making grower and the ignorant planter—but we do say,
that when such trees as the American elms, maples and oaks, can
be raised with so little trouble—trees as full of grace, dignity, and
beauty, as any that grow in any part of the world—trees, too, that:
go on gathering new beauty with age, instead of throwing up suck-.
ers that utterly spoil lawns, or that become, after the first few years,
only a more intolerable nuisance every day—it is time to protest.
against the indiscriminate use of such sylvan materials—no matter
how much of “ heavenly origin,” or “silvery ” foliage, they may have
in their well sounding names.
Itis by no means the fault of the nurserymen, that their nurse-
ries abound in ailantuses and poplars, while so’ many of our fine
forest trees are hardly to be found. The nurserymen are bound to
pursue their business so as to make it profitable, and if people ignore:
oaks and ashes, and adore poplars and. ailantuses, nurserymen can-
not be expected to starve because the planting public generally are’
destitute of taste,
A FEW HINTS ON LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 121
What the planting public need is to have their attention called
to the study of natwre—to be made to understand that it is in our
beautiful woodland slopes, with their undulating outlines, our broad
river meadows studded with single trees and groups allowed to grow
and expand quite in a state of free and graceful development, our
steep hills, sprinkled with picturesque pines and firs, and our deep
valleys, dark with hemlocks and cedars, that the real lessons in the
beautiful and picturesque are to be taken, which will lead us to the
appreciation of the finest elements of beauty in the embellishment of
our country places—instead of this miserable rage for “trees of
heaven” and other fashionable tastes of the like nature. There are,
for example, to be found along side of almost every sequestered lawn
by the road-side in the ‘northern States, three trees that are strikingly
remarkable for beauty of foliage, growth or flower, viz.: the tulip-
tree, the sassafras, and the pepperidge. The first is, for stately
elegance, almost unrivalled among forest trees: the second, when
planted in cultivated soil and allowed a fair chance, is more beauti-
ful in its diversified laurel-like foliage than almost. any foreign tree
in our pleasure-grounds : and the last is not surpassed by the orange
or the bay in its glossy leaves, deep green as an emerald in summer,
and rich red as a ruby in autumn—and all of them freer from the
attacks of insects than either larches, lindens, or elms, or a dozen
other favorite foreign trees,—besides being unaffected by the summer
sun, where horse-chestnuts are burned brown, and holding their foli-
age through all the season like native-born Americans, when foreign-
ers shrivel and die; and yet we could name a dozen nurseries where
there is a large collection of ornamental trees of foreign growth, but
neither a sassafras, nor a pepperidge, nor perhaps a tulip-tree could
be had for love or money.
There is a large spirit of inquiry and a lively interest in rural
taste, awakened on every side of us, at the present time, from Maine
to the valley of the Mississippi—but the great mistake made by most
novices is that they study gardens too much, and nature too little.
Now gardens, in general, are stiff and graceless, except just so far as
nature, ever free and flowing, re-asserts her rights, in spite of man’s
want, of taste, or helps him when he has endeavored to work in her
own spirit. But the fields and woods are full of instruction, and in
22 ** LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
ich features of our richest and most. smiling and diversified country
ust.the best hints for the embellishment of rural homes always be
wived. And yet it is not any portion of the woods and fields that
e wish our finest pleasure-ground scenery precisely. to resemble.
7e rather wish to select from the finest sylvan features of nature,
id to recompose the materials in a choicer manner—by rejecting
1y thing foreign to the spirit of elegance and refinement which
iould characterize the landscape of the most tasteful country resi-
mce—a landscape in which all that is graceful and beautiful in
iture is preserved—all her most perfect forms and most harmoni-
1s lines—but with that added refinement which high keeping-and
mtinual care confer on natural beauty, without impairing its innate
init of freedom, or the truth and freshness of its intrinsic character.
planted elm of fifty years, which stands in the midst of the smooth
wn before yonder mansion—its long graceful branches towering
ywards like an. antique classical vase, and then sweeping to the
‘ound with a curve as beautiful as the falling spray of a fountain,
18 all the. freedom of character of its best prototypes in the wild
oods, with a refinement: and a perfection of symmetry which it
ould be next to impossible to find in a wild tree. Let us take it
en as:the type. of all true art in landscape gardening-—which selects
ym natural materials that abound in any country, its best sylvan
atures, and by giving them a better opportunity than they could
herwise obtain, brings about a higher beauty of development and
more perfect expression than nature itself offers. Study landscape
nature more, and the gardens. and their catalogues less,—is our
lvice to the rising generation of planters, who wish to embellish
eir places in the best and purest taste.
b's
.ON THE MISTAKES OF CITIZENS IN COUNTRY LIFE.
January, 1849.
TO one loves the country more sincerely, or welcomes new de-
votees to the worship of its pure altars more warmly, than
ourselves. To those-who bring here hearts eapable of understand-
ing the lessons of truth and beauty, which the Good Creator has
written so legibly on all his works ; to those in whose nature is im-
planted a sentiment that interprets the tender and the loving, as well
as the grand and sublime lessons of the universe, what a life full of
joy, and beauty, and inspiration, is that of the country; to such, °
—— ‘The deep recess of dusky groves,
Or forest where the deer securely roves,
The fall of waters and the song of birds,
: And hills that echo to the distant herds,
Are luxuries, excelling all the glare
The world can boast, and her chief fav’rites share.”
There are those who rejoice in our Anglo-Saxon inheritance of
the love of conquest, and the desire for boundless territory,—who
exult in the “ manifest destiny” of the race, to plant the standard
of the eagle or the lion in every soil, and every zone of the earth’s
surface, We rejoice much more in the love of country life, the en-
joyment of nature, and the taste for rural beauty, which we also
inherit from our Anglo-Saxon forefathers, and to which, more than
all else, they owe so many of the peculiar virtues of the race,
With us, as a people, retirement to country life, must come to
124 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
be the universal pleasure of the nation. The successful statesman,
professional man, merchant, trader, mechanic,;—all look to it as thé
only way of enjoying the otium. cum dignitate ; and the great
beauty and extent of our rural scenery, as well as the absence of any
great national capital, with its completeness of metropolitan life,
must render the country the most satisfactory place for peeing a
part of every man’s days, who has the power of choice.
It is not to be denied, however, that “retirement to the country,”
which is the beau ideal of all the busy and successful citizens of our
towns, is not always found to be the elysium which it has been
fondly imagined. No doubt there are good reasons why nothing in
this world should afford perfect and uninterrupted happiness. -
“The desire of the moth for the star”
might cease, if parks and pleasure-grounds could fill up the yearn-
ings of human nature, so as to leave no aspirations for futurity.
But this is not our present meaning. What we would say is,
that numbers are disappointed with country life, and perhaps leave
it in disgust, without reason, either from mistaken views of its na-
ture, of their own incapacities for enjoying it, or a want of practical
ability to govern it.
‘We might throw our views into a more concrete shape, perhaps,
by saying that the disappointments in country life arise chiefly from
-two causes. The first is, from expecting too much. The second, from
undertaking too much.
There are, we should judge from observation, many citizens who
retire to the country, after ten or twenty years’ hard service in the
business and society of towns, and who carry with them the most
romantic ideas of country life. They expect to pass their time in
wandering over daisy-spangled meadows, and by the side of mean-
dering streams. They will listen to the singing of birds, and find
a perpetual feast of enjoyment in the charm of hills and mountains.
Above all, they have an extravagant notion of the purity and the
simplicity of country life. All its intercourse, as well as all its plea-
sures, are to be so charmingly pure, pastoral, and poetical !
What a disappointment to find that there is-prose even-in coun-
ON THE MISTAKES OF CITIZENS IN COUNTRY LIFE. 125
try life,—that meadows do not give up their sweet incense, or corn-
fields wave their rich harvests without care-—that “work-folks” are
often unfaithful, and oxen stubborn, even an hundred miles from the
smoke of towns, or the intrigues of great cities.
Another, and a large class of those citizens, who expect too much
in the country, are those who find, to their astonishment, that the
. country is dulZ, They really admire nature, and love rural life ; but,
though they: are ashamed to confess it, they are “bored to death,”
and.leave the country in despair.
This is a mistake which grows out of their-want of knowledge
of themselves, and, we may add, of human nature generally. Man
is a social, as well as a reflective and devout being.’ He must have
friends to share his pleasures, to sympathize in his tastes, to enjoy
with him the delights of’ his home, or these become wearisome and
insipid. Cowper has well expressed the want of this large class, and
their suffering, when left wholly to themselves :—
“T praise the Frenchman, his remark was shrewd,—
How sweet, how passing sweet, is solitude!
‘But give me still a friend, in my retreat,
Whom I may whisper—solitude is sweet.
The mistake made by this class, is that of thinking only of the
beauty of the scenery where they propose to reside, and leaving out
of sight the equal charms of good. society. To them, the latter,
both by nature:‘and habit, is a necessity, not to be wholly’ waived for
converse of “babbling brooks,” And since there are numberless
localities where one may choose a residence in a genial and agrée-
able country neighborhood, the remedy for this species of discontent
is as plain as a pike-staff. . One can scarcely expect friends to follow
one into country seclusion, if one will, for the sake of the picturesque,
settle on the banks of the Winipissiogee. These latter spots are for
poets, artists, naturalists; men, between whom and nature there is
an.intimacy of a wholly different kind, and who find in the struc-
ture. of a moss or the flight of a water fowl, the text to a whole
volume of inspiration. —
‘The third class of the disappointed, consists of those who are
astonished at the cost of life inthe country. They left town not only
126 LANDSCAPE GARDENING. aa
for the healthful breezes of the hill-tops, but also to make a small
income do the business of a large one. To their great surprise, they
find the country dear. Every thing they grow on their land costs
them as much as when bought (because they produce it with hired
labor); and every thing they do to improve their estate, calls for a
mint of money, because with us labor is.always costly. But, in fact,
the great secret of the matter is this; they have brought as many as
possible of their town habits into the country, and find that a mo-
derate income, applied in this way, gives less here than in town. To
live economically in the country, one must adopt the rustic habits
of country life. Labor must be understood, closely watched, and
even shared, to give the farm products at a cost likely to increase
the income ; and patés de foie gras, or perigord pies must be given up
for boiled mutton and turnips. (And, between them and us, it is not
so difficult as might be imagined, when the mistress of the house is
a woman of genius, to give as refined an, expression to country life
with the latter as the former. The way of doing things is, in these
matters, as important as the means.) .
Now a word or two, touching the second source of evil in coun
try life—undertaking too much.
There is, apparently, as much fascination in the idea ofa large
landed estate as in the eye of a serpent. Notwithstanding our in-
stitutions, our habits, above all the continual distribution of our
fortunes, every thing, in short, teaching-us so plainly the folly of
improving large landed estates, human nature and the love of: dis-
tinction, every now and: then, triumph over all. What a homily
might there not be. written on the extravagance of Americans!
We can point at once to half a dozen examples of country resi-
dences, that have cost between one and two hundred thousand dok
lars; and every one of which either already has been, or soon will
be, enjoyed by-others than those who constructed them. This ‘is
the great and glaring mistake of our wealthy men; ambitious of
taste,—that of supposing that only by large places and: great expen-
ditures can the problem of rural beauty and enjoyment be solved.
The truth is, that with us, a large fortune does not and: cannot (at
least at the present time) produce the increased: enjoyment which it
does abroad. Large estates, large houses, large establishments,
ON THE MISTAKES OF CITIZENS IN COUNTRY LIFE, 127
only make slaves of their possessors; for the sérvice, to be done
daily by those who must hold aloft this dazzling canopy of wealth,
is so indifferently performed, servants are so time-serving and un-
worthy in this country, where intelligent labor finds independent
channels for: itself, that the lord of the manor finds his life overbur-
dened with the drudgery of watching his drudges.
Hence, the true philosophy of living in America, is to be found
in moderate desires, a moderate establishment, and moderate expen-
ditures. We have seen so many more examples of success in those
of even less moderate size, that we had almost said, with Cowley
“a little cheerful house, a little company, and a very little feast.”
But among those who undertake too much, by far the largest
class.is that whose members do so through: ignorance of what is to
be done. .
. Although the world is pretty well aware of the existence of pro-
fessional builders and planters, still the majority of those who build
and plant, in this country, do it without the advice of- experienced
persons. There is, apparently, 4 latent conviction at the bottom of
every man’s heart, that he can build a villa or a cottage, and lay
out its grounds in a more perfect, or, at least, a much more satisfac-
tory manner than any of his predecessors or contemporaries. Fatal
delusion! One may plead his own case in law, or even write a lay
sermon, like Sir Walter Scott, with more chance of success than he
will have in realizing, in solid walls, the perfect model of beauty and
convgnience that floats dimly in his head. We mean this to apply
chiefly to the production as a work of art.
As a matter of economy, it is still worse. If the improver
selects an experienced architect, and contracts with a responsible
and trustworthy builder, he knows within twenty per cent., at the
farthest, of what his edifice will cost. If he undertakes to play the
amateur, and corrects and revises his work, as most amateurs do,
while the house is in progress, he will have the mortification of
paying twice as much as he should have done, without any just sat-
isfaction at last.
What is the result of this course of one of the new resi-
dent in the country? That he has obtained a large and showy
house, of which, if he is alive to improvement, he will live to regret
t
128 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
the bad taste; and that he has laid the foundation of expenditures
far beyond hes income.
He finds himself now in :a dilemma, of which there are two
horns. One of them is the necessity of laying out and keeping up
large pleasure-grounds, gardens, é&c., to correspond to the'style and
character of his house. The other is to allow the house to remain
in the midst of beggarly surroundings of meadow and stubble; or,
at the most, with half executed and miserably kept grounds on
every side of it, :
Nothing can be more unsatisfactory than either of: these posi-
tions. If he is séduced into expenditures en grand seigneur, to keep
up the style in which the mansion or villa has been erected, he
finds that instead of the peace of mind and enjoyment which he
expected to find in the country, he is perpetually nervous about the
tight place in his income —constantly obliged to make an effort.to
maintain that which, when maintained, gives no more real pleasure
than a residence on a small scale.
If, on the other hand, he stops short, like a prudent man, at the
mighty show of figures at the bottom: of the builder’s accounts,
and leaves all about in a crude and unfinished condition, then he
has the mortification, if possessed of the least taste, of knowing that
all the grace with which he meant to surround his country home,
has eluded his grasp; that he lives in the house of a noble, set in
the fields of a sluggard. This he feels the more keenly, after a
walk over the grounds of some wiser or more fortunate neighbor,
who has been able to sweep-the whole circle of taste, and better ad-
vised, has realized precisely that which has escaped the reach of
our unfortunate improver. Is it any marvel that the latter should
find himself disappointed in the pleasures of a country life ?
Do we thus portray the mistakes of country life in order to dis-
suade persons from retiring? Far from it. There is no one who
would more willingly exhibit its charms in the most glowing colors.
But we would: not lure the traveller into an Arcadia, without telling
him that there are not only golden fruits, but also others, which
may prove Sodom-apples if ignorantly plucked. We would not
hang garlands of flowers over dangerous pits and fearful chasms. It
is rather our duty and pleasure loudly to warn those who are likely
ON THE MISTAKES OF CITIZENS IN COUNTRY LIFE. 129
to fall into such errors, and to open their eyes to the danger that
lies in their paths; for the country is really full of interest to those
who are fitted to understand it; nature is full of beauty to those
who approach her simply and devoutly; and rural life is full of pure
and happy influences, to those who are wise enough rightly to ac-
cept and enjoy them.
What, most retired citizens need,.in country life, are objects of
real interest, society, occupation.
We place first, something of permanent interest ; for, after all,
this is the great, desideratum. AJ] men, with the frog breath of the
hay-fields of boyhood floating through their memory, fancy that
farming itself is the grand occupation and panacea of country life.
This is a profound, error. There is no permanent interest in any
pursuit which we are not successful in; and farming, at least in the
older States, is an art as difficult. as navigation. We mean by this,
profitable farming, for there is no constant satisfaction in any other;
and though some of the best farmers in the Union are retired citi-
zens, yet not more than one in twenty succeeds in making his land
productive. It is well enough, therefore, for the citizen about. retir-
ing, to look upon this resource with a little diffidence.
If our novice is fond of horticulture, there is some hope for him.
In the first place, if he pursues it as an amusement, it is inexhausti-
ble, because there is no end. to new fruits and flowers, or to the combina-
tions which he may produce by their aid. And besides this, he need
not draw heavily on his banker, or purchase a whole township to
attain his object. Only grant a downright taste for fruits and flowers,
and a man may have occupation and amusement for years, in an
hundred feet square of good soil. ;
Among the happiest men in the country, as we have hinted, are
those who find an intense pleasure in nature, either as artists or nat-
uralists. To such.men, there is no weariness; and they should
choose a country residence, not so much with a view to what cah
be made by improving it, as to where it is, what grand and beautiful
scenery surrounds it, and how much inspiration its neighborhood
will offer them.
Men ;of society, as we have already said, should, in settling in
the country, never let go the cord that binds them to their fellows.
9
130 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
A suburban country life will most nearly meet their requirements ;
or, at least, they should select a site where some friends of congenial
minds have already made a social sunshine in the “wilderness of
woods and forests.”
Above all, we should counsel all persons ‘not to underrate the
cost of building and improving in the country. Do not imagine
that a villa, or even a cottage ornée, takes care of itself, If you
wish for rural beauty, at a cheap rate, either on the grand or the
moderate scale, choose a spot where the two features of home scenery
aye trees and grass, You may have five hundred acres of natural
park—that is to say, fine old woods, tastefully opened, and threaded
with walks and drives, for less cost, in preparation and annual out-
lay, than it will require to maintain five acres of artificial. pleasure-
grounds, A pretty little natural glen, filled with old trees and made
alive by a clear perennial stream, is often a cheaper and more “un-
wearying source of enjoyment than the gayest flower-garden. Not
that we mean to disparage beautiful parks, pleasure-grounds, or
flower-gardens ; we only wish our readers about settling in the céun-
try to understand that they do not constitute the highest and most
expressive kind of rural beauty,—as they certainly do the most ez-
pensive,
It is so hard to be content with simplicity! Why, we have
‘seen thousands expended on a few acres of ground, and the result
was, after all, only a showy villa, a green-house, and a flower-garden,
—not half so captivating to the man of true taste as a cottage em-
bosomed in shrubbery, a little park filled with a few fine trees, afawn
kept short by a flock of favorite sheep, and a knot of flowers woven
gayly together in the green turf of the terrace under the parlor win-
dows. But the man of wealth so loves to astonish the admiring
world by the display of riches, and it is so rare to find those who
comprehend the charm of grace and beauty in their simple dress!
VI.
CITIZENS RETIRING TO THE COUNTRY.
February, 1852.
i a former volume we offered a few words to our readers on the
subject of choosing a country-seat. As the subject: was only
slightly touched. 5 ik we propese to say something more regarding
it now.
There are je or no magnificent country-seats in America, if we
take as a standard such. residences as Chatsworth, Woburn, Blen-
heim, and other well kmown English places—with parks a. dozen
miles round, and. palaces i in their midst larger than our largest pub-
lic buildings. But any one who notices in the suburbs of our towns
and cities, and onthe borders of our great rivers and railroads, in
the older parts of the Union, the rapidity with which cottages and
ie here are increasing, each one of which: costs from three,
irty or forty thousand dollars, will find that the aggregate
amount of money expended in American rural homes, for the last
ten years, is perhaps larger than has been spent in .any part of the
world. Our Anglo-Saxon nature leads our successful business men
always to look forward to a home out of the city; and the ease with
which freehold property may be obtained here, offers every encour-
agement to the growth of the natural instinct for landed proprietor-
ship.
This large class of citizens turning country-folk, which every sea-
son’s revolution is increasing, which every successful business year
greatly augments, and every fortune made in California helps to
swell in number, is one which, perhaps, spends its means more freely,
1382 LANDSOAPE GARDENING.
and with more of the feeling of getting its full value, than any other .
class,
But do they get its full value? Are there not many who are
disgusted with the country after a few years’ trial, mainly because
they find country places, and country life, as they have tried them,
more expensive than a residence in town? And is there not some-
thing that may be done to warn the new beginners of the dangers
of the voyage of pleasure on which they are about to embark, with
the fullest faith that it is all smooth water ?
We think so: and as we are daily brought into contact with
precisely this class of ‘citizens, seeking for and building country
places, we should be glad to be able to offer some useful hints'to
those who are not too wise to find them of value.
‘Perhaps the foundation of all the miscalculations that arise, as to
expenditure in forming a country residence, is, that citizens are in
the habit of thinking every thing-in the country cheap. Land in the
town is sold by the foot, in the country by the acre. The price of a
good house in town is, perhaps, three times the cost of one of the
best farms in the.country. The town buys every thing’: the country
raises every thing. To live'on your own estate, be it one acre'or'a
thousand, to have your own milk, butter and eggs, to raise your own
chickens and gather your-own strawberries, with nature to keep the
account instead of your grocer and market-woman, that is something
like a rational life; and more than rational,'it must be cheap. ‘So
argues the citizen about retiring, not only to enjoy his otium cum
dignitate, but to wiake a thousand dollars -of his income, produce
him more of the comforts of life than two thousand did before.
Well; he goes into the country. He buys a farm (run down
with poor tenants and bad tillage). He’ builds a new house, with
his own ignorance instead of architect and master-builder, and is
- cheated roundly by those who take advantage of this ‘masterly igno-
rance in the matter of bricks and mortar; or he repairs an old house
at the full cost of a new one, and has an unsatisfactory dwelling for
ever afterwards. He undertakes high farming, and knowing’ noth-
ing of the practical economy of husbandry, every bushel of corn that
he raises costs hini the price of bushel and a half: in thé market.
Used in town to-a neat and orderly condition of his premises, he is
CITIZENS RETIRING TO THE COUNTRY. 133
disgusted with old tottering fences, half-drained fields and worn-out
pastures, and employs all the laboring force ‘of the neighborhood to
put his grounds in good order.
Now there is no objection to all this for its own sake. On the
contrary, good buildings, good. fences, and rich pasture fields are
what especially delight us in the country. What then is the reason
that, as the country place gets to wear a smiling aspect, its citizen
owner begins to look serious and unhappy? Why is it that country
life does not satisfy and content him? Is the country, which all
poets and philosophers have celebrated as the Arcadia of this world—
is the country treacherous? Is nature a cheat, and do seed-time
and harvest conspire against the peace of mind of the retired citizen ?
Alas! It is a matter of money. Every thing seems to be a mat-
ter of money now-a-days. The country life of the old world, of the
poets and romancers, is cheap. The country life of our republic is
dear. It is for the good of the many that labor should be high, and
it is high labor that makes country life heavy and oppressive to such
men—only because it shows a balance, increasing year after year,
on the wrong side of the ledger. Here is the source of all the trou-
ble and dissatisfaction in what may be called the country life. of
gentlemen amateurs, or citizens, in this country—“it don’t pay.”
Land is cheap, nature is beautiful, the country is healthy, and all
these conspire to draw our well-to-do citizen into the country. But
labor is dear, experience is dearer, and a series of experiments in
unprofitable crops the dearest of all; and our citizen friend, himself,
as we have said, is in the situation of a man who has set out on a
delightful voyage, on a smooth sea, and with a cheerful ship’s com-
pany; but who discovers, also, that the ship has sprung a leak—not
large enough to make it necessary to call all hands to the pump—
not large enough perhaps to attract any body’s attention but his own,
but quite large enough to make it certain that he must leave her or
be swamped—and quite large enough to make his voyage a serious
piece of business.
Every thing which a citizen does in the country, costs him an in-
credible sum. In Europe (heaven save the masses), you may have
the best of laboring men for twenty or thirty cents a day. Here
you must pay them a dollar, at least our amateur must, though the
184 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
farmers contrive to get their labor for eight or ten dollars 2 month
and board. The citizen’s home once built, he looks upon all heavy |
expenditures as over; but how many hundreds—perhaps thousands, ,
has he not paid for out-buildings, for fences, for roads, &c. Cutting .
down yonder hill, which made an ugly blotch in the view,—it
looked like a trifling task; yet there were $500 swept clean out of
his bank account, and there seems almost nothing to show for it,,
You would not believe now that any hill ever stood there—or at
least that nature had not arranged it all (as you feel she ought to
have done), just as you see it. Your favorite cattle and horses have
died, and the flock of sheep have been sadly diminished by the dogs,
all to be replaced—and a careful account of the men’s time, labor
and manure on the, grain fields, shows that for some reason that you.
cannot understand, the crop—which is a fair one, has actually cost
you a trifle more than it is worth in a good market.
To cut a long story short, the larger part of our citizens who re-
tire upon a farm to make it a country residence, are not aware of
the-fact, that capital cannot be profitably employed on land in tht
Atlantic States without a thoroughly practical knowledge of farm-
ing. A close and systematic economy, upon a good soil, may.
enable, and does enable some gentlemen farmers that we could
name, to make a good profit out of their land—but citizens who
launch boldly into farming, hiring farm laborers at high prices, and
trusting operations to others that should be managed under the
master’s eye—are very likely to find their farms a sinking fund that
will drive them back into business again.
To be happy in any business or occupation (and country life on
a farm is a matter of business), we must have some kind of swecess
in it; and there is no success without profit, and no profit without
practical knowledge of farming.
‘The lesson that we would deduce from Dieks reflections is this;
that no mere amateur should buy a large farm for a country resi-
dence, with the expectation of finding pleasure and profit in it for
the rest of his life, unless, like some citizens that we have known—
rare exceptions—they have a genius for all manner of business, and
can master the whole of farming, as they would learn a running-
hand in six easy lessons. Farming, in the older States, where the
CITIZENS RETIRING TO THE COUNTRY. 135
natural wealth of the soil has been exhausted, is not a profitable
business for amateurs—but quite the reverse. And a citizen who
has a sufficient income without farming, had better not damage it
by engaging in so expensive an amusement.
“But we must have something to do; we have been busy near
all our lives, and cannot retire into the country to fold our hands
and sit in the sunshine to be idle.” Precisely so. But you need
not therefore ruin yourself on a large farm. Do not be ambitious
of being great landed proprietors. Assume that you need occupation
and interest, and buy a small piece of ground—a few acres only—
as few as you please—but without any regard for profit. Leave
that to those who have learned farming in a more practical school.
You think, perhaps, that you can find nothing to do on a few acres
of ground. But that is the greatest of mistakes. A half a dozen
acres, the capacities of which are fully developed, will give you
more pleasure than five hundred poorly cultivated. And the
advantage for you is, that you can, upon your few acres, spend just
as little or just as much as you please. If you wish to be prudent,
lay out your little estate in a simple way, with grass and trees, and
a few walks, and a single man may then take care of it. If you
wish to indulge your taste, you may fill it with shrubberies, and
arboretums, and conservatories, and flower-gardens, till every tree
and plant and fruit in the whole vegetable kingdom, of really
superior beauty and interest, is in your collection. Or, if you wish
to turn a penny, you will find it easier to take up certain fruits or
plants and grow them to high perfection so as to command a profit
in the market, than you will to manage the various operations
of a large farm. We could point to ten acres of ground from which
a larger income has been produced than from any farm of five hun-
dred acres in the country. Gardening, too, offers more variety
of interest to a citizen than farming; its operations are less rude
and toilsome, and its pleasures more immediate and refined. Citi-
zens, ignorant of farming, should, therefore, buy small places, rather
than large ones, if they wish to consult their own true interest and
happiness.
But some of our readers, who have tried the thing, may say that
it is a very expensive thing to settle oneself and get well established,
136 . LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
even on a small place in the country.’ ‘And so it is, if we proceed
upon the fallacy, as we have said, that every thing in the country is
cheap. Labor is dear; it costs you dearly to-day, and it will cost
you dearly to-morrow, and the next year. Therefore, in selecting a
site for a home inthe country, always remember to choose a site
where nature has done as much as possible for you. Don’t say‘to
yourself as many have done’ before you—*“ Oh! I want occupation,
and I rather like the new place—raw and naked though it may
be. J will create a paradise for myself. 1 will cut down yonder
hill that intercepts the view, I will level and slope more gracefully
yonder rude bank, I will terrace this rapid descent, I will make a
lake in yonder hollow.” Yes, all this you may do for occupation,
and find it very delightful occupation too, if you have the income
of Mr. Astor. Otherwise, after you have spent thousands in creat-
ing your paradise, and chance to go to some friend who has bought -
all the graceful undulations, and sloping lawns, and sheets of water,
natural, ready made—as they may be bought in thousands of purely
natural places in America, for a few hundred dollars, it will give
you a species of pleasure-ground-dyspepsia to see how foolishly you
have wasted your money. And this, more especially, when you
find, as the possessor of the most finished place in America finds,
that he has no want of occupation, and that far from being finished,
he has only begun to elicit the highest beauty, keeping and com-
pleteness of which his place is capable.
It would be easy to say a great deal more in illustration of the
mistakes continually made by citizens going into the country; of
their false ideas of the cost of doing every thing ; of the profits of
farming; of their own talent for making an income from the land,
and their disappointment, growing out of a failure of all their theo-
ries and expectations. But we have perhaps said enough to cause
some of our readers about to take the step, to consider whether they
mean to look upon country life as a luxury they are willing to pay
so much a year for, or as a means of adding something to their
incomes. Even in the former case, they are likely to underrate the
cost of the luxury, and in the latter they must set about it with the
frugal and industrial habits of the real farmer, or they will fail. The
safest way is to attempt but a modest residence at first, and let
CITIZENS RETIRING TO THE COUNTRY. 187
the more elaborate details be developed, if at all, only when we
have learned how much country life, costs, and how far the expendi-
ture is a wise one. Fortunately, it is art, and not nature, which
costs money in the country, and therefore the beauty of lovely
scenery and fine landscapes (the right to enjoy miles of which may
often be had for a trifle), in connection with a very modest and
simple place, will give more lasting satisfaction than gardens and
pleasure-grounds innumerable. Persons of moderate means should,
for this reason, always secure, in their fee simple, as much as possi-
ble of natural beauty, and undertake the elaborate improvement of
only small places, which will not become a burden to them. Million-
naires, of course, we leave out of the question. They may do what
they like. But most Americans, buying a country place, may take
it for their creed, that
Man wants but Jittle land below,
Nor wants that little dear.
VIL.
A TALK ABOUT PUBLIC PARKS AND GARDENS.
October, 1848.
DITOR. Tam heaetily glad to see you home again. I almost
fear, however, from your long residence on the continent, that
you have become a foreigner in all your sympathies.
Traveller. Not a whit. I come home to the United States
more thoroughly American than ever. The last few months’ Tesi-
dence in Europe, with revolutions, tumult, bloodshed on every side,
people continually crying for liberty—who mean by that word, the
privilege of being responsible to neither God nor governments—
ouvriers, expecting wages to drop like manna from heaven, not as a
reward for industry, but as a sign that the millennium has come;
republics, in which every other man you meet is a soldier, sworn to
preserve “ liberty, fraternity, equality,” at the point of the bayonet ;
from all this unsatisfactory movement—the more unsatisfactory be-
cause its aims are almost beyond the capacities of a new nation, and
entirely impossible to an old people—I repeat, I come home again
to rejoice most fervently that “I, too, am an American.”
Fd, After five years expatriation, pray tell me what strikes you
most on returning ?
Trav. Most of all, the wonderful, extraordinary, unparalleled
.growth of our country. It seems to me, after the general, steady,
quiet torpor of the old world (which those great convulsions have’
only latterly broken), to be the moving and breathing of a robust
young giant, compared with the crippled and feeble motions of an
exhausted old man. Why, it is difficult for me to “catch up” to
A TALK ABOUT PUBLIC PARKS AND GARDENS. 139
my countrymen, or to bridge over the gap which five years have
made in the condition of things. From a country looked upon with
contempt by monarchists, and hardly esteemed more than a third-
rate power by republicans abroad, we have risen to the admitted
first rank every where. To say, on the continent, now, that you are
from the “ United States,” is to dilate the pupil of every eye with a
sort of glad welcome. The gates of besieged cities open to you,
and the few real republicans who have just conceptions of the ends
of government, take you by the hand as if you had a sort of lib-
erty-magnetism in your touch. A country that exports, in a single
year, more than fifty-three millions worth of bread stuffs, that con-
quers a neighboring nation without any apparent expenditure of
strength, and swallows up a deluge of foreign emigrarits every
season,—turning all that “raw material,” by a sort of wonderful
vital force, into good citizens—such a country, I say, is felt to have
an avoirdupois about it, that weighs heavily in the scale of nations.
Fd. Jam glad to see you so sound and patriotic. Very few
men who go abroad, like yourself, to enjoy the art and antiquities
of the old world, come home without “turned heads.” The great-
ness of the past, and the luxury and completeness of the present
forms of civilization abroad, seize hold of them, to the exclusion of
every thing else; and they return home lamenting always and for
ever the “purple and fine linen” left, behind.
Trav.“ Purple and fine linen,” when they clothe forms of life-
less majesty, are far inferior, in the eyes of any sensible person, to
linsey-woolsey, enwrapping the body of a free, healthy man. But
there are some points of civilization—good points, too—that we do
‘not yet understand, which are well understood abroad, and which
are well worth attention here at home, at the present moment. In
fact, I came here to talk a little, about one or two of these, to-day.
Ed. Talk on, with all my heart.
Trav. I dare say you will be surprised to hear me say that the
French and Germans—difficult as they find it to be republican, in a
political sense—are practically far more so, in many of the customs
of social life, than Americans.
Hd. Such as what, pray?
Trav. Public enjoyments, open to all classes of. people, pro-
140 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
vided at public cost, maintained .at public eEpeneey and ae
daily ‘and ‘hourly, by all classes of persons.
Ed. Picture galleries, libraries, and the like, I suppose you mt
lude to?.
‘Trav. Yes; but more especially at the present moment, iam
thinking of pustic parks and Garpens—those salubrious and
wholesome breathing places, provided in the midst of, or upon the
suburbs of so many towns on the continent—full of really grand
and beautiful: trees, fresh grass, fountains, and, in many cases, rare
plants, shrubs, and flowers. Public picture galleries; and even li-
braries, are intellectual luxuries ; and though we must and will have
them, as wealth accumulates, yet-I look upon public parks and gar-
dens, which. are: great social enjoyments, as naturally coming: first,
Man’s social nature stands before his intellectual one in the order of
cultivation.
Ed. But these great public parks are mostly the appendages
of royalty, and have been created’ for purposes of show and. magni-
ficence, quite incompatible with our ideas of republican simplicity.:
Trav. Not atall. In many places these parks were made for .
royal enjoyment; but, even in these days, they are, on the continent, no
longer held for royal use, but: are the pleasure-grounds of the public
generally. Look, for example, at the Garden of the Tuileries—spa-
cious, full of flowers, green lawns, orange-trees, and rare plants, in
the very heart of Paris, and all open to the public, without charge.
Even in third-rate towns, like the Hague, there is a royal park of
two hundred acres, filled with superb trees, rich. turf, and broad
pieces of water—the whole exquisitely kept, and absolutely and en-
tirely at the enjoyment of every well-disposed Se that chooses
to enter.
Hd, Still, these are not parks or gardens sits: for the public ;
but are the result, originally, of princely taste, and afterwards given
up to the public.
Trav. But Germany, which is in many respects a most instruc-
tive country to Americans, affords many examples of public gar-
dens, in the neighborhood of the principal towns, of extraordinary
size and beauty, originally made and laid out solely for the general
use. The public garden at Munich, for example, contains above five
A TALK ABOUT PUBLIC PARKS AND GARDENS. 141
hundred acres, originally laid out by the celebrated Count Rumford,
with five miles of roads and walks, and a collection of all the trees
and. shrubs that will thrive in that country. It combines the beauty
of a park and a garden.
Ed, And Frankfort ?
Trav. Yes, I was coming to that, for it is quite a model of this
kind of civilization. The public garden of.Frankfort is, to my mind,
one of the most delightful sights in the world. Frankfort deserves,
indeed, in this respect, to be called a “free town;” for I doubt if we
are yet ready to evince the same capacity for self-government and
non-imposition of restraint as is shown daily by the good citizens
of that place, in the enjoyment. of this beautiful public garden.
Think of a broad belt, about two miles long, surrounding the city
on all sides but one (being built upon the site of the old ramparts),
converted into the most lovely pleasure-grounds, intersected with all
manner of shady walks and picturesque glades, planted not only
with all manner of fine trees and shrubs, but beds of the choicest
flowers, roses, carnations, dahlias, verbenas, juberoses, violets, dsc., de:
Ed. And well guarded, I suppose, by gen-d’armes, or the po-
lice !
Trav. By no means. On the contrary, it is open to every
man, woman, and child in the city; there are even no gates at the
various entrances. Only, at these entrances are put up notices,
stating that as the garden was made for the public, and: is kept up.
at its expense, the town authorities commit it to the protection of all
good citizens: Fifty thousand souls have the right to enter and en-
joy these beautiful grounds; and yet, though they are most tho-
roughly enjoyed, you will no more see a bed trampled upon, or a
tree injured, than in your own private garden here at home!
Zid, There is truly a democracy in that, worth imitating in our
more professedly democratic country.
Trav. Well, out of this:common enjoyment of public grounds,
" by all ‘classes, grows also a.social freedom, and an easy and agreea-
ble intercourse of all classes, that strikes an American with surprise
and delight. Every afternoon, in the public grounds of the German
towns, you will meet thousands of neatly-dressed men, women, and
children. All classes assemble under the shade of the same trees,
142 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
—the nobility (even the king is often seen among them), the
wealthy citizens, the shopkeepers, and the artisans, &c. There they all
meet, sip their tea and coffee, ices, or other refreshments, from tables
in the open air, talk, walk about, and listen to bands of admirable
music, stationed here and there throughout the park. In short, these
great public grounds are the pleasant drawing-rooms' of the whole
population ; where they gain health, good spirits, social enjoyment,
and a frank and cordial bearing towards their neighbors, that is
totally unknown either in England or America,
Ed, There appears a disinclination in the Anglo-Saxon race to
any large social intercourse, or unrestrained public enjoyment.
Trav. Tt is not difficult to account for such a feeling in Eng-
land. But in this country, it'is quite unworthy of. us and our insti-
tutions. With large professions of equality, I find my countrymen
more and more inclined to raise up barriers of class, wealth, and
fashion, which, are almost as strong in our social usages, as the law
of caste is in England. It is quite unworthy of us, as it is the
meanest and most contemptible part of aristocracy ; and we owe it
to ourselves. and our republican professions, to set about eeapiniing
a larger and more fraternal spirit in our social life.
Ed. Pray, how would you set about it ?
Trav. Mainly by establishing refined public places of resort,
parks and gardens, galleries, libraries, museums, &c. By these
means, you would soften and humanize the rude, educate and en-
lighten the ignorant, and give continual enjoyment to the educated.
Nothing tends to beat down those artificial barriers, that false pride,
which is the besetting folly of our Anglo-Saxon nature, so much as
a community of rational enjoyments. Now there is absolutely no
class of persons in this country whose means allow them the luxury
of great parks, or fine concerts of instrumental music within their
own houses. But a trifling yearly contribution from all the inhab-
itants of even a small town, will enable all those inhabitants to have
an excellent band, performing every fair afternoon’ through the
whole summer. Make the public parks or pleasure-grounds attrac:
tive by their lawns, fine trees, shady’ walks, and beautiful shrubs and
flowers, by fine music, and the certainty of “meeting every body,”
and you draw the whole moving population of the town there daily.
Hd. I am afraid the natural géne of our people would keep
A TALK ABOUT PUBLIC PARKS AND GARDENS. 143
many of those at home who would most enjoy such places, and that
they would be given up to those who would abuse the privilege and
despoil the grounds. Do you think it would be possible, for instance,
to preserve fine flowers in such a place, as in Germany ?
Trav. Ihave not, the slightest doubt of it. How can I have,
after going on board such magnificent steamboats as the Isaac New-
ton or the Bay State, all fitted up with the same luxury of velvet
ottomans, rich carpets, mirrors, and the costliest furniture, that I
have found in palaces. abroad, and all at the use of millions of every
class of American travellers, from the chimney-sweep to the Presi-
_ dent, and yet this profuse luxury not abused in the slightest manner !
Ed. But the more educated of our people—would they, think
you, resort to public pleasure-grounds daily, for amusement ? Would
not the natural exclusiveness of our better-halves, for instance, taboo
this medley of “all sorts of people that we don’t know?”
_ Lrav. J trust too much in the good sense of our women to be-
lieve it. Indeed, I find plenty of reasons for believing quite the op-
posite. Isee the public watering-places filled with. all classes of so-
ciety, partaking of the same pleasures, with as much zest as in any
part ‘of the world; and you must remember that there is no forced
intercourse in the daily reunions in a public garden or park. There
is room and space enough for pleasant little groups or circles of all
tastes and sizes, and no one is necessarily brought into contact with
uncongenial spirits ; while the daily meeting of families, who ought
to sympathize, from natural congeniality, will be more likely to bring
them together than any other social gatherings. Then the advantage
to our fair countrywomen in health and spirits, of exercise in the
pure.open air, amid the groups of fresh foliage and flowers, in a
chat with friends, and pleasures shared with them, as compared with
a listless lounge upon a sofa at home, over the last new novel or
pattern of embroidery! When I first retwned home, I assure you,
I was almost shocked at the extreme delicacy, and apparent univer-
sal want of health in my countrywomen, as compared with the same
classes abroad. It is, most clearly, owing to the many sedentary,
listless hours which they pass within doors; no out-of-deor oecupa-
tions—walking considered irksome and Gagang-—and almost no
parks, pleasure-grounds, or shaded avenues, to tempt fair pedestrians
to this most healthful and natural exercise. -
144 LANDSCAPE GARDENING. —
Hd. Enough. I am fully satisfied of the benefits of these
places of healthful public enjoyment, and of their being most com-
pletely adapted to our institutions. But how to achieve: them ?
What do we find among us to warrant a belief that public parks,
for instance, are within the means of our people ?
Trav. Several things: but most of all, the condition of our
public cemeteries at the present moment. Why, twenty years ago,
such a thing as an embellished, rural cemetery, was unheard of in
the United States; and,at the present moment, we surpass all: othier
nations in these beautiful resting-places for the dead. Greenwood,
Mount Auburn, and Laurel Hill, are as much superior to. the far-
famed Pere la Chaise of Paris, in-natural beauty, tasteful arrange-
ment, and all that constitutes the charm of sucha spot, as St. Peter's
is to the Boston State House. Indeed, these cemeteries are the
only places in the country that can give an untravelled American
any idea of the beauty of many of the. public parks and gardens
abroad. Judging from the crowds of people in- carriages, and on
foot, which I find constantly thronging Greenwood and Mount Au-
burn, I think it is plain enough how much our citizens, of all classes,
would enjoy public parks on a similar scale. Indeed, the only draw-
back to these beautiful and highly. kept cemeteries, to my taste; is
the gala-day air of recreation they present. People seem to go there
to enjoy themselyes, and not to indulge in any serious recollections
or regrets. Can you doubt that if our large towns had suburban
pleasure-grounds, like Greenwood (excepting the monuments), where
the best music could be heard daily, they would become the con-
stant resort of the citizens, or that being so, they would tend to soften
and allay some of the feverish unrest of business which seems to
have possession of most Americans, body and soul ?
Ed, But the modus operandi? . Cemeteries are, in a measure,
private speculations ; hundreds are induced to buy Zoés in them from
fashion or personal pride, besides those whose hearts are touched by
the beauiful sentiment which they involve; and thus a large fund
is produced, which maintains every thing in the most perfect order.
Trav. Appeal to the public liberality; We subscribe hundreds
of thousands of dollars to give food to the Irish, or to assist the
needy inhabitants of a burnt-out city, or to send missionaries’ to
South Sea Islands. Are there no dollars in the same generous
hy
A TALK ABOUT PUBLIC PARKS AND GARDENS. 145
pockets for a public park, which shall be the great wholesome
breathing zone, social mass-meeting, and grand out-of-door coneert-
room, of all the inhabitants daily? Make it praiseworthy and laud-
able for wealthy men to make bequests of land, properly situated,
for this public enjoyment, and commemorate the public spirit. of
such men by a statue or a beautiful marble vase, with an inscription,
telling all succeeding generations to. whom they are indebted for the
beauty and enjoyment that constitute the chief attraction of the
town. Let the ladies gather money from young and old, by fairs,
and “tea parties,” to aid in planting and embellishing the grounds.
Nay, I would have lifemembers, who on. paying a certain sum,
should be the owners in “ fee simple” of certain fine trees,,or groups
of trees; since there are some who will never give money but. .for
some tangible and, visible property.
Ed. It is, perhaps, not so difficult to get the public park or gar-
den, as to meet. all the annual expenses required to keep it in the re-
quisite condition.
Trav. Thereis, te my mind, but one effectual and rational
mode of doing this—by a voluntary taxation on the part of all the
inhabitants. A few shillings each person, or a small per, centage on
the value of all the property in a town, would keep a park of a
hundred or two acres in admirable order, and defray all the inciden-
tal expenses. Did you ever make a calculation of the sum volun-
tarily paid in towns like this, of nine thousand inhabitants, for pew
rent,in churches and places of worship #
Ed, No.
Trav. Very well; I have had the curiosity lately to do so,.and
find that in a town of nine thousand souls, and with ten “ meeting-
houses” of various sects, more than ten thousand dollars are volun-
tarily paid every year for the privilege of sitting in these churches.
Does it appear. to you impossible that half that sum (a few. shillings
a year each) would be.willingly paid every year for the privilege of
a, hundred acres of beautiful park or pleasure-grounds, | where every
man, woman, and child in the community ‘could have, for, a few
shillings, all the soft: verdure, the umbrageous foliage, the lovely
flowers, the place for exercise, recreation, repose, that Victoria has in
her Park of Windsor ?
10
146 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
Ed. Not at all, if our countrymen could be made to look upon
the matter in the same light as yourself. But while no men contri-
bute money so willingly and liberally as we Americans for the sup-
port of religion, or indeed for the furtherance of any object of moral
good, we are slow to understand the value and influence of beauty
of this material kind, on our daily lives.
Trav. But we must believe it, because the Brautirut is no less
eternal than the Truz and the Goop. And it is the province of the
press—of writers who have the public ear—to help those to see
(who are slow to perceive it), how much these outward influences
have to do with bettering the condition of a people, as good citizens,
patriots, men. Nay,more; what an important influence these pub-
lic resorts, of a rational anil refined character, must exert in ele-
vating the national character, and softening the many little jealousies
of social life by a community of enjoyments. . A people will have
its pleasures, as certainly as its religion or its laws; and whether
these pleasures are poisonous and hurtful, or innocent and salutary,
must greatly depend on the interest taken in them by the directing
minds of the age. Get some country town of the first class to set
the example by making a public park or garden of this kind. Let.
our people once see for themselves the influence for good which it
would effect, no less than the healthful enjoyment it will afford, and
I feel confident that the taste for public pleasure-grounds, in the
United States, will spread as rapidly as that for cemeteries has done.
If my own observation of the effect of these places in Germany is
worth any thing, you may take my word for it that they will be,
better preachers of temperance than temperance societies, better re-
finers of national manners than dancing-schools, and better promot-
ers of general good feeling than any lectures on the philosophy, of
happiness ever delivered in the lecture-room. In short, I am in
earnest about the matter, and must therefore talk, write, preach, do
all Ican about it, and beg the assistance of all those who have pub-
lic influence, till some good experiment of the kind is fairly tried in
this country.
Zd, Iwish you all success in your good undertaking ; and will,
at least, print our conversation for the benefit of the readers.of the
Horticulturist.
VIII.
THE NEW-YORK PARK.
August, 1851.
HE leading topic of town gossip and newspaper paragraphs just
now, in New-York, is the new park proposed. by Mayor Kings-
land. ‘Deluded New-York has, until lately, contented itself with the
little door-yards of space—mere grass-plats of verdure, which form
the squares of the city, in the mistaken idea that they are parks.
The fourth city in the world (with a growth that will soon make it
the second), the commercial metropolis of a continent spacious enough
to border both oceans, has not hitherto been able to afford sufficient
land to give its citizens (the majority of whom live there the whole
year round) any breathing space for puré air, any recreation ground
for healthful exercise, any pleasant roads for riding or driving, or any
enjoyment of that lovely and refreshing natural beauty from which
they have, in leaving the country, reluctantly expatriated themselves
for so many years—perhaps for ever. Some few thousands, more
fortunate than the rest, are able to escape for a couple of months,
into the country, to find repose for body and soul, in its leafy groves
and pleasant pastures, or to inhale new life on the refreshing sea-
shore. But in the mean time the city is always full. Its steady
population of five hundred thousand souls is always there; always
on the increase. Every ship brings a live cargo from over-peopled
Europe, to fill up its over-crowded lodging-houses ; every steamer
brings hundreds of strangers to fill its thronged thoroughfares.
Crowded hotels, crowded streets, hot summers, business pursued till
it becomes a game of excitement, pleasure followed till its votaries
48 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
re exhausted, where is the quiet reverse side of this picture of town
fe, intensified almost to distraction ? a
Mayor Kingsland spreads it out to the vision of the dwellers in
ais arid desert of business and dissipation—a green oasis for the re-
‘eshment of the city’s soul and body. He tells the citizens of that
werish metropolis, agevery intelligent man will tell them who knows
ae cities of the old world, that New-York, and American citiés
enerally, are voluntarily and ignorantly living in a state of com-
lete forgetfulness of nature, and her innocent recreations. That,
ecause it is needful in civilized life for men to live in cities,—yes,
nd unfortunately too, for children to be born and educated without
daily sight of the blessed horizon,—it is not, therefore, needful for
1em to bs so miserly as to live utterly divorced from all Pleasant
nd healthful intercourse, with gardens, and green fields. He, in-
wms,them that cool umbrageous groves have not forsworn them-
alves within town limits, and that half a million of people have a
ight to ask for the * greatest happiness” of parks and plassune:
rounds, as well as for paving stones and gas-lights.
Now that, public opinion has fairly settled that.a park is neces-
wy, the parsimonious declare that the plot of one hundred and
ixty acres proposed by Mayor Kingsland is extravagantly large.
hort-sighted economists! If the future growth of the city. were
onfined to the boundaries their narrow vision would fix, it, would
oon cease to be the commercial,emporium of the country. If they
rere the purveyors of the young giant, he would soon present the
srry spectacle of a robust youth magnificently developed, but whose
xtremities had outgrown every. garment that they. had provided to
over his. nakedness.
These timid tax-payers, and : men nervous in their private pockets
f the municipal expenditures, should take a lesson from some of
heir number-to whose admirable foresight we owe the unity of ma-
arials displayed. i in the New-York City-Hall. Every one familiar
rith New-York, has wondered or smiled at the apparent perversity
f taste which gave us a building—in the most conspicuous part of
he-city, and devoted to the highest municipal uses, three sides of
rhich are pure white marble, and the fourth of coarse, brown stone.
3ut few of thase who see, that incongruity, know that it was dictated
THE NEW-YORK PARK. 149
by the narrow-sighted frugality of the common council who were
its building committee, and who determined that it would be useless
to waste marble on the rear of the City-Hall, “ since that side would
only be seen by persons living in the suburbs.”
Thanking Mayor Kingsland most heartily for his proposed new
park, the only objection we make to it is that it is too small. One
hundred and sixty acres of park for a city that will soon contain
three-quarters of a million of people! It is only a child’s play-
ground. Why London has over six thousand acres either within
its own limits, or in the accessible suburbs, open to the: enjoyment
of its population—and six thousand acres composed too, either of
the grandest and most lovely park scenery, like Kensington and
Richmond, or of luxuriant gardens, filled with rare plants, hot-houses,
and hardy shrubs and trees, like the National Garden at Kew.
Paris has its Garden of the Tuileries, whose alleys are lined with
orange-trees two hundred years old, whose parterres are gay with
the brightest flowers, whose cool groves of horse-chestnuts, stretching
out to the Elysian Fields, are in the very midst of the city. Yes,
and on its outskirts are Versailles (three thousand acres of imperial
groves and gardens there also), and Fontainbleau, and St. Cloud,
with all the rural, scenic, and palatial beauty that the opulence of
the most profuse of French monarchs could create, all open to the
people of Paris. Vienna has its great Prater, to make which, would
swallow up most of the “unimproved” part of New-York city.
Munith has a superb plédsure-ground of five hundred acrés, which
makes the Arcadia of her citizens. Even the smaller towns are pro-
vided with public grounds to an extent that would beggar the imag-
ination of our short-sighted economists, who would deny “a green-
ery” to New-York; Frankfort, for example, is skirted by the most
beautiful gardens, formed upon the platform which made the old
‘ramparts of the city—gardens filled with the loveliest plants and
shruhs, tastefully grouped along walks over two miles in extent.
Looking at the present government of the city as about to pro-
vide, in the People’s Park, a breathing zone, and healthful place for
exercise for a city of half a million of souls, we trust they will not
be content with the limited number of acres already proposed. '
Five hundred acres is the smallest area that should be reserved for
150 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
the future wants of such a city, now, while it may be obtained.
Five hundred acres may be selected. between Thirty- -ninth-street, and
the Harlem River, including a varied surface of land, a good ‘deal of
which is yet waste area, so that the whole may be purchased, at
something like a million of dollars. In that area there would be
space enough to have broad reaches of park and pleasure- grounds,
with a real feeling of the breadth and beauty of green fields, the
perfume and freshness of nature. In its midst would be located, the
great distributing reservoirs of the Croton aqueduct, formed ‘into
lovely lakes of limpid water, covering many acres, and heightening
the charm of the sylvan accessories by the finest natural contrast.
In such a park, the citizens who would take excursions in carriages
or on horseback, could have the substantial delights of country roads
and country scenery, and forget, for a time the rattle of the pave-
ments and the glare of brick walls. Pedestrians would find quiet
and secluded walks when they wished to be solitary, and broad alleys
filled with thousands of happy faces, when they would be gay. The
thoughtful denizen of the town would go out there in the morning,
to hold converse with the whispering trees, and the weary tradesmen
in the evening, to enjoy an hour of happiness by mingling in the
open space with “all the world.”
The many beauties and utilities that would gradually grow out
of a great park like this, in a great city like New-York, suggest
themselves immediately and forcibly. Where would be found so
fitting a position for noble works of art, the statues, monuments, and
buildings commemorative at once of the great men of the nation,
of the history of the age and country, and the genius of our high-
est artists? In the broad area of such a verdant zone would grad-
ually grow up, as the wealth of the city increases, winter gardens
of glass, like the great Crystal Palace, where the whole people
could luxuriate in groves of the palms and spice trees of the tropics,
at the same moment that sleighing parties glided swiftly and noige-
lessly over the snow-covered surface of the country-like avenues
of the wintry park without. Zoological Gardens, like those of Lon-
don and Paris/ would gradually be formed by private subscription
or public funds, where thousands of old and young would find daily
pleasure in studying natural history, illustrated by all the wildest
THE NEW-YORK PARK. 151
and strangest animals of the globe, almost as much at home in their
paddocks and jungles, as if in their native forests; and Horticultu-
ral and Industrial Societies would hold their annual shows there,
and great expositions of the arts would take place in spacious build-
ings within the park, far more fittingly than in the noise and din of
the crowded streets of the city. ‘
We have said nothing of the social influence of such a great
park in New-York. But this is really the most interesting phase of
the whole matter. Itis a fact not a little remarkable, that, va
democratic as are the political tendencies of America, its most in
telligent social tendencies are almost wholly in a contrary direction.
And among the topics discussed by the advocates and opponents of
the new park, none seem so poorly understood as the social aspect
of the thing. It is, indeed, both curious and amusing to see the
stand taken on the one hand by the million, that the park is made
for the “upper ten,” who ride in fine carriages, and, on the other
hand, by the wealthy and refined, that a park in this country will
be “usurped by rowdies and low people.” Shame upon our repub-
lican compatriots who so little understand the elevating influences
of the beautiful in nature and in art, when enjoyed in common by
thousands and hundreds of thousands of all classes without distinc-
tion! They can never have seen, how all over France and Germa-
ny, the whole population of the cities pass their afternoons and
evenings together, in the beautiful public parks and gardens. How
they enjoy together the same music, breathe the same atmosphere
of art, enjoy the same scenery, and grow into social freedom by the
very influences of easy intercourse, space and beauty that surround
them. In Germany, especially, they have never seen how the high-
est and the lowest partake alike of the common enjoyment—the
prince seated beneath the trees on a rush-bottomed chair, before a
little wooden table, supping his coffee or his ice, with the same free-
dom from state and pretension as the simplest subject. Drawing-
room conventionalities are too narrow for a mile or two of spacious
garden landscape, and one can be happy with ten thousand in the
social freedom of a community of genial influences, without .the
unutterable pang of not having been introduced to the company
‘present.
152 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
These social doubters who thus intrench themselves in the sole
sitadel of exclusiveness-in republican America, mistake our people
ind their destiny. If we would but have listened to them, our mag-
iificent river and lake steamers, those real palaces of the million,
vould have had no velvet couches, no splendid mirrors, no luxurious
arpets. Such costly and rare appliances of civilization, they would
iave told us, could only be rightly used by the privileged families
if wealth, and would be trampled upon and utterly ruined by the
lemocracy of the country, who travel one hundred miles for half a
lollar.. And yet these, our floating palaces and our monster hotels,
vith their purple and fine linen, are they not respected, by the ma-
jority who use them, as truly as other palaces by their rightful sov-
reigns? Alas, for the faithlessness of the few, who possess, regarding
he capacity for culture of the many, who are wanting.. Even upon
he lower platform of liberty and education that the masses stand
n Europe, we see the elevating influences of a wide popular enjoy-
nent of galleries of art, public libraries, parks and gardens, which
iave raised the people in social civilization and social culture to a
ar higher level than we have yet attained in republican America.
And yet this broad ground of popular refinement must be taken in
epublican America, for it belongs of right more truly here, than
Jsewhere. It is republican in its very idea and tendency. It takes
tp popular education where the common school and ballot-box leave
t,'and raises up the working-man to the. same level of enjoyment
vith the man of leisure and accomplishment. The higher social
ind’ artistic elements ‘of every man’s nature lie dormant within him,
und évery laborer is a possible gentleman, not by the possession of
noney or fine clothes—but through the refining influence of intel-
ectual arid moral culture. Open wide, therefore, the doors of your
ibraries and picture galleries, all ye true republicans! Build halls
vhere knowledge shall be freely diffused among men, and not shut up
vithin the narrow walls of narrower institutions. Plant spacious
oarks in your cities, and unlodse their gates as wide as the gates of
norhing to the whole people. As there are no dark places at noon
lay, so education and culture—the true sunshine of the soul—will
sanish the plague spots of democracy; and the dread of the igno-
‘ant exclusive who has no faith in the refinement of a republic, will
THE NEW-YORK PARK, 153
stand abashed in the next century, before a whole people whose sys-
tem of voluntary education embraces (combined with perfect indi-
vidual freedom), not only common schools of rudimentary know-
ledge, but common:enjoyments for all classes in the higher realms
of art, letters, science, social recreations, and enjoyments. Were
our legislators but wise enough to understand, to-day, the destinies
of the New World, the gentility of Sir Philip Sidney, made univer-
sal, would be not half so much a miracle fifty years hence in Amer-
ica, as the idea of a whole nation of laboring-men reading and
writing, was, in his day, in England.
IX.
PUBLIC CEMETERIES AND PUBLIC GARDENS.
: July, 1849.
NE of the most remarkable illustrations of the popular taste, in
this country, is to be found in the rise and progress of our rural
cemeteries,
Twenty years ago, nothing better than a common grave-yard,
filled with high grass, and a chance sprinkling of weeds and thidhes,
was to be found in the Union. If there were one or two exceptions,
like the burial ground at New Haven, where a few willow trees
broke the monotony of the scene, they existed only to prove the'rule
more completely.
Eighteen years ago, Mount Auburn, about six miles from Boston,
was made a rural cemetery. It was then a charming natural ‘site,
finely varied in surface, containing about 80 acres of land, and ad-
mirably clothed by groups and masses of native forest trees. It was
tastefully laid out, monuments were built, and the whole highly em-
bellished. No sooner was attention generally roused to the charms
of this first American cemetery, than the idea took the public mind
by storm. Travellers made pilgrimages to the Athens of New Eng-
land, solely to see the realization of their long cherished dream of a
resting-place for the dead, at once sacred from profanation, dear to
the memory, and captivating to the imagination.
Not twenty years have passed. since that time; and, at the pres-
ent moment, there is scarcely a city of note in the whole country
that has not its rural cemetery. The three leading cities of the
north, New-York, Philadelphia, Boston, have, each of them, besides
PUBLIC CEMETERIES AND PUBLIC GARDENS. 155
their great cemeteries,—Greenwood, Laurel Hill, Mount Auburn,—
many others of less note ; but any of which would have astonished
and delighted their inhabitants twenty years ago. Philadelphia has,
we learn, nearly twenty rural cemeteries at the present moment,—
several of them belonging to distinct societies, sects or associations,
while others are open to all.*
The great attraction of these cemeteries, to the mass of the com-
munity, is not in the fact that they are burial- -places, or solemn places
of meditation for the friends of the deceased, or striking exhibitions
of monumental sculpture, though all these have their influence. All
these might be realized in a burial-ground, planted with straight
lines of willows, and sombre avenues of ever, greens. The true secret
of the attraction lies in the natural beauty of the sites, and in the
tasteful and harmonious embellishment of these sites by art. Nearly
all these cemeteries were rich portions of forest land; broken by hill
and dale, and varied by copses and glades, like Mount Auburn and
Greenwood, or old country-seats, richly wooded with fine planted
trees, like Laurel Hill. Hence, to an inhabitant of the town, a visit
to one of these spots has the united charm of nature and art,—the
double wealth of rural and moral associations. It awakens at the
same moment, the feeling of human sympathy and the love of nat-
ural beauty, implanted in every heart. His must be a dull ora
trifling soul that neither swells with emotion, or rises with admira-
tion, at the varied beauty of these lovely and. hallowed spots.
indeed, in the absence of great public gardens, such as we must
surely one day have in America, our rural cemeteries are doing a
great deal to enlarge and educate the popular.taste in rural embel-
lishment. They are for the most part laid out with admirable taste ;
they contain the greatest variety of trees and, shrubs to be found in
the country, and several of them are kept in a manner seldom equal-
led in private places. +
* We made a rough calculation from some data obtained at Philadelphia
lately, by which we find that, including the cost of the lota, more than a
million and a half of dollars have been expended in the purchase and decora-
tion of cemeteries in that neighborhood alone.
+ Laurel Hill is especially rich in rare trees. We saw, last month, almost,
every procurable species of hardy tree and shrub growing there,—among
156 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
The character of each of the three great cemeteries is essentially
distinct. Gréenwood, the largest,-and unquestionably the finest, is
grand, dignified, and park-like. It is laid out in a broad and simple
style, commands noble ocean views, and is admirably kept. Mount
Auburn is richly picturesque, in its varied hill and dale, and owes
its charm mainly to this variety and intricacy of sylvan features,
Laurel Hill is a charming pleasure-grownd, filled with beautiful and
rare shrubs and flowers ; at this season, a wilderness of rosés, as well
as fine trees and monuments.*
To enable the reader to form a correct idea of the influence
others, the Cedar of Lebanon, the Deodar Cedar, the Paulownia, the Arav-
ecaria, etc. Rhododendrons and Azaleas were in full bloom; and the purple
Beeches, the weeping Ash, rare Junipers, Pines, and deciduous trees were
abundant in many parts of the grounds. Twenty acres of new ground have
jest been added to this cemetery. It is a better arboretum than can easily
be found elsewhere in the country.
* Few things are perfect; and beautiful and interesting as our mpral
cemeteries now are,—more beautiful and interesting than any thing of the
same kind abroad, we cannot pass by one feature in all, marked by the most
violent bad taste; we mean the hideous ironmongery, which they all more
or less display. Why, if the separate lots must be inclosed with iron rail-
ings, the railings should not be of simple and unobtrusive patterns, we are
wholly unable to conceive. As we now see them, by far the greater part
are so ugly as to be positive blots on the beauty of the scene. Fantastic
conceits and gimeracks in iron might be pardonable as adornments of the
balustrade of a circus or a temple of Comus; but how reasonable beings can
tolerate them as inclosures to the quiet grave of a family, and in such scenes
of sylvan beauty, i is mountain high above our comprehension.
But this is not all; as if to show how far human infirmity can go, we
noticed lately several lots in one of these cemeteries, not only inclosed with
a most barbarous piece of irony, but the gate of which was positively orna-
mented with the coat of arms of the owner, accompanied by a brass door-
plate, on which was engraved the owner’s name, and city residence! ‘All
the world has amused itself with the epitaph ona tombstone in Pére la
Chaise, erected by a wife to her husband’s memory; in which, after recapit-
ulating the many virtues of the departed, the bereaved one concludes with
—‘his disconsolate widow still continues the business, No. —, Rose-street,
Paris.” We really have some doubts if the disconsolate sadowe epitaph
advertisement is not in better taste than the cemetery brass doorplate ira:
mortality of our friends at home.
PUBLIC CEMETERIES AND PUBLIC GARDENS. 157
which these beautiful cemeteries constantly exercise on the public
mind, it is only necessary to refer to the rapidity with which they
have increased in fifteen years, as we have just remarked. To en-
able them to judge how largely they arouse public curiosity, we may
mention that at Laurel, Hill, four miles from Philadelphia, an ac-
count was kept of the number of visitors during last season; and the
sum total, as we were told by one of the directors, was nearly 30,000
persons, who entered the gates between April and December, 1848.
Judging only from occasional observations, we should imagine that
double that number visit Greenwood, and certainly an equal num-
ber, Mount Auburn, ina season.
We have already remarked, that, in the absence of public gar-
dens, rural cemeteries, in a certain degree, supplied their place. But
does not this general interest, manifested in; these , cemeteries, prove
that public gardens, established in a liberal. and suitable manner,
near our large cities, would be equally successful? , If 30,000. per-
sons visit a cemetery in a single season, would not a large public
garden be equally a matter of curious investigation? Would not
such gardens educate the public taste more rapidly. than any thing
else? And would not the progress of horticulture, as a science and
an art, be equally benefited. by such establishments? The passion
for rural pleasures is destined to be the predominant passion of all
the more thoughtful and educated portion of our people; and any
means of gratifying their love.for ornamental or useful gardening,
will, be eagerly seized by hundreds of thousands of our countrymen.
Let us suppose a joint-stock company, formed in any of our
cities, for the purpose of providing its inhabitants with the luxury
of a public garden. A site should be selected with the same judg-
ment which has already been shown by the cemetery companies.
It should have a varied surface, a good position, sufficient natural
wood, with open space and good soil enough for the arrangement
of all those portions which require to be newly planted.
Such a garden might, in the space of fifty to one hundred acres,
afford an example of the principal modes of laying out grounds,—
thus teaching practical landscape-gardening. It might contain a
collection of all the hardy trees and shrubs that grow in this cli-
mate, each distinctly labelled—so that the most ignorant visitor
158 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
could not. fail to learn something of trees. It might have a botani-
cal arrangement of plants, and a lecture-room where, at the proper
season, lectures on botany could be delivered, and the classes which
should resort there could study with the growing plants under their
eyes. It might be laid out so as, in its wooded position, to afford a
magnificent drive for those who chose so to enjoy it; and it might be
furnished with suitable ices and other refreshments, so that, like the
German gardens, it would be the great promenade of all strangers
and citizens, visitors, or inhabitants of the city of whose suburbs it
would form a part. But how shall such an establishment be sup-
ported ? Cemeteries are sustained by the prices paid for lots, which,
though costing not a large sum each, make an enormous sum ‘in
the aggregate.
We answer, by a small admifsion fee. Only those who are
shareholders would (like those owning lots in a cemetery) have
entrance for their horses and carriages. This privilege alone would
tempt hundreds to subscribe, thus adding to the capital, while the
daily resort of citizens and strangers would give the necessary“in-
come; for no traveller would leave a city, possessing such a publie
garden as we have described, without seeing that, its most imterest-
ing feature. The finest band of music, the most rigid police, the
certainty of an agreeable promenade and excellent refreshments,
would, we think, as surely tempt a large part of the better class of
the inhabitants of our cities to such a resort here as in Germany.
If the road to Mount Auburn is now lined with coaches, continu-
ally carrying the inhabitants of Boston by thousands and tens of
thousands, is it not likely that such a garden, full of the most varied
instruction, amusement, and recreation, would be ten times more
visited? Fétes might be held there, horticultural societies would
make annual exhibitions there, and it would be the general holiday-
ground of all who love to escape from the brick walls, paved streets,
and stifling atmosphere of towns.
Would such a project pay? This is the home austen of all
the calculating part of the community, who must open their purse-
strings to make it a substantial reality.
We can only Judge by analogy. The mere yearly rent of Bar-
num’s Museum in Broadway is, we believe, about $10,000 (a sum
PUBLIC CEMETERIES AND PUBLIC GARDENS. 159
more than sufficient to meet all the annual expenses of such a gar-
den); and it is not only paid, but very large profits have been made
there. Now, if hundreds of thousands of the inhabitants of cities,
like New-York, will pay to see stuffed boa-constrictors and un-hu-
man Belgian giants, or incur the expense and trouble of going five or
six miles to visit’ Greenwood, we think it may safely be estimated
that a much larger number would resort to a public garden, at once
the finest park, the most charming drive, the most inviting pleasure-
ground, and the most agreeable promenade within their reach. That
such a project, carefully planned, and liberally and _,judiciously car-
ried out, would not only pay, in money, but largely civilize and
refitie the national character, foster the love of rural beauty, and in-
crease the knowledge of and taste for rare and beautiful trees and
plants, we cannot entertain a reasonable doubt.
It is only necessary for one of the three cities which first opened
cemeteries, to set the example, and the thing once fairly. seen, it
becomes universal. The true policy of republics, is to foster the
taste for great public libraries, sculpture and picture galleries, parks,
and gardens, which lJ may .enjoy, since our institutions wisely
forbid the growth of private fortunes sufficient to achieve these de-
sirable results in any other way.
x.
e *
HOW TO CHOOSE A SITE FOR A COUNTRY-SEAT.
: ; December, 1847.
OW to choose the site for a country house, is a subject now
occupying the thoughts of many of our countrymen, and
therefore is not undeserving a few words from us.at the. present
moment. :
The greater part of those who build country-seats in the United
States, are citizens who retire from the active pursuits of town to en-
joy, in the most rational’ way possible, the fortunes. accumulated
there—that is to say, in the creation of beautiful and agreeable rural
homes.
Whatever may be the natural taste of this class, their avoca-
tions have not permitted them to become familiar with the difficul-
ties to be encountered in making a new place, or the most successful
way of accomplishing all that they propose to themselves. Hence,
we not unfrequently see a very complete house surrounded, for years,
by very unfinished and meagre grounds. Weary with the labor and
expense of levelling earth, opening roads and walks, and clothing a
naked place with new plantations, all of which he finds far less easily
accomplished than building brick walls in the city, the once san-
guine improver often abates his energy, and loses his interest in the
embellishment of his grounds, before his plans are half perfected.
All this arises from a general disposition to underrate the difli-
culty and cost of making plantations, and laying the groundwork
of a complete country residence. Landscape gardening, where all
its elements require to be newly arranged, where the scenery of a
HOW TO CHOOSE A SITE FOR A COUNTRY-SEAT. 161
place requires to be almost wholly created, is by no means either a
cheap or rapid process. Labor and patience must be added to
taste, time and money, before a bare site can be turned into smooth
lawns and complete pleasure-grounds.
The best advice which the most experienced landscape gardener
can give an American about to select ground for a country residence,
is, therefore, to choose a site where there is natural wood, and where
nature offers the greatest number of good features ready for a basis
upon which to commence improvements.
We have, already, so often descanted on the sueriotity of trees
and lawns to all other features of ornamental places united, that our
readers are not, we trust, slow to side with us in a thorough appre-
ciation of their charms.
Hence, when a site for a country place is to be selected (after
health and good neighborhood), the first points are, if possible, to
secure a position where there is some existing wood, and where the
ground is so disposed as to offer a natural surface for a fine lawn.
These two points secured, half the battle is fought, for the framework
or background of foliage being ready grown, immediate shelter,
shade, and effect is given ds soon as the house is erected; and a
surface well shaped for a lawn (or one which requires but trifling
alterations) once obtained, all the labor and cost of grading is
avoided, and a single season’s thorough preparation gives you velvet
to walk about upon.
Some of our readers, no doubt, will say this is excellent advice,
but unfortunately not easily followed. So many are forced to build
on a bare site, “and begin at the béginning.”
This is no doubt occasionally true, but in nine cases out of ten,
in this country, our own observation has convinced us that the
choice of a poor location is the result of local prejudice, or want of
knowledge of the subject, rather than of necessity.
How frequently do we see men paying large prices for indifferent
sites, when at a distance of half a mile there are one or more posi-
tions on which nature has lavished treasures of wood and water, and
spread out undulating surfaces, which seem absolutely to court, the
‘finishing touches of the rural artist. "Place a dwelling in such a
site, and it appropriates all nature’s handiwork to itself in a moment.
11
162 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
The masses of trees are easily broken into groups that have imme-
diately the effect of old plantations, and all the minor details of
shrubbery, walks, and flower and fruit gardens, fall gracefully and
becomingly into their proper positions. Sheltered and screened,
and. brought into harmony with the landscape, these finishing touches
serve in turn to enhance the beauty and value of the original trees
themselves.
We by no means wish to deter those who have an abundance
of means, taste, enthusiasm and patience, from undertaking the
creation of entire new scenery in their country residences. There
are few sources of satisfaction more genuine and lasting than that
of walking through extensive groves and plantations, all reared by
one’s own hands—to look on a landscape which one has transformed
into leafy hills arid wood-embowered slopes. We scarcely remem-
ber more real delight evinced by any youthful devotee of our favor-
ite art, in all the fervor of his first enthusiasm, than has been ex-
pressed to us by one of our venerable ex-Presidents, now in a,ripe
old age, when showing us, at various times, fine old forest trees,
oaks, hickories, etc., which have been watched by him in their en-
tire cycle of development, from the naked seeds deposited in the:
soil by his own hands, to their now furrowed trunks and umbra-
geous heads !
But it must be confessed, that it is throwing away a large part of
one’s life—and'that too, more especially, when the cup of country
pleasures is not brought to the lips till one’s meridian is well nigh
past-——to take the whole business of making a landscape from the
invisible carbon and oxygen waiting in soil and atmosphere,:to be
twméd by the slow alchemy of ten or twenty summers’ growth into
groves of weeping elms, and groups of overshadowing oaks !
Those, therefore, who wish to start with the advantage of a good
patrimony from nature, will prefer to examine what mother Earth
has to offer them in her choicest nooks, before they determine on
taking hold of some meagre scene, where the woodman’s axe and
the ploughman’s furrow have long ago obliterated all the original
beauty of the landscape. If a place cannot be found well wooded,
perhaps a fringe of wood or a background of forest foliage can be
taken advantage of. These will give shelter, and serve as a ground-
HOW TO CHOOSE A SITE FOR A COUNTRY-SEAT. 163
work to help. on the effects of the ornamental planter. We have
seen a cottage or a villa site dignified, and. rendered attractive for
ever, by the possession of even three or four fine trees of the original
growth, judiciously preserved, and taken as the nucleus of a whole
series of belts and minor plantations.
‘There is another most striking advantage in the possession of
considerable wooded surface, properly located, in a country resi-
dence. This is the. seclusion and privacy of the walks and drives,
which such bits of woodland afford. "Walks, in open lawn, or even
amid-belts of shrubbery, are never felt to have that seclusion and
comparative solitude which belong to the wilder aspect of wood-
land scenes. And no contrast is more agreeable than that from
the open.sunny: brightness of the lawn and pleasure-grounds, to the
retirement and quiet of a woodland walk.
Again, it is no small matter of consideration to many persons
settling in the country, the production of picturesque effect, the
working out of a realm of beauty of their own, without any serious
inroads into their incomes. One’s private walks and parterres, un-
luckily, cannot be had at the cost of one’s daily bread and butter—
though the Béautiful.overtops the useful, as stars outshine farthing
candles.. But the difference of cost between keeping up a long
series of walks, in a place mainly composed of flower-garden,
shrubbery, and pleasure-grounds, compared with another, where
there are merely lawns and sylvan scenery, is like that between
maintaining a chancery suit, or keeping on pleasant terms with
your best friend or favorite country neighbor. Open walks must
be scrupulously neat, and broad sunshine and rich soil make weeds
grow faster than a new city in the best “western diggins,” and
your gardener has no sooner put the series of walks in perfect order,
than he looks over his shoulder, and beholds the enemy is there, to
be conquered over again. On the other hand, woodland walks are
swept and repaired in the spring, and like some of those gifted indi-
viduals, “born neat,” they require no more attention than the rain-
bow, to remain fresh and bright till the autumn leaves begin to drop
again.
Our citizen reader, therefore, who wishes to enjoy his country-
seat as an elegant sylvan retreat, with the greatest amount of beauty
164 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
and enjoyment, and the smallest care and expenditure, will choos
a place naturally well wooded, or where open glades and bits o
lawn alternate with masses or groups, and, it may be, with exten
sive tracts of well-grown wood. A house once erected on such
site, the whole can very easily be turned into a charming labyrint]
of beautiful and secluded drives and walks. And as our improve
cultivates his eye and his taste, nature will certainly give him fres
hints; she will tell him how by opening a glade here, and piercin,
a thicket there, by making underwood occasionally give place t
soft turf, so as to show fine trunks to the greatest advantage, an
thereby bringing into more complete contrast some wilder an
more pictiresque dell, all the natural charms of a place may b
heightened into a beauty far more impressive and significant tha
they originally possessed.
Why man’s perception of the Beautiful seems clouded ove
in most uncultivated natures, and is only brought out by a certai
process of refining and mental culture, as the lapidary bring
out, by polishing, all the rich play of colors in a stone that :on
passes by as a common pebble, we leave to the metaphysicians t
explain. Certain it is, that we see, occasionally, lamentable proot
of the fact in the treatment of nature’s best features, by her untt
tored children. More than one instance do we call to mind, of se
tlers, in districts of country where there are masses and great wood
of trees, that the druids would have worshipped for their grandeu
sweeping them all down mercilessly with their axes, and then plan
ing with the supremest satisfaction, a straight line of paltry sapling
before their doors! It is like exchanging a neighborhood of prou
and benevolent yeomanry, honest and free as the soil they sprin
from, for a file of sentinels or gens-d’armes, that watch over one
outgoings and incomings, like a chief of police !
Most happily for our country, and its beautiful rural scenery, th
spirit of destruction, under the rapid development of taste that
taking place among us, is very fast disappearing. “ Woodma
spare that tree,” is the choral sentiment that should be instilled an
taught at the agricultural schools, and re-echoed by all the agricu
tural and horticultural societies in the land. If we have neither ol
castles nor old associations, we have at least, here and there, o.
HOW TO CHOOSE A SITE FOR A COUNTRY-SEAT. 165
trees that can teach us lessons of antiquity, not less instructive and
poetical than the ruins of a past age.
Our first hint, therefore, to persons about choosing a site for a
country place, is, in all possible cases, to look for a situation where
there is some natural wood. With this for the warp—strong, rich,
and permanent—you may embroider upon it all the gold threads
of fruit and floral embellishment with an effect equally rapid and
successful. Every thing done upon such a groundwork will tell at
once; and since there is no end to the delightful task of perfecting
a country place, so long as there are thirty thousand species of
plants known, and at least thirty millions of varied combinations of
landscape scenery possible, we think there is little fear that the
possessor of a country place will not find time enough to employ
his time, mind, and purse, if he really loves the subject, even though
he find himself in possession of a fee-simple of a pretty number of
acres of fine wood.
But we have already exhausted our present limits, and must
leave the discussion of other points to be observed in choosing a
country place until a future number.
XI.
HOW TO ARRANGE COUNTRY PLACES.
March, 1850.
OW to lay out a country place? That is a question about
which we and our readers might have many a long’ conversa-
tion, if we could be brought on familiar terms, colloquially speak-
ing, with all parts of the Union where rural improvements are going
on. As it is, we shall touch on a few leading points this month,
which may be considered of universal application.
These cardinal points within the bounds of a country Gales
are (taking health and pleasant locality:for granted), convenience,
comfort—or social enjoyment—and beauty ; and we shall touch on
them in a very rambling manner.
Innumerable are the mistakes of those novices in forming coun-
try places, who reverse the order of these three conditions,—and
placing beauty first (as, intellectually considered, it deserves to be),
leave the useful, convenient, and comfortable, pretty much to them-
selves ; or, at least, consider them entitled only to a second place in
their consideration. In the country places which they create, the
casual visitor may be struck with many beautiful effects; but when
a trifling observation has shown him that this beauty is not the re-
sult of a harmony between the real and the ideal,—or, in other
words, between the surface of things intended to be seen and the
things themselves, as they minister to our daily wants,—then all the
pleasure vanishes, and the opposité feeling takes its place.
To begin at the very root of things, the most defective matter in
laying out our country places (as we know from experience), is the
HOW TO ARRANGE COUNTRY PLACES. 167
i
want of forethought and plan, regarding the location of what is
called the kitchen offices. By this, we refer, of course, to that wing
or portion of a country house containing the kitchen, with its store-
room, pantry, scullery, laundry, wood-house, and whatever else, more
or less, may be included under this head.
Our correspondent, Jeffreys, has, in his usual bold manner,
pointed out how defective, in all cases (where the thing is not im-
possible), is a country house with a kitchen below stairs; and we
have but lamely apologized for the practice in some irons by the
greater economy of such an arrangement. But, in truth, we quite
agree with him, that no country house is complete unless the kitchen
offices are on the same level as the principal floor containing the
living apartments.
At first thought, our inexperienced readers may not see precisely
what this has to do with laying out the grounds of a country place.
But, indeed, it is the very starting point and fundamental substratum
on which the whole thing rests. There can be no complete country
place, however large or small, in which the greatest possible amount
of privacy and seclusion is not attained within its. grounds, espe-
cially within that part intended for the enjoyment of the family. Now
it is very clear, that there can be no seclusion where there is no
separation of uses, no shelter, no portions set apart for especial pur-
poses, both of utility and enjoyment. First of all, then, in planning
a country place, the house should be so located that there shall be
at least two sides; an entrance side, which belongs to the living, or
best apartments of the house ; and a kitchen side (or “ blind side”),
complete in itself, and more or less shut out from all observation
from the remaining portions of the place.
This is as indispensable for the comfort of the inmates of the
kitchen as those of the parlor. By shutting off completely one side
- of the house by belts or plantations of trees and shrubbery from the
rest, you are enabled to make that part more extensive and complete
in itself. The kitchen yard, the clothes-drying ground, the dairy,
and all the structures which are so practically important in a country
house, have abundant room and space, and the domestics can per-
form their appointed labors with ease and freedom, without disturb-
ing the different aspect of any other portion of the grounds. There
168 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
.
are few new sites where there is not naturally a “ blind side” indi-
cated ; a side where there is a fringe of wood, or some natural dis-
position of surface, which points it out as the spot where the kitchen
offices should be placed, in order to have the utmost shelter and
privacy,—at the same time leaving the finer glades, openings, and
views, for the more refined, social and beautiful portions of the resi-
dence. Wherever these indications are wanting, they must ‘be
created, by artificial planting of belts, and groups of trees and
shrubs,—not in stiff and formal lines like fences, but in an irregular
and naturally varied manner, so as to appear as if formed of a natu-
ral copse, or, rather, so as not to attract special attention at all.
We are induced to insist upon this point the more strenuously,
because, along with the taste for the architecture of Pericles (may
we indulge the hope that he is not permitted to behold the Greek
architecture of the new world!) which came into fashion in this
country fifteen or twenty years ago, came also the fashion of sweep-
ing away every thing that was not templedike about the house. Far
from recognizing that man lives a domestic life-—that he cooks,
washes, bakes and churns in his country house, and, therefore, that
kitchen offices (tastefully concealed if you please, but still ample)
are a necessary, and therefore truthful part of his dwelling,—they
went upon the principle that if man had fallen, and was no longer
one of the gods, he might still live in a temple dedicated to the im-
mortals, A clear space on all sides—pediments at each end, and
perhaps a colonnade all round ; this is the undomestic, uncomfortable
ideal of half the better ooantey houses in America.
Having fixed upon and arranged the blind side of the ine
whieh, of course, will naturally be placed so as to connect itself
directly with the stable and other out-buildings,—the next point of
attack is the kitchen garden. This is not so easily disposed of as
many imagine. All persons of good taste agree that however neces-
sary, satisfactory, and pleasant a thing a good kitchen garden is, it
is not, zesthetically, considered a beautiful thing; and it never accords
well with the ornamental portions of a country place, where the latter
is large enough to have a lawn, pleasure-grounds, or other portions
that give it an ornamental character. The fruit trees (and we in-
clude now, for the sake of conciseness, kitchen and fruit garden),
HOW TO ARRANGE COUNTRY PLACES. 169
the vegetables, and all that makes the utility of the kitchen garden,
never harmonize with the more graceful forms of ornamental scene-
ry. Hence, the kitchen garden, in a complete country place, should
always form a scene by itself, and should, also, be shut out from
the lawn or ornamental grounds by plantations of trees and shrubs.
A good locality, as regards soil, is an important point to be consi-
dered in determining its site; and it will usually adjoin the space
given to the kitchen offices, or that near the stable or barns, or, perhaps
lie between both, so that it also is kept on the blind side of the house.
After having disposed of the useful and indispensable portions
of the place, by placing them in the spots at once best. fitted for
them, and least interfering with the convenience and beauty of the
remaining’ portions, let us now turn to what may properly be called
the ornamental portion of the place.
This may be confined to a mere bit of lawn, extending a few
feet in front of the parlor windows, or it may cover a number of
acres, according to the extent of the place, and the taste and means
of the owner.
Be that as it may, the groundwork of this part should, in our
judgment, always be lawn. There is in the country no object which
at all seasons and times gives the constant satisfaction of the green
turf of a nicely kept lawn. If your place is large, so much larger
and broader is the good effect: of the lawn, as it stretches away, over
gentle undulations, alternately smiling and looking serious, in the
play of sunshine and shade that. rests upon it. If it is small—a
mere bit of green turf before your door—then it forms the best and
most becoming setting to the small beds and masses of ever-bloom-
ing roses, verbenas, and gay annuals, with which you embroider it,
like a carpet. *
Lawn there must be, to give any refreshment to the spirit of
man in our country placés; for nothing is so intolerable to the eye
as great flower-gardens of parched earth, lying half baked in the
meridian sun of an American summer. And though no nation
under the sun may have such lawns as the British, because Britain
lies in the lap of the sea, with a climate always more or less humid,
yet green and pleasant lawns most persons may have in the Northern
States, who will make the soil deep and keep the grass well mown.
170 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
To mow a large surface of lawn—that is to say, many acres—
is a thing attempted in but few places in America, from the high
price of labor. But a happy expedient comes in to our aid, to save
labor and trouble, and produce all the good effect of. a well-mown
lawn. We mean sheep and wire fences. Our neighbor and cor-
respondent, Mr. Sargent, of Wodenethe, on the Hudson, who. passed
a couple of years abroad, curiously gleaning all clever foreign no-
tions that were really worth naturalizing at home, has already told
our readers how wire fences may be constructed round lawns or
portions of the pleasure-grounds, so that only a strip round the house
need be. mown, while the extent of the lawn is kept short by sheep.
This. fence, which costs less than any tolerable looking fence: of
other materials, is abundantly strong to turn both sheep and cattle,
and is invisible at the distance of 40 or 50 rods. Mr. Sargent is not
a theorist, but: has actually inclosed his own lawn of several acres
in this way; and those who have examined the plan are struck, with
the usefulness and economy of the thing, in all ornamental country
places of considerable extent. i
We have said nothing, as yet, of the most important feature of
all country places—trees. A country place without trees, is like a
caliph without his beard; in other words, it is not a country place.
We shall assume, therefore, that all proprietors who do not already
possess this indispensable feature, will set about planting with more
ardor than Walter Scott ever did. It is the one thing needful for
them ; and deep trenching, plentiful manuring, and sufficient mulch-
ing, are the powerful auxiliaries to help them forward in the good
work.
It is, of course, impossible for us to tell our readers how to
arrange trees tastefully and well, under all circumstances, in this
short chapter. We can offer them, however, two or three hints as
to arrangement, which they may perhaps profit by.
The first principle in ornamental planting, is to study the charac-
ter of the place to be improved, and to plant in accordance with it.
If your place has breadth, and simplicity, and fine open views, plant
in groups, and rather sparingly, so as to heighten and adorn the
landscape, not.shut out and obstruct the beauty of prospect which
nature has. placed before your eyes. Scattered groups, with con-
HOW TO ARRANGE COUNTRY PLACES. 171
tinuous reaches or vistas between, produce the best effect in such
situations. In other and more remote parts of the place, greater
density of foliage may serve as a contrast.
In residences where there is little or no distant view, the con-
trary plan must be pursued. Intricacy and variety must be created
by planting, Walks must be led in various directions, and con-
cealed from each other by thickets, and masses of shrubs and trees,
and occasionally rich masses of foliage; not forgetting to heighten
all, however, by an occasional contrast of broad, unbroken surface
of lawn.
In all country places, and especially in small ones, a:great object
‘to be kept in view in planting, is to produce as perfect seclusion
and privacy within the grounds as possible. We do not entirely
feel that to be our own, which is indiscriminately enjoyed by each
’ passer-by, and every man’s individuality and home-feeling is invaded
by the presence of unbidden guests. Therefore, while you preserve
the beauty of the view, shut out, by boundary belts and thickets, all
eyes but those that are fairly within your own grounds. This will
enable you to feel at home all over your place, and to indulge your
‘individual taste in walking, riding, reciling your next speech or
sermon, or wearing any peculiarly rustic costume, without being
suspected of being a “ queer fellow” by any of your neighbors ; while
it will add to the general beauty and interest of the country at
large,—since, in passing a fine place, we always imagine it finer
than it is, if a boundary plantation, by concealing it, forces us to
depend wholly on the imagination.
«
XII.
THE MANAGEMENT OF LARGE COUNTRY PLACES.
March, 1851.
OUNTRY places that may properly be called ornamental, are
increasing so’fast, especially in the neighborhood of the large
cities, that a word or two more, touching their treatment, will not
be looked upon as out of place here. ' 7
All our country residences may readily be divided into two
classes. The first and largest class, is the suburban place of from
five to twenty or thirty acres; the second is the country-seat, prop-
erly so called, which consists of from thirty to five hundred or more
acres. ‘ "2
In all suburban residences, from the limited extent of ground,
and the desire to get the utmost beauty from it, the whole, or at
least a large part of the ornamental portion, must be considered
only as pleasure-grounds—a term used to denote a garden scene,
consisting of trees, shrubs, and flowers, generally upon a basis of
lawn, laid out in walks of different styles, and kept in the highest
order. The aim, in this kind of residence, is to produce the great-
est possible variety within a given space, and to attain the utmost
beauty of gardening as an art, by the highest keeping and culture
which the means of the proprietor will permit.
Of this kind of pleasure-ground residence, we have numberless
excellent examples—and perhaps nowhere more admirable specimens
than in the neighborhood of Boston. Both in design and execution,
these little places will, at the present moment, bear very favorable
comparison with many in older countries. The practical manage-
THE MANAGEMENT OF LARGE COUNTRY PLACES. 173
ment of such places is also very well understood, and they need no
especial mention in these remarks.
But in the larger country places there are ten instances of fail-
ure for one of success. This is not owing to the want of natural
beauty, for the sites are picturesque, the surface varied, and the ‘woods
and plantations excellent: The failure consists, for the most part, in
a certain incongruity and want of distinct character in the treatment
of the place as a whole. They are too large to be kept in order as
pleasure-grounds, while they are not laid out or treated as parks.
The grass which stretches on all sides of the house, is partly mown,
for lawn, and partly for hay; the lines of the farm and the ornamental
portion of the grounds, meet in a confused and unsatisfactory manner,
and the result is a residence pretending to be much superior to a
common farm, and yet not rising to the dignity of a really tasteful
country-seat.
It appears to us that a species of country places particularly
adapted to this country, has not, as yet, been: attempted, though it
offers the largest.possible satisfaction at the least cost.
. We mean a place which is a combination of the park-like and
pastoral landscape. A place in which the chief features should be
fine forest trees, either natural or planted, and scattered over a sur-
face of grass, kept short by the pasturage of fine cattle. A place,
in short, where sylvan and pastoral beauty, added to large extent and
great facility of management, would cost no more than a much
smaller demesne, where a large part is laid out, planted, and kept
in an expensive though still unsatisfactory manner.
There are sites of this kind, already prettily wooded, which may
be had in many desirable localities, at much cheaper rates than the
improved sites. On certain portions of the Hudson, for instance,
we could purchase, to-day, finely wooded sites and open glades, in
the midst of fine scenery—in fact what could, with very trifling ex-
pense be turned into a natural park—at $60 per acre, while the im-
proved sites will readily command $200 or $300 per acre.
‘ Considerable familiarity with the country-seats on the Hudson,
enables us to state that, for the most part, few persons keep up a
fine country place, counting all the products of the farm-land at-
tached to it, without being more or less out of pocket at the end of
174 LANDSCAPE: GARDENING.
the year. And yet there are very few of the large places. that can
be looked upon as examples of tolerable keeping.
_The explanation of. this lies in the high price of all kinds of la-
bor—which costs us nearly double or treble what it does on the:
other side of the Atlantic, and the comparatively small profits of
land managed in the expensive way common on almost all farms
attached to our Atlantic country-seats. The remedy for this unsat-
isfactory, condition of the large country places is, we think, a very
simple one—that of, turning a large part of their areas into park
meadow, and feeding it, instead of mowing and cultivating it.
The great and distinguishing beauty of England, as every one
knows, is its parks. And yet the English parks are only very large
meadows, studded. with oaks and elms—and grazed—yprofitably
grazed, by deer, cattle; and sheep, We believe it is a commonly
received idea in this country, with those who have not travelled
abroad, that English parks are portions of highly-dressed scenery—
at least that they are kept short by frequent mowing, etc. It is an
entire mistake. The mown lawn with its polished garden scenery,
is confined to the pleasure-grounds proper—a spot of greater or less
size, immediately surrounding the house, and wholly separated from
the park by a terrace wall, or an iron fence, or some handsome
architectural barrier. The park, which generally comes quite up to
the house on one side, receives no other attention than such as be-
longs to the care of the animals that graze in it, As most of these
parks afford excellent pasturage, and though apparently one wide,
unbroken surface, they are really ‘subdivided into large fields, by
wire or’ other invisible fences, they actually pay a very fair income
to the proprietor, in the shape of good beef, mutton, and venison.
Certainly, nothing can be a more beautiful sight in its way, than
the numerous herds of deer, short-horned cattle and fine sheep,
which embroider and give life to the scenery of an English country
home of this kind.* There is a quiet pastoral beauty, a spacious-
* All attempts fo render our native deer really tame in home grounds
have, so far as we know, failed among us—though with patience the thing
may doubtless be done. It would be well worth while to import the finer
breeds of the English deer, which are thoroughly domesticated in their habits,
and the most beautiful aninials for a park,
THE MANAGEMENT OF LARGE COUNTRY PLACES. 175
ness and dignity, and a simple feeling of nature about it which no
highly decorated pleasure-grounds or garden scenery can approach,
as the continual surrounding of a country residence. It ‘is, in fact,
the poetical idea of Arcadia, a sort of ideal nature—softened, refined,
and ennobled, without being made to look artificial.
Of course, any thing like English parks, so far as regards extent,
is almost. out of the question here; simply because land and for-
tunes are widely divided here, instead of being kept in large bodies,
intact, as in England. Still, as the first class country-seats of the
Hudson now command from $50,000 to $75,000, it is evident that
there is a growing taste for space and beauty in the private do-
mains of republicans. What we wish to suggest now, is, simply,
that the greatest beauty and satisfaction may be had here, as in Eng-
land—(for the plan really suits our limited means better), by treat-
ing the bulk of the ornamental portion as open park pasture—and
thus getting the greatest, space and beauty at the least original ex-
penditure, and with the largest annual profit.
To some of our readers who have never seen the thing, the idea
of a park, pastured by animals almost to the very door, will seem
at variance with all decorum and elegance. This, however, is not
actually the case. The house should either stand on a raised ter-
race of turf, which, if it is a fine mansion, may have a handsome
terrace wall, or if a cottage, a pretty rustic or trellis fence, to sepa-
rate it from the park. Directly around the house, and stretching
on one or more $igles, in the rear, lie the more highly dressed portions
of the scene, which may be a flower-garden and shrubbery set in
a small bit of lawn kept as short as velvet—or may be pleasure-
grounds, fruit, and kitchen-gardens, so multiplied as to equal the
largest necessities of the place and family. All that is to be borne
in mind is, that the park may be as large as you can afford to pur-
chase—for it may be kept up at a profit—while the pleasure
grounds and garden scenery, may, with this management, be com-
pressed into the smallest space actually deemed necessary to the
place—thereby lessening labor, and bestowing that labor, in a con-
centrated space, where it will tell.
The practical details of keeping the stock upon such a place, are’
familiar to almost every farmer. Of course, in a country place, only
176 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
comely animals would be kept, and a preference would be given to
breeds of fine stock that “take on flesh” readily, and command the
best price in the market, In cases where an interest is taken in breed-
ing cattle, provision must be made, in the shape of hay and shelter,
for the whole year round; but we imagine the most profitable, as
well as least troublesome mode, to the majority of gentlemen pro-
prietors, would be to buy the suitable stock in the spring, put it in
good condition, and: sell it again in the autumn. The sheep would
also require to be folded at night to prevent the flocks from being
ravaged by dogs.
With this kind of arrangement and management of a country
place, the owner would be in a position to reap the greatest enjoy-
ment with the least possible care. To country gentlemen ignorant
of farming, such an extent of park, with its drives and walks, along
with its simplicity of management, would be a relief from a multi-
tude of embarrassing details; while to those who have tried, to their
cost, the expenses .of ieeoping a large place in high order, it would
be an equal relief to the debtor side of the cash account. =
we
XTIL
COUNTRY PLACES IN AUTUMN.
"December, 1850.
Neo which is one of the least interesting months to those
who come into the country to admire the freshness of: spring
or the fulness of summer and early autumn, is one of the most in-
teresting to those who live in the country, or who have country
places which they wish to improve,
When the leaves have all dropped from the trees, when the en-
chantment and illusion of summer are over, and “ the fall” (our ex-
pressive American word for autumn) has stripped the glory from
the sylvan landscape, then the rural improver puts on his spectacles,
and looks at his demesne with practical and philosophical eyes.
Taking things at their worst, as they appear now, he sets about find-
ing out what improvements can be made, and how the surroundings
which make his home, can be so arranged as to offer.a fairer picture
to the: eye, or a larger share of enjoyments and benefits to the
family, in the year that is to come.
' The end of autumn is the best month to buy a country place,
and the best to improve one. You see it then in thebarest skeleton
expression of ugliness or beauty—with all opportunity to learn its
defects, all its weak points visible, all its possible capacities and sug-
gestions for improvement laid bare to you. If it satisfy you now,
either in its present aspect, or in what promise you see in it of order
and beauty after your moderate plans are carried out, you may buy
it, with the full assurance ‘that you will not have cause to repent
when you learn to like it better as seen in the fresher and fairer as-
pect of its summer loveliness,
12
.. 178 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
As a season for rural improvements, the fall is preferable to the
spring, partly because the earth is dryer, and more easily moved and
worked, .and partly because there is more time to do well what we
undertake. In the middle States, fine autumnal weather is often
continued till the middle of December; and as long as the ground
is open and mellow, the planting of hardy trees may be done with
the best chances of success. The surface may be smoothed, drains
made, walks and roads laid out, and all the heavier operations on
the surface of the earth—so requisite as a groundwork for lawns and
pleasure-grounds, kitchen’ or flower-gardens—may be carried on
more cheaply and efficiently than amid the bustle and hurry of
spring. And when sharp frosty nights fairly set in, then is the time
_,to commence the grander operations of transplanting. Then: is the
time for moving large trees—elms, maples, ete. ; afew of which will
give more effect to a new and bare site than dhioiaais of the young
things, which are ‘the despair of all improvers of little faith and ar-
dent imaginations. With two or three “ hands,” a pair of horses or
oxen, a “stone boat,” or low sled, and some ropes or “tackle, * the
removal of trees twenty- -five feet high, and six or eight inches in the
diameter of the stem, is a very simple and easy process, A little
practice will enable a couple of men to do it most perfectly and
efficiently ; and if only free-growing trees, like’ elms, maples, lin-
dens, or horse-chestnuts, are chosen, there is no more doubt of suc-
cess than in: planting a currant bush, .Two or three points we may,
however, repeat, for the benefit of the novice, viz. to prepare the
soil thoroughly by digging a large hole, trenching. it two-and-a-half
feet deep, and filling it with rich soil; to take up the tree with a
good. mass of roots, inclosed in a ball of frozen earth:* and to re-
duce the ends of the limbs, evenly all over the top, in order to lessen
the demand for sustenance, made on the roots the first summer after
removal.
This is not only the season to ae very hardy trees; it is also
* This is easily done by digging a trench all round, leaving a ball about
four or five feetin diameter; undermining it well, and leaving it to freeze for
one or two nights) Then turn the tree down, place the uplifted side of the
ball upon the “stone boat;” right the trunk, and get the whole ball firmly
upon the sled, and then the horses will drag it easily to its new position. |
COUNTRY. PLACES IN AUTUMN. 179
the time to feed those which are already established, and are living
_ on too scanty an income. And how many trees, are there upon
lawns and in gardens—shade trees and fruit trees—that are literally
so poor that they are starving to.death! Perhaps’ they have once
‘been luxuriant and thrifty, and have borne the finest fruit and _blos-
soms, so that their owners have smiled, and said’ pleasant words in
their praise, as they passed beneath their boughs. Then they had
a good subsistence ; ‘the native strength of the soil passed into their
limbs, and made then stretch out and expand with all the vigor of
a young Hercules. Now, alas, they are mossy and decrepit—the
leaves small—the blossoms or fruit indifferent. And yet they are
not old. Nay, they are quite in the prime of life. If they could
speak to their master or mistress, they would say— First of all, give
us something to eat. Here are we, tied hand and foot'to one spot,
where we have been feeding this dozen or twenty years, until we
are actually reduced to our last morsel. What the gardener has oc-
casionally given us, in his scanty top-dressing of manure, has been
as a mere crust thrown out to a famished man. If you wish us to
salute you next year with a glorious drapery of green leaves—the
deepest, richest green, and start into new forms of luxuriant growth
—feed us. Dig a trench around us, at’ the extremity of our roots,.
throw away all the old worn-out soil you find there, and replace it
with some fresh soil from the lower corner ‘of some rich meadow,
where it has lain fallow for years, growing richer every day. Mingle
this with some manure, some chopped sods—any thing that can
allay our thirst and’ satisfy our hunger for three or four years to
come, and see what a new leaf—yes, what volumes ‘of new leaves
we will turn over for you next year. We are fruit trees, perhaps,
and you wish us to bear fair and excellent fruit. Then you must
also feed us. The soil is thin, and contains little that we can digest;
or it is old, and ‘sour’ for the want of being aired. Remove all
the earth for several yards about us, baring some of our roots—and
perhaps shortening a few. Trench the ground, when our new roots
will ramble, next year, twenty inches deep. Mingle the top and
bottom soil, rejecting the worst parts of it, and making the void good
—very good—by manure, ashes, and decaying leaves. Then you
#
180 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
shall have bushels of fair and fine pears and apples, where you now
have pecks of spotted and deformed fruit.”
Be \
‘ Such is the sermon which the “tongues in trees” preach to those
who listen to them at this season of the year. We do not mean to
poets, or lovers of nature (for to them, they have other and more
romantic stories to tell); but to the earnest, practical, working
owners of the soil,—especially to those who grudge a little food and
a little labor, in order that the trees may live contented, healthy,
beautiful, and fruitful lives. We have written it down here, in
order that our readers, when they walk round their gardens and
grounds, and think “the work of the season is all done,” may not
be wholly blind and deaf to the fact that the trees are as capable,
in their way, of hunger and thirst, as the ‘cattle in the farm-yards ;
and since, at the oftenest, they only need feeding once a year, now
is the cheapest and the best time for doing it. The very frosts of
winter creep into the soil, loosened. by stirring at this season, and
fertilize, while they crumble and decompose it, Walk about, phen,
and listen to the sermon which your. hungry trees. preach.
XIV.
A CHAPTER ON LAWNS.
)
November, 1846.
ANDSCAPE GARDENING embraces, in the circle of its per-
fections, many elements of beauty ; certainly not a less number
than the modern chemists count as the simplest conditions of mat-
ter. But with something of the feeling of the old philosophers, who
believed that earth, air, fire and water, icluded every thing in na-
ture, we like to go, "padk to plain and simple facts, of breadth and
importance enough to embrace a multitude of little details. The
great elements then, of landscape ‘gardening, as we understand it,
are TREES and GRASS.
Trezs—delicate, beautiful, grand, or majestic frome pliantly
answering to the wooing of the softest west wind, like the willow ;
or bravely and sturdily defying centuries of storm and tempest, like
the oak—they are indeed the great “princes, potentates, and peo-
ple,” of our realm of beauty. But it is not to-day that we are per-
mitted to sing triumphal’songs in their praise.
In behalf of the grass—the turf, the lawn,—then, we ask our
readers to listen to us for a short time. And. by this we do not
niean to speak of it in a moral sense, as did the inspired preacher
of old, when he gravely told us that “all flesh is grass;” or ina
style savoring of the vanities of costume, as did Prior, when he
wrote the couplet,
“Those limbs in Zawn and softest silk arrayed,
From sunbeams guarded, and of winds afraid.”
182 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
Or with the keen relish of the English Jockey, -whose only idea of:
“the turf,” is that of the place nature has specially pronided him:
upon which to race horses. :
Neither do we look upon grass, at the present moment, mali the
eyes of our friend Tom Thrifty, the farmer, who cuts “three tons to
the acre.” ‘We have, in our present mood, no patience, with the tall
and giganti¢ fodder, by this name, that grows in the fertile bottoms,
of the West, so tall that the largest Durham is lost to view while’,
walking through it.
No—we love most the soft twf which, beneath the iekaeng
shadows of scattered trees, is thrown: like a smooth natural carpet
over the swelling outline of the smiling earth. Grass, not grown
into tall meadows, or wild bog tussocks, but softened and refined by:
the frequent touches of the patient mower, till at last it becomes a
perfect wonder of tufted freshness and verdure. . Such grass, in
short, as Shakspeare had in his mind, when he said, in words since
echoed ten thousand times, |
ag re ry
“How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon = bank ;”
or Ariosto, in his Orlando— -
J
“The approaching night, not knowing where to pass,
- She checks her reins, and on the velvet grass,
Beneath the umbrageous trees, her form she throws,
To cheat the tedious hours with brief repose.”
’ i,
In short, the ideal of grass is a lawn, which is, to a meadow,
what “ Bishop’s lawn” is to homespun Irish linen. :
With such a lawn, and large and massive trees, one has indeed '
the most enduring sources of. beauty in a country residence. Per-
petual neatness, freshness and verdure in the one; ever expanding
beauty, variety and grandeur. in the other—what more does a rea-
sonable man desire of the beautiful about him.in the country?
Must we add flowers, exotic plants, fruits ? Perhaps so, but they
are all, in an ornamental light, secondary to trees and grass, where
these can be had in perfection. Only one other grand element is
needed to make our landscape garden complete—water, A river,
or a lake, in which the skies and the “ eae trees” may see them-
A CHAPTER ON LAWNS. 183
selves reflected, is ever an sca feature to a perfect land-
scape.
How to obtain a fine ea is a question which has no diate
already puzzled many of our readers. They have thought, perhaps,
that it would be‘quite sufficient to sow with grass seeds, or lay down
neatly with sods, any plat of common, soil, to mow it occasionally,
to be repaid by the perpetual softness and verdure of an “English
lawn.”
They have found, however, after a patient frial in several seasons,
that an American summer, so bright and sunny as to give us, in our
fruits, almost the ripeness and prodigality of the tropics, does not,
like that of Britain, ever moist and humid, naturally favor the con-
dition of fine lawns. ,
Beautiful as our lawns usually are in’ May, June, September, and:
October, yet in July.and August, they too often lose that freshness
and verdure which is for them what the rose-bloom of youth is to a
beauty of seventeen—their most, captivating feature.
There are not wanting admirers of fine lawns, who, witnessing
this summer searing, have pronounced it an impossible thing to pro-
duce a fine lawn in this country. To such an opinion we can never
subscribe—for the very sufficient reason that we have seen, over and
over again, admirable lawns wherever they have been properly
treated. Fine’ lawns are therefore possible in all the northern half
of the Union. What then are the necessary conditions to be ob-
served—what the preliminary steps to be taken in order to obtain
them? Let us answer in a few words—deep: soil, the proper kinds
of grasses, and frequent mowing. z
First of all, for,us, deep soil. In a’moist climate, where showers
or fogs give'all vegetable nature a weekly succession of baths, one
may raise a pretty bit of turf on a bare board, with half an inch of
soil. But here it does not require much. observation or theory to
teach us, that if any plant is to maintain its verdure through a long
and bright summer, with alternate periods « of wet and drouth, it
must have a.deep soil in which to extend its roots. We have seen
the roots of common clover, in trenched soil, which had descended
to the depth of four feet! A surface drouth, or dry. weather, had
little power over a plant whose little fibres were in the cool moist
184 LANDSCAPE GARDENING,
understratum of that depth. And a lawn which is well established:
on thoroughly trenched soil, will remain, even in midsummer, of _
a fine dark verdure, when upon the same soil untrenched, every
little period of dryness would give a brown and. ade look to the
turf.
The most essential point being a deep soil, we need not say that
in our estimation, any person about to lay down a permanent lawn,
whether of fifty acres or fifty’ feet square, must provide Bonkelt
against failure by this groundwork of success.
Little plats of ground are easily trenched with the spade.
Large lawn surfaces are only to be managed (unless expense is not
a consideration), with the subsoil plough. With this. grand: de-
veloper of resources, worked by two yoke of oxen, let: the whole
area to be laid down be thoroughly moved and broken up two feet
deep. The autumn or early winter is the best season for perform-- ~
ing this, because the surface will have ample time to settle, and
take a proper shape before spring.
After being ploughed,.subsoiled and harrowed, let the whole
surface be entirely cleared of even the smallest stone. It is quite
impossible to mow a lawn well that isinot as smooth as ground can
be made. Manure, if necessary, should be applied: while subsoil-
ing. We say, if necessary, for if the land is strong and in good
heart, it isnot needed. The object in a lawn, it will be remem-
bered; is not to obtain a heavy crop.of hay, but simply to main-
tain perpetual verdure. Rich soil would defeat our -objéet by
causing a rank growth: and coarse stalks, whem we wish a short
growth and soft herbage. Let the soil, therefore, be good, but not
rich; depth, and the power of retaining moisture, are the truly
needful qualities here. If the land is very.light and sandy (the
worst naturally), we would advise a mixture of loam or clay;
which indeed subsoiling, when ahs substratum is heavy, will often
most readily effect.
The soil, thus prepared, lies all winter to mellow and -settle,.
with the kindly influences of the atmosphere and frost upon it.” -
As early in the spring, as itis in friable working condition, stir
it lightly with the plough and harrow, and ‘make the surface as
smooth as possible—we do not mean level, for if the ground is not
A CHAPTER ON LAWNS. 185
a flat, nothing is so agreeable as gentle swells or undulations. But
quite smooth the surface must be.
‘Now for the sowing; and here a farmer would advise you to
“seed down ‘with oats,” or some such established agricultural pre-
cept. Do not listen to him for a moment! What you desire is a
close turf, and therefore sow nothing but grass ; and do not suppose
you are going to assist a weak growing plant by sowing along
with it a coarser growing one to starve it.
Choose, if possible, a calm day, and sow your seed as evenly as
you can, The seed to be sown is a mixture of red-top (Agostis
wulgaris) and white clover (Trifolium repens), which are hardy
short grasses, and on the whole make the best and most enduring
lawn for this climate.* The proportion should be about three-
fourths. red-top to one-fourth white clover. The seed should be
perfectly clean ; then sow four bushels of it to the acre; not a pint
less as you hope to walk upon velvet!’ Finish the whole by rolling
the surface evenly and neatly.
A few soft vernal showers, and bright sunny days, will show you
a coat of verdure bright as emerald. By the first of June, you will
find it necessary to look about-for your rhower.
And this reminds us.to say a word about a lawn scythe. You
must not suppose, as many ignorant people do,'that a lawn can be
mown with a brush hook, or 4 common meadow scythe for cutting
hay in the fastest possible manner. It can only be done with a
broad-bladed scythe, of the most perfect temper and quality, which
will hold an edge like a razor. The easiest: way to get such an
article is to inquire at any of the agricultural warehouses in the
great cities, for an “English lawn scythe.” When used, it should
be set low, so as to be level with the plane of the grass; when the
mower is erect, he will mow without leaving any oe and with
the least possible exertion.
After your lawn is once fairly established, there are but two
secrets in keeping it perfect—frequent mowing and rolling. With-
. out the first, it will soon degenerate into a coarse meadow; the
* We learn the blue-grass of Kentucky makes a fine lawn at the West;
but with this we have no experience.
186 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
latter will render it firmer, closer, shorter, and finer every time it ig
repeated.
‘A good lawn must be mown every ten days or fortnight. The
latter may be assumed as the proper average time in this climate:
Ten days is the usual limit of growth for the best kept lawns in
England, and it is surprising how soon a coarse and wiry bit of
sward will become smooth turf, under the magic influences of
regular and oft repeated mowing and rolling.
Of course, a lawn can only: be cut when the grass is dary, and
_ rolling is best’ performed direetly after rain. The English always
roll a few hours before using the scythe. On large lawns, a donkey
or light horse may be adeantaghoutly employed in performing this
operation.
There are but few good. ae ‘yet in America; but we have
great pleasure in observing that they are rapidly multiplying.
Though -it may seem a heavy tax to some, yet no expenditure in
ornamental gardening is, to our mind, productive of so much, beau-
ty as that incurred in producing a well-kept lawn. ‘Without this
feature, no place, however great its architectural beauties, its charms. -
of scenery, or its collections of flowers and shrubs, can be said te.
deserve consideration in point of landscape gardening; and with it
the humble cottage grounds will possess a charm which is, among
pleasure-grounds, what a refined and graceful manner is in, society
—a universal passport. to admiration. « -
There ‘aré two residences in this country which so far surpass all
others in the perfection of their lawns, that we hope to be pardoned
for holding them up to commendation. - These are the Uprzr
Lrvineston Manor, -the seat of Mrs. Mary Livingston, about
seven miles from Hudson, N. Y., and the Camac Corraaz, near
Philadelphia.*
The lawn at the Livingston Manor is very extensive and park-
like—certainly the largest well-kept’ lawn in America, and we wish
all our readers who are skeptical regarding an American lawn,
--could see and feel its many excellent perfections. They would only
* See Downing’s “Landscape Gardening,” pp. 45, 58.
A CHAPTER ON LAWNS. 187
be still more surprised when they were told how few men keep so
large a surface in the highest order.
The Camac Cottage is a gem of neatness and high keeping,
We hope Pennsylvanians at least, who, we think, have perhaps our
best lawn climate, will not fail to profit by so admirable an example
as they will find there, of what Srensrr quaintly and prettily calls
“ the grassie ground.”
if
XV.
MR. TUDOR’S GARDEN AT NAHANT.
August, 1847,
Ev miles east of Boston, boldly jutting into the Atlantic,
lies the celebrated promontory of Nanant. Nature has made
it remarkable for the grandeur and bleakness of its position. It. is
a headland of a hundred acres, ‘more or less, sprinkled | with a light
turf, and girded about with bold cliffs. of rock, against which *the
sea dashes with infinite grandeur and majesty. No tree anciently
deigned to raise its head against the mde breezes that blow herein
winter, as if tempest-driven by Boreas, himself; and that, even in
summer, make of Nahant, with its many cottages and hotels, a re-
frigerator, for the preservation of the dissolving souls and bodies of
the exhausted population,’ of Boston, in ne months of any and
August.
At the present moment, the interesting feature at Nahant, after
the Ocean itself, is, strange to say, one of the most remarkable
gardens in existence. We mean the grounds of the private resi- °
dence of Frederic Tudor, Esq., a gentleman well known in the four
' quarters of the world, as the originator of the present successful
mode of shipping ice to the most distant tropical countries; and,
we may here add, for the remarkable manner in which he has again
triumphed over nature, by transforming some acres of her bleakest
and most sterile soil into a spot of luxuriant verdure, fruitfulness,
and beauty.
To appreciate the difficulties with which this gentleman had to
contend, or, as we might more properly say, which stimulated all:
MR, TUDOR’S GARDEN AT NAHANT. 189
his efforts, we must recall +o mind that, frequently, in high winds,
the salt spray drives over the whole of N ahant ; that, until Mr.
Tudor began his improvements, not even a bush grew naturally on
the whole of its area, and that the east winds, which blow from the
Atlantic in the spring, are sufficient to render all gardening possi-
bilities in the usual way nearly as chimerical as cultivating the vol-
canoes of the moon.
Mr. Tudor’s residence there now, is a curious and striking illus-
tration of the triumph of art over nature, and as it involves some
points that we think ‘most instructive to horticulturists, we trust he
will pardon us for drawing the attention of our readers to it at the
present time.. Our first visit to his grounds was made in July, 1845,
one of the driest and most unfavorable seasons for the growth of
trees and plants that we remember. But at that time, perhaps the
best possible one to test the merits of the mode of cultivation
adopted, we found Mr. Tudor’s garden in a more flourishing condi-
tion than any one of the celebrated places about Boston. The
average growth of the thriftiest standard fruit-trees about Boston,
at that time, was little more than six inches to a foot. In this Na-
hant garden it was two feet, and we measured shoots on some of
the standard trees three feet in length. By far the largest and finest
cherries we tasted that season, were from trees growing there; and
there was an apparent health and vigor about every species elie
its boundary, which would have been creditable any where, but
which at Nahant, and in a season so unfavorable, quite astonished us.
The two strong points in this gentleman’s gardening operations
at Nahant, appear to us to be the following: First, the employment
of screens to break the force of the wind, producing thereby an ar-
tificial climate ; and second, the thorough preparation of the soil by
trenching and manuring.
Of -course, even the idea of a place worthy of the name of a
garden in this bald, sea-girt cape, was out of the question, unless
some mode of overcoming the violence of the gales, and the bad
effects of the salt spray, could be devised. The plan Mr. Tudor has-
adopted is, wé believe, original with him, and is at once extremely
_ simple, and perfectly effective.
It consists merely of two, or at most three, ere rows of high
190 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.:
open fences, made of rough slats or palings, nailed in the common
vertical manner, about three inches wide, and a space of a couple
of inches left between them. These-paling fences are about sixteen
feet. high, and usually form a double row (on the’most exposed side
a triple row), round the whole garden. The distance between that.
on the outer boundary ‘and the next interior one is about four feet.
The garden is also intersected here and there by tall trellis fences .
of the same kind, all of which help to increase the shelter, while
some of those in the interior serve as frames for training trees
upon.
The-effect of this double or triple barrier of‘ high paling is mar-
vellous. ° Although like a common paling, appareritly open and per-
mitting the wind free passage, yet in practice, it is found entirely
to rob the gales of their violence, and their saltness. To use Mr.
Tudor’s words, “ it completely sifts the air.” After great storms,
when the outer barrier will be fourid covered with a coating of salt,
the foliage in the garden is entirely uninjured. It acts, in short,
like a rustic veil, that admits just so much of the air, and in such a
manner as most to promote the growth of the trees, while it breaks
and wards off all the: deleterious influences of a génuine ocean
breeze—so pernicious to terder leaves and shoots.
Again, regarding the luxuriant growth, which surprised us in a
place naturally a sterile gravel, we were greatly struck with the ad- :
ditional argument which it furnished us with in support of our fa-
vorite theory of the value of trenching in this climate. My. Tudor
has, at incredible labor, trenched and manured tHe soil of his garden
three feet deep. The consequence of this is, that, although it is
mainly of a light, porous texture, yet the depth to which it has been
stirred and cultivated, renders it proof against the effects of drouth.
In the hottest and driest seasons, the growth here is luxuriant, and
no better proof can be desired of the’ great value of thoroughly.
tretiching, as the first and indispensable foundation of all good cul-
ture, even in thin and. poor soils,
It is worthy: of record, among the results of Mr. Tudor’s culture,
that, two years after the principal plantation of his fruit-trees was
made, he carried off thé second prize for pears, at the annual exhi-
bition. of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, among dozens of
MR. TUDOR’S GARDEN AT NAHANT. 191
zealous competitors, and with the fruit most carefully grown in that
vicinity. ;
We have’ observed also, and noted as indicative of no small de-
gree of practical skill, that. in various quarters of the garden are
standard trees, apples and pears especially, that have been trans-
planted from Boston, with large heads and trunks, six or eight inches
in. diameter, and are now in a state of complete luxuriance and
fruitfulness.
There are, of course, but few individuals who have the desire
and the means thus to weave a spell of freshness and beauty over a
spot which nature has created so stern and bald; perhaps there are
still fewer who would have the cour age to plan and carty out im-
provements of this kind, to the attainment of so beautiful a result,
in the very teeth of the elements. But there are many who may
learn something: valuable from Mr. Tudor’s labor in the cause of
Horticulture,, There are, for example, hundreds along the sea-coasts,
to whom gardening of any sort is nearly impossible, from the i inju-
Tious effects of breezes. loaded with. salt water. There: are, again,
many beautiful sites that we could name on the shores of some of
our great inland lakes, and. the number i is every day increasing, sites
where the soil is deep and excellent, and the skies warm and bright,
but the violence of the vernal and autumnal winds is such, that the
better culture of the orchard and garden makes little progress. ,
In all such sites, Mr. Tudor’s Nahant screens for sifting the air,
will at once obviate all the difficulty, temper. the wind to the tender
buds, and make for the spot a soft climate in a naturally harsh and
bleak aspect.
XVI.
A VISIT TO MONTGOMERY PLACE,
October, 1847.
HERE are few persons, among what may be called the travelling
class, who know the beauty of the finest American country-
seats. Many are ignorant of the very existence of those rural gems
that embroider the landscapes here and there, in the older’ and
wealthier parts of the country. Held in the retirement of private
life, they are rarely visited, except by those who enjoy. the friend- ,
ship of their ‘Possessors. The annual tourist by the railroad and
steamboat, who moves through wood and meadow and_ river and
hill, with: the eelerity of a rocket, and then fancies he’ knows the °
country, is in a state, of-total ignorance of their many attractions ;
and those whose taste has not led them to seek this spécies of plea-.
sure, are equally unconscious of the landseape-gardening beauties
that are developing themselves every day, with the. advancing De
perity of the country.
It has been our good fortune to ‘know a par number of the
finest of these delightful residences, to revel in their beauties, and
occasionally to chronicle their charms. If we have not_ sooner
spoken at large of Montgomery Place, second as it is to no seat in
America, for its combination of attractions, it has been, rather that.
we ‘were silent—like a devout gazer at the marvellous beauty of
the ‘Apollo—from excess of enjoyment, than from not. deeply
feeling all its varied mysteries of pleasure-grounds and lawns, wood
and water. |
Montgomery Place is one.of the superb old seats belonging to
A VISIT TO, MONTGOMERY PLACE. 193
the Livingston family, and situated in that part of Dutchess county
bordering on the Hudson. About one hundred miles from New-
York, the .swift river steamers reach this part of the river in six
ian and the guest, who leaves the noisy din of the town in the
early morning, finds himself, at a little past noon, plunged amid all
the seclusion and quiet of its leafy groves.
And this accessible perfect seclusion is, perhaps, one of the most
captivating features in the life of the country gentleman, whose lot.
is cast on this part of the Hudson. For twenty miles here, on the
eastern shore, the banks are nearly a continuous succession of fine
seats. The landings are by no ‘means towns, or large villages,
with the busy’ air of trade, but quiet stopping places, serving the
convenience of the neighboring residents. Surrounded by exten-
sive pleasure-grounds, fine woods or parks, even the adjoining
estates are often concealed from that part of the grounds around the
house, and but for the broad Hudson, which forms the grand feature
in all these varied landscapes—the Hudson always so full of life in
its numberless bright sails and steamers—one might fancy himself a-
‘thousang miles from all crowded and busy haunts of men. ‘
Around Montgomery Place, indeed, this air of quiet and seclu-
sion lurks more bewitchingly than in any other seat whose hospitality
we have enjoyed. Whether the charm lies in the deep and mysterious
wood, full of the echo of water-spirits, that forms the Northern
boundary, or whether it grows out of a profound feeling of com-
pleteness and perfection in foregrounds of old trees, and distances of
‘calm serene mountains, we have not been able to divine; but cer-
tain it is that there is a spell in the very air, which is fatal to the
energies of a great speculation. .It is not, we are sure, the spot for
a man to plan campaigns of conquest, and we doubt even whether -
the scholar, whose ambition it is
“To scorn delights,
And live laborious days,”
*
would not find something in the air of this demesne, so soothing as
to dampen the fire of his great purposes, and dispose him to believe
that there is more dignity in repose, than merit in, action.
There is not wanting something of the charm ‘of historical asso-
13 }
194 LANDSCAPE GARDENING. j
ciation here. The estate derives its name from Gen, Montgomery,'the
hero and martyr of Quebec (whose portrait, among other fine family
pictures, adorns the walls of the mansion). Mrs. Montgomery, after
his lamented: death on the heights of Abraham, resided here during
the remainder of her life, At her death, she bequeathed it to her
brother, the Hon. Edward Livingston,-our late Minister to France.
Here this distinguished diplomatist and jurist passed, in elegant 4 Po
retirement, the leisure intervals of a life largely devoted tothe service
of the State, and here still reside his family, whose greatest pleasure
seems to be to add, if possible, every year, some admirable im-
provement, or elicit some new charm of its extraordinary natural
beauty.
The age of Montgomery Place heighten’ its interest in no ordi-
nary degree, Its richness of foliage, both in ‘natural wood and
planted trees, is one of its marked features. Indeed, so great is the’
variety and intricacy of scenery, caused by the leafy woods, thickets
and bosquets, that one may pass days and even weeks here, and not
thoroughly explore all its fine points— ws
: * se e
“Milles arbres, de ces lieux ondoyante, parure
Charme de V’odorat, de gout et des regarda,
Elégamment groupés, négligemment épars,
Se fuyaient, s’approchaiént, quelquefois 4 la vue
Ouvraient dans la lointain un seéne imprévue;
Ou, tombant jusqu’a terre, et recourbant leurs bras ;
Venaient d’un doux obstacle embarrasser leurs pas
Ou pendaient sur leur téte en festons de verdure, 7
Et de fleurs, en passant, semaient leur chevelure,
Dirai-je ces foréts d’arbustes, ‘Warbrisseaux,
Entrelagant en vodte, en aleove, en bereeaux,
Leurs bras voluptueux, et leurs tiges fleuriés ?”
\ ‘ 4
About four hundred acres comprise the’ estate called. Mont-
:gomery Place, a very large ‘part of which is devoted to pleasure-
‘grounds and ornamental purposes. The ever-varied surface affords
the finest scope for the numerous’ roads, drives, and walks, with
-which it abounds, Even its natural boundaries are . admirable.
‘On the west is the Hudson, broken by islands into an outline un-
«usually varied and picturesque. On the north, it is separated from
A VISIT TO MONTGOMERY PLACE. 195
Blithewood, the adjoining seat, by a wooded valley, in the depths of
which runs a broad stream, rich in waterfalls. On the south is a
rich oak wood, in the centre of which is a private drive. On the
‘east it touches the post road. Here is the entrance gate, and from
it leads a long and stately avenue of trees, like the approach to an
old French chateau. Half-way up its length, the lines of planted trees
give place to a tall wood, and this again is succeeded by the lawn,
which. opens in all its stately dignity, with imcreased effect after the
.. deeper shadows of this vestibule-like wood. The eye is now caught
at once by the fine specimens of hemlovk, lime, ash and_ fir,
whose proud heads and large trunks form the finest possible acces-
sories to a large and spacious mansion, which is one of the best
specimens of our manor houses. Built many years ago, in the most
’ substantial manner, the edifice has been retouched and somewhat
enlarged within a few years, and is at present both commodions, and
architectural_in character.
Without going into any details of ‘the interior, we may call at-
tention to the unique effect of the pavilion, thirty feet wide, which
forms the north wing of this house. It opens from the library and
drawing-room by low windows. Its ribbed roof is supported by a
tasteful series of columns and archés, in the style of an Italian ar-
cade. As it is on the north side of the ‘dwelling, its, position is al-
ways cool in summer; and this coolness is still further increased by
the abundant shade of tall old trees, whose heads cast a pleasant
gloom, while their tall trunks allow the eye to feast on the rich
‘landscape spread around it.*
“Yo attempt to describe the scenery, which bewitches the eye, as
it wanders over the wide expanse to the west from this pavilion,
would be but an idle effort to make words express what even the
pencil of the painter often fails to.copy. As a foreground, imagine
a large lawn waving in undulations of soft verdure, varied with fine
groups, and margined with rich belts of foliage. Its base is waslied
by the river, which is here a broad sheet of water, lying like a long
lake beneath the eye. Wooded banks stretch along its margin.’ Its
bosom is studded with islands, which are set like emeralds on its
* See Downing’s ‘Landscape Gardening,” p. 47.
196 LANDSCAPE GARDENING,
_pale blue bosom. On the opposite shores, more than a mile distant,
is seen a rich mingling of: woods and corn-fields. But the crowning
glory of the landscape is the background of mountains. The Kaat-
skills, as seen from this part of thé Hudson, are, it seems to us, moré
beautiful than any mountain scenery in the middle States. It is not
merely that their outline is bold, and that the summit of Roundtop,
rising three thousand feet above ‘the surrounding” country, gives an
air of more grandeur than is usually seen, even in thé Highlands;
but it is the color which renders the Kaatskills so captivating a
feature in the landscape here. Never harsh or cold, like somé of our
finest hills, Nature seems to delight in’ casting a veil of the softest
azure over these mountains—immortalized by the historian of Rip
Van Winkle. Morning and noon, the shade only varies from softer
to deeper blue. But the hour of sunset is the magical time for the’
fantasies of the color-genii of these mountains. Seen at this period,
from the terrace of the pavilion of Montgomery Place, the eye is
filled with wonder at the various dyes that bathe the receding hills
—the most distant of which are twenty or thirty miles away. Azure,
purple, violet, pale grayish-lilac, and the dim hazy hue of the most
‘distant cloud-rift, are all seen distinct, yet blending magically into
each other in these receding hills, It is a spectacle of rare beauty,
and he’ who loves tones of color, soft and.dreamy as one of the
mystical airs of a German maestro, should see the sunset fade into
twilight from the seats on this part of the Hudson.
THE MORNING WALK.
Leaving the terrace on the western front, the steps of the vain
exploring Montgomery Place, are naturally directed: towards the
river bank: A path on the left of the broad lawn leads one to the
fanciful rustic-gabled seat, among a growth of locusts at the bottom
of the slope. Here commences a long walk, which is the favorite
morning ramble of. guests. Deeply shaded, winding along the
thickly woodéd bank, with the refreshing sound of the: tide-waves
gently dashing against the rocky shores below, or expendig them-
selves on the beach of gravel, it curves along the bank for a great .
distance. Sometimes overhanging cliffs, crested with pines, frown
darkly over it; sometimes thick tufts of fern and mossy-carpeted
A VISIT TO MONTGOMERY. PLACE. 197
racks border it, while at various points, vistas or long reaches of the
beautiful river scenery burst upon the eye. Half-way along this
morning ramble, a rustic seat, placed on a bold little plateau, at the
base of a large tree,. eighty feet above the water, and fenced about
with a rustic barrier, invites you to linger and gaze at the fascinat-
ing river landscape here presented. It embraces the distant moun-
tains, a sylvan foreground, and the broad river stretching away for
miles, sprinkled with white sails. The coup-d’wil is heightened
by its being seen through a dark framework of thick leaves and
branches, which open here just sufficiently to show as much as the
eye can enjoy or revel in, without change of position. ,
A little farther on, we reach a flight of. stony steps, leading up
to the border of the lawn. -At the top of these is.a rustic seat with
a thatched canopy, curiously. built round the trunk. of an aged tree.
Passing these steps, the morning walk begins to descend more
rapidly toward the river. At the distance of. some hundred yards,
we found ourselves on the river shore, and on, a pretty jutting point
of land stands a little rustic pavilion, from which a much lowor
and wider view of the landscape is again enjoyed. Here you find a
boat ready for an -excursion, if the spirit leads you to reverse the
scenery, and behold the leafy banks from the water.
‘THE WILDERNESS.
Leaving the morning walk, we enter at once into “The Wilder-
ness.” This is a large and long wooded ‘valley. It is broad, and
much varied in surface, swelling into deep ravines, and spreading,
into wide hollows. In its lowest depths runs a large stream of water,
that.has, in portions, all the volume and swiftness of a mountain tor-
“pent. But the peculiarity of “The Wilderness,” is in the depth and
massiveness of its foliage. . It is covered with the native growth of
trees, thick, dark and shadowy, so that once plunged in its recesses, .
you can easily imagine yourself in the depths of an old-forest, far
away from the haunts of civilization. Here and there, rich thickets
of the kalmia or native laurel clothe the surface of the ground, and
form the richest underwood.
But the wilderness is by no means savage in the aspect. of its
beauty; on the’ contrary, here as elsewhere in this demesne, are evi-
198 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
dences, in every improvement, of a fine appréciation of the natural
charms of the locality. The whole of this richly wooded valley is
threaded with walks, ingeniously and naturally conducted so as to
penetrate to all the most interesting points ; while a great variety‘of
rustic seats, formed beneath the trees, in’ deep secluded thickets, by
the side of the swift rushing stream, or on some inviting eminence,
enables one fully to enjoy them.
There are a couple of miles of these walks, and from the depth
and thickness of the wood, and the varied surface of the ground,
their: intricacy is such that only the family, or those: very familiar
with their course, are at-all able to follow them all with any’ thing
like positive certainty as to their destination. Though we have
threaded them several seasons, yet our late visit to Montgomery
Place found us giving ourselyes up to the pleasing perplexity of
choosing one at random, and trusting to a wore guess to beng us
out of the wood at the desired point.
Not long after Jeaving the rustic pavilion,* on descending by
one of the paths that diverges to the left, we reach a charming fi ittle
covered resting-place, in the form of a rustic porch. The roof is
prettily thatched with thick green moss. Nestling under a dark
canopy of evergreens in the shelter of a rocky. fern-covered. bank,
an hour or two may be. whiled away within it, almost unconscious
of the passage of time. ;
THE CATARACT.
But the stranger who enters the depths of this dusky wood by
this route, is not long inclined to remain here. His imagination is
excited by the not very distant sound of waterfalls, o
. “ Above, below, aérial murmurs Pan ;
From hanging wood, brown heath and bushy dell;
A thousand gushing rills that shun the light,
Stealing like music on, the ear of night.”
He takes another path, passes by an airy-looking rustic bridge, and
plunging for a moment into the thicket, emerges again in-full view
* See Downing’s “ Landscape Gardening,” p. 48.
A VISIT. TO MONTGOMERY PLACE. 199
of the first cataract. Coming from the solemn deptlis of the wood,
he is astonished at the noise and volume of the stream, which here
rushes in wild foam and confusion’ over a rocky fall, forty feet in
depth. Ascending a flight of steps made in the precipitous banks
of the stream, we have another view, which is eoarcely less spirited
and picturesque.
Thisswaterfall, beautiful at all seasons, would alone be considered
a sufficient attraction to give notoriety to a rural locality in most
country neighborhoods. But as if Nature had intended to lavish
her gifts here, she has, in the course of this valley, given two other
cataracts. These are all striking enough to be worthy of the pencil
of the artist, and they make this valley a féast of wonders to the
lovers of the picturesque.
There is a secret charm which binds us to these haunts of the
water spirits. The spot is filled with the music of the falling water.
Its echoes pervade the air, and beget a kind of dreamy revery. The
memory of the world’s toil gradually becomes fainter and fainter,
under the spell of the soothing monotone; until’ at last one begins
to doubt the existence of towns and cities, fall of busy fellow-beings,
and to fancy the true happiness of life lies in a more simple exist-
ence, where man, the dreamy silence of thick forests, the lulling
tones of babbling brooks, and the whole heart of nature, make one
sensation, full of quiet harmony and joy.
THE LAKE,
That shadowy path, that steals away so enticingly from the
neighborhood of the cataract, leads to a spot of equal, though a dif,
ferent kind of loveliness. Leaving the border of the stream, and
following it past one or two distracting points, where other paths,
starting out at various angles, seem provokingly to tempt one away
from the neighborhood ‘of the water, we suddenly behold, with a
feeling of delight, the lake.*
Nothing can have a more charming effect than this natural
mirror in the bosom of the-valley. It is a fine expansion of the
same stream, which farther down forms the large cataract. Here
* See Downing’s “Landscape Gardening,” p. 49.
200 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
it sleeps, as lazily and glassily as if quite incapable of aught but re-
flecting the beauty of the-blue sky, and the snowy clouds, that float
over it. On two sides, it is overhung and deeply shaded by the
bowery thickets of the surrounding wilderness; on the third is a
peninsula, fringed with the graceful willow, and rendered more at-
tractive by a rustic temple ; while the fourth side is more sunny
and open, and permits a‘peep at the distant azure mountain tops.
This part of the grounds is seen at the most advantage, either
towards evening, or in moonlight. Then the effect of contrast in light
and shadow is most striking, and the seclusion and beauty.of the
spot are more fully enjoyed than at any other hour. Then you will
most certainly be tempted to leave the curious rustic seat, with its
roof wrapped round with a rude entablature like Pluto’s crown;
and you will take a seat in Psyche’s boat, on whose prow is poised
a giant butterfly, that looks so mysteriously down into thé depths
below as to impress you with a belief that it is thé metempsychosis
of the spirit of the place, guarding against all unhallowed viglation
of its purity and solitude.
The peninsula, on the north of the lake, is carpeted with the dry
leaves of the thick cedars that cover it, and form ‘so umbrageous a
resting-place that the sky over it ‘seems absolutely dusky at noon-
day. On its northern bank is a rude sofa, formed entirely of stone.
Here you linger again, to wonder afresh at the novelty and beauty
of the second cascade. The stream here emerges from a dark’thick-
et, falls about twenty féet, and then rushes away on the side of the
peninsula opposite the lake. | * Although only separated by a short
walk and the mass of cedars on the promontory, from the lake itself,
yet one cannot be seen from the other; and the lake, so full of the
very spirit of repose, is a perfect opposite to this foaming, noisy little
waterfall. ey
Farther up the stream is another cascade, but leavin that for
the present, let us now select a path leading, as near as we can
judge, in the direction of the open pleasure-grounds near the house. '
Winding along the sides of the valley, and ‘stretching for a good:
distance across its broadest part, all the while so deeply immersed,
however, in its umbrageous shelter, as scarcely to see the sun, or in-
\
t
A VISIT TO MONTGOMERY PLACE. - 201
deed to feel very certain-of our whereabouts, we emerge in the neigh-
borhood of the Consrrvaroxy.*
This is a large, isolated, glazed. structure, designed by Mr. Cathe
erwood, to add to the scenic effect of the pleasure-grounds. On its
northern side are, in summer, arranged the more delicate green-
house plants; and in front are. groups ‘of Jarge oranges, lemons,
citrons, Cape jasmines, eugenias, etc., in tubs—plants remarkable
for their,size and beauty. Passing under neat and tasteful archways
of wirework, covered with rare climbers, we enter what is properly
THE FLOWER-GARDEN,.
How different a scene from the deep sequestered shadows of the
Wilderness! Here all is gay and smiling. Bright parterres of
brilliant flowers bask in the full daylight, and rich masses of color
seem to revel in the sunshine. The walks are fancifully laid out; so
as to form a tasteful whole; the beds are surrounded by low edgings
‘of turf or box, and the whole looks like some rich oriental pattern or
carpet of embrdidery. : In the centre of the garden stands a large
vase of the Warwick pattern ; others occupy the centres: of parterres
in the midst of its two main divisions, and at either end is a fanciful
light :summer-house, or pavilion, of Moresque character. The whole
garden is swrounded and shut out from the lawn, by a belt of
shrubbery, and above and behind this, rises, like a noble framework,
the background of trees of the lawn and the Wilderness. If there
is arly prettier flower-garden scene-than this ensemble in the country, -
we have not yet had the good fortune to behold it.
It must be an industrious sight.seer who could accomplish more
' than we have here indicated of the beauties of this residence, in a
‘day. Indeed there is enough of exercise for the body, and enjoy-
ment for the senses in it, fora week. But another morning may be
most agreeably passed in a portion of the-estate quite apart from
that which has met the eye from any point yet examined. This is
THE, DRIVE.
On the southern boundary is an oak wood of about fifty acres.
* See Downing’s “Landscape Gardening,” /p. 453.
202 LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
It is totally different in character from the Wilderness on the north,
and is a nearly level or slightly undulating surface, well covered with
fine Oak, Chestnut, and other timber trees. Through it is laid out
the Drive; a sylvan route as agreeable for exercise in the carriage,
or 9n horsebadke -as the “ Wilderness,” or the “Morning Walk,” is.
for a ramble on foot. It adds no small additional charm to a coun-
try place in the eyes of many persons, this secluded and Ey
private drive, entirely within its own limits.
Though Monreomury Pract itself is old, yet a apie ever new
directs the improvements carried on within it. Among those. more
worthy of note, we gladly mention an arboretum, just commenced
on a fine site in the pleasure-grounds, set apart and thoroughly pre-
pared for the purpose. Here a scientific arrangement of all the most
beautiful hardy trees and shrubs, will interest the student, who looks
upon the vegetable kingdom with a more curious eye than the ordi-
nary observer.
The whole extent of the private roads bi walks, within the pre-
cincts of Monr¢omery Pace, is between five and six miles.” The
remarkably natural beauty which it embraces, has been elicited and
heightened every where, in a tasteful and judicious manner. There
are numberless lessons here for the landscape gardener ; there are
an hundred points that will delight the artist; there are meditative
walks and a thousand suggestive aspects of natnte for the poet;: and
the man of the world, engaged in a feverish pursuit of its gold and
its glitter, may here taste, something of the beauty and refinement
of rural life in its highest aspect, and be able afterwards understand-
ingly to wish that
“One fair asylum from the world he knew,
One chosen seat, that charms the various view.
Who boasts of more, (believe the sérious strain,)
Sighs for a home, and sighs, alas! in vain. .
Thro’ each he roves, the tenant of a day,
And with the swallow wings the year away.” ;
a " Rogsrs.
.
RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
I.
A FEW WORDS ON RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
July, 1850.
O one pretends that we have, as yet, either a national architec-
ture or national music, in America; unless our Yankee clap-
board house be taken as a specimen of the first, and “ Old Susannah”
‘of the second fine art. But there is, on the other ‘hand, perhaps,
no country where there is more inilding “or more “musicianing,”
such as they are, at the present moment. And as a perfect taste in
arts is no more to be expected in a young nation, mainly occupied
witk the practical wants of life, than a knowledge of geometry is
in an infant school, we are content with the large promise that we
find in the present, and confidently look forward for fulfilment to
the future. -
In almost évery other country, a few landlords own. the land,
which a great many tenants live upon and cultivate. Hence the
general interest in building is confined to a comparatively small class, ,
improvements are made in a solid and substantial way, and but little
change takes place from’ one generation to another in the style of
the dwelling and the manner of living.
But in this country we are, comparatively, all landlords. In the
country, especially, a large part of the rural population own the land
they cultivate, and build their own houses. Hence it is a matter of
206 RURAL ARCHITECTURE,
no little moment to them, to avail themselves of every: possible im-
provement'in the manner of constructing their dwellings, so. as to
secure the largest amount of comfort, convenience, and beauty, for
the moderate sum which an American landholder has ‘to spend.
While the rural proprietors of the other continent are, often content
to live in the same houses, and with, the same inconveniences as
‘their forefathers, no one in our time and country, who has any of.
the national spirit of progress in him, is satisfied unless, in building
a new house, he has some of the “modern improvements” in it.
This is a good sign of the times; and when we see it coupled
with another, viz., the great desire to, catidles the dwelling agreeable
and ornamental as well as comfortable, we think there is abundant
reason to hope, so far as the country i is concerned, that something
like a national taste will come in due time.
What the popular taste in building seems to us to require, just
now, is not so much impulse a¥ right direction. There are number-
less. persons who have determined, in building their new home in
the country, that they “will have something ‘pretty ;”- but precisely
what character it shall haye, and whether there is any character,
beyond that of- a “pretty cottage” or a’“splendid house,” is’ not
perhaps very clear to their minds.
We do not make this statement to find fault with the ceniition
of things; far from it. ' We see too much good in the newly awak-
ened taste for the Beautiful, to criticize severely its want of. intelli-
gence as to the exact course it should take to achieve its object—or
perhaps its want of definiteness as to what that object is—beyond
providing an agreeable home. But we ‘allude to it to show that,
with a little direction, the popular taste now awakened inthis par-
ticular. department, may develop itself in such a manner as to pro-
duce the most satisfactory and beautiful results. ‘
_ Fifteen years ago there was but one idea relating to a house in
the country. Jt must be a Grecian temple. Whether twenty feet
or two hundred feet front, it must have its columns and portico,
There might be comfortable rooms behind them or not; that was.a
matter which the severe taste of the classical builder could not stoop
to consider. The roof might beso flat that there was no space
for comfortable servants’ bedrooms, or the attic so hot that the second
i A FEW WORDS ON RURAL ARCHITECTURE, 207
_stoyy was uninhabitable in a midsummer’s day. But of what con-_
sequence was that, if the portico were copied from the Temple of
Theseus, or the columns were miniature imitations in wood of those
of Jupiter Olympus ?
We have-made a great step onward in that short fifteen years.
There is, to be sure, a fashion now in building houses in the coun-
“try—almost as prevalent and despotic as its pseudo-classical prede-
cessor, but it is a far more rational and sensible one, and though
likely to produce the same unsatisfactory: effect of all other fashions
that is, to substitute sameness and monotony for tasteful individu-
ality—yet we gladly accept it as the next step onward.
We allude, of course, to the Gothic or English cottage, with
steep roofs and high gables—just now the ambition of almost every
person building in the country. There are, indeed, few things so
beautiful as a ‘cottage of this kind, well designed and tastefully
placed. There is nothing, all the world over, so truly rural and so
unmistakably country-like as this very cottage, which has been de-
veloped in so much: perfection in the rural lanes and amidst the pic-
tutesque lights and shadows of an English landscape. And for this
reason, because it is essentially rural and country-like, we gladly
welcome its general naturalization (with the needful variation of the
veranda, é&c., demanded by- our climate), as the type of most of our
country dwellings.
But it is time to enter a protest against the absolute and indis-
criminate employment of the Gothic cottage in every site and situ-
ation in the country—whether appropriate or ‘inappropriate—
whether suited to the grounds or the’ life of those who are to in-
habit it, or the contrary.
‘We have endeavored, in our work on “ Country-Hovsszs,” just
issued from the press, to show that rural architecture has more sig-
nificance and a deeper meaning than merely to afford a“ pretty
cottage,” or a “ handsome house,” for him who can afford to pay for
it. We believe not only that a hoyse may have an absolute beauty
of its own, growing out of its architecture, but that it may have a
relative beauty no less interesting, which arises from its expressing
the life and occupation of those who build or inhabit it. In other
words, we think the home of évery family, possessed of character
208 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
may be made to express that marie and will be most beaugiful
(supposing’ the character good), when in addition to architectural
beauty it unites this significance or individuality.:
We have not the space to go into detail on this subject. here ;
and to do so would only be repeating what we have already said in
the work in question. But the most casual reader will understand
from’ our suggestion, that if a man’s house can be made to express
the best traits of his character, it is undeniable that a large source
of beauty and interest is always lost by those who copy each other’s
homes without reflection, even though they may be. copying the
most faultless cottage ornée, :
Wé would have the cottage, the farm-house, and ie. larger
country-house, all marked by a somewhat distinctive character. of.
their own, so far as relates to making them complete and individual
of their kind; and. believing as we do, that the beauty and force
of every true man’s life or occupation depend largely on his pursu-
ing it frankly, honestly, and openly, with all the. individuality of his
character, we would have his house and home help to give signifi-
cance to, and dignity that. daily life and occupation, by harmonizing
with them. For this reason, we think the farmer errs when he
copies the filagree work of the retired citizen’s cottage, instead of
showing that rustic strength and solidity-in his house which are its
true elements of interest and beauty. For this reason, we think he
who builds a simple and modest cottage in the country, fails in at-
taining that which he aims at by copying, as nearly as his means
-will permit, the -parlors, folding doors, and showy furniture of the
newest house he has seen in town.
_ We will not do more at present than throw out these sugges-
tions, in the hope that those about to build in the country will reflect
that an entirely satisfactory house is one in which there are not.only
pretty forms and details, but. one which has some meaning in its
beauty, considered in relation to their own position, chersetess and :
daily lives.
IL.
MORAL INFLUENCE OF GOOD HOUSES.
February, 1848.
. VERY little observation will convince any one that, in the
United States, a new era, in Domestic Architecture, is already
commenced. A few years ago, and all our houses, with rare excep-
tions, were built wpon the most meagre plan. A shelter from the
inclemencies of: the weather; space enough in which to eat, drink
and sleep; perliaps some exvellence of ‘mechanical workmanship
in the details; these were the characteristic featurés of the great
mass of our elias Tonia especially country houses—a few
years ago.
A dwelling- house, for a civilized man, built with no higher
‘aspirations than these, we look upon with the same feelings that
inspite us when we behold the Indian; who guards himself against
heat and cold by that primitive, and, as he considers it, sufficient
costume—a blanket. An unmeaning pile of wood, or stone, serves
as a shelter to the bodily frame of man; it does the same for the
' brute animals that serve him; the blanket covers the skin of the
savage from the harshness of the elements, as the. thick shaggy coat
protects the beasts he hunts in the forest. But these are only mani-
festations of the grosser wants of life; and the mind of the civilized
and cultivated man as naturally manta itself in fitting, appro-
priate, ahd beautiful forms of. habitation and costume, as it does in
fine and lofty written thought and uttered speech. :
Hence, as society advances beyond that condition; in which the
primary wants of human nature are satisfied, we naturally find that *
14
210 RURAL ARCHITECTURE. *
literature and the arts flourish. . Along with great orators and in-
spired poets, come fine architecture, and tasteful grounds and gardens.
' Let us congratulate ourselves that the new-era is fairly com-
menced in the United States. We by no means wish to be under-,
stood, that all our citizens have fairly passed the barrier that separates:
utter indifference, or peurile fancy, from good taste. There are, and
will be, for a long time, a large proportion of houses built without: .
any definite principles of construction, except those of the most
downright necessity. But, on the other hand, we are glad to per-
ceive a very considerable sprinkling over the whole country—from
the Mississippi to the Kennebec—of houses built i in. such a manner,
‘as to prove at first glance, that the ideal of their owners ‘has risen
above the platform of mere animal wants: that they perceive the:
intellectual superiority of a beautiful design over a meaningless and.
uncouth form ; and that a house is to them no. longer a. comfortable
shelter merely, but, an expression of the intelligent. life of man, in a
state of society where the soul, the intellect, and the heart, are all
awake, and all educated. *
There are, perhaps, few persons who have. examined fully fhe .
effects of a general diffusion of good taste, of well being, and, a, love
of order and proportion, upon the community at large.. There are,
no doubt, some who look upon fine houses as fostering the pride of
» the few, and the envy and discontent of the many; and—in some.
transatlantic countries, where wealth and its avenues are closed to alll, :
but a few—not without reason. But, in this country, where integ-’
rity and industry are almost always rewarded by more than the
means of subsistence, we have firm faith in the mora effects of the
fine arts.. We believe in the bettering influence of beautiful cottages
and country houses—in the improvement of human, nature necessa-
Tily resulting to all classes, from the, possession of lovely gardens
and: fruitful orchards. 3
We do not. know how we. can present any argument of. this
matter, if itrequires one, so good as one of that long- ago distin-
guished man—Dr. Dwight. He is describing, in his Travels in.
: Anorten, the influence of good architecture, as evinced in its effects
on the manners and character of the inhabitants in a town in New
England:
a
MORAL INFLUENCE OF GOOD HOUSES. 211
“ There is a kind of symmetry in the thoughts, feelings, and efforts
of the human mind. Its taste, intelligence, affections, and conduct,
are so intimately related, that no preconcertion can prevent them
from being mutually causes and effects. The first thing powerfully
operated upon, and, in its turn, proportionately operative, is the taste.
The perception of beauty and deformity, of-refinement and gross-
ness, of decency and vulgarity, of propriety and indecorum, is the
first thing which influences man to attempt an escape from a grov-
elling,, brutish character ; a character in which morality is chilled,
or ‘absolutely. frozen. in most persons, this perception is awakened
by what may be called the eaterior of society, particularly by the
mode of building. ‘Uncouth, mean, ragged, dirty’ houses, constitut-
ing the body of any town, will regularly be accompanied by coarse,
grovelling manners. The dress, the furniture, the mode of living,
and the manners, will all correspond with the appearance of the
buildings, and will universally be, in every such case, of a vulgar
and.debased nature. ' On the inhabitants of such a town, it will be
» difficult, if not impossible, to work a conviction that intelligence is
either necessary or useful. Generally, they will regard both learn-
ing and ‘science only with contempt. Of morals, except in the
coarsest form, and that which has the least influence on the heart,
they will scarcely have any apprehensions. The rights enforced by
municipal’ law, they may be compelled to respect, and the corres-
‘ponding duties they may be necessitated to perform ; but the rights
and obligations which lie beyond the reach of magistracy, in which
the chief duties of morality are found, and from which the chief
enjoyments of sociéty spring, will scarcely gain even their passing
notice. They may pay their debts, but they will neglect almost
every thing of value in the edueation of their children.
“The very fact, that men see good houses built around them,
will, more than almost any thing else, awaken in them a sense of
superiority in those by whom suchi houses are inhabited.. The same
sense is derived, in the same manner, from handsome’ ‘dress, furni-
ture, and equipage. The sense of beauty is necessarily accompa-
nied by a perception of the superiority which it possesses over de- .
. formity ; and is instinctively felt to confer this superiority on those
who can call it their own, over those: who cannot.
212 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
“This, I apprehend, is the manner in which coarse society is
first started towards improvement ;. for no objects, but those which
are sensible, can make any considerable sa aaa on coarse
minds.”
The first motive which leads men to build good houses is, no
doubt, that of increasing largely their own comfort and happiness,
But it: is easy to see that, in this country, where so many are able
to achieve a home for themselves, he who gives to the public a
more beautiful and. tasteful ‘model of a habitation than his neigh-
bors, is a benefactor to the cause of morality, good order, and the
improvement of society where he lives. To place before men rea-
sonable objects of ambition, and to dignify and -exalt their aims,
cannot but be laudable in the sight of all. And in a country where
itis confessedly neither for the benefit of the community at large,
nor that of the succeeding generation, to amass and transmit great
fortunes, we would encourage a taste for beautiful and appropriate
architecture, as a nieans of promoting public. vacting and the gerpral
good.
' We have said beautiful and appropriate re with-.
out desiring that all our readers should feel the value of this latter
qualification as fully as we do. Among the many strivings after
architectural beauty, which we see daily made by our countrymen,
there are, of ‘course, some failures, and only now and then examples
‘of perfect success. ‘But. the rock on which all novices split—and_
especially all men who have thought little of the subject, and whi are
‘satisfied with a feeble imitation of some great example from other
eountries—this dangerous rock: is want of fitness, or propriety.
Almost the first principle, certainly | the grand principle, which an
apostle of architectural progress ought to preach in America, is,
“keep in mind propriety.” Do not build your houses like tem-
ples, churches, or cathedrals. Let them be, characteristically, dwell-
ing-houses.. And more than this; always let their individuality of
purpose be fairly avowed ; let the cottage be a cottage—the farm-
house a farm-house—the villa a villa, and the mansion a mansion.
Do not attempt to build a dwelling upon your farm after the fashion
of the town-house of your friend, the ‘city merchant; do not. at-
tempt to give the modest. little cottage the ambitious air of the
MORAL INFLUENCE OF GOOD HOUSES. 213
ornate villa. Be assured that there is, if you will search for it, a
peculiar beauty that belongs to each of these classes of dwellings
that heightens and adorns it almost magically ; while, if it borrows
the ornaments of the other, it is only debased and falsified in char-
acter and expression: The most expensive and elaborate structure,
overlaid with costly ornaments, will fail to give a ray of pleasure to:
the mind of real tasté, if it is not appropriate to the purpose in -
view, or the means or position of its occupant; while the simple
farm-house, rustically and tastefully adorned, and ministering beauty
to hearts that answer to the spirit of the beautiful, will weave a
spell in the memory not easily forgotten.
TIL.
A FEW “WORDS ON .OUR PROGRESS IN BUILDING.
June, 1851.
HE “ Genius of Architecture,” said Thomas Jefferson, some fifty
years ago, “hds’ shed its malediction upon America.” Jeffer- .
son, though the “boldest of democrats, had a secret respect and ad-
miration for the magnificent results of aristocratic institutions in the
arts, and had so refined: his taste in France, as to be shocked, ‘past
endurance, on his return home, with the raw and crude attempts. at
-building in the republic.
No one, however, can accuse the Americans with apathy or want
of interest in architecture, at the present moment. ‘Within ten years
past, the attention of great numbers has been turned tothe i improve-
ment and embellishment of public and private edifices ; many foreign
architects’ have: settled in the Union; numerous works—especially
upon- domestic architecture—have bast issued from the press, and
the whole community, in town and country, seem ‘at. the. present
moment to be afflicted with the building mania. -The upper part
of New-York, especially, has the air of some city of fine. houses in
all styles, rising from the earth as if by enchantment, while in the
suburbs of Boston, rural cottages are springing up on all sides, as ‘if.
the “Genius of. Architecture” had‘ sown, broadcast, the seeds of
ornée cottages, and was in a fair way of having a fine harvest i in that
quarter. ;
There are many persons who are as Guaoniauled with this new hot
bed growth of architectural beauty, as Jefferson was with the earlier
and ranker growth of deformity in hisday. Some denounce “fancy
A FEW WORDS ON OUR PROGRESS IN BUILDING... 215
- ; 7
«
houses,”—as they call every thing but a solid square block—alto-
gether. Others have become weary of “Gothic” (without, perhaps,
ever having really seen one good specimen of the style), and suggest
whether there be not something barbarous in a lancet window to a
modern parlor ; while the larger number go.on building vigorously
in the'newest style they can find, determined to have something, if
not better and more substantial than their neighbors, at least more
extraordinary and uncommon. __
There is still another class of our countrymen who put ona
hypercritical air, and sit in judgment on the progress and_develop-
ment of the building taste in this country. They disclaim every
thing foreign. They will have no Gothic. ‘mansions, Italian villas, or
Swiss cottages. Nothing will go down with them but an entirely
new “order,” as they call it, and they berate all architectural writers
(we have come in for our share) for presenting cértain more or less
meritorious ‘modifications of such ‘foreign styles. What’ they de-
mand, with their brows lowered: and their hands clenched, is an
“ American style of architecture!” As if an architecture sprung up
like the after-growth in our forests, the natural and ‘immediate con-
sequence of clearing the soil. Asif a people not even indigenous to
the country, but wholly European colonists, or their descendants, a
people who have neither a new language nor religion, who wear the
fashions of Paris, and who, in their highest education, hang upon the
skirts of Greece and Rome, were likely to invent (as if it were a new
plough) an original and altogether novel and Sea oealy style a
architecture. - es
A little learning, we have been rightly told, is one of the articles
to be labelled “dangérous.” Our hypereritical friends prove the
truth of the saying, by expectitig what never did, and’ never will
happen.. An: original style in architecture or any other of the arts,
has never yet been-invented or composed outright; but all have been
“modifications of previously existing modes of building. Laté discoy-
‘erers have proved that Grecian Architecture was only perfected in
Greece—the models of their temples were found in older Egypt.*
*- According to the last conelusiotis of the savans, dolsident 8 Téinple was
a' pure model of Greek Architecture.
216 RURAL ARCHITECTURE. -
The Romans composed their finest structures out of the very ruins
of public edifices brought from Greece,.and the round arch had its
rise ftom working with these fragments instead of masses of. stone.
The Gothic arch, the origin of which has been claimed as an inven-
tion of comparatively moder art, Mr. Ruskin has proved: to be of
purely Arabic origin, in use in. Asia long before Gothic architecture
was known, and gradually introduced into Europe by architects from
the East. And whoever studies Oriental art, will see the elements
‘of Arabic architecture, the groundwork of the style, abounding in
the ruins of Indian temples of the oldest date known on the globe.
It is thus, by a little research, that we find there has never been
such a novelty as the invention ofa positively new style in building.
What are now known as the Grecian, Gothic, Roman and other
styles, are only those local modifications of the styles ‘of the older
countries, from which the newer colony borrowed them, as the cli-
mate, habits of the people, and genius of the architects, acing upon
each other. through a long series of years, gradually developed into
such styles. _ It- is, therefore, ‘as absurd for the critics to ask for the
American style of architecture, as it was for the English friends of a
Yankee of our acquaintance to request him (after they were on quite
familiar terms) to do them the favor to put on his savage dress and,
talk a little American! This country is, indeed, too: distinct in its
institutions, and too vast in its territorial and social destinies, not to
shape out for itself a great national type im character, manners and
art; but the development of the finer and more intellectual traits of
character’ are slower in a nation than they are ina ay and only
time can develope them healthily i in either case. =e
In the mean time, we are in the midst of what may be called
the experimental stage of architectural taste. With the. passion for
novelty, and the feeling of independence that: belong to.this country; :
our people seem determined to try every thing. * proprietor on
the lower part of the Hudson, i is building a stone castle, with all the '
towers clustered together, after the fashion of the old robber strong-.
holds on the Rhine. We trust he has no intention of levying toll:
on the railroad that runs six trains a day under his frowning battle-
ments, or exacting booty from the river craft of all sizes forever
floating by. A noted New-Yorker has erected a villa near Bridge’
A FEW WORDS ‘ON OUR PROGRESS IN BUILDING. 217
‘port, which looks like the minareted and domed residence of a Per-
sian Shah—though its orientalism is rather put out of countenance
by the prim and: puritanical dwellings of the plain citizens within
rifle shot of it. A citizen of fortune dies, and leaves a large sum to
erect'a “large plain buildiig” for a’school to educate orphan boys _
—which the building committee consider to mean a superb marble
temple, like that of Jupiter Olympus; a foreigner liberally bequeaths
his fortune to the foundation of an institution “for the diffusion of
knowledge among men”—and the regents erect a college in ‘the
style of a Norman monastery—with a relish of the dark ages in it,
the better to contrast with its avowed purpose ‘of diffusing light.
On all sides, in our large towns, we have churches built after Gothic
models, and though highly fitting and: beautiful as churches, i: e.
edifices for purely -dévotional purposes—aré quite useless as places
to hear sermons in,’ because the preacher’s voice is inaudible in at
least one-half of the church. And every where in the older. parts of
the country, private fortunes are rapidly crystallizing into mansions, .
villas, country-houses and cottages, in all known styles supposed to:
be in any way suitable to the purposes of civilized habitations.
Without in the least. desiring to apologize for the frequent viola-
tions of taste witnessed in all this fermentation of the popular feeling
‘in architecture, we do not hesitate to say that we rejoice in it. It
is a fermentation that shows clearly there is no apathy in the public
-maind, and we feel as much confidence as the vintner who walks
‘through the wine cellar in full activity, that the froth of foreign affec-
‘tations. will work off, and the impurities of vulgar taste settle down,
leaving us the pure. spirit, of a better national taste at last, Rome
was not. built in a day, and whoever would see a national architec- -
‘ ture, must be patient till it has time to rise out of the old materials,
under the. influences of a new climate, our novel institutions and
modified habits.
In domestic architecture, the difficulties. that lie in the’ way -
achieving a pure and correct taste, are, perbaps, greater than in civil
or. ecclesiastical edifices. There are so many priyate fancies, and
personal vanjties, which seek to manifest. themselves in the house of
the ambitious private citizen, and which are defended’ under the
child of that miserable falschood, “there is no disputing about
218 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
tastes,” (If the proverb read whims, it would be gospel truth.)
Hence we see nwmberless persons who set-about building their-own
house without the aid of an architect, who would not think of being
their own lawyer, though one profession demands as much study and
capacity as the other; and it is not to this we object, for we hold
that a man may offen build his own house and plead his own
rights to justice satisfactorily—but it must be done-in both instances,
in the simplest-and most straightforward manner. If he attempts’
to go into the discussion of Blackstone.on the one hand, or the mys-
teries of Vitruvius and Pugin on the other, he is sure-to get speedily
swamped, and commit all sorts of follies and extravagancies" quite
out of keeping with his natural character. a,
The two greatest trials to the architect of taste, who’ desires to
see his country and age making a respectable figure in this branch
of the arts, aré-to.be found in that ‘class of. travelled smatterers in
virtu, who have picked up here’ and there, i in the tour from Liver-
pool to-Rome, certain ill-assorted notions of art, which they wish
combined in one sublime whole, in the shape of their own domicil ;
and that lar, ger class, who ambitiously imitate in'a small cottage, all
that belongs to ‘palaces, castles and buildings of princely dimensions.
The first<¢lass is confined to no country. : Examples are to_be
found every where, and we do not know of ‘a better hit at the folly.
of these cognoscenti, than in the following relation of experiences by,
one of the cleverest of English architectural critics : ae
“The architect is s requested, perhaps, by a man of great wealtht"
nay, of established taste in some points, to make.a design for a villa
in a lovely situation. The future proprietor carries him up stairs to
his study, to give him what-he calls his ‘ideas and materials, and,
in all probability, begins somewhat thus: ‘ This, sir, is a slight note;
I made it on the spot; approach to Villa Reale, near Puzzuoli.
Dancing nymphs, you perceive; cypresses, shell fountain. I think
T should like something like this for the approach ; classical you
perceive, sir; elegant, graceful. Then, ‘sir, this is a sketch by an
American friend.of mine; Whe-whaw-Kantamaraw’s wigwam, king
of the Cannibal ielandas I think he said, sir. Log, you ob-
serve ; scalps, and boa constrictor skins; curious. Something like
this, sir, would lock neat, I think,. for ihe front door ; ew you!
A FEW WORDS ON OUR PROGRESS IN BUILDING, 219
_ Then the lower windows, I’m not quite decided upon; but what
‘would you say to Egyptian, sir? I think I should like my windows
Egyptian, with hieroglyphics, sir ; storks and coffins, and appropri-
ate mouldings above; I brought some from Fountain’s Abbey the
. other day. Look Rae sir; angel’s heads putting their tongues out,
rolled up in cabbage eves with a dragon on each side riding on a
" broomstick, and the devil looking out from the mouth of an alliga-.
tor, sir.* Odd, I think; interesting. Then the corners may be
turned by octagonal towers, like the centre one in Kenilworth Cas-
tle; with Gothic doors, portcullis, and all, quite perfect; with cross
slits for arrows, battlements for musketry, machiolations for boiling
_ lead, and a room at the top for drying plums; and the conservatory
at the bottom, sir, with Virginia creepers up the towers ; door sup-
ported by sphinxes, holding scrapers in their fore paws, and having
their tails prolonged into warm-water pipes, to keep the plants safe
in winter, &c.’”
We have seen, buildings in England, where such Bedlam sugges-
tions of taste have not only been made, but accepted either wholly
or partly by the architect, and where the result was, of. course, both
Indicrous and absurd. There is less dictation to architects in this
country on one hand, and more independence of any class on the
“other, to bring such examples of architectural salmagundies into ex-
istence—though there are a few in the profession weak enough to
[prostitute their talents to any whim or caprice of the employer.
But by far the greater danger. at the present moment lies in the
inordinate ambition of the builders of ornamental cottages. Not
contented with the simple and befitting’ decoration of the modest
veranda, the bracketed roof, the latticed window, and the lovely ac-
cessories of vines and flowering shrubs, the builder of the cottage ornée
in. too many cases, attempts -to ingraft upon his simple .story of a
habitation, all the tropes and figures of architectural rhetoric which
belong to the elaborate oratory of a palace or a temple.
“We have made a point of enforcing the superior charm of sim-
plicity-—and the readness of the beauty which grows out of it, in
* This grotesque device is actually carved on one of the groins of Roslin
Castle, Scotland. :
220 RURAL ARCHITECTURE. H
our late work on Country Houses. We even went so far as to give
a few examples of farm-houses studiously made simple and rural in
, character, though not without a certain’ beauty of, expression efit.
ting their locality, and the uses to which they were destined. But;
judging from some criticisms on these farm-houses im one of the
western. papers, we believe it will not “be an easy task to convinee
the future proprietors of farm-houses and rural cottages, that truth-,
ful simplicity is better than borroweel: i ecorations, in their country
homes. Our critic wonders -why darmers should not bé allowed to
live in as handsome, houses (confounding: méré; decorations with
beauty) as any other: “elas of.our citizens, if they can ‘afford it-—and-
claims for them, the: use: of the most ornamental architecture i in their,
farm-houses.? “We have only to answer to this, that the simplest OX
pression: of ‘beauty which grows out of a man’s life, ranks higher
for him than the most elaborate one borrowed from another's life
or ciroumstiices. | We will add, by way of: illustration,’ that there
‘Is no moral or elitical objection, that we ‘know, of a farmér’s wear-
ing a general’s: uniform in his corn-fields, “if “he likes it-betfr than
plain clothes} but to our mind, his costume=undoubtedly hand:
somer in the right ial be both-absurd and ugly, behind,
the harrow. ° 345 ,
We are glad to’find, however, that our feeling of the folly of
this exaggerated pretension in cottage aratiteobir e, is gradually
finding its expresijon i in other channels of the public press—a on
sign that it will eventually take hold of public opinion. The fol!
lowing satire on tlie taste of the day in this overloaded style of
“ carpenter's gothic,” from the pen of one of the wittiest and clever:
est of American poets, has lately appeared (as part of a longer satire
on another subject), in one of our. popular magazines. But it is too
good to be lost sight of by our ‘readleii ‘and we recommend it to a
second perusal. A thought or two upon its moral, as applied, to
the taste of the country, will help us on most essentially in this, our
experiméntal age of architecture. fe
A FEW WORDS ON OUR PROGRESS IN BUILDING. 221
THE RURAL COT OF MR, KNOTT.
BY LOWEDL,.
My worthy friend, A. Gordon Knott,
From business snug withdrawn,
Was much contented with a lot
Which would contain a,Tudor cot
Twixt twelve? feet square of garden- plot
Angitwelve feet r more of ‘awn.
wre vet
He fad laid business on the shelf
Torgive his taste expansion, -~ - -
And, since no man, retired with pel,
The building mania can shun,
Knott being middle-aged himself,
- Resolyedsto build (unhappy elf!)
A medieval mansion.
He, called an architect in counsel; _
“JT want,” said he, “a—you know what,’
(You are a builder, I am Knott,) :,
A thing complete from chimney- pot
Down to the very groundsel;- — - *
Here’s a half acre of good land ;
‘Just have it’ nicely mapped sat planned,
And make your workmen drive on; . -
Meadow there is, and upland.too, « . -
And I should like a water-view, °
D’ you think you could contrive.one?
(Perhaps the pump and troagi Would do,
¥ painted a. judicious: blue ?)
The woodland Tve attendéd to;”
(He meant’ three ‘pines stuck up askew,
Two dead ones and a live one. )
“ A-pocket-full of rocks 'twould take
To build a house of freestone,
But then it is not hard to make .
“What now-a-days i is the stone ;
The cunning painter in a.trice
Your. house’s outside petrifies,
And people think it very gneiss
Without inquiring deeper ;
222 - RURAL ARCHITECTURE,
My money never'shall be thrown
-Away on such a deal of atone,
When stone of deal is cheaper.”
And so the greenest of antiques
Was reared for Knott todwell in ;
The architect worked hard for weeks
In venting all his private peaks
Upon the roof, whose crop of leaks
Had satisfied Fluellen.
Whatever anybody had
Out of the common, good or bad,
Knott had it all worked well in,
A donjon keep where clothes might dry,
A porter's lodge that was a sty, -
A campanile slim and high,
" Too small to hang o bell in;
All up and down and here and there,
With Lord-knows-what of round and square
Stuck on at random every where ;
It was a house to make one stare,
All corners and. all gables ;
Like dogs let loose upon a bear,
Ten emulous styles staboyed with care,
"The whole among them seemed to bear’
And all the oddities to spare,
‘Were set-upon the stables.
tS
Knott was delighted with a pile
Approved by fashion’s leaders ,
_ (Only he made the:builder smile,
By asking, every little while, _
Why that was called the Twodoor.style, «
Which certainly had three doors?)
Yet better for this luckless man
If he had put a downright ban
Upon the thing in limine ;
For, though to quit affairs his plan,
Ere many days, poor Knott began
Perforce accepting draughts that ran
All ways—except up chimney:
The house, though painted stone to mock,
With nice white lines round every block,
Some trepidation stood in,
’
A FEW WORDS ON OUR PROGRESS IN BUILDING.
When tempests (with petrific shock,
So to speak) made it really rock,
Though not a whit less wooden ;
_ And painted stone, howe’er well done,
Will not take in the prodigal sun
Whose beams are never quite at one
With our terrestrial lumber ;
So the wood shrank around the knots,
And gaped in, disconcerting spots,
And there were lots of dots and rota
And crannies without number,
Where though, as you may well: presume,
The wind, like water through a flume,
. Came rushing in ecstatic,
Leaving in all three floors, no' room
That was not a rheumatic ;- 5
And what, with points and squares : and: ‘rounds,
_ Grown shaky on their poises,
The house at night was full of pounds,
Thumps, bumps, creaks, scratchings, raps, —till—* zounds,”
Cried Knott, “this goes beyond, all Bounds,
I do not deal in tongues and sounds, .
Nor have I let my house and ermads
To a family of Ni oyeses.”
IV.
COCKNEYISM IN THE COUNTRY.
September, 1849.
Y)7HEN a farmer, who visits the metropolis once. a year, stares
into the shop windows in Broadway, and stops now and then
with an indefinite curiosity at the corners of the streets, the citizens
smile, with the satisfaction of superior knowledge, at the awkward
airs of the countryman in town.
But how shall we deseribe the conduct of the true cockneys in
the country? How shall we find words to express our horror and
pity at the cockneyisms with which they deform-the landscape?,
How shall we paint, without the aid of Hogarth and Cruikshanks,
the ridiculous insults which they often try to put upon nature and
truth in their cottages and country-seats ? °
The countryman in town is at least modest. He has, perhaps,
a mysterious though mistaken respect for’ men who live in such © ~
prodigiously fine houses, who drive in coaches with liveried servants, oy
and pay thousands for the transfer of little scraps of paper, which
they call stocks.
But the’true cit is brazen and impertinent in the country.
Conscious that his clothes are. designed, his hat fabricated, his til-
bury built, by. the only artists of their several professions on this
side of the Atlantic, he pities and despises all who do not bear the:
outward stamp.of the same coinage, He comes in the country to
rusticate, (that is, to recruit his purse and his digestion,) very much
as he turns his horse out to grass; as a means of gaining strength
sufficient to go back again to the only arena in which ‘it is. worth
COCKNEYISM IN THE COUNTRY, 225
while to exhibit his powers. He wonders how people can live in
the country from choice, and asksra solemn question, now and then,
about passing the winter there, as he would about a passage
through nee Straits, or a pic-nic on the borders of the Dead
Sea.
But this is all very harmless. On their own ground, ae
folks have the advantage of the cockneys. The scale is turned
then ; and knowing perfectly well how to mow, cradle, build stone
ealty and drive ‘oxen, —undeniably useful and substantial kinds of
knowledge,—they are scarcely less amused at thé fine airs and
droll ignorances of the cockney in the country, who.does not know
a bullrush from a butternut, than the citizens are in town at their
ignorance of an air of the new open or the a of the last
redowa. 2 it
But if the cockney visitor is hen iis adiiey resident i ig
not. When the downright citizen retires.to the country,—not
because he has any taste for it, but because itis the fashion to have
a country house,—-he often becomes, perhaps for the first time in
his life, a dangerous member of society. There is always a certain
influence about the mere possessor of wealth, that dazzles us, and
makes us see things in a false light; and: the cockney has wealth,
As he builds a house which costs five times as much as that of any
of his country neighbors, some of them,.who take it. for ‘granted
that wealth and taste go together, fancy the cockney house puts
their simple, modest, cottages to the blush. Hence, they directly go
to imitating it in their moderate way; and so, a quiet country
neighborhood is as certainly tainted with the malaria of cockneyism,
as it would be, by a ship-fever, or-the air of the Pontine marshes,
The cockneyisms which are fatal to the peace of mind, and
more especially to the right feeling ‘of persons of good sense and
propriety in the country, are those which have perhaps a real mean-
ing and value in town ; which are associated with excellent houses
and people there; and which are only absurd and foolish when
transplanted, without the ledstereflection or adaptation, into the
wholly different ‘and’ distinct condition of things in country life.
. It would be too long and troublesome a task to give a catalogue
.of these sins against good sense and good taste, which we every
15
226 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
day see perpetrated by-people who corie from town, and who, we
are bound to say, are far from always being cockneys; but who,
nevertheless, unthinkingly perpetrate these ever to be condemned
cockneyisms. Among them, we may enumerate, as illustrations .
building large houses, only to shut up the best rooms and live ‘in
the basement; placing the first story:so high as to demand a Jong
flight of steps to get into the front door; ‘placing the dining-room
below stairs, when there is abundant space on the first floor; using”
the iron railings of street doors in town to porches and piazzas in
the country ; arranging suites of parlors with folding doors, precisely
Jike a town house, where other and far more convenient arrange-
ments could be made ;- introducing plate glass windows, and ornate
‘stucco cornices in cottages of moderate size and cost; building
Jarge parlors for display, and small bed-rooms for daily use ; placing
the house so near the street (with acres of land .in the rear) as to
“destroy all seclusion, and secure all ‘possible dust; and all the
‘hundred like expedients, for producing the utmost effect in a small
space in town, which are ey imhooreaty and uncalled for*in the
country.’
, We remember few things more unpleasant than to enter a cock-
ney house in the country. ; As thé highest ideal of beauty in the
mind of its. owner is to reproduce, as nearly as possible, a fac-simile
of a certain kind of town'house, one is distressed with the entire
want of fitness and appropriateness in every thing it contains. The
furniture is all made for display not for use; and between a pro-
fusion of gilt ornaments, embroidered white satin chairs, and other
like finery, one feels that one has no rest for the sole of his foot.
‘We do not mean, by these remarks, to'have it understood that
‘we do not admire really beautiful, rich and tasteful’ furniture, ‘or
ornaments and decorations belonging to the interioy an@ exterior of
houses in the country. But we only admire them when they are
introduced in the right manner and.the right place. In‘ a country
house of large size—a mansion of the first class—where there are
rooms in abundance for all purposes, and where a feeling of comfort,
luxury, and wealth, reigns throughout, there is no reason why the.
most beautiful and highly finished: decorations should not be seen
in its drawing-room or salvon,—always supposing them to be taste-'
COCKNEYISM IN THE COUNTRY. 227
ful and appropriate ; though we confess our feeling is, that a certain
soberness should distinguish the richness of the finest mansion in the
country from that in town. Still, in a villa or mansion, where all
‘the details are carefully elaborated, where there is no neglect of
essentials in order to. give effect fq what first meets the eye, where
every thing is substantial and genuine, and not trick and tinsel,—
there one expects to see more or less of the luxury of art in its best
‘apartments.
But all this pleasure vanishes in the tawdry and tinsel imitation
of costly and expensive furniture, to be found in cockney country
- houses. Instead of a befitting harmony through the whole’ house,
one sees many minor comforts visibly sacrificed to produce a little
extra show: in the, parlor; mock “ fashionable” furniture, which, in-
stead of being really fine, has only the-look of finery, usurps in the
‘principal room the place of the becoming, unpretending and modest
-fittings that belong there; and one is constantly struck with the
_ effort which the cottage is continually making to look like the town
house, rather than to wear its own more separa and, becoming
modesty of expression.
The pith of all that should be said on this subject, lies in a fay
words, viz., that true taste lies in the union of the beautiful and the
apnea - Hence, as a house in. the country is quite distinct in
character and uses, in many respects, from a house in town, it
should always be built and furnished upon a widely different princi-
ple. It is far better, in a country house, to have an abundance of
Space, as many rooms as possible on a floor, the utmost convenience
of arrangement, and a thorough realization of comfort throughout,
than a couple of very fine apartments, loaded with showy furniture,
“in the latest style,” at the expense of the useful and convenient
every where else, .
And we may add to this, that the superior charm of significance
ot appropriateness is felt instantly by every one, when it is attained
+-though display only imposes on vulgar minds. We have seén a,
- cottage where the finest furniture was of oak in simple forms, where
every thing like display was unknown, where every thing costly was
eschewed, but where you felt, at a glance, that there was a prevail-
ing taste and fitness, that gave a meaning to all, and brought all
228 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
into harmony ; the furniture with the house, the house with the
grounds, and all with the life of its inmates. This: cottage, we need
scarcély say, struck all who entered it with a pleasure more real and
enduring than that of any. costly mansion in the land. The plea-
sure arose from the feeling that all was significant ; that the cottage,
its arrangement, its furniture, and its surroundings, were all in
keeping with the country, with each other and with their uses; and
that no cockneyisms, no imitations of city splendor, had violated
the simplicity and modesty of the country.
There must with us be progress in all things; and.an American
' cannot but be proud of the progress of taste in this country. But
as a great portion of the improvements, newly made in the country,
are made'by citizens, and not _unfrequently by citizens whose time
has been so closely occupied with business, that they have had-‘no
opportunity to cultivate a taste for rural matters, it is not surprising
that we should continually see transplanted, as unexceptionable
things, the ideas in houses, furniture, and even in pain which
have been familiar to them in cities.
As, however, it is an indisputable axiom, that there ard: a of
- taste which belong to the country and country life; quite distinct °
from those which belong to town, the citizen always runs into cock:
neyisms when he neglects these laws. And what we would gladly
insist upon, therefore, is that it is only what is appropriate and
significant in the country, (or what is equally so in town and
country;) that can be adopted, without: insulting. the natural uate
and freedom of umbrageous trees and green lawns.
He who comes from a. city, and wishes to build himsélf a
country-seat, would do well to forget all that he considers the stand-
ard of excellence in houses and furniture in town, (and which are,
perhaps, really excellent there,) and make a pilgrimage of inspection
to the best country houses, villas and cottages, with their grounds,
before he lays a stone in his foundation’ walls, or marks a curve of
his walks. If he does this, hé will be certain to open his eyes to
the fact, that, though there are good models in town, for town life,
there are far better models in the country, for country life.
¥:
ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF COUNTRY VILLAGES.
June, 1849.
F ‘you, or atly man of taste, wish to have a fit of the blues, let
_4 him come to the village of I have just settled: here;
aad all my ideas of rural-beauty have been put to “flight by what I
see around me every day. Old wooden. houses out of repair, and
looking rickety and ‘dejected; new wooden houses, distressingly
lean in their proportions, chalky white in their clapboards, and
spinachy green in their blinds, The church is absolutely hideous,—
a long box of card-board, with a huge pepper-box.on the top.
There is not a tree in the streets; and if it were not for fields of re-
freshing verdure that surround the place, I should ‘have the ophthal-
mia as well as the blue-devils., Is there no way of instilling some
rudiments of taste into the minds of dwellers. in remote come
places ?” ;
We beg our correspondent, fie: whose letter we quote the above
paragraph, not to despair. There are always wise and good pur-
poses hidden in the most common events of life; and we have no
doubt Providence has sent him to the village of - , aS an APOS-
TLE OF TASTE, to instil some ideas of beauty, and. fitness into the
minds of its inhabitants.
That the aspect of a large part of our rural villages out of New
England, is distressing to a man of taste, is undeniable. Not from
want of means; for the inhabitants of these villages are thriving,
‘industrious people, and poverty is very little known there. Not
from want of materials; for both nature and the useful arts are
230 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
ready to give them every thing-needful, to impart a cheerful, taste-
ful, and inviting aspect to their homes; but simply from. a poverty
of ‘ideas, and a dormant sense of the enjoyment to be derived’ from
orderly, tasteful, and agreeable dwellings and streets; do’ these villa-
‘ges merit the condemnation of all men of taste and right feeling.
The first duty: of an inhabitant of forlorn neighborhoods, like
the village of , is to use all possible influence to have the
streets planted with trees. To plant trees, costs little trouble or. ex-
pense to each property holder; and once planted, there is some as-
surance that, with the aid of time and’ nature, we can at least cast
a graceful veil over the deformity of. a country home, if we cannot
wholly remodel its features. “Indeed, a village whose streets are bare
of trees, ought to be looked upon as in 2 condition not less pitiable
than a community without a schoolmaster, ora teacher of religion ;
for certain it is, when the affections are so dull; and the domestic
virtues so blunt that men do not care how their own homes and vil-
lages look, they care very little for fulfilling any moral obligations
‘hot made compulsory ‘by the strong arm of the law ; while, dn the »
other hand, slow us a Massachusetts village, adorned by its avenues
of elms, and made tasteful by the affection of its inhabitants,-and
you also place before us the fact, that it is there where order, good
character, and virtuous deportment most of all adorn the lives and
daily conduct of its‘people. * "
Our correspondents who, like, the one: jal quoted, aré es
of taste, must not be discouraged by lukewarmness and- opposition
on the part of the inhabitants of these GRAcELESs vitLacEs. They
must expect sneers and derision from the ignorant and prejudiced ;
for, strange to say, pdor human nature does not: love te be shown
that it is ignorant and prejudiced:; and men who.would think a cow-
shed good enough to live in, if only their wants were concerned,
take pleasute in pronouncing every man a visionary whose. ideas
rise above the level of their own accustomed vision.’ But, as an off-
set to this, it should'always be remembered that there are two great
principles at'the bottom’ of our national character, which the apostle
of taste in the most benighted, cRAcELESS VILLAGE, may safely
count upon. One of’ these is the principle of imitation, whick will
never allow a Yankee to be outdone by his neighbors; and the
*
ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF COUNTRY VILLAGES. 231
other, the principle of progress, which will not allow him to stand
still when he discovers that his neighbor has really made an im-
provement.
Begin, then, by planting the first half-dozen trees in the public
streets. “They will grow,” as Sir Walter observed, “while you
sleep ;” and once fairly settled in their new congregation, so that
they get the use of their arms, and especially of their tongues, it is
quite extraordinary what sermons they will preach to those dull and
tasteless villagers. Not a breeze that blows, but you will hear these
tongues of theirs (which some look upon merely as leaves), whisper-
ing the most eloquent appeals to any passer by. There are some,
doubtless, whose auriculars are so obtuse they they do not un-
derstand this language of the trees; but let even one of these walk
home in a hot July day, when the,sun that shines on the American
continent has a face brighter than California gold, and ‘if he does
not return thanks devoutly for the cool shade of our half-dozen trees,
as he approaches them and rests beneath their cool boughs, then is
he a worse heathen than any, piratical Malay of the Indian Ocean.
But even such a man is sometimes convinced, by an appeal 'to the
only chord-that vibrates in the narrow compass of his soul,—that
of utility,—when he sees with surprise a fine row of trees in a vil-
lage, stretching out their leafy canopy as a barrier to a destructive
fire, that otherwise would have crossed the street and burnt down
the other half of the best houses in the village.
The next ‘step to improve the GRACELESS VILLAGE, is to persuade
some of those who are erecting new buildings, to adopt more taste-
fal models. And: by this we mean, not necessarily what builders
call a “fancy house,” decorated with various ornaments that are sup-
posed to give beauty to a cottage; but rather to copy some design,
or some other building, where good proportions, pleasing form, and
_ fitness for the use intended, give the beauty sought for, without call-
“ing in the aid of ornaments, which may heighten but never create
beauty. If you cannot ‘find such a house ready built to copy from,
procure works where such designs exist, or, still better, a. rough and
cheap sketch from a competent architect, as a guide. Persuade
your neighbor, who is about to build, that, even if his house is to
cost, but. $600, there is no economy that he can practise in the ex-
.
232 RURAL ARCHITECTURE,
penditure of that sum ‘so indisputable, or which he will so com
pletely realize the value of afterwards, as $10 or $20 worth, of ad-
vice, with a few pen or pencil marks, to fix the ideas, upon paper,
from an architect of acknowledged taste and judgment. Whether
the house is to look awkward and ugly, or whether it is to be com-
fortable and pleasing for years, all depend upon the idea of that
house which previously exists in somebody’s mind,—either architect,
owner, or mechanic,—whoever, in short, conceives what that house
shall be, before it becomes “a local habitation,” or has any name
among other houses already born in the hitherto GRacELESS viL-
LAGE,
It is both surprising and pleasant, to one accustomed to-watch
the development of the human soul, to see the gradual: but certain
effect of building one really good and tasteful house in a. graceless
village. Just as cer{ain as there is a dormant spark of the love of
beauty, which underlays all natures extant, in that village, so certain
will it awaken at the sight of that house. ‘ You will hear nothing
about it; or if you do, perhaps you may, at first, even hear all‘kinds
of facetious comments on. Mr, ’s new house. But next year you
will find the old mode abandoned by him who builds a new house.
He has a new idea; he ‘strives to make his dwelling manifest’ it ;
and this process goes on, till, by-and-by, you wonder what new
genius has so changed the aspect of this village, and turned its neg-
lected, bare, and lanky streets into avenues of fine foliage, and
streets of neat and tasteful houses. -
It is an old adage, that’ a cobbler’s family has no shoes.”. We
are forced to call the adage up for an explanation of the curious
fact, that in five villages out of six in the United. States, there does
not ‘appear to have been room enough in which properly to lay out
the streets or place the houses. Why, on a continent so broad that
. the mere public lands amount to an area of fifty acres for every:
man, woman, and child, in the commonwealth, there should not be
found space sufficient to lay out country towns, so that the streets
shall be wide enough for avenues, and the house-lots broad enough
to allow sufficient trees and shrubbery to give a little privacy and
seclusion, is one of the unexplained phenomena in. the natural his-
tory of our continent, which, along with the boulders and glaciers,
2
! :
=
ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF COUNTRY VILLAGES. 233
we leave to the learned and ingenious Professor Agassiz. Certain
it is, our ancestors did not bring over this national trait from Eng-
land ; for in that small, and yet great kingdom, not larger than one
of our largest states, there is one city—London—which has more
acres devoted to public parks, than can be numbered for this pur-
pose in all America.
It may appear too soon to talk of village greens, and. village
squares, or small parks planted with trees, and open to the common
enjoyment of the inhabitants, in the case of GRACELESS VILLAGES,
where there is yet not a shade-tree standing in one of the streets.
But this will come gradually; and all the sooner, just in proportion
as the apostles of taste multiply in various parts of the country.
Persons interested in these improvements, and who are not aware of
what has been done in some parts of New England, should imme-
diately visit New Haven and Springfield. ‘The former city isa
bower of elms; and the inhabitants who now walk -béneath spa-
cious avenues, of this finest of-American trees, speak with gratitude
of the energy, public spirit and taste of the late Mr. Hillhouse, who
was the great -apostle of taste for that city, years ago, when the
streets were as bare as those of the most graceless villages in the
land, And what stranger has passed through Springfield, and not
recognized immediately a superior spirit in the place, which long
since suggested and planted the pretty. little square which now orna-
ments the town?
But we should be doing injustice to.the principle of progress, to
which- we have already referred, if we did not.mention here the
signs of the times, which we have lately noticed;. signs that prove
the spirit of rural improvement is fairly awake over this broad con-
tinent. We have received accounts, within the last month, of the
doings of ornamental tree associations, lately formed in five different
states, from New Hampshire to Tennessee.* The object of these
associations is to do precisely what nobody in particular thinks it
his business to do; that is, to rouse the public mind to the impor-
* We eannot deny ourselves the. pleasure of commending the public
‘spirit of a gentleman in one of the villages in western New York, who, by
offering a bounty for all trees planted in the village where he lives, has in-
duced many to set about the work in’ goed earnest,
234 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
tance of embellishing the streets of towns and villages, and ‘to
induce everybody to plant trees in front of his own, premises. —
While we are writing this, we have received the printed report
of one of these associations,—The Rockingham Farmers’ Club, of
Exeter, New Hampshire. The whole report is so much to the’ point,
that: we republish it entire in our Domestic Notices of the month;
but there is so much earnest enthusiasm in the first paragraph of
the report, and it is so entirely apposite to our present remarks, ee
we must also introduce it here:
“Why are not the streets of all our diy shaded and adornéd
with trees? Why are so many of our dwellings: still unprotected
from the burning ‘heat of summer, and the ‘pelting of the pitiless
storms’ of winter? Is it because in New England - hearts, hurridd
and pressed as they are by care and business, there is no just appre-
ciation of the importgnce of the subject? Oris it that failure -in
the attempt, which almost every man has made, once in his life, in
this way to ornament his home, has led many to the belief that
there is some mystery, passing the comprehension of common men,
about this matter of transplanting trees? The answer may be
found, we apprehend, partly in each of the reasons suggested. Ask
your neighbor why he has not more trees about his home, and he
will tell you that they are of no great use, and, besides, that it is
very difficult to make them grow; that he has tried it once or
twice, and they have all died. Now these, the common reasons,
are both ill-founded. It is of use for every man to surround him-
‘self with objects of interest, to cultivate a taste for the beautiful in
all things, and especially in the works of nature. It is of use for
every family to have a home, a pleasant, happy home, hallowed by
purifying influences. It 4s of use, that every child should be: edu-
cated» not only in sciences, and arts, and dead languages, but that
his affections and his taste should be developed and refined; that
the book of nature should be laid open to him; and that he should
learn to read her language in the flower and the leaf, written every-
. where, in the valley and on the hill-side, and hear it in the songs of
birds, and the murmuring of the forest. If you would keep pure
the heart of your child, and‘make his youth innocent and happy,
surround him with objects of interest and beauty at home. If you
ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF COUNTRY VILLAGES. 235
would prevent a restless spirit, if you would save him from that
lowest species of ela ‘the love of money, and teach him to
‘love ~what is lovel yy, adorm your dwellings, your , places of worship,
your school-houses, your streets and public squares, with trees. and
hedges, and lawns and flowers, so that his heart may early and ever
be impressed with the love of Him who made them all.” * ®
‘What more can we add to this eloquent appeal from the com-
mittee of a farmers’ club in a village of New Hampshire? Only
to entreat other farmers’ @lubs to goand do likewise; other orna-
mental tree societies: to carry on the good work of adorning the
country ; other apostles of taste not to be discouraged, but to be
unceasing in their efforts, till they.sce the ‘clouds of ignorance and
‘prejudice dispersing ; and, finally, all who live in the country and
have an affection for it, to-take hold of this good. work of rural im-
provement, till not a GRACELESS VILLAGE canbe found from the
Penobscot to the Rio Grande, or a man of intelligence who is not
ashamed to ‘be found living in such a village.
VI.
OUR COUNTRY VILLAGES. '
June, 1850.
ITHOUT any boasting, it may safely be said, that the natural
features of our common country (as the speakers in Congress
call her), are as agreeable and prepossessing as those of anyyther
land—whether merry England, fa belle France, or the German
fatherland. We have greater lakes, larger rivers, broader and more’
fertile prairies than the old world can show; and if the Alleghanies
are rather dwarfish when compared to the Alps, there are peaks and
summits, “ castle hills” and voleanoes, in our great back-bone rangé
of the’ Pacific—the Rocky Mountains—which may, safely hold oe
their heads along with Mont Blane and the Jungfrau.
Providence, then, has blessed this country—our eountryiii
“natural born” features, which we may look upon and be glad.
But how have we sought to deform the fair landscape here and there.
by little, miserable shabby-looking towns and villages; not misera-
ble and shabby-looking from the poverty and wretchedness of the
inhabitants—for in no land is there more peace and plenty—but
miserable and shabby-looking from the absence of taste, symmetry,
order, space; proportion,—all that constitutes beauty. Ah, well and”
truly did Cowper say, :
“God made the country, but man made the town.” ae Ne
For in’ the one, we every where see utility and — harmoniously,
ge
}
OUR COUNTRY VILLAGES. 237
combined, while the other presents us but too often the reverse ;
that is to say, the marriage of utility and deformity.
Some of our readers may remind us that we have already
preached a sermon from \this'text. No matter; we should be glad
to preach fifty ; yes, or even. establish a sect,—as that seems the only
way of making proselytes now,—whose duty it should be to convert
people living in the country towns ‘to the true faith; we mean the
true rural faith, viz, tlrat it is immoral and uncivilized to live in
mean and uncouth villages, where there is no poverty, or want of
intelligence in the inhabitants; that there is nothing’ laudable in
having a piano-forte and mahogany chairs in the parlor, where the
streets outside are barren of shade trees, destitute of side-walks, and °
populous with pigs and geese, -
We are bound to admit (with a little shame and humiliation,—
‘being a native of New-York, the “Empire State”), that there is
one part of the Union where the millennium of country towns, and
good government, and rural taste has not only commenced, but is in
full domination. We mean, of course, Massachusetts: The travel-
ler may go from one end of that State to the other, and find flourish-
ing villages, with broad streets lined with maples and elms, behind
which are goodly rows of neat and substantial dwellings, full of evi-
dences of order, comfort and taste. Throughout the whole State, no
animals are allowed to run at large in the streets of towns and vil-
lages. Hence so much more cleanliness than ‘elsewhere ; so much
more order and neatness ; so many moré pretty rural lanes; so many
inviting flower-gardens and orchards—only separated from the passer-
‘by by a low railing or hedge, instead of a formidable board fence.
Now, if you cross the State line-into New-York—a State of far
greater wealth than Massachusetts, as long settled and nearly as pop-
-. wlous—you feel directly that you are in the land of “ pigs and poul-
try,” in the least agreeable sense of the word. In’ passing through
villages and towns, the truth is still more striking,.as you go to ihe
south and west; and you feel little or nothing of that sense, of
“how pleasant it must be to live here,” which the traveller through
Berkshire, or.the Connecticut valley, or the pretty villages about
Boston, feels moving his heart within him. You are rather inclined
to wish there were two new commandments, viz.: thou shalt plant
238 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
trees, to hide the nakedness of the’ streets; and thou shalt not keep
pigs—except in the back yard !* .
Our more reflective and inquiring readers will naturally ask, why
is this better condition of things—a condition that denotes better
citizens, better laws, and higher civilization—confined almost wholly
to Massachusetts? To save them an infinite deal. of painstaking, re-
search and investigation, we will ‘tell them in a few words. That
State is better educated than the rest. She sees the advantage, mor-
ally and socially, of orderly, neat, tasteful, villages ; in producing
better citizens, in causing the laws to be respected, in making homes
dearer. and more sacred, in making domestic life and the enjoyment
of property to be more truly and rightly estimated.
And these are the legitimate and natural results of this kind of
improvement we so ardently desire in the outward life and appear-
ance of ruraltowns. If our readers suppose us anxious for the build-
ing of good houses, and. the planting of street avenues, solely that
the country may look more beautiful to the eye, and that the taste
shall be gratified, they do us an injustice. This is.only the external -
sign by which we would haye the country’s health and beauty
known, as we look for the health and. beauty of its fait’ daughters in
the presence of the rose on their cheeks. But.as the latter only
blooms lastingly there, when a good constitution is joined with
healthful habits of mind ‘and body, so the tasteful appearance which
we long for in our country towns, we seek as the outward mark
of education, moral sentiment, love of home, and refined cultiva-
tion, which makes the main difference. between Massachusetts and
Madagascar. $ :
We have, in a former number, said something as to the practi-
cal: manner in which “ graceless villages*ymay be improved. We
have urged the force of example in those who set. about improving
* We believe we must lay this latter sin at the, doors of our hard-working
emigrants from the Emerald Isle. Wherever they settle, they cling to their
ancient fraternity of porkers; and think it “no free eountry where pigs
can’t have their liberty.” Newburgh is. by no means a well-planned village,
though seareely surpassed for scenery; but we believe it may claim the
credit of being the only one among all the towns, cities aid villages of New-
York, where pigs and geese have not the freedom of the streets.
OUR COUNTRY VILLAGES. 239
their own property, and shown the influence of even two or three
persons in giving an air of civilization and ‘refinement to the streets
and suburbs of country towns. There is not a village in America,
however badly planned at first, or ill-built afterwards, that may not
be redeemed, in a great measure, by the aid of shade trees in the
streets, and a little shrubbery in the front yards, and it is never
too late or too early to project improvements of ‘this ‘kind. Every
spring and every autumn should witness a revival of associated
efforts on thg part of'select-men, trustees of corporations, and persons
‘of means and influence, to adorn and’ embellish the external condi-
tion of their towns. Those least alive to the result as regards beauty,
may be roused as to the effects of increased value given to the prop-
erty thus improved, and villages thus rendered attractive and desi-
rable as places of residence.
But let us now go a step further than this. In no country, per-
haps, are there so many new villages and towns laid out every year
as in the United States. Indeed, so large is the number, that the
builders and projectors are fairly ‘at a loss for names,—ancient ‘and
modern history having been literally worn threadbare by the god-
fathers, until all association with, great heroes and mighty deeds is
fairly beggared by this. re-christening going on in our new settle-
ments and future towns, as yet only populous to the extent of six
houses. And notwithstanding the apparent vastness of our territory,
the growth of new towns and new States is so wonderful—fifteen or
twenty years giving a population of hundreds of thousands, where
all was wilderness before—that the plan and arrangement of new
towns ought to be a matter of national importance. And yet, to
judge by the manner in which we see the thing done, there has not,
in the whole duration of the republic, been a single word said, or a
single plan formed, calculated to embody past experience, or ‘to
assist In any way the laying out of a village or town.
‘We have been the more struck by this fact in observing the
efforts of some companies-who have lately, upon the Hudson, within
some: twenty or more miles of New-York, undertaken to lay ous
rural villages, with some pretension to taste and. comfort; and aim,
at least, at combining the advantages of the country saith easy rail-
road access-to them.
240 RURAL ARCHITECTURE,
Our readers most interested in such matters as this (and, taking
our principal cities together, it is a pretty large class), willbe inter-
ested to know what. i is the beau-ideal of these’ companies, who. un-
dertake to buy tracts of land, lay them out in the best manner, and
form the most complete and attractive rural villages, in order to
tempt those tired of the wayworn ‘life: of sidewalks, into a neighbor-,
hood where, without losing society, they can see the horizon, breathe
the fresh air, and walk upon elastic greensward.
Well, the beau-ideal of these newly-planned villages'is not down
to the zero of dirty lanes and shadeless roadsides ; but it rises, we '
are sorry to say, no higher than streets, lined on each side with
shade-trees, and bordered with rows of houses. For the most part,
those houses—cottages, we presume—-are to be built, on fifty-feet
lots ; or if any buyer is not satisfied with.that. amount of elbow. room,
he may buy two Jots, though certain that his neighbor will still be.
within twenty feet of his fence.. And this is the sum total of . the
rural beauty, convenience, and comfort, of the latest plan for a rural
village in the Union.* The buyer gets nothing more. than ‘he has
in* town, save his little patch of back and front yard, a little peep,
down the street, looking one way at the river, and the other way at
the sky. So far from gaining any thing which all inhabitants of, a
village should gain by the combination, one of these new villagers
actually loses ; for if he were to go by himself, he would buy land.
cheaper, and have a, fresh landscape of fields and hills ar ound him,
instead of houses on all sides, almost: as. closely plseetlas ‘as in the city,
which he has endeavored to fly from.
Now:a rural village—newly planned in the suburbs of a great
city, and planned, too, specially for those whose circumstances will
allow them to own a tasteful cottage in such a village—should pre-,
sent attractions much-higher than this. It should aim at something
higher than mere rows of houses | upon streets’ crossing each other at
tight angles, and bordered ‘with shade-trees, Any one may find as
good shade-trees, and much better houses, in certain streets of the
city which he leaves behind him; and if he is to give up fifty eon-
* We say plan, but we do not mean to. include in this such villages as
Northampton, Brookline, é:c., beautiful and tasteful as they are. But they
are in Massachusetts ! :
OUR COUNTRY VILLAGES. 241
veniences and comforts, long enjoyed in town, for the mere fact of
fresh air, he had better take board during the summer months in
some snug farmhouse as before.
The indispensable desiderata in rural villages of this kind, are
the following: 1st, a large open space, common, or park, situated
inthe middle of the village—not less than twenty ‘acres ; and better,
if fifty or more in extent. This shoyld be well planted with groups
of trees, and kept as a lawn. ‘The expense of mowing it would be
paid by the grass in some cases 3 “and i in others, a considerable part
‘of the space might be inclosed with a wire fence, and fed by sheep.
or cows, like many of the public parks in England. :
“This park would be the nucleus or heart of the village, and
would give it an essentially rural character. Around it should be
grouped all the best cottages and residences of the place; and this
would be secured by selling no lots fronting upon it of less than
one-fourth of an acre in extent. Wide streets , with rows of ehns or
maples, should diverge from the park on each side, and upon these
streets smaller lots, but not smaller than one hundred feet front,
should be sold for smaller cottages,
In this way, we would secure to our village a permanent rural
character ; first, by the ‘possession of’ a large central space, always
devoted to park or pleasure-ground, and always held as joint pro-'
perty, and for the common use of the whole village ; second, by the
iniperative arrangernent of cottages or dwellings around it, in such
a way’ as to secure in all parts of the village sufficient space, view,
circulation of air, and broad, well-planted avenues of shade-trees.
After such a village was built, and the central park planted a
few years, the inhabitants would not be contented with the mere
meadow and trees, usually called a park in this country. By sub-
mitting to a small annual tax per family, they could turn the whole’
park, if small, or considerable portions, here and there, if large, into
pleasure-grounds. In the latter, there would be collected, by the
‘combined means of the village, all the rare, hardy shrubs, trees, and
plants, usually found in the ‘private grounds of any amateur in
America. Beds and masses of ever-blooming roses, sweet-scented
climbers, and the richest shrubs, would thus be open to the enjoy-
ment of all during the whole growing sedson. Those who had
16
242 és RURAL -ARCHITECTURE.
neither the means, timé, nor inclination, to devote to the culture of
private pleasure-groynds, cold thus enjoy those which belonged ‘to
all. Others might prefer to devote their own garden to Auta and
vegetables, since the pleasure-grounds, which belonged to all, and
which all would enjoy, would, by their greater breadth and magni-
tude, offer beauties and enjoyments which few private gardens can
give.
The next step, after the in hsdcion of such public iat e-
grounds, would be the social and’ common enjoyment of’ them.
Upon the-well-snown glades of lawn, and beneath the shadé of the
forest-trees, would be formed rustic seats. Little arbors would’ be
placed near, where in midsummer evenings ices would be served: to
all who wished them. And, little by little, the musical taste of the
village (with the help of those good musical folks—the German
emigrants) would organize itself into a band, which would. occa:
sionally delight the ears of all fréquenters of the park with popular
airs.
Do we overrate the mental and moral aoe of stick, @ com-
mon ground of entertainment as this, when we say: that the inhabit-.
ants of such a village—enjoying in this way @ common interest in
flowers, trees, the fresh air, and sweet music; daily—would ‘have
something more healthful than the ordinary life of. cities, and more
refining and elevating than the common gossip of country villages!
“Ah! I see, Mr. Editor, you are a bit of a communist.” By no
means. On the contrary, we believe, above all things under heaven,
in the power and virtue of the individual home. We devote our
life and humble efforts to raising’ its condition. But people must
live in towns and villages, and therefore let us raise- -the condition
of towns and villages, and: especially of rural towns and villages, by
all possible means !
But we are republican ; and, shall we confess it, we are a little
vexed that as a people generally, we do not see how mich in Amer-
ica we lose by not using the advantages of republicanism. We
mean now, for refined culture, physical comfort, and the like. Re-
publican education we are now beginning pretty well to understand
the value of; and_it will not be long before it will.be hard to find a
native citizen ‘who’ cannot read and write. And this comes by
OUR COUNTRY VILLAGES. 243
making every man see what a great moral and intellectual good
comes from cheerfully bearing a part in the burden of popular edu-
cation. Let us next take-up popular refinement in the-arts, manners,
social life, and innocent enjoyments, and we shall see what a virtuous
and educated republic can really become.
- Besides this, it is the proper duty of the state—that is, the people
—to do inthis way what the reigning power does in a monarchy.
If the kings and princes in Germany, and the sovereign of Engkand,
have made magnificent parks and pleasure-gardens, and thrown
them wide open for the enjoyment of all classes of the people (the
latter, after all, having to pay. for it), may it not be that our sover-.
eign people will (far more cheaply, as they may) make and support
these great and healthy sources of pleasure and refinement for
themselves in America? We believe so; and we confidently wait
for the time when public parks, public gardens, public galleries, and
tasteful villages, shall be among the peculiar features of our happy
republic.
VIL
ON SIMPLE RURAL COTTAGES.
\
j . September, 1846.
HE simple rural cottage, or the Working Man's Cottage, deserves
some serious consideration, and we wish to call the attention
of our readers to it at this moment. The: pretty suburban, cottage,
and the ornamented villa, are no longer vague and rudimentary
ideas in the minds of our people. The last five years have produced
in the environs of all our principal towns, in the Eastern and-Middle
States, some specimens of tasteful dwellings of this class, that would
be considered beautiful examples of rural architecture in. any. part’
of the world. Our attention has been called to at least a dozen
examples lately, of rural saan ang ee charming and i in _
best taste.
In some parts of the sessile: the inhabitants of the suburbs’ of”
towns appear, indeed, almost to have a mania on the subject of or-. ;
namental cottages. Weary of the unfitness and the uncouthness of’
the previous models, and inspired with some notions of rural Gothic,
they have seized it with a kind of frenzy, and carpenters, distracted
with verge-boards and. gables, have, in some cases, made sad work
of the picturesque. Here and there we see a really good and well-
proportioned ornamental dwelling. But almost in the immediate
neighborhood of it, soon spring up tasteless and meagre imitations,
the absurdity of whose effect borders upon a caricature.
Notwithstanding this deplorably bad taste, rural architecture is:
making a progress in the United, States that is really wonderful.
Among the many failures in cottages, there, are some very succes’
ON SIMPLE RURAL COTTAGES, 245
ful attempts, and every rural dwelling, really’ well designed and ex-
ecuted, has a strong’ and positive effect upon the good taste of the
whole country. :
There is, perhaps, a moré intuitive judgment—we mean a natu-
ral and instinctive one—in the popular mind, regarding architecture,
than any other one of the fine arts. We have known many men,
who could not themselves désign a good common gate, who yet felt
truly, and at a glance, the beauty of a well-proportioned and taste-
ful house, and the deformity of one whose proportions and details
were bad. Why then are there so many failures in building orna-
mental cottages f
We imagine the answer to this lies plainly in the fact, that the
most erroneous notions prevail respecting the proper use of pEcoRA-
TION in rural: architecture.
It is the. most common belief and practice, with those whose
taste is merely borrowed, and not founded upon any clearly defined:
principles, that it is only necessary to adopt the ornaments of a cer-
tain building, or a certain style of building, to produce the best effect
of the style or building in question. But so far is this from being the
true mode of attaining this result, that in every case where it is adopt-
ed, as we perceive at a glance, the result is altogether unsatisfactory.
Ten years ago the mock-Grecian fashion was at‘its height. Per-
haps nothing is. more truly beautiful than the pure and classical
Greek temple—so perfect in its proportions, so chaste’ and harmo-
nious in its decorations. .It is certainly not the best style for a coun-
try house ; but still we have seen a few specimens in this country,
of really beautiful villas, in this style—where the proportions of the
whole, and the admirable completeness of all the parts, executed on
‘a fitting scale, produced emotions of the highest pleasure.
But, alas! no sooner were there a few “specimens of the classical
style in the country, than the Greek temple mania became an epi-
demic, Churches, banks, and court-houses, one could very well bear
to see Kitruwianized. Their simple uses and respectable size bore
well the honors which the destiny of the day forced upon them.
But to see. the five orders applied to every other building, from the
rich merchant’s mansion to the smallest and meanest of all edifices,
was a spectacle which made‘even the warmest admirers of Vitruvius
246 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
sad, and would have made a true Greek believe that. the gods who
preside over beauty and hate, had for ever abandoned the new
_ world !
But the Greek temple disease has passed its crisis. The people
have survived it. .Some few buildings of simple forms, and conve-
nient arrangements, that stood here and there over the country, ut-
tering silent rebukes, perhaps had something to do with bringing us
‘to just notions of fitness and pfopriety. Many" of the perishable
wooden Porticoes have fallen down; many more will soon do s0;
and many have been pulled: down, and replaced .by less prothaading
_piazzas or verandas.
Yet we are now obliged to confess that we see strong’ symptoms |
manifesting themselves of a second disease, which is to disturb the
architectural growth of our people. We feel that we shall not be
able to avert it, but perhaps, by exhibiting a diagnosis of the symp-
toms, we may prevent its extending so widely as it might other
wise do. -
We allude to the mania just springing up for a kind of spurious
‘rural Gothic cottage.: It is nothing more than a miserable wooden:
thing, tricked out with flimsy vergé-boards, and unmeaning gables.
Tt has nothing of the true character of the cottage it: seeks to imi--
tate. It bears the same relation to it that a child’s toy-house does_
to a real and substantial habitation.
If we inquire into the cause of. these architectural abortions,
either Grecian or Gothic, we shall find that they always arise from
a poverty of ideas on the subject of style in architecture. The no-
vice in architecture always supposes, when he builds a common
house, and decorates it with the showiest ornaments of a, certain
style, that he has erected an edifice in that style. He deludes him-
self inthe same manner as the schoolboy who, with-his gaudy paper -
cap and tin sword, imagines himself a great general. We build.a
miserable shed, make one of its ends a portico with Ionic columns,
and call it a temple in the Greek style. At the same time, it has
none of the proportions, nothing of the size, solidity, and perfection
of details, and probably few or.none of the’ remaining deoprations
of that style.
So too, we now see erected a iosden cottage of a few foot in
ON SIMPLE RURAL COTTAGES. 247
length, gothicized by the introduction of three or four pointed win-
dows, little gables ehough for a residence of the first class, and a
profusion of thin, scolloped verge-boards, looking more like card or-
naments,;than the solid, heavy, carved decorations proper to .the
style imitated.
Let those who wish to avoid such exhibitions of bad taste, recur
to some just and correct principles on this subject.
One of,the soundest maxims ever laid down on this aulbjecds by
our lamented friend Loudon, ‘(who understood its principles as well
as any one that ever wrote on this subject), was the following:
“ Nothing should be introduced into any cottage design, however
ornamental it may appear, that is at variance with prety, com-
fort, or sound workmanship.”
The chiefest objection that we make to these pec
cottages of very small size, (which we have now in view,) is that
the introduction of so much ornament is evidently a violation of
the principles of propriety.
Tt cannot be denied by the least reflective mind, that.there are
several classes of dwelling-houses in every country. : The mansion of
the wealthy’ proprietor, which: is filled with pictures and statues,
ought certainly to have a superior architectural character to the
cottage of the industrious workingman, who is just able to furnish
a comfortable home for his family. While the first: is allowed to
‘display even an ornate style of building, which his means will en-
able him to complete and ‘tender somewhat perfect—the other can-
not adopt the same ‘ornaments without rendering a cottage, which
might be agreeable and pleasing, from -its fitness and genuine sim-
plicity, offensive and distasteful through: its ambitious, borrowed
decorations.
By adopting such ornaments they must therefore violate pro-
priety, because, architecturally, it is not fitting that the humble cot-
tage should wear the decorations of a superior dwelling, any more
than that the plain workingman should wear the same diamonds
that represent the superfluous wealth of his neighbor. In a cot-
tage of the smallest size, it is evident, also, that, if its tenant is the
owner, he must make some sacrifice of -comfort to produce effect ;
and he waives the principle which demands sound seotenanehip,
248 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
- since to adopt any highly ornamental style, the possessor’ of small
means is obliged to make those ornaments flimsy and meagre,
which ought to be substantial and carefully executed.
Do we then intend to say, that the humble cottage must be left
bald and tasteless? By no means. We desire to see every rural
dwelling in America tasteful. "When the intelligence of our active-
minded people has been turned in this, direction long enough, we
are confident that this country. will more abound in beautiful rural
dwellings than any other part of the world. But we wish to see
the workingman’s' cottge made tasteful in a simple and fit man-
ner. We wish to see him eschew all ornaments that are inappro-
priate and unbecoming, and give it a simple-and pleasing character
by the use of truthful means.
For the cottage. of this class, we would then entirely reject all
attempts at columns or verge-boards.* If the. owner can afford it,
we would, by all means, have a veranda (piazza), however small;
for we consider that feature one affording the greatest eg If
the cottage is of wood, we would even build it with ae rough
boards, painting and sanding the same.
‘We would, first of all, give our cottage the Bait proportions.
Tt should not be-too narrow ; it should not be too high. These are
the two prevailing faults with us. After giving it an 1 agreeable pro-
portion—which isthe highest source of all material beauty—we
would give it something more of character as well as comfort, by
-extending the roof. Nothing is. pleasanter to the. eye than the
shadow afforded by a projecting’eave. It is nearly impossible that
a house should be quite ugly, with an amply projecting roof: as it,
is difficult to, render a simple one pleasing, when it is narrow and
pinched about the eaves.
After’ this, we would’ bestow a little character by a bold and
simple dressing, or facing, about the windows and doors. he
* Of course, these remarks regarding decorations do not apply eae
to the case of cottages for the tenants, ‘gardeners, farmers, etc, of a large
estate. In that case, such dwellings form parts of a highly finished whole.
The means of the proprietor are sufficient to render them complete of their
kind. Yeteven in this case, we much prefer a becoming simplicity in tho
cottages of such a desmesne.
ON SIMPLE RURAL COTTAGES. 249
chimneys may next be attended to. Let them be less clumsy and
heavy, if possible, than usual.
This would be character enough for the simplest class of cot-
tages. We would rather aim to render them striking and expres-
sive by a good outline, and a few simple details, than by the imita-
tion of the, ornaments of a more complete and highly finished style
of building.
In, figs. 1 and 2, we have endéavored to give two views of a
workingman’s cottage, of humble means.*
' Whatever may be thought of the effect of these designs, (and,
we assure our readers that they appear much better when built
than upon paper,) we think it will not be denied, that they have
not the defects to which we have just alluded. The style is as eCo-
nomical as the cheapest mode of building ; itis expressive of the
simple wants of its occupant; and it is, we conceive, not without
some tasteful character. 2
Last, though. not least, this mode of building cottages is well
adapted to our country. The material—wood—is one which must,
-yet for some years, be the only one used for small cottages. The
projecting eaves partially. shelter. the building from -our hot sun and
violent storms; and the few simple details, which may be said to
confer something of an ornamental character, as the rafter brackets
and window dressings, are such as obviously grow out of the pri-
mary conveniences of the house—the necessity of a roof for shelter,
and the necessity of windows for light.
. Common narrow siding, (i. e. the thin clap-boarding i in general
use,) we would not employ for. the exterior.of this class of cottages
—nor, indeed, for any simple rural buildings. What we greatly
prefer, are good strong and sound boards, from ten to fourteen
inches wide, and one to one and a fourth inches thick, These
should be tongued and grooved so as to make a close joint, and
nailed to,the frame of the house in a vertical manner, The joint
should be govered on the outside with a narrow strip of inch board,
from two to three inches wide, The epecnpanyne cut, fg. 3, a,
* We do not give the interior plan of aes at pee Our only ob-
ject now is to call’attention to the exteriors of dwellings of this class.
\
250 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
showing a section of this mode of weather-boarding will best ex-
plain it to the reader.
-We first pointed out this mode of covering, in our “ Cutten
Residences.” A great
number of gentlemen
have since adopted it,
and all express them-
selves highly gratified
with it. It is by. far
the most . expressive
and agreeable mode
of building in wood
b f for the. country ; it is
stronger, equally'cheap
and. much more dura-
¢ . ble than the thin sid_
‘ing; and it has a cha-
LLM. YOW Wh: :
a -racter of strength and
x permanence, which, to
ss \, Fig. = Cottage Siding and Roofing. . our eye, narrow an d
thin boards never can have. When filled é in with cheap soft brick,
it also makes a very warm house,
The rafters of these two cottages are stout joists, placed.two feet
apart, which are allowed to extend beyond the house two feet, to
answer the puipose of brackets, for the projecting eaves.. Fig. 3; b,
will show, at a glance, the mode of rafter boarding and shingling
over these rafters, so as.to form the simplest and best kind of
roof,*
The window ican which should have a bold and . siniple
character, and made by nailing on the weather ‘boarding : stout
* The simplest mode of for ming an eave gutter ona projecting roof Vike
this, is shown in the cut, fig. 3.at ¢. It consists merely of atin trough, fast-
etied to the roof by its longer portion, which extends up under one layer
of shingles, This lies close upon the roof, The trough being directly over
the line of the outer face of the house, the leader d, which conveys away
the water, passes down in a str aight line, avoiding the angles necessary in
the common mode.
1
ON’ SIMPLE RURAL COTTAGES. 251
. strips, four inches wide, fig. 4, a, of plank, one inch and a half in
thickness. The coping Weer is of the same ae and six
to eight inches wide,
,
a t
‘supported by a couple | ., ny } \
of pieces of joists, ¢, weal 8 Moy
nailed under it for) , |
brackets. \
’ We have tried the |
effect. of this kind of |
- exterior, using un- | al
planed boards, to.
which .we have given
_ two good coats. of
paint, sanding the} N
second coat. The ef-
fect we think much
more agreeable—be-
cause. it is in better
-keeping with a rustic | } LT | |
‘cottage, than when aa] Th B a
the more - expensive ao Ve Lvl
mode of using planed TRAE we penn Re Ne
boards is resorte d to. Fig. 4. Cottage Window Dressing.
Some time. ago, we ventured to record our objections to white
as.a universal color for country houses. We have had great satis-
faction, since that time, in. seeing a gradual. improvement taking
place with respect to this matter. Neutral tints are, with the best
taste, now every where preferred to strong glaring colors. Cottages
of this class, we would always paint some soft and pleasing shade.
_of.drab or fawn color. These are tints which, on the whole; har-
monize best, with the sur younding hues of the counitry itself:
These twé little designs . are antonded for the. simplest cottages,
to cost from two to five hundred: dollars... :Our readers will’ not un-.
derstand ps as: offering them as complete models of a workingman’ s
cottage. They are only partial examples | of our views and. taste in
this matter, We shall continue the subject, from. time to tinie,
‘with various other examples.
VIII.
ON THE COLOR OF COUNTRY HOUSES.
May, 1847. °
HARLES DICKENS, in that unlucky visit to America, in
which he was treated. like a spoiled child, and. left’ it in. the
humor that often follows too lavish a bestowal of sugar plums on
spoiled children, made now arid then a remark in his characteristic
vein of subtle perceptions. Speaking of some of our wooden vil-
"lages—the houses as bright as the greenest’ blinds and the whitest’
weather-boarding can make them—he said it was quite impossible
to believe them real; substantial habitations. They looked “as if
they had’ been put up on Saturday night, and were to be taken domi
on Monday morning !”
There is no wonder that any tourist, aoratoned to the aie
and harmonious color of buildings in an Hnglih landscape, should
be shocked at the glare and rawness of many of our country dwell-
ings: Brown, the celebrated English landscape gardener, used to
say of a new red brick house, that it would “ put a whole valley in a
fever!” Some of our freshly painted villages, seen in a bright sum:
mer day, might give a man with weak eyes a fit of the oph-
thalmia.
We have previously ventured a word or two auzeiuat this na-
tional passion for white paint, and it seems to us a fitting moment
to look the subject boldly in the face once more. ;
In a country where a majority of the houses are built of wood, <
the use of some paint is an absolute necessity in point of economy.
What the colors of this paint are, we consider.a matter no less im-
portant in point of taste.
ON THE COLOR OF COUNTRY HOUSES. 253
Now, genuine white lead (the color nontinally used for most
exteriors) is one of the dearest of paints.* It is not, therefore,
economy which leads our countrymen into such a dazzling error.
Some mistaken notions, touching its good effect, in connection with
the country, is undoubtedly at the bottom of it: “ Give me,” says a re-
tired citizen, before whose eyes red brick and dusty streets have been
the only objects for years, “give me a white house with bright green
blinds in the country.” To him, white is at once the newest, clean-
est, smartest, and most conspicuous color which it is possible to
choose for his cottage or villa. Its freshness and néwness he prizes
as a clown does that of his Sunday suit, the more the first day after
it comes from the tailor, with all the unsullied gloss and glitter of
gilt buttons. To possess a house which has a quiet air, as though
it might have been inhabited and well taken care of for years, is no
pleasure to him. He desires every one to know that he, Mr. Broad-
cloth, has come into the country and built a sew house. N. othing
will give the stamp of newness so strongly as white paint. Besides
this, he does not wish his light to be hidden under a bushel. He
has no idea of leading an obscure life in the country. Seclusion
and privacy are the only blue devils of his imagination.. He wishes
évery passer-by on the river, railroad, or highway, to see and know
that this is Mr. Broadcloth’s villa. It must be conspicuous—there-
fore it is painted wuuiTE.
Any one who has watchéd the effect of example in a country
neighborhood, does not need to be told that all the small dwellings
that are built the next season after Mr. Broadcloth’s new house, are
painted, if possible, a shade whiter, and the blinds a little more in-
tensely verdant—what the painters triumphantly call “French
green.” There is no resisting the fashion ; those who cannot afford
paint use whitewash ; and whole illlenes to borrow Miss Miggs’s
striking: illustration, look like “ whitenin’ and supelters.”
‘Our first objection to white, is, that it is too glaring and con-
* We say genuine white lead, for it is notorious that four-fifths of the
white paint sold ynder this name in the United States, is only an imitation
of it, composed largely of whiting. Though the first cost of the latter is lit-
tle, yet as it soon rubs off and speedily repuires renewal, it is one of the dear-
est colors in the end.
254 : RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
spicuous. We scarcely know any thing more uncomfortable to the
eye, than to approach the sunny side of a house in one of our bril-
liant midsummer days, when it revels in the fashionable «purity of its
color. It is absolutely painful. N: ature, full of kindness for man, has
covered most of the surface that meets his eye in the country, with
a soft green hue—at once the most refreshing. and most grateful'to
the eye. These habitations that we have referred to, appear to be
colored on the very opposite principle, and one needs, in broad sun- —
shine, to turn his eyes away to relieve them by a glimpse: of ‘the
soft and refreshing shades that every where uae the trees, the
grass, and, the surface of the earth.
Our second objection to white is, that it does not: ents
with the country, and thereby mars the effect of rural landscapes.
Much of the beauty of landscape depends on what painters call
breadth of tone—which is caused by broad masses of colors that
harmonize and blend agreeably together. Nothing tends to destroy
breadth of tone so much as any object of ‘considerable size, and of a
brilliant white. It stands harshly apart from all the soft shades: ‘of
the scene. Hence landscape painters always studiously avoid the °
introduction; of white in their buildings, and give. them instead,
some neutral tint—a tint which unites or contrasts agreeably, with
the color of trees and grass, ‘and which seems to blend. into other
parts of natural landscape, instead, ee being a discordant note in the
general harmony.
There is: always, perhaps, something - not quite agreeable in ob-
jects of a dazzling whiteness, when brought into contrast with other,
' colors,, Mr. Price, in his essays on the Beautiful and Picturesque,
conceived that very white teeth gave a silly expression to:the coun-
tenaneé—and_ brings forward,’in illustration of it, the well-known
soubriquet which Horace Walpole bestowed on one of his acquaint:
ances—“ the gentleman with the foolish teeth.”
No one is successful in rural improvements, who does not study
nature, and take her for the basis of his practice. Now, in natural
landscape, any thing like strong. and bright colors is seldom seen,
except in very minute portions, and least. of all pure white—chiefly
appearing in small objects like flowers. The practical rule which
should be deduced from this, is, to avoid all those colors which na-
ON THE COLOR OF COUNTRY HOUSES. 255
ture avoids. In buildings, we should copy those that she offers
chiefly: to the eye—such as those of the soil, rocks, wood, and the
bark of trees,—the materials of which houses are built. These ma-
terials offer us the best and most natural study from which harmo-
nious colors for the houses themselves should be taken.
‘Wordsworth, in a little volume on the Scenery of. the Lakes, re-
marks that the objections to white as a color, in large spots or
masses, in landscapes, are insurmountable. He says it: destroys the
gradations of distances, haunts the eye, and disturbs the repose of
nature.. To leave some little consolation to’ the lovers of white lead,
‘we will add that there is one position in which their favorite color.
may not only be tolerated, but often has.a happy-effect. "We mean
in the case of a country house or cottage, deeply imbowered in trees.
Surrounded by such a mass of foliage as Spenser describes,
"In whose enclosed shadow there was set
A fair , pavilion scarcely to be seen,”
a ne building « often has a magical effect. But a landscape painter
would quickly answer, if he were ‘asked the reason of this exception
to the rule, “It is because the building does not appear white.” In
other words, in the shadow of the foliage by which it is half con-
cealed, it loses all the harshness and offensiveness of a white house
in an open site. We have, indeed, often felt, in looking at examples
of the latter, set upon a bald hill, that the building ‘itself would, if
possible, ery out,
“ Hide me from day’s garish eye.”
Having entered our protest against the general use of white in
country edifices, we are bound to point out what we consider snit-
able shades of color. t .
We have said that one should look to nature for hints i in color.
‘This gives us, apparently, a wide choice of shades, but as we ought |
properly to employ modified shades, taken from the colors of the
materials of which houses are constructed, the number of objects
is brought within a moderate compass. Houses are not built
of grass, or leaves, and there is, therefore, not much propriety in
256 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
painting a dwelling green. Earth, stone, bricks, and wood, are the
substances that enter mostly into the structure of our houses, and
from these we would accordingly take suggestions for painting
them. en, : ws :
Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was full of an artistical feeling for the
union of a house with its surrounding scenery, once: said, “If you
would fix upon the best color for your house, turn up a:stone,-or
pluck up a handful of grass by the roots, and see what is the color
of the soil where the house is to stand, and let that-be your choice.”
This rule was not probably intended to be exactly carried into gene-
ral practice, but the feeling that prompted it was the same that we
are endeavoring to illustrate—the necessity of a unity of color in
the house and country about it.
We think, in the beginning, that the color of all Buildings in the
country should be of those soft and quiet shades, called neutral tints,.
such as fawn, drab, gray, brown, &c., and that all postive colors, =
such as white, yellow, red, blue, black, &c., should always be avoided 5 :
neutral tints being those drawn from nature, and harmonizing best
with her, and positive colors being most discordant when introduced
into rural scénery. ba
In the second place; we would — the shade of aioe -as far
as possible, to the expression, style; or character.of the house itself.
Thus, a large mansion may very properly receive a somewhat séber
hue, expressive of dignity; while a country house, of moderate size,
demands a lighter ‘and more pleasant, but still quiet tone; and a
small cottage should, we think, always have a cheerful and lively
tint. Country houses, thickly surrounded by trees, should always
be painted of 4 lighter shade than those standing exposed. ‘And a
new house, entirely unrelieved by foliage, as it is rendered conspicu-
oug by the very nakedness of its position, should be painted several
shades darker than the same building if placed in a well wodded .
site. In proportion asa house is exposed to view, let its hue be
darker, and where it is much concealed by foliage, a very light shade 2
of ee is to be preferred.
Wordsworth remarks, in speaking of, houses in the Lake coun- .
try, that many persons who haye heard white condemned, have erréd
by adopting .a cold slaty color. The dulness and dimness of hue in’
ON THE COLOR OF COUNTRY HOUSES. 257
some dark stones, produces an effect quite at variance with the
cheerful expression which small houses should wear. “The flaring
yellow,” he adds, runs into the opposite extreme, and is still more
censurable. Upon the whole, the safest color, for general use, is
something between a cream and a dust color. ~
‘This color, which Wordsworth recommends for gerieral use, is the’
hue ‘of the English freestone, called Portland stone—a quiet fawn
color, to which we are strongly partial, and which harmonizes per-
haps more completely with all situations in the country than any
other that can be named. Next to this, we like a warm gray, that
is, a drab mixed with a very little red and some yellow. Browns
and dark grays are suitable for barns, stables, and outbuildings,
which it is desirable to render inconspicuous—but for dwellings, un-
less very light shades of these latter colors are used, they are apt to
give a dull and heavy effect in the country.*
A very, slight admixture of a darker color is sufficient to remove
the objections to white paint, by deroyns the glare of white, the
only color which reflects adi the sun’s rays. We would advise the
use of soft shades, not much removed from white, for small cottages,
which should not be painted of too dark a shade, which would give
them an aspect of gloom in the place of glare. “It is the more ne-
cessary to-make this suggestion, since we have lately observed that
some persons newly awakened to thg bad effect of white, have rush-
ed into the opposite extreme, and colored their country houses of
sucha sombre hue that they give a melancholy character to the
whole neighborhood around them.
A species of monotony is also produced by sige the same neu-
tral tint for every part of the exterior of a country | house. Now
there are features, such as window facings, blinds, ‘cornices, ete.,
which confer the same kind of expression on a house that the eyes,
eyebrows, lips, dc. of a face, do upon the human countenance. To
' «Tt is very difficult to convey any proper idea of shades of color by
words, Inour “ Cottage Residences,” we have attempted to do so by a plate
showing some of the tints. We would suggest to persons wishing to select
accurately, shades for their painter to copy, to go into a stationer’s, and exa-
mine a stock of tinted papers: .A great variety of shades in agreeable neu-
tral tints, will usually be found, and a selection once made, the color can be
imitated without oh failure.
: 1
258 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
paint-the whole house plain drab, gives it very much the same dull
_ and insipid effect that colorless features (white hair, pale eyebrows,
“lips, d&c., dc.) do the face, A certain sprightliness is therefore’ al-
ways bestowed on. a dwelling in a neutral tint, by painting the
bolder projecting features of a different shade. The simplest practi-
cal rule that we can suggest for effecting this, in the most satisfac-
tory and agreeable manner, is the following: ‘Choose paint of some
‘neutral, tint that is quite satisfactory, and let the facings of the win-
dows, cornices, &¢., be painted several shades darker, of the same
color. The blinds may either be.a still darker shade than the fa-
cings, or else the darkest green.*. This variety of shades will give a
building a cheerful. effect, when, if but’ one of the shades were em-
ployed, there would be a dulness and heaviness in the appearance
of its exterior. Any one who will follow the principles we have
suggested cannot, at least, fail to avoid the gross blunders in taste
which most common house-painters and their employers have so long
been in the habit of committing in the practice of painting counizy
houses.
Uvedale Price justly remarked, that many people have a sort of
callus over their organs of light, as others over those of hearing ;
and as the callous hearers feel nothing in music but kettle-drums
and trombones, so the callous seers can only be moved by strong
opposition of black and white, gr by fiery reds. There are, we may
add, many house-painters who appear to be equally benumbed to
any deli¢ate sensation in shades of color. They judge‘of the beauty
of colors upon houses as they do in the raw pigment, and we verily
believe would be-more gratified to paint every thing chrome yellow, .
indigo blue, pure white, vermilion red, and the like, than with the
most fitting and delicate mingling of shades to be found under the
* Thus, if the color of the house be that of Portland stone (a fawn shade),
let: the window casings, cornices, ete. be. painted a light brown, the color of -
our common red freestone—and make the necessar y shadé by mixing the re-
quisite quantity of brown with’ the color used in the body of the house.
There is an éxcellent specimen of this effect in the exterior of the Delavan
House, Albany. Very dark green is quite unobjectionable as a color for the
venetian blinds, so much used in our country—as it is'quite unobtrusive.
‘Bright green is offonsive to the eye, and vulgar and flashy in effect.
ON THE COLOR OF COUNTRY HOUSES, 259
wide canopy of heaven. Fortunately fashion, a more powerful
teacher of the multitude than the press or the schools, is now setting
in the right direction. A few men of taste and judgment, in city
and country, have set the example by casting off all connection with
harsh colors. What a few leaders do at the first, from a nice sense
. of harmony in colors, the many will .do afterwards, when they see
the superior beauty of neutral tints, supported and ‘enforced by the
example of those who build and- inhabit the most attractive and
agreeable houses, and we trust, at no very distant time, one may have
the pleasure of travelling over our whole country, without meeting
with a single habitation of glaring and offensive color, but every
where see sorhething of harmony and beauty.
1x.
A SHORT CHAPTER ON COUNTRY. CHURCHES. a
ioe 1861. -
HAT, among all the edifices that compose a country town or
village, is that, which: the inhabitants should most. love and
reverence,—should most respect and admire among themselves, and -
should feel most pleasure i in showing, to a stranger ?
We imagine the answer ready upon the lips of every one of
our readers in the country, and rising at once to utterance, i is—the
Vittace Cuurce.
And yet, are our stay churches winning and attractive im
. their exterior and interior? Is one drawn to admire them at first
sight, by the beauty of their proportions, the expression of holy
purpose which they embody, the feeling of harmony with Gop and
man, which they suggest? Does one. get to love the very stones
of which they are composed, because they so completely belong
to a building, which looks and is the home of Christian worship,
and stands as the type of all that is firmest and deepest in our
religious faith and affections ?,
Alas! we fear there are very few country churches in our land
that exert this kind of spell,—a spell which grows out of making
stone, and brick, and timber, obey the will of the living. soul, and
express 2 religious sentiment. Most _persons, most committees, se-
lectmen, vestrymen, and. congregations, who have to, do with the
building of churches, appear indeed wholly to ignore the fact, that
the form and feature of a building may be made to express religious,
civil, domestic, or a dozen other feelings, as distinctly as the form
A SHORT CHAPTER ON COUNTRY CHURCHES. 261
and features of the human face ;—and yet this isa fact as well
known by all true architects, as that joy and sorrow, pleasure and
pain, are capable of irradiating or darkening the countenance. Yes,
and we do not say too much, when, we add, that right expression
in a building for religious purposes, has as much to do with awak-
ening devotional feelings, and begetting an attachment in the heart,
as the unmistakable signs of virtue and benevolence in our fellow-
creatures, have in awakening kindred feeling in our own breasts.
We donot, of course, mean to say, that a beautiful rural
church will make all the population about it devotional, any more
than that sunshine will banish all ‘gloom ; but it is one of the in-
“fluences that prepare the way for religious feeling, and which we
are as unwise to neglect, as we should be to abjure the world and
bury ourselves like the ancient troglodytes, in caves and caverns.
To speak out the truth boldly, would be to say that the ugliest
church architecture in Christendom, is'at this moment to be found
in the country towns ahd villages of the United States. Doubtless,
the hatred which originally existed m the minds of our puritan an-
cestors, against every thing that belonged to the Romish Church, in-
cluding in one general ‘sweep all beauty and all taste, along with
all the superstitions | and errors of ‘what had become a corrupt
system of religion, isa key to the bareness and baldness, and ab-
sence of all that is lovely to the eye in the primitive churches of
New Exigland—which are for the most part the type-churches, of
all America. ,
But, little by little, ithis itizaesresiaatat spirit is wearing off.
Men are not now so blindéd by personal feeling against great spi-
ritual wrongs, as to identify for ever, all that blessed boon of har-
mony, grace, proportion, symmetry and expression, which make
what we call Beauty, with the vices, either real or supposed, of any
particular creed. In«short, as a people, our eyes are opening to
the perception of influences that are good, healthful, and elevating
to the soul, in all: ages, and all countries—and we separate the
vices of men from the laws of order and beauty, by which the uni-
verse is governed,
The first step which we have taken to show our emancipation
from puritanism in architecture, is that of building our churches
262 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
with porticoes, in a kind of shabby imitation of Greek témples.
This has been the prevailing taste, if it is worthy of that naine,
of the Northern States, for the last fifteen or twenty years,
The form of these churches is a parallelogram. A long row of
windows, square or round-héeaded, and cut in two by a gallery on
the inside; a clumsy porticd of Doric or Ionic columns in front,
and a cupola upon the top, (usually stuck in the only place where
a cupola should never be—that is, directly over. the -pediment or
portico)—such are the chef d’auvres of ecclesiastical architecture,
standing, in nine cases out of ten, as the rural churches of ‘the
country at large.
Now, architecturally, we ought not to consider these, churches
at all. And by churches, we mean no narrow sectarian phrase—
but a place where Christians worship Gop. Indeed, many of the
eéngregations seem.to have felt this, and contented ‘themselves with
ealling them “ meeting-houses, ” Tf they would go a step farther, -
and turn them into town meeting-houses—or at least would, in fa-
ture, only ‘build such edifices for town meetings, or other civil pur-
poses, then the building and'its purpose would be in good keeping,
one with the other.
Not to appear presumptive’ and partial in our criticism, let us
glance for a moment’ at the opposite purposes of the Grecian: or
classical, and the ‘Gothic or pointed styles of architecture—as to
what: they really mean ;—for our readers must not. suppose that all
atchitécts are men who merely put together certain pretty lines and
ornaments, to pide an agreeable ‘effect’ and. saat pe
lar eye,
Tn these two styles, which have so taken root that they are em-
ployed at the present moment, all over Europe and America, there
is something more than a mere conventional treatment of doors and
windows; the application of columns in one case, and the introdue-
tion of pointed arehes in the other. In other words, there is an in-
trinsic meaning: or ‘expression involved in each, which, not to under-
stand, or vaguely to understand, is to be working blindly, or striving
after something in the dark.
The leading idea of the Greek architecture, then, is in its ‘hori-
zontal lines—the unbroken level of its cornice, which is the “level
A SHORT CHAPTER ON .COUNTRY CHURCHES. 263
line of rationality.” In this line, in the regular division of ‘spaces,
both of columns and windows, we find. the elements of order, law,
‘and human reason, fully and completely expressed. Hence, the fit-
ness of classical architecture for the service of the state, for the town
hall, the legislative assembly, the lecture room, for intellectual or
scientific debate, and in short, for all civil purposes where the reason
of man is supreme. So, on: the other hand, the leading idea of
Gothic architecture found in its upward lines—its aspiring ten-
dencies. No-weight of long cornices, or flat ceilings, can keep it
down ; upward, higher and higher, if soars, lifting every thing, even
heavy, ponderous stones, poising them in the air in vaulted ceilings,
or piling them ‘upwards towards Heaven, in spires, and steeples, and
towers, that, in the great cathedrals, almost seem to pierce the sky.
It must be a dull soul that does not catch and feel something of this
upward tendency in the vatllted aisles, and high, open, pointed roofs
of the interior of a fine Gothic church, as well as its subdued and
mellow light, and its suggestive and beautiful-forms ‘: forms, too, that
are rendered more touching by their associations with Christian wor-
ship in so many ages, not, like the Greek edifices, by associations
with heathen devotees.’
Granting that the Gothic cathedral expresses, in its, lofty, aspir-
ing lines, the spirit of that true faith and devotf®n which leads us to
look upward, is it possible, in the narrow compass of a village
church which cogts but a few hundred, or at most, a few thousand
dollars, to presetve this idea ? |
. We answer, yés. A drop of water is not the ocean, but it is still
a type of the infinite ; and a few words of wisdom may not penetrate
the understanding so deeply ¢ as a great volume by a master of the
human heart, but they may work miracles, if fitly spoken. For it
is not the magnitude of things that is the measure of their excellence
and power; and there is space enough for the architect to awaken
devotional feelings, and. lead the soul upward, so far'as material form
ean aid in ‘doing this, though in a less degree, in the little chapel
that is to hold a few hundred, as in the mighty minster where thou-
sands may assemble.
And the cost too, ‘shall not be greater; that is, if a substantial
building is to be erected, and not a flimsy frame of boards and plas-
264 RURAL ARCHITECTURE. -
c
Indeed, we could quote numberless instances where the sums
pei e in classical buildings, of false proportions but costly-execu-
tion,* which can never raise other than emotions of pride in the hu.
man heart, would ‘have built beautiful rural churches, which every
inhabitant of the town where they chanced to stand, would remem-
ber with feelings of respect. and affection, 1 to the end of all time.
And in truth, we would not desire to make the country church
other than simple, truthful, and harmonious.@ We would avoid all
pretensions to elaborate aichitectural ornament; we would depend
upon the right proportions, forms, outlines, and the true expression,
Above all, we would have the country church rural and expressive,--- .
by placing it in a spot of green lawn, surrounding it with our beau-
tiful natural shade trees, and decorating its walls (for no church
built in any but the newest, settlements, where means are utterly
wanting, should be built of.so perishabléa material as woot!) —with
climbing plants—the i ivy, or where that would not thrive, the Virginia
creeper, “And so we would make the country church, in its ‘very
forms and outlines, its walls and .the vines that enwreath them, its
shady green and the ‘elms that overhang" it, as well as in the lessons
of goodness and piety that emanate from-its pulpit, something to
become a part of the affections, and touch and better the hearts of
the whole country about i)?
* We have seén with pain, ce one of those great temple churches
erected in a country town on the Hudson, at'a cost of $20,000. It looks
outside and inside, no more like a church, than does the Custom House.
And yet this sum would have built the most aS of devotional edifices ” 1"
for that congregation, ;
X.
A CHAPTER ON SCHOOL-HOUSES..
March, 1848. -
F theta is any one itiie on which the usefulness, the true great-
; ness,.and the permanence, of a free government depends. more
than another, it is Education.
. Hence, it is not without satisfaction that we look upon our Bes
schools, whose rudimentary education is afforded to so many at
very small rates, or often entirely without charge. It is not without
pleasure that we perceive new colleges springing up, as large cities
. multiply, and the population increases; it is most gratifying to see,
in the older. portions of the country, men of wealth and intelligence
founding new professorships, and bequeathing the best. of legacies to
their successors—the means of acquiring knowledge easily and
cheaply. =~ > ;
There is much to keep alive this train of thought, in ‘the very
” meatis of acquiring education. The fertile. ‘invention of our age,
and its teachers, seems to be especially devoted to removing all
possible obstacles, and throwing all. possible light on the once diffi-
cult and toilsome paths to the temple of science. Class-books, text-
books, essays and treatises, written in clear terms, and illustrated
with a more captivating style, rob learning of half is terrors to the
beginner, and fairly . allure those who do not come willingly into the
charmed circle of educated minds.
All this is truly excellent. This broad basis of education, which
is laid in the hearts of out people, which the States publicly main-
tain, which private munificence fosters, to which even men ‘in for-
266 RURAL ARCHITECTURE,
eign lands delight to contribute, must be cherished by: every Ameri-
can as the key-stone of his liberty ; ; it must be rendered still firmer
and broader, to meet the growing strength and the growing dangers
of the country ; it must. be adapted to the character of our people,—
different and distinct as we believe that character to be from that
of all other nations ; and, above all, without teaching creeds or doc-
tyines, it must.be pervaded by profound and genuine moral feeling,
more central, and more vital, than that of any narrow sectarianism.
Well, will any of our readers believe that this train of thought
has grown out of our having just seen a most. shabby and ‘forbid-
ding- looking school- house! Truly, yes! and, as in an old picture
of Rembrandt's, the ‘stronger the lights, the darker also the shadows, ’
we are obliged to confess that, with so much to be proud of in our
system of common schools, there is nothing so beggarly and dis-
graceful as the eternals of our country schoo]-houses themselves, - .
A traveller through the Union, is at- once -struck with the gen-
eral appearance of comfort in the houses of our. rural population.
But, by the way-side, here and there, he observes a small, one story
edifice, built of wood or stone in the most, meagre mode,—dingy. in’
aspect, and dilapidated. in condition. It.is-placed in the barest
and most forbidding site. in the whole country round. If you fail
to recognize it by these marks, you can easily make it out by the
broken fences, and tumble-down stone walls that surround its. by
the.absence of all. trees, and .by the general expression of melan-
choly, as if every lover of good: order and beauty. in the neIgAPO
hood had abandoned it to the genius of desolation.
This condition of things is almost-universal. It must, thetdide,
"be founded in some deep-rooted prejudices, or some mistaken idea
of the importance of the subject.
That the wretched condition of the country school- heaiald is ow-
ing to a general license of what the phrenologists would call the
organs of destructiveness ini boys, we are well aware. But. it is in.
giving this license that the great error of teachers and superintend- °
ents of schools lies. There is also, God be thanked, a principle of . ~
order and a love of beauty implanted. in every human mind; and
the degree to which it may be cultivated in children is quite un-
known to those who start leaving such a principle wholly out, of
*
A CHAPTER ON SCHOOL-HOUSES, 267
sight. To be convinced of this, it is only necessary to inquire, and
it will be found that in the homes of many of the pupils of the for-
lorn-looking 'school-house, the utmost propriety, order, and method
reigns. Nay, even within the: school-house itself, “heaven’s first
law” is‘obeyed, perhaps’ to the very letter. ‘But to look at the ex-
terior, it would appear that the “abbot of unreason,” and not the
“school-master,” was “abroad.” The truth seems tobe simply this.
The school-master does not himself appreciate the beautiful in rural
objects; and, content with doing what he conceives this duty to the
heads of his: pupils, while they are within the school Bones, he
abandons its externals to the juvenile “ reign of terror.”
' Nothing ig so convincing on these subjects as example. .We
saw, last summer, in Dutchess County, New-York, a free school,
erected t6 fulfil more perfectly the mission of an ordinary district
school-house, which had been built by a gentleman, whose taste
and benevolence seem, like sunshine, to warm and irradiate his
whole neighborhood. It was a building simple: enough, after all.
A projécting ‘roof, with slightly ornamented brackets, a pretty
porch, neat chimney tops; its color’a soft neutral tint; these were
its leading features. Buta single glance at it told, in a moment,
that the evil spirit had been cast out, and the good spirit had taken
its place. The utmost neatness and cleanliness appeared in every
part. Beautiful vines and creepers’ climbed upon the walls, and
hung in féstoons over the windows. Groups of trees, and flowering
shrubs, were thriving within its inclosure. A Dit of neat lawn sur-
» rounded the building, and was evidently an object of care and re-
spéct with the pupils themselves. Altogether, it was a picture of a
common district school which, cotipared with that we before de-
scribed, and which one every day sees, was a foretaste of the mille-
nium. If:any stubborn pedagogue doubts it, let him come to us,
and we will direct him on a pilgrimage to this a which is only
eight miles from: us. 3
- It appears to us that a ‘great error has taken deep root in the
minds of ‘most parents and teachers, regarding the influence of ‘or-
der and beauty on the youthful. mind. Au! it is precisely at that
age—in youth—when the heart, is most sensitive, when the feelings
are more keenly alivé than at any other; it is precisely at that age
268 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
that the soul opens itself most to visions, of beauty—that the least ’
measure of harmony—the most simple notions of the graceful and
~symmetrical—fill it with joy. The few yards. square, in which the .
child is permitted to realize his own vague ideal of a garden—does
it not fill his heart. more. completely than the great. Versailles of
monarchs that of the mature man? Do we not forever remember. -
wath what: transport of delight we have first, seen the grand old
trees, the beautiful garden, the favorite: landscape, from the. hill-top
of our childhood? What after pictures, however grand—however
maghificent—however perfect to the more educated: eye, are ever
able to efface these first daguerreotypes, eas on the fresh pages
of the youthful, soul? . “4
Tt is rather because teachers wind the nature of\-man,
and more especially. of boyhood, that we see so much to deplore in
the extetiors of the houses in which they, are. taught. They forget,
that in human natures there are not. only intellects to acquire know-
ledge, but also hearts to feel and senses to enjoy life. They forget:
that all culture is oné-sided and short-sighted, which does not aim
to Ges: human nature completely, fully.
‘We have an ideal picture, that refreshes our istiagination, of |
common school-houses, scattered. all. over our wide country; nat
wild bedlams, which seem to the traveller plague-spots. on the ‘fair
country landscape ; but little nests-of verdure and:beauty; embryo
arcadias, that beget tastes for lovely gardens, neat houses, and well
cultivated . lands ; spots of recreation, that’ are play- grounds for the
memory, for many long years: after all else. of childhood is crowded : ;
out and effaced for ever.
_ Let some of our readers who jive an. influence in,this matter,’
__ tey to work a little. reform i in.their own districts. Suppose, in the first.
place, the school- -house itself is rendered agreeable to the eye: Sup-
pose a miniature park of elms and. maples is planted about it. Sup-
pose a strip of ground is set apart for little gardens, to be.given as
premiums to the successful pupils; and which they are only to hold
_ so long as both they and their gardens are kept up tothe topmost
standard. Suppose the trees are considered to be the property and
under the protection of certain chiefs of the classes. And, suppose
Plan of a School House
RECITATION
4g Room
GIRL'S SCHOOL 10:0%15:0 BOY'S SCHOOL
ROOM ROOM
20:0 X 26:0 r 20.0X 25-0
HALL
A CHAPTER ON SCHOOL-HOUSES. 269
‘
that, besides all this. little arrangement for the growth of a love of
order and beauty in the youthful heart; and mind, there is an ample
play-ground provided for the expenditure of youthful activity ; where
wild sports and gymnastics may be indulged to the utmost. delight
of their.senses, and the utmost benefit of their constitutions. Is this
Utopian? ‘Does any wise reader think it is not worthier of the con-
sideration of the State, ey fifty of the projects which will this year
come before it ?
For ourselves, we have perfect faith in the future. We believe
in the millennium of schoolboys. And we believe that our country-
men, as soon as they comprehend fully the value and importance
of external: objects on the mind—on the heart—on the manners—
on the life of all human beings—will not. be slow to concentrate all
beautiful, good, and ennobling influences around that primary nursery
of the intellect ‘and sensationg—the district school.
There is a strong illustration of our general acknowledgment of
this influence of the beautiful, to. be found, at the present moment,
in this country more than in any other. We allude to our Rural
Cemeteries, and our Insane Asylums. It is somewhat curious, but
not less true, that no country-seats, no parks or pleasure-grounds, in
America, are laid out with more care, adorned with more taste, filled.
with more lovely flowers, shrubs and trees, than some of our princi-
pal cemeteries and asylums. Is it not surprising that only when »
touched with sorrow, we, as a people, most seek the gentle and re-
fining influence of nature? Ah many a man, whose life was hard
and stony, reposts, after’ ‘death, in those cemeteries, bensath a turf
covered with violets and roses ; but for him, it is too late! Many a
fine intellect, overtasked and ‘necked & in the too ardent. pursuit of
power or: wealth, is fondly courted back to reason, and more quiet
joys, by the dusky; cool walks of the asylum, where peace and rural
beauty do not refuse to dwell, But, alas, too often their’ mission is
fruitless |
-How much. better, to distil these “ gentle dews of heaven” into
the young ‘heart, to implant, even in the schoolboy days, a love of
trees; of flowers; of gardens; of the country ; of home ;—of all
those pure and simple pleasures, ‘which are, in-the after life—even
270 RURAL ARCHITECTURE,
if they exist only in the memory—a blessed panacea, amid the dry-
ness and dustiness of so many of the paths of life—politics—com-
merée—the professions—and all other busy, engrossing occupations,
whose cares become, else, almost a fever i in’ the veing of our ardent,
enterprising. people, 4
6
Ornamental Ice Houss above Ground ,°
XI.
HOW TO BUILD ICE-HOUSES..
: Qecember, 1846.
\HE icz-novse and the nor-novss, typ@imef Lapland and the
‘Tropics, are two contrivances which civilization has invented. for
the comfort or luxury of man. A-native of the Sandwich Islands,
who lives,.as he conceives, in the most delicious climate im,the world,,
and sleeps away the, best part of his life in that happy state which
the pleasure-loving Italians call “dolce far niente,” (sweet do no-
thing})—smiles and shudders when he hears of a region where his
familiar trees must be kept in glass houses, and the water turns, now
and then, into -—~ erystal |.
Yet, if happint&s, as some philosophers fave affirmed, consists
in a variety of sensations, we denizens of temperate latitudes have
greatly, the advantage of him. What sufprise and pleasure awaits
the Sandwich Islander, for example, like that we experience on en;
tering a spacious hot-house, redolent of blossoms and of perfume, in
a mid-winter, or on refreshing our exhausted frames with one of “Thom-
.son and Weller’s” vanilla creams, or that agreeable compound of
the vintage of ' Keres, pounded ice, etc., that bears the- humble name
of “ sherry-cobbler ;” but which, having been introduced lately from
this country into London, along with our “ American ice,” has sent
into positive ecstasies all those of the great metropolis, who depend
upon their throats for sensations. ,
Our business-at the present moment, is with: ‘the ice-house,—as a
necessary and most useful appendage to a country residence. Abroad,
_-both- the ice-house ‘and’ the hot-house are. portions of the wealthy
272 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
\
man’s éstablishment solely. But in this country, the ice-house forms
part of the comforts of every substantial farmer., It is not for the sake
of ice-crearns and cooling liquors, that it has its great value in his eyes,
but as a means of preserving and keeping in. the ‘finest condition,
during the summer, his* meat, his butter, his delicate fruit, and, in
short, his whole perishable stock of provisions. Half a dozen cor-
respondents, lately, have asked us for some advice on thé construc-
tion of an ice-house, and we: now cheerfully offer all the- sabe
tion in our possession. .
To build an ice-house in sandy or gravelly soils, is one of the
easiest things in the-world. The drainage there is perfect, the dry and
porous soil is of itself"a subiciently aie smmcondugion: All that it
is necessary to do, is to.
dig a pit, twelve: le
square, and as many
deep, line it with logs
or joists . faced . with
boards, cover it with a
simple roof on a level
with the ground, and
fill it with ice: - Such
ice-houses, built with
trifling cost, and en-
tirely answering the
purpose of affording
‘ample. supply for a
large family, are com-
mon in various parts of the omar a
But it often happens that: ‘one’s residence is upon a strong loamy
or clayey soil, based upon clay or slate, or, atleast, rocky i in its sub-
stratum. Gali a soil is retentive of moisture, . and even though it
be well drained, the common ice-house, just. described, will not pre-
serve ice half thr ough the summer in a locality of that kind. The
clayey or rocky soil is always damp—it i is always an excellent con-
ductor, and the i ice melts in it in spité Sof. all the, usital precautions. ;
Something more than the éommon ice-house is therefore needed
Fig..8. The common Ice-house below ‘ground: 5
4
HOW TO BUILD ICE-HOUSES. 273
in all such soils. “How shall it be built?” is the question which has
been frequently put to us lately.
To enable us to answer this: question in the most satisfactory
manner, we addressed ourselves to Mr. N. J. Wyeth of Cambridge,
Mass.; whose practical information on this subject is probably fuller
and more complete than that of any other person in the country,
he, for many years, having had the construction and management
of the enormous commercial ice-houses, near Boston—the largest
and most perfect known.* ?
We desired Mr: ‘Wryeth’s hints for building an ice-house for
family use, both above ground and below ground.
In the beginning we should remark that the great ice-houses of
our ice companies are usually built above ground; and Mr. Wyeth
: in his letter to us re-
marks, “we now never
build or use an ice-
house ‘under ground ;
it never preserves ice
BU ES ey 8 as well as those built
Si t
SSSSUINHENS ERE = xy above ground, 4 and
K " :
however, send you di-
rections for the con-
struction of both
“kinds, with slight
sketches in explana-
tion.” The following
are Mr. Wyeth’s di-
rections for building:
“1gt, An ice-house
=== above ground. An ice-
‘house above ground
Fig 4, Section of the Ice-house above ground. Should be built upon
i
N
N
AN
|
{
\
\
N
* Few of our readers are aware of the’ magnitude’ which the business of
supplying foreign countries with i ice has attained in New England. Millio
of dollara worth have been shipped from the port of Boston aloné, witht
18
2i4 RURAL. ARCHITECTURE.
the. plan of having,a double partition, with the hollow space be- —
tween filled with some non-conducting substance.
“Tn the first. place, the frame of the sides should be formed of
two ranges of upright joists,.6 by.4 inches; the lower ends of the
joists should be put into the ground without any sill, which is apt
to let air pass through. These two ranges of joists should be about —
, apart at the bottom,
and'two feet deep at
the top. .At-the top
these joists should be
Zz Mnortised into... the
7 cross-beams, which are
Fic. 5, Manner of nailing the boards to the joists. - to support the.-upper
floor. . The joists in the two ranges should be placed each opposite
another. They should then be lined or faced on one’ side, with
rough boarding, which need not be very tight. This boarding
‘should be nailed to those edges of thé joists nearest each othitr, so
that one range of joists shall be. outside the building, and the es
inside the ice-room.or vault. (Fig. 5.)
“The space between these boardings or partitions should - filled
‘two, feet. and one-half.
>
with wet tan, or sawdust, whichever is cheapest or most easily Ob
tained. The:reason for using wet material for filling this space is
that during winter it freezes, and until it is-again thawed, ne or
no ice will melt at the sides of the vault. ;
“The bottom of the ice vault should be filled about afoot deep sith
‘sinall blocks of wood ; these are levelled and covered: with, wood shav-
ings, oe which a strong plank floor should be laid to receive the ice.
U !
the last eight years; and the East and West Indies, China, England, and the
South, arevconstantly supplied with ice from. that neighborhodd., Wenham
Lake is now as well known in London for its ice, as Westphalia : for its hams,
This enterprise owes its suecess mainly to the energy of Frederick Tudor, Eaq: Sg
of Boston. The ice-houses of this gentleman, built, we ‘believe, chiefly by
Mr. Wyeth, are on a more gigantic scale than’ any, others in the world, An
-extra whole year’s supply is laid up in advance, .to guard against the acei-
dent of a mild winter, and a railroad several miles in length, built expressly
td the purpose, conveys the ice to alte a lying in the harbor.
HOW TO BUILD ICE-HOUSES. 275
“Upon the beams above the vault, a pretty tight floor should
also bé laid, and this floor should be covered several inches deep
with dry tan or sawdust. ‘The roof of the ice-house should have
considerable pitch, and the space between the upper floor and the
roof should be ventilated by a lattice window at each gablé end or
something equivalent, to pass out the warm air which will accumu-
late beneath the roof. A door must be provided in the side of the
‘ vault to fill and discharge it ; but it should always be closed up higher
than ‘the ice, and when not in use should be kept closed altogether.
“ 2d. An Ice-house below ground. This is only thoroughly made
by building up the sides of the pit with a good brick or stone wall, lain
in mortar. Inside of this wall set joists, and build a light wooden par-
tition against which to place the ice.. A good floor should be laid
over the vault as just’ described, and this should also be covered with
dry tan or sawdust, In this floor the door must be cut to give ac-
cess to the ice.
“ As regards the boots of the vail, the floor, the lattice win-
dows i in the gables for ventilation, etc. the same remarks will apply
that have just been given for the fsstignts above ground, with the
‘addition that in one of the gables, in this case, must be the door for
ge the house with ice. °
“Tf the ground where ice-houses of either kind are built, is not
porous ‘enough to let'the melted ice drain away; then there should
be a'waste pipe to carry it off, which should be Slightly’ bent, so as
always to retain enough water in it to a the ee of air up-
wards into the ice-house.”
These plain and concise hints by Mr. Wyeth, will enable our
readers, who have failed in building ice-houses in the common way,
to remedy their defects, or to construct new ones on the improved
plan just-given. The-main points, it will be seen, are, to place a
sufficient non-conducting medivm of tan or sawdust, if above ground,
or of wall and wood partition, if below ground, to prevent the action
of the air, or the damp soil; on the body of ice inclosed in the vault.
Mr. Wyeth has not told us how large the dimensions of an ice-
house -built in either of these modes should be to provide for the
use of an ordinary family through a season ; but we will add as to
this point, that a ¢ube of twelve or fourteen feet—that is, a house
276 ; RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
the vault*of which will measure about twelve to fourteen feet'“in
the clear,” every way, will be quite large enough, if properly con- -
structed. An ice-house, the vault of which is a cube of twelve feet,
will hold about fifty tons of ice. ‘One of this size, near Boston, filled
last January, is still half full of ice, after ‘supplying the wants of a.
family all the season.
- In the ice-house above
ground, the ‘openizig being
in the side, it will be best
to have a double door, one
in each partition, opposite
each other. The outer one
- may be entire, but the in-
ner one should be in two
or three-parts. The upper
part may be opened first,
so that only so much of
the ice may be: exposed at
once, as is necessary to
reach the topmost layers,
An ice-house below
ground is so inconspicuous
on object, that it is easily
kept out of sight, and little
or no regard may be paid to its exterior appearance. On the con-
trary, an ice-house-above ground is a building of sufficient size to
attract the eye, and in many country residences, therefore, it will be -
desirable to give its exterior a neat or tasteful air.
It will frequently be found, however, that an ice-house above
ground may: be very conveniently constructed under the same roof
as the wood-house, tool-house, or some other necessary out-building,
following all the necessary details just laid down, and continuing.
one roof and the same kind of exterior over the whole building.
In places of a more ornamental character, where it is desirable
to place the elevated ice-house at no great distance from the dwell- —
ing, it should, of course, take something of an ornamental or pictu-
resque character. > ie
}
Fig. 6. Double Door of the Ice-house.
HOW TO BUILD ICE-HOUSES. . QrT
i
In figures 1 and 2, are shown two designs for ice-houses above
ground, in picturesque styles. Figure,1 is built in a circular form,
and, the roof neatly thatched. The outside of this ice-house is
roughly weather-bdarded, and then ornamented with rustic’ work,
or covered with strips of bark neatly nailed on in panels or devices.
Two small gables with blinds ventilate the space under the roof.
. Fig. 2 is a square ice-house, with a roof projecting three or four
feet, and covered with shingles, the lower ends of which are cut so
as to form. diamond. patterns when laid on the roof. The ristic
brackets which support this roof, and the rustic columns of the other
design, will be rendered: more durable by stripping the bark off, and
eR yume them some neutral or wood tint.*
* The projecting roof will assist in keeping the building cool. In filling.
the house, back up the wagon loaded with ice, and slide the squares of ice
to their places on a-plank serving as an inclined plane,
XI
THE FAVORITE POISON OF AMERICA.
. November, 1850.
NE ‘ofthe most complete and salutary reforms ever, perhaps,
madé in any country, is the temperance. reform of’ the last. fif-
teen years in the United States. Every body, familiar with our man-
ners and customs fifteen or twenty years ago, very well knows that
though our people were never positively intemperate, yet afdent
spirits were, at-that time,.in almost as constant daily use, both in
public and private life, as tea and coffee are now; while at the pres-
ent moment, they are seldom or never offered as a means of civility
or refreshment—at least in the older States. The result of this
higher civilization or temperance, as one may please to call it, is that
a large amount of vice and crime have disappeared from amidst the
laboring classes, while the physical as well as moral condition of
those who labor too little to be able to bear’ intoxicating drinks, is
very much improved. )
We have taken this consolatory glance at this great and saluta-
ry reform of the habits of a whole country, because we need some-
thing to fortify our faith in the possibility of new reforms; for our
countrymen have, within the ‘last ten ‘years, discovered a new poison,
which is used-wholesale, both in public and private, all’ over the
country, till the national health and constitution are absolutely im-
paired by it. .
“ A national poison? Do you mean slavery, socialism, abolition,
mormonism?” Nothing of the sort. “Then, perhaps, tobacco,
patent medicines, or coffee?” Worse than these. It is a foe more
THE FAVORITE POISON OF AMERICA. 279
insidious than these ; for, at least, one very well knows what one is
about when he takes copious draughts of such things. Whatever
his own convictions may be, he knows that some of his fellow crea-
tures consider them deleterious. *
But the national poison is not thought Aapeaeas Far from it.
On the contrary, it is made almost synonymous with domestic com-
fort. Old and young, rich and poor, drink it in with avidity, and
without shame.’ The most tender and delicate women and children
are fondest of it, and become so accustomed to it, that they gradu-
ally abandon the delights of bright sunshine, and the pure air of
heaven, to take it in large draughts. What matter if their cheeks
become as pale as the ghosts of Ossian ; if their spirits forsake them,
and they become listless and languid! Are they not well housed
and. comfortable : ? Are not their lives virtuous, and their affairs
prosperous? Alas, yes! But they are not theless guilty of poison-
ing themselves daily, though perhaps unconscious of it all the
time.
The national poison that we allude to, is nothing less than the
vitiated air of close stoves, and the unventilated apartments which
accompany them !
“Stoves”—exclaim a thousand readers in the same tieath—<
“stoves poisonous? Nonsense! they are perfectly healthy, as well
‘as'the most economical, convenient, labor-saving, useful, and indis-
pensable things in the world. ‘Besides, are they not real Yankee
inventions? In what country but this is there such an endless va-
riety of stoves-—cooking stoves, hall stoves, parlor stoves, air-tight
stoves, cylinders, salamanders, etc.? Why, it is absolutely the na-
tional invention—this stove—the most useful result of universal
Yankee ingenuity.” °
We grant it all, good friends and readers; but must also have
ouy opinion—our calmly considered and carefully matured opinion—
which is nothing more nor less than this, that stoves—as now used
—are the national curse; the secret’ poisoners of that blessed air,
bestowed by kind Providence as an elixir of life—giving us new
vigor and -fresh energy at every inspiration; and we, ungrateful
beings, as if the pure breath'of heaven were not fit for us, we reject
it; and breathe instead—what !—the air which passes over a surface
280 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
of hot iron, and becomes loaded with all the vapor of arsenic and
sulphur, which that metal, highly heated, constantly gives off !
If in the heart of large cities—where there is a large population
crowded together, with scanty. means of subsistence—one saw a few
persons driven: ‘by necessity into warming their small apartments by
little close stoves of iron, liable to be heated red-hot, and thereby to
absolutely destroy the purity of. the air,one would not be so much
astonished at the result, because-it is so difficult;to preserve the poor-
est class from suffering, in some way or other, in ‘great, cities. But
it is by no means only in the houses of.those who have slender
means of subsistence, that this is the ‘case. It is safe-to say that
nine-tenths of all the houses in the northern States, whether belong-
ing to rich or poor, are entirely unventilated, and heated at the pres-
ent moment by close stoves !
It is absolutely a matter of preference on the part of thousands,
with whom the trifling difference between one mode of heating. and
another is.of no account. Eyen jn the midst of the country, where
there is still wood in abundance, the farmer will sell that wood and
buy coal, so that he may have-a little demon—alias a black, cheer-
less close stove—in the place of that genuine, hospitable, wholesome
friend and comforter, an open. wood fireplace.
And in order not to leave one unconverted soul in the wilder-
ness, the stove inventors have lately brought out “a new article,” for
forest countries, where coal is not to.be had either for love or barter—an
“air-tight stove for burning wood.” The seductive, convenient, mon-
strous thing! “ It consumes one-fifth of the fuel which was needed
by the open chimney—is so neat and clean, makes no’ dust, and
gives no trouble.” All quite true, dear, considerate housewife—all
quite true; but that very stove causes your husband to pay twice
its savings to the family doctor before two winters are past, and gives
you thrice as much trouble in nursing the sick in your family, as
you formerly spent in taking care of the fire in your chimney cor-
ner,—besides depriving you of the most delightful af all household
occupations.
Our countrymen generally have a vast deal of national. pride,
and national sensitiveness, and we honor them for it. It is the warp
and, woof, out of which the stuff of national improvement is woven,
‘THE FAVORITE POISON OF AMERICA. 281
When a-nation has become quite indifferent as to what it has done,
or can do, then there is nothing left but for its popes to utter la-
mentations over it.
Now there is a curious but indisputable fact fesidaieay must say
it), touching our present condition and appearance, as a nation of
mei, women and children, in which we Americans compare most
unfavorably. with the people of Europe, and especially with those
of northern Europe--England and France, for example. It is
neither in religion or morality, law or-liberty. In these great essen-
tials, every American feels that. his. country is the birthplace of a
larger number of robust and healthy souls than any other. But in
the bodily. condition, the signs of physical health, and all that con-
stitutes the outward. aspect of the men and women of the United
States, our countrymen, and especially couritrywomen, compare most
unfavorably with all but the absolutely.starving classes, on thé other
side of the Atlantic. So completely is this the fact, that, though
we are unconscious of it at home, the first thing (especially of late.
years) which strikes an American, returning from abroad, is the'pale
and sickly countenances of his friends, acquaintances, and almost
every one he meets in the streets of large towns,—every other man
looking as if he'had lately recovered from a fit of illness. The men
look so pale andthe women so delicate, that his eye, accustomed to
the higher hues of health, and the more vigorous physical condition:
of transatlantic men and women, scarcely credits the assertion of
old acquaintances, when they assure him that they were “never
better in their lives.” a
With this sort of impression weighing disapreeably on our mind,
on returning from Europe lately, we fancied it worth our while to
plunge two hundred or three hundred miles into the interior of the
State of New-York. It would be pleasant, we thought, to see, not
only the rich forest scenery opened by the new railroad to Lake
Erie, but-also (for we felt confident they were there) some good,
hearty, fresh-looking lads and lasses among the farmers’ sons and
“ daughters.
» We were'for the most part: disappointed. Certainly the men,
especially the young men, who live mostly in the open air, are heal-
thy and robust. But the daughters of the farmers—they are as
. 282 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
delicate and pale as lilies of the valley, or fine ladies of the Fifth
Avenue. If one catches a glimpse of a rose in their’ cheeks, it is
the pale rose of the hot-house, and not the fresh glow of the garden
damask. Alas, we soon discovered the. reason. - They, too, live for’
seven months of the year in unventilated rooms, heated by close
stoves! The fireplaces are closed up, and ruddy.complexions have
vanished with them. Occasionally, indeed, one meets with an ex-
ception; some bright-eyed, young, rustic Hebe, whose rosy cheeks
and round, elastic figure would make you believe that the world has
not all grown “ delicate ;” and if you inquire, you will learn, proba-
bly, that she is one of Hiese whose natural spirits force them out.
continually, in the open air, so that she has, as yet, in that way
escaped any considerable doses of the national poison., oe
Now that we are fairly afloat on ‘this dangerous sea, we must
unburthen our heart sufficiently to say, that neither in England nor
France does one meet with so much beatity—certainly not, so far as
charming eyes and expressive faces go towards constituting beauty
—as in America. But alas, on the other hand, as compared with
the elastic figures and healthful frames abroad, American beauty is as
evanescent as a dissolving view, contrasting with a real and living
landscape. What is with us a sweet dream, from sixteen to twenty-
~ five, is there a permanent reality till forty-five or fifty.
We should think it might be a matter of climate, were it not’
that we saw, as the most common thing, even finer complexions
in France—yes, inthe heart of Paris, and especially among the
peasantry, who are almost wholly i in the open air—than in England.
‘And what, then, is the mystery of fine physical health, which
is so much better understood in the old-world than the new ?
The first transatlantic secret of health, is a much longer time
passed daily in the open air, by-all classes of people ; the second, the
better modes of heating and ventilating the rooms in which they live,
| Regular daily’ exercise in the open alr, both as a duty and: a
‘teases is something looked upon in a very different light on the
two different sides of the Atlantic. On this side of the water, if a
petson—say a professional man, or a merchant—is seen regularly
devoting a certain portion of the day to exercise, and the preserva-
tion of his bodily powers, he is looked upon as a valetudinarian,—
‘
‘THE FAVORITE POISON OF AMERICA. 283
an invalid, who is obliged to. take care of himself, poor soul! and
his friends daily meet him with sympathizing looks, hoping he “feels
“better,” etc. - As for ladies, if there is not some object in taking a
walk, they look upon it as the most stupid and unmeaning thing
in the world.
On the other side’of the water, a person who should neglect the
pleasure of breathing the free air for a couple of hours, daily, ‘or
should shun the duty of exercise, is suspected of slight lunacy; and
ladies who should prefer continually to-devote their leisure to the
solace of luxirious cushions, rather than an exhilarating ride or walk,
are thought a little téte montée. What, in short, is looked upon as
a virtue there, is only regarded as.a matter of fancy here. Hence,
an American generally shivers, in an air that is only grateful and
‘bracing to an Englishman, and looks blue in Paris, in weather when
the Parisians sit with the casement windows.of their saloons wide
open. Yet it is, undoubtedly, all a matter of habit; and we Yan-
kees, (we mean those of us not forced to “rough it,”) with the tough-
est natural constitutions in the world, nurse ourselves, as a people,
into the least robust and most susceptible physiques in existence.
So much for the habit of exercise in the open air. ‘Now let us
look at our mode cea and ventilating our dwellings; for it
is here that the national poison is engendered, and here that the
ghostly expression is begotten:
However healthy a person may be, he can neither look healthy
nor remain in sound health long, if he is in the habit of breathing
impure air, As sound health depends upon pure blood, and there
can be no pure blood in one’s veins if it is not: repurified: continual-
ly by the action of pure air upon it, through ‘the agency of the
lungs (the whole purpose of breathing being to purify and vitalize
the blood ), it follows, that if a nation of people will, from choice,
live in. badly. ventilated rooms, full of impure air, they must become
pale and sallow in-complexions. It may not largely-affect the
health of the men, who are more or Jess called into the open air by
their avocations,.but the health of women (ergo the constitutions of
children), and all those.who are confined to rooms or offices heated
in this. way, must gradually give way. under the influence. of: the
poison. Hence, the delicacy of thousands and: tens of thousands
of the sex in America.
284 RURAL ARCHITECTURE:
“ And how can you satisfy me,” asks some blind lover of stoves,
“that the air of a room heated by a ‘close stove is. deleterious?”
Very easily indeed, if you will listen to a few words of reason, = *
. It is well established that a.healthy man must have about a pint of
air at a breath; that he breathes above a thousand times in an hour;
and that, as a matter beyond dispute, ‘he. requires about fifty-seven!
hogsheads of. air in twenty four hours.
Besides this, it is equally well settled, that as common air con-
sists of a mixture of two’ gases, one healthy (oxygen), and the other
unhealthy (nitrogen), the air we have once breathed, having, by
passing through the lungs;. been deprived. of the most healthful
gas, is little less than unmixed poison (nitrogen).
Now, a room warmed by an open fireplace or grate, is neces-
sarily more or less ventilated,.by the very process of combustion
going on; because, as a good deal of the air of the room ‘goes up
the chimney, besides the smoke.and vapor of the fire, a corresponding
amount of fresh air comes in at the windows and» door crevices to
supply its place. The room, in other words, is sa well sup-
plied with fresh air for breathing.
But let us take the case of a room heated by a close stove. ‘The™
chimney is stopped up, to begin with. The rogm is shut up. The
windows are.made pretty tight to keep out the cold; and as there is
very little air carried out of the room by the stove-pipe, (the stove is
perhaps on the air-tight principle,—that is, it requires the minimum
amount of air,) there is little fresh air coming in through the cre-
vices to supply any vacuum. Suppose.the room holds 300 hogs-
heads of air. If a single person requires 57. hogsheads of’ fresh
air.per day, it would last four persons but about twenty-four hours,
and the stove would require half as much more, But, as a man
renders noxious as much again air‘as he expires from his lungs, it
actually happens that in four or five hours all the air in this room
has been either breathed over, or is so mixed with the impure air
which has ‘been breathed over, that it is all- thoroughly poisoned,
and unfit for healthful respiration. A person with his senses un-
blunted, has only to go into an ordinary unventilated room, heated
.’. by a stove, to perceive at once, by the effect on the‘lungs, how dead,
stifled, and destitute of .all elasticity the air is.
THE FAVORITE POISON OF AMERICA. 285
And this is the air which four-fifths of our countrymen and
countrywomen Dress in their homes—not from necessity, but
from choice.*
This is the air which those who travel by hundreds of thousands
in our railroad cars, closed up in winter, and heated with close
stoves, breathe for hours—or ‘often entire days.
This is the air which fills the cabins of closely packed steam-
boats, always heated by large stoves, and only half ventilated; the
air breathed by countless numbers—both waking or sleeping.
This is the air—no, this is even salubrious compared with the
air—that is breathed by hundreds and thousands in almost all our
crowded lecture-rooms, concert-rooms, public halls, and private as-
semblies, all over the country. They are nearly all heated by stoves
or furnaces, with very imperfect ventilation, or no ventilation at all.
‘Is it too much to call it the national poison, this continual at-
mosphere of close stoves, which, whether travelling or at home, we
Americans are content to ne as if it were the air of Par-
adise ?
We very well — that we aie a great many readers who
abominate stoves, and whose houses are warmed and ventilated in
an excellent’ manner. But they constitute no appreciable fraction
of the vast portion of our countrymen who love stoves—fill their
houses with them—are ignorant of their evils, and think ventilation
and fresh air physiological chimeras, which may be left to the
speculations of doctors and learned men.
* We have said that the present generation of stove-reared farmers’
daughters are pale and delicate in appearance. We may add that the most
healthy and blooming looking American women, are those of certain fami-
lies where exercise, and fresh air, and ventilation, are matters of conscience
and duty heré as in Europe.
+ Why the ingenuity of clever Yankees has not been directed to warm-
ing railroad cars (by means of steam conveyed through metal tubes, running
under the floor, and connected with flexible coupling pipes,) we cannot well
understand. It would be at once cheaper than the present mode, (since
waste eteam could be used,) and far more wholesome. Railroad cars have,
it is true, ventilators at the top for the escape of foul air; but no. apertures
in the floor for-the inlet of fresh air! It is like emptying a barrel without
a vent.
286 RURAL ARCHITECTURE.
‘And so, everyother face that one meets in America, has a
ghostly paleness about it, that would make a European stare.*
What is to be done? “Americans will have stoves.”’ They
suit the country, especially the new country; they are cheap, labor-
saving, clean. If the more enlightened and better informed throw
them aside, the great bulk of the people will not. Stoves are, we
are told, in short, essentially democratic and national. _,
We answer, let us ventilate our rooms, and learn to live more in
the open air. If our countrymen will take poison in, with every
breath’ which they inhale in their houses and all their public gather-
ings, let them dilute it largely, and they may escape from a part at
least of the evils of taking it in such strong doses.
We have not space here to show in detail the best modes of ven-
tilating now in use., But they may be found described in several
works, especially devoted to the subject, published lately. In our
volume on Country Hovsszs, we have briefly shown, not only the
principles of warming rooms, but the most simple and complete
modes of ventilation,—from Arnott’s chimney valve, which may
for a small cost be easily placed in the chimney flue of any room, ~
to Emerson’s more complete apparatus, by which the largest apart-.
ments, or every room in the largest house, may be warmed and
j
ventilated at the same time, in the most complete and satisfactory
manner,
‘We assure our readers that we are the more in earnest upon:
this subject, because they are so apathetic. As they would shake
aman about falling into that state of delightful numbness which
precedes freezing to death, all the more vigorously in proportion’to
his own indifference and unconsciousness to his sad ‘state, sd we are
the more emphatic in what we have said, because we see the na-
tional poison begins to work, and the nation is insensible.
Pale countrymen and countrywomen, rouse yourselves! Con-
sider that Gop has given us an atmosphere of pure, salubrious,
health-giving air, 45 miles high, and—veniilate your houses.
* We ought not, perhaps, to include the Germans and Russians, They
also love stoves, and the poison of bad air indoors, and therefore have not
~ the look of health of other European nations, though they live far more in
the open air than we do.
TREES.
T
HOW TO POPULARIZE THE TASTE FOR PLANTING. 297
“ differs from another,” fall off for ever—then we say, thereafter he
is one of the nurseryman’s best customers. Begging is both too
slow and too dependent a position for him, and his garden soon
fills up by ransacking the nurseryman’s catalogues, and it is more
likely to be swamped by the myriad: of things which he would
think very much alike, (if he had not bought them by different
appellations,) than by any empty spaces wee for the liberality of
more enterprising cultivators.
And thus, if the nurseryman can satisfy himself with our rea-
soning that he ought not object to the amateur’s becoming a gra-
tuitous distributor of certain plants, we would persuade him for
much the same reason, to follow the example himself. No person
can propagate a tree or plant with so little cost, and.so much ease,
as one whose business it is to do so. And we. may add, no one is
more likely to know the really desirable varieties of trees or plants,
than he is. No one so well knows as himself that the.. newest
’ things—most zealously sought after at high prices—are by no
means those which will give the most permanent satisfaction in a
family garden. And accordingly, it is almost always the older
and well-tried standard trées and plants—those that the nursery-
man can best afford to spare, those that he can grow most cheaply,
—that he would best serve the diffusion of popular taste by distri-
buting gratis. We think it would be best for all parties if the
variety were very limited—and we doubt yhether the distribution
of ‘two valuable. hardy trees: or climbers ve years, or till they
became so common all over the surroundings as to: make a distinet
feature of embellishment, would not be more serviceable than dis-
seminating a larger number of species. It may appear to some of
our commercial readers, an odd recommendation to urge them to
give away precisely that which it is their business to sell—but we
are not talking at random, when we say most confidently, that such
a course, steadily pursued by amateurs and nurserymen throughout
the country, for ten years, would increase the taste for planting, and
-the demand for trees, five hundred fold.
The third means is by what the Horticultural Societies may do.
We believe there are now about forty Horticultural Societies in
North America, . Hitherto they have contented themselves, year
.
298 TREES.
,
after year, with giving pretty much the same old schedule of pre-
miums for the best cherries, cabbages, and carnations, all over the
country—till the stimulus begins to wear out—somewhat. like the
__ effects of opium or’ tobacco, on confirmed habitués, Let them adopt’
our scheme of popularizing the tasté for horticulture, by giving
premiums of certain select small assortments of standard fruit trees,
ornamental trees, shrubs, and vines, (purchased by the society of
the nuyserymen,) to the cultivators of such small gardens—sub-
urban door-yards—or cottage inclosures, within a distance of ten .
“miles round, as the inspecting committee shall decide to be best
worthy, by their ir of neatness, order, and attention, of such pre-
miums. In this way, the valuable plants will fall into the right’
hands; the vendor of trees and plants will be directly the gainer, |
and the stimulus given to cottage gardens, and the spread of me
popular taste, will be immediate and decided.
_ “Tall oaks from little acorns grow”—is a seule trite
aphorism, but one, the truth of which no one who knows the apti-
tude of our people, or our intrinsic love of refinement and elegance,
will underrate or gainsay. If, by such simple means as we have
here pointed out, our great farm on this side of the Atlantic, with
the water-privilege of both oceans, could be made to wear a, little
less the air of Canada-thistle-dom, and show a little more sign of
blossoming like the rose, we should look upon it as a step.so much
nearer the millenniumgs In Saxony, the traveller beholds with no
less surprise and aca, on the road between Wiessenfels and
Halle, quantities of the most beautiful and rare shrubs and flowers,
growing along the foot-paths, and by the sides of the hedges which
line the public promenades. The. custom prevails ikkore, among
private individuals who have beautiful gardens, of annually planting
some of their surplus materiel along these. public promenades, for
the enjoyment of those who have no gardens. And the custom is
met in the same beautiful spirit by the people at large; for in the
hain, those embellishments that turn the highway. into pleasure
grounds, arerrespected, and grow and bloom as Sif within the inclosures.
Does not this argue a civilization among these “down-trodden
nations” of Central Europe, that would not be unwelcome in this,
our land of equal rights and free schools?
‘
I.
\ 7
ON PLANTING SHADE-TREES.
November, 1847.
‘OW that the season of the present is nearly over; now that
spring with its freshness of promise, summer with its luxury
of development, and ‘autumn with its fulfilment of- fruitfulness, have
all laid’ their joys and benefits at our feet, we naturally pause for a
moment to see what is to be done in the rural plans of the future.
“The PLANTING SEASON is at hand. ° Our correspondence with all
parts of the country informs us, that at no previous time has the
improvement of private grounds been so active as at present. New
and tasteful residences are every where being built. New gardens
are being laid out. New orchards of large extent are rapidly being
planted. In short, ‘the horticultural zeal of the country is not only
awake—it is brimfull of energy and activity.
Private enterprise being thus 1 in a fair way to take care of itself,
we feel that the most obvious duty is to endeavor to_arouse 4 co
responding’ spirit in certain rural improvements aa amore public
nature.
We therefore return again to a subject which we dwelt upon at
some ‘length last spring—the planting of shade- trees in the streets
of our rural towns and villages. - = id
‘Pleasure and profit are certain, sooner of later, to awaken a Jarge
portion, of our countrymen to the advantages of i improving their
own private grounds. But we find that it is only under two condi-.
tions that many public improvements are carried on. The first is,
when ‘nearly the whole of the population enjoy the advantages of
300 TREES.
education, as in New England. The second is, when a few of the
more spirited and intelligent of the citizens move the rest by takitig
the burden in the beginning upon their own shoulders by setting the
example themselves, and by most zealously urging all others to follow.
The villages of New England, looking at their sylvan charms,
are a8 beautiful as any in the world. Their architecture is simple
and unpretending—often, indeed, meagre and unworthy of notice.
The houses are surrounded by inclosures full of trees and shrubs,
with space enough to afford comfort, and ornament enough to de-
note taste. But the main street of the village is an avenue of elms,
positively delightful to behold. Always’ wide, the overarching
boughs form an aisle more grand and beautiful than that of any old
Gothic: cathedral. Not content, indeed, with one avenue, some of
these villages have, in their wide, single street, three lines of trees,’
forming a double avenue, of which ary grand old palace abroad
might well be proud. ‘Would that those of our readers, whose souls
are callous to the charms of the lights and shadows that bgdeck |
these bewitching rural towns and villages, would forthwith set out
out ona pilgrimage to such places as ' Northampton, Springfield,
New Haven, Pittsfield, Stockbridge, Woodbury, and the like.
When we contrast with these lovely resting ‘places for the eye,
embowered with avenues of elms, gracefully drooping like fountains
of falling water, or sugar-maples swelling and towering up like finely
‘formed! antique vases—some ofthe uncared for towns and villages
in our own State, we are almost’ forced to believe that the famous
common schools’ of New England teach the zsthetics of art, and
that the beauty of shade-trees is the care of especial’ professorships.
Homer and Virgil, Cicero, Manlius, and ‘Tully, shades of the great
Greeks and Romans !—our‘citizéns have named towns after you, but
the places:that bear your names scarcely hold leafy trees enough to
renew the fading laurels round your heads !—while the direct de-
scendants of stern Puritans, who had a holy horror of things ornamen-_
tal, who cropped their hair, anid made penalties for tndilipenoes in fine
linen, live in villages avenhadowel by the very spirit of rural elegance!
It is neither from a want of means, or want of time, or any ig-
norance of what is essential to the beauty of body or of mind, that
we see this neglect of'the public becomingness, There are numbeis
ON PLANTING SHADE-TREES, 301
of houses in all these villages, that boast their pianos, while the last
Paris fashions are worn in the parlors, and the freshest periodical
literature of both sides of the Atlantic fills the centre-tables. But
while the comfort and good looks of the individual are sufficiently
eared for, the comfort and good looks of the town are sadly neg-
lected. Our education here stops short of New England. We are
slow to feel that the character of the inhabitants is always, in some
degre, indicated .by the appearance of the town. It is, unluckily,
no one’s especial business to ornament the streets.’ No one feels it
_ a reproach to himself, that. verdure and. beauty do not hang like rich
curtains over the street in which he livés. And thus a whole village
or town goes on from year to year, in a shameless state of public
nudity and neglect, because no one feels it his particular duty to
_ persuade his neighbors to join him.in making the town in which he
lives a gem of rural beauty, instead of a sorry collection of unin-
teresting houses.
It is the frequent apalogy ‘of intelligent persons who live in sith
places, and are more alive to this glaring defect than the majority,
that it is impossible for them to do any thing alone, and their neigh-
bors care nothing about it.
One of the finest refutations of this kind of delusion exists in
New Haven. All over thé Union, this town is known as the “ City
of Elms.” The stranger always pauses, and bears tribute to the
taste of its inhabitants, while he walks beneath the grateful shade
of its lofty rows of trees. Yet a large part of the finest of these
trees were planted, and the whole of the spirit which they. have in-
spired, was awakened by one person—Mr. Hillhouse. He lived
long enough to see fair and lofty aisles of verdure, where, before,
were only rows of brick or wooden houses; and, we doubt not, he
enjoyed a purer satisfaction than many acon conquerors who have
died with the honors. of capainny kingdoms, and aisuuslishing a
hundred cities,
Let no person, therefore, delay planting shade-trees himself,
or persuading his neighbors to do,the same. Wherever a village
contains half a dozen persons, zealous in this, excellent work of
adorning the country at large, let them form a society and make
proselytes of those who are slow to be moved. otherwise. A public
302 TREES.
spirited man in Boston does a great service to the community, and
earns the thanks of his countrymen, by giving fifty thousand dollars
to endow a professorship in a college ; let, the public spirited man
of the more. humble village in the interior, also establish his claim
to public gratitude, by planting fifty trees annually, along its public
streets,-in quarters where there is the least ability or the least taste
to be awakened in this way, or where the poverty of the houses
most needs something to hide them, and give an aspect of shelter
and beauty. Hundreds of public meetings are called, on subjects
not half so important to the welfare of the place as this, whose
object. would be to direet the attention of all the householders to
the nakedness of their estates, in the eyes of those who most love
our country, and would see her rural towns and village homes made
as attractive and Pleasant as they are free and prosperous.
We pointed 6ut, in a former article, the principle that should:
guide those who are about to select trees for streets of rural towns
—that of. choosing that tree which the soil of the place will bring
to the highest perfection. There are two trees, however, which are
so eminently adapted to this purpose ‘in the Northern States, that
they, may be universally employed.. These are the American weeping:
elm and the silver maple. They have, to recommend them, in the first
place, great rapidity of growth ; in the second place, the graceful
forms which they assume; in the third place, abundance of fine.
foliage ; and lastly, the dapooity of adapting themselves te almost
- every soil where trees will thrive at all.
These two trees have, broad and spreading heads, fit for wide
streets and avenues. That fine tree, the Dutch elm, of: exceedingly.
rapid growth and thick dark-green foliage, makes a narrower and
more upright head than our native sort, and, as well as the sugar
maple, may be planted in streets and avenues, where there is but
little room for the expansion of wide spreading tops.
No town, where any of these trees are extensively planted, can
be otherwise than agreeable to the eye, whatever may be jits situa-
tion, or the. style of its dwellings. To ‘villages prettily built, they
will give a character of positive beauty, that will both add to the
value of property, and increase the comfort and patriotism of the
inhabitants.
,
IV.
TREES IN TOWNS AND VILLAGES.
March, 1847,
HE man ai jie not trees, to look at them, to lie under
them, to climb up them (once more a schoolboy,) would
make no bones of murdering Mrs. Jeffs: In what one imaginable
attribute, that it ought to possess, is a tree, pray, deficient? Light,
shade, shelter, coolness, freshness, music,—all the colors of the rain-
bow, dew and dreams dropping through their soft twilight, at eve
and morn,—dropping direct, soft, sweet, soothing, restorative from
heaven.’ Without trees, how, in the name of wonder, could we
have had: houses, ships, bridges, easy chairs, or coffins, or almost
_any single one of the necessaries, comforts, or conveniences’ of life ?
Without trees, one man might have been born with a silver spoon
in his mouth, but not another with a wooden ladle.”
Every man, ‘who has in his nature a spark of. sympathy with
the good and beautiful, must involuntarily respond to this rhapsody
of Christopher North’s, in behalf of trees—the noblest and proudest
drapery that sets off the figure of our fair planet. Every man’s bet-
ter sentiments would involuntarily lead him to cherish, respect, and
admire trees. And no one who has sense enougli rightly to under-
stand the wonderful system of life, order, and harmony, that is in-
volved in one of our grand and majestic forest-trees, could ever de-
* astroy it, unnecessarily, without a painful feeling, we should say, akin
" at least to murder in the fourth degree.
Yet it must be confessed, that it is surprising, when, from the
force of circumstances, what the phrenologists call- the prinéiple of
304 TREES.
destructiveness, gets excited, how sadly men’s better feelings’ are
warped and smothered.’ Thus, old ‘soldiers sweep away ranks of
men with as little compunction as the mower swings his’ harmless
scythe in a meadow; and settlers, pioneers, and squatters, girdle
and make a clearing, in a centennial forest, perhaps one of the
grandest that ever God planted, with no more remorse than we have
in brushing away ‘dusty cobwebs. We are not now about to de-
claim against war, as a member of the peace society, or against plant-
ing colonies and extending the human family, as would a disciple
of, Dr. Malthus. These'are probably both wise means of progress,
in the hands of the Great Worker. .
But it is properly our business to, bring men ade to their. bet-
ter feelings, when the fever of destruction’is over. If our ancestors
found it wise and necessary to cut down vast forests, it is all the
more needful that their descendants should plant trees. We shall
do our part, therefore, towards awakening again, that natural love of
trees, which this long warfare against them—this continual laying
the axe at their roots—so. common in a new country, has, in so
many places, well nigh extinguished. We ought not .to cease, till
every man feels it to be one of his moral duties to become a planter
of trees; until every one feels, indeed, that, if it is the most patriotic
thing that can be done to make the earth yield two blades of grass
instead of one, it is far more so to cause trees to grow where no
foliage has waved and fluttered before—trees, which are not-only
full of usefulness and beauty always, but to which old Time himself
grants longer leases than he does to ourselves; so that he who plants -
them wisely, is more certain of receiving the thanks of posterity,
than the most persuasive orator, or the most prolific writer of his
day and generation. ‘
"The especial theme of our lamentation touching trees at: the pre-
sent moment, is the general neglect and inattention to their many
charms, in country towns and villages. We say general, for our
mind dwells with unfeigned delight upon exceptions—many beautiful
towns and villages i in New England, where the verdure of the loveliest
elms waves like grand lines of giant and graceful plumes above the
house tops, giving an air of rural beauty, that speaks louder for the
good habits of the inhabitants, than the pleasant sound of a hun-
TREES.
THE BEAUTIFUL IN A TREE.
February, 1851.
N what does the beauty of a tree consist ? We mean, of course,
what may strictly be called an ornamental tree—not a tree
planted for its fruit in the orchard, or growing for timber in the
forest, but standing alone in the lawn or meadow—growing in
groups in the pleasure-ground, overarching the roadside, or border-
ing some stately avenue.
Is it not, first of all, that such a tree, standing where it can grow
untouched, and. develop itself on all sides, is one of the finest pictures
of symmetry and proportion that the eye can any where meet with ?
The tree may be young, or it may be old, but if left to nature, it is
sure to grow into some form that courts the eye and satisfies it. It
may branch out boldly and grandly, like the oak; its top may be broad
and stately, like the chestnut, or drooping and elegant, like the elm,
or delicate and airy like the birch, but it is sure to grow into the type
form—either beautiful or picturesque—that nature stamped upon its
species, and which is the highest beauty that such tree’ can possess.
It is true, that nature plants some trees, like the fir and pine, in the
fissures of the rock, and on the edge of the precipice; that she twists
their boughs and gnarls their stems, by storms and tempests—there-
by adding to their picturesque power in sublime and grand scenery 5 ;
but as ageneral truth, it may be clearly stated that the Beautiful, in
19
290 TREES.
a tree of any kind, is never so fully developed as when, in a genial
soil and climate, it stands quite alone, stretching its boughs upward
freely to the sky, and outward to the breeze, and even downward
towards the earth—almost touching it with their graceful sweep, till
only a glimpse of the fine trunk is had at its spreading base, and
the whole top is one great globe of floating, waving, drooping, ' or
sturdy luxuriance, giving one as perfect an idea of symmetry and
proportion, as can be found short of the Grecian Apollo itself.
We have:taken the pains to present this beau-ideal of a fine or-
‘ namental tree to our readers, in order to contrast it with another pic-
ture, not from nature—but by the hands of ‘quite another master:
This master is the man whose passion is to prune trees. To his
mind, there is nothing comparable to the satisfaction of trimming a
tree. A tree in.a state of nature is a no more respectable object than
an untamed savage. It is running to waste with leaves and brat-
ches, and has none of the look of civilization about it. Only let him
use his saw for a short time, upon any young specimen just growing
into adolescence, and throwing out its delicate branches, like “a fine
fall of drapery, to conceal its naked trunk, and you shall see how
he will improve its appearance. Yes, he will trim up those branches
till there is a tall, naked stem, higher than his head. That shows
that the tree has been taken care of—has been trimmed—ergo,
trained and educated into a look of respectability. This is his great
point—the fundamental law of sylvan beauty in his mind—a bare
pole with a top of foliage at the end of it. If he cannot do-this,
he may content himself'with thinning out the branches to let in the
light, or clipping them: at the ends to send the head upwards, or
cutting out the leader to make it spread laterally. But though.the
trees formed by these latter modes of pruning, are well enough,
they never reach that exalted standard, which has for its type, a pole
as bare as a ship’s mast, with only a flying studding- veal of green
boughs at the end of it.*
We suppose this very common pleasure—for it must be a
ete ane so aay persons find in trimming up ornamental
* Some of our readers may not be aware that to cut off the side branches
ona young trunk, eeinally lessens the growth i in diameter of that trunk at
once,
THE BEAUTIFUL IN A TREE, 291
trees, is based on a feeling that trees, growing quite in the natural
way, must be capable of some amelioration by art; and as pruning
is usually acknowledged to be useful in developing certain points in
a fruit tree, a like good purpose will be reached by the use of the
‘ knife upon an ornamental tree. But the-comparison does not hold
_ good—since the objects aimed at are essentially different. Pruning
—at least all useful pruning—as applied to fruit trees, is applied for
the purpose of adding to, diminishing, or otherwise regulating the
fruitfulness of the tree; and.this, in many cases, is effected at the
acknowledged. digiacion of the growth, luxuriance and beauty of
the trees-so far as spread of branches and prodigality of foliage go.
But even here, the pruner who prunes only for the sake of using the
knife (like heartless young surgeons in hospitals), not unfrequently
goes too far, injures the perfect maturity of the crop, and hastens the
decline of the tree, by depriving it of the fair proportions which na-
ture has established between the leaf and the fruit.
But for the most part, we imagine that the practice we complain
of is a want of perception of what is truly beautiful in an ornamen-
,tal tree. It seems to us indisputable, that no one who has any per-
ception of the beautiful in nature, could ever doubt for a moment,
that a fine single elm or oak, such as we may find in the valley of
the Connecticut or the Genesee, which has never been touched by:
the knife, i is the most perfect standard of sylvan grace, symmetry,
dignity, and finely balanced proportions, that it is possible to con-
_ ceive. One would no more wish to touch it with saw or axe (unless
to remove.some branch that has fallen into decay), than to give a
‘nicer curve to the rainbow, or add freshness to the dew-drop. If any
of our readers, who still stand by the pruning-knife, will only give
‘themselves up to the study of such trees as these—trees that have
the most completely developed forms that nature stamps upon the
species, they are certain to arrive at the same conclusions. For the
beautiful in nature, though not alike visible.to every man, never
fails to dawn, sooner or later, upon all who seek her in the right
spirit.
And in art too—no great master of landscape, no Claude, or
Poussin, or Turner, paints mutilated trees; but trees of grand and’
majestic heads, full of health and majesty, or grandly stamped with
292 TREES,
the wild irregularity of nature in her sterner types. The few Dutch
_or French artists who are the exceptions to this, and have copied
those emblems of pruned deformity—the pollard trees. that figure
in the landscapes of the Low Countries—have given local truthfulness
to their landscapes, at the expense of every thing like sylvan loveli-
‘ness, A pollard willow shouldbe the very type and model of beauty
in the eye of the. champion of the pruning saw. Its finest parallels
in the art of mending nature’s proportions for the sake of beauty,
are in the flattened heads of a certain tribe of Indians, and the de-
formed feet of Chinese women. What nature has especially shaped
fora delight to the eye, and_a fine suggestion to the. spiritual sense,
as a beautiful tree, or the human form divine, man should not lightly
undertake to remodel or clip of its fair proportions.
IL.
HOW TO POPULARIZE THE TASTE FOR PLANTING.
July, 1862.
OW to opalases that taste for rural beauty, which gives to
every beloved home in the country its greatest outward charm,
and to the country itself its highest attraction, is a question which
noust often occur to many of our readers. A traveller never jour-
neys through England without lavishing all the epithets of admira-
tion on the rural beauty of that gardenesque country; and his
praises are as justly due to the way-side cottages of the humble
laborers (whose pecuniary condition of life is far below that of our
numerous small’ householders), as to the great palaces and villas,
Perhaps the loveliest and most fascinating of the “cottage homes,”
of which Mrs. Hemans has so touchingly sung, are the clergymen’ s
dwellings i in that cotmtry; dwellings, for the most part, of very mod-
erate size, and no greater cost than are common in all the most
thriving and populous parts of the Union—but which, owing to the
love of horticulture, and the taste for something above the merely
useful, which characterizes their owners, as a class, are, for the most
part, radiant with the bloom and embellishment of the loveliest
flowers and shrubs.
The conttast with the comparatively naked and neglected coun-
try dwellings that are the average rural tenements of our country at
large, is very striking. Undoubtedly, this is, in part, owing to the
fact that it takes a longer time, as Lord Bacon said a century ago,
“to garden finely than to build stately.” But the newness of our
civilization is not sufficient apology. If so, we should be spared the
294 TREES,
exhibition of gay carpets, fine mirrors’ and ‘furniture in the“ front
parlor,” of many a mechanic’s, working-man’s, and farmer's comfort-
able -dwelling, where the “bare and bald”: have pretty nearly su-
preme control in the “froxit yard.”
What we Jack, perhaps, more than all, is, not the pret to
perceive and enjoy the beauty of ornamental trees and shrubs—the
rural embellishment alike of the cottage and the villa, but we are de-
ficient in the knowledge and the opportunity of knowing how beau-
tiful human habitations are made by a little taste, time, and means,
expended in this way.
Abroad, it is clearly seen, that the taste has descended from the
palace of the noble, and the public parks and gardens of the nation,
tothe hut of the simple peasant; but here, while our institutions
have wisely prevented: the perpetuation of accumulated estates, that
would speedily find their expression in all the luxury of rural taste, .
we have not yet risen to.that general diffusion of culture and com-
petence which may one day give to the’ many, , what in the old world
belongs mainly to the favored few. In some localities, where’ that
point has in some measure been arrived at already, the result: that
we anticipate has, in a good degree, already been ‘attaimed. And
there are, probably,. more pretty rural homes within ten. miles of
Boston, owned by those who live in them, and have made them,
than ever sprung up in so-short a space of time, in any part of the
world. The taste once formed there, it has become contagious, and
is diffusing itself among all ‘conditions of men, and gradually elevating
and making beautiful, the whole neighborhood of that populous city.
Inthe country at large, however, even now, there cannot be said
to be any thing like a general taste for gardening, or for embellish-
ing. the houses of the people. We are too much occupied with
making a great deal, to have reached that point when a man or a
people thinks it wiser to understand ‘how. to enjoy a little well, than
to exhaust both mind and body in getting an indefinite’more. And
there are also many who would gladly do something to ‘give a senti-
ment to their houses, but are ignorant both of the materials and the
way to set about it. Accordingly, they plant, odorows ailanthuses
and filthy poplars, to the neglect of graceful elms and salubrious
maples.
HOW TO POPULARIZE, THE TASTE FOR PLANTING. 295
The influence of commercial gardens on the neighborhood where
they are situated, is one of the best proofs of the growth of taste—
- that our people have no obtuseness of faculty, as to what is beauti-
ful, but only lack information and example to embellish with the
heartiest good will. Take Rochester, N. Y., for instance—which, at
the present moment, has perhaps the largest and most active nurse-
ries in the Union. Weare confident that the aggregate planting
of fruits and ornamental trees, within fifty miles of Rochester, during
the last ten years, has been twice as much as has taken place, in the
same time, in any three of the southern States. Philadelphia has
long been famous for her exotic gardens, and now even the little
yard plats of the: city dwellings, are filled with roses, jasmines,
lagestroemias, and the like. Such facts as these plainly prove to us,
that only give our people a knowledge of the beauty of fine trees
and plants, and the method of cultivating them, and there is no
sluggishness or inaptitude on the subject in the public mind.
In looking about for the readiest method of diffusing a know-
ledge of beautiful trees and plants, and thereby bettering our homes
and our country, several means al themselves, which are worthy
of attention.
The first of rere is, by what private individuals may do.
There .is scarcely a single fine private garden in the country,
which. does not possess plants that are perhaps more or less coveted
—or would at least.be greatly prized by neighbors who do not pos-
sess, and perhaps cannot easily procure them. Many owners of such
places, cheerfully give away to their neighbors, any spare plants that
they may possess; but the majority decline, for the most part, to
give away plants at all, because the indiscriminate practice subjects
‘them to numerous and troublesome demands upon both the time
and generosity of even the most liberally disposed. But every gen-
tleman who-employs a gardener, could well afford to allow that gar-
dener to spend a couple of days in a season, in propagating some
one or two really valuable trees, shrubs, or plants, that would be a,
decided acquisition to the gardens of his neighborhood. - Oné or two
specimens of such tree or plant, thus raised in abundance, might be
distributed freely during the planting season, or during a given week
of the same, to all who would engage to plant and take care of the
296 TREES.
same in their own grounds; and thus this tree or plant would soon
become widely distributed about the whole adjacent country. ‘An-
other season, still another desirable tree or plant might be taken in’
hand, and when ready for home planting, might be scattered brdad-
cast among those who desire to possess it, and so the labor of love
night go on as convenience dictated, till the greater part of the: gar:
dens, however small, within a considerable circumference, would con-
tain at least several of the most valuable, useful, and ornamental
trees and‘shrubs for the climate. 3 é a
The second means is by what the nurserymen may do,’
We are very well aware that the first thought which will cross
the mind of'a selfish and narrow-minded nurseryman, (if any such
read the foregoing paragraph,) is that such a course of gratuitous
distribution of good plants, on the part of private persons, will
speedily, ruin his -business.: But he was never more greatly
mistaken, as both observation and reason will convince him. + Who
are the nurseryman’s best. customers? That class of men who
have long owned a garden, whether it be half a rood or many
acres, who have never planted. trees—or, if'any, have but those not
worth planting? Not at all. His best customers are those who
have formed a’ taste for trees by planting ‘them, and who, having
got a taste for improving, are seldom idle in the matter, and keep
pretty regular accounts with the ,dealers in trees. If you cannot
get'a person who thinks he has but little time. or taste for improving
his place to buy trees, and he will accept a plant, or‘.a fruit-tree, or
4, shade-tree, now and then; from a neighbor whom he knows to'be.
“curious in such things”—by all means, we say to’ the nursany-
man, encourage him to plant at any rate and all rates.”
If that man’s tree turns out to his satisfaction, he is an amateur,
one only beginning to pick~the shell, to'be sure—but an amateur
full fledged by-and-by. Ifhe once gets a taste for gardening down-
right—if the flavor of his own rareripes touch his palate but once,
as something quite different from what he has always, like'a con-
tented, ignorant: donkey, bought in the market—if his Malmaison’
_ Tose, radiant with, the sentiment of the best of French women, and
the loveliness of intrinsic biid-beauty once touches his, hitherto dull
‘9708 so that. the scales of his blindness to the fact. that one rose
TREES IN TOWNS AND VILLAGES. 305
dred church bells. We remember Northampton, Springfield, New
Haven, Stockbridge, and others, whose long and pleasant avenues
are refreshing and beautiful to look upon. We do not forget that
large and sylan park, with undulating surface, the Boston Common,
or that really admirable city arboretum of rare trees, Washington
Square of Philadelphia.* Their groves are as beloved and sacred
in our eyes, as.those of the Deo-dar are'to the devout Brahmins.
But. these are, we are sorry to be obliged to say, only the ex-
ceptions to the average condition of our country towns. . As an off-
set to. them, how many towns, how many villages, could we name,
where rude and uncouth streets bask in the summer heat, and revel
in the noontide glare, with scarcely a leaf to shelter or break the
' painful monotony! Towns and villages, where there is no lack of
trade, no apparent -want_ of means, where houses are yearly built,
and children weekly born, but where'you might imagine, from their
barrenness, that the soil had been cursed, and it refused.to support
the life ofa single tree.
What must be done in such cases?’ There must bs at least one
right-feeling man in every such Sodom.. ‘Let him set vigorously at
work, and if he cannot induce his neighbors. to-join him, he must
not .be disheartened—let him plant and cherish carefully afew
trees, if only half a dozen. They must be such’ as will grow vigor-
ously, and like the native elm, soon make themselves felt and seen
wherever they may be placed. Ina very few years they will preach
moré eloquent orations than “ gray goose quills” can. write. Their
luxtiant leafy arms, swaying | and waving to and fro, will make
more convincing gestures than any member of congress or stump
speaker; and if there is any love of nature dormant in the dusty.
hearts of: the villagers, we prophesy that in a: very. short time there
will be.such a general yearning’ after green trees, that the whole
place will become a bower of freshness and: verdure.
In some parts of Germany, the government makes it a duty for
every landholder to plant trees in the highways, before his propérty ;
and in a few towns that, we have heard of, no young bachelor can
* Which probably eoobdnae more well grown specimens of different spe-
cies of forest-trees, than any similar space of ground in pane
306 TREES.
take a wife till he has planted a tree. We have not a word to say
against ‘either of these regulations. But Americans, it must be con-
fessed, do not like to be over-governed, or compelled into doing even
beautiful things. We therefore recommend, as an example to all
country towns, that most praiseworthy and successful mode of achiev-.
ing this result. adepied by the citizens of Northampton, Massachu-
setts.
This, as we learn, is no lass than an‘ Ornamental -Tree Sole,
An association, whose business and pleasure it is to turn dusty lanes
and bald ‘highways into alleys and avenues of coolness and verdure.
Making a “wilderness blossom like the:rose,” is scarcely-more of a
rural miracle than may be wrought by this simple means. It is
quite incredible how much -spirit such a society, composed at first
of a few really zealous arboriculturists,may beget in a country:
neighborhood. Some men there are; in every such place, whq are
too much occupied with what. they, consider more. important mat-
ters, ever to plant a single tree, unsolicited.. But these are readily.
acted upon by a society, who. work for “the public good,” and who
move an -individual of this-kind much as a town meeting. moves
him, by the greater-weight of numbers. . Others there.are, who can
only be led into tasteful improvement, by the principle of imitation,
and who consequently will not begin to plant trees, till it is the-fash-.
ion to do so.. And again, others who grudge the trifling’ cost of
putting out a shade-tree, but who will be shamed into it by the ex-
axaple of every neighbor around them—neighbors who have been
‘stimulated into action by the zeal of the society. And last ofall, as
we have learned, there is here and there an instance of some slovenly
and dogged farmer, who positively refuses. to take the trouble to
plant a single twig. by the road-side. Such an individual, the soci-
ety commiserate, and beg him to let them plant the trees in front
of his estate at their own cost ! ;
In this way, little by little, the Ornamental Tree Society accom-
plishes its ends. In a few years it: has: the satisfaction of seeing its
village the pride of the citizens—for even those who were the most
tardy to catch the planting fever, are at last—such is the silent and
inresistible influence of sylvan beauty—the loudest champions of
green trees—and the delight of all travellers, who treasure it up in
TREES IN TOWNS AND VILLAGES, 807
their hearts, as one does a picture drawn by poets, and colored by
the light of some divine genius.
We heartily commend, therefore, this plan of Social Planting
Reform, to every desolate, leafs, and repulsive town and village in.
the country. There-can scarcely be one, where there are not three
persons of taste and ‘spirit efiough to organize such a society; and
once fairly in operation, its members will never cease to congratulate
themselves on the beauty and comfort they have produced. . Every
tree which they plant, and which grows up in after years. into a
giant trunk and. grand canopy of foliage, will be a better monument
-(though it may bear no lying inscription) than a an unmeaning
obelisk of marble or granite.
Let us add a few words respecting the best = for adorning
the streets of rural towns and villages. With the great number and
variety of fine trees which flourish in this country, there is abundant
reason for asking, “where shall we choose?” And although we
must not allow ourselyes space at this moment, to dwell upon the
subject in detail, we may venture two or three hints about it.
Nothing: appears to be so’ captivating, to the mass of human:
‘beings, as novelty, And there is a fashion in trees, which sometimes
has a sway no less rigorous than that-of a Parisian modiste. Hence, .
while we have the finest indigenous, ornamental trees in the world,
growing in our native forests, itis not an unusual thing to see them.
blindly overlooked for foreign species, that have not half the real
charms, and not a tenth part of the adaptation to our soil and.
climate.
Thirty years ago, there was a general Downey is epidemic, :
This tall and formal tree, striking and admirable enough, if very
sparingly introduced’ in landscape planting, is, of all others, most
abominable, in its serried stiffness and monotony, when planted in
avenues, or straight lines. Yet nine-tenths of all the ornamental
planting of that period, was made up of. this now si and con-
demned tree., ‘
.. So too, we recall one or two of our villages, where the soil would
have produced any of our finest forest trees, yet where the only trees
thought worthy of attention by the inhabitants, are the ailanthus
and the paper mulberry.
308 ity TREES,
The principle wiiek would govern us, if we were planting the
streets of rural towns, is this: . Select the jinest indigenous tree or
trees ; such as the soil and: climate of the place will bring.to the
Fe shit perfection. Thus, if it were.& neighborhood where the elm
flourished peculiarly well, or the maple, or the beech, we would
directly adopt the tree indicated.. We would then, in time, succeed
in producing the finest possible specimens of the species selected:
while, if we adopted, for the sake of. fashion or novelty, a foreign
tree, we should probably only succeed in getting poor and meagre
* specimens, 2
It_is because this principle iid been, jahaga accidentally, pur-
sued, that the villages of New England are so celebrated for, their
sylvan charms. -The elm is, we think, nowhere seen in more ma-
jesty, greater luxuriance, or richer beauty, than in the valley ofthe
Connecticut; and. it is because the soil is so truly congenial to it,
that the elm-adorned streets of the villages, there, elicit’ so much ad--
miration. They are not only well: planted with trees—but with a
‘kind of. tree which attains its greatest. perfection ‘there. Who can
forget the fine lines of the sugar-maple, in Stockbridge, Massachu-
setts? They are in our eyes the rural glory of the place. The soil
there is their own, and they have attained a. beautiful symmetry
and development. ’ Yet if, instead: of maples, poplars or willows
had been planted, how marked would nae cheat the difference of
effect. é i
There are no grander or more superb — than our ihvnertoan
oaks. Those who know them only as they growin the midst, or
on the skirts of a thick forest, have no proper notidn of their dignity
and beauty, when planted and grown in an avenue, or where they
have. full space to develop: - Now, there are many districts where
the native luxuriance of the oak woods, points out the perfect adap-
tation of the soil for this tree. If we mistake not, such is the case
where that.charming rural town in this State, Canandaigua, stands.
Yet, we confess we were not'a little pained, in walking through the
streets of Canandaigua, the past season, to find them mainly lined
with that comparatively meagre tree, the locust. How much finer
and more imposing, for the long principal street of Canandaigua,
TREES IN TOWNS AND VILLAGES, 309
-would be an avenue of our finest and hardiest. native oaks—rich in
foliage and grand in every part of their trunks and branches.*
Though we think our native weeping elm, or sugar maple, and
two or three of our oaks, the finest of street trees for country villages,
iyet there are a great many others which may be adopted, when the
soil is their: own, with the happiest. effect. What could well be
more beautiful, for example, for a village with a deep, mellow-soil,
than along avenue of that tall and most elegant tree, the tulip-tree
or whitewood ? For a village i in a mountainous district, like New
Lebanon, in this State, we would. perhaps choose the white pine,
which would produce a grand and striking effect. In Ohio, the
cucumber-tree would make one of the noblest’ and most admirable
avenues, and at the south what could. be conceived more captivating
than a village whose streets were lined with: rows of the magnolia
grandiflora? We know how little common minds appréciate these
. natural treasures; how much the less because they are common in
the woods about them. Still, such are the trees which should be
planted’;. for fine forest trees are fast disappearing, and planted trees,
grown in a soil fully. congenial to them, will, as we have already
said, assume a character of beauty and grandeur that will arrest the
attention and elicit the admiration of every traveller.
The variety of trees for cities—densely crowded cities—is but
small; and this, chiefly, because the warm brick walls are such |
hiding-places and nurseries for insects, that many fine trees—fine for
the country and for rural towns—become absolute pests in the cities,
Thus, in Philadelphia, we have seen, with regret, whole rows of the
European linden cut down within the last ten years, because: this
tree, in cities; is so infested with odious worms, that it often becomes
unendurable, On this account that foreign: tree, the ailanthus, the
strong scented foliage of which no insect will attack, is. every day,
becoming a greater metropolitan: favorite, The maples are among
the thriftiest and most acceptable trees for large’ cities, and no one
of them is more vigorous, cleaner, hardier, or more graceful than the
‘silver maple (Acer eriocanpum). :
* The oak is easily transplanted from the quence — auch not from
the ‘woods, unless in the latter case, it has been prepar ed a year beforehand
by shortening the roots and branches,
N
310 . TREES.
“We must defer any further remarks for the present; but we must
add, in conclusion, that the planting season is at hand. Let every:
man, whose soul is not a desert, plant trees; and.that not alone for
himself-—within the bounds of his own demesne, but in the streets,
and, alorig the rural highways of his neighborhood. Thus he will
not only lend grace and beauty to the neighborhood and county in
which ‘he lives, but earn, honestly and well, the thanks of his fellow-
men.
VV;
SHADE-TREES IN CITIES. -
August, 1852.
OWN with the. ailanthus !.” is the ery we hear on all sides,
town and country, — now that this “tree of heaven” (as
the catalogues used alluringly to call it) has penetrated all parts of
the Union, and begins to show its true character. Down with the
ailanthus! “Its blossoms smell so disagreeably that my family are
made ill by it,” says an old resident on one of the squares in New-
York, where it is'the only shade for fifty contiguous houses. “We
must positively go to Newport, papa, to escape these horrible ailan-
thuses,” exclaim numberless young ladies, who find that even their
best Jean Maria Farina, affords no permanent relief, since their
front ‘parlors have become so celestially embowered. “The vile tree
comes upall over my garden,” say fifty owners of suburban lots who
have foolishly been tempted into bordering the outside of their
“yards” with it—having been told that it grows so “ surprising fast.”
“Tt has ruined my lawn for fifty feet all round each tree,” say the
country gentlemen, who, seduced by the oriental beauty . its foli-
age, have also been busy for years dotting it in open places, here
and there, in their pleasure-grounds.. In some of the cities south-
ward, the authorities, taking the matter more seriously, have voted
the entire downfall of the whole species, and the Herods who wield
the besom of sylvan destruction, have probably made a clean sweep
of the first born of celestials, in more towns than one south of Mason
and Dixon’s line this season.
Although we think there is picturesqueness i in the free and luxu-
312. . TREES,
riant foliage of the ailanthus, we shall see its downfall- without a
word to save it, We look upon ‘it as an usurper in rather bad odor:
at home, which has come. over to this land. of’ liberty, under the.
garb of utility,* to make foul the air, with its pestilent breath; and;
devour the soil, with its intermeddling roots—a tree that has the. ~ |
fair outside and the treacherous heart of the Asiatics, and that has
played us so many tricks, that we find we have caught a- Tartar:
which it requires something more than a Chinese wall to conttis
within limits.
Down with the ailanthus! therefore, we cry with the ‘populace.
Dut we have reasons beside, theirs, and now that. the favorite has
fallen out of favor with the sovereigns, we may take the opportunity
to preach a funeral sermon over its remains, that shall-not, like so
many funeral sernious; be a bath of oblivion-waters to wash out. all
memory of its vices. For if the Tartar is not laid viclent hands
upon, and kept under close watch, even after the spirit has gone out:
of the old trunk, and the coroner is satisfied that he has come,to a)
violent end—lo, we shall have him upon us tenfold in the shape of
suckers innumerable—little Tartars that will beget a new dynasty, .
and overrun our grounds and gardens again, without mercy.
. The vices of the ailanthus—the incurable vices of the by-goné.’
favorite—then, are twofold. In the first place, it smedls horribly,
both in leaf and flower—and instead of sweetening and purifying
the ‘air, fills it with a heavy, sickening odor;+ in the second. place,
it suckers abominably, and thereby overruns, appropriates, and re-
duces to beggary, all the,soil of every open piece of ground where’
it is planted. These are the mortifications which ‘every body 1 feels
sooner or later, who has been seduced by the luxuriant: outstretched.
welcome of. its smooth round arms, and the waving and - “beckoning
of its graceful plumes, into giving it a place in their home circle,
.. For a few years, while the tree is Brown it has, to be sure, a fair
* The ailanthus, ‘though or iginally from Chins, was first coined into.
., this country from Europe, as the “Tanher’s. sumae”—but the mistake was
Soon discovered, and its rapid ‘growth made it a favorite with planters. °
} Two acquaintances of ours, in a house in the upper part of the-city
of New-York. are regularly driven out. by the ailanthus malaria every ” :
season,
SHADE-TREES IN CITIES. ; 318
and specious look. You feel almost, as you look at its round trunk
shooting up as straight, and almost as fast as‘a rocket, crowned by
such a luxuriant: tuft of verdure, that you have got agoung palm-
tree before your door, that can whisper tales to you in the evening
of that “ Flowery Country” from whence you have borrowed it, and
you swear to stand by it against all slanderous aspersions. - But
alas! you are greener in your experience than the Tartar in his
leaves. A few years pass by ; the sapling becomes a tree—its blos-
soms fill the air with something that looks like curry;powder, and
smells like the plague. ‘You shut down the windows ‘to keep out
the wnbalmy June air, if you live in town, and invariably give a
wide berth to the heavenly avenue, if you belong.td the country.
But we confess openly, that our crowning’ objection to this ‘petted
Chinaman or Tartar, who has played us so falsely, is a patriotic ob-
jection. It is that he has drawn away our attention from ‘our own
more noble native American trees, to waste it on this miserable-pig-
tail of an Indiaman. "What should we think of the Italians, if they
should forsivear their own orange-trees and figs, pomegranates and
citrons,.and plant ‘their streets'and gardens with the poison sumac-
tree of our swamps 2 And what must a European arboriculturist
think, who travels in America, delighted and astonished at the .
beauty of our varied and exhaustless forests—the richest'in the
temperate zone, to see that we neither value nor plant them, but fill
our lawns and avenues with the cast-off nuisances of the gardens -
of Asia and Europe? Rae ea “ha
And while in the vein, we would sreldase in the same category
_ another less fashionable, but ‘still much petted foreigner, that. has
settled among us with a good letter of credit, but who deserves not
his success, We mean the abele or silver poplar. There is a
pleasant flutter in his silver-lined leaves—but when the timber is a
foot thick, you shall find the sir unpleasantly filled, every-spring,
with the fine white down which flies from the blossom; while the
‘ suckers which are thrown up from the roots of old abeles are a pest
to all grounds and ete even worse than those of the alanis,
Down with the abeles !’
- Oh! that our tree-planters, and they are an army of hundreds
‘of thousands in this country—ever increasing with the growth of
814 "TREES.
good taste—oh! that they knew and could understand ‘the surpane-
ing beauty of our native shade-trees. More than forty species of oak
are there ingNorth America (Great Britain has only two species—
‘France only five), and we are richer in maples, elms, and ashes,
than any country in the old world. Tulip-trees and magnolias from
America, are the exotic’ glories of the princely grounds of Europe.
But (saving always. the praiseworthy partiality in New England for
our elms and maples), who plants an American tree—in America ?
And who, on the- contrary, that has planted shade-trees at all in the
United States, for the last fifteen years, has not planted either ailan-
thuses or abele poplars’? ‘? We should like to see that discreet, sagacious
individual, who has escaped the national ecstasy for foreign suckers.
If he can be found, he ‘is more deserving a gold medal from our
horticultural societies, than the grower of the most mammoth
pumpkin, or elephantine beet, that will om the eee of
Pomona for 1852.
In this confession’ of our sins of commission in slicing filthy
.suckers, and’ omission in not planting clean natives—we must lay
part. of the burden at the door of the nurserymen: (It has been
found a convenient practice—this shifting the responsibility—ever
since the first trouble about trees in the Garden of Eden.) 4
“Well! ane ifthe nurserymen will raise ailanthuses and abeles
‘by the‘ thousands,” reply the planting community, “and telling us
nothing about pestilential odors and suckers, tell us.a great‘deal
about ‘rapid growth, immediate effect-—beauty of foliage—raté.
foreign trees, and the like, it is not surprising. that we plant what
turn out, after twenty years’ trial, to be nuisances instead, of. embel-
‘lishments. It is the business of the nurserymen to supply planters
with the best trees. If they supply us with the worst, who sins.the
most, the buyer or the seller of such stuff 2”.
‘ Softly,.good ‘friends, It is the business of the nurserymen to
make a profit by raising trees. If you will pay just as much for a
poor tree, that canbe raised in two years from:a sucker, as a valua-
ble tree that requires four or five years, do you wonder that the nur-
serymen will raise and sell you ailanthuses instead of oaks? It is
the business (duty, at least) of the planter,'to. know what he is about
to plant; and though there are many honest: traders, it is a good
SHADE-TREES IN CITIES. 815
maxim that the Turks have—“ Ask no one in the bazaar to praise
his own goods.” To the eyes of the nurserymen a crop of ailan-
thuses and abeles is “a pasture in the valley of sweet waters.” But
-go to’ an old homestead, where they have become naturalized, and
you will find that,there is a bitter aftertaste about the experiénce of
_ the unfortunate possessor of these sylvan treasures. of a far-off
countty.*
The planting intelligence must therefore ‘increase, if we would
fill our grounds and shade our streets with really valuable, ornamen-
tal trees. The nurserymen will naturally: raise what is in demand,
aud if but ten customers offer in five years for the overcup oak,
while fifty come of a day for the ailanthus, the latter will be culti-
vated as a matter of course.
The question immediately arises, what shall we use instead of
the condemned trees? What, especially, shall we use in. the streets:
of cities? Many—nay, the majority’af shade-trees—clean and
beautiful in the country—are so infested with worms and insects in
towns as to be worse than useless. The sycamore has failed, the
linden is devoured, the elm is preyed upon by insects. We have
rushed into the arms‘of the Tartar, partly out of fright,, to escape
the armies of caterpillars and. cankerworms that have taken posses-
sion of better trees !
‘Take refuge, friends, in the American maples, Clean, sweet,
cool, and umbrageous, are the maple; and, much vaunted as ailan-
thuses and poplarsgre, for their lightning growth, take.our word for
‘it, that it is only a good go-off at thie start. A maple at twenty years’
—or even at ten, if the soil is favorable, will be much the finer and
larger tree.. No tree transplants more readily—none adapts itself
more easily to the soil, than the maple. For light soils, and the
“milder parts of the Union, say the Middle and Western States, the
‘silver maple, with drooping’ branches, is at once the best and most
gracefal of street trees. For the North and East, the soft maple and
. * We may as well add for the benefit of the novice, the advice to shun
all trees that are universally propagated by suckers. It is‘a worse inherit-
ance for a tree than drunkenness for a child, and more difficult to eradicate,
‘Even ‘ailanthuses and-poplars from seed have tolerably respectable habits
as regards radical things. :
316 fREES. ‘
the sugar maplé, If any one wishes to know the glory and beauty’
ofthe sugar maple’as a’street tree, let him make a pilgrimage’ to!
Stockbridge, i in, Massachusetts! If he’ desires’ to study the silver
maple, there is no better school than Burlington, New Jersey. |
These are two towns almost wholly planted with these American
trees—of. the’ sylvan’ adornings of which any “ native’ ”- may well be
proud. The inhabitants neither have to abandon their front rooms
from “the smell,” nor Ise the use of théir back yards by “ the
suckers.” And whoever plants either’ of these three maples, may -
feel sure that he is earning ‘the thanks instead of the sepreseliss of
posterity. 3
* The most beautiful and stately. of all trees for an avenue—and
especially for an avenue street in -town—is’an American tree that '
one rarely sees planted in’ America*—never, that we reniember, 4 in
any public street. We mean the tulip tree, or liriodendron. What
can be more beautiful than its trunk—finely proportioned, and
smooth as a Grecian column?. What more artistic than its leaf
cut like an arabesque ina Moorish palace? “What more clean and
lustrous. than its tufts of. foliage—dark-green, and rich as _ deepest ?
emerald? What more lily-like and specious ‘than its blossoms—
‘golden and bronzeshaded !. and what fairer and more queenly than
its whole figure—stately and regal as that’of Zenobia? For'a park.
tree, to spread on every side, ‘it is unrivalled, growing a hundred and.
‘thirty feet highy and spreading into the finest symmetry of \ outline}
For a street tree, its columnar stem, beautifull ejgher with or without,
" branches—with a low head or a high head—foliage over the second
story or under it—is precisely what is most needed. A very spread-
ing ‘tree, like the elm, is always somewhat.out of place in town, be-
eause its natural habit is to.extend itself laterally. A tree with. the
habit of the tulip, lifts itself into:the finest pyramids of foliage, ex-
actly suited to the usual width of town streets—and thus embel-
lishes and shades, without darkening and | incumbering them. Be-
* Though there are ane avenues of it in the royal parks of Gor many
—raised from American seed.
+ At Wakefield, the fine country-seat’ of the Fisher family, near Phila-
delphia, are several tulip-trees on the lawn, over oné hundred feet high,
and three to six feet i in diameter.
SHADE-TREES IN CITIES. 817
~ sides this, the foliage of the tulip-tree is as clean and fresh at all
times as the bonnet of a fair young quakeress, and no insect mars
the purity of its rich foliage. +
_ We know, very well. that the tulip-tree is ome difficult to
, transplant. It-is, the gardeners will tell you, much asier to plant
ailanthuses, or, if you pr efer, maples. Exactly, so it is easier to walk
than to dance—but as all. people who wish to be graceful “in their
gait learn to dance (if they can get an opportunity), so all planters
who wish a peculiarly elegant, tree, will learn how to. plant the lirio-
dendron. . In the. first: place the soil’ must be light and rich—better. -
than is at all necessary for the maples—and if it cannot .be made
light.and rich, then the planter must confine himself to maples.
Next, the tree must be transplanted‘ just about the time of. com-
mencing its growth in the spring, and the roots must be cut as little
as possible, and not suffered: to get dry till replanted.
There. is oné point which, if attended to as it: is in nurseries
abroad, would render the tulip-tree as easily transplanted as a maple
or a, poplar. We mean the practice of cutting round the tree every
year in the nursery till it is removed. This developes a ball, of
fibres, and so: prépares the tree for the removal thai; it feels no. shock
at all.*, Nurserymen éould well afford’ to grow tulip-trees to the
size suitable for street planting, and have them twice cut or removed
peforehand, so as to enable them to warrant their growth i in any
good soil, for a dollar apiece. {And we believe the average price
at, which. the thousands of noisome ailanthuses that now infest our
streets have been sold, is above a-dollar.). No, , buyer pays so much
and so willingly, as the citizen who ‘has only . one lot front, and five
dollars each has been no uncommon. price in New-York for “ trees
of heaven.” a .
_ After our nurserymen ‘have practised awhile this preparation ‘of
the tulip-trees for the streets by previous removals, they will _gradu-
, ally find a demand for the finer oaks, beeches, and other trees now
considered difficult to transplant for the same cause—and ‘about. :
which there is no difficulty at all, if this precaution is taken: Any
* In many continental nurseries, this annual preparation in the nursery,
takes place until fruit trees of bearing size can be removed without the
slightest injury to the crop of the same year.
318 TREES. +
body can catch “ suckers”,in a still pond, but a trout must be tickled .”
with, ‘dainty bait. Yet true sportsmen ‘do not, for this reason, prefer
angling with worms about the margin of stagnant pools, when they _
can whip the gold-spangled beauties out of swift streams with a
little skill and prepavation, and we trust.that im future no true lover
of trees will plant “suckers” to torment his future. days and sight,~.
when he may, with a little more pains, have the satisfaction of en-
joying the, shade of the freshest and comeliest of.- American forest) ae
trees. ae is
The Cedar of Lebanon.
Full grown tree at Foxley, planted by Sir Uvedale Price.
[Scale 1 in. to 12 feet.)
VI.
RARE EVERGREEN TREES,
June, 1847.
‘N American may be allowed’ some honest pride.in the beauty
and profusion of fine forest trees, natives of our western hemi-
_ Sphere. , North America is the land. of oaks, pines, and magnolias,
to say nothing of the lesser genera; and the parks and gardens of
all Europe owe their choicest sylvan treasures to our native woods
and hills. - :
But there j is one tree, almost every. case ‘naturalized: in Europe
—an evergreen tree as pre-eminently grand and beautiful among
evergreens, a8.a, proud ship of the line among little: coasting-vessels
—a historical tree, as rich in sacred and poetic association as Mount:
, Sinai itself—a hardy tree, from a-region of mountain snows, which.
bears the winter of the middle States 5 ‘and yet, notwithstanding all
these unrivalled elaims to attention,. we believe there are not at this
moment a dozen good specimens of it, bvehty feet’ high, in the
United States.
“We mean, of course, that world-renowned tree, the Cedar of.
Lebanon :: that tree. which was the favorite of the wisest of kings;
the wood of which kindled the: burnt-offerings of the Israelites in the
time of Moses; of which-was' built the temple of Solomon, and
which the Prophet Ezekiel so finely used: as a simile in -describing
a great empire ;—“ Behold, the. Assyrian was a cedar in Lebanon,
with fair branches, and with a shadowing shroud, and of a high
stature; and his top was among the thick boughs. His boughs
were multiplied, and his branches became long. The fir-trees were
320 TREES.
not like his boughs, nor the chestnut-trees like his branches, nor any
tree in the garden of God. like unto him in beauty.”
‘The original forests of this tree ypon Mount Lebanon, must have
‘been: truly vast, as Solomon’s “forty thousand hewers" were .em-
ployed there in cutting the timber used in building the temple. It
_ 1s indeed most probable that they never recovered or were renewed
afterwards, since modern travellers give accounts of their; gradual
disappearance.. Such, however, is the gr eat age and longevity of
this tree, that it is highly credible that the few existing old specimens
on’ Mount Lebanon, are remnants of the ancient forest. Lamartine,
who made a voyage to, the Holy Land, and visited these trees in.
1839, gives the following account of them’:
“We alighted and sat down under a rock to entenaplate them:
These trees are the most renowned natural monuments in the: uni-
verse ; religion, poetry, and .history, have all equally” celebrated
them. The Arabs of all sects entertain a traditional veneration for
these trees. They: attribute to them not only a vegetative power,
which enables them ‘to live eternally, but also an intelligence, which
causes them to manifest signs of wisdom and: foresight, similar to
those’ of instinct and. reason in’‘man. They are said to understand
the changes of seasons; they stir their vast branches as if they were
limbs; they spread oat ‘and contract their, boughs, inclining them
towards heaven, or towards: earth, according as the.snow-prepares to
fall ot to melt. These trees diminish in every. succeeding age.
Travellers formerly’ counted 30 or 40; more recently 17; more-re-
cently still only 12; there are‘ now but 7.’ These, however, from
their‘size and general appearance, may be fairly presumed to have,
existed ‘in biblical times. Around these ancient witnesses of ages -
long since. past, there still remains a grove’ of yellower cedars; ap-
pearing to me to form:a group of 400 or 500 trees or shrubs. Every
year, in the month of June, the inhabitants of Beschieria, of Eden, of
Kanobin, and the other neighboring valleys and. villages, clamber. ae
to these cedars, and celebrate mass at their feet.” How many pray-
ers have resounded under these , branches 5 and what more: beautiful a
canopy for worship can exist!” a
The trunks of the largest of these venerable trees measure from
30 to 40 feet in circuniference.. The finest and most numerous
RARE EVERGREEN TREES. 321
Cedars of Lebanon in the, world, at the present moment, however,
are in Great Britain. A people so fond of:park scenery as the Eng-
lish, could not but be early impressed with the magnificence of this
oriental cedar. » It was accordingly introduced into England as early
as 1683, and the two oldest trees on record there are said to have
been: planted by. Queen Elizabeth. The Duke of Richmond of the:
year 1761, planted 1000 young Cedars of Lebanon; and nearly all
the larger estates in England boast their noble specimens of this tree
at the present day, The tallest specimen in England, is that. at
Strath fieldsaye, the seat-of the Duke of Wellington, which is 108
feet high. Woburn Abbey ' boasts also many superb specimens
varying from 60 to 90 feet high, nine of which: measure from 4 to 6
feet each in the diameter of their'trunks. But the largest, and, ac-
cording to Loudon, unquestionably the handsomest cedar in Eng-
land, is ‘the magnificent specimen at Syon House, the seat of the
Duke of Northumberland. .This tree is 72 feet high, the diameter
of its head 117 feet, and of the trunk 8 feet, We give a miniature
engraving of this tree -
(Fig. 1) .from -the
Arboretum Britanni-
‘cum, and. also of the
tree at Fosley, plant-
ed by Sir Uvedale
Price, which is 50
fees high,. with a
trunk mieasuring “4
feet in diameter.
The finest speci-
men of: this ever-
green in the United States, i is that upon the grounds of Thomas
Ash, Esq,, at Throg’s Neck, Westchester county;N. Y. We made
.a hasty sketch of this'tree in 1845, of which the annexed engraving
is a miniature. (Fig. 2.) It is about 50 feet high, and has, we
learn, been: planted: over 40 years. It is.a striking and beautiful
tree, but has as yet by no means attained. the grandeur and dignity
“— a few more years : will give it, ‘Still, it is a very fine tree, and
we : 21
Fis. 1 The Bron Oi Cédar.
322 TREES.
no one can look upon it. without being inspired with a desire to,
plant Cedars of Lebanon.
The most remarkable peculiarity in the Cedar of iidbande’s is eo
horizontal disposition of its wide spreading branches. This is not
apparent in very young trees, but
soon becomes so as they begin to de- .
velope large heads... Though in: alti-
tude this tree is exceeded by some of
the pines lately discovered in Oregon,
which reach truly gigantic, heights,
yet in breadth and massiveness: it far
exceeds all other evergreen trees, and
when old and finely developed on
_ every side, is not equalled i in an of-
namental, point of view, by any syl-
"van tree of temperate regions..
Its character being, easentially
grand and magnificent, it. therefore
Fig. 2. Cedar of Lebanon, at Mi. ae should only be planted where there
> RARER Ore is sufficient room for ‘its develop-
ment on every side. ‘Crowded among other trees, all its fine
breadth and massiveness is lost, and it is drawn up with. a narrow
head like any other of the pine family. But planted in the midst
of a broad lawn, it will eventually forma sublime: object, far more
impressive and magnificent than most of the country houses which
bglong to the private life of a republic,
The Cedar of Lebanon grows in almost every soil, from the
poorest gravel to the richest, loam. Tt has been remarked in Eng-
land that its growth is most vapid i in localities where, though plant-
ed in a good dry soil, its roots can reach water—such as situations
near the margins of ponds or springs. In general, its average growth
in this country i in favorable soils is about a foot in a year; and when
the soil is very deeply: trenched before ‘planting, or when its. roots
are not stinted in the supply of moisture during the summer, it fre-
quently advances with double that rapidity.
Although hardy here, we understand in New England it’ ‘requires
slight protection in winter, while the trees are yet. ‘small, The
RARE EVERGREEN TREES. 323
shelter afforded by sticking a few branches of evergreens in the
ground around. it, will fully answer this purpose. Wherever the
Isabella grape matures fully in the open air, it may be cultivated
successfully. The few plants that are offered for sale by the nursery-
men in this country, are imported from England in pots, but there
is no reason why they should not be raised here from seeds, and
sold in larger quantities at a reduced price. The seeds vegetate
freely, even when three or four years old, and the cones containing
them may easily be obtained of London seedsmen.*
The cone of the Cedar of Lebanon (of which figure 3 is a° Te-
duced drawing) is about 4 inches long, and is beautifully formed. —
The spring is the better time for plant-
ing the Cedar of Lebanon, in this-climate.
When the small trees. are grown in pots,
there is no difficulty in transporting them
to any distance, and -as the months of
September and October are the best for
importing them front England, we trust
— our leading nurserymen who are now
importing thousands of fruit trees froni
‘London and Paris annually, will provide
a sufficient stock of this most desirable
evergreen for the spring sales of 1848.
Tf the Cedar of Lebanon does not become
a popular tree with all intelligent planters
in this country, who have space enough
‘to allow it to show its beauties, and a
Pc: ieee, ao eee! fe climate not too inclement for its growth,
saanereaas ’ then we have greatly overrated the
taste of those engaged in rural improvements at the present mo-
* Mr. Ash pr esented us with some cones from his tree in 1844, the seeds
from which we planted and they vegetated very readily. They should be
sown in the, autumn, in light, rich soil, in broad flat boxes about. four
inches deep. These should be placed i in a cellar till spring, and then kept
during the summer following in a eool and rather shaded situation—the
next ‘winter in a cellar or cold ‘pit, and the sueceeding spring ' they may be
transplanted into the nursery.
824 | TREES.
ment .in the United States. The only reason why this grandest and
most interesting of all evergreen trees, which may be-grown-in this
country as easily as the hemlock, wherever the peach bears well, has
not already been extensively planted, is owing to two causes. First:
that its merits and its adaptation to our soil and climate, are not
generally known; and, ‘second, that it has as “yet, without any suf
ficient reason, ~~ difficult to procure it, even in our’ largest nurse-
ries. We trust that our remarks. may have: the effect’ of inspiring
many with an appreciation of its great charms, and that our ener-
getic nurserymen, -well knowing that there are thousands of young
trees tobe had in England, which may be imported in autumn,
from one to three feet high, and'in pots, in perfect condition, will be
able in future to supply all orders for Cedars of Lebanon.
While we are upon the subject, of evergreen trees, we will briefly
call the attention of our readers to ‘another rare coniferous species,
which is likely to prove a very’ interesting addition:to our hardy « ar-
boretums, This is the Cum Ping, Araucatia. imbricata,-a a singu-
lar and noble evergreen from the Cordilleras. ‘mountains, in “South
America, where it attains the height of 150 feet.
This pine, commonly known as the Araucaria (from Araucanos,
the name of the Chilian tribe in whose country it grows), is distin-”
guished by its scalelike foliage, closely overlaid or ‘imbricated; its
horizontal branches springing out from the trunk in whorls or circles,
and its immense globular cone, or fruit, as large as a man’s head,
containing numerous nutritious and excellent nuts. A single fruit
contains between two hundred and three hundred of these’ ‘kernels,
which Dr. Posppig informs us, ’ supply the place of both the palm
and corn to the Indians of the Chilian Andes. As there are fre-
quently twenty or thirty fruits on a stem, and as even a hearty eater
among the Indians, except , he should be wholly deprived, of every
other kind of sustenance, cannot consume more than two hundred
nuts in a. day, it is obvious that eighteen Araucaria trees will main-
tain a single person for a whole year. ” The kernel is of the shape
of an almond, but:twice as large, and is ¢aten either fresh, boiled,
or roasted ; and for winter’s ‘use, the women prepare a kind of pastry
from hen: 3
* Arboretum Britannicum, p. 2488.
RARE EVERGREEN TREES. 325
We borrow from the Arboretum Britannicum, an engraving one-
sixth of the size of nature, showing the young branch’ and leaves
(fig. 4), and also another (fig. 5), which is a portrait of a specimen
growing at Kew Garden,
= ‘England, taken in 1838,
when it was only iwelrs
feet high. We also add,
from the London Horticul-
tural Magazine, the following
memorandum. respecting a
tree at Dropmore, taken last
summer (1846).
“The following is the
height and dimensions of
the finest specimen we have
of this noble tree, and .pro-,
~ blably the largest in Europe:
height 22 feet 6 inches; di-
ameter of the spread of
branches. near the ground,
10 feet 6 inches; girth of
the:'stem near the ground,
2 feet 10 inches ; five feet
‘above the ground, 2 feet.
Fig. “4.—Branch of the Avaneantl or Chili Pine, one- The tree has made a rapid
sixth of the natural size, growth this season, and pro-
mises to gét a foot higher, or more, before autumi; it is about
sixteeti years old, and has never had the least protection; it stands
in rather an exposed situation, on a raised mound, in which the tree
delights. The soil is loam, with a small portion of poor peat, and
the plant has never been watered, even in the hottest season ‘we
have had. A’ wet subsoil is certain death to the araucaria in very
wet seasons. A plant here, from a cutting, made, a leading shoot
in the year 1833, and 'is now 19 feet 6 inches in height, and has
every appearance of making a splendid plant.”
_ In Scotland, also, it stands without the slightest protection, and
we have before us, in the Revue Horticole, an account of a planta-
826 TREES.
tion, of these trees at Brest, in the north of France, a climate very
much like our own. The soil is a light sandy loam, poor and thin.
Yet the trees, fully exposed, or sheltered, el by a. small belt of
pines, have proved per- «
fectly hardy, resisting
without injury, even the
rigorous winter of 1829-
30, when the thermome-
ter was several dégrees
below zero of Fahren-
heit. “ The largest now
measures about twenty
feet in height. Its cir- O%
cles or tiers of branches
are five in number, dis-
posed at perfectly equal
distances, and closely re-
sembling, in effect, a
magnificent pyramid —
The stem, the branches,
and. their shoots, are all —
completely clothed with Fig. 5,—The ‘Chili Pine, or Arancania-Tree,
leaves of a fine deep green ; these leaves are regularly and symmet-
rically disposed, and are remarkable in their being bent: backwards
at their extremities, giving the effect, as well as the form, of the
antique girandole.” ?
Mr. Buist, the well known Philadelphia nurseryman, who' has
already distributed agood many specimens of this tree in the United
States, informed us last season, that it is entirely hardy in Philadel-
phia; and our correspondent, Dr. Valk, of Flushing, who has in his
garden a specimen three feet high, writes us that it has borne the
past winter without protection, and apparently uninjured.
We may therefore reasonably hope that this unique South
American trée, of most singular foliage, striking symmetry; and gi-
gatitic eatable fruit, will also take its place in our ornamental plan-
tations, along with the cedar of Lebanon and the Deodar cedar,
two of the grandest trees of the Asian world,
Vil.
& WORD IN FAVOR OF EVERGREENS.
May, 1848.
HAT is the reason,” said an intelligent. European horticul-
turist to us lately, “that the Americans employ so few ever-
greens in their ornamental plantations? Abroad, they’are the trees
most sought after, most: highly prized, and most valued in landscape-
gardening ; ‘and ‘that, too, in countries where the winters are com-
paratively mild and short. Here, in the northern United States,
where this season is both long ‘and severe, and where you have, in
your forests, the finest evergreens, they are only sparingly introduced
into lawns or, pleasure-grounds.”
Our friend is right. There is a lamentable poverty of evergreens
in the grounds of many country places in this country. : Our planta-
-fions are. mostly: deciduous; and while there are thoussnds of per-
sons who plant, in this country, such trashy trees (chiefly fit for
towns) as the ailanthus, there is not one planter in a2 hundred but
contents himself with a few fir trees, as the sole representatives of
the grand and rich foliaged family of evergreens.
They forget that, as summer dies, evergreens form the richest
back-ground to the kaleidoscope coloring of the changing autumn
leaves; that in winter, they rob the chilly frost-king of his sternest
terrors; that in spring, they-give a southern and verdant character
to the landscape in the first sunny day, when not even the earliest
poplar or avillow has burst its buds. .
More than this,—to look at. the useful aswell as the picturesque,
they are the body guards—the grenadiers—the outworks and forti-
328 TREES,
fications—which properly defend the house and grounds from the
cold winds, and the driving storms, that sweep pitilessly-over unpro-
tected places in many parts of the country. Well grown belts of ©
evergreens—pines and firs, which
“in conic form ms, arise,
And with a poet Byer divide the skies,”
have, in their congregated strength, a power of shelter and protic:
tion that no inexperienced person‘can possibly understand, without
actual : experience and the evidence of his own senses, Many a
place, almost uninhabitable’ from the rude blasts of wind that sweep
over it, has’ been rendered comparatively calm and sheltered; many
a garden, so exposed that the cultivation of tender trees and plants
was almost impossible, has been rendered mild and genial in ‘its cli-
mate by the growth of a close aa compe of masses and
groups of evergreen trees, _
Compared with England,—that country hee parks and pleas-
ure grounds ‘are almost wholly evergreen, because her climate is so
wonderfully congenial to their culture that dozens of species: grow
with the greatest luxuriance there, which neither France, Germany; pe
nor the northern United States will produce; we.say, compared
with England, the variety of evergreens which it is. possible for us to
cultivate is quite limited. Still, though the variety is less, the gen-
eral effect that may be produced is the same; and there is no apo-
logy for our neglecting, at least, the essares that lie at our ve
gates, and by our road-sides—the fine indigenous trees of our coun-
try. ' These are within every one’s reach ; and even these, if properly
introduced, would give a perpetual richness and beauty to our orna-
mental grounds, of which they are at this time, ah a exer
tions, almost: destitute. . ,
As we are oe eteasines now,. chiefly to ene or
those who have hitherto neglected this branch of arboriculture, we:
may commence by mentioning, at the outset, four evergreen trees
worthy of attention—indeed, of almost universal attention, in our
ornamental plantations. Those are the Hemlock, the White em
the Norway Spruce, and the Balsam Fir, +
We place the hemlock (Abies canadensis) first, as we neuer
A WORD IN FAVOR OF EVERGREENS. 329
it, beyond all question, the.most. graceful and “beautiful evergreen
tree commonly grown in this country. In its wild haunts, by the
side: of some steep mountain, or on the dark wooded banks of some
deep valley, it is most often a grand and picturesque tree ; when, as
in some parts of the northern States, it covers countless acres of wild
forest land, it becomes gloomy and mionotonous.. Hence, there are
few of our readers,.unfamiliar as they are with it but in these
phases, who have the least idea.of its striking beauty. when grown
alone, in a smooth lawn, its branches extending freely on all sides,
and sweeping the ground, its loose spray and full feathery foliage
floating freely in the air, and. its proportions full of the finest sym-
metry and harmony. For airy gracefulness, and the absence of that
stiffness more or less prevalent in most evergreens, we must be al-
lowed, therefore, to claim the. first place for the hemlock, as a tree
for the lawn or park,
Unfortunately, the hemlock has the reputation of Deine a diff
cult tree to transplant; and though we have seen a thousand of
them removed with scarcely the loss of half a dozen. plants, yet we
are bound to confess, that, with the..ordinary rude handling of the
common gardener, it is often impatient of removal. The truth is,
all evergreens are, far more tender in their roots than deciduous
trees. They will not bear that exposure to the sun and air, even for
a short period, which seems to have little effect upon most deciduous
trees. Once fairly dried and shrivelled, their roots are slow to re-
gain their former vital power, and the plant in consequence dies.
‘This point well understood and guarded against, the hemlock is
by no means a difficult tree to remove from the nurseries.* . When
taken from the woods, it is best. done with a frozen ball of earth in
the winter; or,.if the soil is sufficiently tenacious, with a damp
ball in the spring, as has lately been recommended by one of our
ae
Of all the well known pines, we avathe preference to our native
Waite Prinz (Pinus strobus) for ornamental ‘purposes. The soft
* In the nurseries this, and other evergreens, over four feet, should ‘be
regularly root pruned: i. e., the longest roots shortened with a spade every
” year. Treated thus, there is no difficulty whatever in removing. trees of ten
or twelve feet high, ° ~
330 TREES.
and agreeable hue of its pliant foliage, the excellent form of the tree,
and its adaptation to a great variety of soils and sites, are all recom-
mendations not easily overlooked.
Besides, it bears transplanting . paroalanly well; and is, on this
account also, more generally seén than any other species in our orna-
mental plantations. But its.especial merit, as an ornamental tree,
is the perpetually fine, rich, lively green of ,its foliage. In the
northern States, many evergreens lose their bright color in mid-
winter, owing to the severity of the cold; and though they regain
it quickly in the first mild days of spring, yet this temporary dingi-
ness, at the season when verdure is rarest.and most prized, is, unde-
niably, a great defect. Both the hemlock and the white. pine are
exceptions. Even in the greatest depression of the thermometer
known to our neighbors on the “ disputed, houndary” line, we be-
lieve the verdure of these trees is the same fine unchanging green.
Again, this thin summer growth is of such a soft and.lively color,
that they are (unlike some of the other pines, the red cedar; etc.)
as pleasant to look upon, even in June, as any fresh and full foliaged
deciduous tree, rejoicing in all its full breadth of new summer robes.
We place the white pine, therefore, among the first in the regards
of the ornamental planter.
Perhaps the most popular foreign evergreen in this country is
the Norway, Spruce (Abies excclsa.) In fact, it is so useful and.
valuable a tree, that. it is destined to: become much more popular
still. So hardy, that it is used as a nurse plant, to break off the
wind in exposed sites, and, shelter more tender trees in young planta-
tions ; 80 readily adapting itself to any site, that it thrives upon all
soils, fom light ‘sand, or ‘dry gravel, to deep moist. loam or clay ;. 80
accommodating in its habits, that it will’ grow under the shade.of
other trees, or in the most exposed. positions ;. there is no planter of.
new places, or improver of old ones, who will not find it necessary
‘to call it in to his assistance, Then, again, the variety of purposed
for which this tree may be used is so indefinite. _ Certainly, there are
few trees more strikingly picturesque than a fine Norway spruce,
40 or 50 years old, towering up from abase of thick branches which
droop and fall to the very lawn, and hang off in those depending
curves, which; make it such a favorite with artists. Any one who
The Norway Spruce Fir.
Full-grown tree at Studley, 182 ft, high; diam. of the trunk, 6}4 ft. ; and of the bead, 38 It
, [Seale 1 in, ty 24 Jt.) -
A WORD IN FAVOR OF EVERGREENS. 331
wishes ocular demonstration of the truth of this, will do well to
daguerreotype in his mind (for certainly, once seen, he can never
forget them) the fine specimens on the lawn at the seat of Col. Per-
kins, near Boston; or two or three; still larger, and almost equally
well developed, in ‘hie old Linnzan Garden of Mr. Winter, at Flush-
ing, Long Island.
The Norway spruce, abroad, is thought to grow rapidly only on.
soils somewhat damp. But this is not the case in America. Wé
saw, lately, a young plantation of'them of 10 or’12 years growth, in
the ground of Capt. Forbes, of Milton Hill, near Boston, on very high
and-dry gravelly soil, many of which iat leading shoots, last, sea- ,
son, of three or four feet. Their growth may be greatly promoted,
as indeed may that of all evergreens, by a liberal top-dressing of
ashes, applied early every spring or autyimn.
Little seems to be known in the United States, as yet, of the
great value of the Norway spruce, for hedges, %* We have no doulit
whatever that it will soon become the favorita plant for evergreen
hedges, as thé buckthom and Osage orange are already for decidu-
ous hedges in this.country. So hardy as to grow every where, so
strong, and bearing the shears so well, as tq form an almost impene-
trable wall of foliage, it is precisely adapted. to thousands of situa-
- tions in’ the northern half of the Union, where an unfailing shelter,
screen, and barrier, are wanted at all seasons. t a
* This plant may be had from six inches to. two feet high at the English
nurseries, at such extremely low prices per 1000, that our nurserymen ean
well afford to import and grow it a year or two in their grounds, and sell it.
wholesale for hedges, at rates that will place it in the reach of all planters.
Autumn is the safest season to import it from England; as, if packed dry and
shipped at that season, not ten plants.in a thousand will die on the passage.
We hope in a couple of years it will be obtainable, i in large quantities, in
every large nursery in America. ‘We also observe that Elwanger & Barry,
at Rochester, advertise it at the present time as a hedge plant.
_ + “No tree,” says the Arboretum Britannicum, “is better adapted than
. this for planting i in narrow strips for shelter or seclusion: because, though
the trees in the interior of the strip may become naked below, yet those from
the outside will retain ‘their branches from the ground upwards, and effectu-
ally prevent the eye from seeing through the sereen. The tendency of the
tree to pe eserve its lower branches renders it an excellent protection to
832 TREES.
"The Batsam Fir (Picea balsamea), or, as it is often called, the
Balm of Gilead Fir, is a neat, dark, green evergreen tree, perhaps
more generally employed for small grounds and plantations than any .
other by our gardeners. Tn truth, it is better adapted to small gar-
‘dens, yards, or ‘narrow ‘lawns, than for landscape gardening on a
large scale, as its beauty is of a formal kind; and though the’ tree
often grows to thirty or forty feet, its appearance is never more
pleasing than when it is from ten to fifteen or twenty feet high:
The dark green hue of its foliage, which is pretty constant at all
seasons, and the comparative ease with which it is transplanted, will
always commend it to the ornamental improver. But, as a full
grown tree, it isnot to be compared for a moment, to any one of the
three species of evergreens that we have already noticed; since it
becomes stiff and férmal'as ‘it grows old, instead of graceful or. pictu- ,
ré&que, like the hemlock, white pine, or Norway spruce. Its chief ,
value is for shrubberies, small gardens, or courtyards, in a formal ‘or
regular style. The facility of obtaining it, added to the excellent
color of its foliage, and the great hardiness of the plant?induce us to
give it a place among’ the four evergreens worthy of the! universal
attention of our’ ornamental planters.
The Arbor Vite, so useful for hedges and screens, is, we find, so
game; and for this purpose, and also for, the sake of its yerdure during win-
ter, when planted among deciduous trees and cut down to within five or six
feet of the ground, it affords a very good and very beautiful undergrowth.
The Norway spruce beats the shears; and as it is of rapid growth, it makes
excellent hedges for shelter in nursery gardens. Such hedges are not unfre-
quent in Switzerland, and also in Carpathia, and some parts of Baden and
Bavaria, In 1844, there were spruce hedges in some gentlemen's grounds
in the neighborhood, of Moscow, between 30 feet and 40 feet high. At the
Whim (near ‘Edinbur gh), a Norway spruce hedge was planted i in 1828 with
- plants 10 feet high, ‘put i in 8 feet apart. The whole were cut down 6 feet,
and afterwards trimmed in a regular conical shape. The hedge, thus formed,
was first cut on Jan. 26; the year after planting; and as the plants were
found to sustain no injury, about the end of that month has been chosen for
cutting it every year since. - Every portion of this hedge is beautiful and
green; and the annual growths: are very short, giving the surface of this
hedge a fine, healthy appearance.” [This is an excellent’ illustration of the
capacity of this tree for being sheared; but good hedges are more easily and -
better formed by using plants about 18 inches or 2 feet high.]
.A WORD IN FAVOR OF EVERGREENS, 333
rapidly becoming popular among our planters, that it needs little
further commendation.
Among the foreign evergreens ae of attention, are the Chili
‘ine (Araucaria), the Cedar of. Lebanon, and the Deodar cedar,—
three very noble trees, already described in. previous pages, and
worthy of attention in the highest degree, The two first have stood
the past winter well, in our, own grounds, and are likely to prove
quite hardy. here.
' ‘For a rapid growing, bold, and picturesque Seerateony ‘the Aus-
trian pine (Pinus Austriaca) is well deserving of attention. We
find it remarkably hardy, adapting itself to all soils (though said. to
grow naturally in Austria on the lightest sands).- A specimen here,
grew nearly three feet last season ;@and its. bold, stiff foliage, is suffi-
ciently marked to arggst the attention among all other evergreens.
The Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) we find also perfectly
hardy in this latitude. This tree produces an eatable kernel, and
though of comparatively slow growth, is certainly one of the most
interesting of the pine family. The Italian stone pine, and the pinas-
ter, are also. beautiful trees for the climate of Philadelphia. The.
grand and lofty pines of California, the largest and loftiest evergreen
trees in: the world, are not yet'to be found, except as small specimens
here and there in the gardens of curious collectors in the United
States. But we hope, with, our continually increasing intercourse
with western America, fresh seeds will be procured by our nursery-
men, and grown abundantly for sale. The great Californian silver
fir (Picea grandis) grows 200 feet high, with cones 6 inches long,
and fine silvery foliage ; and the noble silver fir (P. nobilis) is
seareely less striking. “I spent three weeks,” says Douglass, the
botanical traveller, “in a forest composed of this ‘tree, and, day by
day, could not cease to admire it.” Both these fine fir-trees grow in
Northern California, where they cover vast tracts of land, and, along
with other species’ of,pine, form grand and majestic features in the
landscape of that country. The English have been before usin in-, ’ |
troducing ‘these natives of our western shores; for we find ‘them,
though at high pricés, now offered for sale in most of the large
nurseries in Great Britain.
The most beaytiful evergreen-tree i in America, and, perhaps, —
334 7 TREES.
when foliage, flowers, and perfumé are considered,—in the world, is
the Magnolia grandiflora of. our southern States. There, where it .
grows in the deep alluvial soil of some river valley, to-the height of,
70 or 80 feet, clothed with its large, thick, deep green, glossy leaves,
like those of a gigantic laurel, covered in the season of its bloom
with large, pure white blossoms, that perfume the whole woods about
it with their delicious odor ; certainly,.it presents a spectacle of un-
Jivalled. sylvan , beauty. Much to be deplored is it, that north of
New-York it will not bear the rigor of the winters, and that we are
denied the pleasure of seeing it grow freely in the open air. At’
Philadelphia, it is quite hardy; and in the Bartram Garden, at
Landreth’s, and in various private grounds near that city, there are
fine specimens 20. or 30 feet hifh,, growing without’ protection and
blooming every year. _ 6
‘Wherever the climate will permit the culture of this superb
_ evergreen, the ornamental planter would be unpardonable, in ‘our
eyes, not to possess it in considerable abundance. There is a variety
of it, originated from seed by the English, called the Exmouth Mag-
nolia (M. g. exominsis), which is rather hardier, and a much more
abundant bloomer than the original species.’
VIII.
THE CHINESE MAGNOLIAS.
ae January, 1850:
ATURE has bestowed that superb genus of trees, the magnolia,
on the eastern sides of the two great continents—N orth Amer-
ica and Asia.. The United States gives us eight of all the known
species, and China and Japan four or five. Neither Europe, Africa,
‘nor South America afford a single indigenous species of magnolia.
All the Chinese magnolias, excepting one (4M. fuscata), are
hardy in this latitude, and are certainly among the most. striking -
and ornamental objects in our pleasure- grounds and shrubberies in
the spring. Indeed, during the month of April, and the early part
of May, two of them, the white or consyicua, and Soulange’s purple
or soulangiana, eclipse every other floral object, whether tree or
shrub, that the garden contains. Their numerous branches, thickly
studded with large flowers, most classically shaped, with thick kid-
like petals, and rich spicy odor, wear an aspect of great novelty and
beauty among the smaller blossoms of the more common trees and
shrubs that blossom at that early time, and seally fill the- beholder
‘with delight.
The Chinese white magnolia (MZ. iioaae is, in the effect of
its blossoms, the most charming of all magnolias. The flowers, in
color a pure creamy white, are produced. in such abundance, that
the tree, when pretty large, may be seen a great distance. The
Chinese name, Guxay, literally lily-tree, is an‘ apt and expressive
one, as the blossoms are not much unlike those of the white lily in
size and shape, when fully expanded. Among the Chinese poets,
.they are considered the emblem of candor and beauty.
836 TREES.
The engraving is a very correct portrait of a fine specimen of
this tree, standing on the lawn in front of our house, as it.appears
/ now, April 25th. Its usual period of blooming here is from the 5th
to ithe 15th of this month. Last year there were three thousand
Nise
Wena ce
oA he
Nea ay
nee Sie
y Hie ‘
ay)
eh ih
Wi B
\\. | J
Portrait of the Chinese White Magnolia in Mr. Doyning s| Grounds.
blossoms open’ upon it at once, The tree has been planted about
fourteen years, and is now twenty feet high. The branches spread
over a space of fifteen feet in diameter, and the stem, near the .
ground, is eight inches in diameter. Its growth i is highly sym-
metrical. For the last ten years it has never, in a single’ season,
failed to produce a fine display of blossoms, which are usually. fol-.
lowed by a few seeds. Last year, however, it gave us quite a crop
THE OHINESE MAGNOLIAS. ‘337°
‘of ‘large and fine seeds, ao which we hope to raise many
\ plants.* *
“This ‘tree js perfectly hardy j in this latitude, and we five never
known one of its flower buds (which are quite large in autumn), or
an inch of’ its wood, to be’killed by the most severe winter. It is,
however, grafted . aboiit a foot from the groutid, on a stock of our
western magnolia—sometimes called in Ohio the “ cucumber-tree”
(Mf. acuminata). This perhaps renders it-a little more hardy, and
rather more vigorous than when grown on its''éwn"root—as this
native sort is the very’best. stock for all the Chinese sorts. It is 80 pro-
pagated by budding in August; and no doubt the spring budding
recommended by Mr. Nelson, would be a highly successful mode.”
‘The next most ornimental -Chinese magnolia, is Soulange’s pur-
ple (Mf. séulangiana). © This is a hybrid seedling, raised by the late
Chevalier Soulange Bodin, the distinguished’ French horticulturist..
The habit of the tree’is closely ‘similar to that of the conspicua ; its
blossoms, equally numerous, are rather larger, but the outside of the
petals is finely tinged with purple. It :partakes of the character of
both its parents—having the growth of magnolia conspicua, and
_ the color of magnolia purpurea (ot indeed a lighter shade of purple).
Its term of blooming is also midway between that of these two spe-
cies, being about a week later: than that of the white or Gulan
magnolia. It is also perfectly hardy in this latitude.’ ‘The purple
Chinese magnolia (JZ. purpurea) is a much dwarfer tree than the
two preceding spécies. Indeed, it is properly a shrub, some six or
eight feet in its growth in this latitude. Grafted, on the “ cucumber-:
tree,” it would no doubt be more vigorous, and perhaps more hardy,
for it is occasionally liable to have the ends of its branches slightly"
injured by severe winters here. Its flowers begin to open early in
‘. May, and on an old plant they continue blooming for six weeks, and
indeed in a shaded situation, often -for a considerable part of the
summer. These blossoms are white within, of a fine dark lilac or
"purple on the outside, and quite fragrant like the others. This is
the oldest Chinese. magnolia known Hes having been brought from
"# There is, we learn, a fine Tange specimen of this trée i in the gaiden of
‘Mr. William Davidson, Brooklyn, N.Y.” f
22
,
900 ADDL.
China to: Europe it in 1790—and it is now quite frequently seen in
our gardens,
There is another’ species (mM. gracilis), the slender-growing mag-
nolia, which very nearly resembles the purple flowering magnolia—
and indeed only differs from: it in its more slender tila and nar-
rower leaves and ‘petals.
If these noble flowering trees have a defect, it is one which is
inseparable from the early period at which they bloom, viz., that of
having few or no leaves when the blossoms are in their full perfec-
tion, To remedy this, a very obvious mode is to plant them with:
evergreen trees, so that thé. latter may form a ‘dark green back-
ground for the large and beautiful masses of magnolia flowers.
The American arbor vite, and hemlock, seem to us best fitted for
this purpose. To those’ of our readers who do not already possess
the Chinese magnolia, and more especially. the two first named sorts,
it is impossible to recommend two trees, that may now be had at
most of our large nurseries, which: are in every respect so ornamen-
tal in their symmetrical growth, rich blossoms, and fine summer
foliage, as the Chinese magnolias.
1x,
_ , THE NEGLECTED AMERICAN PLANTS,
May, 1861,
[T-is an old and fanailiae saying that a prophet is not without
honor, except i in his own country; and as we were. making our
way this spring through a densa, forest in. the State of New Jersey,
we were tempted to apply this saying to things as well as people.
How many grand and stately trees there are in our woodlands, that
are never heeded: by the arboriculturist in planting his lawns and
pleasure- -grounds ; how many rich and beautiful shrubs, that might
embellish our walks and add variety.to our shrubberies,that are
left to wave on the mountain crag, or overhang the’ steep side of —
some forest valley ; how many rare and curious flowers that bloom
unseen amid the depths of silent woods, or along the margin ‘of
-- wild water-courses. Yes, our hot-houses . are full of the heaths of ‘
- NeweHolland and the Cape, ‘our patterres : are gay with the ver-
benas and fuchsias of South America, our pleasure-grounds are
studded with the trees of Europe and Northem Asia, while the.
* rarest spectacle i in an American country place, is to see above three
or four native trees, rarer still to find any but foreign | shrubs, and:
rarést of all, to find any of our native wild flowers.
‘Nothing strikes foreign horticulturists and amateurs so much,
as this apathy and indifference of Americans, to the beautiful sylvan
and floral products of their own country. An enthusiastic collector:
in Belgium first made us keenly sensible of. this condition of our
countrymen, but, Summer, in describifig the difficulty he had in
“> procuring from any of his correspondents, here, American seeds or
340 TREES.
plants—even of well-known and ‘olerably abundant it species, by tell;
Ing us that amateurs and nurserymen who annually, import from:
him every new and raré exotic that the richest collections’ of Europe '
possessed, could scarcely be prevailed upon to make a search for
snative American ‘plants, far more beautiful, which grow in the woods,
not ten miles from their own doors, Some of them were wholly
ignorant of such plants, except so far as a familiarity ‘with their’
names ‘in the books may. be called an acquaintance. Others knew
them, but considered them “wild plants,” and therefore, too little
deserving of attention to be worth the trouble of collecting, even for
curious foreigners. “ And 80,” he continued, “in a country of azaleas,
kalmias, ° rhododendrons, | cypripediums, ’ magnolias and ‘nysas,—
the loveliest flowers, shrubs, and, trees of temperate climates,—you
never put them in your! gardens, ‘but ‘send over the water, every year
for thotisands of dollars worth of English larches' and Dutch hya-
cinths. Voila Te gotst Republicain ! py
Tn truth, 1 we felt that we quite deserved. the sweeping sarcasm of ;
our Belgian friend. We had always, indeed, excused ourselfes for
the well known neglect of the riches of our native Flora, by saying
that what we can see any day in the woods, i is not the thing by
which to make a garden distinguished—and that since all:mankind.
have a passion for noyelty, where, as in a fine foreign tree or shrub,
both beauty and novelty. are combined, so much the greater is "the
pleasure experienced, But,. indeed, « one has only to go to England,
where “ American plants” are the fashion, (not undeservedly, too,)
to learn that he knows very little about the beauty of American
plants. The difference between a ‘grand oak or magnolia, or tulip-
tree, grown with all its graceful and majestic development, of, head,
ina park where it has nothing to interfere with. its expansion, but
sky and air, and the same. tree shut up in a forest, a quarter of a
mile high, with only a tall gigantic mast of a stem, and a tuft of
foliage at the top, is the difference between the. best. bred. and highly
cultivated man of the day, and the best buffalo hunter of the Rocky
Mountains, with his sinewy body tattooed and tanned till you scarcely.
know what is the natural color of the skin. A person accustomed
to the wild Indian only, might. think he knew perfectly well what a
man is—and sO indeed he does, if you mean a red man. But the
THE NEGLECTED AMERICAN PLANTS. 341
_ “civilize” is not more different from the aboriginal man of the
~ forest, than the’ cultivated and perfect garden-tree or shrub. (grant-
ing always ‘that’ it takes ‘to civilization—which some trees, like In- .
dians, do not), than a tree of the pleasure-grounds differs from a
trée of the woods.
Perhaps the finest. revelation of this sort in England, is the
clumps and maises of our mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, and
our azaleas and thododendrons, which embellish the English plea-
sure-grounds. In some of the _great country-seats, whole acres of
lawn, kept like velvet, are niade the ground-work upon which these
masses of the richest foliaged and the gayest flowering shrubs are
embroidered. Each mass is planted i in'a round or oval ‘bed of deep,
rich, sandy mould, in which it ‘attains a luxuriance and perfection
of form and foliage, almost as new to an American as to a Sand-
wich Islander. The Germans make avenues of our tulip-trees, and
in the South of France, one finds more planted: magnolias in the
gardens, than there are, out of the woods, in all the United States.
_ It is thus, by seeing them away from home, where their merits are
better appreciated, arid more highly developed, that one ‘learns for
the first time what our ‘gardens have lost, by. our “having none of
these “ American plants” in them.
” The subjéct i is one which should be pursued to much greater
length than we are able to follow it in the present article. Our
woods and swamps are full of the. ‘most exquisite plants, some, of
which’ would greatly embellish even the smallest garden. But iti is
” rather to one single feature in the pleasure grounds, that we would
at-this moment direct the attention, and that is, the introduction, of i. 7
two broad- leaved evergreen shrubs, that are abundant in every part 7
of the middle States, and that are, nevertheless, seldom to be seen
in any of our gardens or nurseries, from one end of the country ‘to
the other. The defect is the more to be deplored, because our orna-
mental plantations, so far as they are evergreen, consist almost en-
tirely of pines and firs—all narrow-leaved evergreens—far inferior
in richness ‘of foliage, to those we have mentioned.
The Native Holly grows, from Long Island to Florida, and is
quite abundant in the’ woods of New Jersey, Maryland, and Vir-
ginia. It forms a shrub or small tree, varying from four to forty
‘
ane TREES.
feet j in height—clothed with foliage and berries of the same orna-
méntal ‘character as the European holly—except that the leaf isa
shade lighter in its green. The plant too, is perfectly hardy, even
in the climate of Boston—while the European holly is quite too.
tender for open air culture in the middle States—notwithstanding
that peaches ripen here in orchards, and in England only on walls.
The American Laurel, or Kalmia, is too well known in all parts
of the country to need any description. And what new shrub, we
would ask, is there—whether from the Himmalayas or the Andes,
whether hardy or ‘tender—which . surpasses the American laurel,
when in perfection, as to the richness of its dark green foliage, or
the exquisite delicacy and beauty of its gay masses of flowers? If.
‘it came from the highlands of Chili, and were recently. introdoég,
it would bring a guinea a plant, and no grumbling ! "a
Granting. all this, let our readers who wish to decorate: their
grounds with something new and beautiful, undertake now, én this
month of May (for these plants are best transplanted after they ‘have
commenced a new growth), to plant some Jaurels and hollies. If
they would do this quite successfully, they must not stick them here
and there among other shrubs in the common border—but prepare
a bed or clamp, i in some cool, rather shaded aspect—a north slope
is better than a southern one—where. the subsoil is rather damp
than dry. The soil should be sandy or ‘gravelly, with a mixture of '
black earth well decomposed, or a cart-load or two of rotten leaves
from an old wood, and it should. be at. least eighteen or twenty
inches deep, to retain the moisture in a long drought, A bed of
these fine evergreens, made in this way, will be a feature in the
grounds, which, after it has been well established for a few years, will
conyince you far .better than any words of ours, of the neglected
beauty of ow American:plants. :
xX
THE ART OF TRANSPLANTING TREES.
: We stibay 1848,
E must have a little familiar conversation, this month, on the
subject of TRANSPLANTING TREES. Our remarks will be in-
tended, of course, for the uninitiated ; not for those who. have grown
wise with experience.
. That there is a difficulty in ee trees, the multitude
of complaints and inquiries which beset ‘us, most. abundantly —
prove. . That it is, on the other hand, a very ‘easy and. simple pro-
" cess, the uniform success of skilful cultivators, as fully establishes,
The difficulty then, lies, of course, in a want of knowledge, on
the. part of the unsuccessful practitioner. This want of knowledge
may be stated, broadly, under two heads, viz. ignorance of the,
of organization of trees, and ignorance of the rrelooestty of feeding
them.
The first point. is directly the most sch aptaaie for*the very. pro-
cess of transplanting i is founded upon it. Since this art virtually
consists in removing, by violence, a tree from one spat to another,
. it is absolutely necessary to know how much violence we miay use _
" without defeating the end€ in view. A common soldier will, with
his sword, cut off a man’s limb, in such a manner that he takes his
” Tife away with it. A’skilful surgeon, will do the same thing, in or-*
der to preserve life. There are, also, manifestly two- ways of trans
planting trees.
That the vital principle i is a wonderful and inysterious . power,
even in plants,-cannot be denied. But because certain trees, as
344 TREES.
poplars and willows, have enough of this power to enable pieces‘of
them to grow, when stuck into the ground, like walking sticks,
without roots, it does not follow that all other trees will do, the
same. There are some animals which swallow’ prussic acid with
“impunity ; but it is a dangerous experiment for all other animals,
What we mean to suggest, therefore, is, that he who would be a
successful transplanter, must have an almost religious. respect for the
roots of trees, He must.look upon them as the collectors of rev-
enue, the wardens of the ports, the great, viaducts of all solids and
fluids that enter into the system of growth ‘and verdure, which con-
stitute the tree proper. Oh, if one could: only teach hewers of
ef tap-roots” and drawers of.“ laterals,” the value of the whole system
of roots every thing, in short, that looks like, and i 18, a radicle—
then would nine tenths of the difficulty of jrapiaplaniange be quite,
overcome, andthe. branches might be left pretty much to them-
selves I
Now a tree, to be retuilly transplanted, ought to be taktn up
with its whole system of roots entire. Thus removed. and. carefully
replanted, at the proper « dormant, season, it need not suffer a ‘loss of
the smallest bough, and if would scarcely feel: its removal. Such
things are done every year, with this result, by really clever and ex--
perienced gardeners. We have seen apple-trees,’ large enough to»
bear a couple: of bushels of fruit, which were removed a dozen miles,
in the autumn, and made a luxuriant growth, and bore a fine crop
the next season. But the workman who handled etn had gone
to the root of ‘the business he undertook.
The fact, however, cannot be denied, that i in. common practice’
there are very few such perfect workmen. Trees (especially in the
nurseries) are often taken up in haste, at a loss of a third, or even
sometimes half of their roots, and -when received by the transplanter,
there is nothing to be done but to. make thetbest of i.
In order to do, this, we must look a little in advance, isi order to:
understand the phildsophy of growth, In a few words, then, it
may be assumed that in a healthy tree, there is an exact“ balance
of ‘power ” between the roots and the branches. -Thé first may be
said to represent the. stomach, and the second the lungs and pet-
spiratory’ system. The first collects food for the tree; the other
.
THE ART OF TRANSPLANTING TREES, 345
elaborates and prepares this food. You can, therefore, no more
make-a violent. attack upon the: roots, without the leaves and
branches suffering harm by it, than,you can greatly injure the
stomach.of an animal without disturbing the vital action of all the
rest of its system. - «
In trees and plants, perhaps, this proportional dependence is
still greater. For.instance, the leaves, ‘and even the bark of a tree,
continually act as.the.perspiratory system of that tree. . Every clear
-. day, in a good sized tree, they give off many pounds weight of
fluid matter,—being the. more watery portion of the element ab-
sorbed by the roots. Now it is-plain, that if you: destroy, in trans-
. planting, one-third of the roots of a tree, you have, as soon as: the
leaves expand, a third more lungs than you can keep in action. The
perspiration is vastly beyond what the roots can make good ; and
unless the subject. is.one-of unusual vitality, or the weather is such
as to keep down perspiration by constant dampness, the leaves must
flag, and the tree partly or wholly perish.
The remedy, in cases where you must plant a tree whose roots:
have'been mutilated, is (after carefully paring off the ends of the
wounded roots, to enable them to heal more speedily) to restore the
“balance.of power” by bringing down the perspiratory.system—in
other words, the branches, to a corresponding state; that is to say,
in theory, if your ‘tree-has lost, a fourth of its roots, take off an
equal amount of its branches. :
This is the correct theory. The rales, however, differs with
' the climate where the transplanting takes place. This is evident, if
we remember that the.perspiration is governed by the amount of sun-
shine and dry air. The more of these, the greater the demand
made for moisture, on the roots. Hence, the reason why. delicate
cuttings strike root readily under a. bell glass, and-why transplanting
. is.as easy as sleeping in rainy weather. In England, therefore, it is
much easier to transplant large trees than on the, continent, or in
‘this country ; so easy, that Sir Henry Stewart made parks of fifty
feet trees with his transplanting machine, almost ‘as easily and as
: quickly as Capt. Bragg makes a park of artillery. But he who
tries this sort of fancy work in the bright sunshine of the United
Bist, will find that it is like undertaking to besiege Gibraltar with
346 ‘TREES,
cross-bows. The trees start into leaf, and all promises well; but.
unless under very favorable circumstances, the. leaves beggar- the. .
roots, by their demands for more sap, before August is half over.
We mean to be understood, therefore, that we think it safest in .
practice, in this part of the world, when you are about to ‘Plant a
tree deprived of part of its roots, to reduce the branches a little.
below this same proportion. To reduce them to precisely ; an equal
‘proportion, would preserve the balance, if the ground about the
roots could be kept uniformly moist, But, with the chances of its.
becoming partially dry at times, you must guard against the Jeaves ©
“ flagging, by diminishing their number at the first. start. As every
leaf and branch, made after growth fairly commences, will be accom-
panied simaultaneously by new roots, the same will then be provided
for as a matter of course, _ '
The neatest way of yeducing the top of a tree, in ‘order, not i
destroy its natural symmetry,* i is to shorten-back the young growth: ,
of the previous season. We know a most successful planter who
"always, under all circumstances, shortens-back the previous’ year’s
wood, on transplanting, to one bud ; that is, he cuts off the whole
summer's growth down to a good: plump bud, just- above the pre-
vious year’ s wood. But this is not always’ necessary. A few inches -
(where the growth has been a foot or more) will usually be all that
is necessary. It is only necessary to watch the growth of a trans-
planted tree, treated in this way, with: one of the same kind un-
pruned; to compare the clean, vigorous new shoots, that will be
made the first season by the former, with the slender and feeble.
ones of the latter, to be perfectly convinced of the value of the
practice of shortening-in, transplanted trees. ,
The necessity of a proper supply of food for. = is a-point
that we should not have to insist. upon, if starving. trees had the
power of crying out, like starving pigs. Unluckily, they’ have not;
and,, therefore, inhuman and ignorant cultivators will feed hats
cattle, and let their orchards :starve to death. .Now it is perfectly
demonstrable, to a man who has the use of his éyes,'thatia tree can
* Cutting off large branches ‘at random, often quite spoils the natural
‘habit of a tree. Shortening-back, all over the head, does not affect it in the
least, Co3
THE ART OF TRANSPLANTING TREES. 847
be fatted to repletion, that it may be made to grow thriftily and
well, or that it may be absolutely starved to death, as. certainly as
a Berkshire. It’ is. mot enough | ‘(unless a man has rich bottom
lands) to plant.a treé in order to have a satisfactory growth, and a
speedy gratification i in its fruit and foliage. You roust provide a
supply of food for it“at the outset; and renew it as often as nedéssary
during its lifetime. He who does this, will have ‘five times the
profit and ten times the satisfaction of the careless and sluggish
man, who grudges the labor and expense of a little extra feeding
for the roots. The ‘cheapest and best food for fruit trees, with most
farmers, is a mixture of. swamp muck and stable manure, which, has
laid for some two or three months together. The best manure, |
perhaps, is the same muck, or black peat, reduced to an active state
with wood ashes. A wheelbarrow load of this compost, mixed with
the soil, for each small transplanted tree, will give it a supply of
food that’ will produce’a growth of leaf and young wood that will
do one’s heart good to look upon.
Any well decomposed animal manure may be freely used in
planting trees ; always thoroughly. incorporating it with the whole
of the soil that has been stirred, and not ‘throwing it difoctly. about,
the roots’
' There are, however, some improvident men who will plant trees
without having any food at hand, except manure in a criide state.
“What shall we do,” the rk ask, “when we have only fresh stable .
manure ?” Perhaps we ought to answer—* wait-till you have some-
thing better.” But since they will do something at once, or not at
all, we must give them a reply ; and this is, make your hele twice
as large and twice as deep as you would if you had suitable com-
post. Then bury part of the fresh manure ‘below the depth where
the roots will at first be, mixing it with the soil, treading the whole
down well to prevent settling, and covering the whole with three
inches-of earth, upon which to plant the tree. Mix the rest with |
the’ soil, and put. it at-the sides ofthe. hole, keeping the manure
both at the sides and bottom, far enough away, that the roots of the
tree shall not reach it for two months. Then plant the tree in some
of the best good soil you, can procure. ?
One of the safest and best general fertilizers that can be used in
‘
t
348 ; TREES.
transplanting at all times, and in all soils, is Jeached wood ashes. A
cotiple: of ‘shovelfuls of this may be used (intermixed. with’ soil) ;
about the roots of every tree, while replanting it, with great advan-
‘tage. Lime and potash, the two largest inorganic constituents of
all trees, are most abundantly supplied by wood. ashes ; and ‘hence
its utility in all our soils. 5
| We have, previously, so largely. insisted on the importance of
trenching and deepening the soil, in all cases where trees ‘are tobe
planted, that we trust our readers know that that is our platform.
If any man wishes to know how to improve the growth of any tree
in the climate of the United States, the first word that we have to
say to him, is to “trench your soil.” If your ‘soil is exhausted, if
your soil is thin and poor, if it is dry, and you suffer from drought,
the remedy is the same; deepen it. If you have much’ to do, and
economy, must be eguttiored, use the subsoil plough; if a few trees
only are to be planted in the lawn or garden, use the spade. Always
remember that the roots of trees will rarely go’ deeper thansthe
“ natural soil,” (say from 10 to 20 inches on the average,) and’ ‘that
by trenching two or three, feet deep you make’ a double: soil, and
therefore'énlarge your “ area of freedom ” for the roots, and give iter
twice as much to feed upon. If you are a beginner, and are skepti:
cal, make a trial of a few ‘square yards, plant : a tree in. it, and then
Judge for yourself, oe a
eae
ON TRANSPLANTING LARGE TREES.
' January, 1850.
N a country where thousands of new rural homes are every year
being made, how many times do the new proprietors sigh for
LARGE tress, “Ah, if one could only have half a dozen,—two or
three,—nay, even a single one of the beautiful elms that waste their
beauty by the roadside of some unfrequented. lane, or stands unap-
previated ih sore farmer’ s meadow, who. grudges it ground room!”
- “And is there no ‘successful way of transplanting such trees ?”
itiquires the inpatient owner of a new site, who feels that there
should be some special process—some patent regenerator of that
forest growth, which his predecessors have so cruelly despoiled,—his
predecessors, to whom cord-wood was of more consequence than the
charms of sylvan landscape.
. Though there is great delight in raising a tree from a liliputian
specimen no higher than, one’s knee,—nay, even from the seed
itself,—in feeling, as it grows upward and heavenward, year by year,
till the little thing that had te be sheltered with rods, stuck about it,
to prevent its being overlooked and. trodden upon, has so far over-
topped us that it now shelters and gratefully overshadows us; though,
as we have said, there. is great delight in this, yet it mut be part
and parcel of other delights. To'a person who has just “settled”
upon a bare field, where he has only a new house and a “ view.” of
his neighborhood to look at, we must not be too eloquent about the
pleasure of raising oaks from the acorn. He is too much in the
condition of the hungry man, who is told to be resigned, for there
‘
350 _ TREES,
will be no hunger in heaven.. It is the present ‘state of affairs that,
at this moment, lies nearest to him. : How, in other words, shall a
field, as bare as a desert, be. at once enlivened with a few large trees? .
Some ten or. fifteen years ago, an ingenious Scotch . baronet—"
Sir Henry ‘Stuart—published a goodly octavo: to the world, which
apparently solved the whole mystery. And it was not all theory ;
for the baronet’s own park was actually planted’ with forest: trees: of
various kinds—oaks, ashes, elms, beeches, of ail sizes, from ‘twenty-"
five to sixty feet, in height, and with fine heads. .The thing was not
only done, but the park was, there, growing in the finest, luxuriance;
and half a dozen years after: its création, arboriculturists of every
degree, from Sir Walter Scott down. to humble ditchers, went to,”
look at it, and. pronounced it good, and the thing itself altogether
satisfactory. F
Sir Henry Stuart’s process, though it fills a-volume, may. be com- .
_pressed into-a paragraph. “ First, the greatest respect for the roots of
a tree, and some, knowledge of the functions of the roots and branches ;.
second, a pair of large. wheels,. with, a'strong axle and pole ; third,
practical skill and, patience in executing the work.
' -A great many disciples had. Sir Henry; -and ‘we, among. - the
number, bore our. share in the purchasé of a pair. of wheels, and the
cost of moving some large trees, that for the most part failed. And
now, that Sir Henry’s mode has rather: fallen. into disrepute, and is,
looked upon as an impracticable thing for this country, it: may be
time well employed to look a little into the cause of its failure, and
also to. inquire if it is wholly and entirely a failure for us.'. é
Undeniably, then, the main causé‘of the failure, here, of the ,
Scotch mode of transplanting, lies in the difference of climate. He
who knows how ‘imuch'the success of a newly planted tree, of small
size, depends on the moist state of the atmosphere, when it begins
to grow in its new position, can easily see that. its importance’ is °
vastly greater to a large tree than a small one. It is the thirst of a
giant and the sufferings of a giant, accustomed to a, large supply of
food, compared with that of a little child, which may be fed by the
spoonful. - And when we compare thé moisture of that foggy.and
weeping climate of Scotia, with the: hot, bright, dry atmosphere of’
the United States, we can easily see that: a tree at all stubborn,
ON TRANSPLANTING LARGE TREES. B51
meal Sir Henry himself, and inclined to grow, would actually
peridigfrom the dryness of the air in mid-summer in our middle
States.. And such we have found by experiment is actually the case
with trees of many kinds, when planted of large size, =.
We say of many kinds; for repeated.experiment, has proved that
a few kinds of hardy esis trees may be transplanted, even in this
climate, with entire success by the Stuart method, or any other-that
will sufficiently preserve the entireness of the roots.
Fortunately, the two ‘kinds of trees adapted for removal, when
of large size, are the two most popular and most valuable for orna-
mental purposes. We mean the rims andthe martes. Few forest
trees have more dignity and grace; none have more beauty of out-
line than our weeping elms and sugar maples, to say nothing of the
other varieties of both these trees. And if the possessor of a new
place can adorn it with a dozen or two fine specimens ‘of these, of a
size to give immediate shelter and effect to the neighborhood of his
house, he can then afford to. be patient, and enjoy the more gradual
process of coaxing smaller specimens into luxuriant maturity.
The reason why oaks, nut treks, chestnuts, tulip trees, and the
like, when transplanted of large size, ‘do not, succeed here, where
elms-and maples do, is that the former unluckily have a few strong,
or tap-r cots; running downwards, while the latter have great masses
of fibrous roots, running near the surface of the ground.
Now a tap-rooted tree, even when small, has a much less amia-
ble disposition when dug up, and asked to prow again, than a-fibrous
rooted tree; because, indeed, having fewer small roots, ‘it has only
one mouth to supply its hunger, and to’ gain. strength to go on
again, where the other: has fifty. Hence, though it may, under very
favorable circumstances, like the climate of Scotland, overcome all
and succeed, yet it is nearly a death struggle to.do so in our dry
midsummer air.* It is not worth while-to waste one’s time, there-
fore, in transplanting large oaks, or hickories, in this hemisphere:
_ And now, having reduced our class of available subjects to elms
!
* We have found that large oaks, when transplanted, frequently live
through the first year, but die the second, from their inability to contend
against the climate and make new roots, . \
‘
352 . TREES,
and maples, let us inquire what is the best method of trans ating
them. ~
The ‘first point regards the ‘selection of the trees themselves, .
And here Sir Henry Stuart, or his, book, would teach many planters.
a piece of real tree-craft which they are ignorant of; and that is,
that there is.as much difference, in point of hardiness and power of:
endurance, between a tree taken.out of the woods, where ‘it is shel-
‘tered by other trees, and one taken from the-open field, where it
stands alone, exposed to the fullest influences of wind and storm,
light and sunshine, as there is between a languid drawing-room fop
_and a robust Green Mountain boy. For this good and sufficient
reason, always choose a tree that grows alone,:in an open: site, and
in a =e that will allow you to retain a-considerable ball of roots
~ entire.*
“How large an elm or maple may we transplant?” Our
answer to this question might be, as large’ as you can afford—but
for the great difficulty of managing a very large tree when out of
the ground. That it may-be done, is .now’a well-established*fact ;
and hence, the only question is as to its expediency.} ‘Trees from
20 to 30 feet in height, we conceive to be, on the‘whole, the most
suitable size.
There are two modes now in considerable use for moving. trees
of this size; the first is the Stuart mode, to be performed in spring
or autumn ; the second, the frozen-ball mode, to be peomned in
winter. ‘ ‘a
The Stuart mode js the best for trees of the largest size. - In
this mode, the roots are laid bare with the greatest care; every Toot,
_ # The best subjects, when they can be liad (ag they fr equently may in the
neighborhood of towns), are trees planted some ten or fifteen years before,
in some neighbor's gtounds, where they require ‘being taken out (if you can
persuade him of it), beeause originally planted too thickly, :
} One of the most suecessful instances of ‘this kind of transplanting, in.
this country, is at the cottage residence of Thomas Perkins, Esq., at Brook:
line, near Boston, ' An avenue of considerable extent may be seen there,
composed of elms. thirty to forty feet high, beautifully shaped, and haying”
the effect of fall-gr own trees, They were removed more than a fourth of a
mile, from the. sia of Col. Perkins, with periges success, and we believe by
the Stuart mode. .
e
4
ON TRANSPLANTING LARGE TREES. 353
as far as possible, being. preserved.’ The wheels are then brought
up to the tree, the axle made fast to the body (with a stuffing be-
tween to prevent injury to the bark), and the pole is tied securely
to the trunk and branches higher up. A long rope, or ropes, being
now fixed to the pole ‘and the branches, the pole serves as a lever,
and the top is thus brought down, while the mass of roots is sup-
ported:upon the axle. After the tree is properly balanced on the
carriage, horses are attached, and it is ss asia to the hole pre-
‘pated for it.
' This mode is one which ee a good deal of practical skill
in the management of foots, and in the whole art of transplanting,
though great effects may be produced by it in the. hands of ‘abdlful
workmen.*
Transplanting with a frozen ball is a good deal ace in this
country, and is much the cheapest and most. perfect mode for trees
of moderately large size; that isto say, trees from 20 to 30 feet
high, and whose trunks measure from 6 inches to a foot in diame-
tet. Trees of this proportion are indeed the most suitable for the
embellishment of new. places, since ‘they unite immediate beauty of
effect with: comparative cheapness in removal, while it requires Tess
mechanical skill to remove them. ;
The process of removing a tree with a frozen ball is a simple
one, especially if performed in the early part of winter, while there
is yet But little frost in the ground. In the first place, the’ hole
should be made ready,t and a pile. of suitable soil laid by the
side of it and covered with straw, to prevent its being frozen when
wanted.
Then a trench is dug all round the tree, in order to leave a ball
f d a ?
Bi We cannot but express our surprise that some of our exceddingly j in-
genious and clever Yankee teamsters have never taken up, as'a business, the
art of transplanting large trees. To a person competent to the task, with
his machine, his oxen, and his trained set of hands, an abundance of oceu-
pation would be offered by wealthy improvers of new places, to whom the
eost of a dozen elms, forty feet high, at a remunerating price, seal be» a
niatter of trifling moment. ; :
t Especially should the soil, in the bottom of the hole, be well touche
and manur ed,
23
i
354 TREES.
of earth from six to eight feet in diameter. The trench should be’
wide enough to allow the operator gradually to undermine ' the:
ball-of roots, so that at last the tree just stands, asit were, upon one
leg. In ‘this condition let the ball be exposed to a sharp. frosty
night, that it may freeze. quite firmly. The next day you approach
the subject with a common low shed, or stone boat, drawn by'a pair
or two of oxen; (or if the tree measures only six inches, a pair of
horses will do.) The tree with its ball is now thrown to one side;
the sled is then placed under the ball on the opposite side; then the
tree is righted, the ball placed upon the middle of the sled, and the
whole drawn out of the hole. A teamster of very little’ practice will
now see at a glance how to balance his load upon the sled; and
once on level ground, it is no difficult matter to drag the whole for
half a mile or more to its final location. '
After the tree is placed: in the hole previously prepared. for it,:
the good soil must be closely pressed around the ball, and the trunk:
supported in its, place, till after the equinoctial rains, by stakgs or
braces.* :
There is no mode for. the removal of trees in which they will -°
suffer so little as this; partly because the roots are maintained more.
entire than in any other way, and partly . because the -soil is not:
even loosened or disturbed about a large portion of the fibres.
Hence, though a slight reduction of the top is advisable, even in
this. case, to balance the loss of. some of the long roots, it is not ab-
solutely needful, and in no case is the symmetry of the head de-
stroyed ; and the possessor of the newly moved tree has the satis-
faction of gazing upon a goodly, show of foliage and shade as soon
as June comes round again. 7
Those of our readers who are groaning for the want of trees, will
see by these remarks that their case is by no means desperate 5 that,
on the contrary, we think it a very hopeful one; and that, in short, if-
they can afford to expend from two to ten dellats per tree, and can
get at the right kind of subjects in their neighborhood, they may,
* We may ‘there add, that besides elms and maples, this mode is equally
successful with evergreens of all kinds. We have seen white pines and firs,
of twonty feet high, moved so perfectly in this manner, that they never
showed the least mark of the change of place.
ON TRANSPLANTING LARGE TREES. 355
if they choose, transform their . premises from a bleak meadow to a
wood as thick.as “ Vallombrosa’s shade,” before the spring opens.
And now, one word more to those who, havilg trees, are impa-
tient for. luxuriant growth ; who desire to see annual shoots of six
feet. instead of twenty inches; and who do not so much care what
it costs to make a few-trees in a favorite site advance rapidly, pro-
vided it’is possible. What they wish to know is, can the thing be
done ?
We answer, yes. To make a fasly: tree * grow three times as
fast in a summer as it usually does (we speak now, of course, of
trees in a common soil), it. is only necessary that it should have
three times the depth for.the roots to grow in, and three times the
amount of food for its consumption while growing.
And, first of all, for very rapid and luxuriant growth in our cli-
mate, the soil must be deep—deep—deep. Three feet of trenching
or subsoiling is imperative; and we have seen astonishing results,
where places for trees twelve feet broad and five feet deep have been
.prepared for them. If any one of our readers will take the trouble
to watch an‘elm-tree making its growth next season, he will notice
that, if the season is moist and cool, the shoots will continue to
lengthen till past midsummer ; but if, on the contrary, the season is
a dry one, all. growth will’ be: over by.the middle of June. Why
does the growth cease so early in the season? Simply because the -
moment the moisture inthe soil fails, and the roots feel the effects
of the sun, the terminal buds. form at the end of each shoot, and
then all growth for’the season is over. Deepen the soil, so that-the
roots go on growing in its cool, moist depths, and the tops will go
on lengthening, despite the power of the sun; nay, so long as there
is moisture, by the help of it, "And hence, the length of time which
a tree will continue to grow, depends mainly upon the: depth of the
soil in which it is planted.
- If any skeptic wishes to be convinced of the effects of deep and
* We say a hardy tree, because every arboriculturist knows that to pro-
mote extra luxurianee, in a tree not perfectly hardy, increases its tenderness,
because the wood will not ripen well, like short jointed growth; but there
is no fear of this with elms, oaks, maplés, or any perfectly har ay native
trees. ~
la
356 TREES.
rich soil upon the luxuriance of a plant, he. has only to step into a
vinery, like that in Clinton Point, and see, with his own eyes, the
same sorts of grape, which in common soil, even under glass, usu-
ally grow but six or eight feet high in a season, and with stems like
pipe-stems, growing twenty or thirty feet-in a single season, with
stems of the thickness of a man’s thumb, and ripening delicious
fruit in fourteen months after being planted. Now, exactly the
same effect may be produced by deepening and enriching the soil,
where the elm or any other hardy ornamental tree is to be planted ;
and.we put it thus plainly to some of our readers, who are impa-
tient of the growth of trees, that they may, if they choose, by a
little extra pay, have more growth in three-years than their neigh-
bors do inten. ° = 1
XI
A CHAPTER ON HEDGES.
February, 1847.
VHERE was a certain householder which planted a vineyard,
’ and hedged-it round about.” What better proof can we give,
than this sacred’ and familiar passage, of the antiquity, as well as
the wisdom, of making hedges. But indeed the custom is older
‘than the Christian era. Homer tells us that when Ulysses, after his
great deeds, returned to seek : his father Laértes, he found the old
king in his garden, preparing the ground for a hedge, while his ser-
vants were absent,
“To search the woods for sets of flowery thorn,
Their orchard bounds to strengthen and adorn.”
Porr’s Opyssey.
The lapse of 3000 years has not taught the husbandman or the
owners of orchards and gardens, in modern times, any fairer or bet-
ter mode of enclosing their lands, than this most natural and simple
one of hedging it round about. Fences of iron or wood, carefully
fashioned by art, are fitting and appropriate in their proper places
—that is, in the midst of houses and: great cities—but in the open,
free expanse of country landscape, the most costly artificial barrier
looks hard and incongruous beside the pleasant verdure of a live
~ hedge.
Necessity, it is often said, knows no law, and the emigrant set-
tler on new lands, where stone and timber are so abundant as to be
358 TREES.
the chief obstacles to the progress of his labors on the soil, must
needs employ for a long time, rail fences, board fences, and stone
walls, But in most of the Atlantic States these materials are already
becoming so scarce, that hedges will soon be the most economical
mode of enclosing grounds. In the prairie lands of the west, hedges
must also, from the original and prospective scarcity of. timber, soon
be largely resorted to for all a y divided. grounds—such as
gardens and orchards.
Touching the charms which a sia tle has for the eye, they
are so striking, and.so self-evident, that our readers hardly need any
elaborate inventory from us. That clever and extraordinary man,
William Cobbett, who wrote books on gardening, French grammar
and. political ‘economy, with’ equal success, said, in his usual em-
phatic manner, “as to the beauty of a fine hedge, it is impossible.
for any one who has not seen it, to form an idea; contrasted with a
wooden, or even a brick fence, ét is like the land of Canaan’ com-
pared with the deseris of Arabia!” "9
The advantages of a ‘hedge over the, common fence, besides its
beauty, are its ‘durability, its perfect protection against man and
beast, and the additional value iv confers upon the land which it
encloses. A fence of wood, or stone, as commonly made, is, at the.
best, but a miserable and tottering affair; soon needing repairs,
which are a constant drain upon the purse; often liable to be broken.
down by trespassing Philistines ; and, before many years, decaying,
or so far falling down, as'to demand a complete renewal. Now a
good hedge, made of two plants we ghall recommend, will last for
ever ; it is an ‘ - everlasting: fence,” at least in any acceptation ‘of the
worl known to our restless and changing countrymen. : “When once
fully grown, the small trouble-of annual trimming costs nota whit
more than the average expense of repairs ona wooden fence, while
its freshness and verdure are renewed with a vernal return of the
“ flower and the leaf.” er
As a protection to the choicer products of the soil, which tempt
the spoiler of the orchard and the garden, nothing is so efficient as
a good hedge, It is like an impregnable fortress, neither to be
scaled, broken through, nor climbed over. Fowls will not fly over
it, because they fear to alight upon its top; and men ‘and beasts are
A CHAPTER ON HEDGES, 359
not likely to make.more than one attempt to force its green walls,
It shows a fair and leafy shield to ‘its antagonist, but it has thou-
sands of concealed arrows ready at-a moment of assault, and there
are few creatures, however: bold, who care to “ come to the scratch”
.. twice with such a foe, Indeed a well made and perfect thon
Z ae is so thick that a a cannot: fy through it.
“The hedigo was thick as is a éaitle wall,
So that who list: without to stand or go,
Though he would all the day pry to and fro,
He could not see if there were any wight
Within or no.”—Caavoer.
“This is all true,” we hear some impatient reader say; “hedges
are beautiful, excellent, good ; but what an age they require—five,
six, seven, ‘years—to be cut down—the poor things—once or twice,
to be kept back every year with shortening and shearing, and only
to reach the height of one’s head, with such an outlay of time and
trouble. Ah! it is too tedious, I must build a paling—I shall never
have patience to wait fora hedge!”
Build a.paling, friend; nature does not get up hasty job-work,
like journeymen carpenters. But at least be consistent. Fill your
-garden with anntals. Do not sow any thing more lasting, or asking
longer leases of time than six weeks—beans and summer: sun-flow-
ers: Breed no stock, plant no orthards, drain no meadows and—
set no hedges! Leave all these to wiser men, or rather: be per-
suaded of the wisdom of doing in the best way, what tillers of the
earth have not learned to do better after a lapse of centuries !
But there are also persons, readers of ours, who must be treated
with more respect. They will tell us that’ they have more reason
in ‘their objections to hedges. They admire hedges—they have
planted'and raised them. But they have not succeeded, and they
have great doubts of the possibility of making good hedges in the
‘United States. We know all the difficulties which ‘these cultivators
shave experienced, for we have made the same trials, and seen the
same obstacles ourselves. But we are confident we can answer
their objections in a few words. The ‘Hawruorn (Crataegus) can-
not be depended upon as a hedge plant in this country.
360 TREES.
Fi
Hundreds ‘of emigrants from. Great’ Britain, familiar all their
lives with hawthorn hedges and their treatment, and deploring the
unsightliness of “ posts and rails” in America, have made hedges of
their old favorite, the common English hawthorn, and given them
every care’ and attention. Here and there we see an instance of
success ; but it cannot be denied that, in the main, there is no suc:
cess; The English hawthorn is not adapted to our. hot and bright
summers, and can never be'successfully used for farm hedges.*
Bnt thére are many species of native hawthorn scattered.
through our woods. Will not these make good hedges? We
answer, excellent: ones—nothing can be much better. Almost any
of them are superior to the foreign sort for our climate. We have
seen hedges of the two species known in the nurseries as the New-
castle thorn (Crategus crus-gallt) and Washington thorn (C. cordata),
that realized all we could.desire of a beautiful and effective verdant-
less fence.
A few years ago, therefore, we strongly. recommended these na-
tive thorns—we hoped to see them planted in all parts of the eoun-
_, try. But we are forced to admit now that there is a reason why
we fear they will never make permanent hedges for the country at
large, and for farm purposes.
This is, their liability to be utterly destroyed by that insect, so
multiplied in many parts of the country, the apple borer. Wher-
ever there are old orchards, this insect sooner or later finds its way, .
and sooner or later it will attack all the hawthorns, whether: native
or foreign, for they all belong to the same family as the apple-tree,
and are all its favorite food, Fifteen years ago, a person riding
through the lower part of New. Jersey and Delaware, would have
been struck with the numerous and beautiful hedges of Newcastle
and Washington thorns. Whole districts, in some parts, were
* We know there are exceptions. ° We have ourselves about 1000 feet of
‘excellent hedge of this plant, And we saw, with great satisfaction, last
summer, on the fine farm of Mr. Godfrey, near Geneva, N. Y., more ‘than a
mile of promising young hedge of the English thorn, But the soil and climate
there, are peculiarly favorable. ‘These are exceptions to thousahds of in-
stances of total failure. 5
A CHAPTER ON HEDGES. 361
fenced with them, and nurserymen could scarcely supply the de-
mand for young plants. Now we learn that whole farms have lost
their hedges by the borer, which in some places attacked them so
suddenly, perforating and girdling the stems near the ground, that
in two seasons, sometimes indeed in one, the hedge would be half
killed. Of course the planting of thorn hedges is almost abandoned
there, and we ara assured by growers of the plant in those States,
who frequently sold hundreds of thousands, that there i is now no de-
mand whatever for them.*
We do not doubt that there are many sections of the country
where good hawthorn hedges of the best native species, may be
grown. In some places this fatal foe ‘to it may never appear—
though it follows closely in the steps of every careless orchardist,
In gardens where insects are closely watched, it is not very difficult
to prevent their ravages upon the thorn plants. But-what we mean
now to point out as distinctly as possible, is this—that no species
of hawthorn, or Crategus, is likely ever to become a Pee plant
of general use and value to farmers in America,
‘What we want in a hedge plant for this country is, ‘vigor, hardi-
ness, longevity, and a sap and bark either. offensive, or offering no
temptations to any destructive insects. Are there such plants?
We think we may now, after the matter has been pretty thoroughly
tested, answer yes; and name the Bucstnorn, and the Osacz
Oranes ;. the former for the northern, and the latter for the south-
ern portions of our country. These plants are both natives. As
they may not be familiar to many of our readers, we shall, before
entering upon the planting of hedges, briefly describe them, and
give correct sketches of their leaves and growth, so that they may
be identified by any person.
* We recall to mind an instance on the Hudson, where three years ago
we saw avery beautiful hedge of the Newcastle thorn—almost as handsome
- in its glossy foliage as holly itself. During the past summer we again be-
held it, nearly destroyed by the insidious attacks of the borer.
me
362 TREES, ,
THE BEST HEDGE PLANTS.
I, THE BUCKTHORN.
-Rhamnus eatharticus.—L.
: : :
The buckthorn is
a deciduous shrub
growing from ten to
fifteen feet high,
bushy, or with nu-
‘ merous _ branches.’.
The bark is grayish
brown; the leaves
are about an inch’
or an inch and a half
long, dark green,
smooth, ovate, anid
notched. or serrated:
on the edges, and
are placed nearly
opposite each other
“on the branches.
There are no. inde-
pendent thorns, pro-
perly speaking, but
the. end of each
year’s shoots termi-
nates in a sharp
point or thorn. (See
fig. 1.) The blos-
soms are small and
yellowish green.
They are succeeded
‘by numerous round,
black berries, which
ripen- in autumn,
Fig, 1. ‘Tho Buckthorn, and hang, till frost,
A CHAPTER ON HEDGES. 363
1
and give the plant sornething of an ornamental appearance. The
roots are unusually black in color, and are very numerous.
The buckthorn is a native of the north of Europe, Asia, and
North America. It is not a common shrub in the woods in this
country, but we find it very frequently in this neighborhood and in
various parts of Dutchess county, N. Y., as well as on the borders of
woods in Massachusetts.*
The bark and berries of the buckthorn are powerful cathartics.
The sap of the berries, mixed with alum, makes the color known to
painters as sap-green, and the bark yields a fine yellow dye.
As a hedge plant, the buckthorn possesses three or four points
of great merit. In the first place, its bark and leaf are offensive to
insects, and the borer, the’ aphis, and others, which are so destructive
to all hawthorns in many parts of our country, will not touch it.
. In the second place, it is remarkable for its hardiness, its ro-
ais and its power of adapting itself to any soil. It will bear
any climate, however cold, for: it grows wild. in Siberia; hence it
will never suffer, as the Englislythorn has been. known to do, with
an occasional winter of unusual severity, We have seen it growing
under the shade of trees, and in dry’ atid: poor soil,-as well as thriv-
ing in moist, and springy soil; and in this respect, and in its
natural rigid’ thicket-like habit, it, seems more. admirably fitted by
nature for the northern hedge plant than almost any other. In the
third place, it bears the earliest transplanting, has, great longevity,
and is very thrifty in its growth. We have already remarked that it
is well supplied with roots. -Indeed its fibres are unusually numer
ous even in seedlings of one year’ s growth. ‘Hence it is transplant.
ed with remarkable facility, and when treated with any thing. like
proper care, not one in five thousand of the plants ‘will fail to grow.
It is scarcely at all liable to diseases, and no plant bears the shears
better, or gives a denser and thicker. hedge, or is longer lived in a
hedge. Its growth i is at least one-third more rapid than that of the
hawthorn, and the facility of raising it, at least half greater.
-* Some botanists consider it a foreign plant, introduced and naturalized
in this country. But we have found it in solitary and almost inaccessible
“parts of the Hudson Highlands, which forbids such a belief on our part.
864 TREES.
‘Lastly, it is one of the easiest plants to propagate. It bears ber-
ries in abundance. These, if planted in autumn as soon as they
are ripe (or even in the ensuing spring), will germinate in the spring,
and if the soil is good, give plants from a foot to twenty inches high
the first year—which are large enough for transplanting. the next
spring following. The seeds of the hawthorn do not vegetate till
the second year, and the plants properly require to be transplanted
once in the nurseries, and to be three years old, before they are fit
for making hedges. Here is at once a most obvious and important
saving of time and labor.
_ It is but a simple matter to raise buckthorn plants. You begin -
by gathering the seeds as soon as they ate ripe, say by the middle
of October.* Each berry contains four seeds, covered with a thin
black pulp. Place them in a box or tub; miash the pulp by beat-
ing the berries moderately with a light wooden pounder. Then put
them in a sieve, pour.some water over them, rub the seeds through, ”
and throw away the skin and pulp. Two or three rubbings apd
washings will give you clean seed. , Let it then be dried, and it is
ready for sowing. va
Next, choose a good se deep garden sail Dig it thoroughly,
and give ita good dressing of manure. Open a drill with. the hoe,
exactly as you would for planting peas, and scatter the seed of the
buckthorn in it, at an average of two or three inches apart. Cover
them about an inch and a half deep. The rows or drills may, if
you are about to raise a large crop, be put three feet apart, so that
the horse cultivator may be used to keep the ground in order.
In the spring the young plants will make their appearance plen-
tifully. All that they afterwards require is a thorough weeding, and
a dressing with a hoe as soon as they are all a couple of inches high,
and a little attention afterwards to keep the ground mellow and free
from weeds. One year’s growth in strong land, or two in that of
tolerable quality, will render them fit for being transplanted into the
hedge-rows.
* The buckthorn is pretty largely cultivated for its berries at the vari-
ous Shaking Quaker settlements in this State and New England: and seeds
may usually be procured from them in abundance, and at reasonable prices.
A CHAPTER ON HEDGES, 865
If the buckthorn has any defect as a hedge plant it is this;
while young it is not provided with strong and stout roots like the
hawthorn. Its thorns, as we have already said, stand at the point
of each shoot of the qld wood. . Hence it is that a buckthorn hedge
does not appear, and is not, really well armed with thorns till it has
attained its full. shape, : and has had a couple of seasons’ shearing.
After that, the hedge being well furnished with the ends of the
shoots, it presents thorns on every face, and is a thorough defence.
‘Besides this, it is a stronger and, stouter plant than the thorn, and
offers more absolute resistance than the latter plant.’ Though it
may be kept low, yet it makes a most efficient shelter if allowed to
form a high edge. One of the largest and oldest specimens in
New England is that at Roxbury, planted by the late Hon. John
Lowell,-and still growing on the estate of his son. It is very strong,
and if we remember right, twelve or fifteen feet high.*
IL THE MACLURA, OR OSAGE ORANGE.
Maclura aurantiaca.
The osage orange, or maclura, grows wild in abundance in the
State of Arkansas, and as far north as the Red River.
It is one of the most striking and beautiful of American trees. .
lig foliage is not unlike that of the orange, but more glossy, and
_ * Mr. Derby, of Salem, was one of the first persons to employ the buck-
thorn, and to urge its value upon the public. From the Transactions of the
Essex Agricultural Society for 1842, we extract some of his remarks relating
to it; “I do not hesitate to pronounce the buekthorn the most suitable plant
for hedges I have ever met with. ‘It vegetates early in the spring, and re-
tains its verdure late (autumn. Being » native plant, it is never injured
by the mostintense cold, and its vitality is so gréat that the young plants
may be kept out of ground -for a long time, or transported to a great dis-
tance without injury. It never sends up any suckers, nor is disfigured by
any dead wood. It can be clipped into any shape which the caprice or in-
genuity of the gardener may devise, and it needs no plashing or interlacing,
the natural growth of the plants being sufficiently interwoven. It is never
_eankered by unskilful clipping, but will bear the knife to any degree.”
366 TREES.
polished ; ‘indeed it is of a bright varnished green. It, grows. lux-
uriantly, about thirty or forty feet high, with a wide and spread-
ing head. The flow-.
ers are small . and es
inconspicuous,. pale. .
green in color, those .:
preceding the fruit
_ Yesembling. a little
pall, (see Jigure.)*
_ ‘The fruit itself is
very near the size,
and “shape of an
orange; yellow at:
full maturity, and
rough on the out-
side, not unlike the
< seed of the button-
wood or sycamore.
It hangs till Octo-
ber, is not ‘eatable,
but is striking and
ornamental on a
large tree. This
tree was first intro-
duced into our gar-
dens, where it is
now well known,
from a ‘village of
the Osage Indians,
' i which, coupled with
@. general appear-
cance, gave rise to
its ‘popular name, ‘The wood is full of milky sap,.and we have
never seen it attacked by any insects.
A oad many trials have been made within the last ten yon
‘
Fig. 2, The Osage Orange
= The male and female flowers are borne on dean trees,
Aes
A CHAPTER.ON HEDGES. 367
in various parts of the buritey, with the Osage orange, as a hedge
plant. The general result, south ofthis, has been in the highest de-
gree favorable: Many who have failed with all species of hawthorn,
have entire faith in the.value of this plant, and we have no longer
a doubt that it is destined to become the favorite hedge-plant of all
that part of the Union lying south and west of the State of New-
York.* *
att y Uf Wy, ‘ Y
= Ak at ae ‘ a a ;
i fee
ne
Fo ue iM ihe
Ai) a i Ag
a il
SS 2
ye
ih
ey
eS
Fig..8. Fruit of the Osage Orange Tree,
® Beoeey tie
The Osage orange, when treated as a hedge plant, has many ex-
* The Osage orange is hardy in our own grounds, where we have culti-
vated it for many years. In New England it will probably be found. too
tender in winter, though there is an excellent young hedge of it at, Belmont
Place, the residence of J. P. Cushing, Esq’, near Boston, which we were told
the past season, has proved quite hardy, Pruning in hedge form, by eheek-
ing its luxuriance, will render any partially tender shrubs more hardy. It
may be safely laid down asa rule, judging from our own observations, that
the Osage orange will aneceed perfectly as a hedge, wherever thé Isabella
grape will ripen in the open air without shelter or protection. ‘This is a
better and safer guide than a reference to parallels of latitude.
“368 TREES.
cellent’ characteristics. It is robust, vigorous, and long- ee It,
‘sends out a great abundance of branches, bears trimming perfectly
well, is most amply provided at all times with stout thorns, and its
bright and glossy foliage gives it a very rich and beautiful appear-
ance. It grows well on almost any soil, and makes a powerful and
impenetrable fence in a very short time. Though it will bear rough |
and severe ‘pruning,.and is therefore well adapted for farm fences,
yet it must be regularly trimmed -twice every year, and requires
it even more imperatively than other hedge plants, to prevent its
sending out strong shoots to disfigure the symmetry of the hedge.
The Osage orange is not yet sufficiéntly well known to be a
cheap plant i in the nurseries.* But this is because it is not yet sufli-
ciently in demand. It is easily propagated, and will, no doubt, soon
be offered at very moderate rates.
This propagation is done in two ways; by the seed, and by the
cuttings of the roots.
The seed is produced plentifully by the female trees. There are
large bearing trees in the. old Landreth and McMahon gardens, near
Philadelphia. But it is not difficult now to have resort. to those of
native growth. We learn that this tree is so common in the neigh-
borhood of Columbus, Hempstead Co., Arkansas, that the seeds may
be had there for the expense of gathering ‘them. Théy should be
gathered at the latter part of September, and the clean seed, packed
in an equal quantity of dry sand, may be sent to any part'of the.
Union before planting time. A quart will produce at least 5000
plants. The séed.may be planted in broad drills, and treated just’
as we have already recommended for that of - the buckthortt But
the plants are seldom fit for hedge planting til] the second year.
_ The other mode of eestor is by the roots. Pieces-of the
roots, of the thickness of one’s little finger, made into cuttings three
or four inches long, and plarited in lines, in mellow soil, with the top
of the root just below the surface, will soon push out shoots, and
become plants. The trimmings of a hundred young plants, when
* Messrs. Landreth and Fulton, of Philadélphia, have a stock of it for
sale at $12 per 1000. . The usual price of hawthorns and buckthorns is $6
per 1000; but the latter may be raised at a-cost of not-more than $3.
A CHAPTER ON HEDGES. 369
taken up from the nursery for transplanting, will thus give nearly a
thousand new plants.
PLANTING AND REARING THE HEDGE.
Having secured the plants, the next step necessary is to prepare
the ground where the future hedge is to be formed.
For this purpose a strip must be marked out, three or four feet
in width, along the whole line where the hedge isto grow. This
must be thoroughly trenched with a spade, eighteen inches deep, if
it is to be a garden hedge; or sub-soil ploughed to that depth, if it
is to be a farm hedge. We know many persons content themselves
with simply digging the ground in the common way, one spade
deep ; but we take it for granted no readers of ours will ‘hesitate
about the little additional trouble of: properly trenching or deepen-
ing the goil,* when they may be assured that they will gain just
one-half in the future growth and luxuriance of the hedge.
It is the custom in England to plant hedges on a bank with a
ditch at one side, to carry off ‘the water—and some persons have,
from mere imitation, attempted the same thing here. It is worse than
useless in our hot and dry climate. The hedge thrives better when
planted on the level strip, simply because it is more naturally placed
and has more moisture. If the bank and ditch ‘is used; they are con-
tinually liable to be torn away by the violence of our winter frosts.
* As regards the season, the spring is the best time for the north-
ern States—the autumn for the southern. Autumn planting at the
north often succeeds perfectly well, but the plants must be examined
in the spring; such as are thrown out of place by the frosts require
to be fixed again, and this often involves a good deal of trouble in
strong soil. Early spring planting, therefore, for. this latitude, is.
much preferable on the whole.
A good dressing of any convenient manute that is not so coarse
as to be unmanageable in planting, should be put upon the soil and '
* Those who may be fortunate enough to possess rich deep bottom or
alluvial lands, are the only persons who need not beat the trouble of trench
ing their soil.
24
870 TREES.
turned under while the trenching is going on. The soil must be
thoroughly pulverized and freed from stones, lumps, and rubbish;
before the planting begins. ,
» The plants are now to be made ready... This is done in the first
place; by assorting them into.two parcels—those of large and those
of small size. Lay aside the smaller ones for the richest: part of
~ your grotind, aid plant the larger ones on the. poorest of. the soil.
This will prevent that’ inequality which there would be in the hedge
if strong and weak plants were mixed together, and it will equalize
the growth of the whole plantation by dividing the advantages.
The plants should then be trimmed. This is speedily done by
cutting down the top or stem to within about an inch of. what was
the ground line, (so that it will, when planted again, have but an
inch of stem above the soil,) and by correspondingly shortening all
the larger roots about one-third.
If. you. have a good deal of’ planting to da, it is better to bay
the plants in a trench close at hand, or lay-them-~in-by-the-heels, as it
is technically called, to keep them in good order till the moment
they are wanted.
' The hedge should be planted i in a double row, with the tite
placed, not opposite to each other, but alternate—thus :
*
* * * * * *
* * * *
The TOws should be six inches apart, and the plants. one foot
‘apart in the rows.
This will require
about 32 plants toa
rod, or 2000 3 plants
to’ 1000 feet.
‘Having, well pul-
verized the soil, set
down the line firmly .
. for the first row, and
with a spade throw
out a trench about
-eight or ten inches
‘deep, keeping its up-
right or firm bank next to the line. Drop the plants along the line
Fig. 4. Manner of Planting Hedges,
A CHAPTER ON HEDGES. 871
at about the distance they will be needed, iand then plant them
twelve inches apart, keeping them as nearly as possible in a per-
fectly straight line; for it is worth bearing in mind, that you are
performing an act, ihe unimpeachable straightforwardness of which
will no doubt be criticized for a great many years afterwards. Press
the earth moderately round -the stem of the plant with the foot, when
the filling-in of the pulverized soil is nearly completed. And, finally,
level ‘the whole nicely with the hoe.
Having finished, this row, take up the line and fix it again, six
inches distant; open the trench i in the opposite direction, and set
the plants i in the same manner. This completes the planting. - The.
next point, and.it is one of great-importance, is the cultivation which
the young plants require until they. become a hedge. It is indeed
quite useless to plant a hedge, as some persons do, and leave it
afterwards to be smothered by the evil genius of docks and thistles.
A young hedge requires about the same amount of cultivation as’a
row of Indian corn. The whole of the prepared strip of ground
must be kept loose with the hoe, and free from weeds. Then light
dressings for the first two or three summers will be required to effect
this, and the thrifty and luxuriant state in which the plants are
thereby kept, will well repay it, to the eye alone. After that, the
branches of the hedge will hae extended so, as in a good degree to
shade and éccupy the ground, and little more than a slight occa-
sional attention to the soil will be required.
A few words must be given to the trimming and. clipping, of our
now established hedge.
The plants having, before ney were planted, been cut off nearly
even with the surface of the ground, it follows, that, in the ensuing
spring, or one year from the time of planting, they have made many
shoots from each stem. Let the whole of this growth then be cut
down to within six inches of the ground.
The following spring, which will be two years of oe, cut. back
the last season’s shoots, leaving only one foot of the current season’s
growth. This will leave our hedge, altogether, eighteen inches high.
The third yom shorten back the tops ‘so as to leave again one
foot of. the year’s growth. ane hedge will now be two and a half
feet high.
372 TREES.
This course must be pursued every spring until the hedge is of
the desired height and form, which will take’ place in five or six
years. The latter time is usually required to make a perfect hedge—
though the buckthorn will make a pretty good hedge in five yeats,
This severe process of cutting off all the top at first, and annu-
ally shortening back half the thrifty growth of a young hedge, seenis
to the novice like an unnecessary cruelty to the plant, and trial of
one’s own patience. We well remember as a boy, how all our in-
dignation was roused at the idea of thus seeing a favorite hedge
“put back” so barbarously every year. But it is. the “inexorable
must,” i in hedge growing. ’ Raising a hedge i is like raising a / good. -
name; if there is no base or ‘foundation for the structure, it is very
likely to betray dreadful gaps at the bottom before it is well estab-
lished. In a hedge, the great and all important point is to make a
broad and thick base. Once this is. accomplished, the task is, more
‘than half over. The top will speedily grow into any shape we dé-
sire, and the sides are pliant enough to the will of him who holds
the shears.. But no necromancy, short of cutting the whole down
again, will fill up the base of a hedge that is lean and open at the
bottom:* Hence the imperative necessity of cutting back the shoots
till the base becomes a perfect thicket.
The hedge. of the buckthorn, or Qsage orange, that has been
treated in'this way, and has arrived at its sixth year, should be about
‘six feet high, tapering to the top, and three feet wide at the base.
This is high enough for all common purposes ;, but when shelter, or
extra protection is needed, it may be allowed to grow eight or ten
feet high; and four feet wide at the base.
In trimming the hedge, a pair of largé shears, called, hedge
shears, are commonly used. But we have found that English. labor-
ers in our service, will trim with double the rapidity with the instru-
ment they call a “hook.” It may be had at our agricultural ware-
houses, and is precisely like a sickle, except that it has a. sharp edge.
When the hedge has attained the size and shape which is ay
ad Plashing is a mode of interlacing the branches of hedges that are thin’
and badly grown, so’ as to obviate the defect as far as possible. It need
never be resorted to with the buckthorn, when a nese is properly trim-
med from the first.
A CHAPTER ON HEDGES, 873
desired, it is not allowed to grow any larger. Two shearings or
clippings are necessary, every season, to keep it in neat order—one
in June, and the other at the end of September.
Counting the value of the plants at the commencement at five
dollars per thousand, the entire cost of the hedge, at the end of the
sixth year, —including planting, cultivating, and shearing in the best
manner,—would here be about, seventy-five cents a rod ; which, for
an everlasting fence, and one of so much beauty, we shik a very
moderate sum.’
We have said nothing. about the temporary fencing which our
hedge will need, till it is at least five years old—that is, if it isa
boundary hedge, or is bordered on one or both sides’ ‘by fields where
animals run. It is evident enough that for this purpose, in most
cases, ‘the cheaper the fence the better. A very indifferent wooden
fence will last. five years, and a light barrier of posts and rails will
best suit the taste of most farmers. A much more convenient, and very
excellent one for the purpose, is the movable hurdle fence, made of
Jight chestnut: rails, which costs but little, and may be readily re-
“moved from one place or field to another, as the case requires.’
"No better tail piece can be given to this long article, than’ the
following sketch, representing the remarkably fine specimen of the
buckthorn hedge in the grounds of John C. Lee, Esq. of Salem, Mass,
LAA AANAAD Nia
T]
Waa |
“Fig. 5. 5. Mr, Lee's Hedge.
XI.
ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF ORNAMENTAL TREES AND
‘SHRUBS IN NORTH AMERICA. .
[Fxom Hovey’s Mag. of Horticulture.]
‘December, 1835.
T is remarkable, that notwithstanding the rapid progress which
horticulture is making in the United States, so little attention
is paid to the planting of ornamental trees, with a view to the embe}-
lishment of our country residences. The magnificent parks of Eng-
land have been long and justly admired, as constituting. one of the
most beautiful features of that highly cultivated country; and al-
though the horticultural creations of our more limited means, may:
never equal in extent and grandeur some of those of the aristocracy
of Europe, yet every person of cultivated mind, is aware how beau-
tiful the hand of taste can tender even very limited scenes, by the
proper’ application of the’ principles and materials necessary to men-:
tal pleasure and gratification.
‘Considered in a single point of view, what an infinite ies, of
beauty there is in a tree itself! Every part is admirable; from the
individual beauty of its leaves, to its grand effect as a whole. Who
has not witnessed in some favorite landscape the indescribable charm
thrown over the whole scene by a single tree? Perhaps a huge
giant, whose massy trunk and wide outstretched arms have been.
thé production of ages; or the more graceful form of another whose
delicate foliage reflects the sunbéam, and trembles with the slightest
“breeze that passes over it. There is no monotony in nature—even
in trees, every season has its own charms. Spring, the season of
renewed life, witnesses the rush of the newly imbibed sap—the
ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS IN NORTH AMERICA. 375
buds swell—the terider leaves unfold, and the admirer of nature is
delighted by the freshness and vividness of the young foliage. Sum-
mer comes—he is’ refreshed by the fragrance of their blossoms—
their shade is a welcome luxury in the noontide sun—perchance
their fruit may be an acceptable offering to the palate—and who in
this country has not witnessed the autumnal glories of an American
forest ?
There is no country of the globe which produces a greater va-
riety of fine forest trees, whether considered for the purposes of orna-
ment or timber, than North America. Yet it is a fact that for both
these purposes, more particularly the first, they are horticulturally
better known in many parts of Europe, than they: are:now at home.
Those governments have imported the seeds of all our most valua-
ble: forest: trees, annually, for more than a century. Instead of
‘planting, our agriculturists have hitherto been engaged in destr: oy- |
ing. In the Atlantic States, this period is now past; and we
would, therefore, first direct the Bitenition of the arboriculturist’ to
our own trees.
There is not in the whole en scarcely 2 a more interesting
object than an immense oak tree, when. placed so as to be consid-
ered in relation to the large mansion of a wealthy proprietor. Its
broad ample limbs and aged form, give a very impressive air of
dignity to the whole scene. It is a very common inhabitant of our
woods, there being forty-four species of indigenous growth between
the 20th and 48th degrees of, north Jatitude.* The pendulous
branches of the American elm—the light foliage of the birch—the
cheerful vernal appearance of some of the species of maple—the de-
licate leaf-of the locust; and the heavy masses of verdure produced
by the beech, are ‘sufficient to render them all ornamental in park
scenery, and they should ever find a proper situation in an extensive
lawn. Our American poplars should be recollected, when a rapid
growth and immediate effect is required. Gleditschia triacdnthos,
-or the sweet locust, is’ interesting from its long masses of thorns.
The plane or sycamore, (Plétanus occidentalis) i is too much neglect-
ed because it is so common; but in favorable situations, in deep
* Michaux,
376 : TREES.
soils,.and where ample room is. afforded, it produces a noble tree. of
immense size. Several have been measured on the banks of the
Ohio from forty to fifty feet in circumference. . oo
A native tree, but little known in our ornamental plantations, is -
the Kentucky coffee (Gymnécladus canadénsis). It is a native of
Kentucky and Tennessee, grows to the height of forty feet, and its
doubly compound foliage, and very singular appearance when de-
foliated in the winter months, are well calculated to render it an
interesting feature in the landscape. Cupréssus distichum (Taxd-
dium Rich.), the deciduous cypress, flourishing in vast quantities.in .
the southern parts of the Union, is, though perfectly hardy, and of .
easy cultivation, but little known in the northern States.* Its beau-
tiful light green foliage contrasts elegantly with the denser hue of
other deciduous trees, and we are hardly aware of an upright grow-
ing tree, better calculated to give variety of color to groups and
masses, than this. Catdlpa syringzefdlia is a most striking orna-
ment to a lawn, when in the summer months it -is loaded with its
large clusters of parti-colored flowers.
But the most splendid, most fragrant, ‘and nee calcbratad orna-
eas -mental production of the woods and forests of our country, is yet to
be mentioned. It is the unrivalled Magndlia grandiflora: the most
magnificent of the genus, a beautiful tree of seventy. feet: in its na-
tive soil, only attains the size of a large shrub in the middle States,
and will scarcely withstand the winters of the northern. - But M.
acuminata, though not so beautiful, is a fine large tree; sometimes
attaining the height of ninety feet. It is abundant in western New-
York and Ohio. M. macrophylla is not only remarkable for the
beauty of its flowers, but also for the extraordinary size of its leaves;
they haying been measured so long as three feet. M. tripétela, the
umbtella tree, is also a.fine species prowing in districts from Georgia
to New-York ; its large, cream-colored flowers measuring seven or
eight inches in diameter. Still more rare, though highly ornamen-
tal, are M. cordata and M. auriculata; small trees which ought to
be indispensable to every collection. The species of smallest stature
* We have, seen a celebrated specimen in Col. Carr’s garden, Philadel-
phia,’ 180 feet high, 25 feet in cireumference, and 91 years old.
ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS IN NORTH AMERICA. 877
and most frequent occurrence in the middle States, is M. glatica, the |
flowers of which are highly odoriferous. It succeeds best in damp
soils, and is found very plentifully in situations of this kind in New.
Jersey.
' Ornamental trees from other countries. should find a prominent
place in the plantations of our horticulturists. They not only have _
an intrinsic value in themselves, but, to a refined taste, they offer
gratifications from the associations connected with them., Thus the.
proprietor may view, in the walks over his grounds, not only: pro-
ductions of his own country, but their fellows from many other
climes. We may. witness flourishing upon the same soil, many of
the productions of southern Europe and Asia; individuals from the
frigid regions of Siberia, and the almost unknown forests of Pata-
gonia; vegetables which perseverance has abstracted from the jea-
lous Chinese, and which the botanical traveller has discovered
among the haunts of the-savage Indian.
Among the foreign trees which are most generally cultivated
for ornament in this country, we may mention the two genera of
Tilia and Asculus. The European lime or linden-tree, with its fine
stately form and fragrant blossoms, is a most pleasing object as an,
ornamental tree: The horse chestnut (42. -hippocdstanum) is per-
haps better known than any foreign tree in the country; its com-
pact growth, fine digitate leaves, and above all, its superb, showy
flowers, distributed in huge bouquets over the foliage, have rendered
it here, as in Europe, an object of universal admiration. We would
here: beg leave to direct the attention of planters to the less known,
but no less interesting species of this tree, natives of our own soil.
A. paira, producing red, and At. flava, yellow flowers, form very
beautiful trees of moderate size. . The other species are rather large
shrubs than trees, and are very pretty ornaments to the garden.
The brilliant appearance of the European mountain ash (Sor-
~ bus: aucuparia), when in autumn it is dénsely clad with its rich
crimson fruit, is a circumstance sufficient to give it strong claims to
the care of the arboriculturist, ee of the beauty of its
foliage.
We must not forget, ‘in this brief notice; the larches both of Eu-
rope and our country. Pinus tarix has long been considered among
878 TREES,
the first timber trees of the other continent. The singularity, of its
foliage, as a deciduous ‘tree, its long declining branches and droop-
ing spray, are well calculated to give variety to the landscape, and
we are happy to see, that both this and our two American species,
P. microcdrpa and P. péndula, are becoming more generally ae
of attention and cultivation.
Among the interesting trees of more recent introduction, dua
which are yet tare in this country, we may mention Salisbiria adi-
antifolia, the Japanese maiden-hajr tree. The foliage is strikingly
singular and beautiful, resembling that well known fern, Adiantum
pedatum, and the tree appears to be véry hardy. The purple
beech, a variety of Fagus sylvatica, is a very unique object, with its
strangely colored leaves, and a splendid tree lately introduced from -
the banks of the Missouri and Arkansas, is the Osage orange (Ma
clira aurantiaca). Its vivid green leaves and rapid growth are
already known to us; but it is described to us as being a-tree, in
its native soil, of thirty or forty feet in height, and bearing abun-
dance of beautiful fruit, of the size and appearance of an orange.
The weeping ash is also a, very. unique and desirable object, and its:
long, seemingly inverted shoots may be introduced. in some situa-__
tions with an excellent effect.
We have often regretted that, in decorating the grounds -of
country residences, so little attention is paid by the proprietors, to
hardy evergreen trees, Ornamental at any season, they are eminently
so in winter—a period, in this latitude, when every other portion of
vegetable matter yields to the severity of our northern climate, and
‘when those retaining their coats of verdure uninjured are beautiful
and cheerful memorials of the unceasing vitality of the vegetable
world. Deciduous trees at this season present but a bleak and deso-
late aspect—a few evergreens, therefore, interspersed singly over the
lawn, or tastefully disposed: in .a few groups, so as to ‘be seen from
the windows of the mansion, will give.a pleasing liveliness. to the
scene, which cannot fail to charm every person. We would earn-
estly-advise every person engaged in ornamental planting, to transfer
some of our fine native evergreen trees to their lawn, park, or terrace. «
We are aware that many think that there is great difficulty ‘in trans-
planting them with success, but experience has taught us that, with
ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS IN NORTH AMERICA. 379
the following precautions, no more difficulty is found than with deci-
duous trees. In transplanting, choose the spring of.the year, at the
time the buds are swelling: cut as few of the roots as possible, and
do not suffer them to become dry before you replace them in the soil,
' Among our most ornamental evergreen trees may be mentioned the
different species of pine, natives of North America. Several of them
are fine stately trees, and one which is. particularly ornamental as a
park tree, is the white or Weymouth pine, Pinus strdbus. Pinus
rigida, when ‘old and large, is a very picturesque tree; and Pinus
alba, ribra et fraséri, the white, red, and double spruce firs, are trees
_,. of moderate size, very generally diffused in the middle States, and
easily obtained. The well known balsam fir, Pinus balsdmea, is such
a beautiful evergreen, and succeeds so well in this climate, that it
Should find a place in the smallest plantations. We-have observed
it thriving well even in confined spaces in cities. Thija occidentilis,
the arborvitez, is a very interesting tree, and, as well as the exotic
T. orientalis, will be considered very ornamental in districts where
it is not common.
Among the most ornamental foreign coniferous trees we will no-
tice the Norway spruce, the drooping branches of which, in a large
specimen, are so highly admired; the well known Scoteh fir, the
finest timber tree of Europe, celebrated for growing on thin soils;
and the beautiful silver fir, Pinus. picea; all of them are’ noble
trees, and as they can be readily procured at the nurseries, should
be found in the grounds of every country residence.
Several other species of this genus which are thought the most
beautiful trees of Europe, unfortunately are yet scarce in this country.
The stone pine, whose seeds.are a delicious fruit, and whose “ vast
canopy, supported on a naked column of immense height, forms
one of: the chief and peculiar beauties in Italian scenery and in the
living landscapes of Claude,” and the not less interesting Pinus Pi-
ndster and P. Cémbra of the mountains of Switzerland. But the
most desirable evergreen tree which flourishes in temperate climates,
is the classic cedar of Lebanon, Pinus cédrus. Its singular ramose
branches and wild picturesque appearance in a large specimen, give
amore majestic and decided character to a fine building and its
adjacent scenery, than any-other'tree whatever. It is a native of
380 TREES,
the coldest parts of Mt. Libanus, but according to Professor Martyn,
more trees are to be found in England at the present time than on
its original site. As it is scarcely yet known as an ornamental ‘tree
in this country, we certainly do not know of an object better worth
the attention of the arboriculturist.
_ We observe in foreign periodicals that several magnificent har dy
individuals belonging to this section of trees, have been lately intro-.
duced into Europe, and: we, hope before long they will find their
way to the hands of our cultivators. Among the most remarkable,
we may mention a splendid new genus of pine (Pinus. Lambertiana)
lately found in northern California. The discoverer, Mr. D. Doug-
las, botanical collector to the London Horticultural Society, de-
scribes it as growing from one hundred and ‘fifty to two hundred
feet in height, producing-cones sixteen inches in length. He mea-
sured a specimen two hundred and fifteen feet long and fifty-seven
in circumference.* Several other specimens of this genus, of much
grandeur and beauty, are but lately introduced into cultivation, and —
which our present limits will barely permit us to enumerate. Pinus st
Douglasii, P. monticola, P. grandis, are immense trees from the
northwest coast of America; Pinus deodara [Cédrus deoddra, Rox.],
from Himalaya, P. see, from Asiatic Turkey, and P. Laricio,
from the mountains of Corsica, are spoken of as being highly orna--
mental; Araucaria imbricata, a beautiful evergreen tree of South
America, and Cupréssus péndula, the weeping cypress ‘of ‘the Chi- |
nese, are extremely elegant—are found to withstand the climate of
Britain, and would probably also endure-that of this country.
We cannot close-these remarks without again adverting to the
infinite beauty which may be produced by a proper use of this fine
material of nature. .Many a dreary and barren prospect may be
rendered interesting—many a natural or artificial deformity hidden,
and the effect of almost every landscape may be improved, simply by
the judicious employment of trees. The most fertile countries would”
appear but a desert without them, and the most picturesque scenery
in every part of the globe has owed to them its highest charms, °
Added to this, by recent improvements in the art of inp
* Mewar, Linnean Soe., vol. 15, p. 497.
+ Vide Sir Henry Stuart on Planting.
ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS IN NORTH AMERICA. 381
the ornamental planter of the présent day may réalize almost imme-
diately what was formerly the slow and regular production. of
years. ,
"Additional Note—The beauty of our autumnal foliage is well
known to the whole world : it has long been the theme of admira-
tion with the poet and the painter, and, to a foreigner, it appears to
be one of the most’ superb features of this fresh “ green forest land.”
Yet, every year, the axe of thé woodsman erases wide masses of the
rich coloring from the panorama. ‘Will it not be worth the consid- °
eration of persons who are now making, or who, in many parts of
the country, before much time has élapsed, will make extensive plan-
tations of forest trees for ornament, shelter and profit, to consider
how splendid an effect may be produced, by a disposition of the
most brilliantly colored of our indigenous trees in separate groups
and masses, on the’ parks and lawns of extensive country residences?
It is true, that autumn’s gay colors remain with us but for a short .
time, -but is this not also true with respect to the vivid greenness of’
vernal foliage, and the still more fugitive beauty of blossom which
constitutes one of the chief points of attraction in ornamental trees ?
We feel confident that, when landscape-gardening shall arrive at that
perfection which it is yet destined to attain in this country, this will
be a subject of important consideration. The high beauty with which
the richness of our autumnal tints may invest even the tamest scene,
we were ‘never more deeply impressed with, than in travelling
through New Jersey, during the months of September and October
of the present year. Every one is aware of the tame, monotonous
appearance of a great portion of the interior of that State; but only
those who have seen the same landscapes in autumn, can imagine
with what a magic glow even they are enshrined in that season.
The following are some of the trees we noticed, as assuming the
richest hues in their foliage. Scarlet oak (Quércus coccinea) bright
scarlet, dogwood (Cérnus flérida), and the tupelo and sour gum
(Nyssa villosa, etc.) deep crimson, different. species of Acer or ma-
ple, various shades of yellow and deep orange ; the sweet-gum (Li-
quiddmber) reddish purple, and our American ash, a distinct sombre
purple. These are but a few of the most striking colors ; and all
Pa
382 TREES.
the intermediate shades were filled up by the birches, sycamores,
‘elms, chesnuts, and ‘beeches, of which we have so many numerous
species-in our forests, and the whole was thrown into lively contrast
by a rich intermingling of the deep green in the thick foliage of the
pines, spruces, and hemlocks. 7
AGRICULTURE:
AGRICULTURE.
CULTIVATORS,—_THE GREAT INDUSTRIAL CLASS
OF AMERICA.
June, 1948.
T this moment, when, the old world’s monarchical institutions
are fast falling to pieces, it is interesting to look at home, at
the prosperous and happy condition of our new-world republic.
Abroad, the sovereign springs from a privileged class, and holds.
his position by the force of the army. His state ‘and. government
are supported by heavy taxes, wrung from the laboring classes, often
entirely without their consent. At home, the people are the sover-
eign power. The safety of their government lies in their own intel-
ligence; and the taxes paid for the maintenance of public order, or
to create public works, fall with no heavy or unequal pressure, but
are wisely and justly distributed throughout all classes of society.
In the United States, the industrial classes are the true sover-
eigns. Jdleness is a condition so unrecognized and unrespected
‘ with us, that the few professing “it find themselves immediately
thrown out of the great machine of active life which constitutes
American society. Hence, an idle man is a cipher. Work he
must, either with his head, his hands, or his capital; work in some
mode or other, or he is a dethroned sovereign. The practical and
busy spirit of our people repudiates him, and he is of no more abso-
25
386 ; ' AGRICULTURE.
Ite consequence than the poor fugitive king,—denied and driyen:
out by his subjects.
The CULTIVATORS oF THE sort. constitute the great sudleaeeal ’
class in this country. They. may well be called its “ bone and
sinew” for, at this moment they do not only feed all other classes,
but also no insignificant portion of needy Europe, furnish the. raw
material for manufactures, and’. raise the great staples which figure .
so largely in the accounts of the merchant, the ship owner and man-
ufacturer, in every village, town, and sea-port in the Union. }
The sovereign ‘people has a better right to look over its “rent
roll”—to examine’ the annual sum total of the products of its indus-
try, than any other sovereign whatever; and it has accordingly em-
ployed Mr. Burke; the excellent commissioner of patents, to- collect .
statistical facts, and publish them in the annual report of his office.
An examination of the-condition of this country, as exhibited in
Mr. Burke’s report of its industrial resources, will, we think, afford
the best proof ever exhibited of the-value of the American Union,
and the extraordinary wealth of our territory. The total valtie of
the products of the soil, alone, for the past year, he estimates at
more than one thousand five hundred millions of dollars.*
The value of the grain crops and great agricultural staples of the
eountry, for 1847, amounts to $815,863,688.
The value of all horticultural products (gardens,’ orchards, and
nurseries), is estimated at $459,577,538.
’ The value of the live ‘stock, wool, and dairy products, amounts
te $246,054,579.
The value. of the products off ile woods and forests, amounts to
$59,099,628. ;
It is also estimated that there were produced last year 224,384,502
bushels of surplus grains of various kinds, over and above what was
amply sufficient for home consumption. This is much more. than
enough to meet the ordinary demand of all the corn-buying coun-
tries of Europe.
Over one thousand five hundred : millions of dollars, i in the pro-
duets of the soil, for a single year! Does not this fully justify us in
* $1,57 9,595,428, “
CULTIVATORS—THE GREAT INDUSTRIAL CLASS. ° 887
holding up the cultivators of ‘the American soil as the great. indus-
trial class? But let us compare them a little, by Mr. Burke’s aid,
with the other industrial classes,
The annual product of all the manufactures in the Union, for
1847, is estimated at $500,000,000. The profits.of trade and com-
merce at $23,458,345. The profits of. fisheries $17,069,262 ; and
of banks, money institutions, rents, and professions, $145,000,000.
Total, $809,697,407.
Here we have the facts, or something, at least, like an approxi-
. mation to the facts, of the results of the yearly industrial labor of
the republic. The average amount is the enormous sum of over two
thousand three hundred and eighty-nine millions of dollars.
Of this, the agricultural class produces nearly double that of all
other classes, or over one thousand five hundred and seventy-nine
millions; while all other classes, merchants, manufacturers, profes-
sional men, ete., produce but little more than eight hundred and
nine millions.
There are a few, among the great traders and “merchant
princes,” who do-not sufficiently estimate the dignity or importance
of any class but their own. To them we commend a study of Mr.
Burke’s statistical tables. There are some few farmers who think
their occupation one of narrow compass and resources; we beg them
to look over the aggregate annual products of their‘ country, and
take shame to themselves.
elt is-‘no less our duty to call the attention of our own readers to
the great importance of the’ horticultural interest of the country.
“Why, its products ($459,000,000) are more than half as great in
value as those strictly agricultural; they are almost as large as the
whole manufacturing products of the country; and half as large as
the manufacturing and all other interests, excepting the agricultural,
combined.
In truth, the profits of the gardens and orchards of the country,
are destined to be enormous. Mr. Burke’s estimate appears to us
very moderate; and from the unparalleled increase in this interest
very recently, and the peculiar adaptation of our soil and climate to
the finest fruits and vegetables, the next ten years must exhibit an
amount of horticultural products which wil] almost challenge belief.
388 AGRICULTURE.
The markets of this country will not only be supplied with fruit in
great abundance and excellence, but thousands of orchards. will be |
cultivated solely for foreign consumption. >
‘The system of railroads and cheap transportation ee =
to. supply the seaboard cities with some of the fair and beautiful
fruits of the fertile west. When the orchards of Massachusetts fail,
the orchards of western New-York will, supply the Boston market
with apples; and thus, wherever the finest transportable products
of the soil are in demand, there they will find their way.
There are, however, many of the finer and more perishable: pro-
ducts of the garden and orchard which will not bear a long journey.
"These, it should'be the peculiar business of the cultivator of the older
and less fertile soil in the seaboard States to grow. He may not,
as an agriculturist, be able to compete with the fertile soils of the
west ;, but he may still, do so as a horticulturist, by devoting his at-
tention and. his land to orchards and gardens. If it is too difficult
and expensive to renovate an old soil that is worn.out, or bring up
a new one naturally poor, for farm crops, in the teeth of western
grain’ prices, he may well afford to do so for the larger profit derived
from orchard and garden culture, where- those products are raised
for which a market must be found without long transportation. He
who will do.this most successfully must not waste his time, labor,
and capital, by working in the dark, He must learn gardening and '
orcharding as a practical art, and a science. He must collect the
lost elements of the soil from the animal and mineral kingdoms, and
bring them back again to their starting point. He must seek out
the food of plants in.towns and villages, where it is wasted and
thrown away. He must plant and prune so as to aid and -direct’
nature, that neither.time nor space are idly squandered. _
Certainly, we have just pride and pleasure in looking ‘upon the
great agricultural class of America, Landholders and proprietors
of the soil, as they are, governing themselves, and developing the
resources of a great nation—how different is their position from that
of the farmers of England, —hundreds of thousands'of-men, work-
ing, generation after.generation, upon lands leased by a small privi-
leged ‘body, which alone owns and entails the soil; or.even from
that. of France, where there are millions of proprietors, but proprie-
CULTIVATORS—-THE GREAT INDUSTRIAL CLASS. 889
tors of a soil so subdivided that the majority have half a dozen acres,
or perhaps, evén a half or fourth of an acre in éxtent,—often scarcely
sufficient to raise a supply of a single crop for a small family.
If we have said any thing calculited to inspire self-respect in the
agricultural class of this country, it is not with a view to lessen that
for any other of its industrial classes. Far from it. Indeed, with the
versatility of power and pursuits which characterize our people, no
class can be said to be fixed. The farming class is the great nursery
of all the professions, and the industrial arts of the country. From.
its bosom go out the shrewdest lawyers' and the most successful
merchants of the towns; and back to the country return these
classes again, however successful, to be regenerated in the primitive
life and occupation of the race.
But the agricultural class perhaps is still wantirig in a just ap-
preciation of its importance, its rights, and its duties. It has so long
listened’to sermons, lectures and orations, from those who live in
cities and look upon country life as “something for dull wits,” that
it still needs apostles who draw their daily breath in green fields,
and are untrammelled ‘by the schools of politics and trade.
The agricultural journals, over the whole country, have’ done
much to raise the dignity of the calling. They have much still to
do, The importance of agricultural schools, of a high grade, should
be continually insisted upon, until every State Legislature in the
Union comes forward-with liberal endowments; and if ‘pledges
ought ever to be demanded of politicians, then farmers should not
be slow to require them of their representatives, for legislation favor-
able to every sound means of increasing the intelligence of this
great bulwark of the country’s safety and prosperity—the cultivators
of the soil.
IL.
THE NATIONAL IGNORANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL
‘INTEREST.
September, 1851.
0 seeeel observers, the ' prosperity of the United States in the-
"great interests of trade, commerce, manufactures, and agricul-
thre, is a matter of every-day remark and. general assent. The
country extends itself from one zone to another, and from one .
océan‘ to another. New States are settled, our own population in-
creases, emigration pours its vast tide upon our shores, new soils,
give abundant harvests, new settlements create a demand for the
necessaries and luxuries of life provided by. the older cities, and the
nation exhibits at every census, so unparalleled a growth, and such
magnificent resources, that common sense is:startled, and only the
‘jmagination’ can keep pace: with the probable destinies of the one
hundred millions of Americans that will speak one language, and,
we trust, be governed by one constitution, half a century hence.
As a wise man, who finds his family increasing after the manner
‘of the ancient patriarchs, looks about him somewhat anxiously; to
find out if there is likely to be bread enough for their subsistence,
so a wise statesman, looking at this extraordinary growth of popula-
tion, and. this prospective wealth of the country, will inquire, nar-
rowly, into its productive powers. He will desire to know ‘whether
the national domain is so managed that it will be likely.to support '
the great people that will be ready to live upon it in the next century. -
He will seek to look into the present and the futuré sufficiently: to
ascertain whether our sapid growth and material abundance do not
NATIONAL IGNORANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL INTEREST. 391
arise almost as much from the migratory habits of our people, and
the constant taking-up of rich prairies, yielding their virgin harvests
of breadstuffs, as from the institutions peculiar to our favored
country. :
-We regret to say, that it does not require much scrutiny on the
part of a serious inquirer, to discover that we are in some respects
ike a large and increasing family, running over ‘and devouring a
great estate to which they have-fallen heirs, with little or no care to
preserve or maintain it, rather than a wise and prudent one, seeking
to maintain that estate in its best and most productive condition.
.. To be sure, our trade and commerce are pursued with a thrift
' and sagacity likely to add largely to our substantial wealth, and to
develope the collateral resources of the country. But, after all, trade
and commerce are not the great interests of the country. That in-
terest is, as every one admits, agrigulture. By the latter, the great
bulk of the people live,.and by it all are fed. It is clear,-therefore,
if that interest is neglected or misunderstood, the population of the
couuitry may steadily increase, but. the means of supporting that
population (which can never be largely a manufacturing population)
maust necessarily lessen, proportionately, every year.
Now, there are two undeniable facts at present, staring us Amer-
icans in the face—amid all-this prosperity : the first is, that the pro-
ductive power of nearly all the land in the United States, which haa
been ten years in cultivation, is fearfully lessening every season, from
therdesolating effects of a ruinous system of husbandry; and the
second is, that in consequence of this, the. rural population of the
older States is either at a stand-still, or it is falling off, or it increasea
very slowly in proportion to the population of those cities and towns
largely engaged in commercial pursuits.
Qur census returns show, for instance, that in some of the States
(such as Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, and Maryland), the
only increase of population is in the towns—tor in the rural popu-
lation there is no growth at all. In the great. agricultural State of
New-York, the gain in. the fourteen largest towns is sixty-four per
cent., while in the rest of the State it is but nineteen per cent. In
Pennsylvania, thirty-nine and a quarter per cent. in the large towns,
and but twenty-one per cent. in the rural diséricts. .The politicians in
392 AGRICULTURE.
this State, finding themselves’ losing a representative in the new
ratio, while Pennsylvania gains two, have, in alarm, actually deigned:
to inquire into the growth of the agricultural class, with some little
attention. They haye not generally arrived at the truth, however,
which is, that Pennsylvania is, as a State, much better farmed than
New-York, and hence, the agricultural population increases much
faster.
It is a painful truth, that both the press and the more active
minds of the country at large are strikingly ignorant of the condition
of agriculture in all the older States, and one no less painful, that the
farmers, who are not ignorant of it, are, as a bouyy not intelligent
_enough to know how to remedy the evil. :
“ And what is that evil?” many of our readers will doubtless
inquire. We answer, the miserable system of farming steadily:pur-
sued by eight-tenths of all the faymers of this country, since its first
settlement; a system which proceeds upon the principle of taking
as many crops from the land with as little manure as possikle—
until its productive powers are exhausted,-and then —— emigrating
to some part of the country where they can apply the same practice
to a new soil. It requires far less knowledge and ¢apital to wear
out one good ‘soil and abandon it for another, than to cultivate a
good soil so as to maintain its productive powers from year to year,
unimpaired, Accordingly, the emigration is always “to THE WEsT.”
There, is ever the Arcadia of the American farmer; there are’ the
acres which need but to be broken up by the plouels, to yield their
thirty or forty bushels of wheat to the acre. Hence, the ever full
tide of farmers or farmers’ sons, always sets westward, and: the lands
at home are left in a comparatively exhausted and barren state, and
hence, too, the slow progress of farming as an honest art, where
-every body.practises it like a highway robber.
There are, doubtless, many superficial thinkers, who consider
these. western soils exhaustless—* prairies where crop after crop can
be taken, by generation after generation.” There’ was never a
greater fallacy. There are acres and acres of land in the counties
bordering: the Hudson—such counties as Dutchess and Albany—
from which the early settlers reaped their thirty to forty ‘bushels of
wheat to the acre, as easily as their great-grandchildren do now in
NATIONAL IGNORANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL INTEREST. 393
‘the most fertile fields of the valley of the Mississippi. Yet these
very acres now yield only twelve or fourteen bushels each, and the
average yield of the county of Dutchess—one of the most fertile
and best managed on the Hudson, is at the present moment only
six bushels’ of wheat to the acre! One of our cleverest agricultural
writers has made the estimate, that of the twelve millions of acres
of cultivated land in the State of New-York, eight millions are in
the hands of the “skinners,” who take away every thing from the
‘soil, and put nothing back; three millions in the hand -of farmers
who manage them so as to make the lands barely-hold their own,
while one million of acres are well farmed, so as to maintain a high
and productive state of fertility. And as New-York is confessedly
one of the-most substantial of all the older States, in point of agri-
culture, this estimate is too flattering to be applied to the older
States. Even Ohio—newly settled as she is, begins to fall off per
acre, in her annual wheat crop, and before fifty years will, if the
present system continues, be considered a worn out soil.
The evil at the bottom of all this false system of husbandry, is
no mystery. _ A rich soil, contains only a given quantity of vegeta-
ble and mineral food for plants. Every crop grown upon a fertile
- soil, takes from it a certain amount of these substances, so essential
to the growth of another crop.’ If these’ crops, like most of our
grain crops, are sent away and consumed in other counties, or other
-parts of the counties—as in the great cities, and none of their essen-
tial elements in the way of vegetable matter, lime, potash, etc.,
restored to the soil, it follows as a matter of course, that eventually
the soil must become barren or miserably unprofitable. And such
is, unfortunately, the fact. Instead of maintaining as many animals
as possible upon the farm, and carefully restoring to the soil in the
shape of animal and mineral manure, all those elements needful. to
the.growth of future vegetables, our farmers send nearly all their
‘crops for sale in cities—and allow all the valuable animal and
mineral products of these crops to go to waste in those cities.*
“ Oh! but,” the farmer upon worn out land will say,“ we cannot
* In Belgium—the most productive country in the world,—the urinary
excrements of each cow are sold for $10 a year, and are regularly applied
to the land, and poudrette is valued as gold itself.
394 AGRICULTURE.
afford to pay for all the labor necessary for the high farming you ad:
vocate.” Are you quite suré of that assertion? We suspect if you
were to enter carefully into the calculation, as your neighbor, the
merchant, enters into the calculation of his profit and loss in ‘his’
system of trade, you would find that the difference in value betweéen
one crop of 12 bushels and another of 30 bushels of wheat to the
acre, would leave a handsome profit to that farmer who would pursue.
with method and energy, the practice of never taking an atom of
food for plants from the soil in the shape of a crop, without, in some
natural way, replacing it again. For, it must be remembered, that
needful as the soil is, every plant gathers a large part of its food
from the air, and the excrement of animals fed upon crops, will
restore to the soil all the needful elements taken: from it by those
crops.
The principle has been demonstrated over and over again, but
the difficulty is to get the farmers to believe it. Because they can
get crops, such as they are, from a given soil, year after year, with- 5
out manure, they think it-is only necessaty for them to plant—Pro-
vidence will take care of the harvest. But it is in the pursuit of
this very system, that vast plains of the old world, once as fertile
as Michigan. or Ohio, have become desert wastes, and it is perfectly
certain, that when we reach the goal of a hundred millions of peo-
ple, we shall reath a famine soon afterwards, if some new and more
enlightened system of agriculture than our national.“ skinning ” sys-
tem, does not beforehand spring up and extend itself over the
country. .
And such a “system can only be extensively disseminated and
put in practice by ‘raising the ¢ntelligence of farmers generally. We |
have, in common with the Agricultural Journals, again and again
pointed out that this is mainly to be hoped for through a practical
agricultural education. And yet the legislatures of our great agri-
cultural States vote down, year after year, every bill reported by the
friends of agriculture to establish schools. Not one such school,
efficient and useful as it might be, if started with sufficient aid from
the State, exists in a uation of more than twenty millions of farmers,
“ What matters it,” say the wise men of our State legislatures, “ if
the lands of the Atlantic States are worn out by bad farming? Is not
NATIONAL. IGNORANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL INTEREST. 395
the crear west the granary of the world?” And so they build
canals and railroads, and bring from the west millions of bushels of
grain, and send not one fertilizing atom back to restore the land.
And in this way we shall by-and-by make ‘the fertile prairies as
barren as some-of the worn out farms of Virginia. ‘And thus “ the
sins of the fathers are visited upon. the- children, even to the fourth —
generation !”
Ii.
THE HOME EDUCATION OF THE RURAL DISTRICTS.
' January, 1852.
Wu the great shies of Agricultural Schools is continually
urged upon’ our legislatures, and, as yet, continually put off ’
with fair words, let us see if there’ is not room for great improvement
in another way—for the accoinplishment of which the farming com-
munity need ask no assistance. '
Our thoughts are timed to the subject of home education. It
is, perhaps, the peculiar misfortune of the United States, that the
idea of “education is always affixed to something away from home.
The boarding-school, the academy, the college—it is there alone we
suppose it possible to educate the young man or the young woman.
Home is only a place to eat, drink, and sleep. The parents, for the most:
part, gladly shuffle off the whole duties and responsibilities of training
the heart, and the social nature of their children—believing thatedf
‘the intellect is properly developed in the schools, the whole man is
educated. Hence the miserably one-sided and incomplete character
of so many even of our most able and talented men—their heads
have been edicated, but their social nature almost utterly neglected,
Awkward manners and a rude address, are not the only evidences -
that many a clever lawyer, professional man, or merchant, offers to
us continually, that his education -has been whélly picked up away.
from home, or that home was never raised to a level calculated to
give instruction. A want of taste for all the more genial and kindly”
topics of conversation, and a want of relish for refined and innocent
social pldasures, mark such % man as an ill-balanced or one-sided
man in his inner growth and culture. Such a man is often success-
THE HOME EDUCATION OF THE RURAL DISTRICTS. 397 -
‘ful at the bar or in trade, but be is uneasy and out of his element in
the social circle, because he misunderstands it and despises it. His
only idea of society is display, and he loses more than three-fourths
of the delights of life by never having been educated to use
his best social qualities—the qualities which teach a man how to love
his neighbor as himself, and to throw the sunshine of a cultivated
understanding and heart upon the litile trifling events and énjoy-
ments of everyday life.
If this is true of what may be called the wealthier classes of the
community, it is, we are sorry to say, still more true of the agricul-
tural class. The agricultural class is continually complimented by
the -press and public debaters,—nay, it even compliments itself
with being the “ bone and sinew of the country "—the “ substantial \
yeomanry ”—the followers of the most natural and “noblest occupa-
tion,” &c. &e. But the truth is, that in a country like this, know-
ledge is not only power; it is also influence and position ; and the
farmers, as a class, are the least educated, and therefore the least
‘powerful, the least influential, the least respected class in the com-
munity. ,
This state of things is all wrong, and we deplore it——but the way
‘to mend it is not: by feeding farmers with compliments, but with
plain truths. As a natural consequence of belonging to the least
powerful and least influential class, the sons and daughters of far-
mers—we mean the smartest sons and daughters—those who might
raise up and elevate the condition of the whole class, if they would
recognize the dignity and value of their calling, and put their talents
into it—are no sooner able fo look around and choose for themselves,
than they bid good bye to farming. It is too slow for the hase
and not genteel ‘ enough for the girls.
All the education of the schools they go-to, has nothing to do
with making a farmer of a talented boy, or a farmer’s wife of a bright
and clever girl—but a great deal to do with unmaking them, by
pointing out the guperior advantages of mer chandise, and the
“ honorable” professions. At home, it is the same thing. The
farmer’s son and daughter find less of the agreeable and attractive,
and more of the hard and sordid at their fireside, than in the houses
of any other class of equal means. This helps to decide: them to
398 AGRICULTURE.
leave “ dull care” to dull spirits, and choose some field of life which
has more attractions, as well as more risks, than their own.
We have stated all this frankly, because we believe it. to be a
false and bad state of things which cannot last. The farming. class
of America is not a rich. class—but neither is it a poor one—
while it is an independent class. ‘It may and should wield the
largest influence in the state, and it might and should. enjoy the
most happiness—the happiness belonging to intelligent minds, peace- ,
ful homes, a natural and independent position, and high social. and
moral virtues. We have said much, already, of the special. schools
which the farmer should have to teach him agriculture as a practi-
cal art, so that he might make it compare in profit, and in the daily
, application of knowledge which it demands, with any other pursuit.
But we have said little or nothing of the farmer’s home education
and social influences—though these palape ue at the very root of
the whole matter.
We are not ignorant of the powerial infin of woman, in any
question touching the improvement of our social.and home éluca-
‘tion. In fact, it is she who holds all the power in this sphere’; it is
she, who really, but silently, directs, controls, leads and governs the
‘whole social machine—whether among farmers or others, in this
t country. To the wonien of the rural districts—the more intelligent
and sensible of the farmers’ wives and daughters, we appeal then, for
a better understanding and a more correct appreciation of their tre
position. If they will but study t to raise the character of the farmer's
social life, the whole maitter is accomplished: But this must be done
truthfully and earnestly, and with a profound faith in the true, no-
bility and dignity of the farmer's calling. . It must not be done by
taking for social growth the finery and gloss of mere city customs
and observances. It is an improvement that can never come from
the atmosphere of boarding-schools and colleges as they are now
constituted, for boarding-schools and colleges pity: the farmer's igno-
rance, and despise him for it. I¢ must, on the gontrary, come from
an intelligent conviction of the honesty and dignity of rural life; a
- conviction that as agriculture embraces the sphere of God’s most
natural and beautiful operations, it is the best calculated, when rightly
understood, to levate and engage man’s, faculties ; that, as it. feeds
THE HOME EDUCATION OF THE RURAL DISTRICTS. 399
and sustains the ntion, it is the basis of all material wealth ; and as
it supports all other professions and callings, it is intrinsically the
parent and superior of them all. Let the American farmer’s wife
never cease to teach her ‘sons, that though other callings may be
more lucrative, yet there is none so true and so safe as that of the
farmer,—let her teach her daughters that, fascinating and brilliant as
many other positions appear outwardly, there is none with so mucl?
intrinsic’ satisfaction as the life of a really intelligent proprietor of
the soil, and above all, let her show by the spirit of intelligence, order,
neatness, taste, and that beauty of propriety, which is the highest
beauty in her home, that she really knows, understands, and enjoys
her position as a wife and mother of a farmer’s family—let us have
but a few earnest apostles of this kind, and the condition and pros-
petity of the agricultural class, intellectually and socially, will
brighten, as the day brightens after the first few bars of golden light
tinge the eastern horizon.
Weare glad to see and record such signs of daybreak—in the
shape of a recognition of the low social state which we deplore, and
a ery-for reform—which now and then make themselves heard,
here and there in the ecountry.. Major Patrick—a gentleman aioe
we -have not the pleasure of knowing, though we most cordially
shake hands with him mentally, has delivered an address before the
Jefferson County Agricultural Society in the State of New-York, in
which he has ‘touched with no ordinary skill upon this very topic.
The two pictures which follow are as faithful as those of a Dutch
master, and we’ hang them up here, conspicuously, in our columns,
as being more worthy of study by our farmers’ families, than any
pictures that the Art-Union will distribute this year, among all those
that will be scattered from Maine to Missouri.
“ An industrious pair, some twenty or thirty years ago, commericed
the world with strong hands, stout hearts,.robust health, and steady
habits.. By the blessing of Heaven their industry has been rewarded
with plenty, and their labors have been crowned with success. . The
dense-forest has given place to stately orchards of fruits, and fertile
fields, and waving meadows, and verdant pastures, covered with eviden-
cesof worldly prosperity. The log cabin is gone, and in its stead a fair
400 AGRICULTURE.
ahs house, two stories, and a wing with kitchen inghe saat flanked by
barns, and cribs, and granaries, and dairy houses. | .
“But take a nearer view. Ha! what means this waiahity crop of ;
unmown thistles bordering the road ?: For what, market is that still
mightier crop of pipweed, dock and nettles destined, that fills up the
space they call the ‘garden ?? And look at those wide, unsightly
thickets ofelm, and sumac, and briers, and choke-cherry, that mark the
fines of every fence! :
“ Approach the house, built in the road to be convenient, and save
land! Two stories and a wing, | and every blind shut close as a miser’s
fist, without a tree, or. shrub, or flower to break the air of barrenness
and desolation around it.. There it stands, w white, glaring and ghastly
as a pyramid of bones in the desert. Mount the unfrequented door stone, .
grown over with vile weeds, and knock till, your knuckles are sore. It
-is a beautiful moonlight October evening ; and .as you stand upon that~.
stone, a ringing laugh comes from the rear, and satisfies you that some-
body lives there. Pass now around to the rear: but hold your nose
when you come within range of the piggery, and have a care that you
don’t get swamped in .the neighborhood of the sink-spout. Enter the
kitchen. Ha! here they are all alive, and here they dive all together.
The kitchen is the kitchen, the dining-rdom, the sitting-room, the room
of.all work. , Here father sits with his hat on and in his ‘shirt-sleeves.
Around him are his boys and his hired men, some with hats and some
with coats, and some with neither. The boys are busy shelling corn for
samp; the hired.men are scraping whip-stocks and whittling bow-pins, :
throwing every now and then a sheep’s eye and a jest at the girls, who,
with their mother, are doing-wp the house-work. The younger fry are.
building ‘eob- -houses, parching corn, and burning their fingers. Nota
book is to be seen, though the winter, school has commenced, and the
master is going to board there. Privacy is a word of unknown meaning
in’ that family; and if a son or daughter should borrow a book, it
would be almost impossible to.read it in that room, and on no occasion
_ is the front house opened, except when ‘company come to spend the
afternoon,’ or when things are brushed and dusted, and ‘ set to rights.’
“Yet these are as honest, as worthy, and kind- hearted people as you
will find anywhere, and are studying out some way of getting their
younger children into a better position than they themselves occupy.
They are in easy circumstances, owe nothing, and have money loaned
on bond and mortgage. After much consultation, a son is placed at
school that he may be fitted to go into a store, or possibly an office, to
study a profession ; and a daughter is sent away to learn books, and
THE HOME EDUCATION OF THE RURAL DISTRICTS. 401 ©
manners, and gentility. On this son or daughter, or both, the hard
earnings of years are lavished; and they are reared up in the belief that
whatever smacks of the country is vylgar—that the farmer is neces-
sarily ill-bred and his calling ignoble.
“Now, will any one say that this picture is overdrawn? I think
not. But let us see if there is not a ready way to change the whole ex-
pression and character of the picture, almost without cost or trouble. I
would point out an easier, happier, and more economical way of educat-
ing those children, far more thoroughly, while at. the same time the
minds of the parents are expanded, and they are prepared to enjoy, in
the society of their educated children, the fruits of their own early i in-
dustry.
“ And first, let the front part of that house be thrown open, and the
most convenient, agreeable, and pleasant room in it, be sélected as the
family room. Let its doors be ever open, and when the work of the
kitchen is completed, let mothers and daughters be found there, with
their appropriate work, Let it be the room where the family altar is
erected, on-which the father offers the morning and the evening sacrifice.
Let it be consecrated to Neatness, and Purity, and Truth. Let no hat
ever be seen in that room on the head of its owner [unless he be a
Quaker friend]; let no coatless individual be permitted to enter it. If
father’s head is bald (and some there are in that predicament), his
daughter will be proud to see his temples covered by the neat and grace-
fal silken cap that her own hands have fashioned for him. If the coat
he wears ‘by day is too heavy for the evening, calicoes are cheap, and.so
is cotton wadding. .A few shillings placed in that daughter’s hand, in-
sures him the most comfortable wrapper in the world; and if his boots |
are hard, and the nails cut mother’s carpet, a bushel of wheat once in
three years, will keep him in slippers of the easiest kind. Let the table,
which has always stood under the looking-glass, against the wall, be
wheeled into the room, and plenty of useful (not ornamental) books and
periodicals be laid upon it. When evening comes, bring on the lights—
and plenty of them-—for sons and daughters—all who can—will be most
willing students. They will read; they will learn, they will discuss the
subjects of their studies with each other; and parents will often be quite
as much instructed as their children. The well conducted agricultural
journals of our day throw a flood of light upon the science and practice
of agriculture ; while such a work as Downing’s Landscape Gardening
[or the Horticulturist], laid one year upon that centre-table, will show
its effects to every passer-by, for with books and studies like these, a
purer taste is born, and grows more vigorously.
26
402 AGRICULTURE.
“Pass along that road after five years working of this. system in the.
family, and what a change! The thistles by the roadside enriched the
manure heap for a year or two, and then they died. These beautiful
maples and those graceful elms, that beautify the grounds around that
renovated home, were grubbed from the wide hedge-rows of five years
ago; and so were those prolific rows of blackberries and raspberries, and
bush cranberries that show so richly in that neat garden, yielding
abundance of small fruit in their season. The unsightly out-houses are
screened from observation by dense masses of foliage; and the many
climbing plants that now hang in graceful festoons from tree, and porgh,
and column, once clambered along that same hedge-row. From the
meadow, from the wood, and fromthe gurgling stream, many a native
wild flower has been transplanted to a genial soil, beneath.the home-
stead’s sheltering wing, and yields a daily offering to the household. gods,
by the hands of those fair priestesses who haye now ‘become their minis-
ters.. By the planting of a few trees, and shrubs, and flowers, and
climbing plants, around that once bare and uninviting house, it has be:
come a tasteful residence, and its money value is more than doubled. A
cultivated taste displays itself in 4 thousand forms, and at every tdéuch
of its hand gives beauty and value to property. A judicious taste, so
far from plunging its possessor into expense, makes money for him. The:
land on which that hedge-row grew five years ago, for instance, has .
produced enough since to doubly pay the expense of grubbing it, and:
of transferring its fruit briers to the garden, where they have not only
supplied the family with berries in their season, but have yielded many’
a surplus quart, to purchase that long row of red and yellow ‘Antwerps,
and English gooseberries; to say nothing of the scions bought with.
their money, to form new heads for the trees in the old orchard.
“These sons and daughters sigh no more for city life, but love with
intense affection every foot of ground they tread upon, every tree; and
every vine, and every shrub their hands have planted, or their taste has
trained, But stronger still. do their affections cling to that t family room,
where their minds first began to be developed, and to, that centre-table
around which they still gather with the shades of evening, to drink in
; knowledge, and wisdom, and understanding.
“The stout farmer, who once looked upon his acres only as a labo-
ratory for transmuting labor into gold, now takes @ widely different
view of his possessions. His eyes are opened to the beautiful in nature,
and he looks with-reverence upon every giant remnant of the forest, that .
‘by. good luck escaped his murderous axe in former days. No leafy mon-
arch is now laid low without a stern necessity demands it; but many @
THE HOME EDUCATION OF THE RURAL DisTRicts. 408
vigorous tree is planted ir the hope that the children of his children may
gather beneath the spreading branches, and talk with pious gratitude of
him who planted them. No longer feeling the need of taxing his phy-
sical powers to the utmost, his eye takes the place of his hand, when
latter grows weary, and mind directs the operations of labor. See him
stand and ‘look with delighted admiration at his sons, his educated sons,
as they take hold of every kind of work, and roll it off with easy mo-
tion, but with the power of mind in every stroke.
“ But it is the proud mother who takes the solid comfort, and won-
ders that it is so easy after all, when one knows how, to live at ease,
énjoy the society of happy daughters and contented sons, to whom the
city folks make most respectful bows, and treat with special deference,
as truly well-bred ladies and gentlemen. ‘
“Now, this is no more a fancy picture than the other. It is a pro-
cess that I have watched in many families, and in different States. The
results are everywhere alike, because they are natural. The same
‘ causes will always:produce the same effects, varying circumstances only
modifying the intensity.”
IV.-
HOW TO ENRICH THE SOIL.
Mec November, 1849,
OOD. cultivation depends on nothing so much as the supply of:
A an abundance of food. ‘And yet there are hundreds and thou-
sands of cultivators who do not recognize this fact in their practige..
They feed their horses and cows regularly, because it is undeniable
that they have mouths and stomachs ; and experience ‘has: demon-\
strated, that not to keep. these sufficiently supplied amounts at last.
' to starvation, But, because a plant has a thousand little concealed
mouths, instead of one wide, gaping one,—because it finds enough
even in poor soils to keep it from actually starving to death, igno-
rant cultivators appear to consider that they deserve well of their
trees and plants, if they barely keep their roots covered with earth.
‘They make plantations in thin soil, or upon lands exhausted of all
inorganic food by numberless croppings, and'then wonder why they
succeed so poorly in obtaining heavy products.
Too much, therefore, can never be written about manures. After
all that has been said about them, they are yet but little under-
stood ; and there is not one person in ten thousand, among all those
owning gardens in this country, who does not annually throw away,
or neglect to make use of, some of the most valuable manures for
trees and /plants;—manures constantly within his reach, and yet
entirely neglected.
‘We must therefore throw out a few seasonable hints, on the
preparation and use of manures, which we hope may aid such of
y
HOW TO ENRICH THE SOIL. 405
our readers as are anxious to feed their trees and plants in such a
generous manner as to deserve a grateful return. - .
Among the first and’ best of wasted manures, constantly before
our eyes in the autumn, are the falling leaves of all deciduous trees.
- When we remember that these leaves’ contain’ not only adi the sub-
stances necessary to the growth of the plants from which they fall;
but those substances in the proportions actually needed for new
growth, it is surprising that we can ever allow a barrowful to be lost.
The whole riddle of the wonderful growth of giant forests, on land
not naturally rich, and to which nature scarce allows a particle of
‘what is commonly called manure, lies hidden in the deep beds of
fallen leaves which accumulate over the roots, and, by their gradual
decay, furnish a plentiful supply of the most suitable food for the
trees above them. Gather and take away from the trees in a wood.
this annual coat of leaves, and in a few seasons (unléss manure is
artificially given), the wood will begin to decline and go to decay.
Hence, we must beseech all our good orchardists and fruit-growers
not to forget that dead leaves are worth lookingafter. They should
‘be held fast in some way, either by burying them about the roots
of the trees from which they fall, or by gathering them into the
‘compost heap, to be applied when duly decomposed in the spring.
_And this leads us to say that an excellent, and perhaps the best
mode of using leaves for the orchard, fruit-garden, or any planta-
tations of trees or shrubs, is the following: Take fresh lime and
slake it with brine (or water saturated with salt), ; till it falls to a
powder. This powder i is not common lime, but muriate of lime.
Gather, the leaves and lay them up in heaps, sprinkling over - every
layer with this new compound of lime, at the rate of about four
bushels to a cord of leaves. This will be ready for use in about a
month if the weather is mild, or it may lie all winter, to be used in
the spring ; but in either case, the heap should be turned over once
or twice. The lime decomposes the leaves thoroughly; and the
- manure thus formed is one of the most perfect composts known for
trees of all kinds. We need not add: that its value to any given
kind of tree, as, for example, the pear, the apple, or the oak, is in-
creased by using the ‘Jeaves of that tree only ; though a mass of
mixed leaves gives a compost of great value for trees and shrubs
P », 23
406 AGRICULTURE.
generally, The practice in the best vineyards, of burying the leaves
of each vine at its root, every autumn, is not only one of the most
successful modes of manuring that plant,, but one founded in the
latest discoveries in science.
The most economical mode of making manure, in most parts of
the country, is that of using muck or peat from swamps. Though
worth little or nothing i in its crude state, it contains large quantities
of the best food for trees and plants. No ‘cultivator, who has it at com-
mand, should complain of the difficulty of getting manure, since he can
so easily turn it into a compost, ‘equal i in bulk to farm-yard manure.
The cheapest mode of doing® this, is, undoubtedly; to place it in
the stalls underneath the cattle for a few days, and then lay it up
with the barn-yard manure, in the proportion of one part muck to
six or eight parts manure. The whole will then ferment, arid be®
come equal i in value to the ordinary product of the bar n-yard. But.
a much more practicable: mode for horticulturists—who are not all
farmers with cattle yards—is that of reducing it by means of ashes,
or lime slaked with brine. .
As we have already pointed out how to use ashes, and as we
think, after what we havé observed the past season, the latter mode
gives a compost still more valuable for many trees than ashes and
muck, we recommend it to the trial of all those forming’ composts
for their orchards and gardens. The better mode i is to throw ‘out
the péat from the s swamps now, or in winter, expose it’ td-the action
of the frost, and, early in the spring, to mix it with the brine-slaked
lime, at the rate of four bushels to the cord. It should be allowed
to lie about six weeks. , The good effects of this compost, when ap-
plied as a manure to the kitchen garden, or mixed with the soil in
planting trees, are equally striking’ and permanent.
We cannot let the opportunity pass by without saying a word |
" or two about that much lauded and much abused substance—guano.
Nothing is more certain than that, in Peru and England, this is the
‘best of all manures ; or that in the United States, as it has hitherto
been used, it is one ‘of the worst. Now, asa substance cannot thus
wholly change its nature-in these different countries without some
good reason, we are naturally led to inquire, what is the secret of
its success ?
HOW TO ENRICH THE SOIL. 407
If we recall to mind the facts, that in Peru, guano is no sooner
applied than the land is irrigated, and that in England no sooner is
it spread over the land than a shower commences; and that this
shower, or something very near akin to it, keeps itself up all sum-
mer long, in the latter country; and if we then recollect, that in the
middle States, five summers out of six, any substance applied near
the surface of the ground is as dry as a snuff-box, for the most part
of the time, from June to September, we shall not be greatly at a
loss to know why so many persons, in this country, believe guano to
be nothing more or less than a “humbug.”
If any very good proof of this were wanted, we need go tio fur-
ther than to the exotic florists in our cities, who cultivate their plants
in pots, for their experience. They are nearly the only~class of
cultivators among us who are sturdy champions for the use of guano.
The reason is plain. ‘They use it only in the liquid state, and apply
it so as to give the plants under their care every now and then a
good. wholesome drink,—a thorough soaking of a sort of soup more
relishing to them than any in M. Soyer’s new cookery book, to an
epicure in a London club-house.
Now it is quite impossible for an American cultivator to a any
thing- worth mentioning, in the way of watering his trees or crops
with liquid guano; partly. because labor is too dear, but mainly be-
cause the air is so dry and hot, that in a few hours the earth is drier
than before ; and so all good effects are at an end. What then is
to be, done, to enable us to use guano with success ?
We answer in a few words. Use it in the autumn.
We know this is quite contrary to the advice of previous writers,
and that it will be considered by many:a great waste of riches. But
our advice is founded on experience,—an ounce of which, in such a
matter as this, isworth a ton of theory drawn from observation in
other climates.
After having tried guano in various ordinary modes, at the usual
season, and with so little satisfaction as to find ourselves among the
skeptics as to its merits for this country, we at last made trial of it in
the autumn. ‘We spread it over the soil of the kitchen garden, be-
fore digging it up at the approach of winter, and, to our astonish-
ment, found our soil so treated more productive, even in very dry
408 AGRICULTURE.
seasons, than we had ever known it pefore.. We have also recom-
mended it as an autumnal manure for enfeebled fruit trees (turning
it under the surface at once with, a spade), and find it wonderfully
improved in luxuriance and. vigor. In short, our observations for
the past two years have firmly . convinced us, that in all parts of the’
country, where the climate is-hot’ and dry from June to October, :
guano should be used in the autumn. Applied: at that season, and
‘tured under the surface by the plough or spade, so as not to waste
its virtues in the air, or by surface rains, its active qualities are gra-
dually absorbed by the soil, and, so far from being lost, are only
-rendered more completely soluble, and ready for feeding the pine _
when the spring opens.
Guano, applied as a top-dressing, or near ie surface, in the
spring, is undoubtedly a manure of little permanence, generally,
lasting only one season ; for it always loses much of its virtue in the
atmosphere. But lio buried beneath’ the surface, it becomes in-
- corporated with the soil, and its good effects last several seasons.
The common rate of manuring farm lands is three hundxed
pounds of guano to the acre. But when old’ gardens are to be ma-
nured, or worn-out orchards or fruit-yards renovated, we find six
hundred pounds a better dressing. We would recommend its use
at any time between the present moment and the frosts of winter.
It should be spread evenly over the surface, and immediately turned
at least three inches below it.
At the present price of guano, it is certainly the cheapest of all
manures to be bought in the market; and as.it is undeniably richer
in all the elements necessary for moet crops than any other single
substance, it deserves to have a more thorough trial at the hands of
the American public. We commend it anew to all those who have
once failed, and beg them to try it once more,* using” it,in the
autumn.
The large proportion of phosphate of lime which exists in Peru
vian guano, makes it very valuable for fruit-growers and a good
dressing of guano—so that it visibly covers the surface under each
tree—dug under during the month of November, will certainly give
a most thrifty and healthy start to the next season’s growth, as wéll
as prepare the tree’ forthe highest state of productiveness, Thé
=
HOW TO ENRICH THE SOIL. 409
*
concentrated form of guano, saving, as it does, so much labor in
carriage and spreading over the soil, is no small recommendation in
its favor to those whose finances admonish them to practise economy
of means and time.
We might’ enlarge upon manures, so as to occupy volumes.
But it will suffice for the’ present, if we have drawn the attention of
our readers to the fact, that food must be supplied, ‘and that the
present is the time to set about it.
v.
t
A CHAPTER ON AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS.
Diesation 1849.
OVABLE ee or capital, may procure a man all the
advantages -of wealth; but PROPERTY IN LAND gives him
much more than this. It gives him a place in the domain of the
world; it unites his. life to the life which animates all creation.
Money is an instrument by which man can procure the satisfaction
of his wants and his wishes. Landed property is the establishment
of man as.sovereign in the midst of nature. It satisfies not only his”
wants and his desires, but tastes deeply implanted in his nature. For
his family, it creates that domestic country called home, with all the.
loving sympathies and all the future hopes and projects which peo-
ple it, And whilst property in land is more consonant than any
other to the nature of man, it also affords a field of activity the most
favorable to his moral development, the most suited to inspire a just
sentiment of his nature and his powers. In almost all the-other
trades and professions, whether commercial or scientific, success ap-
pears to depend sdlely on himself—on his talents, address, prudence
and vigilance. In agricultural life, man is constantly i in the pre-
sence of God, and of his power. Activity, talents, prudence and
vigilance, are as necessary here as elsewhere to the success of his
labors ; but they are evidently no less insufficient than they are ne-
cessary. It is God who rules the seasons and the temperature, the
sun and the rain, and all those phenomena. of nature which deter-
mine the success or the failure of the labors of man on the soil
which he cultivates. There is no pride.which can resist this de-
pendence, no address which can. escape it. Nor is it only a senti-
A CHAPTER ON AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. 411
ment of humanity, as to his power over his own destiny, which is
thus inculcated upon man; he learns also tranquillity and patience.
He cannot flatter himself that the most ingenious inventions, or the
most restless activity, will secure his success ; when he has done all
that depends upon himself for the cultivation and fertilization of the
soil, he must wait with resignation. The more profoundly we ex-
amine the situation in which man is placed, by the possession and
cultivation of the gpil, the moré do we discover how rich it is in
‘salutary lessons to his’ reason, and. benign influences on his charac-
ter. Men do not analyze these facts; but they have an instinctive
sentiment of them, which powerfully contributes to the peculiar re-
spect in which they hold property in land, and to the preponder-
ance which that kind of property enjoys over every other. This
preponderance is a natural, legitimate, and salutary fact, which, espe-
cially in a+great country, Boley at large has a strong interest in
recognizing: and respecting.”
We have quoted this sound and excellent exposé, of the import-
ance and dignity of the landed interest, from a late pamphlet by a
great continental statesman, only to draw the attention of our agri-
cultural class to their position in all countries—whether monarchical
or republican—and ¢specially to the fact, that upon the intelligence
and prosperity of the owners of the soil, here, depend largely the
strength and security of our government, and the well working of
most of its best institutions.
. Where, then, must we look for the explanation of the fact, that
in every country the cultivators of the soil are the last to avail them-
selves of the advantages of skill and science? That every where
they are the last to demand'of government a share of those benefits
which are continually heaped upon less important, but more saga-
cious and more clamorous branches of the body politic 2”
Is it because, obliged to trust largely to nature and Providence,
they are less active in seizing the advantages of education than
those whose intellect, or whose inventive powers, are daily tasked
for their support, and who cultivate their powers of mind in order
to live by their exercise ?
These are pertinent questions at this moment; for it is evident
that we are on the. eve of a great change in the future position and
412 AGRICULTURE.
influence of the agricultural class in this country. The giant that
tills the soil is gradually wakening into conscious , activity ; ; he per-
ceives his own resources; he begins to feel that upon his shoulders
rests the state ; that from his labor come the material forces that
feed the sanonal strength ; that’ from his loins are largely. drawn |
the.strong men that give force and stability to great aol and
sound institutions in republican America.
Is it to be supposed that with this newly Mrakening conscious-
ness of the meaning and value of his life, the farmer—the owner of
the soil i in America—is not to seize any advantages to develope his
best faculties? Does any thinking man believe that. such a class
will continue to plough and delve in an ignorant routine, in an age
when men force steam to almost annihilate space and lightning to
outrun time #
And this brings us at once to the great topic of the day, with.
the farmer—AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS.
Now, that it is confidently believed that we.are to have # great
agricultural school in the State of New-York—a school which will
probably be the prototype of many in the other States—some diver
sity of opinion exists as to the character of that school.
“Let it be a school for practical farming—a school in which
farmers’ sons shall be taught how to plough and mow, and ‘ make
both ends meet,’ and show farmers how, , they can make money,”
says one.
« Give us a school in sahieh the science of shrceattice shall be
taught, where the farmer’s son shall be made a good chemist, a
good mathematician, a good naturalist—yes, and even ‘taught
Greek and Latin, etc, so that he shall be as well educated as any
gentleman’s son,” says the second.
“A farm school ought to be able to support itself, or it is worth
nothing,” says a third.
“Tt should be liberally endowed by the State, so as to secure
the best talent in the country, or it will be the nest of charlatans,”
aye a fourth.
“Tt should be a model farm; where only the best practice and’
the most profitable modes of cultivation should be seen,” ve a
fifth, ie
\
A CHAPTER ON AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. 413
“Tt should be an experimental farm, where all the new theories
could be. tested, in order to find out what As of real value,” says
a sixth.
And thus, there is no end to the variety of projects for an agri-
cultural school,—each man building on a different platform.
Yet there mist be some real and solid foundation on which to
erect the edifice of a great educational institution for farmers. And
we imagine these supposed differences of opinion may all be recon-
ciled, if we examine a little the sources from whence they originate.
Agriculture is both a science and an art. Jt may be studied in
the closet, the laboratory, the lecture-room ; so that a man may.
have a perfect knowledge of*it in his head, and not know how to
perform well a single one of its labors in the field; or it may be
gained by rote in the fields, by: one who cannot give you the reason
for the operation of a single law of nature which it involves. The
first is mere theory—the second, miere practice.
' It is easy to see, that he who is only a theorist i is no more likely
to raise good crops profitably, than a theoretical swimmer is to cross
the Hellespont liké Leander; and that the mere practical farmer is
as little likely to improve on what he has learned by imitation, as
oe horse is to invent a new mode of locomotion.
' The difference of opinion, regarding the nature-or the province
of an agricultural. school, seems mainly to grow out of the different
sides from which the matter is viewed—whether the advocate favors
scien¢e or practice most, forgetting that the well-educated, agri-
oulturist should-combine in himself both the science and the art
which he professes,
The difference between knowledge and wisdom is nowhere better
illustrated than in a mixed study, like agriculture. Knowledge
may be either theoretical or practical; but wisdom is “ knowledge
put in action. » What the agricultural school, which this age and
country now demands, must do to satisfy us, is to teach—not: alone
the knowledge of the books—not alone the practice of the fields, but
that agricultural wisdom which involves both, and which can never
be attained without a large development of the powers of the pupil
in both directions. His head and hands must work together. He
must try all things that promise well, and know the reason of his
414, AGRICULTURE:
faihire as well ‘as his success. To this end, he must not be in the
hands of quack chemists and quack’ physiologists in the lecture
halls, or those of chimerical farmers or dull teamsters in the fields,’
Hence,.the State must insist upon having, for teachers, only the
ablest men; men who will teach wisely, whether it be chemistry or
ploughing,—teach it in the best and.most thorough manner, so
that it may become wisdom for the pupil. Such men are always
successful in their own sphere and calling, and’can no more be had
for the asking than one can have the sun and stars. They must be-
sought for and carried off by violence, and made to understand that
the State has a noble work for them, which she means to have
rightly and well done.
To achieve this, an agricultural school must be planned; neithet
, with a lavish nor a niggardly spirit. As. agriculture is especially
an industrial art, the manual labor ‘practice of that art should’ be an
inevitable part of the education and discipline of the pupils. But
to base the operation of the’ school upon. the plan of immediate
“profit, in all its branches, solely, would, we conceive, cut off in’a
great degree the largest source of profit to the country at’ latge.
The pupils would leave the school either as practical farmers after a
single model, or they would leave it with their heads full of unsatié:
_ fied lenin after theories which they ‘had not been permitted to
work out, They: would be destitute of that wisdom which ‘comes.
only from knowledge and experience combined, and would go home
only to fail in applying a practice suited to a different soil from
their own, or to indulge (at a large personal loss) theoties which
might have been for ever settled in company with a hundred others, '
at the smallest possible cost to the State. ;
We rejoice to see the awakened zeal of the farmers of the State
of New-York, in this subject of agricultural education. We rejoice
to find a large majority of our legislature warmly seconding and - .
supporting their wishes; and most of all, we rejoice to see a gov-
ernor who unceasingly urges upon our law-makers the value and
necessity of a great agricultural, school. One of our contemporaries
—the editor of the Working Farmer—has aptly remarked ‘that —
Wasuineron was our only great statesman who had “the moral
courage to advocate the rights of farmets. Statesmen mistake the
A CHAPTER ON AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS, ~415
more apparent praise of other classes for the praise of the majority.”
If, however, the views of Hamilton Fish, regarding this subject, are
carried out by the legislature of this State, the people will owe him
a great debt of gratitude, for urging the formation of an educational
institution, which will, both directly and’ indirectly, do more to ele-
vate the character of the great industrial class of the nation, and
develope the agricultural wealth of the country at large, than any
step which has been taken since the foundation of the republic.
An agricultural college, for the complete education of farmers,
where the wisest general economy of farming, involving all its main
scientific and practical details, successfully established in the State
df New-York, will be the model and type of a similar institution in
every State in the Union. Its influence will be speedily felt in all
parts of the country ; and it is therefore of no little importance that
the plan adopted by the legislature should be one worthy of the ob-
ject in view, and the ripeness of the times.
Above all, when a good: plan is adopted, let it not be rendered’
tof little value by. being: intrusted for execution to the hands of those
who stand ready to devour the loaves and fishes of State patronage.
It is easy to devise, but it is hard to execttte wisely ; and we warn
the farmers in our legislature, the State Agricultural Society
(which has already done such earnest service in this good cause), .
and the Executive, to guard against a failure in a great and wise
scheme, by intrusting its execution to any but those whose compe-
tence to the task is beyond the shadow of a doubt.
VI
A FEW WORDS ON THE KITCHEN GARDEN.
: April, 1848.
HE Kitchen Garden is at once the most humble and the most
useful department of horticulture. It can no more be allowed
to stand still than the sun himself. Luckily (or unluckily), man
must eat; and; omnivorous as he is, he must gather food from bath
the marten and the vegetablé kingdom.
Now there are, we trust, few of our readers who need an argu-
ment to prove what a wide difference is very often found between
vegetables grown.in different gardens; how truly the products of one »
shall be small, tough, and fibrous, and those of. another, large, ten-”
der, and succulent. Sometimes the former defects are owing to bad
culture, but more frequently to wnsuztable soil. It is to this latter.
condition of things that we turn, with the hope of saying something
which, if*ot new, eal at ledst be somewhat useful, and to the
’ point.
Nothing, i in any, temperate climate, i is easier than the general culti-
vation of vegetables in most parts of the United States. With our.
summer sun, equal in heat and brilliancy to that of the equator, we can
grow the beans of Lima, the melons of the Mediterranean, the toma-
toes and egg-plants ‘0 South America, without hot-beds ; and with
such ease and profusion that it fills anewly arrived Bnglish or French:
gardener with the most unqualified astonishment. - Hence, in all good
soils, with a smaller amount of labor than is elsewhere bestowed in
the same latitudes, our vegetables are pieineeds in the most prodigal |
abundance.
A FEW WORDS ON THE KITCHEN GARDEN, 417
But now for the exceptions. Every man cannot “ locate” him-
self in precisely that position where the best soil is to be found. Cir-
cumstances, on the contrary, often force us to build houses, and make
kitchen gardens, where Dame Nature evidently. never contemplated
such a thing; ; where, in fact, instead of the rich, deep accumulations.
of fertile soil, that she frequently offers us in this country, she has
only given us the “short.commons” allowance of sand or clay.
The two kinds of kitchen gardens among us, which most demand
skill and intelligent labor, are those which are naturally teo sandy
or too clayey. ‘Tt is not difficult, at a glance, to see how these might
be, and ought to be treated to.improve them greatly. But we have
observed—such is the foree of habit—that nine-tenths of those who
‘have gardens of this description, goon in the same manner as their
neighbors who have the best soil—manuring and cultivating pre-
cisely in the ordinary way, and then grumbling’in quite a different
mode about short, crops, and poor vegetables, instead of setting, about
remedying the evil in good earnest. :
The natural remedy for a heavy clay soil in a kitchen garden, is
“to mix sand with it. This acts like a charm upon the stubborn
alumina, and, allowing the atmospheric influences to penetrate where
they were formerly shut out, gives a stimulus, or rather an opportu-
nity, to vegetable growth, which quickly produces its result in the
quantity and quality of the crops.
But it not unfrequently happens that sand is not to be had
abundantly and cheaply enough to enable the proprietor of mode-
rate means, to effect this beneficial change. In this case, we propose
to the kitchen gardener to achieve his object by another mode,
equally efficient, and so easy and cheap as to be within the reach of
almost every one. é
This is, to alter the texture of too heavy soil, by burning a por-
tion of the clay.
Very few of our practical gardeners seem to be aware of two
important facts. First, that clay, when once burnt, never regains.
its power of cohesion, but always remains in a pulverized state; and
therefore is just as useful, mechanically, in making a leary soil
light, as sand itself. Second, that burnt clay, by its power of attract-
ing from the i al those gases which are the food of vege-
418 AGRICULTURE.
tables, is really a most excellent manure itself. Hence, in any clayey
kitchen garden, where brush, faggots, or refuse fuel of any deserip-
tion can be had, there is no reason why its cold compact soil should
not be turned at once, by this process of burning the clay; into one
comparatively light, warm, and productive.*
The difficulty which stands in the way of the kitchen gardener,
who has to contend with a very light and too sandy soil, is its want.
of capacity for retaining moisture, and the conisgnant failure of the
summer crops.
In some instances, this is very easily remedied. We mean in
those cases where a loam or heavier subsoil lies below the- surface.
Trenching, or subsoil-ploughing, by bringing up a part: of the alu-
tina from below, and mixing it with the sand of the surface soil,
remedies the defect very speedily. But, where the subsoil is no bet-
ter than the top, or perhaps' even worse, there are but two modes.of
overcoming this bad constitution of the soil. One of those, is to
grasp the difficulty at once, ty applying. a'coat of clay to the irises
*¥A simple mode of iuaeniag clay i in the kitchen garden i is the following! ;
Make a circle of eight or ten feet in diameter, by raising » wall of soda a
couple of feet high. Place a few large sticks loosely crosswise in the bottom,
and upon those pile faggots or brush, and set.fire to the whole. As soon as
it is. well lighted, commence throwing on lumps of clay, putting on as much
ata time as may be without quite smothering the fire, As, soon as the fire
breaks through a little, add more brush, and then cover with more clay; till
the heap is raised as high as it can be conveniently managed, After lying
till the whole is cold, or nearly so, the heap should be broken’ down, and
any remaining lumps pulverized, and the whole spread over the surface ane
well dug in.
“ As an example,” says iendon “of the strong clayey soil of a garden
having been improved by burning, we may refer to that of Willersly Castle,
near Mattock, which the gardener there, Mr. Stafford, has rendered equal
in friability and fertility to any garden soil in the country. “When I first
came to this.place,” says Mr. Stafford, “the garden was for the most part a
strong clay, and that within nine inches of the surface; even the most com-
mon article would not live on it; no weather: . appeared ' to suitit; at one
time being’ covered by water, at another time rendered impenetrable by
being too dry, Having previously witnessed the good effects of burning
eloda, I commenced the process, and produced, ina few days, a composition
three feet deep, and equal, if not superior, to any soil in the country. ”"—
Suburban Horticulturist. :
\
A FEW WORDS ON THE KITCHEN GARDEN. 419
of the soil, and mixing it with the soil as you would manure; the
other (a less expensive and more gradual process), i is to siaiees ‘the
kitchen garden every year with compost, in which clay or strong
loam forms a large proportion.
It may seem, to ‘many persons, quite o out of the” question to at-
tempt to ameliorate sandy soils by adding clay. But it is surprising
how small 4 quantity of clay, thoroughly’ intermingled with the
loosest sandy soil, will give it a different texture, and convéertvitdnto
a good loam. And even in sandy districts, there are often valleys
and low places, quite near the kitchen garden, where a good stock
of clay ‘lies (perhaps quite unsuspected), ready for uses of this kind.
In the Journal of the Agricultural Society of England, a case
is quoted (vol ii., p. 67), where the soil was a white sand, varying
in depth from one to four feet; it was so sterile that no crops could
ever be grown upon it to profit. By giving ita top-dressing of clay,
at the rate of 150 cubic yards to the acre, the whole surface of the,
farm so treated was improved to the depth of ten or twelve inches,
so as to give excellent crops.
Since a soil, once rendéred more tenacious in this way, never
loses this tenacity, the improvement of the kitchen garden, where
economy is necessary, might ‘be carried on gradually, by taking one
or two compartments in hand every year; thus, in a gradual man-
ner, bringing the whole surface to the desired condition.
A great deal may also be done, as we have just suggested, bya:
judicious system of manuring very sandy soils. It is the common
practice to enrich these soils precisely like all others; that is, with
the lighter and more heating kinds of manures; stable-dung for’
example. Nothing could be more injudicious. Every particle of
animal manure used in too light a soil ought, for the kitchen garden,
to be composted, for some time previously, with eight or ten times
its bulk of strong loam or clay. In this way, that change in the
soil, so much to be desired, is brought about; and the whole mass
of clay-compost, made in this way, is really equal i in value, for such
sandy soils, to the same bulk of common stable manure.
Whatever the soil, of a kitchen garden, our experience has
taught us that it should be deep. It is impossible that the steady
and uniform moisture at the roots, indispensable to the continuous
420 AGRICULTURE.
growth of many crops, during the summer months, can be main-
tained in a soil which is only one spade deep. Hence, we would
.trench or subsoil-plough all kitchen-gardens (taking care, first, that
they are well drained), whether sandy or clayey in texture. We
know that many persons, judging from theory rather than practice,
cannot see the value of.deepening soils already too porous. But we
have seen its advantages strongly marked in more than one instance,
and therefore recommend it with confidence. It is only necessary
to examine light soils, trenched and untrenched, to be convinced of
this. The roots in the. former penetrate and gather nourishment
from twice the cubic area that they do in the former; and they are
not half so easily affected “by the atmospherio changes of Nemipetie
ture. ' 1
Old gardens, that have been long cultivated, are rently im-
proved by trenching and reversing the strata of soil. The inorganic
elements, or mineral food of plants, often become so much exhausted
in long cultivated kitchen gardens, that only inferior crops gan be
raised, even with abundant supplies of animal manure. By turning
up the virgin loam of the subsoil, and exposing it to the action of
. the atmosphere, its gradual decomposition takes Place, and fresh. :
supplies of lime, potash, etc., are afforded for. the vigorous growth
of plants.
We have only room for a single hint more, touching the Idtchen
_ garden. This,is, to recommend the annual use of sald, in moderate
quantities, sown broadcast over the whole garden early in the spring,
and more especially on those quarters of it where vegetables. are to
be planted which are most liable to the attacks of insects that har-
bor in the earth, We are satisfied’ that salt, spread in this way,
before vegetation has commenced, or the’ earth is broken up for
sowing seeds, at the rate of ten bushels per acre, is one of. the best
possible applications to the soil. : ;
It destroys insects, acts specifically on the strength of the stems,
and healthy color of the foliage of plants, assists porous soils in
collecting and retaining moisture, and is an admirable stimulant to
the growth of many vegetables. In all the Atlantic States, where
it is easily’ and cheaply procured, it ought, therefore, to. form an
annual. top-dressing for the whole kitchen garden.
VIL
A CHAT IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN.
“ October, 1849.
DITOR. We find you, as usual, in your kitchen garden.
‘Admirable as all the rest of your place’ is, your own fancy
seems to centre here. Do you find the esculents the most satisfac:
tory of your various departments of culture ?
Subscriber. Not exactly that; but I find while the shrubbery,
the lawn, the flowers, and even the fruit-trees, are well cared -for
and made much of by my family and my gardener, the kitchen
garden is treated merely as a necessity. Now, as I estimate very
highly the value of variety and. excellence in our ‘culinary vegeta-
bles, I take no little interest in my kitchen garden, so that at last it ,
has’ become a sort of hobby with me.
Ed. We see evidences of that all around us. Indeed, we
. searcely remember any, place where so large a variety of excellent
vegetables are ‘grown as here. Artichokes, endjve, sea-kale, cele-
riac, winter melons and mushrooms, and many other good and rare
things, in addition to what we usually find in country gardens.
Sub. “And what a climate ours is for growing fine vegetables.
From common cabbages, that will thrive in the coldest climate, to
egg-plants; melons and tomatoes, that need’ a tropical sun,——all may
be so easily had for the trouble of easy culture in the open air;
and yet, strange to say, three-fourths of all country folks, Blessed
with land in fee simple, are actually ignorant of the luxury of good
vegetables, and content’ themselves with potatoes, peas, beans and
‘
422 + ‘AGRICULTURE,
'
corn; and those, perhaps, of the poorest and least: improved va-
rieties.
Ed. Still, you cannot say we stand still in these matters. “Al-
most every year, onthe ‘contrary; some new species or variety is
brought forward, and, if it prove good, is gradually introduced: into
‘general cultivation. Look at the tomato, for instance. Twenty
years ago, .a few curious amateurs cultivated a specimen or two of
this plant in their gardens, as a vegetable curiosity ; and, the visitor
was shown the “love apples” as an extraordinary proof of the odd
taste of “French people,” who outraged all natural appetites’ by
eating such odious and repulsive smelling berries. . And yet, at the
present moment, the plant is grown in’ almost every garden from:
Boston to New Orleans ; may be found in constant use for three
months of the year in all parts of the country ; and is cultivated
by the acre by all our market gardeners. In fact, it is so popular,
. that it would be missed next to bread and potatoes.:
Sub. Quite right; ‘and a-most excellent and wholesome vageta-
ble it is. It is almost unknown in England, even now; and, in-
deed, could only be raised’ by the aid‘ of glass in that country,—~a
proof of how-much better the sun shines for us than-for the sub-
jects of her majesty, across the Channel. But there is another
vegetable which you see here, really quite as deserving as the to-
mato, and which is very little known yet to the cultivators in the
country generally. I mean the okra. .
Ed. Yes. It is truly a delicious vegetable. Whoever has
once tasted the “ gumbo soup,” of the South, of which the okra is
the indispensable material, has a recollection of a good thing, which
will not éasily slip from his memory. All over the southern States
okra is cultivated, and. lield in the highest esteem.
Sub. And there is no reason why it should not be equally so
‘here. Except to the north of Albany, it will thrive perfectly well,
and mature an abundance of its ‘pods, with no trouble but that of
planting it in a warm rich soil. See what a handsome sight.is this
plat, filled with it, though only ten’ yards square,—rich, luxuriant
leaves, blossoms nearly as pretty as an African hibiscus, and pods
almost as delicate and delicions as an East India bird’s nest. It-has
kept my family in materials for soups and stews all the season, to
~
A CHAT IN, THE KITCHEN GARDEN, 423
pay nothing of our stock for winter use. And besides being so ex-
cellent, it is, do you know, the most wholesome of all vegetables in
summer. ) ,
Ed. We know its mucilaginous qualities seem ‘diene by na-
ture to guard the stomach against all ill effects of summer tempe-
rature in a hot climate. How do you account for its being so little
“known, though it has’ been in partial cultivation nearly as long as
e tomato ?
Sub. From the fact that inexperienced cooks always blunder
about .the proper, time to use it. They pluck it when the pod is
two-thirds grown and quite firm, so that it colors the soup dark, and
all its peculiat excellence is lost. Whoever gathers okra should
know that, like sweet-corn, it must be in its tender, “ milky state, ” or
_it is not fit for use. A day too old, and jit is worthless,
, Ed, You spoke just now of okra for winter use. As your
ménage is rather famous for winter vegetables, we. must beg you to
make a clean breast of it to-day, since you are fairly i in the talking
mood, and tell us something about them, Begin with okra, if you
please.
Sub. Nothing so simple. To prepare most vegetables is, by
the.aid of our plentiful hot, dry: weather, as easy as making raising
in Calabria, You have, for instance, only to cut the okra pods into
slices or cross cuts, half an inch thick, spread them out on a board,
or string them, and hang them up in an airy place to dry, and in a
few days they will be ready to put away in clean paper bags for
_-winter use; when, for soups, they are as good as when fresh in
summer. -
Hd, At what age do you take the pods for drying?
Sub. Exactly in the same tender state as for use when fresh.
Ed. And the delicious Lima beans which you gave us—when
we dined with you last Christmas Day—as green, plump, fresh and
excellent as if just taken from the vines ?
_ Sub. That is still easier. You have' only to take the green
beans and spread them thinly on the floor of the garret, or an airy
‘loft; they will dry without farther trouble, than turning them over
_once or twice. To have them i in ‘the best condition, they should be
gathered a little younger than they are sid for boiling in sum-
424 AGRICULTURE.
mer. : Lima beans are'so easily grown’ and prepared for winter use,
and are so truly excellent, that my family usually dry enough for’
use every other day all winter; and they are so fresh and’ tender
(being soaked in warm water for twelve hours before cooking), that
I have frequently some little difficulty in persuading my guests at a
dinner in the holidays, that I have not a forcing house for beans,
with the temperature of Lima all winter.
Eid, That is an easy and simple process, and its excellence we
well know from experience. But, best of all, and most rare of ‘all,
is the tomato, as we have eaten it here, in mid-winter. Aswe have
seen Yhany trials in preserving. this capital vegetable for winter use,
nearly all of which were partly or wholly faihires, pray let us into the
secret of your tomato formula, which we promise not to repeat to
more than eight or ‘ten. thousand of our ' particdlar friends: and
readers, = vos 7
Sub. You are ‘heartily. welcome to tell it to twenty thousand.
It is a' real discovery for the gourmand. in winter, who loves» the
pure, genuine, unalloyed and delicious acid flavor of the Solanum
Lycopersicum, and knows how greatly it adds to the piquancy of a.
beef-steak, done to a second, and reposing, as Curistorser Norra
would say, in the mellow richness of its own brown j juices.
Ed. Don’t grow so eloquent over the remembrance as to forget -
the modus operandi of drying. ' Remémber we must stake our repu-
tation on its being equal to the genuine natural berry, when it is of
the color of cornelian, and plucked: in the dew of a July morning. :
. Sub. I remember. First, gather the tomatoes.
Ed. When? ‘
Sub. ‘When they. are quite ripe, least full.of water, aa most
fall of the tomato principle; that’ is to say, in sunny weather in
July or August. If: you wait till September, or, rather, till the
weather is so cold that the fruit is watery, you yal fail in ie pro-
cess for want of’ flavor.
id. Go on. v ”
Sub. Choose tématoes of small or only-moderaté: size. Scald,
them in boiling water. Next,—peel them, and squeeze them
slightly. Spread them on earthen dishes, and place the dishes in a
brick oven, after taking the bread out. Let them remain there till:
A CHAT IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN, 425
the next ‘morning. Then put them in -bags, and ‘hang them in a
dry place.
Hd. That is eataiuly not a difficult process, and may be put
“in-practice every baking day by the most time-saving farmer's wife
in the country. And the cooking?
‘Sub. Is. precisely like that'of the fresh tomato, except that the
dried tomato is soaked in warm water a few hours beforehand.
For soups, it may be used without preparation ; and a dish of this
Vegetable, dried in this way and stewed, is so exactly 1 like thé fresh
tomatoes in appearance and flavor, that he must be a nice connois-
seur in such matters who could tell in what the difference consists.
Ed, We can vouch most entirely‘ for that; and after thanking .
you for the detail, have, only to regret that we could not: have pub-
lished it in midsumnier, so that all our readers could have had a
fine dish of tomatoes whén the thermometer is down below zero.
Sub. By steadily pursuing the tomato-drying every baking
day in July and August, we get enough to enable us to use it freely,
and even profusely, as a winter vegetable; not.as an occasional va-
riety, but a good heaping dishful very often.
Ed. What is to he done with these small green melons which
I see your man gathering in his basket? It is so late now that
they will not, ripen, and i are the perquisites of the Pigs, doubt-
- less.
Sub. You never made a lee mistake. For tke pigs ! Not
if” they were Westphalia all over. Why, that is the most delicious
vegetable we have, at this season of the year. “ Butter would not
melt in your mouth” more quickly than that vegetable, as you
shall have it served up on my table to-day. — :
Ed. Pray, what do you mean ?
Sub. That these tardy after-crop musk-melons, trampled under
foot and fed to the pigs, are the greatest delicacy of the season.
Ed, Fricaseed,I suppose; or “cut and dried,” for winter
use ! ¢
‘Sub... By no means; but simply cut in slices, about the fourth
of am inch thick, and fried exactly in the same manner as egg
plants.. Whoever tastes them 80 prepared, will immediately make
‘a memotandum that egg plants are thenceforward tabooed, and that
426 AGRICULTURE,
melons, “ rightly understood,” are as melting and savory in their
tender infancy, as they are luscious and sugary in their ripe ma-
turity.
Ed. We shall be aad to put it to the immediate proof. But
we must bring this talk to a close, or we shall be suspected of hav-
ing lost all taste but the taste for the flesh-pots of Egypt.
Sub, But not till I have shown you my plat of “German
greens,” all growing for use next March, and, my fine Walcheren
: cauliflowers, planted late, and which I shall.“ lift ” at the first smart
frost, and carry them into the cellar'of my outbuildings, where they
will flower and give me the finest and most succulent of vegetables
‘all winter long, when my neighbors have only turnips and Irish Po:
tatoes. But you have taught the public how to manage all this in
the previous number of your journal, so that I find every one
begins to understand that it is as easy to have fine cauliflowers at.
Easter as Newtown Pippins. And now lét us end this gossip and -
take a turn in the orchard, where J must show you my Beurrés and
-Bergamots.
VIL
WASHINGTON, THE FARMER.
A REVIEW.
Lerrers on Acricorturr, from His Kecellency Groran Wasutvator, to Ar-
trurR Youne and Sir Joan Sincxarr, ete. Edited by Franxun Kniaut.
Washington, 1847. Pablished by the Editor. New-York, Baker &
Scribner. 1 vol, quarto, with plates, 198 PP.
OR a long time, the halo of Washington's civil and military
glory has kept: out of view his extraordinary talent in other di-
rections. Mankind, too, are so reluctant to allow great men the
meed of greatness in more than one sphere of action, that there has,
we think, always been a national want of faith regarding the pre-
eminence as an agriculturist, to which Washington is'most unde-
niably entitled.
We are inclined to think that, considering the great disadvan-
tages of the time in which he lived, he was one of the wisest, most
successful, and most scientific farmers that America has ever yet
produced.
Washington, as it is well known, was a.very large landed pro-
prietor. Before the -Revolution, he was one of the most extensive
tobacco planters in Virginia, His crops of this staple, he shipped
in his own name, to Liverpool or Bristol, loading the vessels that
came up the Potomac, either at Mount Vernon, or some other con-
venient point. In return, he: imported from his agents abroad, im-
proved agricultural implements, and all the better kinds of clothing,
implements, and stores, needed in the domestic economy of his es-
428 AGRICULTURE.
tate. During the Revolution, although necessarily absent from
Mount Vernon, he endeavored to carry out his plans-by feqnent
and minute directions to his manager there..
‘No sooner had the war closed, than Washington immediately
retired to his beloved Mount Vernon,, and was soon deeply immersed
‘in the cares and pleasures of the life of an extensive landed propri-
.étor. But it was by no means a life of indolent repose, ‘though
upon an estate large enough to secure him in the possession of _
every comfort. The very f first year after the war, he directed his -
attention and his energiés to the improvement of the mode of farm-
ing then in vogue in the whole of that | paxt of the country. ’
He quickly remarked, that the system'of the tobacco. Planters
was fast exhausting the lands, and rendering them of little or no
value. He entered into correspondence with the most distinguished
scientific agriculturists-in Great Britain, studied the ablest. ‘treatises’ :
‘then extant abroad’on that subject, and. ‘immediately carried into
practice the most valuable’ principles which he could draw from he
soundest theory and practice then .‘kmown.- At a time when the ~
planters were thinking of abandoning their worn-out lands, ‘Wash-
ington began a new and most excellent system of rotation of crops,
based on a careful exarhination’ of the qualities of the soils, on his
estate, and by substituting grains, grass, and root crops, for tobacco,
he soon restored the soil to: good condition, and found: his. income °
materially increasing, while his neighbors, who pursued the old sys-
see were daily growing poorer. |
penser was more remarkable, among the trials’ of this great
man’s character, and nothing contributed. more to his success in‘all
he undertook, than the complete manner in which he first mastered
"his subject,. and the exact method i in which he afterwards marked
out and pursued his plans.
In farming, this was evinced in the thoroughly systematic course
of culture which he adopted ' on his Mount Vernon ‘estate. This
estate consisted of about 8000 acres, of, which over 2000 acres, di-
vided into five farms, were under cultivation.. On his map of this
estate, every field was numbered, and ‘in his accompanying agricul-
tural fidld-book, the crops were assigned to each field for several
years in advance. So well had he studied the nature of the soils,
WASHINGTON, THE FARMER. 429
that with slight subdivisions and experimental deviations, this sci-
entific system of rotation was pursued with great success, from about
1785 to the close of his life.
After about four years—the most agreeable, doubtless, of his
whole life—passed at Mount Vernon, in its improved condition, he
was again called, by the. spontaneous voice of one people. to. the
Presidency. Much has been said and, written about the reluctance
‘of Cincinnatus to leave his farm, and return .to the service of the
Roman Republic ; ; but the sources for regret in his position must
have been small, compared to those which, Washington felt, when
he left Mount Vernon on this occasion. The farm of. Cincinnatus,
which has been rendered famous in classical history, was. an_heredi-
tary allotment of four acres, and its cultivation was part of the
daily toil of his own hands. Mount Vernon, on the other hand,
was one of the largest and loveliest estates in America; it stood
amid the tich landscape beauty of the Potomac, its beautiful lawns
running down to the river, its serpentine walks of shrubbery, its
fruit and flower-garden, planted by its master’s own hands,* and its
broad acres rendered productive by an intelligent and comprehen-
sive system of agriculture of his own construction—think, oh ye
who have never thus taken root in the soil, how hard it must have
been for Washington the Farmer, to surrender again, even to the
flattering wish of a whole nation, the life that he so much loved, for
the hard yoke of what he felt to be the most difficult public
service.
It is the best proof of how thoroughly devoted by natural taste
was Washington to agriculture, that instead of leaving Mount Ver-
non to the charge of the excellent agent whom he had well
grounded in his own’system of practice, and who eould no doubt
have continued that practice with success, he never lost sight for a
* Washington’s residence exhibited every mark of the cultivated and
refined country gentleman. He appears to have-had considerable taste in
ornamental gardening; he decorated his pleasure-grounds with much effect :
and his diary shows that he collected and planted a variety of rare tirees
and shrubs with his own hands, and watched their growth with the greatest
interest. He employed skilful gardeners, and pruning was one of his favor-
ite exercises.
430 AGRICULTURE:
moment, amid. all the pressing cares of public life, of his rural home, ,
_ or his favorite occupation. ‘We can searcely give a better. idea of .
the man and his .system, than by 1 the: following extract, touching’:
this very portion of his life, from Sparks’ admirable biography :
“ With his.chief manager at Mount Vernon, he left full and mi- .
nute'directions in writing, and exacted from him a weekly report,
in which: were registered the transactions of: each ‘day on- all the.
farms, such as the number of laborers employed, their health or '
sickness, the kind and quantity of work, executed, the progress in
planting, sowing or harvesting the fields, the appearanceof the
crops at various stages of their growth, the effects of the: weather
on them, andthe condition of the horses, cattle and other live stock.
By. these details, he was. made perfectly acquainted with all that
was done, and could give his orders with almost as much precision
as if he had been on the, spot. Once a week, regularly, and some-:
times twice, he wrote to the manager, remarking on his report. of -:
the preceding week, and giving new directions. These letters’ fye-
quently extended to two or three sheets, and were always writtett ‘
with his own hand. Such was his laborious exactness, that the let-”
. ter he sent away was usually transcribed from a rough draft, and a
press copy was taken of the transcript, which was carefully filed
away with the manager’s report, for his future inspection. In this
habit, he persevered with unabated diligence, through the whole
eight ‘years of his Presidency, except during the short visits he oc-
-casionally made to Mount Vernon, at the close of the sessions of
Congress, when his presence could be dispensed with at, the seat of
government. He, moreover, maintained a large correspondence‘ on
Agriculture with gentlemen in Europe and America. His letters to
Sir John Sinclair, Arthur Young and Dr. Anderson, have been
published, and are well known. Indeed his thoughts never ‘seemed
to flow more freely, nor his pen move more easily, than when he was
writing on Agriculture, extolling it as a most attractive pursuit, and
describing the pleasure derived from it, and. its superior claims, not
‘only on the practical economist, but on the statesman and philan-
thropist.” -
The volume before us, sich Mr. Roh has. erat to the pub-
lic, in a very pene quarto form, consists mainly of the corres-
WASHINGTON, THE FARMER. 4381
pondence referred to in the preceding quotation. The letters to Sir
John Sinclair are rendered more interesting by their being facsimiles,
showing the fine bold handwriting of their illustrious author. Be-,
sides, there is some very interesting collateral correspondence by
Jefferson, Peters, and others, throwing additional light on the hus-
bandry of that period: Engraved portraits of General. and Mrs.
Washington, views of the mansion at Mount Vernon, a map.of the °
farms, etc., render the volume more complete and elegant. . ,
It is not as conveying instruction to the intelligent“ agriculturist
of the present day, that we commend this work; for the art and
science of farming have made extraordinary progress since this early
era in the history of our country. But it'is as revealing a most
interesting and little known portion of Washington’s life and char-
acter, in which his own tastes were more peculiarly gratified, and in
which he’ was no less successful, than in any other phase of his won-
derfully great and pure life.
28
FRUIT.
A FEW WORDS ON FRUIT CULTURE.
July, 1851.
Y far the most important branch of horticulture at the present
moment in this country, is the cultivation of Fruit. The soil
and climate of the United States are, on the whole, as favorable to
the production of hardy fruits as those of any * other country—and
our northern States, owing to the warmth of the summer and the
clearness of the atmosphere, are far more prolific of fine fruits than
the north of Europe. The American farmer south of. the Mohawk,
has the finest peaches for the trouble of planting and gathering—
while in England they are luxuries only within the reach of men of
fortune, and eyen in Paris, they can only be ripened upon walls.
By late reports of the markets of London, Paris, and New-York, we
find that the latter city is far more abundanily supplied with fruit
‘than either of the former—though finer specimens of almost any
fruit may be found at very high prices, at all times, in London and
Paris, than in New-York. The fruit-grower abroad, depends upon
extra size, beauty, and scarcity for his remuneration, and asks, some-
times, a guinea a dozen for peaches, while the orchardist of New-
York will sell you a dozen baskets for the same money. The result
is, that while you.may more easily find superb fruit in London and
Paris than in New-York—if you can afford to pay for it—you know
ae
436 FRUIT.
that not one man in a hundred tastes peaches in a season, on the
other side of the water, while during the month of September, they
are'the daily food of our whole population.
Within the last five years, the planting of orchards: hiss in the
United States, been carried to an extent. never known before... In
the northern half of the Union, apple-trees, in orchards, have been
planted by thousands and hundreds of thousands, in almost every
State. The rapid communication established by means of railroads:
and steamboats in all parts of the country, has operated most favor:
ably on all the lighter branches of agriculture, and so many farmers
have found their orchards the most profitable, because least expen-
sive part of their farms, that’ orcharding has become in some parts
of the West, almost an absolute distinct species of husbandry. Dried
apples are a large article of export from one part of the country to
another, and. the shipment of American apples ¢ of the, finest quality
to England, is now a regular and profitable branch of commerce,
No apple that is sent from any part of the Continent. will command
more than half the price in Covent Garden market, that is readily
paid for the Newtown pippin.
The pear succeeds admirably in many parts of the United States
——but it also fails as a market fruit in many others—and, though
Jarge orchards have been planted in various parts of the country, .
we do not think the result, as yet,, warrants the belief that the
orchard culture of pears will be profitable generally. In certain '
deep soils—abounding with lime, potash, and phosphates, naturally,
as in central New-York, the finest pears grow and bear like apples,
and produce very large profits to their cultivators. Mr. Pardee’s
communication on this subject, in a former number, shows how
largely the pear is grown as an orchard fruit in the State of New-
York, and how profitable a branch -of culture it has already ©
become.
In the main, however, we believe ie experience of the jn five
years has led most cultivators—particularly those not in‘a region
naturally favorable in its soil—to.Jook upon a pear as a tree rather
to be confined to the fruit-garden than the orchard; as a tree not so
hardy as the apple, but-sufficiently hardy to give its finest fruit, pro-
- vided the soil is deep, and the aspect one not too much exposed to
“A FEW WORDS ON FRUIT CULTURE. 437
violent changes of temperature. As the pear-tree (in its finer varie-
ties) is more delicate in its bark than any other fruit-tree excepting
the apricot, the best cultivators now agree as to the utility of sheath-
ing the stem from the action of the sun all the year round—either
by keeping’ the branches low and thick, so as to shade the trunk and
principal limbs—the best mode—or by sheathing the stems with
straw—thus preserving a uniform temperature. In all soils and cli-
mates naturally unfavorable to the pear, the culture of this tree is
far easier upon the quince stock than upon the pear stock; and this,
added to compactness and economy of space for small gardens, has
trebled the demand for dwarf pears within the last half-dozen years.
The finest pears that make their appearance in our markets, are still
the White Doyenne (or Virgalieu), and the Bartlett.: In Philadel-
phia the Seckel is abundant, but of late years the fruit is small and
inferior, for want of the high culture and manuring which: this pear
demands. ~ a
If we except the asitibethood of Rochester and a part of cen-
tral New-York (probably the future Belgium of America, as re-
gards the production of pears), the best fruit of this kind. yet pro-
duéed in the United States is still to be found in the neighborhood
of Boston. Neither climate nor soil are naturally favorable . there,
“but the great pomological knowledge and skill of. the amateur and
professional cultivators of Massachusetts, have enabled them to make
finer shows of pears, both as regards quality and variety, than have
béen seen in any part of the world. And this leads us to observe
that the very facility with which fruit is cultivated in America—
consisting for the most part only in planting the trees, and gathering
the crop—leads us'into an error as to the standard of size and flavor
attainable geirerally. One half the number of trees well cultivated,
manured, pruned, and properly cared. for, annually, would give a
larger product of really delicious and handsome fruit, than is now
obtained from double the number of trees, and thrice the area of
ground. The difficulty usually lies in the want of knowledge, and
the high price of labor. But the horticultural societies in all parts
of the country, are gradually raising the criterion of excellence
among amateurs, and the double and treble prices paid lately by
confectioners for finely-grown specimens, over the market value of
438 ; FRUIT,
ordinary fruit, are opening the eyes of market growers to the pecu-
niary advantages of high cultivation.
Perhaps the greatest advance in fruit-growing of the-last half
dozen. years, isin the culture of foreign grapes. So long as it was
believed that our climate, which is warm enough to give us the
finest melons in abundance, is also sufficient to produce the foreign
grape in perfection, endless experiments were tried in the’ open gar-
den. But as all these experiments’were unsatisfactory or fruitless,
not only at the North but at the South—it ‘has finally come to be
admitted that the difficulty lies in the variableness, rather than the
want of heat, in the United States. This once conceded, our horti-
-eulturists have turned their attention to vineries for raising this de-
licious fruit under glass—and at the present time,so much -have
both private and market vineries increased, the finest Hamburgh,
Chasselas, and Muscat grapes, may be had in abundance’at mode-
rate prices, in the markets of Boston, New-York, and Philadelphia.
For a September crop of the finest foreign grapes, the heat of the
sun accumulated in one of the so-calléd cold vineries (i. e. a vinery
without artificial heat, and the regular temperature insured by the
vinery itself) is amply sufficient. A cold vinery is constructed at
so moderate a cost, that it is now fast becoming the appendage’ of
every. good garden, and some of our wealthiest amateurs, taking ad-
vantage of our bright and sunny climate, have grapes on their tables
from April to, Christmas—the earlier crops forced—the late ‘ones
slightly retarded-in cold vineries. From all that we saw of the best
private gardens in England, last summer, we are confident that we
raise foreign grapes under glass in the United States, of higher flavor,
and at far less trouble, than they are usually produced in England.
Indeed, we have seen excellent Black Hamburghs grown in a large’
‘pit made by covering the vines trained on a high board fence, with
the common sash of a large hot-bed.
On the Ohio, the native grapes—especially the Catawba—have
risen to a kind. of national: importance. The numerous vineries
which border that river, particularly about Cincinnati, have begun’
to.yield abundant vintages of pure light wine, which takes rank with
foreign wine of established reputation, and commands a high price’
in the market. Now that the Ohio is certain to give us Hock and
A FEW WORDS ON FRUIT CULTURE. 489
. Claret, what we hear of the grapes and wine of Texas and New
Mexico, leads us to believe that the future vineyards of New World
Sherry and Madeira, may spring up in that quarter of our widely
extended country.
New Jersey, so long famous for her prolific peach ccuaats be-
gins to show the effects of a careless system of eulture. Every year,
the natural elements of the soil needful to the production of the finest
_, peaches, are becoming scarcer and scarcer, and nothing but deeper
cultivation, and'a closer attention to the inorganic ‘necessities of
vegetable growth, will enable-the orchardists of that State long to
hold their ground in the.production of good fruit. At the present
moment, the peaches of ‘Cincinnati and Rochester are far superior,
both in beauty and flavor, to those of the New-York market—though
in quantity the latter beats the world. The consequence is, that we
shall soon find the: ‘peaches of Lake Ontario ‘outselling those of Long
Island and New Jersey in the same market, unless the orchardists
of the latter State abandon. Me alagatunes and the yellows, and shal-
low ploughing.
The fruit that most completely baffles general cultivation in the
United States, is the plum.. It is a tree that prows and blossoms
well enough in all parts of the countiy, but almost every where it
has for its companion the curculio, the most destructive and the
least vulnerable of all enemies to fruit. In certain parts of the Hud-
son, of central New-York, and at the West, where the soil is a stiff,
fat elay, the curculio finds guch poor quarters in the soil, and the
tree thrives so well, that the fruit is most delicious. But in light,
sandy soils, its culture is‘only an aggravation to the gardener. . In
such sites, here and there only a tree escapes, which stands in some
pavement or some walk for ever hard by the pressure of constant
passing. No method has proved effectual but placing the trees in
the midst of the pig and poultry yard; and notwithstanding the
numerous remedies that have been proposed in our pages since the
commencement of this work, this proves the only one that has not
failed more.frequently than it has succeeded.
-The multiplication of insects seems more rapid, if possible, than
that of gardens and orchards in this country. Every where the cul-
ture of fruit appears, at first sight, the easiest possible matter, and
‘
440 FRUIT.
really would be, were it not for-some insect pest that stands ready
to devour and destroy. In countries where the labor of women and
children is applied, at the rate of a few cents a day, to the extermi-
nation of ‘insects, it is comparatively éasy to keep the latter under
control, But nobody can afford to catch the curculios and other
beetles at the price of a dellar a day for labor. The entomologists
ought, therefore, to explain to us some natural laws which have been
violated to bring upon us such an-insect scourge; or at least point
out to us some cheap way of calling in nature to our aid, in getting
rid of the vagrants. ' For our own part, we fully believe that it is to
the gradual decrease of small birds—partly from the. destruction of
our forests, but mainly from the absence of laws against that vaga-
bond race of unfledged sportsmen who shoot sparrows when they
ought to be planting com—-that this inordinate increase of insects is
to be attributed. Nature intended the small birds to be maintained
by the destruction of insects, and if the former are “wantonly de-
stroyed, our crops, both’ of the field and gardens, must pay, the
penalty. Ifthe boys must indulge their spirit of liberty by shooting ,
something innocent, it would be better for us husbandmen and. gar-
deners to subscribe and get some French masters of the arts of do-
mestic sports, to teach them how to bring their light artillery to
’ beax upon bull-frogs. It. would be a gain to the whole agricultural
community, of more, national importance than the preservation of
the larger birds by the game laws.
We may be expected to say a word or two have respecting the
result of the last five years on pomology in the United States. The
facts are so well known that it seems hardly necessary. There has
never been a period on either side of the Atlantic, when so much
attention has been paid to fruit and fruit culture. The rapid in-
crease of nurseries, the enormous sales of fruit-trees, the publication
and dissemination of work after work upon fruits and fruit culture,
abundantly prove this assertion, The Pomological Congress which
held its third session last year in Cincinnati, and which meets again
this autumn in Philadelphia, has done much, and will do more to-
wards generalizing our pomological knowledge for the country gen-
erally. During the last ten years, almost every fine fruit known in
Europe has been introduced, and most of them have been proved i in
A FEW WORDS ON FRUIT CULTURE. 441
this country. The result, on the whole, has been below the expec-
tation; a few very fine sorts admirably adapted to the country; a
great naRbee of indifferent quality ; many absolutely worthless.
This, naturally, makes pomologists and fruit-growers less anxious
about the novelties of the nurseries abroad, and more desirous of
originating first-rate varieties at ,home., The best lessons learned
from the discussions in the Pomological Congress—where the expe-
rience of the most practical fruit-growers of. the country is brought
out—is, that for every State, or every distinct district of country,
there must be found or produced its improved indigenous varieties
of fruit—varieties born on the soil, inured to the climate, and there-
fore best adapted to that given locality. So that after gathering a
few kernels of wheat out of bushels of chaff, American horticultu-
rists feel, at the present moment, as if the best promise of future ex-
cellence, either in fruits or practical skill, lay in applying all our
knowledge and power to the study of our own soil and climate, and
in helping nature to perform the problem of successful cultivation,
by hints drawn from the facts immediately around us.
II.
aL
THE FRUITS IN CONVENTION.
February, 1850.
HAT an extraordinary age is this for conventions! Now-a-
days, if people only imagine something is thé matter, they
directly hold a convention, ‘and resolve that the world shall be .
amended. We should not be. surprised to hear next, of a conyen-
tion of. crows, resolving that the wicked practice of setting scare-
crows in cornfields be henceforth abolished.
_ Sitting in our easy chair a few evenings since, we were quite sur-
prised to see the door of our library open, and a small boy—dressed.
in dark green, who:had something of the air of a locust or a grass-
hopper—walk in with a note.
It was an invitation to attend a mass meeting of all the fruits of
America, ass embled to discuss the propriety of changing their names.
Horrified at the revolutionary spirit, we seized our hat directly, and
bade the messenger lead the way.
He lost no time in conducting us at once to a — building,
where we enteted a lofty hall, whose dome, ribbed like a melon, was
lighted by a gigantic chandelier, in the form of a Christmas tree,
the lights of which gleamed through golden ‘and emerald drops of
all manner ‘of crystal fruits.
In the hall itself were assembled all our familiar acquaintances,
and many that were scarcely known to us by sight. We mean our
acquaintances—the fruits. On the right of the, speaker sat the
Pears ; rather a tall, aristocratic set of gentlemen and ladies—many.
of them foreigners, and most of them of French origin. One could .
THE FRUITS IN CONVENTION. 443
see by the gossiping and low conversation going on in knots
among them, that they were full of little schemes of finesse. On
the left, sat the numerous Apple family, with honest, ruddy faces ;
and whether’ Yankee, English, or'German, evidently all of the Teu-
tonic race. They had a resolute, determined air, as if they had busi-
ness of importance on hand. Directly behind the Pears sat the
Peaches, mostly ladies, with such soft complexions and finely turned
figures as it did one’s eyes good to contemplate; or youths, with the
soft down of early manhood on their chins. Apricots and Necta-
rines were mingled among them, full of sweet smiles and a ‘:oneyed
expression about their mouths. The Plums were there, too, dressed
in purple and gold,—many of them in velvet coats, with A fine downy
bloom upon them ; and near them were the Cherries, an arrant, co-
quettish set of lasses and lads,—the light in their eyes as bright as
rubies. The Strawberries sat on low stools in the aisles, overhung
and backed by the Grapes,—tall fellows, twisting their moustaches
(tendrils), and leaning about idly, as if they took but little interest
in the proceedings. The only sour faces in the crowd were those of
a knot of Morello Cherries and Dutch Currants, who took every
occasion to hiss any speaker not in favor.
We said this was a convention of fruits; but we ought also. to
add that the fruits looked extremely like ee beings. On re-
marking this to our guide, he quietly said,—* Of course, you know
you see them now in their spiritual forms. If you half close your eyes,
you will find you recognize them all in their everyday, familiar
‘ shapes.” And so indeed we did, and were shaking hands warmly
with our neighbors and friends—the Beurrés, and Pippins, and Pear-
mains, when we were interrupted by the speaker, calling. the meet-
ing to order.
The Speaker. (on giving him the blink), we found to be a fine
large specimen of the Boston Russet, witha dignified expression, and
a certain bland air of one accustomed to preside. He returned
thanks very handsomely to the convention for the honor of the
chair; assuring them that having been bred in the land of steady
habits, he would do all in his power to maintain order and expedite
the business of the convention. We noticed, as he sat ‘down, that
there were vice-presidents from every State,—many of them old and
444 FRUIT.
well-known fruits; and that-the Lé Clerc Pear and an Honest Jobin
. Peach were the secretaries; and a pair of very astr ‘ingent looking
~ fellows—one a Crab Apple, and the other a Choke Pear—were ser-
geants-at-arms, or door-keepers. Their duties seemed to be chiefly
that of preventing some brambles from clambering up the walls and
looking in the windows, and a knot of saucy looking blackamioors,
whom we discovered to be only Black Currants, from crowding up
the lobbies ; the latter in particular, being in bad odor, with many
of the mathbens
There was a little stir on the left, and a solid, substantial, well-
to-do personage’rose, who we recognized immediately as the New-
town Pippin. He had the air of a man about sixty; but there was
a look of sound health about him which made you feel sure of his
hundredth year.
‘The Newtown Pippin said it was needless for him to remark’ that
this was no common meeting. The membérs were all aware that
no ordinary motives had calléd together this great convention of
fruits. He was proud and happy to welcome so many natives and
naturalized ‘citizens,—all bearing evidence of having taken kindly
to the soil of this great and happy country. Every one’ present
knows, the world begins to know, he remarked, that North’ America
is the greatest of fruit-growing countries (hear, hear), that the United
States was fast becoming the favored land of Pomona, who, indeed,
‘was ‘always rather republican in her taste, and hated, above all
things, the fashion in aristocratic: countries of tying her up to walls,
and confining her under glass. He preferred the open air, and the
free breath of orchards, | .
But, he said, it was necessary to come to business. This conven-
tion had met to ‘discuss the propriety and necessity of passing an
alien law, by which all foreigners, on settling in this country, should
be obliged'to drop their foreign names, or, rather, have them trans-
lated into plain English. The cultivators of fruit were, take them alto-
“gether, a body of plain, honest countrymen, who, however they might
relish foreign fruits, did not get on ‘well with foreign names. They
found them to stick in their throats to such a degree that they could
not make good bargains over such gibberish. The question to be
‘brought before this meeting, therefore, was nothing more nor less than
THE ERUITS. IN CONVENTION. 445
whether things should ‘be called by names that sounded real, or
names that had a foreign, fictitious and romantic air; whether an
honest man might be called in plain English a “ good Olnsian ” or
whether he should forever be doomed to be misrepresented and
misunderstood as a “ Bon Chrétien.” For his own part, he said, he
‘thought it was time to assert our nationality ; and while he was the
last man to say or do any thing to prevent foreigners from settling
among us, he did think that they should have the courtesy to drop
foreign airs and-come down to plain English, or plain Yankee com-
prehension. He was himself a “native American,” and he gloried
in it. He considered himself, though a plain republican, as'good as
any foreigners, however high-sounding their titles; and he believed
that if fruits would be more careful about their intrinsic flavor, and
study, as he did, how to maintain their credit perfect and unimpaired
for the longest possible period, it would in the end: be found more to
their advantage than this stickling for foreign titles. - ‘His ancestors,
he said, were bo in the State of New-York; and he was himself
raised in a great and well-known orchard on the Hudson. (Hear,
hear.) If any gentleman present wished to know the value of a
plain American name, he would be glad to show him, in dollars and
. cents, the income of that orchard. He was in greater favor in
Covent Garden, market than any English or continental fruit; and
such sums had been realized from the sales of that orchard, that it
was seriously proposed in the English parliament to. impose a duty
on Newtown Pippins, to pay off the national debt. (Great applause,
and a hiss from a string of Currants.) He concluded, by trust-
ing the chairman would pardon this allusion to his own affairs, which
he only gave to show that a Pippin, in plain English, was worth
as much in the market and the world’s estimation, as the finest
French title that was ever lisped in the Faubourg St. Germain.
He moved that all foreign names of fruits be done into plain Eng-
lish.
This speech produced a great commotion among the Pears on
the right, who had evidently not expected such a straightforward
way of treating the matter. For a moment all was confusion. That
little fellow, the Petit Muscat,—always the first on the carpet,—
ran hither and thither gathering little clusters about: him. The
446 FRUIT.
Sans-peau, or Skinless, was evidently touched to the quick. The
Pomme glacé gave all the Pippins a freezing look; and the Fon-
dante d’ Automne, a very. tender creature, was so. overcome that she
melted into tears at such a monstrous proposition. The Belle de
Brucelles muttered that she had seen Newtown Pippins that were
false-hearted ; and the Poire Episcopal declared that the man who
could utter such sentiments was a radical, and dangerous to the
peace of established institutions.
Just as we were wondering who would rise on the opposition, a
tall, well proportioned Pear got up, with a pleasant Flemish aspect.
It was Van Mons’ Léon le Clere. He said he was sorry to-see this’
violent feeling manifested against foreign names; and being a
foreigner, and having had a pretty long. acquaintance with foreign
Pears abroad, he felt called upon to say something i in their defence.
He thought the remarks of the gentleman who had preceded him,
both uncourteous to foreigners and unreasonable. He could not un-
derstand: why people should not be allowed to retain their nagnes,
at least such a8 had any worth retaining, even if they did become
rooted to the soil'of this country. Especially when thosé names
were in the most polite: language in the world—a langyage which
every educated person was bound to understand,—a language spoken
by Duhamel and Van Mons, the greatest of pomologists,—a lan-
guage more universal than the English,—spoken, in short, in all
civilized countries, and especially spoken by fine ladies over a dish
of fine pears at the dessert. (Great applause.) .
Here, a stranger to us, the Bezi des Vétérans, rose and said :—
Sare, I have de honor to just arrive in dis country. I am very much
chagrineé at dis proposition to take away my name. I ‘have run
away from de revolutions, what take away my property, and here
Lhope'to find Ja liberté—la pain ; and I only find les volewrs—
robbers—vat vish to take away my name. Yes, sare; and what
they will call me den ?—* wild old mans,” or “old sojaw?” Bah!
Me no like to be so, Moi, who belong to de grand Lea aaiten
garde Napoléon !
Here a pleasant and amiable lady rose, evidently a little embar-
ivassed, It was Louise Bonne de Jersey. She said she loved Ame-
rica, ‘True, she had found the climate not to agree with her at-first,
THE FRUITS IN CONVENTION. 447
and her,children seemed to pine away; but since she had taken
that, hardy creature, the Quince, for a partner, they had done won-
derfully well. For her own part, she had no objection whatever to
being called “ Good Louise,” or even “Dear Louisa,”-if her Ame-
rican friends and cousins liked it better. All she asked was to be
allowed ‘to live in the closest intimacy with the Quince, and not
to have any cutting remarks made at her roots. She could not
bear that.
' A very superb and stately lady next rose, giving a shake to her
broad skirts of yellow satin, and looking about her with the air of
a duchess. In fact, it was, the Duchesse @’ Angouléme ; and though
she was a little high shouldered, and her features somewhat irregular,
she had still a very noble.air. She remarked, in a simple and dig-
nified voice, that she had been many years in this country, and had
become very partial to the people and institutions. Naturally, she
had strong attachments to old names and associations, especially
where, asin her case, they were names that were names. But, she
added, it was impossible to live in America without mixing with
the people, if one’s very name could not be understood. It was
very. distressing to her feelings to find, as she did, that French was
not taught in the common schools; and she hoped if an agricul-
tural college was established, the adtiolies would be taught that Jan-
guage which was synonymous with every; thing elegant and refined.
She trusted, in conclusion, that though names should be anglicized,
the dignity would be preserved. A duchess, in name at least, she
must always be; but.if republicans preferred to call her simply the
Duchess of Mee ler, she saw nothing amiss in it. Especially,—
she remarked, with a slight toss of the head,—especially, since she
had heard an ignorant man, at the country-seat where she resided
call her, repeatedly “ Duchy-Dan goes-lame;” and another, who
visits him, speak of her, as “ Dutch Dangle-um,” forgetting that she
abhorred Holland.
She was followed by the Red Streak Apple, from New Jersey,
a very blunt, sturdy fellow, ‘who spoke his mind plainly. He said
he liked the good. sense of the lady who had just spoken ; she was
a woman he should have no objection to -call a Duchess himself.
About this matter he had but few words to say. Some folks were
448 FRUIT.
all talk and no-cider ; that, thank God! was not his fashion. What
he had to say he said’; and that was, that he was sick of this tom-
foolery about foreign names. A name either meant something or it
did not. Ariy body who looked at him could see that he was a
Red-Streak, ‘and that was all that his father expected when he named
him. . Any body could believe that the last speaker was a Duchess.
But what, he should like to know, did the man mean who named:a
Peach “ Sanguinole a chair adherent!” He ‘should like to meet
that chap. It would be a regular raw-head.and ‘bloody-bones ‘piece
of business for him. And “ Fondante du Bois ;” he supposed that
was the fond aunt of some bihoys,—it might be the “ old boy,” for
all he knew. And “ Beurré Gris d’Hiver nouveau.” Could any
thing be more ridiculous!' He should like to: know how: those
clever people, the pomologists, would translate that? They. told
him, “new gray winter butter,” (laughter ;) and what sort of winter
butter, pray, was that? “Reine de Pays bas ;” what this meant,
he did not exactly know,—something, he supposed, about “aainy
weather pays bad,” which would not go down, he could tell the
gentleman, in our dry climate. There was no end to this stuff, he
said. He seconded the Pippin. Clear it all away; boil it down to
a little pure, plain English essence, if there was any substance in it;
if not, throw the lingo to the dogs.- He hoped the Pears would es
cuse him. He meant no offence to them personally. But he didn’t
like their names, and he told them so to their faces.
The Minister Apple here observed that he had some moral scru-
ples about changing the names of’ all the fruits. It might have
a bad effect on the hearts and minds of the community. He
begged leave to present to the speaker's consideration such names,
for examplé, as the “Ah mon Dieu,” and the “ Cuisse. Madame”
Pears! There were many who grew those Pears, and, like our ‘first
parents, did not know the real nature of the fruits in the garden.
Happy ignorance! Translate them, and they would, he feared, be-
come fruits of the tree of knowledge.
A tall Mazzard Cherry hereupon remarked Gaping his uae
cles), that a very easy way of avoiding the danger which his worthy
friend, who had just sat. down, had pointed: out, would be to reject
both the Pears and the names, when they were no better than the
THE FRUITS IN CONVENTION. 449
last. He was a warm friend to progress in horticulture, and he was
fully of the opinion of “the Jersey. Red-Streak, that things should
not come among us, plain republicans, in disguise. How, indeed,
qjd we know that these Pears of France were not sent out here
under these queer names for the very purpose of corrupting our
morals; or, at least, imposing on us in some way? He had been
settled in a garden for some years, among a pleasant society of trees,
when last spring the owner introduced a new Pear from abroad,
under the fine name of “ Chat brulé.” For some time the thing
put on airs, and talked about its estate and chateau having been
destroyed: by incendiaries; and it showed a petition for charity.
What was his amazement, one day, when the daughter of the pro-
prietor came in the garden, to see the contempt with which she
turned away from this Pear, and exclaimed, “ what could ‘have in-
duced pa to have brought this ‘singed cat’ here?” Chat bruilé,
indeed! He’ bent over the creature and switched her finely the
first stormy day. He was for translating all good fruits and damn-
ing all bad ones. (At hearing this, certain second-rate Strawber-
ries commenced running.)
The convention grew very excited as the Mazzard sat down.
The Muscat Noir Grape looked black in the face; the Crown Bob
Gooseberry threw up his hat; and the Blood Peach, who had been
flirting with a very worthless fellow—the French soft-shelled Al-
mond—turned quite crimson all over. Cries of “order, order,”
were heard from all sides; and it was only restored when a little,
plump, Dolly-Varden-looking young girl, who was a great favorite
in good society, sprang upon a chair in order to be seen and
heard.
This was the Lady Apple. Her eyes sparkled, and set off her
brilliant complexion, which was quite dazzlingly fair. It- was easy
to see that she was a sort of spdiled child among the fruits.
Mr. Speaker, she said in a very sweet voice, you will indulge
me, I am sure, with a very little speech—my maiden speech. I
should not have ventured here, but I positively thought it was to
have been a private party, and not one of these odious mass meet-
ings. I am ‘accustomed to the’ society of well-bred people, and
know something of the polite language of both hemispheres, In-
29 °
450 FRUIT.
deed, my ancestors still live in France, though I am myself a real
American. What have to tell is only a little of my own experience;
which is, that one. may,.if-one-has good looks, and is a person of:
taste, have her name changed without suffering the least loss .of.
character or reputation. Indeed, I am convinced it may often, add
to her circle of admirers, by making her better understood and ap-
preciated. I am almost ashamed, ladies and gentlemen, to refer to’
my own life, illustrative of this remark. (Cheers). [Here she
blushed, and looked around her very sweetly.] At home, there in’
la belle France, I belong to the old and very respectable family of
the Apr’s, There was not much in that; but mostly shut up in an
old dingy chateau—no society—no evening parties—no excite-
ment. I assure you it was very dull. In this country, where I am
known every where as the “ Lady Apple,” I am invited.every where
among the most fashionable people. Yes, Mr. Speaker, this .coun-
try has charmingly been called the paradise of ladies; and-I would
advise ‘all deserving and modest girls in jeune France, to come gver
to younger America, and change. their names as quickly as they. can.
(Hear, hear, especially from the Jonathan Apple.) If they will
take my advice, they will put off all foolish pride and fine names
that mean nothing, and try. to speak plain English, and dress
in the latest republican ‘style; (especially,—she added, aside, turn-
ing to the foreign Pears,—especially as the fashions always come
* from Paris.) .
This lively little sally evidently made a favorable impression.
The Bartlett Pear said he was nobody in France as the Poire Guil-
lame, while here, where the climate agreed so much better with his
constitution, he was a favorite with high and low. The Duchesse
d@’ Orleans thought it best for ladies like herself, who did. not expect
to- associate with any but the educated class, to retain their foreign
names. The Jargonell Peay said he had heard.a great deal of talk,
which to him was a mere babel of tongues. His name was the
same on both sides of the water. The Flemish Beauty said, on the
other hand, that she was a great deal more loved in this country
now, than when she first came here as the Belle de Flandres. The
Bellefleur Apple observed, she had tried to maintain cher foreign
' etymology in this country without success, and meant to be hence-
THE FRUITS IN CONVENTION. 451
forth plain Bellflower: and the Surprise Apple turned red, as he
attempted to say something (the Morello trying to hiss him down);
but he was only able to stammer ovft his astonishment that any one
could doubt the policy of so wise a movement.
There was here a tumult among some of the foreign Grapes,
accustomed to live in glass-houses, who had been caught by the
Crab Apples stoning the windows, and sticking their spurs (they
were short-pruned vines) into some patient-looking old Horse Apples
from the western States. A free-soiler, who was known as the
Northern Spy, was about to sow the seeds of the apple of discord
in the convention, by bringing forward an amendment, that no
foreign fruits, and especially: none which were not “on their own
bottoms,” should be allowed to settle in any of the new States or
territories, when that old favorite, the Vergal Pear, made a sooth-
ing speech, in his usual melting and buttery manner, which brought
all the meeting to a feeling of unanimity again; when they-re-
solved to postpone further action, but to prepare a memorial on the
subject, to be laid before the Congress of Ruategro warty at its meet-
ing next fall in Cincinnati.
Ii.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF MANURING ORCHARDS.
January, 1848.
HE culture of the soil may be viewed in two very different as-
pects. - In one, it is a mean and ignorant employment.. It is a
moral servitude, which man is condemned ‘to pay to fields perpetu;
ally doomed to bear thorns and thistles. It is an unmeaning routine
of planting and sowing, to earn bread enough to satisfy the hunger
and cover the nakedness of the race. And it is performed: in this
light, by the servants of the soil, in a routine as simple, and with a
spirit scarcely more intelligent than that of the beasts which. draw
the plough that tears open the bosom of a hard and ungenial
earth !
What is the other aspect in which agriculture may be viewed?
Very different indeed. It is an employment at once the most natural,
noble, and independent that can engage the energies of man. It
brings the whole earth into subjection. It transforms unproductive
tracts into fruitful fields and gardens. It raises man out. of the un-
certain and wild life of the fisher and. hunter, into that where all the
best institutions of society have thei birth. It is the mother of all
the arts, all the commerce, and all the industrial employments that
maintain the civilization of the world. It is full of the most pro-
found physical wonders, and involves an insight into the whole his-
tory of the planet, and the hidden laws that govern that: most com-
mon and palpable, and yet most wonderful and incomprehensible
substance—matter! There has never yet lived one who has been’
philosopher enough to penetrate farther than the outer vestibules of
THE PHILOSOPHY OF MANURING ORCHARDS. 453
its great temples of truth; and there are mysteries enough yet un-
explained in that every-day'miracle, the growth of an acorn, to ex-
eite for ages the attention and admiration of the most profound
worshipper of God’s works. .
Fortunately for us and for our age, too much light has already
dawned upon us to allow intelligent: men ever to relapse into any
such degrading view of the. aim and rights of the cultivator as that
first. presented. We have too generally ascertained the value of
seience, imperfect as it still is, applied to farming and gardening, to
be contented any more to go back to that condition of things when
a crooked treé was used for a plough, and nuts and wild berries
were sufficient to satisfy the rude appetite of man. The natural
sciences have lately opened. new revelations to us of the hidden prob-
_lems of growth, nutrition, and decay, in the vegetable and animal
kingdoms. Secrets have been laid bare that give us a new key to
power, in our attempts. to gain the mastery over matter, and we are
continually on the alert to verify and put in practice our newly ac
quired knowledge, or to add in every possible way to the old stock.
Men are no longer contented to reap short crops from worn-out soil.
They look for scientific means of renovating it. They would make
the earth do its utmost. ‘Agriculture is thus losing its old character
of being merely physical drudgery, and is rapidly becoming a sci-
ence, full of profound interest, as well as a grand practical art, which,
Atlas-like, bears the. burden of the world on its: back.
Tt-is not to be denied that cuemisrry is the great railroad which
has lately been opened, graded, and partially set in operation, to
facilitate progress through that wide and comparatively unexplored
territory—scientific cultivation: chemistry, which has scrutinized
and analyzed till shé has made many things, formerly doubtful and
hidden, as clear as noonday. And itis by watching her move-
ments closely, by testing her theories by practice, by seizing every
valuable suggestion, and working out her problems patiently and
fairly, that the cultivator is mainly to hope for progress in the future.
No one who applies his reasoning powers to the subject will fail
to see, also, how many interesting points are yet in obscurity ; how
many important facts are only just beginning’ to dawn-upon. the pa-
tient investigator; how much is yet to be learned only by repeated
454 FRUIT.
experiments; and how many fail who expect to get immediate re-
plies from nature, to questions whose ‘satisfactory solution must de-
pend upon a variety of preliminaty knowledge, only to be gathered
slowly and patiently, by those who are saniecaxing in their devotion
to her teachings.
There are no means of, Gaistlating how much: sea has
done for agriculture within the last ten years. We say this, not in
the sanguine spirit of one who reads a volume on agricultural chem-
istry for the first time, and imagines that by the application of a few
salts he can directly change barren fields into fertile bottoms, and
raise one hundred bushels of corn where:.twenty. grew before. But
we ‘say it after-no little observation of the results of experimental
farming—full of failures and errors, with only occasional examples
of brilliant success—as it is.
There are numbers of readers who, seeing the partial operations
of nature laid bare, imagine that the whole secret of assimilation is
discovered, and by taking too short a route to the end in view, they
destroy’ call. They may be likened ‘to those intellectual sluggards *
who are “captivated by certain easy roads to learning, the gates of ©
which are kept by those who teach every branch of human wisdom
in six lessons! This gallop into the futurity of laborious effort, gen-
erally produces a giddiness that is almost equivalent to’ the oblitera-
tion-of all one’s power of discernment. And’ though one may, now,
by the aid of magnetism, “ put a girdle round the earth” in Jess than
“forty minutes,” there are still conditions of nature that imperiously .
demand time and space.
‘Granting, therefore, that there are hundreds who have failed in
their experiments with agricultural chemistry, still we contend that
there are a few of the more skilful and thorough experimenters. who
have been eminently successful; and whose success will gradually
form the basis of a new and improved system of agriculture.
More than this, the attention which has ‘been drawn to the value
of careful and intelligent culture, is producing indirectly the most
valuable results, Twenty years ago not one person in ten thousand,
cultivating the land, among'us, thought of any other means of en-
riching it than that of supplying it with barn-yard manure. At
the present moment there is not an intelligent farmer in the coun-.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF MANURING ORCHARDS. 455
try who is not conversant with the economy and value of muck,
ashes, lime, marl, bones, and a number of less important fertilizers.
In all the older and less fertile, parts of the country, where manure
is no longer cheap, the use of these fertilizers has enabled agricultu-
rists of limited means to keep their land in high condition, and add
thirty per cent. to their crops. And any one who will take the
trouble to examine into the matter in our principal cities, will find
that fifty. articles, in the, aggregate of enormous value for manure to
the farmer and gardener, which were until lately entirely thrown
away, are now preserved, are articles of commerce, and are all turned
to the utmost account as food for the crops,
We have been led into this train of thought by observing that
after the. great staples of the agriculturist—bread-stuffs and the
grasses—have ‘had that first, attention at the hands of the chemist
which they so eminently deserve, some investigation is now going
on for the benefit of the: horticulturist and the orchardist, of which
itis our duty to keep our readers informed. We allude to the
analyses which have been made of the composition of the i inorganic
parts of vegetableg, and more especially of some of the fruit-trees
‘whose culture i is becoming an object of so much importance to this
country. a
We think no one at all familiar with modern chemistry or sci-
entific agriculture, can for a moment deny the value of specific ma-
hures. It is the great platform upon which the scientific culture of
the present day stands, and which raises it so high above the old
empirical routine of the last century. But in order, to be able to
make practical application, with any tolerable chance of success, of
the doctrine of special manures, we must have before us careful
analyses. of the composition of the plants we propose to cultivate.
Science has proved to us that there are. substances which are of
universal value as food for plants ; but it is now no less certain that,
as the composition of different plants, and even different species of
plants, ‘differs very widely, so must certain substances, essential to
the growth of the plant, be present in the soil, or that growth is
feeble and imperfect.
_ A little observation will satisfy any ‘eavetal inquirer, that but
‘little is yet practically known, of the proper mode of manuring
‘456 FRUIT.
orchards, and rendering them uniformly productive. To say that
in almost every neighborhood, orchards will be found which- bear
large crops of fine fruit, while others, not half a mile off, produce
only small crops; that in one part of the country a given kind of
fruit is always large and fair, and in another it is always spotted and. Z 7
defective; that barn-yard manure seems to produce. but little effect
in remedying these evils ; that orchards often nearly cease bearing
while yet the trees are in full maturity, and by no means in a worn:
out: or dying condition: to say all this, is only to repeat what every
experienced cultivator of orchards is familiar with, but for which few
or no practical cultivators have the explanation ready.
We have seen a heavy application of common manure made to
apple-trees, which were in this inexplicable condition of bearing no
sound fruit, without producing any good effects. The trees grew
more luxuriantly, but. the fruit was still knotty and inferior. In this
state of things, the baffled practical man-very properly attributes. it
to some inherent defect in the soil, and looks to the chemist for gid. .
. We are glad to be able to. say, this aid is forthcoming. Many
valuable analyses of the ashes of trees and planjs, have been made
lately at Giessen, and may be found in the appendix to the last edi
tion of Liebig’s Agricultural Chemistry.* And still more recently,
Dr. Emmons, of Albany, well known by his labors in the cause of
scientific agriculture, + has devoted considerable time and attention
to ascertaining the elements which enter into the composition. or the
inorganic parts of trees.
The result of.this investigation we consider of the highest im-
portance to the fruit cultivator and the orchardist. In fact, though
still imperfect, it clears up many difficult points, and gives us some
basis for a more philosophical system of manuring orchards than has
yet: prevailed.
The importance of the gaseous and more soluble manures—am-
monia, nitrogen, etc., to. the whole vegetable kingdom, has long been
pretty: thoroughly appreciated. The old-fashioned, practical. man,
dating from Noah’s time, who stands by his well-rotted barn-yard
* Published by Wiley & Putnam, New-York.
+ See his quarto vol. on the Agriculture of New-York, lately published,
and forming part of the State survey.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF MANURING ORCHARDS. 457
compost, and the new-school disciple, who uses guano aud liquid
manures, are both ready. witnesses to prove the universal and vital
importance of these animal fertilizers,—manures that accelerate the
growth, and give volume and bulk to every part of a tree or plant.
But the value and importance of the heavier and more insoluble
earthy elements have often been disputed, and, though ably demon-
strated of late, there are still comparatively few who understand
their application, or who have any clear and definite ideas of their
value in the economy of vegetable structure.
To get at the exact quantities of ‘these ingredients, which enter
into the composition of plants, it is necessary to analyze their ashes.
It is not our purpose, at the present moment, to go beyond the
limits of the orchard. We shall therefore confine ourselves to the
most important elepents which make up the wood and bark of the
apple, the pear, and. the grape-vine.
According to Dr. Emmons’s - analysis, i in 100 parts of the ashes
of the sap-wood of the apple-tree, there are three elements that
greatly preponderate, as follows: 16 parts potash, 17 parts phosphate
of lime, and 18 parts lime. In the bark of this tree, there are
4 parts potash and 51 parts lime...
100 parts of the ashes of the sap-wood of the pear-tree, show
22 parts potash, 2'7 parts phosphate. of lime, and 12 parts lime; the
bark giving 6 parts potash, 6 parts phosphate, and 30 parts Finds
The analysis of the common wild grape-vine, shows 20 parts pot-
ash, 15 parts phosphate of lime, and-17 parts Lime, to every 100 parts;
the bark giving 1 part potash, 5 parts phosphate of lime, and 39
parts lime.
Now, no intelligent cultivator can examine these results (which
we have given thus'in the rough * to simplify the matter) without
* The following are Dr, Emmong’s exact analyses:
ASH OF THE PEAR.
Sap-wood, Bark,
Potash; : . é < «22°25 6°20
Soda, ‘ A 4 5 . 1:84 "
Chlorine, e re . » O81 170
‘Sulphuric acid, . : . . 0°50 1:80
‘Phosphate of lime, . P é . 27°22 6°50
458 ' FRUIT.
being conscious at a glance, that this large necessity existing in
these fruit-trees for potash, phosphate of lime, and lime, is not at all
5 Sap-wood. Bark, *
~ Phosphate of peroxide of iron, . : O81
Carbonic. acid, ‘ ; » >. 2169 87-29
-Lime, ,. . r ‘ 12°64 | 80°36
r Magnesia, , ‘ Se abi 43h - 8°00 9°40
Silex, . ; P Bs ‘ 0°30 0-40
“Coal, . . ; . : - O17 065
Organic matter, . ‘ E 4:02 * 4:20
: 100-25 98:30.
" “ASH OF THE APPLE, : i
: Sap-wood, Bark,
‘. Potash, ‘i - . a . 1619 ' 4'980
Soda, c P F e311 3°285.
Chloride of sodium, % , ‘ - 042 | 0540...
Sulphate of lime. . ‘ i 005 © 0637
Phosphate of peroxide of iron, —. , - 0°80 0-375. :
Phosphate of lime, F a EO 2425 ¢
Phosphate of a : : - 0°20 ;
Carbonic acid, . . ‘ Z ai 29°10 44°830 -
Lime, . : : : ; . 18°68 51578
Magneéiia, . ‘ . s 3 8-40 Q-150 . .
Silica, . F , j a «0°85 0-200
Soluble silica, . 5‘ 2 0-80 0-400 |
Organic matter, : : : - 4°60 2100
; 10065 =» 109-450
COMMON WILD GRAPE-VINE.
" Wood: Bark, .
Potash, . 3 . ‘ F 20°84. 177
» Soda, .: ‘i ‘: ‘ ‘ - 2°06 0°27
Chlorine, .: Z = : ‘ 002, | 0-40
Sulphuric acid, , : 5 » 0°23, trace,
Phosphate of lime; rs , ; 15°40 6-04 |
Phosphate of peroxide of iron, ‘ - 1:20 5-04
“Carbonic acid, 3 “9 ‘i 84:83 82°22
Lime. | Sar ee ‘ » 17°38 , 89°82
Magnesia, . . : 5 4°40 | 0°80
Silex, . , - 2°80 1400 -
Soluble silica, 3 : ois 000 0°30
' Coal and ‘organic matter, 5 é . 220 .140°'
100:21 100°86:
THE PHILOSOPHY OF MANURING ORCHARDS. 459
provided for by the common system of manuring orchards. Hence,
in certain soils, where a part or all of these elements naturally exist,
we see both the ‘finest fruit and extraordinary productiveness in the
orchards. In other soils, well-suited perhaps for many other crops,
orchards languish and are found unprofitable.
More than this, Dr. Enmons has pointed. out what is perhaps
known to:few of our readers, that these inorganic substances form,
as it were, the skeleton. or bones of .all vegetables as they do more
tangibly in animals. ‘The bones of animals’ are lime—in the form
of phosphate and carbonate—and the frailer net-work skeleton of
trunk, leaves and fibres in: Plants, is formed of precisely the same
substance. The bark, the veins and nerves of the leaves, the skin
of fruit, are all formed upon a framework of this organized salt of
lime, which, in the growth-of the Plant, is taken up from the soil,
and circulates freely to the outer extremities of the tree or plant in
all directions.
‘As these elements, which we have named as forming so laive a
part of the ashes of plants, are found in animal manures, the latter
are ‘quite sufficient in soils where they are not naturally deficient.
But, on the other hand, where the soil is wanting in lime, potash
and phosphate of lime,'common manures will ‘not and do not an-
swer the purpose. Experience has abundantly proved the latter po-
sition; and science has at length pointed out the cause of the
failure.-
"The remedy is simple enough. Lime, potash and bones (which
latter abound in the’phosphate) are cheap materials, easily obtained
in any part of the country. If they are not at hand, common
wood ashes, which contains all of them, is an easy substitute, and
one which ,may be used in much larger quantities than it is com-
moily applied, with: the most decided benefit to'al] fruit-trees.
_ The more scientific cultivator of fruit will not fail, however, to
observe that there is a very marked difference in.the proportion of
these inorganic. matters in the ashes of the trees under our notice.
Thus, potash and phosphate of lime enter much more largely into
the composition of the pear than they do in that of the apple tree ;
while lime is much more abundant in the apple than in the pear;
the ashes of the bark of the apple-tree being more than half lime.
}
460 FRUIT.
Potash and -lime are also found to be the predominant elements of
the inorganic structure of the grape-vine.
Hence potash and bone dust will be the principal substances to
nourish. the structure of the pear-tree ; lime, the principal substance
for the apple ; and potash for the grape-vine; though each of the
others are also highly essential.
Since these salts of lime penetrate to the enact extremities of
the tree; since, indeed, they are the foundation upon which a
healthy structure of all the other parts must rest, it appears to us a
rational deduction that upon their presence, in sufficient quantity,
must depend largely the general healthy condition of the leaves and
fruit, Hence, it is not unlikely that certain diseases of fruit, known
as the bitter rot in apples, the mildew in grapes, and .“ cracking ”
pears, known and confined to certain districts of the country,
may arise from a deficiency of these inorganic elements in the soil
of those districts, (not overlooking sulphate of iron, so marked in
its effect on the health of foliage.) Careful experiment -will deter-
mine this; and if such should prove to be the case, one of the
greatest obstacles to universal orchard culture will be easily re-
moved.*
What we have here endeavored to convey of the importance
of: certain specific manures for fruit-trees, is by no means all theory.
We could already give numerous practical illustrations to fortify it
Two will perhaps suffice for the present.
The greatest orchard in America, most undeniably, is that at
Pelham farm, on the Hudson. How many barrels of apples are raised
* It will be remembered that, in our work on Fruits, we. opposed, the
theory that all the old pears, liable to crack along the sea-coast, and in some
other sections of the country, were “worn out.” We attributed their ap-
parent decline to unfavorable soil, injudicious culture and ungenial climate.
A good deal of obser vation since those views were published, has convinced
us that “cracking” in the pear is to be attributed more to an exhaustion, or
a want of certain necessary elements in the soil, than to-any other cause.
Age has little or nothing to do with it, since Van Mon’s Leon Le Clere, one
of the newest and most vigorous of pears, has cracked in some soils for the
past two years around Boston, though perfectly fair in other soils there, and
in the interior,
THE PHILOSOPHY OF MANURING ORCHARDS. 461
there annually, we are not informed. But we do know, first, that
the crop this season, numbered several thousand barrels of New-
town pippins, of a size, flavor and beauty that we never saw sur-
passed ; and second, that the Pelham Newtown pippins areas well
known in Covent Garden market, London, as a Bank of England
note, and can as readily be turned into cash, with the highest pre-
mium over any other goods and chattels-of the like description.
Now the gréat secret of the’ orchard culture at the Pelham farm, is
the abundant use of lime. Not that high culture and plenty’ of
other necessary food are wanting; .but that lime is the ae basis
of large crops and smooth, high-flavored fruit.
Again, the greatest difficulty in fruit culture in aus is to
grow the foreign grape in the open air. It is not heat nor fertility
that is wanting, for one section or another of the country can give
both these in perfection; but’ in all sections the fruit mildews, and
' is,‘on thé whole, nearly worthless: An intelligent cultivator, living
in a warm and genial corner of Canada West, (bordeting on the
western part of Lake Erie,) had been more than usually: successful
for several ‘seasons iri maturing several varieties of foreign grapes
in the open air. At length they began to fail—even upon the
young vines, and the mildew made its appearance to render nearly
the whole crop worthless. Last season, this gentleman, following a
hint in this journal, gave one of his grape borders a heavy dressing
of wood ashes, These ashes contained, of course, both the potash.
and the lime so necessary to the grape. He had the satisfaction of
raising, this season, a crop of fair and excellent grapes, (of which
we had occular proof,) from this border, while the other vines of the
same age (and treated, otherwise, in the same way) bore only mil-
dewed and worthless fruit. We consider both these instances ex-
cellent illustrations of the value of specific manures.
We promise to return to this subject again. In the mean time
it may not be useless to caution some of our readers against, pursu-
ing the wholesale course with specifics which all quack doctors are so
fond of recommending—i. e., “ if a thing is good, you cannot give
too much.” A tree is not all bones, and therefore something must
be considered besides its anatomical structure—important as that
462 a FRUIT.
Vv . s
may be. The good,.old- Gained, alia nourishment must not
be withheld, and a suitable ration from the compost or. manure
heap, as usual, will by no. means prevent our orchards being" bene-
fited all the more by the substances of which they have ss a
need, in certain portions of their organization.
IV.
THE VINEYARDS OF THE WEST.
August, 1850.
O sit under our own vine and fig-tree, with no one to make us
afraid, is the most ancient and sacred idea of a life of security,
contentment, and peace. In a national sense, we think we may be-
gin to lay. claim to this species of comfort, so largely prized by our
ancestors of the patriarchal ages. The southern States have long
boasted their groves and gardens of fig-trees ; and there is no longer
any doubt regarding the fact, that the valley of the Ohio, with its
vine-clad hills, will soon afford a resting- place for millions of cultiva-
tors, who may sit down beneath the shadow of their own vines,
with none to make them afraid.
There has been so much “stuff,” of all descriptions, made in va-
rious parts of the country under the name of domestic wine—ninety-
nine hundredths of which is not half so good or so wholesome as
poor cider—that most persons whose palates are accustomed to the
fine products of France, Spain, or Madeira, have, after tasting of the
compounds alluded to, concluded that it was either a poor piece of
patriotism, or a bad joke,—this trying to swallow Ainerican wine.
On the other hand, various enterprising Frenchmen, observing
that the climate of a large part of the Union ripened peaches and
other fruits better than their own country, naturally concluded that
if they brought over the right kinds of French wine grapes, wine
must be produced here as good as that made at home, Yet, though
.the experiment has been tried again and again by practical vigne-
rons, who know the mysteries of cultivation, and wine merchants
464 FRUIT.
who had an abundance of capital at their command, there is: no
record of one single case of even tolerable success. In no part of
the United States is the climate adapted to the vineyard culture of
the foreign grape. ,
So much as this was learned, indeed, twerity years ago. But.
was the matter to be given up in this manner ? Could it be possi-
ble that a vast continent, over which, from one end to the other, the
wild grape grows in stich abundance that the Northmen, who were
perhaps the first discoverers, gave it the beautiful name of ViInLAND,
should never be the land of vineyards? There were at least two
men who still believed winemaking possible; and who, twenty
years or more ago, noticing that the foreign grape proved worthless
in this country; had faith in the good qualities of the indigenous
stock.
We mean, of course, Major Adlum, of the District of Cohiba
and Nicholas Longworth, Esq.,of Ohio. Both these gentlemen,
after testing the foreign grape, abandoned it, and took up the most
promising native sorts; and both at last settled upon thé Catawba,
as the only wine grape, yet known, worthy of cultivation in Ame-
rica. :
Major Adlum planted a vineyard, and made some wine, which
we tasted, It was of only tolerable quality; but .it- proved that
good wine can be made of native grapes; the growth of our own
soil. And though Adlum was not a thorough cultivator, he pub-
lished a volume-on the culture of native grapes, which roused pub-
lie attention to the subject. He made the assertion before he died, .
that in introducing the Cawtaba grape to public attention, he had
done more for the benefit of the country than if he had paid
off our then existing national debt. And to this sentiment there
are anany in the western States. who are ready now to subscribe
heartily.
Mr. Longworth 1 is a man of different stamp. With abundant
capital, a great deal of patriotism, and a large, love ofthe culture of
the soil, he adds an especial talent for overcoming obstacles, and
great pertinacity in carrying his point. What he cannot do him-
self, he very well knows how to find other persons capable of doing,
Hence he pursued quite the opposite ‘system from those who under-*
THE VINEYARDS OF THE WEST. 46D
sek the naturalization of the foreign grape. He adsereed for na-
tive grapes of any and every sort, planted all and tested all; and at
last, he too has come to the conclusion that the Catawba j isthe |
wine grape of America. ;
“ What sort of wine does the Catawha ake #” inquires some
of our readers, who Jike nothing but Madeira and Sherry ; “and
what do you think will be the moral effect of making an abundaneg ,
of cheap wine?” ‘asks some ultra temperance friend and reader,
We will try to answer both these questions.
The natural wine which the Cawtaba makes is a genuine hock—
4 wine so much like the ordinary wines of the Rhine, that we could
put three of the former bottles among a dozen of the latter, and
it would puzzle the nicest connoisseur to select them by either color
or flavor. In other words, the Catawba wine (made as it-is on the
_Qhio, made without adding either alcohol or sugar) is a pleasant
light hock,—a little stronger than Rhine, wine, but still far lighter
and purer than nineteen-twentieths of the, wines that find their way
to this country. Its subacid flavor renders it especially grateful, as
a summer drink, in so hot a-climate as ours; -and the wholesome-
ness of the Rhine wine no one will deny.* Tndeed, certain moala-'
dies, troublesome enough in other lands, are never known in hock
countries ; and though the taste for hock—like that for tomatoes—
is an acquired one, it is none the less, natural for that; any more
than walking i is, which, so far as our abcervation goes, is not one of
thethings wé come into the world with, like seeing and hearing.
As to the temperance view of this matter. of wine-making, we
think a very little familiarity with the state of the case. will settle
this point. Indeed, we are inclined to adopt the views of Dr. Flagg,
of Cincinnati. “The temperance cause. is rapidly preparing public.
sentiment for the introduction of pure American wine. + So long as
public taste remains vitiated by the use of malt and alcoholic drinks,
it. will be impossible to introduce light pleasant wine, except to a
very limited extent; but just in proportion as strong drinks are
abandoned, a more wholesome, one will be substituted. Instead of
* Mr. Longworth is now making large quantities of sparkling Catawba
wine, | of excellent quality—perhaps more nearly resembling sparkling hock
than Champagne.
‘
466 wy FRUIT.
paying millions -tc foreigners for deleterious drinks, let us produce -
from our, own hillsides a wholesome rea that val be within
reach of us all—the poor as well as the ric! ;
Very few of the friends of temperance are perhaps’ aware of" two
facts. First, that pure light wines, such as the Catawba of this coun-
try, and the Hock and Clarets of Europe, contain. so little alcohol.
(only 7 or 8 per cent.) that they are not intoxicating unless drank
in a most inordinate manner, to which, from the quantity required,
there is no temptation. On the athey hand, they exhilarate the spi:
Tits, and act in a salutary manner on - the respiratory organs. “We
do not mean to say that men could not, live and breathe just as ° well,
if there were no such thing as wine known ;-but that since the’ time
of Noah, men will not be contented with merely’ living and. breath-
ing ; and it is-therefore better to provide them with proper and
wholesome food and drink, than to put improper alimenis within
their reach, ;
Second, that it is universally admitted. that in all countries where
light wines so abound. that the peasant or working-man may have his
pint’ of light wine per day, drunkenness is a thing unknown. On the
other hand, in ‘all countries which do ‘not produce claret, hock, or
some other wholesome light wine, ardent spirits are used, and drunk:
enness is the invariable result. As there is no nation in the ‘world
where only « cold water is dvank, (unless opium, is used,) and since
large bodies of ‘men will live in cities, instead of forests and pas-
tures, there is not likely to be such a nation, let us choose whether
it is better to have national temperance with. light wines, or national
‘intemperance with ardent spirits. The question resolves itself ‘into
’ that, narrow compass; at last. bs
As we think there are few who will: ‘ogists which horn of the
dilemma té choose, (especially, as an Irishman would say, “ where
one is no horn at all,”) it is, we think, worth while to glance for.a
ent at the state of the vine culture in the valley of the Ohio. -
We have before us a very interesting little ' ‘pamphlet, full of
practical details and suggestions on the subject.* It is understood
* A Treatise on Grapé Culture in Vineyards in the vicinity of Cinein-
nati: By a member of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society. Sold by I F.
De Silver, Main-street, Cincinnati.
‘
THE VINEYARDS OF THE WEST. 467
to be from the pen‘ of R. Buchanan, Esq., president of the Cincin-
nati Horticultural Society. It deals more with facts, actual expe-
rience, and observation, and less with speculation, supposition, and
belief, than any thing on this topic that has yet: appeared in the
United States. In other words, a man may take it, and plant a
vineyard, and raise grapes with success. He may even make good
wine; but no book can wholly teach this latter’ art, which must
come by the use of one’s eyes and hands in the business itself.
Among other interesting facts, which we glean from this pam-
phlet, are the following: The number of acres of vineyard culture,
within twenty miles of Cincinnati, is seven hundred and forty-three.
, Those belong to 264 proprietors and tenants. Mr. Longworth owns
122 acres’ cultivated by 27 tenants.
The average product per acre in 1848 (a good season) was 300
' gallons to the acre.’ “In 1849 (the worst year ever ‘ known) it was
100 gallons. One vineyard. ‘of two acres (that of Mr. Rentz) has
yielded 1300 gallons i ina season. New Catawba wine, at the press,
brings 75 cents'a gallon. When. ready for bale it readily commands
about $1.25 per gallon, . '
The’ best vineyard soil on the Ohio, as in the old weed, is one
abounding with lime. A.“ dry calcaréous loam” is the favorite’ soil
near Cincinnati. This is well drained -and trenched, two: or three.
feet deep, before planting the Vines; trenching being: considered in-
" dispensable, and: being an ‘imnportant part of the expense. The’ vines,
One year old, may be had for $6 per 100, and are usually planted
‘three by six feet apart—about 2,420-vines to the acre. They are
trained to single poles or'stakes, in the simple ‘mode common in
most wine countries; and the: product of the Catawba per acre is
considerably more than that of the wine-grape in France. _
V.
ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE Rave
April 1852,
TOTWITHSTANDING all the drawbacks of the violent ex-
tremes. of climate, the United States, and: especially all that
belt of country lying between the Mohawk and the James Rivers, is
probably as good a fruit country as can be found in the wogld.
Whilst every American, travelling’ in the north of Europe, observes
that very: choice fruit, grown at great cost, and with the utmost care,
is more cértainly to be found in, the gardens of the wealthy:than
with us, he also notices that the broad-cast production of tolerably
good fruit in orchards and gardens, i is almost nothing in Europe,
when compared to what is seen in America. As we have already
stated, one-fourth of the skill and care expended on fruit culture in
the north of Europe, bestowed in America, would absolutely load
every table with the finest fruits of temperate climates.
As yet, however, we have not .made any progress beyond ¢com-
mon orehard culture. In the majority of cases, the orchard is planted,
cultivated two or three years with the ‘plough, pruned badly three
or four timés, and then left to itself. It is very true, that in the
fruit gardens, which begin to surround some of our older cities, the
well-prepared soil, careful selections of varieties, judicious culture
and pruning; have begun to awaken in the minds of the old-fash-
ioned cuiltivators a sense of astonishment as to the size and perfec-
; tion to which certain fruits can. be brought, which begins to react
on the country at large. Little by little, the orchardists are begin-
‘ning to be aware that it is better to plant fifty trees. carefully, in
ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE RACES. 469
well-prepared soil; than to stick in five hundred, by thrusting the
roots in narrow holes, to struggle out an imperfect existence ; little
by little, the. horticultural shows and the markets have proved, that
while fruit-trees of the best standard sorts cost no more than those
of indifferent quality—the fruit they bear is worth ten times as
much; and thus by degrees, the indifferent orchards are being reno-|
vated by grafting, manuring, or altogether displaced by new ones of
superior quality.
Still, there are some important points in fruit culture overlooked.
One of the most conspicuous of these is, that varieties may be
found, or, if not existing, may be originated to suit every portion of
the United States. Because a fruit-grower in the State of Maine, or
the State of Louisiana, does not find, after making a trial of the
fruits that are of the highest quality in New-York or Pensylvannia,
that they are equally first rate with him, it by no means follows that
such wished-for varieties may not-be produced: Although there
are a few sorts of fruits, like the Bartlett Pear, and the Roxbury
Russet Apple, that seem to’ have 4 kind of cosmopolitan constitu-
tion, by which they are almost: equally at home in a cool or a hot
country, they are the exceptioris, and not the rule, The English
Gooseberries . may be. said not to be at home any where in our
country, except in the cool, northern parts of New England—Maine,
for example. The foreign grape is fit for out-of-door culture no-
where in the United States, and even the Newtown Pippin and the
Spitzenberg apples, so unsurpassed on the Hudson, are worth little or
nothing on the Delaware. On the other hand, in every part of the
country, we see fruits ‘constantly being originated—chance seedlings
in the orchards, perfectly adapted to the climate and the soil, and
occasionally of very fine quality.
» An apple-tree which -pleased the emigrant on. his homestead on
the Connecticut, is carried, by means of grafts, to his new land in
Missouri, and it fails to produce the same fine pippins that it did at
home. But he sows the seeds of that tree, and from among many
of’ indifferent quality, he will often find one or more that shall not
only equal or surpass its parent in all its ancient New England fla-
vor, but shall have a western constitution, to make that flavor per-
manent in the land of. its birth.
470 FRUIT.
In this way, and for the most part by the ordinary chances and
results of culture, and without a direct: application of a scientific
system, what may be called ‘the natural limits.of any. fruit-tree or
plant, may be largely extended. We say largely, because there are
certain boundaries beyond which the plants of the tropics cannot’
*be acclimated. The sugar cane cannot, by any process yet known,
be naturalized on Lake Superior, or the Indian corn on Hudson’s
Bay. But every body at the South knows that the range of the
sugar cane has been gradually extended northward, more than one
hundred miles; and the Indian corn is, cultivated now, even far
north-in Canada. .
It is: by. watching | these natural, laws, as seen here and there i in
irregular examples, and. reducing them to something like a system,
and acting upon the principles which may be deduced from them,
that we may labor diligently towards a certain result, and not trust
to.chance, groping about.in the dark, blindly: “a
Although the two modes by which the production of anew va-
riety of a fruit or- flower—the first by saving the seeds of the very
fruit only, and, the other. by cross-breeding hen the flowers are
about expanding—are very well known, and have been largely.praé
tised by the. florists and gardeners of Europe ‘for many years, in
bringing jnto existence most of. the fine vegetables and flowers, and .
many of the fruits that we now possess, ‘it is remarkable: that little
attention has been paid in all thesé efforts to acclimating the new
sorts by scientific reproduction from seed... Thus, in the case of
flowers—while the catalogues are filled. with new verbenas every
year, no one, as we can learn, has endeavored to originate a hardy.
verbena, though one of the trailing purple species is a hardy herba-
ceous border flower—and perhaps hybrids might be raised between it
and: the scarlet sorts, that would be lastingtand invaluable ornaments
“to the garden. So with ,the gooseberry. This fruit shrub, 'so fine
in the damp climate of England, ig so unsuited, to the United States
generally —or at least: most of the English sorts are—that not one
bush in twenty, bears fruit free from mildew. And yet, so far as
we know, no horticulturist has: attempted to naturalize the cultivated
c gooseberry i in the only way it is likely to become naturalized, viz.—
by raising new varieties from seed in this Cony; so that they may
4
ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE RACES. 471
have American constitutions, adapted. to the American . climate—
and therefore not likely to mildew. The same thing j is true of the
foreign: grape. Millions of roots of the foreign grape have, first
and last, been planted in the United. States. Hardly one can be
pointed to that actually “succeeds” in :the open-air culture—not
from want of heat or light—for we have the greatest abundance of
both ; ‘but from ‘the watt of constitutional adaptation. And still
the foreieti grape is abandoned, except for vineries, without a fair
trial of the, only modes by which it would naturally be hoped to:ac-
climate it, viz .—taising seedlings here,. and crossing it with our best
native sorts.
Every person interested in horticulture, must stumble upon facts
almost daily, t that teach us how much may be done. by a.new race
or generation, in plants as well as men, that it is utterly out of the
question for the old race to accomplish. _ Compare, in the Western
States, the success of a colony of foreign emigrants in subduing the
wilderness and mastering the Jand, with. that of another company
‘of our own race—say of New Englanders, The one has to contend
with all his old-world. prejudices, habits of labor, modes of working ;
* the other being “to the manor- born,” &e., seizes the Yankee axe,
and the forest, for the first time, aclrigteledizes its master. While
the old-countryman is endeavoring to settle himself snugly, and
make a little neighborhood comfortable, the American husbandman
has cleared. and harvested a whole state.
« “As in the man so in the plant. A race should be sdapied to
the soil by being produced upon it, of the best possible. materials,
The latter is as indispensable as the first—as it will not wholly suffice
that a-man or a tree-should be indigenous—or our American In
dians, or our Chickasaw Plums, would never have given’ place to
either the Gaucasian race, or the luscious “Jefferson ;”—but the
best race being taken at the starting point, the highest utility and
beauty will be found to spring’ from individuals - -adapted by birth,
constitution, and education, to the country. Among a thousand na-
tive Americans, there may be nine hundred no better suited to labor
“of the body or brains; than so many Europeans—but there will be
five or ten that will reach a higher level of adaptation, or to use a
498 FRUIT.
Wésteri phrase, “ climb higher and dive deépei,” thaii atiy nian ont
6f America.
“We are not going to be led into 4 physiological digression oft
the subject of the inextinguishable rights of a supétio? organization
in Géitain men and raves of men, which nattire every day’ reaffiriis,
notwithstanding the socialistic and democratic theories of ‘our poli-
ticians. But we will undertake tosay, that if the races or plants
Were as iiuch improved as they might be, and as much adapted to
thé various soils and climates of the Union, as they ought to be,
thiere is not 4 single square mile in the United States, that might
not boast its peaches, melons, apples, grapes, and all the other luxw-
Hed of the gardeti now confined to a comparatively limited range. _
And this is not only the most interesting of all fields for the
lover of the'Goititry and the garden, but it is that one precisely
ready to be put in operation at this season. The month of April is
the blossoming season over a large part of the country, aud the blos-
sori, governs aiid fixes the character of thé. new racé, by givingy a
character to the seed: Let those who are not already familiar with
hybridizing and cross-bréeding of plants—always effected when they
aré in bloom—read the chapter on this subject in our “ Fruit Trees,”
6f atiy othe: work which treats of this subject. Let them ascertaiti
wWiiat are tle desiderata for their soil and climate, which have not
yét been supplied, and set about giving that character to the new
seedlings, which a careful selection from the materials at hand, aiid’
a few moments light and pleasant occupation will afford. If the
man who only made two blades of grass grow where,one grew be-
fore, has been pronounced a behefactor to mankind, certainly he is
far more so who ofiginates a new variety of grain, vegetable, of
frait, adapted to a soil and climate where it before refused to grow
—since thousands may continue to reap the benefit of the labors of
thé latter for an indefinite length of time, while the forinet has: only
thie merit of being a good farmer for the time being.
LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
L
er .
”
WARWICK CASTLE: KENILWORTH: STRATFORD-ON-
AVON.
* July, 1850,
Y DEAR SIR :—As, after looking at some constellation in a
summer night, one remembers most vividly its largest and
most potent, star, so, from amid a constellation of fine country-seats,
I can write you to-day only of my visit to one, but that one which,
for its peculiar extent, overtops all the rest—Warwicx Casts.
Warwick. Castle; indeed, combines in itself perhaps more of ro-
mantic and feudal interest than any actual residence in Europe, and
for this very reason, ‘because it unites in itself. the miracle of exhib-
iting at the same moment hoar antiquity, and the’ actual vivid pre-
sent, having been held and maintained from first to last by the same
family. In most of the magnificent country-seats of England, it is
rather: vast extent and enormous expense which impresses one. If
they are new, they are sometimes overloaded with elaborate details ; al
* Like Eton Hall, near Liverpool, perhaps visited by more dumarioang
than any other seat—though the architecture is mer etricious, and the whole
place as wanting in genuine taste as it is abounding i in evidences of immense
- wealth: Warwick Castle bears, to ari American, the same relation to all
modern castles that the veritable Noah’s ark, if it could be found still in full
preservation, would to a model made by an ingenious antiquarian:
476 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND..
if old, they are often modernized in.so tasteless a manner as to des~,
troy all’sentiment of antiquity. Plate glass windows ill accord with
aitique casements, and Paris furniture and upholstery are not in
keeping with apartments of the time of Elizabeth,
_ In Warwick Castle and all that belongs to it, I found none:of_
this, All was entire harmony, and I lingered ‘within and about. it,
enjoying its alisolue perfection, a8 if the’ whole were only éonjured
up by an enchanter’s spell, and would soon dissolve into’ thin ajr.
And yet, on the contrary, I knew that here was a ‘building which is
more than nine hundred: years old; which has been the. residence
of successive generations of the same family for .centuries ; which:
was the fortress of that mightiest -of English subjects, SWanwrex,
“the great-king-maker,” (who boasted that, he had deposed three’
‘English sovereigns and placed three in their vacant throne,) which,
long before the discovery of America, was the scené of wild jarring
and haughty chivalry, bloody prowess—yes,.and of: gentle love and,
sweet affections, but which, as if defying time, is’ still a castle,
real in its characte® as a feudal stronghold, arid: yet as complete. a
baronial residenze, as the imiagination: can conceive. To an Ameri-
ean, whose country is but two hundred years old, the bridging’ over
such a vast chasm of time by the domestic memorials of a rae
family, when, as in this case, that fainily has so made its mark upork
the early annals of his. own us there 3 is Sa that approaches
- the sublime.
The sviall town of Warwick, .a “quaint old #03 which -still.
bears abundant traces of its Sdxon origin, is situated: nearly ' in thé
centre of England, and lies on one side of the castle, to which it is
a mere dependency.» It is placed on arising hill or knoll, the. castle
occupying the highest part, though mostly concealed:from the towa
by thick plantations,. Atound. the other: sides-of the castle flows
the Avon, a lovely streain, whose’ poetical fame has not belied its
native charms; and beyond it stretch away me broad lands which
belong to the pat
The finest approach for the stranger is roe the pretty iawa n of
Leamington, about two miles east of Warwick. At a turn, a-few
hundred rods Catia from the castle, the road crosses the Avon by
WARWICK CASTLE: KENILWORTH! STRATFORD-ON-AVON. 447
a wide bridge with a mossy stene balustrade, and here, looking
upward,
* Bosomed high in tufted trees,
Towers and battlements he sees.”
The banks of the stream are finely fringed with foliage; beyond.
thena are larger trees; upon the rising ground in the rear grow lofty
and, venerable chestnuts; oaks, and elms; and over this superb fore-
ground, rises up, grand and colossal, the huge pile of gray stone,
softened by the effects of time, and the rich masses of, climbers that
hang like floating drapery about it. For a few moments you lose
Aight of it, and the carriage suddenly stops before a high embattled
‘wall, where the porter answers the knock by slowly unfolding the
Massive iron gates of the portal, Driving through this gateway you
wind through a deep, cut in the’ solid rock, almost hidden by the
masses of ivy that hang along its sides, and in a few moments find
yourself directly before the entrance front of the castle. Whdever
_ designed this,front, made up as-it is of lofty towers and irregular
+ wall, must have been a. poet. as well as arehitect, for its. composition
and details struck me as having the proportions and congruity of a
fine scene in’ nature, which we feel is not to be measured and defined .
by. the ordinary rules of art. And as it rose up before me, hoary
and venerable, yet solid and complete, I could. have believed that it
was rather a magnificent effort of nature than any work of mere
tools and masonry. -
In the central tower opened another iron gate, adh driving
through a deep stone archway, I found myself in the midst of a
large open: space of nearly a couple of acres, carpeted with the
finest turf, dotted with groups of aged. trees and .shrubs, and sur-
rounded on all sides -by the castle walls. This isthe inner court-
yard of the castle. Around it, forming four sides, are grouped in
the most picturesque and majestic manner, the varied forms and
outlines of the vast pile, partly hidden by the rich drapery of ivy
and old mossy trees. On the most: sheltered side of the circular
walk which surrounds: this court-yard, atnong many fine evergreens,
I noticed two giant Arbutuses (a shrub-which Ihave vainly attempt-
ed to acclimatize in the northern'States,) more than thirty feet high,
478 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
-with trunks a couple of feet in diameter, the growth of more ae
'200 years, 0) se 5
On the south. side of this court’ Jies the principal mass of the
castle, ‘affording an unbroken suite.of rooms 333 féet long. At'the
northeast, Cesar’s tower; built in Saxon times,the oldest part of
the whole édifice, whose exact date ‘is unknown—which rises dark,
gloomy and venerable, above all'the rest; while at ‘the southeast
stands the tower built by the great Wanrwicx—broader, and more
massive, and partly hidden by huge chestnuts. The other sides are
not inhabited, but still remain’ as originally ‘built,—a vast mass of
! walls, ‘with embattled’ parapets broken by towers with loopholes and*
positions for defence—but with their sternness and severity broken
_ by thetender drapery of vines and shrubs, and- the luxuriant Beanty
of the richest verdure. cae ee Bl
“In the’ centre of the south side of this noble’ court-yard, you
enter the castle by a few steps, “Passing through the entrance hall,
you reach the great hall, vast, baronial and ‘magnificent—the floor
paved witli marble—and the roof carved i in oak.” Along the sides,
which are parielled in dark cedar, are hung the armor and the
“weapons of every age since the first erection of the castle, I was
shown the leather shirt, with its blood-stains blackened’ by time,
worn by an ancestor of the present earl, ‘who was slain at the battle
‘of Litchfield, and many ‘other ‘curious and ‘powerful weapons used
by: the great warriors of the family through a course of centuries.’
On either side of this hall, to the right and left, ina sraight
line, extend ‘the’ continuous suite of apartments, “The first on the
right is the ante- -drawing-room,: the walls crimson and gold; next,
the cedar drawing-room—the walls richly wainscoted with wood of
the cedar of Lebanon ; third, the great-drawing-room, finely’ propor-
tioned ‘and quite perfect j in tone—its walls’ delicate apple-green, re-
lieved by a little ‘pure white, and. enrichéd: with gilding ; ; next,
Queen Anne’s state bedroom, with a superb state’ bed. presented to
the then Earl of Warwick, by that queen, being antique, with tapes-
try, and decorated with a fine full-length picture ‘of Queen Anne’
and beyond this a cabinet filled with’ the choicest specimens: ‘of 'an-
cient Venetian ‘art and wor Kkmanship. Behind the hall is the chapel,
and on the left the suite is continued in the same manner. as on the
WARWICK OASTLE : “KENILWORTH |. STRATFORD-ON-AVON, 479
right. Of course a good deal of the furniture hasbeen removed
from time to time, and! large portions of the interior have been re-
stored: by the present earl. But this has been done with such admi-~
rable,taste that there is nothing which disturbs the unity. of the whole,
The furniture is. all of dark wood, old cabinets richly i inlaid ‘with
brass, old carved oaken couches, or those rich ‘mosaic tables which
were brought to England in the palmy days of the’ Italian states.
Every thing looks old, genuine and original. The apartments were
hung with very choice.pictures by Van Dyck, Titian and Rubens—
among, which I noticed a magnificent head of Cromwell, and
‘another of. Queen: Mary, that riveted, my attention—the : former by
its expression . of the powerful ‘self-centred soul, and the latter by
the crushed and broken-hearted pensiveness of the countenance—
for it was Mary at 40, just before her’ death—-still beautiful and
noble, but, with the marks in her- features of that suffering which
alone reveals to us the depth of the soul,
" Not.to weary you. with the interior of what is only the first floor
of the castle, let, me take you to one ofthe range of large, deep,
sunny windows which lights the whole of this: ‘suite of: apartments
on their southern side. Each window ‘is arched overhead ‘and wain-
scoted on the side, and as the walls of the castle are 10 to 12 feet thick,
and each window above 6 feet wide, it forms almost a little room
or closet by itself, And from these windows how beautiful the land-
scape! Although: we entered these apartments by only a few steps
from the-level of the court-yard, yet on looking from these:windows
I found myself more than 60 feet above ‘the Avon; which’ “almost
‘washes the base of, the castle walls on this’ side, winding about in ,
the most ‘graceful curve, and: losing itself in the distance among
groups of” aged elms. On this side of-the castle, beyond the Avon,
stretches away the park of about a thousand acres. . As far as the
eye reaches it. is a beautiful English: landscape, of fresh turf and fine
groups of trees—and beyond it, for several miles, lie the rich farm
lands ‘of, the Warwick estate. There are few pictures more lovely
than such’a rural scene, and perhaps its quietness and serenity were
enhanced by contrast with the sombre eeu of the feudal. court
yard where. I first entered.’ :
Passing through a gate i in the cai wall, I acetal the pleasure
480° LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
- grounds, and’ saw in the orangery or green: house, the celebrated
Warwick vase—the giant among vases. It is a magnificent mags
of marble, weighing 8 tons, of beautiful: proportions, of which. re-_,
duced copies are now familiar to us’ all over. the world. It yas.
brought from, the temple of Vesta, and.is larger than I had. been led
to believe, holding nearly two hogsheads., It. is also ‘vather more
globular in form, and more ‘delicate i in detail ‘than one , og sup-
pose, from the copies.
In the, pleasure grounds my «admiration was riveted by the
“4 cedar walk”—a fine avenue of cedars of Lebanon—that noblest, of
eyergreens-—-some sixty feet high, a tree which in its stately sym-
. Inetry and. great longevity, seemed a worthy. companion of this’
princely castle, But even the cedar of Lebanon is too. short-lived,
for the two oldest trees which stand almost close.to the southern
walls of the castle, and“ which are computed to be about five hun-'
dred years old—gigantic and venerable in appearance—have lately
lost several of their finest branches, and are evidently fast going to
decay. It'was striking to me to see, on the other hand, how much
the hoary aspect of the outer walls of the castle were heightened
by the various beautiful vines and, climbers intermingled with hare-
bells, daisies and the like, which had sprung up of themselves on
the crevices of the mighty walls that overhang the Avon, and, sug
tained by the moisture of its perennial waters, were allowed to grow
. gnd flower without molestation, though every thing | else that hastens
the decay of the building is jealously guarded against.
If any thing more were.wanting to heighten the romantic interest
of this place, it would, be found in the relics which are kept, partly
in the castle, and partly in the apartments at the outer portal, of the
famous Guy, Earl of Warwick, who lived in Saxon times, and whose
history and exploits heretofore always seemed as fabulous to ma as
those of Blue-Beard himself. Still, here is his sword, an enormons
weapon six feet long, which it requires both hands to lift, his breast-
plate weighing fifty-two pounds, and his helmet seven pounds, ‘The
size of these (and their genuineness is beyond dispute,) shows that
he must have been a man whose gigantic stature almost warrants the .
belief in the miracles of valor which he performed in battle—ag an
enormous iron “ porridge pot” of singular clumsy antique form, which
WARWICK CASTLE! KENILWORTH : STRATFORD-ON-AVON. 481
holds 102 gallons, does any amount of .creduility as to the digestive :
powers necessary to sustain the Colossus who slew ‘all the’ dragous
of his day.
While I was at: Warwick, I ascended on a fine moonlight evening,
the top of the highest tower, commanding the whole panorama of
feudal castle, tributary town, and lovely landscape. It would be
vain to attempt to describe the powerful emotions that such a scene
and ,its many associations, under such circumstances, awakened .
within me; but I turned my face at last, westward, toward my wative
land, and with uplifted eyes thanked the good God, that, though to
England, the country of my ancestors, it had been given to.show
the growth of man in his highest development of class or noble, to
America has been reserved the greater ‘blessing of solving for the
world the true problem of all humanity—that of the abolition of all
castes, and the recognition of the divine rights of every human
soul.’
This neighborhood: is equally beautiful to the eye of the pictu-
resque or the agricultural tourist. I was shown farms on the War-
wick estate which are let out to-tenants at over £2 per acre—and
everywhere the'richness of the grain-fiells gave evidence both of
high cultivation and excellent soil, The chief difference, after all,
between an English rural landscape and one in the older. and better
cultivated parts of the United States, is almost wholly in-the univer-
sality of verdant hedges, and the total absence of all other fences.
The hedges (for the most part of hawthorn) divide all the farm-
fields, and line all the roadsides—and even the borders of the ‘rai
ways, in all parts of the country. I was quite satisfied with the
truth of this conjecture, when I came accidentally, in my: drive yes-
térday, upon a little spot of a few rods—where the hedges had been
destroyed, and a'temporary post and rail fence, like those at home,
put in their place. The whole thing was lowered at once to:the
harshness and rickety aspect of afarm at home. The majority of
the farm hedges are only trimmed once a year—in winter—and
therefore have, perhaps,'a more natural and picturesque look than
‘the more carefully trimmed hedges of the gardens. Hence, for a
farm’ ‘hedge, a plant’ should be chosen that will grow thick of itself
‘with only this single annual clipping, and which will adapt itself to
31
482 LETTERS -FROM ENGLAND.
all soils, I am, therefore, confirmed in my belief, that the buck-
thorn is. the farmer’s hedge plant for America, and I am also satis.
fied that it will make a better and far more durable hedge than the
hawthorn does, even here. «>
Though England is, beautifully wooded, yet the great pr apse
ance of the English elm—a. tree wanting in grace, and only grand
when very old, renders. an. English roadside landscape in this
respect, one of less “sylvan beauty than our finest scenery of like
character at home. The American elm, with its fine drooping
branches, is rarely or never- seen here, and there is none of that
variety of foliage which we have in, the United States. For. this
reason (leaving out of sight rail fences), 1 do. not think even, the
drives through Warwickshire so full of rural. beauty as those i inthe |.
valley of the Connecticut—which they most resemble. In June
our meadows there are as verdant, and our trees incomparably, more
varied'and beautiful. On the other hand, you must remember. that
here, wealth.and long civilization have so refined and perfected the
details, that in this respect there is no comparison—nothing i in short
to'be done but to admire and enjoy. For instance, for a circuit of
eight or ten miles or more here, between Leamington and Warwick
and Stratford-on-Avon, the roads, which are admirable, are regularly
sprinkled every dry day in summer, while along the railroads ‘the: |
sides are cultivated with grass, or farm: crops or. flowers, almost. to
the very rails.
_.. The ruins of. Kenilworth, only jigs miles from ‘Warwick, hace: ts
been so often visited and described that they are almost familiar to
you. Though built long’ after Warwick castle, this vast palace,
which ‘covered (including the garden . walls) six or seven acres, is
entirely in ruins—like most of the very old castles i in England. The
magnificent suites of apartments where the celebrated Earl of Lei-
cester, the favorite of Elizabeth, entertained his sovereigh with such
regal magnificence, are roofless and desolate—only here and there a
fragment of a stately window or a splendid hall, attesting the beauty
of the noble architecture, Over such of the walls and towers as are
yet. standing, grows, however, the most gigantic trees of ivy—abso-
lutely ¢rees—with trunks more than two feet in diameter, and rich
masses of foliage, that covered the hoary. and. crumbling walls ‘with )
WARWICK CASTLE! KENILWORTH-: STRATFORD-ON-AVON. 483
a drapery so thick that I could not fathom it with an arm’s length.
When the ivy gets to be a couple ‘of hundred years old, it loses
something of its vine-like character, and more resembles a. gigantic
laurel tree, growing’ against and partly hiding the venerable walls.
In the: ancient pleasure-grounds of Kenilworth—those very
‘ pleasure-grounds whose alleys, doubtless Elizabeth and Leicester had
trodden together, I saw remaining the most beautiful hedges of old,
gold and silver holly—almost (to one fond of gardening) of them-
selves worth corning across the Atlantic to see—so rich were they
in their variegated glossy foliage, and ‘so large and massive in their
growth. As these ruins are open to the public, and are visited by
thousands, the keepers find it to their account to preserve, as much as-
possible, the relics of the old garden i in good order, though the pal-
ace itself is past all renovation.
In this ‘neighborhood, at a distance of eight miles, is also that
spot dearest, to all who speak the English language, and all who re-
spect human genius, Stratford-on-Avon. The coachman who drove
me thither from Warwick Castle, and whose mind probably mea-
sures greatness by the size of the’ dwelling it inhabits—volunteered
the information to me on the way there that it was “a very smallish
poor sort of a house,” that I was going to see. As I stood within
the walls of the humble room, little more than seven feet high, and
half a dozén yards long, where the greatest of poets was born and
‘passed so many days of his life, [involuntarily uncovered my head
and felt how much more sublime is the power of genius, which
causes this simplest of’ birth- -places to move a deeper chord in the
heart than all the pomp and external circumstance of high birth or
heroic achievements, based as they mostly‘are, upon the more selfish
side of man’s nature. It was, indeed, a very “smallish” house, but
it was large enough to be the home of the mightiest soul that Eng-
land’s sky ever covered.
Not far distant is the parish ‘church, where Shakspeare lies
buried. An avenue of lime-trees, singularly clipped so as to form
an arbor, leads across the churchyard to the porch. Under a large
slab of coarse stone, lies the remains of the great dramatist, bearing
the simple and terse epitaph composed by himself; and above it,
upon the walls, is the monumental bust which is looked upon as the
484 LETTERS: FROM ENGLAND.
most authentic likeness. It has,.to my eye, a wooden and unmean-
ing expression, with no merit as a work of art—and if there is any
truth in physiognomy could not have been a likeness—for the upper
lip is that ofta man wholly occupied with self-conceit. I prefer
greatly, the portrait in Warwick Castle—which shows a face paler
and strongly marked with traces of thought, and an eye radiant
with the fire of genius—but ready with a+warm, lightning glance,
to read the souls of others.
I write you from London, where I have promised to make a
visit to Sir William Hooker, who is the director of the Royal. Bo-
tanic Garden at Kew, and have’ accepted an invitation from. the»
‘Duke of Northumberland to see the fine trees at Sion House,
Il.
KEW-GARDENS: NEW HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT: A
NOBLEMAN’S SEAT.
August, 1850.
TY DEAR SIR =, intended to say something to you in this
‘letter of the enormous parks of London—absolute woods and
prairies, in the midst of a-vast and populous city; but the subject
is one that demands more space than I have at my disposal to-day,
and I shall therefore reserve it for the future. I will merely say,
en passant, that every. American who visits London, whether for the
first or the fiftieth time, feels mortified that no city in the United
States has a public park—here so justly considered ‘both the highest
luxury and necessity in a great’ city. What are called parks in
New-York, are not even apologies for jhe thing ; they are only
squares, or paddocks. In the parks of London, you may imagine
“yourself in the depths of the country, with, apparently, its bound-
less space on all sides; its green turf, fresh air, and, at certain times
of the day, almost its solitude and repose. And at other times,
they are the healthful breathing zone of hundreds of thousands of
citizens ! .
Tur Nariona, Garpen at Kew.—I have just come from a
visit to Sir William Hooker's, at Kew Park, He is the director
of the Royal Gardens at Kew,—a ‘short distance from his house,—
where we spent almost the entire day together, exploring in detail
the’ many intersting features of this place, now admitted to be the
finest public botanic garden i in Europe.
It is only within a few years that Kew Gardens have been given
486 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
up to the public; and it is wholly owing to the spirited administra-
tion of Sir William Hooker—so well known in. both hemispheres
for his botanical science—that it has lately reached.so high a rank
among botanical collections. Originally, the place is interesting, as
: having been the favorite suburban residence ‘of various branches of
the royal family. - ‘George III. lived heres, and here Queen Char-
lotte died. The botanical taste of the latter is well known, and
has been commemorated in that, striking and. beautiful plant, the
Strelitzia, named: in her honor* by Sir Joseph. Banks. For a
long time the garden was the receptacle of all the rare plants col-
lected by English travellers—Capt. Cook, Sir Joseph Banks, Cun-
ningham, and others, What-was formerly of little value has, how-
ever, lately become a matter of national pride ; and. this is owing
‘to the fact, that the present queen has wholly given Kew up to the
public, even adding a considerable sum annually from her private a
purse towards maintaining it. The old “Kew Palace,” which
stands in the grounds, is a small, simple, brick mansion, without,the .. .
least pretension to: state, and shows very conclusively that those of
the Hanover family who lived here did it from real attachment to...
the place—like Queen Charlotte, from love of botany; as.there is
nothing about: it to. please the tastes of an ambitious mind.
As Kew has been already described by one of'the correspond-
ents of this journal, I shall not go into those details which might
otherwise be, looked for. I shall rather prefer to. give you a.com-
prehensive idea of the attractions of the place; which, though about
eight miles from London, was visited: last year by one hundred, and
‘thirty-seven thousand persons. The only requisite for admission is
to be decently dressed.
_ When you hear of a garden, i in America, you fing some Tittle
place, filled with borders and beds of shrubs and flowers, and laid
out with walks in various styles. Dispossess your mind at once,
however, of ‘any such notions as applied: to’Kew. Fancy, on the
other hand, a, surface of about two hundred acres; about, sixty of
which is the botanic garden proper, and the rest open park or plea-
sure-grounds. The groundwork of the whole is turf; that. is,
* She was Princess of the house of Mecklenberg Strelitz.
KEW GARDENS, 487
smoothly-mown lawn in the sixty acres'‘of botanic garden, and park-
like lawn, occasionally mown, in the remainder. Over this, is pic-
turesquely disposed a large growth of fine trees—in the botanic
garden, of all manner of rare species, every exotic that will thrive
‘in England—growitig to their natural size ‘without being in the least
crowded—tall pines, grand old Cedars of Lebanon, and all sorts of
rare deciduous trees. Between the avenues and groups are large open
glades of smooth lawn, in which are distributed hot- houses, oma-
mental cottages, a large lake of water, parterres of brilliant flowers
for show, and a botanical arrangement of plants, shrubs, and trees
for scientific study.
In the centre of a wide glade of turf rises up the new palm-
house, built in“1848. It is a palace of glass—362 feet in length,
and 66 feet high—and fairy-like and elegant in its proportions,
though of great strength; ‘for the whole, Earner’ and sashes, is
‘of cast iron, glazed with 45,000 feet‘of glass. You open the ‘door,
and, but for the glass roof that you see instead of sky above your
head, you might believe yourself’ i in the West Indies. Lofty palm
trees, thirty or forty feet high, are growing, ‘rooted in the deep soil
beneath your feet, with the same vigor and Tuxuriance as in the
West Indies. Huge clusters of golden bananas hang across the
walks, and cocoa-nut trees, forty-two feet high, wave their tufts of
leaves over your head. The foliage-of the cinnamon and camphor
scents the atmosphere, and rich air-plants of South America dazzle
the eye with their ‘strange and fanciful blossoms. Most beautiful
of all are the tree ferns, with trunks eight or ten inches in diameter,
and lofty heads, crowned with. plume‘like tufts of. the most delicate
and graceful of all foliage. From the light iron gallery, which runs
round thé inside of this tropical forest-conservatory, you look down
on the richest assemblage of vegetable’ forms that can be conceived ;
while over your head clamber, under the iron rafters, in ‘charming
' luxuriance, the richest passion flowers and other vines of the East
Indian islands.’
If you are interested in exotic botany, you may ‘leave this palm
house, and pass the entire” day in only a casual inspection of the
‘treasures of other climates, collected here from‘ all parts of the
world. Green-houses, the stoves, the orchidaceous house, the Aus-
488 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
tralian house, the New-Zealand house, and a dozen other glass
structures, contain all the riches of the vegetable kingdom which will
not bear the open air,—and each in the highest state of cultivation.
Giant cactuses from Mexico, fourteen feet high, and estimated to be
four hundred years old, and rock gardens under glass, filled with all
the ferns and epiphytes of South America, detain and ‘almost satiate
the eye with their wonderful variety, and _grotesqueness ‘of forms
and colors.
In the open grounds are many noble specimens of hardy trees,
of great beauty, which I must pass by without even naming them.
I saw here the old Deddar cedar and araucaria’ imbricata in Eng-
‘land, each about twenty-five feet high, and justifying all the praises. -
‘that have been lavished upon them ; the former as the most grace- _
ful, and the latter the boldest and most picturesque of all evergreens.
The trunk of the largest ‘araticaria, or Chili ‘pine, here, is of the
thickness of a man’s leg; and the tree looks, at a distance, like a
gigantic specimen of deep green coral from the depths ‘of the ocgan.
I was glad to know, from experience, that those two noble ever-
greens are quite hardy in the northern States. You may judge of
the-scale on which things are planned in Kew, when I mention that
there is a wide avenue of Deodars, newly planted (extending along
one of the vistas from the palm-house), 2,800 feet long. ‘A steam
engine occupying the lower part, and a great reservoir the upper
part of a lofty tower, supplies, by the aid’ of concealed pipes, the
whole. of the botanic garden with water.
I should not omit ‘the museum—a department, lately com-
menced, and: upon which Sir William Hooker is expending*“‘much
time. It is in some respects, perhaps, the most useful and valia-
ble feature in the establishment. Here are collected, in a dried
state, all the curious and valuable vegetable products—especially
those useful in the arts, medicine, and domestic’ economy—all the
raw vegetable materials—the fibre—the manufactured products, etc.
Here, one may see the gutta percha, of the East Indies, in all-.its
states—the maple sugar of America—the, lace-bark of Jamaica—
the teas of China, and a thousand other like useful vegetable" pro-
ducts, arranged so as to show the eae of growth and manufac-
NEW-HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. 489
'
-ture. Collections of all the fine woods, and specimens of interesting
seeds, are also kept in glass cases duily labelled.
Now that I Have: perhaps feebly given you.a coup d’wil of the
whole (omitting numberless leading features for want of time and
space), you must, in order to give the scene its highest. interest,
imagine the grounds, say at 2 o'clock, filled with a thousand or
twelve hundred men, women and children, of all ages,—well dress-
ed, orderly and neat, and examining all with interest and. delight.
You see that they have access, not only to the open. grounds, but
all the. hot-houses, full of rare plants and flower-gardens, gay with
the most tempting materials for a nosegay. Yet, not a plant is
injured—not the least harm is done to the rarest blossom. Sir
William assured me that when he first proposed to try the. experi-
meht of throwing the whole collection open, to the public, many
persons believed it would prove a fatal one; that, in short, Anglo-
Saxons could not be trusted to run at large -in public gardens, ful]
of rarities. It has, however, turned out quite the contrary, as he
wisely believed ;.and I learned with, pleasure (for the fact has a
‘bearing at home); that on days when there had been three thousand
persons in- the garden at a time, the destruction did not amount to
‘the value of fourpence ! On the other hand, the benefits are not
only felt indirectly, in educating, refining, and elevating the people,
but directly in the application of knowledge to the arts of life. I
saw, for example, artists busy in the garden, who had come miles
to get an accurate drawing of some plant necessary to their studies;
and artisans and manufacturers in the museum, who had een
attracted there solely to investigate some matter connected with
their business, in the productions of the loom or the workshop.
In short, I left Kew with the feeling, that a national garden in
America might not only be a beautiful, but a most useful and popu-
lar establishment; one-not too dearly bought, even at the expense
bestowed annually upon Kew.
‘Taz New Houses or Paruiament—I spent a whole morn-
ing with Mr. Barry, the distinguished architect .of the new houses
of Parliament, in examining every part in detail, It, is a common
feeling that the age for such gigantic works in architecture as the
Gothic cathedrals, has gone by.’ Perhaps this may be the case,
490 LETTERS ‘FROM. ENGLAND.
with religious edifices; though I doubt even that, with such a great
church and state empire as Russia growing up, and already’ casting
a gigantic, though yet vague shadow over Europe. But here is'cer-
tainly a flat denial of the opinion, in this new legislative hall of |
Great Britain—quite the masterpiece of modern Gothic architecture
(excepting perhaps the cathedral of Strasbourg). Concisely, this vast
pile, not yet finished, covers, with its courts, about eight acres of
ground. Ten years have been consumed ‘in its erection; and as
many more will.probably be required for its completion.’ You inust
remember, too, that not only have as many as 3000 meti been em-
‘ployed on it ata time, but all appliances of _steam-lifting ‘and other
machinery are used besides, which were not known in ike days of
cathedrals.
The style chosen by Mr. Barry is the perpendicilar, or latest
decorated Gothic—the exterior, rather very nearly akin to that of
the beautiful town halls of the ‘Low Countries, than that. of ‘any
English examples. The storie is‘a hard limestone from’ Yorkshire,
of a drab color; and the decorative sculpture is elaborate and beau-
tifulin the highest degree. What’ particularly charmed me, was
the elegance, resulting from the union of fine proportions and select
forms of modern cultivated tastés, with the’ peculiarly grand and ‘ve-
nerable character of Gothic architecture. One is’so accustomed to
‘see only strength and picturesqueness in middle-age examples, that
one almost limits the pointed style to this compass. But Mr. Barry
has conclusively shown that that elegance—which is always ard
only the result of fine proportions—is.a beauty of which Gothic archi-
tecture is fully capable. ‘Of the splendor of the House of Lords, and
the richness and chasteness of many other portions of the building,
you have already had many accounts.’ I will therefore only say; at
present, that so carefully has thé artistic effect of every portion of
this vast building been studied, that not a‘hinge, the key of a door,
or even the candlesticks on the tables, has been bought at the deal-
er’s ; but every detail that meets the eye has been especially design-
ed for the building. The result,.as you may suppose, is a unity
and harmony throughout, which: must be seen to. be thoroughly ap-
preciated.
The profession has often found fault with the employment of a
A NOBLEMAN’S SEAT. 491
florid Gothi¢ architecture for this building. Certainly, it looks like
throwing away such delicate details,—to pile them up amid the
smoke of London, which is, indeed, already beginning to blacken and
. deface them. But, on the other hand, the beauty and fitness of the
style for the interior seem to me unquestionable. The very com-
plexity appears in keeping with thé intricate machinery of a gov-
ernment, that rules an empire almost extending over half the
globe. : :
Preturz or 4 Nosieman’s Suar. a shall finish this letter with
a sketch of a nobleman’s seat, where Tam just now making: a visit;
and can therefore give you the outlines in a better light than travel-
lers generally can do: The seat is called Wimpole—the property
of the Earl of H , and is situated in the fine agricultural district
of. Cambridgeshire. Tt is not a “show place ;” and though a tesi-
dence of the first class, especially in extent, it is only a fair speci-
men of what you may find, with certain variations, in many counties
in England. ee
- The landed estate, then, anions to more than thirty-seven thou:
‘sand acres—a large part admirably cultivated. The mansion, “which
‘stands in the midst of-one of those: immense and beautiful parks
which one only:finds in England, is a spacious pile in the Roman
. style, four hundred and fifty feet front; rather plain and antique
“. without, but internally beautiful, and-in the highest degree complete
—hboth as regards arrangement and decoration. The library, for
example, is sixty feet long, quite filled with a rich collection of books.
The suite of drawing-rooms’ abounds with -pictures by Van Dyck,
Rubens,.and other great masters; and there is a private chapel, in
which prayers are read every morning, epee of | omenng: a
couple of hundred persons.
In front of the house, a broad level oe of park stretches be-’
fore the eye, and is finely taken advantage of as a position for one
of the noblest avenues of grand old elms that I have seen in Eng-
* Jand; an avenue three miles long, and very wide—not cut in two
- by a road, * but carpeted with grass, like a broad aisle of verdure.
Place 2 at. the end: of, this a distant hill, and..let the avenue be the
= * The approach is,at the side
492 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
central feature to a wide park, that rises into hills and’ flows into
graceful swells behind the house, and fill it with herds of deer and
groups of fine cattle, and you have a general idea of the as fea-
tures of Wimpole.
But it is not yet complete. Behind the house, and separated
from the park by a terrace walk, is a parterre flower-garden, lying
directly under the windows of the drawing-rooms. Like all Eng-
lish flower-gardens, it is set in velvet: Jawn—each bed composed of
a single speciés—the most brilliant and the most perpetual bloom-
‘ers that can be found. Something in the soil or culture here seems
admirably adapted to perfect them, too ; for nowhere have I seen
the beds so closely covered: with lines. and so thickly sprinkled |
with bloom. Some of them are made of two new varieties of scar-
Jet geraniums, with variegated Jeaves, that have peceely the ae
of'a mottled pattern in worsted embroidery.
Beyond this lie the pleasure-grounds,—picturesque,” one
walks, leading a long way, admirably planted with .groups.,and .
masses of the finest evergreens and deciduous trees. Here is a weep-
ing ash, the branches of which fall over an arbor in the form of half
a globe, fifty feet in diameter; and a Portugal laurel, the trunk of
which measures three feet in circumference. A fine American black-
walnut tree was pointed out to me as something rare in England.
And the underwood is made up of rich pele and masses of rhodo-
dendrons and English laurels.
_ Imust beg you to tell my lady friends at home, that many of
them would be quite ashamed were they'in England, at their igno-
rance of gardening, and their want of interest in country life. Here,
for instance, Ihave been walking for several hours to-day through
these beautiful -grounds with the Countess of H., who, though a
most accomplished person in all other matters, has a knowledge of
every thing relating to rural life, that would be incomprehensible to
most American ladies. Every improvement or embellishment is
planned under her special direction. Every plant and its culture
are familiar to her; and there is no ‘shrinking at barn-yards—no
affected fear.of cows—no ignorance of the dairy and poultry-yard.
On the contrary, one is delighted with the genuine enthusiasm and’
knowledge that the highest class (and indeed all classes) show in
A NOBLEMAN’S SEAT. 493
the country life here, and the great amount of health and happiness
it gives rise to. The life of an English woman of rank, in the coun-
try, is not the drawing-room languor:which many of my charming
country-women fancy it. Far from it, On the contrary, it is full
of the most.active duties and,enjoyments. But it must be admitted
that the cool and equal temperature of the summers lere,.is greatly.
more inviting to exercise than our more sultry atmosphere at home.
' We measured, in the course of the morning’s ramble, several
English. elms, with which the park here abounds, ‘from fifteen to
eighteen feet in circumference.* I was not so much surprised at,
this, as at the grandeur of the horse chestnuts, which are truly ma-
jestic—many measuring -not less in girth, with a much greater
spread of branches; each lower branch of the dimensions of an.or-
dinary trunk, and, after stretching far out from the parent stem,
drooping down and resting upon the turf, like a giant’s elbow, and
‘then turning up again in the most picturesque manner. The trees
in-England.haye a more uniform deep green tint than with us, which
I think rather lessens the richness and variety of the. laridscape.
The queen made a visit herein 1844; and as every thing which
royalty.\does in a monarchy is commemorated—and especially when,
as in the present case, the character.of the sovereign is a really good |
one-——I was shown a handsome new-gate at the side of, the park,
opposite to that which I entered, with a striking lodge in the Italian
taste, bearing the royal arms, and called the “Victoria gate.”
‘ What interested me much more, was an alms-house, built and man-
aged wholly by Lady H., as a refuge for deserving persons, grown
old‘or infirm in the service of the family, and unable, through ill
health or incapacity, to take care of themselves. The building—
cottagelike—is not only quite an ornamental structure in the old
English manner, but the interior is planned so as to secure the great-
est comfort and convenience of the inmates. Nothing could be
more delightful than the kind interest felt and acknowledged be-
tween the benevolent originator of this charity and those who were
its recipients. The eyes of an infirm old woman, to whom my hav-
* But, after all, not 80 noble or beautifal as, in their needs the American
elms in the Connecticut valley, ;
494 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
ing come from America was mentioned, and who had sons in the
new world, brightened up with a strange joy at seeing one from a
land where’ her héart had evidently been of late more busy- than at
home. “It was-a good country,” she said; “her sons had bought .
* land, ‘and were doing famous.” For a working man to own land,
in a country like this, where the farmers are almost all only tenants
of the few great proprietors, is to their minds something like hold-
ing a fee-simple to part of paradise.
‘_ The morning yesterday was spent on horseback in examining the
agriculture of the estate. The’rich harvest-fields, extending over the
broad Cambridgeshire plains, afford, at this season, a fine’ Picture of
the great ‘productiveness of England. About a thousand acres, are
farmed by Lord-H., and the test let to tenants. I was glad: to hear
from him that he has endeavored, with great success, to abolish the
enormous consuniption of malt liquor among laborers of all classes’
here, by giving them only a very small allowance joined to a sum
equal to the largest allowance on other estates, in the shape of an
addition to their wages. He confirmed my previous impressions of
the bad effects produced by this, monstrous guzzling of beer by the
working men of England ; a consumption actually.astounding to one
accustomed to the abstinent. and equally hard working farmers of the
~ United Statés.*
_ Farming, here, is a vastly more scientific and carefully studied
occupation than with us; and the attention bestowed upon landed
estates, (many of which ‘yield a revenue of $50,000 or $60,000 a
year, and some much more,) is, as you may suppose, one of no tri-’
fling ‘moment. Hence the knowledge of practical agriculture, by
the owners of many of these vast English estates, is of a very high
order; and Iam glad, from considerable observation, to’ say that
the falationis between owner and tenant are often of the most con-
siderate and liberal kind. No doubt the present free trade prices
* At the celebrated farm of Mr. W., in this county, his cellar contained,
at the commencement of harvest, twenty-four hogsheads of beer; barely
enough, as I was told, for the harvest labor—about nine pints per day to -
each man, There was nearly a strike among the workmen for,ten Pints;
indeed, a gallon per day is no very -uncommon. thing for a beer drinker in
England!
A NOBLEMAN’S: SEAT 495,
of corn make. a hard market: for many of the tenant farmers of Eng-
land... Yet, as the interests of the landlord and tenant run in paral-
lel lines, it is clear that rents must be modified accordingly. Upon
this estate, this has been, ‘done most wisely and judiciously. The
good understanding that exists between both parties is therefore very
great; as a proof of which, I will mention that the Earl gives a din-
’ ner bie a year, to which all his tenants are invited, _At the last
festival of this sort, he took’ occasion to speak publicly « of the low
prices of bread-stufls, and the complaint so frequently ' made of the
high rents at which farms.are still held. To meet the state of the
times, he added, that he had, from time to time, altered the scale
of his rents; and had now resolved to make a still further reduction
of a certain, aiuiebae of. shillings per acre to all who would apply for -_
the same after that day. He now mentioned to me, that although
nearly two months had now elapsed, not a single application had
been made ; and this, perliaps, solely because the tenants appreci-
ated the justice and liberality with which the estate had been man-
aged, and knew the free trade policy, where this is the case, falls as
heavily on the landlords as on themselves.
Nothing can well be more complete, of its kind, than this highest
kind of country life in England. I leave out of the ‘question now,
of course, all republican reflections touching the social or political
bearing upon other.classes. Taken by itself, it has been perfected
here by the long enjoyment of hereditary right, united to high cul-
tivation and great natural taste for rural and honie pleasures, till’ it
is difficult to imagine any thing (except, perhaps, a little more sun-
shine out of doors) that would add to the picture. In the first:
place, an Englishman’s park, on one of these great estates, is a spe-
cies of kingdom by itself—a vast territorial domain, created solely’
for his own enjoyment, and within the bounds of which his family
and guests may ride, drive, walk, or indulge their tastes, without i in
the least interfering with any one, or being interfered with, by the
presence of any of the rest of the world. In the next place, the cli-
mate not only favors the production of the finest lawns and pleasure-
grounds in the world, but promotes the out-of door interest in, and
enjoyment of them. Next, these great domestic establishments (so
immense and complete that we have nothing in America with ‘which
496 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
to compare them) are still managed (owing to the exercise of the.
service and the division of labor) with an ease and simplicity quite -
incomprehensible to an. American, who knows from experience how
difficult it is to keep a household of half a dozen domestics together,
even in the older parts of the Union. Here, there are sixty ser-
vants, and I have been im houses ‘in England where there are above
a hundred, and yet all moving with the quiet precision of a chrono-
meter. There are few people in England, I think, who. seem in-
clined to say’ amen, to the doctrine that
“Man wants but little here below.”
I would however be quite willing to subscribe to it, so far as re-
gards one’s domestic establishment in America, if, alas 1 we could
have “that little’ "—good |
I must close my letter here, with a promise to’ give you some
account of Chatsworth in my next, which stands, in some respects,
at the head of all English places. : “y
UL
CHATSWORTH.
[Mr. Downing’s remarks upon introducing a friend’s “Impressions of
Chatsworth,” in the Horticulturist for January, 1847, will well precede his
own letters from that place.]
HAT one would a if he were a Duke, and had half a million.
a year? is a question which, if it could be audibly put by a
magician or a fairy, as in the bygone days of wands and enchant-
ments, would set all the restless and ambitious directly to air-castle-
building. Visions of the enjoyment of great estates, grand palaces,
galleries of pictures, richly stored libraries, stately gardens, and
superb equipages, would no doubt quickly crowd upon the flushed
imaginations of many even of our soberest, readers. Each person
would give an unlimited scope, im the ideal race of happiness, to his
favorite hobby, which nothing but the actual trial would convince
him that he could not ride better and more wisely than all the rest
of his fellow-men.
We have had pluced in our hands some clever and graphic notes
of a visit to Chatsworth, the celebrated seat of the Duke of Devon-
shire. This place, asa highly artistical country residence, is admit-
ted to stand alone even in England, and therefore in the world. To
save our readers the trouble of perplexing their own wits to conjec-
ture what they would do, if they were burdened or blessed with the
expenditure of the best ducal revenue in Great Britain, we beg leave
to refer them to the notes that follow.
We may give a personal relish to the account, by observing that
32
498 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
the Duke of Devonshire is a bachelor; that it is a principle with
him to’ ‘expend the most’ of his enormous income on his estate, and
that’ gardening i is his passion. He is ‘the President of the London
Horticultural Society, where he is, among enthusiastic amateurs, the
most enthusiastic among them all. He sends’ botanical collectors
to the most distant. and unexplored countries, in search of new plants
at his own cost. He travels, with his head gardener, all over Eu-
rope, to examine the finest, conservatories, and returns home to build
one larger and loftier than them all. He goes to Italy, to study the
‘effect of a ruined. aqueduct, that he may copy it on a grand scale in
the waterworks at his private country- Place ; ‘and he takes ‘down a
whole village near the borders of his park, in order; to impr ove and
rebuild it in the most tasteful, comfortable, and. picturesque moanner: .
Butit is not only in gardening, that the Duke of Devonshire dis-
plays his admirable taste. Chatsworth is not less remarkable for the
treasures of art collected within its walls. Its picture galleries, its
library, its hall of sculpture, its Egyptian antiquities, its stores of
plate, each is so remarkable in its way, that it would make a repu-
tation for any place of less note. In his equipage, though often
simple enough, the Duke has an individuality of his. own, and we
remember reading a description by that exeellent judge of such’ |
matters, Prince Puckler Muskau, of thé Duke’s turn-out at Doncaster .
races—a coach with six horses and twelve outriders, which in point
of taste and effect, eclipsed all competitors, even there.
But this is of little moment fo our readers, most. of whom,
doubtless, relish more their Maydukes, than anecdotes of even the
Royal Dukes themselves. But there is a, certain satisfaction, even
to the humble cultivator of a dozen trees, or plants, or a little plat
of ground, in feeling’ that his dearest hobby—gardening i is also the
favorite resource of one of the wealthiest and most cultivated Eng-
lish nobles. It is, perhaps, doubtful whether the former does not
gather with a stronger satisfaction, the few fruits and flowers ‘so’
carefully watthed and reared by ‘his own hands, than the latter ex-
periences in beholding the superb desserts of hot-house growth,
which every day adorn his table,’ but which he does riot know indi-
vidually and by heart—which others have reared for him—thinned, ;
watered, and shaded—watched the sunny cheek redden, and the
CHATSWORTH. 499
bloom deepen—without any of that strong personal interest which
glads the heart of the possessor of a small, dearly-prized garden. He
gains by the possession of the mighty whole, but he loses as much by
losing the familiar interest in the inexhaustible little. Such is the
divine nature of the principle of compensation !
4
August, 1850.
2 Cason, the magnificent seat ue the Duke of Devonshire,
fis the unquestionable reputation of being the finest private country
_ Tesidence in the world. You will pardon me, then, if I bestow a
few more words on it, than the passing tourist is accustomed to do.
I ought to preface my account of it by telling you that the pre-
sent Duke, now about sixty, with an income equal to what passes for
a yery. large fortune in America, has all his lifetime’ been remark-
able for his fine taste, especially in gardening : and that this resi-
dence has an immense advantage over most other. English places, in |
being set down in the midst of picturesque Derbyshire, instead of
an ordinary park level. In consequence of the latter circumstance,
the highest art is contrasted and heightened by-the fine setting of a
higher nature.
«If you, enter Chatsworth, as most visitors do, by the Edensor
gate, you will be, arrested by a little village—Edensor itself; a
lovely lane, bordered’ by cottages, just within the gate, that has been
wholly built by the present Duke. It is quite a study, and is pre-
cisely what everybody imagines the possibility of doing, and what
no one but a king or a subject with a princely fortune, and a taste not
always born with princes, could do. In short, it is such a village as
a poetearchitect would design, if it were as easy to make houses of
_ solid materials as it’is to draw them on paper. There may be thirty
_. or forty cottages in all, and every one most tasteful i in form and pro-
portions, most admirably built, and set in its appropriate framework
of trees and shr ubbery,—making . an ensemble such as I saw no-
where else in England. There are dwellings in the Italian, Gothic,
Norman, Swiss, and two or three more styles; ‘each as capital a
\
500 : LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
study as you will find in, any of the architectural works, with the —
advantage which the reality always, has over its ‘counterfeit. :
From this little village to Chatsworth House, or palace, i is about
two miles, through a park, which is a broad valley, say a couple of
miles wide by half a “dozen long. It is indeed just one of, those
valleys which our own Durand loves to paint in his ideal landscapes,
backed by wooded hills and sylvan slopes, some three hundred or
four hundred feet high, with a lovely English, river—the Derwent—
running like a silver cord through the emerald park, and grouped
with noble drooping limes, oaks, and elms, that are scattered over
its broad surface. After driving about a mile, the palace bursts upon
your. view—the broad valley park spread out below ‘and before it—
the richly wooded hill rising behind it—the superb ‘Ttalian gardens
lying around it—the whole, a palace in Arcadia. On the or est. of —
the hill, from the top of a picturesque tower, floats the flag which
apprises you that the owner of all that you see on every side—the
park of twelve miles circuit (filled with herds of the largest and most
beautiful deer. I have yet seen), valley, : hills, ‘and the little wand
which the horizon, shuts in—is at home i in his castle. .
The palace i is a superb pile, extending i in all some eight hundred _
feet, It is designed i in the classical style, and is built of the finest
material—a stone of a rich golden brown tint, which harmonizes
well with. the rich setting of foliage, out of which it rises. :
" Cavendish is the family name. of the. Duke of Devonshire, anil
this estate"became the property of Sir W. Cavendish, in the time of
Elizabeth, The main building was erected by the first Duke in, 1702,
and the stately wings, containing the picture and sculpture galleri ies,
by the present, Duke, Every portion, however, is in the finest , pos-
sible order and preservation ; and it would be difficult for the stran
ger to point out, which part of the palace helongs to the eighteenth,
and which to the nineteenth: centuries. .
’ You, enter the gilded gates at the fine portal at-one end of the
range, and drive along a court some distance, till you are set down |
at the main entrance door of the palace. The middle of the court
is occupied by a marble statue of Orion, seated.on the back of a
dolphin, about which.the waters of a fountain are constantly play-.
ing. From the chaste and beautiful entrance hall rises a broad ..
CHATSWORTH, ‘ 501
flight of’ stairs, which leads to the suite of state rooms, sculpture
gallery, collection of pictures, ete.
The state rooms—a magnificent suite of apartments, with win-
dows composed | each of one single plate of glass, and commanding
‘the most exquisite views—are hung with tapestry, or the walls are
covered with stamped leather, enriched with gilding. In these
roonis are thé matchless carvings in wood, by Gibbons, of which,
like everybody else curious in such matters, I had heard much, but
-which fairly beggar all praise.’ No one can conceive carving so
wonderfully beautiful and true as this. The groups of dead game
hang from the walls with thé death flutter in the wings of the birds,
and.a bit of lace ribbon, which ties one of the’ festoons, is—more
delicate than, lace itself. The finest pictures of Rapliael could not
have astonished me so much as these matchless artistic car mies in
wood.
A very noble library, a fine collection of pictures, and the
choicest sculpture gallery in England (over one hundred feet long,
’ especially rich in the works of Canova, Thorwalsden, and Chantrey),
a long corridor, completely lined with ‘original sketches by the great
masters, and 4 very:richly decorated private chapel, are among. the
show apartments of Chatsworth.
‘So much of the palace as ‘have: enumerated, along with all the
out-of-door treasures of the domain, is generously thrown open to
the public by the Duke; and you may believe that the opportunity
of gratifying their curiosity is not ‘thrown away, when I ‘tell you
that upwards of 80,000 ‘persons visited Chatsworth last year. Hav-
ing heard this before I went there, I fancied the annoyance which
all this publicity must give to the possessor and his guests. But
when I saw the vast size of the house, and how completely distinct
the rooms of the guests and the private apartments of the Duke are,
from the portion seen by the public, I became aware how little
inconvenience the proper inmates of the palace suffered by the relin-
* quishment of the show rooms, The private suite.of drawing-rooms,
appropriated to the guests at Chatsworth, is decorated and furnished
in a far more chaste and simple style than the state rooms, though
with the greatest refinement and elegance. Among these adornings,
I observed a superb clock, and some very large vases of green mala-
502 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
chite, presented by the Emperor of Russia; Landseer’s original
picture of Bolton Abbey, and that touching story of Belisarius—
old, blind, and asking alms—told upon canvass by Murillo, so pom
erfully as to send a thrill through the dullest observer.
In the ground floor, opening on a level with the Italian gardens,
-is the charming suite of apartments, occupied chiefly by the Duke
when his guests are not numerous. Nothing can well be imagined
more tasteful than these rooms,—a complete suite, beginning with
a’breakfast-room, and ending with the most select and beautiful of.
small‘ libraries, and including cabinets ef minerals, gems, pictures,
etc. The whole had all that snugness and cosiness which is so ex-
actly opposite to what one expects to find in a palace, and which
gave me the indéx to a mind capable of seizing and enjoying the
delights of both extremes of refined’ life. The completeness of
Chatsworth House, as you will gather from. what I have said, is
that it contains under one roof suites of apartments for’ living in
three different styles—that of the palace, the great country housg, .
and the cottage orneé. “With such a prodigality of space, you can
easily see that the Duke can afford, for the: ‘greatet part of the year,
to throw the palace proper, i. e., the state rooms, open to the enjoy-
ment of the public.
“The next morning after my arrival at’Chstsworth, was one of...
unusual brilliancy. The air was soft, but the sunshine was that of
our side of the Atlantic, rather than the mild and tempered gray of
England. After breakfast, and before making our exploration of
the gardens’ and pleasure-grounds, the Duke had the kindness to
direct the whole wealth of fountains and grandes eaux to be put in
full play for‘the day,—a spectacle not: ‘usually seen; as indeed the
Emperor fountain is so powerful and so high that it is dangerous to
play it, except when the atmosphere is calm.
We enter the Italian gardens. And what are the Italian gar-
' dens? you are readyto inquire. I will tell you. They are: the
series of broad terraces, on two or three levels, which ‘surround the
palace, and which, containing half a dozen acres or more'of highly -
dressed garden scenery, separate the pleasure-grounds and the house
from the more sylvan and rural park. As the house is on a higher
level than most of a valley, you lean over the: massive Italian
CHATSWORTH. 503
balustrade of the terrace (all of that rich golden stone), and catch
fine vistas of the park scenery below and beyond you. Of course,
the Italian gardens are laid out in that. symmetrical style which
best accords with a grand mass of architecture, and are decorated
with fine vases, statues, and fountains. , A pretty effect. is produced
by avenues of Portugal. laurels, grown with single stems and round .
heads, like the orange-trees that always border the walks of the
gardens of the continent; aud the Duke mentioned, in passing, that
the Prince and Princess Borghese, who had been guests at Chats-
worth but a few days beforg,had really mistaken them for orange-
‘ trees. But one point where the Italian gardens of Chatsworth must
always be finer than any in Italy; is in the ‘carpet of turf which
forms their groundwork. The. “velvet turf” of England is world-
wide in its reputation; but no one, till he sees it as it is here—
short, tufted, elastic to the tread—can realize that the phrase is not
a metaphor. A surface of real dark green velvet of a dozen acres,
would scarcely soothe the eye .more, by its look of softness and
smoothness, than the turf in the Italian gardens at Chatsworth,
But the crowning glory in Chatsworth, is its fountains. In a
country where water is always scarce, a situation that affords a pretty
stream, or a small artificial lake, is a rarity. But the whole of the
“hill, or mountain, that. rises behind the house and pleasure-grounds,
is full of. springs, and has been made a vast reservoir, which is per-
‘fectly under command, and fulfils its purposes of beauty as if it
were under the spell of some enchanter. If you will suppose your-
self standing with me on the upper terrace of the Italian gardens
that morning, behind you rises wh the palace, stately and magnifi-
cent; all along its front of eight hundred feet, those gardens extend
—a carpet of velvet, divided by broad, alleys, enriched by masses of
the richest flowers, and enlivened by fountains of various form,
» sparkling in the sunshine. like silver. Before you, also, stretches
_ part of these gardens—a part in which the principal feature is-a
mirror-like lake, set in. turf, and overhung by a noble avenue of
drooping lime trees—beyond which you catch a vista of the distant
hills.’ he 5 : ;
Out of this limpid sheet springs up a fountain, so high that, as
you look upward and fairly hold your breath with astonishment
4
504 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
you almost expect it, with its next leap, to reach the sky; and yet,
with all this vast power and volume, it is so light, and airy, and beau-
tifwl, and it bursts at the top, and falls in such a superb storm of
diamonds, that you will not be convinced that it is not a produc-
tion of nature, like Niagara. This is the Emperor Fountain—the
highest in the world; about the height, I should say, of Trinity
Church spire.* It is only suffered to play on calm days, as the
weight of the falling water, if blown aside. by a high wind, would
seriously-damage the pleasure-grounds.
As the eye turns to the left, the’wooded hill, which forms itis
rich forest back-ground to this scene, seems to have run mad with
cataracts. Far off among the precipices, near its top, you see water-
falls bursting out among the rocks,—now disappearing amid the
thick foliage of the wood, and then reappearing lower down, foam-
ing with velocity, and plunging again into the dark woods. — To-
wards the ‘base. of the hill stands a circular water-temple, out of
which the water rises. It gushes 'out as if’ from the hydrant of the
water gods, and, running down a slope, falls at the back of the gar-
dens down a long flight of very broad marble steps, that lead from
the water-temple to the edge of the pleasure-grounds, so as to give »
the effect of a waterfall of a hundred or more feet high. This
wealth of water, as if some river at the back of rthe mountain had
broke loose, and, after wild pranks in the hills, had been forced. into
order and symmetry in the pleasure'grounds, gives almost the
- tumult and excitement of a freshet in the wilderness to this most
exquisite combination of garden and natural scenery.
Leaving the point—where you take in, without moving, all this
magical landscape—you wander through flower gardens, and amid
pleasure-grounds, till you reach a more wooded and natural looking
‘paysage. The fountains, the carefully polished Italian gardens, are
no longer in view. The path becomes wild, and, after'a turn, you
enter upon a scene the very opposite to all that-I have been describ-
ing: You take it for ‘a rocky wilderness. The rocks are of vast
size, and: indeed of all ‘Sizes 5 with thickets of laurels, rhododen-
* The height, of the Emperor Fountain i is 267 feet. The next highest
fountains in the world, are one,at Hesse Cassel, 190 feet; one at St. Cloud,
+ 160 feet; and the great jet at Versailles, 90 feet.
CHATSWORTH.. e 505
drons and azaleas growing among them, ivy and other vines climb-'
ing over them, and foot-paths winding through them. From the
top of a rocky precipice, some thirty feet high, dashes downy. a
waterfall, which loses itself in a pretty. meandering stream that
steals away from the foot of the rock. Nothing can well look
wilder or more natural than this spot ; and yet: this spot, the “rock-
garden,” of six: acres, has all been created. Every one of these
rocks has been brought here—some, of them from two or three miles
away. It is just as wild a scene as ‘one finds on the skirts of some
wooded limestone ridge in America. Though it was all made a few
years ago, yét now that the trees and shrubs have had time to take
forms of wild luxuriance, all traces of art are obliterated. The eye
of the botanist only, detects that the masses of laurels are rare rho-
dodendtons, and that beautiful azaleas of ‘the Alps* make the un-
‘derwood to the forest that surrounds it,
You wish to go onward. We will. leave the rock nee by
this path, on the side opposite to that which we entered.- No, that,
you see, is impossible; a huge rock, weighing fifty or sixty tons,
exactly stops up the path and lies across it. Your compan-
ion smiles at your perplexity,.and with a single touch of his hand,
the rock slowly turns on its centre, and the path is unobstructed !
There is no noise, and nothing visible to explain the mystery; and
when the rock has been as quietly turned back to its place, it looks
so firm and solid upon its base, that you feel almost certain that
either your muscles or the rocks themselves obey the spell of some
unseen and supernatural wood-spirit.
One of the greatest beauties ‘at Chatsworth lies in the diversity
of surface—the succession of hill and dale, which, especially in the
pleasure-grounds, continually. occurs. This variation. offers excel-
lent opportunities for the production of a succession of scenes, now
highly. ornate and artistic, like the flower gardens, now romantic
and picturesque, like: the rocky valley. And as we .continue our
ramble; after entirely losing. sight,of the wild scene I have just de-
scribed,’ we enter upon another still different,—a wide glade or
* Azalea, or,.rather, Rhodode dron hirsutwm: and ferrugineum ; two beau-
tiful sorta, perfectly hardy. ;
506 « LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
opening, like an amphitheatre, i in the midst of a fine grove of trees.
An immense palace of glass rises before us. Its curved roof, spring-
ing seventy feet high, gleams in the morning sun; and you.would
be at a loss to conceive for what purpose this vast structure was in-
tended, did you not see as you approached; by the indistinct forms of
the foliage, that it incloses another garden. This is the great con-
servatory, which is three hundred feet long, and covers rather more
than an acre of ground. Through its midst runs a broad. road,
over which the Duke and his guests occasionally drive in a carriage
and four. All the riches -of the tropics are grown here, planted.
in thesoil, as if in their native climate; and a series of hot-water
pipes maintain, perpetually, the temperature of Cuba in the heart of
Derbyshire. The surface is not entirely level, but there. are rocky
hills and steep walks winding over them; and lofty as the roof is,
some of.the palms of South America have already nearly reached
the glass. From the branches and trunks of many of the largest,
hang curious air plants, brilliant, and apparently as tittle fixed to
one spot as summer butterflies. HS 7
But ‘I shall never bring this letter to a close, if I’ dell: -even
slightly 3 upon any Interesting scene in detail. I must mention, how-
ever, in passing, the arboretum—perhaps a mile long—planted with
the rarest trees, and every day becoming richer and moie interest-
ing to the botanist and the landscape gardener., The trees are
neither. sét in formal lines, nor grouped in a single scene, but are
scattered along .a picturesque drive, with space enough for each to
develope its natural habit of growth. There are some very grace-
ful Deodar cedars here, and a great many araucarias. But the
two most striking and superb trees, which I nowhere else saw half
so large and in such perfection, were Douglass’ fir (Abies Doug-
lasst), and the noble fir (Abies nobilis). They are two of the mag-
nificent evergreens of California and Oregon, discovered -by Doug-
lass, and brought to England about eighteen years ago. These two
specimens are now about thirty-five feet high, extremely elegant in
their proportions, as well as beautiful in shape and;color. I cannot
describe them, briefly, so well as by comparing the first to a gi-
ganti¢ and superb balsam fir, with. far larger leaves, a Iuxuriance
and freedom always wanting in the balsam, together, with the
CHATSWORTH. 507
richest dark bronze-green foliage; and the latter to-the finest droop-
ing Norway spruce,-equally multiplied in the scale of luxuriance
and grace. .They grow upon:a rocky bank, overhanging: a pool of
clear water, and look as if noromrly at. ca on the.slope of .a
hill-side in Oregon.
‘The arboretum walk forms .a sonal collection of -all the
hardy trees that will grow out of doors at Chatsworth, with space
for planting every new species as it may be introduced into Great
Britain. A fine effect is. produced by grafting the weeping ash
into the top of a common ash tree with a tall trunk thirty feet high,
whence it falls on all sides. more gracefully and. prettily than. when
grafted low ;:a hint that I laid up for easy prattice at hgme.
A mile farther on, and you: ‘reach the tower, on the hill top,
where the eye commands the whole of Chatsworth valley,—such a
picture of palace and pleasure-ground, park and forest scenery as
can be found, perhaps, nowhere else in the circle of the planet.
After a long exploration—after exhausting. all the well-bred_ex-
pressions of enthusiasm in my vocabulary, and imagining that it was
impossible that landscape gardening, and embellishment, and park
scenery, and pleasure-ground decoration, could farther go—the
Duke reminded me that I had neither seen the kitchen gardens, the
great peach-tree, ngr the famous new water lily—the Victoria Regia.;
and that Mr. Paxton, his able chef, would never forgive a neglect of so
important a feature in a place. As the gardens where all these new
swonders lay, were quite on the opposite side of the park, we gladly
took to the carriage after our industrious morning’s ramble.
I shall not attempt to describe these large and complete fruit and
foreing gardens. But the peach-tree of Chatsworth has not, to ny,
recollection, been described, though it deserves to. b¢ as famous as
the grape-vine of Hampton Court. It is the more wonderful, be-
cause, a8 you know, peach-trees do not grow in England in orchards
of five hundred acres, like those of the Reybolds, in Delaware ; but
are only seen upon walls, or under glass. Yet I assure you, our
friend R.’s eyes, accustomed as they are to peach blossoms by the
mile,"would have dilated at the sight of this monster tree, occupy
ing a glass house by itself, and extending over a trellis—I should
say a hundred feet long. . I inquired about the product of this tree,
a B
508 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
and:when the. number was mentioned, I imagined His Grace de-
tected a slight smile of incredulity ; for he begged Mr. Paxton to
copy for me, and subscribe his name to, the accurate statistics of the
present crop. I send’it to you in a note,* with the addition, that
the fruit was of the variety known as the Royal George, very large,
and. finer flavored than I had before tasted from trees grown under
glass. The whole trellis from one end to the other, was most. ad-
mirably clothed—not a vacant place to’be found. . :
Of the superb water lily, lately discovered in Brazil, and named
Victoria Regia, in honor of the Queen, you have already published
an account. It has grown. and bloomed here more perfectly than
" elsewhere x though there are, also, good specimens at the Duke of
Northumberland’s, and at.Kew. ‘The finest plant here-occupies a
house built specially for it, 60 by 45 feet, inclosing a small pond 83
feet in diameter for it.to grow in. The plant: is, unquestionably,
the most magnificent aquatic known. The huge circular leaves, ‘4
to 5 feet across, are like great umbrellas in size’; and the blossoms, as
large as a man’s hat—pure white, tipped with crimson—float: upon
the surface with avery queenly dignity,as if ready to command.
admiration. A small frame or board. was placed’ on one of the
leaves, merely in order. to divide. the weight equally as it floated ;
and it upheld the weight of a man readily. Sgme seeds were pre-
sented to me of this beautiful floral amazon before I left Chatsworth ;
but as it requires the tank to be heated to a temperature of 85°,
andthe water kept constantly in motion by a small wheel, I fear I
shall not readily find an amateur in the United States who will be
inclined to indulge a taste for so expensive a floral fancy.
The kitchen and forcing grounds are on an immense scale, and
some handsome fruit was being packed to go asa present to the
‘Queen. The pines were usually large and fine; and the Duke re-
marked that Mr. Paxton has reduced the cost of producing them
two-thirds, since he has had charge of that department,—some ten
or twelve years.
* “ Memorandum of Peaches, borne by the Great Peach Tree at Chats-
worth, in 1860.—Fruit thinned out at various times before maturity, 7, 801;
do. left to ripen, 926; total crop, 8,7 ae
7 Jos. Paxton.”
CHATSWORTH. 509
_ If after this lengthy description, I have almost wholly failed to
give you an idea of Chatsworth, it is not wholly because my pen is
not: equal to’ the task. Something must be allowed for the difficulty
of presenting to you any adequate’ notion of the variety, richness,
and completeness of an estate, ‘where you may spend many days
with new objects of interest and beauty constantly before you; ob-
jects which, only to enumerate, would be presenting you with dry
catalogues, instead of living pictures, brilliant and varying as those
of the kaleidoscope.
‘And, I think I hear you say, this is all for the pride and pleasure
of a ‘single individual ! All this is done to minister to his happiness.
Not entirely. The Duke of Devonshire has’ the reputation, very
deservedly, I should think, of being second to no man in England
for his benevolence, kind-heartedness' and liberality. Certainly, I
think I may safely say, that Chatsworth shows more refined taste,
; joined to magnificence, both externally and internally, than any
place I have ever seen. ‘W. hen one sees how many persons are con-
stantly employed ‘i in thé various works of improvement on this single
estate, and how cheerfully the whole is thrown open to the study
and ‘enjoyment : .of thousands and tens of thousands annually, one
cannot but concede a liberal share of admiration and thanks to a
nobleman who might follow the example of many others, and make
his home his closed castle; but who prefers, on the other hand, to
open, like a ‘national picture gallery, this magnificent specimen of
landscape gardening ‘and architecture, on which his fine taste and
ample fortune have been lavished for half a century. One ‘has only.
to: visit Windsor and Buckingham Palace after Chatsworth, to see
‘the difference between a noble ahd pure ‘taste, and a royal want of
it, The one may serve to educate and reform the world. The ut-
most that the other can do, is to dazzle and astonish those who can-
“not recognize real beauty or, excellence in art.
IV.
ENGLISH TRAVELLING: HADDON HALL: MATLOCK:
' THE DERBY ARBORETUM: ‘BOTANIC GARDEN IN
REGENTS PARK,
eet 1850.
ERBYSHIRE (you senate you left me at Chatsworth), is so
picturesque a country, that I drove about among its hills and
valleys with. the luxury of good roads and the easiest of private car-
riages. It is, indeed, only in this way that England can be seen or
understood. To dash through. such a country as this, where the de-
tails are all wotked up into such perfect; finish, is like going through
a gallery of cabinet pictures at the speed of Capt, Barclay, or some
«, erack pedestrian,” who performs a thousand miles in a thousand _
hours. Here is indeed a hilly country, where you get a glimpse of -
something new and. interesting at every turn: aad yet the roads are
by no means those we are accustomed to see in such a district, but
smooth and hard as a Macadam can make them. It would, how-
ever, amuse one of our expert, Alleghany stage-drivers, who goes
down a five mile mountain on a full run, to see an English coach-
man lock his wheels on such smooth and easy grades as these, |
among the Derbyshire hills. A proposal of such feats to an Eng-
lish driver as are performed daily in the Alleghanies, with the most
perfect success and nonchalance, would be received by him with the
same belief in your sanity, as if you should ask him to obligé you
by swallowing the cupola of St.-Paul’s. On the other hand, the
perfect neatness of dress; (especially in. snowy linen, and spotless
white-top boots), the obliging manners, and the «careful and rapid
HADDON HALL, 511
driving (on those level roads) of a John Bull who is’ bred to hold
the reins, would be a straziger. revelation to one of our uncouth look-
ing drivers, than an explanation of the whole art of governing a
monarchy.
These Derbyshire hills are, in some parts, covered with “wood, :
and in others entirely bare, or rather only covered with grass,—af-
fording pasture to large flocks of sheep. As I drove amid long.
slopes and rounded summits, some 200 or 300 feet high, I was
. struck with the exquisite purple hue, like the bloom on a- plum,
with which some of the hill-sides were suffused in the soft afternoon
light. A little nearer approach enables one to solve the riddle of
the mysterious color. The whole hillside was’ thickly covered,
‘with purple heather, in fall bloom, which, at a distance, gave it the
seeming of having been dipped in some delicate dye. I cannot tell
you how these hills, and the wild wastes and downs of England,
eovered with the delicate bells of the heath, affected me ‘when I
first saw them. When you remember, that with all the forest and
meadow richness of America, not .a single heath grows wild from
one end of the country to the other, and that we scarcely know the
plant, except as a delicate and cherished green-house exotic—a plant
which every English poet has embalmed in his verse, and which is
the very emblem of. wild, airy freshness—you may believe me, when
I tell. you that a million, spent in -gardens under glass, could not
have given me the same exquisite delight, which I expetienced in
running over, plucking, and feasting my eyes upon these acres of
wild heather. There are half a dozen spécies, with different shades
of color—white, pink, pale and-deep purple; but the latter is the
most beautiful, as well as the most common.
_ Hapvpon Haut.—Next to Chatsworth, Haddon Hall is the most
‘ noted locality in Derbyshire. As the two places are but a few
miles apart, they form. the best possible contrast,—Chatsworth being
one of the most finished specimens of the luxuty, refinement, and
grandeur of modern England, as Haddon is of the domestic abodes
and habits of an English nobleman two hundred years ago.
Haddon Hall gives, perhaps, the best idea that may be gathered
any where in this country, of the ancient baronial residence, exactly
as it was. No part of this large castellated pile (which is finely
\
512 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
situated on the slope of.a wooded. hill), is of later date than the
sixteenth century. Its history is that of the Vernon family,.who.
built and inhabited it for more than, three, centuries. Sir George -
Vernon, the last male ‘heir, lived here in the time of Elizabeth ;
and his magnificent hospitality and great: establishment gave him,
the name of the “ king of the Peak.” :
What struck me at. Haddon was the realness and the rudeness
of those halls of ancient. grandeur, There is not one alteration, to
suit more modern tastes—not a single latter-day piece’ of furniture-—
nothing, i in short, that does not remind you of the solidly. material:
difference between ancient and modern times, Vast chimney-
pieces, with huge fire-dogs in them, for burning wood, large hallsy
with ,open timber. roofs, instead of: ceilings, wainscot covered with ,
tattered arras, which hung loosely over secret panelled | doors in the
walls, rude-and massive steps to the staircases, and clumsy, though
strong.bolts and hasps. to the doors,—all these, with many rude
itteuile show that strength, and not elegance, stamped its charags
ter upon the domestic life, even of the great nobles in those days.
Here .is a house which held accommodation for. upwards of four-
score servants, in all the luxury of the time; and yet, so great has:
been the. progress: of civilization, that. many of our working men
would doubtless think the best. accommodation. of those days but
rough apartments to live in. The seats in the kitchen are of stone ;
and there must have been cold draughts. in these great barn-like .
halls, that would make modern effeminacy’s teeth: chatter.
There is a singular charm about such.'a veritable antique castle
as this, which perhaps an American feels more strongly than an
Englishman, It gives one the. feeling « of a conversation with the
spirits of antiquity ;\, and it has for us the additional piquancy,,
growing out of the fact, that we come from a land where: such
spirits are wholly unrecognized and. unknown. To feel that. in this
rude dining-hall the best civilization of the: time flourished, and
mighty barons, ladies, and vassals feasted and revelled, long before
the first settlement was made at J amestown, i is very much like being
invited to smoke a cigar.with Sir Walter ‘Raleigh, or go ts the
Globe playhouse with Manager. Shakspeare.
‘The terraced garden, too, is aan and “ old-timey.” The special
MATLOCK. 518
point of interest is “Dorothy Vernon’s Walk ;” for it. has both ro-
mancé and reality about it. Dorothy was the beautiful daughter’
and heiress of the last Vernon. The son of the first Duke of Rut-
land fell so violently in love with her, when she was but eightéen,
that (his suit not being favored by her father) he lived some time
in the woods of Haddon, disguised as a gamekeeper; and finally
(during a. masked ball), éloped with the fair Dorothy, heiress of
Haddon, pi ‘the door from thé tong gallery, which ey ‘down
to this walk.
And this gives me the opportunity to say, that this martiage, of
course, brought Haddon Hall into the family of the Dukes‘ éf Rut-
land, who; for a time, inhabited it in great state; but aboiit ‘a: hun-
dred years: ago ‘abandoned ‘it for their more anode residence—
' Belvoir Castle. Haddon Hall is, however, though uninhabited,
wisely prevented from: falling into complete decay by the: present
” Duke of Rutland, and is open to the a of visitors’ at all
times.
Matlock, considered the most picturesque: spot in: Derbyshire is
in the ordinary route of travellers, but would, I think, disappoint
any one accustomed to the Hudson; as would, indeed, any’ scenery
in England (I will except Wales) i in “point of picturesquenéss. The
village of Matlock Bath is a watering-place, nestled in ‘a’ pretty,
quiet dale, surrounded by rocky cliffs some 200 or 300 feet ‘high.
Excellent walks, charmingly laid out and well kept, sparry eaverns,
petrifying wells, ‘with mineral springs, make up’ the attractions of:
this rural neighborhood. . The real beauty of Matlock, to my’ eyes—
and it is the essentially English feature—is in the luxuriance of the
vines and shrubbery that clamber over and enwreath every’object—
natural, artificial, and picturesque. A bare, rocky bank, unless it -
has great magnitude or grandeur of outline, is hard and” repulsive,
But Jet that same’ barkk be covered with rich masses‘of i ivy, avd
overhung with. verdure of luxuriant shrubs and trees, and what was
_ugly and harsh is transformed into something exceedingly beautiful.
In this respect, both. climate and culture conspire to make English
scenery of this character very captivating: The ivy springs up and
grows readily, any . ‘where; and the people, with an instinctive feel-
ing for rural expression, encourage this and other drapery, wherever
33 ‘ a
514 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
it is becoming. Strip away from the English cottages, that are. so
much admired, the vines that’ cover, and the shrubbery, that em-
bowers them, and they would look as bald and commonplace as the
most ordinary rural dwellings in America. *'The only difference
would be, that an English cottage, stripped of drapery, would show
plain brick walls, and tile or thatch roof—ours, wooden clap-board-
ing and shingles. Architecturally, however, the English cottages— 3
four-fifths of them—are no better than opr own; but they are. 80
_ affectionately embosomed in foliage, that they touch the heart of
the traveller. more than the designs of. Palladio would, if ‘they bor-
dered the Janes and road-sides..
_As no ‘ceonttion is so cheap as vines, I was one day expressing
my ‘regret to ‘an English landscape-gardéner, that, the ivy was
neither a native of America, nor would it thrive in. thé northern
States, without considerable care, “ You Americans are an un-
grateful people,” said he; “look at that vine, clambering over "yon:
der building, by the side of the ivy. It is, as you, see, more luxuri-
ant, more rapid i in growth, and a livelier green than our ivy, It i is
true, it has neither the associations nor. the evergreen habit of the
ivy ; but we think it quite ‘as beautiful for the purpose of covering
walls and draping: cottages.”. The plant’ he eulogized was the Vir-
ginia Creeper (Ampelopsis quinguefolia), an old favorite of mine,
and which we are just beginning rightly t to estimate at home as it
deserves.* ’ 5
Tat Dexsy Arsoretum —Derby i is an interesting old town,
and I passed a day there with much satisfaction. What I particu-
Jarly wished | to see, however, was the public garden or pleasure, :
had nities can be wore brilliant, as. your readers ell know, than the’
Virginia Creeper. in the autumn woods at home, where it frequently climbs’
up the leading stem of some evergreen, and shines, in its autumnal glory,
like foliage of five, through the dark foliage of a cedar or a hemlock. “Tt
grows in almost every part of the country, and ‘will cling to walls or wood-
work, like the ivy, without any artificial aid: We believe this vine is Tess
frequently’ planted than it- would be, from many persons confounding it
with the poison sumac vine, which a little resembles it, The: Virginia
Creeper is, however, perfectly.harmless, and may be easily known from the
poison vine, by the latter bearing only three leaflets: to a leaf, while the
Virginia Creeper has five leaflets. :
THE DERBY ARBORETUM. 515
grounds, called the Derby Arboretum. It interested me, in three
ways : first, as having beery espécially formed for, and presented to
the inhabitants of the town by their member of Parliament, J oseph
‘Strutt, Esq., a wealthy silk manufacturer. here ; then, as containing
a specimen of most of the hardy trees that vill grow in Britain ;
and lastly, as having been laid out by the late Mr. Loudon. |
As a public garden—the gift of a single individual—it, is cer-
tainly a most noble bequest... The area is about eleven acres, and is
laid’ cut sd'as to, appear much Jarger,—the boundaries congealed by
plantations, etc, There are neat and tasteful entrance lodges, with
public rooms for the use -of visitors (where a lunch is provided, at
the bare cost of ‘the provisions), ‘and where books of reference are
kept ; go that any person who wishes to pursue the study of trees,
can, with the aid of the specimens in’ the garden, quickly becorhe
familiar with the whole, history’ of every known species. During
five days in the week, these grounds are open. to all persons without
charge ; and | on the other two days, the admission fee is, sixpence
—merely enough to keep the place in good condition.
The grounds were in beautiful order, and are evidently much
enjoyed, not only by the good people of Derby, but by strangers,
and visitors from the neighborhood: I met ‘numbers of young peo-
ple strolling ‘about and enjoying the promenade, plenty of nurses and
children gathering health and strength in the fresh air, “and, now
and then, saw an amateur carefully reading the labels of the various
trees and shrubs, and making notes in his memorandum -book—
doubtless, with a view to the improvement of his own grounds,
Every tree/or plant: is conspicuously marked: with a printed label
(a.kind of brick set in the ground at the foot of the, tree or shrub,
with the name under a piece of glass, sunk in a panel upon the top
’ of the brick); and this label contains the common name of the plant,
the botanical name, its native country, the year ofits introduction
(if nota native), and the height to which it, grows. The .most: per-
fect novice in trees, can thus, by walking round the arboretum, ob- :
tain in a'short time a very considerable . knowledge of the hardy
Sylva, while the arboriculturist can solve many a knotty point, by
looking at‘ the trees and plants themselves; which-no amount of
study, without the living specimen, would settle, Then the whole
516 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
collection, consisting of about a hamael ‘different species and varie-
ties, is arranged according to the natuffl] system, so that, the’ bota-
nist: may study classification, as well as structure and growth, with
the whole clearly before his eyes. As the great point isto show
the natural character of the different trees and shrubs, they are all
planted quite separately, and allowed room to grow on all sides;
and no pruning which would prevent, the natural _development of :
the habits of the tree or shrub, is ‘permitted.’ a
The whole arboretum was laid out and planted ten years ago—
in 1840; so that, of course, one can, now, very well judge . of its
yalue and its effécts. .
That it is, and will be, one of the most useful and instructive
public gardens in.the world, there can be.no, doubt; for it certainly
combines thé greatest. possible amount of instruction, with a great
deal of pleasure for all classes, and especially the working classes:
- ‘That it may appeal: largely to the sympathies of the. latter, even to
+hose'to whom all trees are alike, there is a fine piece’ of. smdtth
lawn. (added, I think, to the original, eleven acres), expressly used as ©
a skittle ground, —a favorite English game ‘with ball; at. which
numbers of men and boys were playing while I was there. - -
As regards. taste, I do not hesitate to ae my disappointment.
There is no other beauty in these grounds, an what grows out of
the entire surface being covered with grass, “neatly ° mown,. with
broad straight walks through the central portions, and a. series, of, :
narrower covered walks, making a connected circuit. of athe whole, -
The peculiarity of the design ‘belongs to the surface of the ground.
This was naturally a level ; but in order to produce the greatest pos-
sible intricacy and variety, in a limited space, it was thrown up, _
here and there, into ridges from six to ten feet high. These ridges
are. not. abrupt, but gentle; and. the walks are led- between them,,.so
that even when there are no intervening trees and shrubs, ' you could
not easily see a person in one walk from another one parallel to it,
though only twenty or thirty: feet off, If these ridges, or undula-
tions in the: surface, had been ‘cleverly planted with groups and
masses of trees and shrubs, the effect would-have been very good ;-
but dotted as they are with scattered single trees and shtubs, the re-
sult is a little harsh, with neither the ease of nature nor the symme-
THE DERBY ARBORETUM. : 517
try of art. If one looks at the Derby arboretum, . therefore, as an
example of Mr. Loudon’s landscape-gardening, one would not- geta
high idea of his taste. “But I believe this would not be judging him
fairly, as I think he intended this place as a garden for instructing
the British public in arboriculture, even more than as a specimen
of public pleasure-grounds. And every .one who is familiar with
' botanical gardens, knows how ugly they generally are, from the
very plain reason, that: instead of planting only’ beautiful objects,
they must necessarily” contain a great mass of species, very uninter-
esting except, to' the scientific student. ee ot
I noticed one tree that was entirely new to me, and which I am
sure will be a valuable acquisition to.our pleasure-grounds at home.
-It is the “hoary Pyrus,” from Nepaul, Pyrus vestita,—a very strik-
ing tree, in its large foliage, which is dark green above, and hoary
white below. It-is very mgerone and. sae the specimen about
thirty feet high.
The Derby arboretum, sliagettan as I eave there, cost above
$50;000. Considered as the creation and bequest of a private: citi-
zen to, his townsmen (and to the country at large), it is certainly a
magnificent, donation. © ‘When one remembers what a gratification
is afforded to the numerous inhabitants of a lar, rge town, for all time
to come, by this arboretum, what a refreshment after a day’s labor
for those who have no garden of their own, what’ an instructive
walk—every. year increasing in extent—even for those who. have,
what an attraction to strangers, and what a source of pride to the
citizens to whom it especially belongs, one cannot but look upon
- Mr. Strutt’s gift, as something done in the largest spirit of philan-
thropy. ~ Quite as considerable sums have often been given by mer-
“chants in my own country, to found hospitals and asylums for the.
diseaséd' in mind and body. Perhaps it may not be long before
some one of them will follow the example of Mr. Strutt, and form a
public garden or park, as such places should be formed, and present
it to one of our large cities or: towns, now so much in need of it.
Would it not keep:his memory more lovingly fresh in the minds of
his fellow-men, and their sscendants, than any other bequest it is
possible to conceive ?
Tas Boranic Garpen in Recent’s Parx.—As a pendant to
518 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
this: sketch of the arboretum at Derby, let me give you an outlind
of another garden in the midst of the Regent's Park, at the west end
of London. It cannot, perhdps, be strictly called a public’. garden’; ;
itis, more properly, a subscription. garden, as it was made, and is
maintaitied, ‘by about sixteen hundred members, who either pay
twenty guineas at-the outset, or two guineas a year. The privileges
they have, are the free enjoyment of the grounds, conservatories, ete.,
at. all timés, and the admission’ of their friends (not more than two
per day) by tickets, As there is no other way of getting admis-
sion (even the fee, that is so all-potent in most cases, does not pre-
vail -here), of course, very few strangers ever see this ‘garden—-the
best worth seeing; of its kind, perhaps, in all Europe. As I. had,
fortunately, been one of the honorary members for sothe years, T
was glad to claim my rights, soon after my arrival in London.
The scen@® as you enter the grounds, is extremely beautiful and
strikiig, especially when you recall (what, without an effort, you
would certainly forget) that you are in the midst of a, vast city ; qF,
aoe
at the most, barely.on ‘the ‘borders of it. Here is. a large velvet - -
lawn, admirably kept, the surface gently undulating and stretching
away indefinitély (to all appearance). on either side, losing itself
amid belts and groups and masses of shrubs and. trees, with winding
walks stealing off, heré and there, in the most inviting manner, to
the right and left. At the end of the broad walk, at the farther
side of the great lawn, which forms the central feature to the “gar-
den, stands a. noble conservatory of immense size, with. lofty curved .
roof; and-on either side of it:are small hot-houses, full of all the
ie of the day, and all the treasures of the exotic: Flora.
There cannot be a finer contrast, in point of tasteful arrangement
and beauty of effect, than that which this garden presents to the
arboretum at Derby. They were both formed about the same time,
and the extent is not greatly different ; the whole area of this place
being only eighteen acres.* Here, the utmost beauty, variety, and
interest are concentrated within these moderate limits. As you .
enter, you are struck by the Breads and extent of the broad. velvet
* It gains greatly by ee in the midst of the Regent’ Park, with its, .
boundaries concealed. by thickets, over which the trees i in the park make a ‘
: pleasingly indefifite backgr ound,
THE BOTANIC GARDEN IN REGENT’S PARK. 519
lawn. As you ramble about the finely planted and well grown
walks, which form the border to this lawn—now quite coricealed
from all observation in a thicket of foliage—now emerging upon
some pretty garden vista, and again opening upon a little’ separate
nook, devoted to some single kind of culture, as groups of rhodo-
dendrons, or American plants, or a flower garden set. in turf,
or a.roek-work filled. with . curious alpines — you imagine you
have been introduced into some’ pleasure-grounds of, fifty acres,
instead of the moderate compass of less than twenty. - The ‘sur-
face is most. gracefully undulating, so as to give that play of light
and shade—those sunny smiles, so pleasant in a lawn, and to pre-
-vent your eye from ranging over too large a sweep at one time;
_ and though this variation of surface was, as I was told, wholly the
' work of art when the grounds were laid out; it has none of the’ stiff
and hard look of the surface in the arboretum at Derby, but is
charmingly like the most pleasing bits of natural flowing surface. I
cannot, therefore, but believe that Mr. Marock, the able landscape
gardener who laid out this place, convinced me by this single speci-
men, that he isa man of great skill and refined taste in his art, I
saw no new place abroad. laid out in a more entirely satisfactory
manner.
In order to give the garden a character aad purpose, beyond that
of mere pleasure, grounds (although. enjoyment of it in the latter
sense is the main object), a botanical arrangement and a medical
arrangement of plants, are both very well carried out here—I believe
for the use of the students of the London University. But instead
of bringing these: scientific arrangements into the pleasure-ground
portion, which meets the eye of the ordinary visitor of the’ garden,
they are kept in one of the side scenes—quite in the background ;
so that. though they add greatly to the interest; and general extent
of the garden when sought for, they do not mar the Peeauty: or
elegance of its conspicuous outlines. .
In the great- conservatory, though the larger number of the
plants were out in their summer quarters, the whole effect-was still
extremely pleasing, from the noble specimens of certain sliowy sum-
mer-blooming plants, growing here and there throughout | the open
space, which was elséwhere turned into a broad gravel walk. These
520 TRTTERS FROM ENGLAND.
were either gigantie specimens of brugmansias, loaded with their
, great white trumpet flowérs—enormous scarlet geraniunis, trained as
pyramids, ten feet high, and: brilliant with bloom—rich passifloras,
~ and other vines, climbing up the rafters, or- very finely grown exotics,
‘in tubs or large pots.’
Among, thé latter, I noticed with atinilaticaent , fuchsias, grown
like standard roses to a wonderful.size, running up with a perfectly
a, straight stem sixteen feet high, and branching into a fine spreading
or depending head of ‘foliage, studded at every point with their’
graceful ear-drops.; Fuchsia corrallina, among several species, was
~ much the finest, treated in this way,—its lnxuriant dark foliage, and
deep crimson-purple flowers being quite beautiful.
I saw here two rareplants, which will, I think, be very fine de-
corations to our gardens in summer. The first:is Habrothamnus
-elegans ; a plant from Mexico, which, it is thought, may stand the
winter here.* It was planted in the ground here, and trained to’a
pillar some ten or bwelge feet high. The end of every branch wap
loaded with’ clusters: of ‘fine dark pink flowers (of the tint of a ripe
Antwerp raspberry).; and I was told it blooms without, interruption
from spring to winter. The size, color, and profusion’ of the blossoms
are striking, and the whole plant is extremely showy. The second
favorite is the Cestrumonirantiacum ; a greenhouse shrub, lately’in.
troduced: from Guatemala. It-grows six or eight feet high, with fine |
luxuriant ‘shoots, and is loaded all summer with rich clusters of
‘goldén’ buff blossoms—very ornamental. Both ‘these plants made
a gtand display here in the conservatory,. planted in the ground,and.
trained to the columns; but if I am not greatly mistaken, both will
thrive equally well inthe United States, if turned out in the open
border, and trained:up to stakes like the dablia,—the roots coe
taken up and houséd i in winter.
. The society of: subscribers. to whom this garden belongs have
a or three horticultural shows in the grounds, every. year, which
aré among the most brilliant’ things of the.kind on ‘this side of the
‘Aflantic. On these occasions, the grounds are open to any one who
chooses to parchast tickets, and are enone by thousands of visit-
*I think My. Buist has introduced thia fine plant, and has it in his nur-
sery.
THE BOTANIC GARDEN IN, REGENTS PARK. 521
ors, The display of fruits and. flowers takes place in large tents
and marquées, pitched: on the lawn, and bands of music perform in
the gardens. All the élite of the West End of London are here ; for
in London, horticultural slfows are even more fashionable chan the
opera ; and a gayer or more beautiful sight i is not easily found. At
’ the last festival of this sort, the great novelty was a magnificent plat,
or garden of rhododendrons, of all colers; the plants, in full bloom, :
were large and finely-grown specimens, sent beforehand from various
nursery gardens fifty. or one hundred miles off, planted here in a_
scene by themselves, where they bloomed i in the samé perfection as
if they had grown here for a dozen years.
I was exceedingly gratified with this subscription garden, and
examined it in all‘its details with great attention. In its tasteful
arrangement, its moderate extent, its management and its position, it
afforded the finest possible type for a similar establishment near one
-of our largest cities. Here are eighteen acres of the most exquisite
lawn, pleasure-grounds, and conservatory, wholly created and main-
tained. by.sixteen hundred individuals, and“€njoyed by, perhaps, five
or six thousand persons more—their friends at all times. Here isa
fine example of the art of landscape-gardening, which, if it were
near New-York, Philadelphia, or Boston, so that it could be seen
by those who are anxious to learn, would have a great influence on
the taste of the country in-ornamentel gardening ; here is the most
perfect exhibition ground, for the shows of a horticultural society,
that can be imagined or devised ; and here-is a scientific arrange-
inent of plants, for-the study of bolanteal and medical classes, —the
living plants arranged according to the best system. Half the money
which has been paid annually into the credit account of the ceme-
teries of Greenwood, Mount Auburn, or-Laurel Hill, would, keep up
in the very highest condition (as this garden i is kept), one like it in
the neighborhood of any of our cities. And the precincts.of the
Elysian fields, near New-York—Brookline, near Boston—on the
‘banks of the Wissahicon, near Philadelphia, would be as fine loca-
-Kities for such subscription gardens as Regent’s Park is for- London.
If our citizens, who have the money, could come here and see what
it will do, expended in this way, I am sure they would not hesitate
to.subseribe the “needful.” 5
\
TW. 7
THE ISLE OF WIGHT.
i ‘ August, 1850.:
1OUR days in the Isle of ¢ Wight the wéather,, the climate,
and the scenery, all delightful. The Island itself, about fifteen
iniles long, is England in miniature—with. its. hedges; green lawns,
soft-tufted verdure—now* and then a great house, and plenty of,
ornée cottages. In some respects it fell below, but in- many, fully
equalled: my expectations. Ifyou think of it as the “ Garden. of
England,” it will disappoint you,for there are counties in England
—for example, Warwickshire-—better cultivated, and more soignéé,’
than this spot. A considerable ‘portion’ of the Island—especjally
the western end, is neither cultivated fields nor gardens, but broad
downs and high’ bluffs. ‘I should say that you would get the best
idea of the Isle of Wight, without seeing it, by imagining it com:
posed partly of Nahant, and partly of Brookline—near’ Boston
the prettiest rural nest of ‘cottage villas in America. The bare grass
slopes and bluffs of Nahant, will correspond to the western part of.
the Isle of Wight, while the suburbs of Boston, that: I have men-
tioned, are a very fair offset’to thé more decorated: arid cultivated
cottages and grounds of the eastern and southern portions.
You cross from Southamiptoti tothe Island, in rather less than
an hour, by one of the small mail steamers plying here. The
towns of East’ and West Cowes, where you land, as well as Ryde,
which is a few miles further, have quite a gay appearance at this
season of the year, from the harbors being filled with the pretty
vessels of the various yacht olubs; that hold their regaitas here—
.
THE ISLE OF WIGHT, 523
snd the aceommodation at the hotels ia, for the time at least, brought
up to the style and prices which the titled yachtmen. naturally 'be-
get. The flag of the admiral of ‘this fancy fleet, the Earl of Yar
horough, floated from the’ mast of his fast-looking vessel, and a va-
‘riety of craft, of all sizes, lying ‘about her, gave the whole neighbor.
hood an air of gieat life and animation.
Our party, three in number, took one of the light, open -car-
riages, with which the Island abounds, and started, the. next morning
after our atrival,.to explore it’ pretty thoroughly.
The neighborhood of East Cowes, abounds with pretty seats, and.
on the opposite shore, ate numberless little cdttages, by the side of
the water, “ to let,” with all the cosy furniture in-doors, of English
domestic life, and out-of-door accompaniments of trees and shrubs.
and overhanging vines, that gave them a very inviting appedrance
Although” I had never lived under the authority of a landlord,/]
could find nothing but temptations to become a lessee of such pretty
domicils as these. ‘They look so truly home-ish, and tell you at
glance, such a story of years of the tenderest' care and.attention,.in
all that makes a cottage charming, that they make one long to stoy
acting: the traveller, and nestle.down in the bosom of that ‘peseehtt
domestic life, which they suggest.
A: short distance, perhaps a mile, from Shes is 5 Osbotne House
—the marine residence of Victoria. This place is her private pro
perty, and having been almost wholly erected within a few -yeari
fpast, may be said to afford a tolerable index to the taste of her Ma
jesty. The residence is an extensive villa, in the modern Italiar
style, with a front of -perhaps two hundred feet, and the outlines
picturesquely broken by tower or campanile. _ It stands in the mids
of a sandy plain, which: is level around the house and towards the
road, and undulating and broken towards the sea—of which it com.
mands fine views.
It is fenced off from the highway by a close, rough board.“ parl
paling,” some . seven or eight feet. high. Within this fence is
belt of young trees, and scattered here and there, over the surface
of most of the ‘inclosure, are groups and-patches of smal] trees anc
shrubs, newly planted. .The whole place has, most completely, the
look of: the pretentious place of some of our wealthy men at home
§24 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
who, turning t their backs upon the numberléss fine. natural sites, with,
which. our country abounds, choose the barest and baldest situation,
in order that they may dig, delve, level and grade, and spend half
their fortunes, i in doing ; what nature has, not a mile distant, ‘offered
to them ready made, and a thousand times more beautifully, done.
Osborne ‘House may bea toler able residence (we mean ‘respecting
“its. out-of: door pleasure) fifty years hence ; but it is almost the only
country-seat that we saw in England, that tocked thoroughly raw and’
- uncomfortable. I suppose, in a country where every thing. seems
finished, there is a- singular pleasure in taking a place i in the rough,
and working: ‘beauties out of tameness and insipidity. . ‘The Queen
lives here, and walks and drives about the neighborhood, in a com-
patatively simple and unostentatious manner, and attracts very little.
attention, dnd her husband practises farming and’ planting , quite in:
good earnest. }
A country-seat, éaly a saile distant, in a thoroughly English
taste, was a complete contrast to~the foregoing, and gave us _Breat,
pleasure. This is Norris Castle, built by. Lord Seymour, but now'
the property of: Mr. Bell, who resides here. Neither the place, nor
the house, is Jarger than several on the Hudson, and the grounds
reminded me, in the simple lawn.or park, sprinkled with fine groups
of. trees, of Livingston Manor and Ellerslie. The house gave me
greater pleasure, | than any modern castellated building that I have
seen 5 partly because it was simple, and essentially domestic-looking,
and yet, with a fine relish of antiquity about it. The facade may,
perhaps, be one hundred and thirty feet, and ‘I was never more sur-
prised than when I learned that the whole was erected, quite lately.
The walls are of gray stone, rather rough, and they get 4a large part
of their beauty from the luxuriant vines that festoon every part of
the castle. The vines are the Ivy, and our Virginia, creeper, ‘intér-
mingled, and as both cling to'the stone, they form the most pictur-
ésque drapery, which has, in a few years, reached to the top of the
battlemented tower, and given a mellow and venerable character to
the whole. edifice.
We dined at Newport, the substantial, little town, which, lying
nearly in the centre of the Island, serves as its capital and principal
market, The We of Wight, enjoying, as it, does, a. wholly: insulated
#3
,
‘THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 525
position, is almost the only English ground not interlaced by rail-
roads, ' For this season, the genuine stage-coach, now comparatively
‘obsolete elsewhere, still flourishes here, and still carries a number of
passengers outside, quite at variance with all our ideas of safety.
and speed. The ¢ guard, who accompanies these coaches, usually per-
forms an obligato on the French horn or key bugle, just before the.
coach starts—and L performs it too, with so much spirit “and taste,
that it was not without some difficulty I could resist the temptation
to jéin- his party. Progress, and. the spirit ‘of. the times, though
they give us most ‘substantial benefits, in the shape of railroads, étc.,
certainly do not add to the poetry of life—as I thought when I
compared the ‘delicious air‘of Bellini, played by the ‘coach guard,
with the horrible screams of the steam-whistle of the locomotive—
- now associated with thé travel of all christendom.
_ It is but a mile from Newport to Carisbrook Castle—one of the
most interesting ‘old ruins in England. It’ crowns a fine hill, and
from the top of its ruined towers, you’ look over a lovely landscape
of hill and vale, picturesque villages, and green meadows. The
ie itself, with its fortifications, covers perhaps half a*dozen acres,
’ and is just in that state of ruin and decay, best. calculated to excite
the imagination, and send one upon a voyage into dream-land.
You clamber over the patapets, and look out from amid the mould-
ering ‘battlements, mantled with the richest masses of i ivy, and: see
wild trees growing in the very centre of what were once stately
‘apartments. Here is the very window from which Charles I. vainly
endeavored to make his escape, when he was a prisoner within.
these walls, two hundred years ago (1647). I felt tempted to ques-
tion the stone walls around me, of the ‘sad soliloquies which they
had heard uttered by:that- royal prisoner and his children, confined
here after him. But the , stone looked silent and cold; the’ ivy,.
however, so full of mingled life and health and antiquity, seemed
full of the mysterious secrets of the place, and would, doubtless,
have unburdened itself to a willing ear, if any such would linger
"here long enough to get. into its confidence. -I looked down into
‘the vast well, in the centre of the castle, three hundred feet deep,
_and still in excellent order—fr om which water is drawn by an’ ass,
walking his slow rounds inside a large windlass wheel. I ‘clambered
526 - LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
up: the severity-two stone steps that led into the high old ruined
keep, and found one of my companions (who is a military man)
discoursing to a little group'of tourists,-who had made a Picnic ‘on
‘the ramparts, about the nature-of the fortifications—breastworks—
and bastions, which cover’ some’ fifteen or twenty acres under the
castle walls,’ While he was demonstrating how easily this ancient
stronghold could be taken by a modern benieoe, I speculated on
the quiet way in which a few types and a ‘printing ‘press are, at the
_present’ moment, far' more -powerful restrainers of wayward sov-
ereigns, and more: able. protectors of the rights of the people, thaii
the fierce battlements, and standing war. tlogs, of, the old castles of ¢
two centuries ago. The imagination is’ so excited by these strong.
old castles, now fast crumbling into dust, that we wonder what. the
people of two hundred -years hence will Have, to be:romantic and
picturesque about, as emblems of power in a by-gone age. An old
printing- press, or galvanic battery, perhaps ! No—even they ‘will
be melted up for their value, as old metal. :
We dove from Carisbrook, to the extreme end of the Iland—
saw the Needles, the volored sands, and the white ’cliffs of Albion,
and returned by the south side. What pleased me more than even
the sea views, and the -bold bays, and snowy cliffs (perhaps from
novelty}, were the Downs—those long reaches’ of gently sloping sur-
face, covered with very short’ grass—as close and fine as the finest
lawn. They are so’ smooth and -hard, and. the air is so pure and
exhilarating, the temperature so bracing and delightful, that one is
tempted into walking—or even running—miles and miles, upon
them. Here and there, mingled with the grass; on the breeziest’.
parts.of the Downs, 1 saw tufts of heather, in full bloom, only two"
or three inches high—their purple’ bells embroidering, as with the
most delicate pattern, the: fragrant turf. “Herds of sheep graze upon
these Downs, andthe flavor of the mutton, as you may suppose, is
not despised by those who cannot liye uporr air, however elnstig and
exhilarating. :
All over the Island, the. roads, sometimes ‘ronda often’
mere narrow lanes—are bordered by high hawthorn hedges—so
that frequently you drive for a mile or more, without getting a peep
beyond these leafy walls of verdure. I could imagine that in May,
THE ISLE QF WIGHT. Zp <t 527
when these hedges are all white with blossoms,.the whole Island
-must.’be a very, gay-landscape—but just now, they only served to
‘ confirm me in my opinion of, the Englishman’s fondness for seclu-
sion_and privacy, in his own demesne. Just in proportion, to the
smallness of his place, his desire to shut out all the rest of the world
increases—so that if he only owns half an acre, his hedge shall be
eight feet high, and the sanctity of the paradise within remains in-
violate. The solid, high, well-built stone wall around some of the
little cottage and villa places, of half an acre, on the south side of
‘the Island, astonished me, and gave me,a new understanding of the
saying, that “every man’s house is his castle.” Here, at least, I
thought, it is clear that people understand what is meant by private
‘rights, and intend-to have them respected. ei
_ It was not until I reathed the, pretty villages of Bowchurch,
Shanklin, and Ventnor, that my ideal of the Isle of Wight. was re-
alized. “These villages lie on the south side of the Island, backed
_ by steep hills, and sloping to the sea. The climate is almost per-
fection. It is neither, hot in summer norcold in winter, and though: .
open to all the sea-breezes, the latter seem shorn of all their violence
here. The consequence is, they enjoy that perfect marriage of the
land and sea so rarely witnessed in northern climates. The. finest
groves and woods, the richest shrubbery and. flower-gardens, the
‘most, emerald-like glades of turf, here run down almost to the beach,
and you have.all the hixuriant beauty of vegetation, in its loveliest
forms, joined to all the sublimity, life and excitement.of the ocean
views, As to the climate, you may judge of-its mildness and uni-
formity, when I ‘tell you that ‘the bay trees of the Mediterranean
grow here on the lawns, as luxuriantly as snow-balls do at. home, and’
fachsias, as tall as your head, make rich masses in almost every
garden, and stand the winter as well here, as lilacs or syringoes do
with us. In the neighborhood of Shanklin, I saw a charming old
parsonage house—the very picture of spacious ease and ¢omfort—
with its great bay windows, its picturesque gables, and its thatched
roof—quite émbowered in tall myrtles—Roman myrtles—one of
our cherished green-house plants, that here. have grown thirty, or,
forty feet high, quite aboye the eaves ! Bays, Portugal Jaurels, hol-
, ties and China roses, surround this parsonage, and never lose their
528 LETTERS: FROM ENGLAND.
‘freshness and verdure (the owner assured me that the roses bloomed
all winter long), cheating the inhabitants into the belief that: winter
‘is an allegory, or if not, has ‘only a substantial existence i in Toeland
or Spitzbergen. : op
Then-the hotels here—especially i in Benita “ase! eel To-
mantic in their rural beauty. ‘Designed like the prettiest cottages,
or rather. in a quaint and rambling style, half cottage and half villa,,
the. roof covered with thatch, and the walls with ivy; jessamines,
and perpetual roses, and set down in the midst of a charming lawn,
and surrounded by. shrubbery, you feel the same reluctance to take
the room which, the chambermaid—with the. freshest.of roses in her
cheeks, and. the cleanest of caps' upon her head—shows you, as you
would in hiring the apartutents, of some, tasteful friend’ in reduced
circumstances. When you rise from yout dinner (admirably served),
‘always 4 ina private parlor, the casement windows open. upon a vel-
vety lawn, bright with masses of scarlet geraniums, verbenas, and tea,
roses set in the turf, and you’ give yourself up to the profound con-
viction that for snugness, and cosiness, and perfection. at a rural: i inn,
the world can coxtain nothing better than ney be found in the, Isle
of Wight. : ‘
Bonchurch disputes the palm with Shanklin, for haeaiiee and
sylvan beauty. .We made a visit here to Capt. 8 of the Royal
Navy, whose beautiful villa in the Elizabethan style; gave me an
opportunity for indulgikg my architectural and antiquari ian taste to
the utmost. Imagine an entrance through a rocky dell,-the steep
sides of which are clothed with the richest chmbing Plants, between.
which your carriage winds for some distance, passing. ‘under a light
airy bridge, with festoons of ivy and. clusters -of blooming creepers
waving over your head. You soon emerge upon the prettiest of
little lawns, studded with fine. oaks, and running down to the very
shore of the sea. On the left are shrubberies, Pleasure-gr ounds,
kitcher and ‘flower gardens, all in their place, and though you think
‘the place one of sixty or eighty acres, there are not above twenty:
_ The house itself is one of the most picturesque | and agreeable
residences, of moderate sizé that I have ever seen. Its interior,
especially, unites architectural beauty, antique.character, and modern
comfort, to a surprising degree. Every room seemed to have’ been.
THE ISLE OF WIGHT, . 529
oh, e
studied, so that not a feature was omitted, or an effect lost, that. could
add to, the pleasure or increase the beauty of a home of this kind.
Tf Iwas delighted with the house, I was astonished with the
furniture. It was all in the antique Elizabethan style— richly
carved in dark oak or ebony. This is not very rare in England, and
Thad seen a good deal’ of the same style in many of the great’
country mansions before. But almost every piece here, was either
a masterpiece of’ workmanship, or marked by singular beauty of
design, or of great historical interest. Yet the effect of the whole,
and the adaptation to the uses of each separate room, had been con-
sidered, so that the ensemble gave the impression of the finest unity
of taste. Among the fine specimens which Lady 8: had the
goodness especially to. make us acquainted with, I remember an
exquisitely carved work-box once presented by Essex to Elizabeth,
a curious silver clock that belonged to Charles I. (and was carried
about with him in his carriage on his journeys); and a superbly
carved, high bedstead, once Sir Walter Raleigh’s, and the couch of
Cardinal Wolsey.. There was an old Dutch organ, bearing the date
1592, of singularly beautiful workmanship, and still in perfect tone,
Some rare and unique carved oak cabinets, of flemish origin one of
.them with the history of John the Baptist carved in the different
panels, challenged the most elaborate investigation. Of beautiful
chairs, seats, and carved wainscot, there was the gréatest variety,
and in short the house was at once a museum for-an antiquarian—
and the most agreeable home to live in.
This villa was built by a wealthy eccentrie—I think a bachelor
~—who wholly finished the collection only a few years ago.. He
carried his passion f for collecting very choice and rare antique furni-
ture—especially that of undoubted historical interest—to such ‘an
extent,'that it became a species of madness, and at ‘last led hima.
through a very large fortune, and forced him to surrender the whole
to his creditors., You may judge something of the cost of the fur-
niture—every room in the house being well filled—when I tell you
that fora single: Flemish cabinet, only remarkable for its superb
carving, not for any history attached to it, he paid £900 (about
$4,500). The property, when brought into market in the‘ gross,
. 84
530 LETTERS ‘FROM ENGLAND.
was of course bought by the present owner at a. merely: nominal,
‘sum, compared with its original cost. é
England, though in the. main remarkable for its common sense, -
abounds with instances like this, of large wealth applied to the in-
dulgence of personal taste—to the building of a great mansion, the
collection of books, pictures, or to the indulgence of personal whims
or fancies, Thus the Earl of Harrington has in his seat near Derby,
a peculiar spot of twenty or thirty acres, wholly filled with the rarest
and -Ynost. beautiful evergreens in the world—where ‘araucarias and.
deodars, bought when they were worth. five or ten guineas apiéce;
are as plentiful now as hemlocks in Western New-York; where
dark-green Irish yews stand along the walks like sable. sentinels and
gold and silver hollies and yews are cut into peacocks, shepherds,
and shepherdesses, and all manner of strange and fantastical’ whim-
“sies. The conceit, though odd (I iad’a glimpse of it), is the finest
specimen of its kind in the world—yet the owner—an old man.now
—who has amused himself and spent vast sums on this garden for
twenty-years past, will not let a soul enter it—unless it may be some
gardener whom it is impossible to iinagine acritic. Even the Duke
of Devonshire—so ‘the story goes—in. order to get a sight of it
went incog. as a kitchen gardener. The Duke of Marlborough,. a
few years ago, had a private garden at Blenheim, surrounded by a
‘high wall, into- which even his own brother had not ‘been admitted.
You see even the most amiable qualities of the heart—those which
lead us to make our homes happy—occasionally run into a mono-
mania.
I left the Isle of Wight with the feeling that if I should. ever
need the nursing of soft airs and kindly influences in a foreign land,
I should try to find my way back to it again. Even one, blest with
excellent health, and usually insensible to the magical influence which
most, persons find in a change of air, finds something added: to the
pleasurable sensation of breathing and taking exercise, in the. de-
licious summer freshness of this spot.
There is another memorandum which I made here and which i is
worth relating. In England at large, the great wealth of the landed
aristocracy, and the enormous size of their establishments, raises‘ the ‘
houses and gardens to a scale so far ‘above ours, that they are not
THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 531
directly.-or practically instructive to Americans. In the Isle of.
Wight, on the other hand, are numerous pretty cottages, villas and
country houses, almost precisely on a ‘transatlantic scale as to the
first. cost and the style of living. For this reason, one who can only
learn by seeing the thing dene to a scale that he can easily measure,
should come to the Isle of Wight to study how to get the most for
his money—rather than to Chatsworth or Eaton Hall. And it is
this kind of rural beauty, the, tasteful embellishment of small. places, .
for which the United ‘States will, I am confident; become celebrated
in fifty years more.
‘VIL
‘WOBURN ABBEY.
“September, 1850.
RECEIVED in London, a note from the Duke of Bedford, which
led me, while I was in Bedfordshire, to make a visit to: Nv bunt
Abbey. :
lishments in the kingdom. It is fully equal to Chatsworth, but quite
in another way. Chatsworth is semi-continental, or rather it is the
‘concentration of every ‘thing that European art can do to ‘embellish
and render beautiful a great country residence. Woburn Abbey is
thoroughly English ; that is, it does not aim at beauty; so much as
grandeur of extent and substantial completeness, | united with the
most systematic and thorough administration of the whole. Besides
this, it interested me much as the home, for exactly three centuries,.”
of a family which has adorned its high station by the highest vir-
ties, and by an especial devotion:to the interests of the soil.* The
present Duke of' Bedford is one of the largest and most scientific
farmers in England, and his father, the late Duke, was not only an
enthusiastic agriculturist, but the greatest arboriculturist, and botanist
of his day, whose works, both: practical and literary, made their
mark upon the age.
The Woburn estate consists of about. thirty thousand acres of
* The first John Russell, Duke of Bedford, came into possession of this
estate, in 1549, and it has-descended in the family ever since. In one of the
apartments of the palace is a ser ies of miniatyre portraits of the heads of the
family in an unbroken line, for 300 years.
This is considered one of the most complete ee om estab- oe
WOBURN ABBEY. 533
land. ‘There is a fine park’of three thousand acres. You enter the
, approach through a singularly rich avenue ‘of evergreens, composed
of a belt perhaps one hundréd feet broad, sloping down like an am-
phitheatre of foliage, from tall Norway spruces and pines in the
background, to rich hollies and Portugal laurels in front. This
continues, perhaps, half a mile, and then you leave it and wind
through an open park, spacious and grand—for a couple of miles
_—till you reach the Abbey. This is not a building in an antique
“style, but a grand and massive pile in the classical manner, built
about the middle of the last century on the site of the old Abbey.
I have said this place seemed to me essentially English. The first
sight of the. house is peculiarly so. It is built of Portland stone,
and has that miossy, discolored look which gathers about even mo-
dern buildings in this damp , climate, and which we in America
know nothing of, under our pure and bright skies—where the fresh-
ness of stone remains unsullied almost any length of time.
‘Woburn Abbey-is a large palace, and containing as it does the
accumulated luxuries, treasures of art, refinements, and comforts of
so old and wealthy a family (with an income of nearly a million
of our money),.you will not be surprised when I say that we have
nothing with which to compare it. . Indeed, I believe Woburn is
considered the most complete house in England, and that is saying
a good deal, when you remember that there are 20,000 private
_ houses in Great Britain, larger than our President's House. To get
“an idea of it, you must imagine a square mass, about which, exter-
nally—especially on the side fronting the park—there is little to im-
press you; only the appearance of large size and an air of simple
dignity. Imagine this quadrangular pile three stories high, on the
_ park or entrance front, and two: stories high on the garden‘or rear,
and over two hundred feet in length, on each side. The drawing- «
room floor, though in the second story, is therefore exactly on a
level with the gardens and pleasure-grounds in the rear, and the
whole of this large floor is occupied with an unbroken suite of.
superb apartments—drawing-rooms, picture galleries, music-rooms,
library, etc.—projecting and receding, and stealing out and in among
the delicious scenery of the pleasure-grounds, in the most agreeable
‘manner. There is a noble library with 20,000 volumes; a gallery,
584 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
one hundred and forty feet long, filled with fine sculpture (among
other things the original group of the three graces, by Canova),
and a sort of wide corridor running all around the quadrangle,
filled with cabinets of natural history, works of art, dc. and form-
ing the most interesting in-door walk in dull weather. Pictures by
the great masters, especially portraits, ‘these rooms are very rich in,
and among. other things I noticed casts in. plaster; of alll the cele
brated animals that were reared here by the late Duke.
Now, imagine the quadrangle continued in the rear on one side
next the sculpture gallery, through a colonnade-like side. series
of buildings, including riding-house, tennis court, ete. a quarter of
atmnile, to the stables, which are of themselves larger than most
country houses ; imagine hot-houses and conservatories almost with-
out number, orien’ with the house by covered passages, so as to
combine the utmost comfort and beauty ; imagine an aviary con-
sisting of a cottage and the grounds about it fenced in and filled
with all manner of birds of brilliant and ‘beautiful plumage; ima-* «
gine a large dairy, fitted up in the Chinese style with a fountain in
the middle, and the richest porcelain vessels for milk and butter ;
imagine a private garden of bowers and trellis work, embosomed in:
creepers, which belongs especially to the Duchess, and you have a
Kind of sketchy outline of the immediate accessories of. Woburn
_Abbey. They occupy the space of a little village in. themselves ;
but you-would gather no idea of the luxury and comfort they afford,
did you for a moment forget that the whole is ‘managed with that
order and’ system which are nowhere to .be found so perfect:as in
England. I must add, to give you ariother idea of the establish-
ment, that a hundred beds’ are made up daily for the family and
household alone, exclusive of guests, The pleasuré-grounds, which
surround three sides of-the house, and upon which'these rooms open,
are so beautiful and complete that you must allow me to dwell upon
them a little. ‘They consist of a series of different’ gardens merging
one into the other, so as to produce a delightful variety, and: cover-
ing a space of many acres—about which T walked in so bewildered
a state of delight-that I am quite unable to say how large they are.
I know, however, that they contain an avenue of araucarias backed
by another of Deodar cedars in the most luxuriant growth—each
WOBURN ABBEY. 535
line upwards of 1,000 feet long. .A fine specimen of the latter tree,
twenty-five or thirty feet high, attracted my attention, and there
was another, twenty-five feet, of the beautiful Norfolk Island pine,
growing in the open ground, with ‘the shelter of a glazed frame in
winter. These pleasure-grounds, however, interested me most in
that portion called the American garden—several acres of sloping
’ velvety turf, thickly dotted with groups of rhododendrons, azaleas,
&c., forming the richest masses of dark green ‘foliage that it is pos-,
sible to.conceivée. In the months of May and June, when these are
in full bloom, this must be a scene of almost dazzling brilliancy.
The soil for them had all been formed artificially,and consisted of a
mixture.of peat.and white sand, in which the rhododendrons and
kalmias seemed: to. thrive admirably.
Besides this scene, there is a garden composed sohially of heaths,
the beds cut: in the turf, one species in éach bed, and full of delicate
bells ; a parterre flower-garden in which a striking effect was pro-
duced by contrasting vases colored quite black, with rich masses
_ (growing in the vases) of scarlet geraniums. I also saw a garden
' devoted wholly to willows, and another to grasses—both the most
complete collections of these two genera in the world—the taste of
the former Duke—and with which I was familiar beforehand,
through the “ Salictum Woburnense,” and’ Mr. Sinclair’s work on
the “ Grasses of Woburn.” 7
The Liga is,the richest in large evergreens of any that I have
ever seen. The planting taste of the former Duke has produced at
the present moment, after a growth of fifty or sixty years, the most
superb’ results. The Cedars of Lebanon—the most sublime and
venerable of all trees, and the grandest of all evergreens, bore off
the palm—though all the rare pines and firs that were known to
arboriculturists half a century ago are here in the greatest perfection
—including hollies and Portugal laurels which one is accustomed
to think of as shrubs, with great trunks like timber trees and mag-
nificent heads of glossy foliage. A grand old silver fir has’ a
straight trunk eighty feet high, and a lover of trees could ‘spend
weeks here without exhausting the arboricultural interest of the
park alone—which is, to be sure, some ten or'twelve miles round.
A very picturesque morceau in the park, inclosed and forming
536 “LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
‘a little scene by itsélf, is called the Thornery. It is an abrupt piece
of grotind covered with a wild looking copse of old thorns, hazeis, -
dog-woods and fantastic old oaks, and threaded by walks in various
directions. In the centre is a most complete little cottage, with the
neatest Scotch kitchen, little parlor and furniture inside, and a sort
of fairy flower garden outside.
All this may be considered: the ornamental portion of ‘Woburn,
and I have endeavored ‘to raise such a picture of it in your mind as
would most interest your readers. But’ you must remember that
arming is the: pride. of Woburn, and that farming is here a matter
of immense importance, involving the outlay of immense ‘capital, :
and a personal interest and systematic attention which seems almost
like managing the affairs of state. About half a mile from the:
house is the farmery—the most complete group of farm buildings,
perhaps, in the world, where the incoming harvest make a figure
only equalled by the accommodations to receive it. Besides these
there are mills and workshops of all kinds, and on the outskirts of *
the park a whole settlement of farm cottages. I can only give-you
an idea of the attention bestowed on details, and the interest taken in:
‘the comforts of the immediate tenants by resorting ‘to figures,
and telling you that the present Duke has expended £70,000 .
_ (£850,000), within the. past five years, in the farm cottages on this
estate, which are model cottages—combining | the utmost convenience
and comfort for dwellings of this class, with so much of architectu-
ral taste as is befitting to dwellings of this size. Of course, a large
part of this estate is let owt to tenants, but still a large tract is ma-
naged by the Duke himself, who pays more than 400 laborers.
weekly throughout the year. The farming is very thorough, and
the effects of draining in improving the land have been very strik-
ing. Above fifty miles of drain have been laid, i in this estate alone,
annually, for several years past.
’ You will gather from this, that English’ agriculture i is not made
a mere recreation, and that even-with the assistance of the most
competent and skilful agents, the life of a nobleman, with the im-
mense estate and the agricultural tastes of the Duke of Bedford, is
one of constant dccupation and active employment. Besides this
WOBURN ABBEY. 537
estate, he has another in Cambridgeshire, called the “ Bedford
Level”—a vast prairie of some 18,000 acres reclaimed from the
sea, and kept dry by the constant action of steam’ engines, but which
is very productive, and is, perhaps, the most profitable farm land in
the kingdom. a
vil.
DROPMORE.—ENGLISH RAILWAYS.—SOCIETY.
, fapeuiben,3 1850.
ROPMORE is the seat of Lady Grenville, and has been cele-
brated, for some time, for its collection of rare trees—especially
evergreens. It is in the’ neighborhood. of Windsor, and I passed a
moruing there with a good deal of interest. °
Tn point of taste and beauty, Dropmore disappointed me. ‘The
site is flat, the soil. sandy and thin, and. the a rangement, in no way
remarkable. The mansion is not so fine’as some upon the Hudson, °
and the scenery about it, does not rise above the dead level of a
uniformity. rendered less jnaipid by abundant plantations. There is, —
however, a wilderness of flower-garden- about: the house, in which-I
saw scarlet geraniums. and garden. vases enough to embellish a
whole village. The effect, however, was riant and gay without the
sentiment of real beauty.
_ , But one does. not go to Norway to drink sherbet, and Sa
is only a show place ‘by virtue of its Pinetum.. This is. its collec~
tion of evergreen. trees, and. particularly of the’ pine tribe—every —
species that will grow in England being collected in.this one place.
, Of course, in a scientific collection of evergreen érees, there: are
many that are only curious to the. botanist—many that are only valu-
able for timber, and many that are almost ugly in their growth-—or
.at least present, no. attractive feature to the general eye. But there
are also; in this Pinetum, some: evergreens of such rare and wonder-
ful beauty, growin g in such’ exquisite perfection of development,
that they effect a iree-lover like those few finest Raphaels and Van-
DROPMORE. 585
dykes in the great galleries, which irradiate whole acres of com-
mon art.
The oldest and finest porticn of the Pinetum sieaipies a lawn of
several acres near the house, upon which are assembled, like belles
at a levee, many of those loveliest of’ ever greens—the araucaria or
pine of Chili, the Douglass’ fir' of California, the sacred cedar of
_ India, the funcebral cypress of J: apan, and many ‘others.
Perhaps the finest tree in this scene is the Douglass’ fir (Abies
Douglassit). Tt is sixty-two feet high, and has grown to this alti-
tude in twenty-one years from the seed. It resembles, most the -
Norway’ spruce, as one occasionally sees the finest form of that tree,
having that graceful downward sweep of the branches arid feathering
out quite down to the turf—but it is altogether more airy in form
and of a richer and darker green in color. At this size it is the
symbol of stately elegance. Here is also a specimen, thirty feet
high, of Pinus insignis, the richest and darkest of all pines, as well
as Pinus excelsa, one of the most affectedly pretty evergreens—its
silvery leaves resembling those of the white pine, but drooping lan-
guidly—and Pinus macrocarpa with longer leaves than those of
the pinaster.*
But thd gem of the collection is the ae Chili pine or arau-
caria—the oldest, I think, in England, or, at all events, the finest.
The seed was presented to the late Lord Grenville by William IVth
——who had some of ‘the first gigantic cones of this tree that were
imported. This spécimen is now thirty feet high, perfectly symme-_
trical, the stem’ as straight: as a column—the branches disposed
with the’ utmost régularity,- and the lower ones drooping and
touching the ground like those of a larch. If you will not smile, I
will tell you that it. struck me -that the expression of this tree is
heroic—that is, it looks the very Mars of evergreens. There are no
slender twigs, no small branches—but a great stem with branches
like a colossal bronze candelabrum, or perhaps the whole reminds
one more of-some gigantic, dark green coral than a living, flexible
%® Tawodium sempervirens is here seventeen feet high--rich. dark green in
foliage and very ornamental. 073 ‘yptomeria Japonica, nearly as large, rather
disappointed me—keeping its brown leaves so long as to disfigure the plant
somewhat. Picea nobilis i isa tr uly beantifal fir tree.
+
540 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
tree. Yet itis a grand object—in its faclieet of dark green, its no-
ble aspect, and its powerful, defiant attitude. This is quite the best
specimen that I have seen, and stands in ‘a light, sandy soil on a
gravelly’ bottom—on which soil, I was told, ¢ it only grows luxuriantly. ;
I do not know how well this fine “evergreen ‘will sueceed at’ home. .
It is now on trial—but I would hint to those who ‘may fail from
planting it in rich damp soil, that even here, it completely fails in
such situations.
After leaving what I should call the Pinetum i in full dress—i. e..
in the highly-kept part of. the grounds: near the house, you emerge
‘gradually into a tract of many acres of nearly level surface, which
reminded me so strongly of a'scattered Jersey pine barren, that had
it, not been for tufts and patches. of that charming little plant; the.
heather in full bloom, growing wild on all sides, I might ‘have fan-
cied myself in the neighborhood of Amboy. The whole looked,
and much of it was, essentially wild, with, the exception of carriage-
drives and foot-paths running through the mingled copse, heath and
woodland. But I was soon convinced of the fact that it was not
entirely a wild growth, by being shown, .here and there, looking
quite as if they had come up by chance, rare specimens of pines,
firs, cedars, etc., from all parts of the world, and presently T came
upon a noble avenue, half a mile long, of cedars of Lebanon (a tree
to which I always feel inclined to take off my hat as I would do, to
an old cathedral). , The latter have been planted about twenty-five
years, and are just beginning to merge the beautiful: i in the grand.
Every thing in the shape of an’ evergreen seems to ‘thrive in this
light sandy soil, and I suggest to the owners of similar waste land.
in the middle and southern States, to take the hint from this part
of Dropmore—plant here and there in the openings the same ever-
‘green trees, protecting them by slight paling at first, and gradually
clearing away all the common growth as they advance into beauty.
“Th this way they may get a wonderfully interesting park—in soil
where oaks and elms would never grow—at a very trifling outlay.
I cannot dismiss Dropmore without mentioning a superb hedge
of Portugal laurel, thirty-one feet high—and the beautiful.“ Burnam
beeches,” almost as fine as one-ever sees in America, that I passed
on the way back to the railway station.
ENGLISH RAILWAYS. : 541
The last word reminds me that I must say a word or, two hefe,
. about the English railways,” In point of speed I think their reputa-
tion outruns the fact. I did not find their average (with the excep-
tion of the road between Liverpool and London) much above that
of our best northern and eastern roads.” They make, for’ instance,
hardly twenty miles: an hour with the ordinary trains, and about
thirty-six miles an hour with the: express trains. But the perfect
order and systemi with which they are managed; the obliging
civility of all persons in the employment of the companies to travel-
- Jers, and the quietness with which the business of the road is carried
on, strikés an American very strongly. For example, suppose you
are on a railroad at home. You. are about to approach a’ small
town, where you may leave and take up,, perhaps, twenty passen-
gers. As soon as the town is.in sight, the engine or its whistle be-
gins to scream’ out—the bell rings—the steam whizzes—and the
train stops. Out hurry the way passengers, in rush the new comers.
Again the bell rings, the steam whizzes, and with a noise something
between a screech and a yell, but more ‘infernal than either—a
noise that deafens the, old ladies, delights the boys, and frightens all
the horses, off rushes the train—whizzing and yelling over a mile
or two more of the country, before it takes breath for the like pro-
cess at the next station. 4
In an English railway you seldom ‘hear the scream of the steam
whistle at all. It is not considered part of the business of the en-
gineer to ) disturb the peace of the whole neighborhood, and inform
_ them that he and the train are’ coming. The guard at the station
notices the train when it first comes in sight. He immediately rings
a hand-bell, just loud enough to warn the passengers in _the station,
to get yeady. - - The train arrives—no yelling, screaming—or whizzing
—possibly a “gentle ‘letting off of the steam —quite a necessary
thing—not at all for effect. The passengers get out, and others get
in, and are all carefully seated by the ‘aforesaid guard’ or guards.
When this is all, done, the guard of the station gives a tinkle or two
with his hand- bell ‘again, to signify to the conductor that all is
ready, and off ‘the train darts, as quietly asif it knew screaming to
be a thing not tolerated i in good society. But the difference is na-
* tional after-all. ‘Jobn Bull says in his railroads, as in every thing
ee
542 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND. 5
aes ,
else, “ -steady-—all right.” Beiter Jonathan, “ clear the coast—ge
ahead!” Still, as our most philosophical writer has said, it is only
boys and savages who scream—men_ learn to control themselves—
we hope to see the time when, our people shall find out. the advan-
tages of possessing power without making a noise about it.
If we may take a lesson, from the English in the management. of.
railways, they might learn vastly more from us in the accommodation.
of passengers. What are called “ first-class, carriages” on the Eng-
lish rails, are thoroughly comfortable, in the. English sense of the
word, They have.seats for,six—each double-cushioned, padded, and
set-off from the rest, like the. easy chair of an alderman, in which.
you can intrench yourself and imagine that the world was made
for you alone. But only a small part of the travel in England is in
first-class cars, for it-is a luxury that. must be paid for in hard gold
—osting four or five times as much as the most comfortable travel-
ling by railroad in the United States,- And the second-class cars—
in- which. the great majority of the British people really, travelh—
what are they.? 4 Neat boxes, in which you may sit down.on a per-
fectly smooth board, and find out all the softness that lies in the
grain of deal or good English oak—for. they are guiltless: of all
cushions. Our neighbors of this side of the Aflantic have been so.
long accustomed to catering for the upper class in this country, that
the fact that the railroad is, the most ‘democratic: institution,-of the
day, has not yet dawned upon them in all its. breadth. “An American
rail-car, built to carry a large number in luxurious comfort, at a
price that seems fabulous in England, pays better profits. by the im-
mense travel it begets, than the ill-devised first and second-class. caz-
riages, of the English railways. =~
But what finish and nicety in these English soni The ats
all coyered with, turf, kept as nice as a lawn, quite down to the rails,
and the divisions between the road and the lands adjoining, made.
by nicely trimmed hedges, The larger-stations are erected in 80 ex-
pensive and solid a manner as to have greatly impaired the profits
of some of the roads. But the smaller ones are almost always built
in the style. of the cotéage ornée—and, indeed, are some of the prete
tiest and most picturesque rural buildings that I have seen in Eng-
land. They all have their: little flower-gardens, generally: a parterra
* SOOIETY. 548
lying dpen quite to the edge of the rail, and looking like a gay car-
pet thrown on the: ‘green sward. If the English are an essentially
common sense people, théy, atleast, have a lové of flowers in all
places, that has something quite: romantic in it.
I reached London only to leave it-again in another direction, to
accept a kind invitation to the country house of Mrs. , the
distinguished authoress:of some charming. works of fiction-cahich
are widely known in my country, though I shall not transgress Eng-
lish propriety by. giving you a clew to her real name. -
This place réminded me of home more than ‘any,that I have
séen in England ; not, indeed, of my-‘own home fh the Hudson.
highlands, with its bold river and mountain scenery, but of the gen-
eral features of Ameri¢an cultivated landscape. The house, which
is 'ndt unlike a country house of: good -size with us,-is situated on a
hill which rises gently, but so high above the surrounding’ country,
as to give a wide panorama of field and woodland, such as one sees
from a height about Boston and Philadelphia. The. approach, and”
part of the grounds, are bordered with plantations of forest-trees,
which, though all paaiied, have been left. to themselves'so much as
' to look quite like dur native after-growth at home. -The place, too,
has not the thorough full-dress air of the great ‘English country
places where I' have been staying lately, and, both in extent and
keeping, is more: like a residence on the Hudson. : The house sits
down: quite on a level with the ground, however, so that you can
step. out of the drawing-room on the-soft grass, and. stroll to yonder
bright ‘flower-garden, grouped réund the fountain dancing i in the
stmshine, as if you were. ‘only going out of one room into another.
In the library is'a great bay-window, and a spacious fire-place set in
a deep recess lined with books, suggesting warmth and comfort at
once, to both mind and body; and the air of the whole: Place, joined
to the unaffected and cordial welcome from many kind voices, gavé
me a feeling of maladie du pays that I had not felt before in England: -
There: are no especial wonders of park or palace’ here, though
there is a great deal of quiet beauty, and as I have, pérhaps, given
you almost a surfeit of great places lately, you will not regret ity I
look out of the’ windows, however, and see in abundance. here, as
every where, those two. evergreens t .that enrich. “with their broad
4
544° LETTERS FROM ENGLAND,
glossy leaves all English gardens and pleasure-grounds, and which
I never cease to reproach for their monarchical habits—since they
so obstinately refiise to be naturalized in our republic—I mean the
English and Portugal laurels. .. id would give all the hot-house plants
that Yankee glass covers, to: have: these two evergreens,as much at
home in our pleasure-grounds as they are every where in England.
There are other guests in the house—Sir Charles M
Lady P., some Irish ladies without titles (but so rich in natural gifts
as to mike one feel the poverty of mere rank), and a charming fam-
ily of grown up daughters. It would be difficult, perhaps, to have
a better opportunity to judge of the life of the educated middle
class of this country, than in such homes as this. And what im-
pressions do such examples make upon my mind, you will ask? I,
will tell you (not without remembering how'many fair young read”
ers you have at home). The young English woman is less conspic-
uously accomplished than our yoyng women of the same position in’
America. , There is, perhaps, a little less of that je ne sais ca
‘that namiéless grace which ‘captivates at first sight—than with us,
‘but a better and more solid éducation, more disciplined minds, and.
above all, more common sense. In the whole art of conversation,
including all the topics of the day, with so much of politics'as makes
@ woman really a companion for an intelligent man in his serious
‘thoughts, in history, language, and pr. ractical knowledge of the duties
of social and domestie life, the English. women haye, I i imagine, few
superiors. But what, perhaps, would strike one of our young women
most, in English society, would be the thorough cultivation and re-
finement that éxist here, along with the absence of alb false delicacy.
‘The fondness of English women (even i in the highest rank) for out-
of-door life, horses, dogs, fine cattle, animals of all kinds,—for their.
grounds, and in short ‘every thing that belongs to their homes—
their real, unaffected knowledge of, and pleasure in these things,, and
the unreserved way in which they talk about them, would startle
some of my young friends at home, who are dusted’ in the fash-
ionable boarding-school , of Madame to consider all such
things “vulgar,” and “unlady-like.” I accompanied the younger
members of the family here this morning, in an exploration of the
mysteries of the place. No sooner did we.make our appearance out
* soorsry, 545
of doors, than we were saluted by dogs of all degrees, and each had
the honor of an interview and personal reception, which seemed to
be productive of pleasure on both sides. Then some of the horses
were brought out of the stable, and a parley took place between
them and their fair mistresses; some favorite cows were to be petted
and looked after, and their good points. were descanted on with -
knowledge and discrimination; and there was the basse cour, with
‘its various population, all ienmed and shown with such lively, un-
affected interest, that I‘soon saw my fair companions were “ born to
love pigs and’ chickens.” ‘I have said nothing about the garden, be-
cause you know. that it is especially the lady’s province here. An
- English woman with no. tasté.for gardening, would be as great a
marvel as an angel without wings. And now, were these fresh look-
ing’ girls, who have so thoroughly entered into these rustic enjoy- -
‘ments, mere country lasses and dairy maids? By no means, They
‘will converse with you in three or four languages; are thoroughly
well-grounded in modern literature; sketch’ from nature with, the
ease of professional artists, and will sit down to the piano-forte and
“give you an old ballad, or the finest German or Italian music, as
gots taste may dictate. And yet many of my young countrywomen
of ‘their age, whose ‘education—wholly ; intended for the drawing-
room—is far below what I have described, would have half fainted
with terror, and half blushed with false delicacy, twenty times in the
course of the morning, with the discussions of the farm-yard, meadow
and stables, which properly belong to a wholesome country life, and
are not in the slightést degree at variance with réal delicacy and re-
finement. I very well know that there are many sensibly educated
’ young women at home, who have the same breadth of cultivation,
and the same variety of resources, that make the English women
such truly agreedble companions; but alas, I also know that there
are many whose beau ideal is bounded bya circle that contains the
latest fashionable dance for the feet, the latest fashionable novel for
the head, and the latest fashionable fancy-work for the fingers. .
If I have unconsciously run into something like a sermon, it is
from the feeling that among my own lovely countrywomen’ is: to
be found the ground- -work of the most perfectly attractive feminine
character in the world. But of. late, their education has been a little
35
546 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
vitiated by the introduation of the flimsiest: points of French sovial
requirements——rather than the more solid and estimable qualities
which belong to English domestic life. The best social development
in America will, doubtless, finally result from an internal movement
springing from the very bosom of our institutions ; but, fore that
can happen, a preat many traits and refinements will nevessarily be
borrowed from the old world—and the larger interests, healthier
home tastes, and more thorough education of English women, seem
to me hardly rated so highly by us as they deserve. Go to’ Paris,
if you will, to see the most perfect taste in dress, and the finest’
charm of merely external manners, but make the acquaintance of
» English women if you wish;to get a high idea of feminine character
as it should be, to command your sineenest and most lasting admi-
ration and respect.
VI.
THE LONDON PARKS.
September, 18650.
Y DEAR SIR:—If my English letters have told you mostly
of country places, and country life, it is not that I have been
insensible to sight-seeing in town. London is a great world in it-
self. ‘Ink enough. has, however, already been ‘expended upon it to
fill ‘the Grand Canal, and still it is a city which no one can undér
stand without seeing it. Tts vastness, its grave aspect -of business,
the grandeur of some parts, the poverty of others, the. air of order,
and the taint of smoke, that pervade it every where, are its great
features. To an American eye, accustomed to thé clear, pure, trans-
atlantic atmosphere, there is, at first, something really repulsive in
the black and dingy look of almost all buildings, whether new or
old (not painted within. the last month). In some of the oldest,
like Westminster Abbey, it is an absolute covering of dirty soot.
That hoary look of, age which belongs to a time-honored building,
and which mellows and softens all its lines and forms, is as delicious
to the sense of sight as the tone of old pictures,’or the hue of old
wine. But there is none of this in the antiquity of London. You
are repelled by the sooty exterior of all the old facades, as you would
be by that of 4 chimney-sweep who has made the circuit of fifty
flues in a morning, and whose outer man would almost defy an en-
tire hydropathic institution.
If I have shown you the dark side of the picture of the great
Metropolis, first, let me hasten ‘to present you with some of its lights,
548 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
which made a much stronger impression upon me. I mean the
‘grand and beautiful. parks of London.. -
‘If every thing one sees in England leads gne to the ‘conviition
__ that the English do not, ‘like the French and Germans, possess the
genius of high art, there is no denying that they far surpass all
other nations in a, profound sentiment of ‘nature. Take, for exam-
ple, the West end of London, and what do you’ see there?’ Mag-
nificent palaces, enormous piles of dwellings, in ‘the shape of “ ter-
‘races,” “ squares,” and“ places ”—the same costly town architecture ,
that you find every where in the better portions of: populous and*
wealthy capitals. But if you ask me what is the peculiar and dis: ~’
__ tinguishing Iucury of this part of London, I answer, in its holding
the countty in its lap. In the midst of London lie, in an'almost
connected. series, the great parks, Hyde Park, Regent’s Park, St.
James's and Green Parks.~ These names. are almost as familiar to
‘you as the Battery and Washington Square, and I fear you labor
under the delusion that the former are only an enlarged edition of ¥
the latter. Believe me, you have fallen into as great an error as if »
you took the “ Brick meeting-house” for a suggestion of St. Peter's. -
The London parks’ are actually like districts of open country—mead-
ows and fields, country estates, lakes and- streams, gardens and
shrubberies, with as miuch variety as if you weré in the heart of
Cambridgeshire; and as much seclusion in some parts, at certain
hours, as if you were on a farm in-the interior of Pennsylvania.
And the whole is laid out and treated, in the ‘main, with a broad
and noble feeling of natural beauty, quite ‘the reverse of what’ you
see in the public parks of the continental cities. This makes these
parks doubly refreshing to citizens tiréd of straight lines and for-
mal streets, while the contrast heightens the natural charm: Unac-
customed to this breadth of imitation of nature—this creating’ a
‘piece of wide-spread country large enough to shut out for the time
all trace of the houses, though actually in’ the midst of a city, an.
\. American is always inclined ‘to believe (notwithstanding the abun-
dance of ‘evidence to the contrary) that the London parks are a bit
of the native country, surprised: and fairly taken prisoner by the.
outstretched arms of this giant of modern cities.
St. James’s Park and Green Park are enormous pieces of' real
THE LONDON PARKS, 549
pleasure-ground scenery—with broad glades of turf, noble trees,
rich masses of shrubbery and flowering plants—lakes filled with
rare water-fowl, and, the proper surroundings, in fact, to two royal
palaces and the finest private houses in London ; but still, all open
to the enjoyment of hundreds of thousands: daily. - You look, out
upon the forest.of yerdure in Gréen‘' Park, as you sit-in the windows
of. our present minister’s fine mansion in Piccadilly, astonished at
the breadth and beauty of the green landscape,.which seems to you
more like a glimpse into one of the loveliest pleasure-grounds on
the Hudson, than the belongings of the great Metropolis.
But the pride of London is in Hyde Park and Kensington .
Gardens, which, together, contain nearly eight hundred acrés, so
that you have to make a circuit of nearly: seven miles to go over
the entire circumference. If you enter Hyde Park between seven
and eight in the morning, when all the world of fashion is asleep,
you will fancy, after you have left the great gateways-and the fine
collosal statue of Achilles far‘enough behind you to be quite out of
sight, that you have made a mistake and strolled out into the coun-
try unawares. Scarcely a person is to be seen at: this time of day,
unless it be some lonely foot-passenger, who looks as if he had lest
his way, or his wits, at this early hour. But yousee broad grass
meadows with scattered groups of trees, not at-all unlike what you
remember on the smooth banks of the Connecticut, and your im-
pression that you have got astray and quite out of the reach’ of the
“Metropolis, 1 is confirmed by hearing the tinkle of sheep-bells and
seeing flocks of these and other pastoral creatures, feeding quietly
on the short turf of the secluded portions of the park. You walk
on till you are quite weary, without finding the end of the matter
—for Kensington. Gardens, which is only another and a larger park,
is but the continuation of Hyde Park—and you turn back in a sort
of béwildered astonishment at’ the vastness and wealth of a city
which can afford such an illimitable space for the pleasure of air
and exercise of its inhabitants.
That is Hyde Park in dishabille. Now go in again with me in
the afternoon, any time during the London season, and you shall
see the same place in full dress, and so altered and animated by
550 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
the dramatis persone, that you will hardly identify it as the locale
of the solitary country ramble you took in the morning. *
It is half past four in the afternoon, and the fashionable world
(who dine at-seven all over England) is now taking its morning air-
ing. If you will sit down on one of these solid- -looking seats under
the shadow of this large elm, you will see such a display of equi-
page, pass you in the cousre of a single hour, as no other park of the
world ‘can parallel. This broad, well-macadamized carriage-drive,
which makes a’ circuit of some four or five miles in Hyde Park, is,
at this moment, fairly filled with private carriages of all degrees.
Flere are heavy coaches and four, with postilions and footmen, and
massive carriages emblazoned with family crests and gay with all
the brilliancy of gold and crimson liveries ; yonder superb barouche
‘with eight . spirited horses and numerous outriders, is the royal
equipage, and as you lean forward to catch. a glimpse of. the sov-
ereign, the close coach of the hero of Waterloo; the servants with
cockades in their hats, dashes past you the other way at a rate so
rapid that you doubt if he who rides within, i is out merely for an
airing. Yonder tasteful turn-out’ with liveries of a peculiar delicate
mulberry, with only a single ‘tall figure i in the coach, is the Duke ‘of.
Devonshire’s. Here is the carriage of one of ‘the foreign ambassa-
dors, less showy and lighter than. the | English vehicles, and that
pretty phacton drawn by two beautiful blood ’ horses, is, you see,
driven by a woman of extraordinary - beauty, with, extraordinary.
akill. She is quite alone, and behind: her sits a footman with his
arms folded, his face as grave. and solemn as stones that have sér-
mons in them. As you express your surprise at the air of conscious
* grace with which the lady drives,” your London friend quietly re-
marks, “ Yes, but she isnot a lady.” Unceasingly the carriages
roll by, and you are less astonished at the numberleas superb equi-
‘pages or the beauty of the horses, than at the ‘old-world air of the
footmen in gold and silver Tae, gaudy liveries, spotless linen and
snowy silk stockings. Some of the grand old coackmen in full-
powdered wigs, decked ‘in all the glory of laced coats and silken
‘valves, held the ribbons with such a conscisus air of imposing
grandeur that I-willingly accepted them as the tree-poeonias, the
most blooming blossoms of this parterre of equipage. It seemed
THE LONDON PARKS, 551
to me that there may be something comfortable in thus hanging all
the trappings of station on the backs of coachmen and footmen, if
one must be botheréd with sych,things—so that one may lean back
quietly in ‘plain clothes in, the well-stuffed seat of his private
carriage.
But do not let us loiter away all. our time in a single scene in
Hyde Park. A few steps farther.on is Rotten Row (rather 2 an odd
name for an elegant place), the chosen arena of | fashionable eques-
trians. The English know too well the pleasures of riding, to gal-
‘lop on horseback over hard: pavements, and Rotten Row is a Soft
circle of a couple of miles, in the park, railed off for this purpose,
where your horse’ 8 feet have an elastic surface to travel over. Hun-
dreds of fair - equestrians, with fathers, brothers, or friends, for com-
panions, are here enjoying a more lively and spirited exercise, than
the languid inmates of the carriages we have just left behind us.
The English women rise in the saddle, like male riders, and at ‘first
sight they look awkwardly and. less graceful to our eyes—but you
soon see that they also sit more firmly and ride more boldly, than
ladies on -our side of the water.
« To stand by and see others ride, seems to me to be always’ too
tantalizing to be long endured as a pastime—even where. the scene
is as full of novelty and variety as this. Let us go on, therefore.
This “beautiful stream of water, which would be‘ called a pretty
“creek” at home, is the ‘Serpentine*River, which has been.made to
meander gracefully through Hyde Park, and wonderfully does its
bright waters enhance the beauty of the verdure and the charm ‘of
the, whole landscape. ‘As we stand on the bridge, and. look up and
down the river, amid the rich groves and across the green lawns, the
city wholly shut out by groves and plantations, how finely one - feels
the contrast’ of art and nature to be realized here. ee
_ That delicious band of music which you hear now, is in Ken-
sington Gardens, and only a belt of trees and yonder i iron gate, sepa-
rate the latter fiom Hyde Park. Let us join the crowd of. -persohs
of all-ages, collected in the great walk, under the shade of gigantic
elm trees, to hear the music. ‘It is a well-known air of Donizetti’s,
and as your eye glances over the company, perhaps some five or six
thousand’ persons, Hho form the charmingly Bopeh * out-of-door
552 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
audience (for.the afternoon is a bright one), and as you see thera
diant pleasure-sparkle i in a thousand happy. faces, young and. old,
who are here enjoying a little pleasant mingling of heaven and
earth in an innocent manner, you cannot but ‘be ‘struck. with the
fact that, if there is a duty belonging to good governments, next to
protecting the lives and property of the people, itis that of previgr
ing public parks for the pent-up inhabitants of cities.
“ Imperial Kensington” is not, only more spacious and: grand
than Hyde Park, but it has a certain antique stateliness, which
touches my faney and pleases me more. The trees are larger and
more grove-like, and thé broad glades of soft. green. turf. are of a
darker and richer green, and invite you to a more private and in-
timate confidence than any portions of Hyde Park. The grand
avenue of elms at the farther patt of Kensington Gardens, coming
suddenly into it from the farther Bayswater Gate, is one of the
noblest geometric groves in any city, and was laid out and planted,
I believe, in King William’s time. An avenue some hundreds of
years old, is always majestic and venerable, and when it adds great
extent and fine keeping, like this, is really a grand thing. _ And yet, .
perhaps, not one American in fifty that visits Hyde Park, ever gets
far’ enough into the.depths of. its enjoyment to explore this avenue
in ‘Kensington Gardens,
No carriages or horses are permitted 3 in. ieeattcton: Gardens,
but its broad glades and shadpwy lawns are sacred to pedestrians,
and are especially the gambol-fields of thousands of lovely children,
who, attended by their nurses, make a kind of infant Areadia of these
solemn old groves of the monarch of Dutch tastes. Even the dingy
old brick Palace of Kensington, which overlooks one side of the:
great lawn, cannot chase away the bright. dimples , fron. the. rosy
faces: of the charming children one ‘sees ‘here; and the symbols of,
natural aristocracy—beauty and intelligence—set upon these young
faces, were to my eyes a far more agreeable study than those of
accident, birth, and fortune, which are so gaudily blazoned: forth in
Hyde Park.
My London friend, who evidently enjoys our agonist at
the vastness of the London Parks, and the apparent display and
real enjoyment they minister to, ‘calculates that not: ie than 50,000
‘THE LONDON PARKS, 5538
persons have been out, on foot, on horseback, or in ‘carriages, this
afternoon, and adds that upon review days, or other occasions of
particular brilliancy, he has known 200,000 persons to be in nie
Park and Kensington Gardens at once. i
' You- may be weary of parks to-day, but I shall not allow you
to escape me without a glance at Regent’s Park, another link in’ the
rural scenery of this part of Londen. Yes, here are three hundred
and thérty-sie acres more, of lawn, ornamental plantations, drives
and carriage roads. Regent’s Park has a younger look than any of
the others in the West End of London, having only been planted
sbout twenty-five or thitty years—but it is a beautiful surface, con-
taining a great variety of different scenes within itself, Here are;
for'instance, the Royal Botanic Garden, with ‘its rich collection of
plants ‘and its beautiful flower-shows, which I have already described
to you; and the Zoological Garden, some twenty acres in extent,
where youmay see almost every living animal as nearly as possible
in the same circumstances as in its native country. . Over the lawns
walk the giraffe or cameleopard, led by Arabs in oriental costume;
among the leafy avenues-you see elephants waddling along, with
loads of laughing, half-frighteped children on their backs; down in a
deep pool of water you peer upon the sluggish hippopotamus ; you
gaze at the soft eyes of the gazelle as ‘she feeds in her little private
paddock, and you feed the black swans that are floating along, with
innumerable other rare aquatic birds; upon the surface of glassy lakes
of fresh water. And the “ Zoological ” is just as full of people as Hyde
Park, though of a totally different appearance—many students in
natural history, some fashionable loungers, chiefly women, more cu-
tious strangers, and most of all, boys and girls, feeding their juvenile
appetite for the marvellous, by seeing the less astonished animals
fed. ;
And whose are those pretty country residences that you see in
the very midst of another part of Regent’s ‘Park—beautiful Italian
villas and ornamental cottages, embowered in trees of their own,
and only divided from the open park by a light railing and belts of
shrubbery ¢ These are the villas of certain favored nobles, who have
at large cost. realized; as you see, the perfection of a residence in
town, viz, @ country-house in the midst of a great park, ‘which is
‘
554 LETTERS FROM ENGLAND.
itself in the midst of-a‘great city. In these favored sites the owners
have the luxury of : ‘quiet and rural surroundings, usually confined.to
the country, with the:whole of the great world of May Fair and
politics within ten or twenty minutes’ walk.
» And now, having been through more than a thousand acres of
park scenery, and witnessed the enjoyments of tens of: thousands: of
all classes; tewhom these parks are open from sunrige to nine o’clock
at night, youawill naturally ask me if these: luxuries are wholly con-
fined to the West End of. London, ‘By no means. In almost all
parts of London are “squares”—open places of eight or ten acres,
filled with trees, shrubs, grass, and fountains—like what we call
“ parks” in our cities at home. Besides these, a large new space
called the Victoria Park, of two hundred and. ninety acres, has been
laid out lately in the East. part of London, expressly for the recrea-
tion, and: amusement of the poorer classes who are confined to that
part of the town. ' #
You'see what noble breathing- plaoes London. has, within’ its own
boundaries, for the daily health and ‘recreation of its citizens. But ;
these by no means.comprise all the rural pleasures of its inhabitants.
There are three other magnificent pubjic places within half an hour
of London, which are also enjoyed daily by thousands and tens of
thousands. I. mean Hampton: Court, Richmond Park, and the
National Gardens at Kew..
Hampton. Court is the favorite secre the middle Jes on
holidays, and a pleasanter sight than that spot on such occasions,—
when it is. thronged by immense numbers of ‘citizens, their wives
and children, with all the riches of that grand old: palace, its. picture-
galleries, halls, and splendid apartments, its two parks and its im-
mense pleasure-grounds thrown open to them, is not easily found.
Indeed, a man may be dull enough to care for neither palaces nor
parks, for neither nature nor art, but he can scarcely be human, or
have-a spark of sympathy in the fortunes of his race, if he can -wan-
der without interest through these magnificent halls, still in perfect
order, built with the most kingly prodigality by the most ambitious
and powerful of ‘subjects—Wolsey : halls that were afterwards suc-
cessively the home of Henry VIIL, Elizabeth, James, Charles and
Cromwell; halls where Shakspeare ‘played: and Sidney wrote, but
THE LONDON PARKS, 555,
which, with ‘all their treasures of art, are now the people's ’s palace and
normal school of enjoyment.
‘Tam neither going to weary you with Sealer of pictures or
dikeartations upon -palace architecture.. But I must give you, one
more impression—that of the magnificent surroundings of Hampton,
Court. Conjure up a piece of country of. diversified rich meadow’.
surface, some five or six miles in circuit; imagine, around ¢he pal-
ace, some forty or fifty acres of gardens, mostly in the ancient taste,
with pleached alleys (Queen Mary’s bower among them), sloping
banks of soft turf, huge orange trees in boxes, and a “ wilderness”
or labyrinth where you may lose yourself i in the most intricate per-
plexity of shrubs ; imagine an avenue a mile and a quarter long, of
the most sinantic horse-chestnuts you ever beheld, with long vistas
of velvet turf and highly-dressed garden scenery around them; ima-
gine other. parts of the park ‘where’ you see on all sides, only great
masses and groups of oaks and elms of centuries’ growth, and all the
freedom of luxuriant nature, with a broad carpet of ‘grass stretching
on all sides ; with distant portions of the park quite wild-looking,
dotted with ‘great hawthorn trees ‘of centuries’ growth, with the tan-
gled copse and: fragrant. fern- which are the belongings of our own
forests, and then fill up the scene in ‘the neighborhood of the palace
and gardens as I have before said, on a holiday, ‘with’ thousands of '
happy faces, while in the secluded parts of the park the'timid :deer
flits before you, the’ birds stealthily. build their nests, and the insect’s
hum fills the silent ‘air, and you have some faint idea of the value’ of
such’a possession for the: population of a great city to cia their
holidays i in, or to go pic-nic-ing!
“Iam writing you.a long letter, but the parkomanie is upon me,
and I will not Jet the ink dry in my pen without a word about
Richmond: Great Park-—also free to the public, and also within the
reach of the Londoner who, seeks for ait and exercise. “Richmond
Great. Park was formerly a royal hunting: ground, but; like all’ the
parks I have mentioned, has been given up to the people—at least’
the free enjoyment of it. It is the’ largest ‘of all the parks I-have
described, being eight ‘miles round, and ‘containing two thousand
two hundred arid fifty acres. It is a’ piece of magnificent forest tract
—open forest, with grass, tufts of hazel, thorns and ferr nS, , the surface
156 LETTERS: FROM ENGLAND.
rently undulating, and’ dotted with grand old oaks—extremely like.
vhat you see on a still larger scale in Kentucky. Its solitude and
clusion, within: ‘sight of LLondon+—are almost. startling. The land
s high, and from one side of it your eye wanders over the valley of
2ichmond—with the Thames—here only a silvery looking stream
vinding through jit—a world-renowned view, and- one whose sylvan
eauty if is impossible ‘to. praise too highly. Just in this part of the,
vark, and commanding. this superb view, with the towers of Windsor”
Jas in the diftance on one side, and the dome of St. Paul’s on the
other, and all the antiquevsylvan seclusion of the,old wood around
t, stands a modest little cottage—the favorite summer residence of
Lord John Russell, the use of which has been given him by his sove-
‘eign. A more unambitious looking home, and one‘better caleu-
ated to restore the faculties of an over-worked premier, after a day's
oil in Downing-Street, it would’ be impossible to conceive. .
I drove through Richmond. Great Park in the carriage of the
Belgian minister, and his accomplished wife, who was my cicerone,
stopped the coachman for a moment. near chad. place, in order that.
she might point out to me an old oak, that had a story to tell. “It.
was here—just under this tree,” she added (her eyes gleaming
slightly with womanly indighation as she said it), “that the cruel
Henry stood, and saw with his own eyes, the signal .made from the
Tower of London (five miles off), which told him that Anne’ Boleyn
was at that moment beheaded!” I thanked God that oak trees
were longer lived ‘than bad monarchs, and that modern civilization
would no longer permit such butchery in a christian ‘country.
I will close this letter. with only a single remark. We fancy,
not without reason, in New-York, that we. have a great city, and
that the introduction of Croton water, is so marvellous a luxury in
the way of health, that nothing more need be done for the comfort
of half a million of people. In crossing the Atlantic, a young New-
Yorker, who was rabidly patriotic, and who boasted daily of ‘the
superiority of our beloved commercial metropolis over every city on
the globe, was our most amusing. companion. I chanced to meet
him one afternoon a few days after we landed, in one of the great
parks in London, i in the midst of all the sylvan beauty and human
enemen I have attempted to describe to you -He threw up his
THE LONDON PARKS. 557 |
arms as-he recognized me, and xdlvieet— Good heavens! . what a
scene, and I took some Londoners to the: steps of the City Hall last
summer; to show them -the Park of New-York!” I consoled him
with the advice to be less conceited thereafter in his cockneyism,
and to show foreigners the’ Hudson and Niagara, instead of the
City Hall.and Bowling Green. ‘But the question may well be asked,
Is ‘New-York really not rich ‘enough, or is there absolutely not land
enough in America to give our citizens public parks of more than
ten acres ?
THE END,
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