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BOTANY gatvtbis

by H. B. SMALL

PUBLISHED BY
S. NELMES - - - - THE TOWER
HAMILTON, BERMUDA

A ease ec Se i ec as

Hahocobects she te fe He ho ahah Ho He He Hs hs Hs She To He oH Hs Hs Ss aR ah Hs Hi aH Hs Ss is ois oh Hs hs a

BOTANY OF THE
BERMUDAS

BY
H. B. SMALL
AUTHOR OF
PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES, MINES AND MINERALS,

FORESTS OF CANADA, CANADIAN ORNITHOLOGY, &c.

PUBLISHED BY
S. NELMES, THE TOWER

HAMILTON, BERMUDA
1913

le yr

PREFACE.

A continual and increasing demand from tourists, especially
ladies, who are generally most enthusiastic on Botanteal re-
search when visiting this island, has induced the publishers to
place this handbook prepared by a well known Botanist, on
the market. Apart from a small Botany written by the author
and a small pamphlet years ago, written by Mr. Reade, (both
now out of print) there is no work on the subject available;
apart from Verrills’ Bermuda, an expensive volume, and out
of the reach of a student’s purse. Our object in placing this
Botany before the public, is that a Botanist, or a would-be
Botanist, may have a reliable handbook. The Mss. has been
submitted to more than one expert, who pronounced it as
perfectly reliable, and all thoroughly recommend it, so long as

the price should place it within everybodys reach.

KEY TO CLASSIFICATION.

CLASS I.—Dicotyledones.
DIVISION I.—Polypetalae.
ty II.—Monopetalae.
Bs IlIl.—Apetalae.
NATURAL ORDER, RANUNCULACEAE.

Ranunculus Parveflorus, Linn, (buttercup.) This plant
with its yellow flowers needs no description. Common every-
where in dry ground. Annual. Spring months.

Ranunculus Repens. Linn. (creeping buttercup.) Long
runners; otherwise similar to above. Common on rvadsides,
Perennial. July to September.

Ranunculus Muricatus. Linn. More abundant in damp,
moist ground than the preceding. Its stem: is erect; leaves are
smoother, glossy and shining and of a light-green colour.
Annual. February to June. ,

The flowers are yellow.

Natural Order, Magnoliaceae.

Magnolia Grandiflora, Linn. A handsome tree with showy
flowers, white and pink; leaves leathery, dark-green shining.
A large tree at Mr. Peniston’s; two fine young trees in the Hon.
Sir. T. J. Wadson’s garden on Cedar Avenue; also a fine speci-
men at the home of Mr. F. K. Outerbridge, at the foot of
Causeway Hill, Hamilton Parish; one at ‘‘ The Willows,’’ the
home of Mr. Ephraim Moyter, Pembroke, and one at ‘‘Sum-
merside,’’ Somerset, the home of Mr. Leicester Curtis. There
are other specimens to be found in different parts of the colony.
Summer months.

Liliodendron Tulipifera. Linn. (tulip tree, or white wood.)
A tall showy tree with flowers pinkish-white, resembling some-
what a small tulip. A tree at Par la Ville, Hamilton; also one
at Pembroke Hall. Early spring months.

Natural Order, Anonaceae.

The only trees or shrubs in Bermuda representing this order
are West Indian fruit trees. Formerly they were cultivated to
a certain extent, and they have taken well to the island, but of
late years they have been neglected. They are:—

Anona Muricata. Linn. (soursop); A. squamosa. Linn.
(sugar apple or sweetsop); a. cheramoia, Mills. (cherimoyer);
a, reticulata, Linn. (custard apple. )

2
To Europeans, the taste of the West Indian fruit, like the
taste for olives, is acquired.
Natural Order, Papaveraceae. :

Argemone Mexicana. Linn. (Stinging thistle prickly
poppy). Very abundant on waste ground and also in unused
cultivated soil. Its prickly leaves, spotted with white, half
clasp the stem, and its bright yellow flowers make it most con-
spicuous. Annual. Febrnary to July.

Papaver Dubium., Linn. (red poppy.) Erect hairy stem
from six to twelve inches high, with bright scarlet single
flowers. Grows in fields and waste ground. Very showy;
flowers are two inches in diameter. Annual. February to
March.

Papaver Somniferum. Linn. (opium poppy.) A weed in
waste ground, but is cultivated for its medicinal properties.
Flowers large, double, of various colours—pale, purple, pink
or white predominating. It is a showy flower for background
in gardens, growing three feet high. Annual, Summer
months.

Fumaria Agraria or Officinalis. Linn. (fumitory.) A
slender, much-branched, brittle, delicately foliaged plant,
with pink flowers tipped with purple; stems intertwined or
tangled, two feet or more in length inclined to climb.
Flowers a quarter of an inch long. Is very abundant and a
troublesome weed. Annual. Nearly all the year.

Fumaria Densiflora. (fumitory) similar to the above, but
with more lace-like foliage. Flowers pale purple, dark at tips.
Common along exposed fences and old walls with a warm
aspect, as well as on the roadsides. Annual. November to
March.

Natural Order, Cruciferae.

Nasturtium Officinale. R.Br. (water-cress) said by Lefroy
to be abundantin Pembroke Marsh, but, if so formerly, it
must have died out, as I failed to find it or tolearn of anv
traces of it. It is doubtful if it would thrive in brackish water-
Perennial. It has been grown in tanks at Government House;
also in some old tanks adjoining the Rectory (formerly the
Government House) St. George’s where it still grows,

Sisymbrium Officinale. Scop. (wild or hedge mustard. )
A common weed, known also as Sinapis nigra, growing to two
feet high, with yellow flowers on a long stalk. It is a trouble-
some weed, with small blossom but densely flowering.
Annual. May.

Brassica Sinapistrum or Sinapis Arvensis. Boiss. (charlock )
Very similar to the above: flowers but somewhat larger, and so
densely grown as to give a field a yellow appearance: seed pods
one and a half-inch to two inches long, on spreading stalks.
A terrible weed for farmers and planters. Annual. March to
June,

Senebiera Didyma. Pers. (star of the earth; wart cress;
swine grass.) The first name is taken from the star-like leaves
close to the ground, covering in the second year large patches,
Flowers very small, white. Common on waste ground,
Biennial. May.

Lepidium Virginicum. Linn. (pepper grass.) Common
everywhere on waysides and on cultivated land. Leaves lance-
shaped, slightly toothed. Very minute white flowers. Slightly
hairy stem one to two feet high. Annual. October to June.

Capsella Bursa-Pastoris. Moh. (Shepherd’s purse; locally
styled ‘‘ The Poor man’s weather glass.’’) Leaves near root,
spreading on the ground; flowers small, white, followed by
triangular seed pods, purse, or pouch-like. A weed in garden,
becoming yearly more abundant. Stem from six to twelve
inches, high. Annual. November.

Iberis Violacea. Ait. (candy-tuft.) Originally a flower, it
has spread profusely in some localities especially in old disused
quarries. An old quarry on the northern outskirts of Hamilton
is full of it. Seldom reaches one foot high. Annual. Spring
aud early summer.

Cakile Maritima. Scop. or aequalis. (scurvy grass) Grows
on seaside rocks andin sandy bays. It is mentioned by the
early discoverers. A smooth, fleshy plant, one to two feet
high, with lilac flowers half aninch wide. Leaves two to
three iuches long, divided, oval, and upper ones lanced-shaped,

Reade expresses a doubt about this being real scurvy ane
(cochlearia officinalis.) It is sometimes called ‘‘ See rocket.
Annual. October to June, and often later.

Alyssum Maritimum. Linn. (Alyssum) Somewhat re-
sembling candy-tuft; grows from one to two feet high; leaves
hoary, narrow, acute, one to two inches long, one-sixth of an
inch wide. Found on sandy roadsides near the sea Flowers
small, white, slightly odorous. Annual. (Omitted by Lefroy. )

Raphanus Raphanistram. Linn. (wild radish.) One to
two feet high: very similar to garden radish only the flowers
are a pale yellow. Annual. October to April.

Raphanus Satirus. Linn. Flowers pale purple followed by
pods from one to two inches long; is abundant on the waysides
andon waste ground. Annual. Early spring. (Omitted by
Lefroy.)

Malthiola Picana. R. Br. (wild stock.) Shrubby with hoary
leaves and handsome purple flowers in branches. Stems one
to two feet high. Seed-pod three inches long. Grows along
seashore, chiefly in Warwick parish. It is doubtless the origin
of the garden varieties. Annual. May.

Natural Order Capparideae.

Cleome Viscosa, Wild. (cleome.) An erect plant twelve to
eighteen inches high, densely covered with sticky glandular
hairs. Ijeaves divided to the base into three or five segments.
Flowers yellow, half an inch wide. Seed capsule remarkable
for its length, which is some three inches. Common in fields.
Annual. September.

Natural Order, Violariedae.

Viola Odorata. Linn. (sweet violet.) This lovely plant
has taken strong hold of the island since its introduction, and
although not wild in the true sense of the word yet it has
spread outside gardens, and flowers most profusely everywhere
in the spring. Pérennial. :

Natural Order, Pittosporeae.

Pittosporum Coriaceum. Ait. A densely foliaged tree fif-
teen to twenty feet high: twiggy; leaves oval, two inches long,
thick, dark olive colour. Flowers, in small clusters at end of
branches, yellowish white. May. A large tree is growing at
the south-west corner of Bishop’s lodge, corner of Cedar
Avenue and Church Street, Hamilton; one at Mount Langton,
and one or two others in private grounds.

Natural Order, Caryophyllaceae.

Arenaria Serpyllifolia, Linn. (sandwort ) Stem covered
with soft hairs six inches high; flowers white and very minute;
leaves quarter of an inch long, oval not stalked. Common.
Annual. Winter months.

Silene Gallica. Linn. (silene.) Hairy, one or two feet
high. Leaves oblong, .spoon-shaped; flowers white, in leafy
one-sided racemes. Annual. March to May.

Stellaria Media. Sm. (chickweed.) A procumbent plant,
densely leaved, with small white flowers. Stems, six to
twelve inches long, branched leaves one-third to half an inch
long. A common weed in cultivated ground. Cage birds are
fond of picking at it. Annual. Winter months.

Stellaria Nemorum. Linn. (stick-weed.) A variety of the
above, slightly larger; star-shaped; flowers creeping in tangled
masses and growing over the rocks, It is abundant near the
Church Cave. Annual. Winter.

Cerastium Viscosum. Linn. (mouse ear.) A small, hairy
plant, stem four to six inches high. Flowers small, white;
leaves larger than those of chick weed which it resembles, A
common weed. Annual. Spring.

Sagina Apetala. (pearl wort.) Grows in grass-like tufts.
Stems wiry, thread-like, numerous. Leaves very narrow.
Flowers greenish-white. A minute wayside weed. Annual.
Winter months.

Montia Fontana. Linn. (water chickweed.) Is common
in ditches and the edge of ponds; much like its land namesake.
Annual. Spring months.

Natural Order, Portulacaceae.

Portulaca Oleracea. Linn. (Common. Purslane or turtle
grass.) A common prostrate plant with spreading, brittle,
fleshy stems, pink or coloured. Leaves fleshy, opposite,
broadly rounded, tapering at the base. Flowers minute, yellow,
solitary at the leaf-angle, and clustering at end of stem. A
very troublesome weed, each root covering a large space and
growing rapidly. Grows everywhere. Annual. All the year.

Sesuvium Portulacastrum. Linn. (seaside purslane.) A
prostrate plant similar to the above, but stems branched and
rooting, often covering large patches. Leaves succulent, blunt
pointed. Lefroy points out its distinguishing feature in the
“‘ absence of petals, stamens of deep rose colour, and delicate
pink lining to the sepals which are externally a bright green.’’
Flowers half an inch long, pink. Common on moist sea shores,
and marsh edges. Leaves of both species sometimes used in
salads, Perennial. Stems or stalks creeping flat, deep red,
merging into blood colour sometimes, cighteen inches long,
and covering very large spaces.

Natural Order Tamariscineae.

Tamarix Gallica. Linn. (Tamarisk.) An ever-green shrub
fifteen to twenty feet high, feathery foliage; flowers catkin-like
spikes, pink very minute. Introduced from the Mediterranean.
It is being used more and more for sea-shore fences, as its
foliage stands the sea spray without ill effects. It isa very
graceful shrub and when clipped forms a good windbrake for
plantations. Should be planted as soon as the young shoots
begin to appear about the end of March.

Natural Order, Hypericineae.

Hypericum Perforatum. Linn. (St. John’s wort.) A small
plant, erect stem two-edged; leaves oblong, blunt; free-flower-
ing, yellow blossoms one inch across. Rare, and only in waste
ground. Perennial. July.

Ascyrum Hypericorides. Linn. Crux Andreae of Linneus |
(St. Andrew’s Cross.) A small, branching shrub two to four
feet high; stems brittle and scaly; leaves one-third of an inch

to half an inch long, and one-twelfth of an inch wide. Re-
versely lance-shaped. Flowers terminal yellow. Frequent in
marshes and occasionally in damp, moist localities. The shape
of the flower probably gave rise to the name it bears.
Perennial, Autumn months,

Natural Order, Guttiferae.

Calophyllum Calaba. Jago, (Galba tree.) Grows from
twenty to thirty feet or more in height, branching profusely
from the ground upwards Its leaves are oblong, blunt,
leathery, and ofa dark green colour, shining, three inches long
and half that width. Flowers white, fragrant, followed by a
small edible fruit. When trimmed or clipped young it forms
a good thick hedge or windbrake in fields. Early Summer
months,

Natural Order Malvaceae.

Sida Carpinifolia. Linn. (Wire weed.) A shrubby herb
with long wiry roots, troublesome to get rid of. Stem
branched, one to two feet high. Flowers half-inch wide,
yellow. Leaves lance-shaped, slightly downy. Lefroy says it
is alluded to in some old laws of 1669. Perennial. All seasons.

Althea Officinalis. (Marsh mallow.) A stout soft, downy
plant, twoto three feet high. Its rose-coloured flowers are
large and showy. Leaves on short stalks broadly ovate, three
to five-lobed, toothed. It is found in Pembroke and Devon-
shire marshes. Perennial. August.

Malva Caroliniana (common mallow.) A creeping plant,
with stem branching and rooting as joints. Leaves five-lobed,
one inch across, lobes toothed. Found sparsely on waste
ground. Flowers dark red. One inch stalks. Annual.
Winter months.

Malva Sylvestris. (large mallow.) A kerbaceous plant,
with erect stems two or three feet high, it is properly a garden
flower, but has escaped and is fairly naturalized. Leaves
sharply angular, with five to seven lobes, serrated. Flowers
one anda half inches across, purple. “Perennial. May to July.

Malva Rotundifolia. (Rose mallow). A prostrate plant,

with hairy stems one and a half feet long. Leaves two to two
and a half inches across, roundish, bluntly five-lobed, serrated,
on long stalks. Occasional on roadsides. Flowers pale rose-
colour, quarter to half inch in diameter. Perennial. Spring
months.

Hibiscus Mutabilis. Linn. (changeable rose). A shrub or
small tree ten to twenty feet high. Flower stalks long with
large, red showy blossoms, changing sometimes to white
Leaves heart-shaped, toothed; flower stalks as long as the
leaves. Foliage bright green, dense owitg to the large size of
the leaves Found on the edge of plantations, in hedges and
on old cultivated land, The blossoms are four inches in
diameter. All seasons,

Bombax Ceiba Linn. (silk cotton-tree). Four or five very
large trees of this species, sixty or seventy feet high, are to be
seen in the Mount Langton grounds, on the south base of the
hill. They were planted by Governor Reid in 1845. Lefroy
calls them West Indian trees, but I learned from an African
working in the garden that the bombax ceiba is an African tree
and that these trees were not old enough to flower. This,
however, they must have done, as the same man told me that
in some years the trees shed cotton-down. Bombax ceiba must
not be confused with the cotton tree of the Western prairie
river bottom which is a species of poplar, similarly shedding
down.

Gossypium Herbaceum. Linn. (cotton plant). This is the
common cotton cultivated abundantly in the Southern United
States of America. Ordinarily a bush with mallow-like leaves,
and a yellow showy flower, it attains, if left, to itself the size
of a small tree. Lefroy says cotton was grown and spun in
Bermuda by the old settlers, by hand-power as it is still spun
in India, In Bermuda cotton now has no economic value, its
price not warranting the care that it needs. It may be occasion-
ally seen in the Walsingham tract and in a few old gardens.

Natural Order, Tiliaceae.

Triumfetta Althaeoides. Linn. (burr-bush). A shrubby plant,
three or four feet high, covered with down. Stems branched,

erect, and very tough; leaves velvety, roundish, three-lobed,
two to three inches long and half that across, all irregularly
toothed; flowers yellow, crowded, a quarter of an inch wide;
the four-seeded globose pods are covered with hairy hooked
spines,

Triumfetta Semitriloba. Linn. (boor-bush of Lefroy.)
This plant is not mentioned in Reade’s Botany. With the
exception of being styled by the former ‘‘a largish bush’ and
common in the Walsingham tract, it is probably a sub-species
of the real Burr-bush.

Natural Order, Lineae.

Linum Usitatissimum. Linn. (wild flax.) Stem eighteen
inches high; leaves narrow; flowers purple or blue. Grows on
the waysides, a remnant probably of former cultivation.
Annual, Not common.

Lefroy erroneously calls this ‘‘ Flag,’? and gives marshes
as its locality.

Natural Order, Geraniaceae.

Geranium Carolinianum. (wild geranium or crane’s-bill.)
A spreading plant, rather hairy, main stem becoming prostrate
when mature. Leaves five-lobed almost to the base; flowers
pale- lilac, veined. Common on waste ground. Its peculiarly
shaped seed vessel has given its name.

Geranium Dissectum. Linn. (crane’s-bill). Very similar
to above but with flower paler and almost white. Is said by
Lefroy to be confined to St. David’s Island. Reade does not
mention it. Annual.

These wild geraniums in Europe are the origin of the Pelar-
gonium (pelargonium zonale), our garden geranium, the num-
ber and variety of which is constantly increasing through
hybridization.

I have found in old quarries, field corners and waste ground,
the scarlet geranium flowering as profusely as in a garden, al-

though far moved from a dwelling house. Slips or branches
of geranium thrown away or dropped by chance, root readily
anywhere under favourable conditions, and the flower may be
cited as another evidence of how quickly plants revert to their
original state.

Tropaeolum Majus. (common nasturtium.) Reade men.
tions this as closely allied to the geranium. Its three-lobed
berry is used as a substitute for capers. Like the geranium,
although properly a garden flower, it is common on the island.
A small mound on the South shore, not far West of Hungry
Bay, and distant from any dwelling, used to be clothed with
nasturtium, the mound probably having been garden refuse
there dumped from a cart going to the bay for seaweed.

Natural Order Rutaceae.

Zanthoxylum Clava-Hercules. Linn. (yellow wood.)
Lefroy mentions only a single tree, some ten inches in
diameter, east of Paynter Vale. He believes it to be the last
survivor of the native yellow wood mentioned in the earliest
accounts of the Islands. Professor Oliver, Kew, gave it as his
opinion that the early descriptions apply closely to this tree,
Lefroy says it never flowers; young plants, whether suckers
or seedlings are not known, failed to grow on removal, owing
to their tap-roots always breaking off in the rock crevices.
Professor Oliver also says that the leaves submitted to him
agree fairly with a flowerless Dominican specimen. The tree at
Paynter Vale was planted by a Mr. Paynter over one hundred
years ago.

Citrus Limonum. Risso, (common lemon). A small tree
with rough branches, often interlocked and armed with strong
thorns some two inches long; leaves three and one-half inches
long, alternate, of a bright green; flowers white, followed by a
rough yellow oblong fruit, with thick rind. This fruit, which
was formerly cultivated, has, by neglect, through insect
ravages, and blight, been allowed to revert to a wild state and
is to be found on the outskirts of cultivation. Lefroy cites
three varieties; but un-named.

Citrus Vulgaris. Risso. (seville orange). Grows from

twenty to thirty feet high, with leaves and flowers resembling
the lemon, the flowers very sweet-scented and leaves a shade
darker green. Formerly large quantities of marmalade were
made on the island for family and domestic use, but with the
failure of the trees the manufacture has now ceased. The pulp
of the round fruit is bitter with a thin rind.

Citrus Bigaradia, Loist. (bitter orange of Lefroy). Very
similar to the above, but fruit larger and blossom highly per-
fumed.

Citrus Aurantium. Linn. (sweet orange.) Much the same
in appearance as citrus bigaradia but fruit larger and of sweet,
excellent flavour. Bermuda sweet oranges used to be eagerly
sought after.

Closely allied to the above are C. nobilis, Lour, (manderin);
C. minon [tangerine.]; C. decumana, Linn. [shaddock]; C.
racemosa, Ris et Poit; [grape fruit]; C. limetta [lime.]; C.
medicus [citron].

Young trees of these varieties are being grown and experi-
mented with in the Public Garden, and it has been found that
with spraying and careful cultivation of the trees, there is no
reason why the fruit trade of Bermuda should not revive.
Early records show that in 1621 the Governor of Bermuda of
that day was able to refresh a shipwrecked party with citrus
fruits, aud from 1634, subsequently, certain rents were paid in
oranges and lemons.

Natural Order, Simarubrieae.

Ailanthus Glandulosa. Desf. (tree of heaven.) A hand-
some tree twenty to thirty feet high; smooth stem; deep-cut
green leaves about one foot long, with ten to twelve alternate
lanceolate pointed leaflets, graceful, very similar to the Pride
of India, except that the leaves of the latter are drooping,
whilst those of the ailanthus are less so. Introduced by Gov-
ernor Elliott. A fine tree, almost facing the Post Office in
Hamilton, standsin the public grounds; otherwise ailanthus

-is confined to very few gardens. The flowers are white, in
graceful, lengthy cluster, the aroma of which is said to be

poisonous. Some years ago the medical authorities of New
York caused all ailanthus trees gracing the residential streets
of the city to be cut down, attributing numerous cases of illness
to the proximity of tbe blossoms to bedroom windows. May
and June.

Natural Order, Meliaceae.

Melia Azedarach, Linn. (Pride of India.) A large tree,
valuable for shade and the beauty of its flowers in summer.
It grows thirty feet or more high, with dense green foliage,
leaves twice pinnate leaflets, three to six pairs, lance shaped
and a terminal one, long pointed. Flowers lilac, followed by
yellow berries which hang till the following Spring. It is one
of the few deciduous trees here. Originally introduced as an
ornamental street tree, it has become fairly naturalized, being
common around country houses.

Swietenia Mahagoni, Linn. (mahogany). Comparatively
few of these solid looking, massive-trunked trees, some twenty
feet or more in height, are on the island. One fine specimen
may be seen at ‘‘ Palmetto Grove,” the Flatts. Lefroy says a
few young trees were to be met with when he was Governor of
Bermuda. The tree at Palmetto Grove used formerly to be
pointed out to visitors as one of the sights of Bermuda; other
specimens may now be seen at ‘‘ Seamount,”’ in Victoria Park,
Hamilton, and in the garden of the Hunter property, on Queen
Street, St. George’s.

There is also at Mount Langton, a satinwood tree (S.
chloroxylon), and one Banyan tree is to be found in the Trim-
ingham grounds at Inglewood, but neither of the two can be
considered as taking to Bermuda.

Natural Order, Illicineae.

Ilex Cassine. Linn. A shrub with small shining oval leaves,
introduced from Virginia. It has established itself and has be-
come fairly naturalized, especially near the Flatts, and back
of Prospect. Flowers small, white, followed by a berry used
in Bermuda for Christmas decorations, which has led to its
being given the false name of ‘‘ Christmas Holly,”’ although it
bears noresemblance. I. cassine, however, is properly a holly.

13
Natural Order, Leguminosae.

Dolichos Sphoerospermus. (black-eye Pea) although
cultivated: for the table, is frequently met with in fields, where
its turning stems matted and interwoven, cover a considerable
space. Leaflets stalked, three; flowers variable, yellow or
white, blotched with purple, followed by pods long, round,
slender. May or June.

Cassia Bicapsularis. JIjinn. (christmas bush.) An ever-
green shrub three to four feet high, with long, weak, trailing
branches, leaflets smooth, three to four pairs. Flowers one
inch, yellow, ten or twelve ona stalk in succession, followed
by a seed-pod four to six inches long. Not very common.
Grows along old walls and hedges: November to March.

Cassia Bacillaris. Linn. (cassia), Resembles the former,
but is distinguished by having only two pairs of leaflets.
Rare, Pod cylindrical.

Cassia Glauca. yam. (West Indian ash) with four to six
pairs of leaflets. Found at ‘‘ Somerville.’’

Cassia Ligustrina. Linn. (‘' privet’?) Common in gardens
and now used as hedges here andthere. Lefroy describes it
as distinguishable ‘‘by the very pointed leading leaflets like
true privet, whence its name.’’

Cassia Occidentalis. Linn. Described by Lefroy as an an-
nual weed in gardens, especially at St. George’s. Has five
pairs of ovate lance-shaped leaflets.

Cassia Alata (omitted by Lefroy) is given by Reade. No
description except pod four-angled.

Cassia Florida, mentioned only by Reade as being in the
Hamilton Public Grounds. Has flat, narrow, leathery pods
about six inches long.

Desmanthus Virgatus. Willd. (desmanthus) A slender
shrub, four feet high, with smooth twiggy stems. Leaflets
twelve. Flowers white, followed by a pod two inches long,
one-sixth of an inch wide, flat and compressed. Rare. Found
at Hungry Bay and at Somerset.

Leucaena Glauca. Benth. (wild acacia, styled by Lefroy,
mimosa.) A common shrub along waysides, with pretty
pinnate leaves, branches dotted with small powdery scales.
Flowers in dense globular white heads, followed by a seed-pod
from four to seven inches long, flat compressed; the seeds flat,
shining, not unlike those of the water melon. April to Novem-
ber.

Acacia Lebbeck. Willd. (black ebony) mentioned only
by Lefroy who says several trees are at Mr. Peniston’s, Smiths
Parish. the largest 66 inches round, and that it is not uncom-
mon elsewhere.

Erythrina Speciosa, or, Corallodendron Speciosum Andr.
(sword plant or coral tree). A species of locust or acacia; a
large massive tree twenty to thirty feet high, with spreading
crowded branches. The flowers brigh scarlet, or like coral,
appear before the leaves, presenting a very bright and striking
appearance. They are shaped like a sword which has ted to
the name ‘‘ sword ”’ plant, although it would more properly be
called sword-tree. Its seed-pod is constricted and contains
scarlet seed. The massive appearance of the tree somewhat
resembles that of the mahogany. The wood is yellow and
Lefroy says ‘‘it might be supposed to be the ‘‘ yellow wood of
1694 but for the fact that it is known to have been planted over
fifty years ago.’’ A fine tree in the Public Garden at St.
George’s and is a picture when in full blossom.

Erythrium Velutina. Willd. (locust, Spanish.) Lefroy
mentions several old and large trees in Devonshire and Smiths
parishes, in the latter parish one tree being twelve feet in
circumference at six feet from the ground, the huge roots al-
lowing no nearer measurement. From the wood being yellow,
although the tree does not correspond, with the early descrip-
tion of ‘‘ yellow wood ’’ yet it was probably known under that
name after the real tree became extinct, and in a map of Ire-
land Island in the British Museum, dated 1694, a ‘“‘ yellow
tree’ is inserted as a landmark. This species is very similar
to the preceding, flowers orange-red, appearing before the
leaves.

Robina Pseudacacia. Linn. (common acacia.) Is to be
seen in the Public Grounds, Hamilton, and is conspicuous in
May with its pendulous hanging flower clusters, white and
sweet-scented, foliage similar to the locust, and followed by
pods four or five inches long.

Poinciana Regia. Bojer. (Poinciana). A handsome tree,
twenty to thirty feet high, with massive, clean, wide-spreading
branches, often reaching nearly to the ground and with a
smooth grey bark closely resembling an elephant’s trunk. Its
leaves are feather-shaped, one foot long, bearing twelve to
eighteen pairs of small entire leaflets. Flowers yellow, strip-
ed with crimson, followed by a pod twelve to eighteen inches
long and two inches wide, flat. One of the most handsome
trees, and it is only to be seen either on the streets or in pri-
vate grounds where the branches often cover an area of fifty
feet in diameter. Deciduous. September.

Poinciana Pulcherrima. Linn., the coesalpinia of Reade.
(Barbados pride, flower fence.) Is an evergreen shrub, its
branches armed with prickles. When clipped and pruned it
forms a good fence for a garden. It flowers profusely, flowers
orange-red, with a peculiarly long stamen. It flowers most of
the year.

Tamarindus Indica. Linn. (Tamarind tree.) A tree at-
taining thirty to forty feet in height with dense foliage and
very handsome leaves, pale green, feathery and hanging in
masses Or groups. A number of these trees may be seen in
different parts of the islands but the fruit is not made use of,
which Lefroy calls ‘‘a neglect of the minor industries.’’ The
leaves are composed of twelve to sixteen pairs of leaflets;
flowers pale yellow veined with red. ‘he pod is long and con-
tains from one to four seeds, or, ‘‘ stones.’’ April to May.

Gladitschia Monosperma. (swamip locust.) A few trees
grow at Spanish Point, acacia or locust-like in all respects, but
armed with formidable spines one to two inches long. Seed-
pods only one-seeded. Spring.

Under this Order Lefroy gives a yellow acacia, acacia arabica,
Willd (gum arabic, babool gum); Myrospernum percieae,
Royle, (balsam of Peru); Ceratonia Siligua, Linn. (St. John’s.

bread); and Wistaria frutescens, D. C. (wisteria.} These,
however, are only in private grounds and are exceptional.

This order, Leguminosae, is one of the largest and most use-
ful, and is easily distinguished by its pea-like flower and seed-
pods. ; .

Natural Order, Rosaceae.

Geum Radiatum. Mich. (geum.) A plant four.to six
inches:high, not at all. unlike goat-weed, with which. it is apt
to be confounded, the main distinction being that the flowers
of the latter are white, whereas those of the geum are yellow.
As the white petals of goat weed fall off leaving a yellow
centre, they often present the appearance of a yellow blossom.
Not common. Flower half to three-quarter inch long, An-
nual, April and May.

Prunus Domestica. Linn. (common plum) does not thrive,
neither does Prunus armeniaca (apricot). j

Amygdalus persica. Linn. (peach-tree) and A. néctariana,
W. (nectarine) were formerly plentiful here, the fruit attain-
ing great size and being of a-superior flavour. Their cultiva-
tion, however, like that of other fruits, has been greatly neg-
lected, the cultivation of the onion and potato requiring less
care and attention. The trees, through. the ravages of an in-
sect, are comparatively useless. Spraying would toa -great
extent obviate this, and the use of the. knife amongst.diseased
branches would stay these ravages. Every Spring the - peach-
trees here may be seen straggling with blossoms aud fruit
setting, which subsequently falls pierced by the parasitic insect
that infests the trees. Moreover, peach culture seems not to
be understood in Bermuda as it ison the American Continent
where seven or eight years is considered the fruit-bearing: life
of the tree, and a succession of rows is kept ready to supply
the orchard growth. In this way the trees are strong, vigour-
ous and healthy, and better able to resist insect ravages, Old-
peach-trees around an American peach orchard are ‘looked
upon as a sign of carelessness and slovenly oversight. :

Pyrus Malus. Linn. (the apple,) P. communis, Linn
(pear-tree,) and Cydonia vulgaris, Pers, (quince) grow well

for a few years and then die out; probably as deciduous trees
by nature, they. require the wiriter rest of their more uorthern
climate. Eriobotrya saponica, Linn. (loquat or Japan medlar)
thrives well and fruits most abundantly.“ This tree, fifteen to
twenty feet high, isa handsomestree, from its thick, dark-
green foliage, white flowers in spikes, resembling the English
borse-chestn ut, follow ed by a yellow plum- like frivit “which i is
most palatable.

‘Natural Order, Rhizoporeae. -

Rhizophora Mangle. Linn. (mangrove.) An evergreen
spreading tree, continually throwing out rootlets from its
branches, - which penetrate the mnd, or swamp soil, forming
new stems, creating thereby dense thickets in. salt or brackish
‘matshes, which. water it prefers to fresh. Leaves ovate or
oblong, smooth, leathery, four inches long. Flowers small,
yellow. Summer and Autumn, ;

The most striking thing in the case of Rhizophora is that the
caulicle projects from the fruit a long distance before the latter
falls from the tree.: ers

Avicennia Nitida. Jacq. (False mangrove) -is generally
found amongst: the true Mangroves but is distinguishable from
it by its dusty white appearance the underside of its leaves
being covered with a white pubescence. Lefroy places it
under the order Verbenaceae. Flowers, white in spring.

Natural Order, Combretaceae.

Conocarpus Procumbens. Linn. or Racemosus. Or (butter-
wood). A prostrate, contorted shrub with knotted and densely
interwoven branches, leaves leatherly, downy when young,
two inches long. Flowers yellowish-white, followed bya cone-
like head of brown one-seeded nuts densely overlapping a
woody axis. Common along seaside rocks, Flowers in
‘autumn. . :

~Conocarpus Erectus’ Jacq.” (button wood, sea mulberry. )

Ts common along marshes and swamps, “where it becomes an
erect shrub. Reade says it is Scarcely distinct asa species
from the former.

Terminalia Catappa. Linn. (demerara almond). With
large, shining, leathery leaves is only found.in a few shrub-
berries. It grows from ten to thirty feet high.

Natural Order, Myrtaceae.

Myrtus Communis (common myrtle.) An evergreen shrub
ten or twelve feet high, with simple, smooth, oval, leathery
leaves two to three inches long by one and a half broad.
Flowers minute, feathery, forming a raceme, or pointed bunch,
Although properly a garden shrub, it may be found on tke outs
skirts and mixing with the following shrubs.

Eugenia Ugni, or Uniflora. Linn. (surinam cherry), is
very similar to the myrtle, and might easily be mistaken for it,
only for the fruit succeeding its white myrtle-like blossoms.
This fruit is about the size of a cherry, obtusely five-angled, of
a delicate waxy-red colour, and pleasant sub-acid taste. Both
flower in February.

Eugenia Axillaris. Poir. (brazilian cherry) Is a much
rarer shrub, scarcely distinguishable fron the previous ones,
except in having a larger berry, and flowering in September.

Eugenia Jambos. Linn. or vulgaris (rose apple). Is only
in a few gardens and not much known. May and June.

Pimenta Vulgaris. W. A. and P. acris W. A. (Pimento
and allspice.) The former having four and the latter having
five lobes to the calyx, are mainly confined to shrubberies,
with an occasional rare escape. Leaves aromatic. May.

Poidium Guagava Pomiferum. Jinn. (Guava) is consider-
ed by Lefroy as a native, and grows wild although rare, and is
a poor fruiter.

Punica Granatum. Linn. [Pomegranate] One of the most
delicious fruits. Isa bright green foliaged shrub, ten or fifteen
feet high. Its leaves are .narrow, lance-shaped. Flowers
large crimson, followed by a fruit with a dense leathery rind,
its pulp consisting of irregular cells and seeds of a sub-acid
and sweet taste. Lefroy says it was grown here as early as
1621, and probably was found here by early navigators. Cap-
tain John Smith in his history [about 1608] includes this fruit

and speaks of its fertility. It is occasionally used as a fence,
but its cultivation is entirely neglected. A double flowering
species is not uncommon, and is of great beauty. May and June.

Eucalyptus Globulus. Labil. Resinifera, Smith and Coriacea
[blue, red, and common gum trees of Australia.] Have been
experimentally planted but since Lefroy says they require sup-
port against the winds, all hope has been precluded of their
establishment here. If they could succeed, they would pro-
bably be of benefit on the margin of the marshes.

Natural Order, Lythrarieae.

Lagerstoemia Indica. Linn. (queen of the shrubs.) A
shrub four to ten feet high, covered with rosy pink flowers
from May to September. It is properly a garden plant, intro-
duce from India, but may be seen on some road sides outside
of the garden.

Natural Order, Onagrarieae.

Oenothera Longiflora. Jacq. (evening primrose.) An
erect plant covered with dense soft hairs. Leaves narrow,
oblong, blunt at base, acute-pointed, irregularly toothed.
Flowers yellow, three inches wide, sweet scented, only open
at night and closed in the morning sun. Originally a garden
plant, it has so plentifully escaped and seeded itself as to be
abundant on waste land. Biennial. May to August.

Oenothera Humifusa. Nutt. A halfshrubby plant. Stems
stout, hairy. Leaves silvery Flowers orange yellow, one
inch across, Found at Tuckerstown and St. Davids.
Perennial. May.

[With the exception of the above wild plant all the families
comprised in this Order are cultivated. The many varieties of
the rose-tree thrive most luxuriantly and blossom in profusion,
especially from November until June. Lefroy says the Moss
Rose does not succeed here].

Oenothera Simiata. Linn. Somewhat similar to the above,
said to exist only on the shore near Shelly Bay. Flowers yel-
low, three quarter of an inch across. Biennial. May to July.

Oenothera Rosea, Ait. ‘(Pink evening primrose) A smooth,
half-shrubby. plant, upright stems, almost woody. Leaves one
anda half inch long; calyx one inch long. Capsule four-angled
and eight-tibbed. Flowers rosy-coloured, three-quarters of an
inch across. .Pérerinial. March ‘to May.

‘Oenothera Speciosa. Nutt. Upright, very slightly hairy.
Leaves oblong, toothed, “pointed. Grows about nine inches
high. Flowers pinkish-white, fragrant, one “and a half inches
broad; petals, four. Very rare, and not described before by any
Bermuda botanist." North SHore, near. Langton House, where
I found only one:small, patch of five or six plants, each in
blossom, Apparently, annual. Stigma long with four slender
arms. May... 7 : ;

Query.—Is this a new species in Bermuda?

Isnardia Repens, D.C. (ditch-weed.) An aquatic plant
with brittle stems, rooting at the joints. Leaves one inch
long, oval. The plant occasionally spreads on to dry land ad-
joining marsh or ditches. Flowers. small, greenish-yellow.
Perennial. Early Summer. ,

Natural Order, Passifloreae.

Carica Papaya. Linn. (papaw.) A peculiar, unbranched
tree, ten to twenty-five feet high, stem naked up to summit
where leaves, one to two feet in diameter, with five to seven
lobes, on long stalks, present an appearance imitating the
palm, The trees are male and female, the latter with solitary,
axillary blossoms, petals five or six overlapping. The male
tree has long- stalked, many-flowered axillary flowers, corolla
tube long, narrow. Occasionally a hermaphrodite tree is found
bearing a fruit more pear-shaped than that which a simple
female tree produces. Flowers greenish-yellow near the sum-
mit of the smooth trunk, followed by a round orange-looking
fruit, one fruit ranged above the other along the stem just
below the leaves, looking as though oranges ripe and green
had been fastened there. The ripe fruit is eaten, having some-
what the flavour of an over-ripe, soft melon. When green and
unripe the fruit is valued in cooking for its property of soften-
ing animal fibres, thus rendering the toughest meat tender.

This quality is due to the pepsin it contains, a fact which has
recently attracted the attention of the medical profession.
The following extract from a pharmaceutical’ publication ex-
plains the property of the papaw.

‘Pepsin derived from this fruit is the foundation of most
medicines for curing digestive derangements. It is easily pre-
pared, the unripe fruit being daily scarred or lined a quarter
of an inch deep with a sharp knife, and the juice caught and
dried on sheets of glass, when it becomes a marketable com-
modity.’’

Another paper says-—

‘“The juice (of the papaw) is pressed out of the fruit, clarifi-
ed by filtration through a twill bag, and the ferment precipita-
ted by alcohol. It is then dried.’’

The tree is of quick growth, and needs practically no cultiva-
tion. Itis common in waste places, seeming to prefer poor
soil. It is of very rapid growth, and from its peculiar appear-
ance at once attracts attention. Lefroy says the leaves possess
curative effects applied externally is cases of rheumatism.
Flowers March to November.

Passiflora Minima (wild passion flower.) A climbing vine,
with wiry stem. Leaves one to two inches, glossy, oval, some
entire, some three-lobed, the leaf-stalk having two small stalk-
ed glands above the middle Flowers greenish-yellow in pairs,
axillary, followed by a purplish insipid berry, one and a half
inch long. Common along old walls and waysides. Perennial.
April to September.

Passiflora Libiata. Ait (wild passion flower.) Probably a
sub-species (minima) much like the preceding, with the excep-
tion of glands at the top of the stalk. Commonest around
Paynter Vale. Summer.

Passiflora Coerulea. Linn. (wild passion flower.) Similar
to the two preceding, except that the leaves are five-lobed,
glands more distant from the leaf, appears to flower more
rarely. Summer.

Passifiora Laurifolia, Maliformis, or Quadrangularis. Linn.
(the two former known as water lemon, the latter as grena-
dilla). These are cultivated in gardens, are not abundant, and
I am not aware of any escapes as yet.

‘The flowers of all are greenish-yellow, half an inch in
diameter. All perennial, the roots matting thickly. March
to early Autumn.

Natural Order, Cucurbitaceze.

Cucumbers, pumpkins and melons chiefly constitute this
order in Bermuda, and are all cultivated; they do not come
within the limits of this work. The only wild plant of the
order is given by Lefroy, but is omitted ly Reade, namely:—

Sicyos Angulata. Linn. (wild bryone) Called by Lefroy
‘fan American species of chance introduction ’’ found about
the Church Cave, Paynter Vale. It is a plant with long run-
ning, slender stalks; leaves like those of the cucumber but
smoother and of a paler green. Flowers, greenish. Annual.
It is used by the natives as a medicine for fevers and colds. It
flowers in Spring and early Summer. I have seen a few rare
specimens around Hamilton ina lane leading from Mr. Bluck’s
estate West of the grounds formerly known asthe Exhibition
Grounds.

Natural Order, Cacteae.

Melocactus communis, D.C. (Turk’s cap). This cactus may
be seen on stone gateways, and in high dry situations. Stem,
which constitutes the whole plant is globose, about one foot
high, with from twelve to twenty vertical ridges, spiny, and
top wooly, concealing a number of small crimson flowers. In
appearance it is not unlike a dark-green, thorny melon.
Flowers in Summer.

Cereus Grandiflorus. Mill. (night blooming cereus), with
long, rope-like stems ascendiny trees and walls, or more often
hanging over the latter, affords after sunest one of the most
magnificent flowers in the whole vegetable kingdom, the flower
closing and fading at day-break, The ‘silky appearance of its
rose-pink blossom, eight inches in diameter, wax-like and fra-
grant, is beautiful in the extreme. ss

Cereus Triangularis. Haw, or Macdonaldiae, (a night bloom-
ing species) with thick, massive triangular stems, although a
night flower cannot compare with the preceding. It sends
long rope-like stems from its thicker leaves, up high tree-trunks,
several plants on the edge of Victoria Park, Hamilton, afford-
ing a splendid illustration of the height attained. When the
plant has attained the summit of the tree it again throws out
its massive leaves. Flowers, pinkish-white.

Opuntia Vulgaris. Mill, (prickly pear.) This is one of the
plants mentioned by the early discoverers in 1610. It may be
styled a prostrate, spreading, or creeping, shrub, with jointed
branches; leaves ovated, compressed, very thick and fleshy,
three to four inches long nearly as wide, with dense tufts of
slender barbed thorns or bristles, and in-open situations with
several long awl-shaped spines. Flowers are on the edge of
the joints, petals leathery-yellow followed by a crimson edible
fruit, two inches in diameter not unlike a fig, which, however,
before eating must be divested ofits spiny and thorny coat. It
is common wherever sand prevails, but is not nearly so plenti-
ful as formerly. Flowers in the Summer months. Perennial.

Opuntia Tuna. Mill. (prickly pear.) Is given by Lefroy,
but appears to have been confounded with vulgaris, unless it is
a smaller species.

Opuntia Candelabra. (candle-stick plant or candelabra.)
Not to be confounded with the Euphorbia which bears the same
local name, the arms of the latter growing upwards, whereas
the arms of the plant being described grow laterally. It is
omitted by both Lefroy and Reade, probably having been in-
troduced since their time. Itis strictly a garden cactus, its
peculiar right-angled stems form an upright, jointed stalk giv-
ing the idea of the name it bears.

Natural Order, Crassulaceae.

Bryophylium Calycinum. Salish. (life plant or air plant;
floppers.) A succulent, brittle plant two feet or more high,
according to locality. Stems purplish, and green spotted.
Leaves opposite, fleshy, serrate, or deeply toothed. Flowers,
pendulous, bell-shaped, one and a halfinch long, green and

purple, transparent, in terminal bunches. From the peculiar
report made by the flowers when cracked or compressed by the
fingers has arisen the local name “‘ floppers.’’

This plant was first introduced in 1813, and has now spread
in profusion all over the islands; not an old wall, crevice, shady
glen or stony glade where it is not abundant. A peculiarity it
possesses is that the leaves placed in damp cloth, or even pin-
ned up in a damp place, produce rootlets and young planis at
the crenatures or marginal creases, the same thing will happen
if a leaf is suspended froma piece of thread or string in the
air. Seeds seldom mature, owing probably to the easy method
of leaf propogation. So abundant is the plant everywhere
that it is bound to attract attention. Perennial. Flowers from
January to June with an occasional flower all through the year.

Sedum Linn. (stonecrop.) Although called by Lefroy a
garden plant, yet it is now spreading freely and may be found
sparingly on the wall-faces of road-cuttings around Hamilton,
and iu Warwick. It is frequently placed on graves, whence it
has probably spread. A free growth of it faces the Cathedral
growing among the sandstone brought for that building from
Nova Scotia and may have been introduced in that spot with
the stone It is a procumbent, fleshy-leaved plant, one or two
inches high, leaves bright green, Overlapping slightly. Flowers
bright, of a star-like shape; yellow. It is not unlike some of
the northern mosses in growth. Perennial. June to July.

[Another plant, not defined but a species or variety of stone-
crop, somewhat similar to the preceding, but with trailing
short stems some two or three inches long and withered half
their length is to be found on the North shore rocks back of
Mount Langton and at Spanish Point. It seems to me if not a
separate species to be a variety. Leaves clearer than ordinary
stonecrop. Perennial. ]

Natural Order, Umbelliferae.

Hydrocotyle Umbellata. Linn. (penny wort). A plant
with stem creeping and rooting in soft marsh earth, with clus-
ters of roundish leaves, one to two inches in diameter. Flowers

in umbels on long stalks, greenish-white. Commonin marshes.
Perennial. Summer months.

Hydrocotyle Repanda. Pers. (species of penny wort.)
Differs from above in having clusters of heart-shaped leaves,
blunt; flower-stalks short. In all other respects same as pre-
ceding.

Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Linn. (thick-leaved) pennywort,
is mentioned only by Lefroy.

Caucalis Nodosa, Clarke, (burr parsley) called by Lefroy
Torilis. A small plant six to eighteen inches high, rough all
over with short, granulated hairs, leaves dense with leaflets
much resembling the carrot. Stem erect, branched, slightly
furrowed. Flowers white or tinged with pink, in globose
heads, opposite to the leaveson short stalks. Abundant in
waste places. Annual. February to June.

Smyrnium Olustratrum. Linn. (Alexanders). A stout
erect herb, two to three feet high, with a shining angular, fur-
rowed hollow stem, not unlike celery. Leaves tri-foliate,
lobed, toothed. Flowers yellow in compound heads or umbels;
seeds black, when ripe, like coriander. It is grown in gardens.
The medicinal properties of the root macerated in rum are con-
sidered remedial in rheumatism, used both externally and in-
ternally. Perennial. February to June.

Coriandrum Sativam. Linn. (coriander.) Much resembles
in all respects the preceding, both species being apt to be con-
founded. It is not uncommon, and is said to have been first
brought in by Portuguese from Madrieaz. It emits an offensive
smell, Perennial.

Anthriscus Vulgaris. (iron weed or rough chevril.) Lefroy
Cities this as only a common weed.

Anethum Graveolens. Linn. (May weed). Not unlike the
wild carrot. Lefroy says it has become naturalised on St.
George’s Island, but it is now adundant everywhere and isa
very troublesome weed as well as a prolific seeder.

Foeniculum Vulgare. Gaert. (wild fennel.) Called by Lefroy,
Ferula communis, who says it is mentioned as sent out from

England in seeds in 1616. A stout erect herb, three to four
feet high. Leaves feathery, being divided into many fine
capillary, or hairlike segments, Flowers yellow with large
heads or umbels. Common on rocky roadsides, The leaves
of this plant form the constituent of the French liqueur known
as absinthe. Summer months. Perennial.

Apium Septophylum F. M. or helosciadium (fool’s parsley.)
An erect plant, stem twelve to eighteen inches high, distinctly
branched. Leaves few, distant, divided into many slender
segments. Umbels, as in burr parsley, opposite to the leaves.
Flowers white, very small but forming a globose head, tinged
with pink. Spring months. Annual.

Petroselinum Sativum. Linn. (wild parsley.) A smooth
plant, erect stem. Leaves with leaflets, lower ones crowded,
three cleft. Flowers in a compound umbel or head, small,
white. Not common. Biennial. Summer months. Very
similar to the cultivated parsley, if not a degenerate escape.

Dancus Carota (wild carrot) is either the garden species
degenerate and reverted to its wild condition, or it is the pro-
totype of the garden carrot. Biennial. Summer months,

Natural Order, Araliaceae.

Hedera Helix. Linn. (common ivy). Although this was
originally a garden plant, it has become naturalised and is
occasionally found outside of cultivation, covering old walls and
tree trunks. Too well know to need description.

Division II: Monopetalae.

Natural Order, Caprifoliaceae.

Viburnum Tinus. Linn. (Laurestinus,) A compact ever-
green shrub, with shining, entire, dark-green leaves, one to
two inches long, bushy, with dusters of small white flowers
forming a level topped head. Not abundant. A growth of
these shrubs may be seen on the left hand side of the lane,
near the foot of the hill, leading to Hungry Bay. Winter
months.

Sambricus Nigra. Uinn. (common elder.) A very brittle
wooded shrub, with deeply palmate leaves and large heads of
white flowers. Is occasionally found outside of cultivation.
Reade says it does not usually produce berries, perhaps from
want of bee-fertilization or from sparrows picking them off,
birds in other countries being especially fond of these berries.
May and June.

Caprifolium Sempivirens. Mich. and Lonicera japonica.
Linn. (honey suckle.) May be found in the vicinity of gar-
dens, creeping or running over old walls, especially along the
south-shore road in Devonshire Flowers very fragrant. In
the first of these species the upper pairs of leaves are united at
the base, giving the stem the appearance of growing through
them. In the other species the leaves are all distinct. Pere-
nnial. Summer months.

Natural Order, Rubriaceae.

Coffee Arabica, Linn. (coffee.) A medium sized tree, with
oblong, shining, dark-green leaves, and axillary clusters of
white flowers, i. e. growing between the leaf and the stem.
It has been planted out around Walsingham where it has
largely spread, especially near the caves. But little use is
made of the berries. From a tree in the Trimingham grounds,
at ‘‘ Montrose,’’ alongside of the Public Gardens, coffee was
made on the occasion of a lawn party from berries grown and
roasted there, and was pronounced excellent, equal if not
superior to the ordinary coffee of commerce. The wild trees
seem to thrive well and there is no reason why the coffee-berry
should not be added to Bermuda’s products.

Randia Aculeata. Linn. (box briar.) Only mentioned by
Lefroy, who says it is an interesting example of local natura-
lization. Originally from the West Indies, it has outspread the
hills in Warwick and part of Paget, but is unknown eastwards.
Flowers in September There is a stump in the Hamilton
Gardens, shooting up again under the name of briar-wood,
from which kind of wood are made in Jamaica ornaments for
the watch-chain, known as “‘ briars.’’

Chiocea Racemosa. Linn. (snowberry.) <A shrub bearing
clusters of snow-white berries. Is probably a garden shrub,
but has escaped, and may be sparingly found at Walsingham.

Palecourea Pavetta; S. W., Psychotria pavetta. One speci-
men exists in the garden at Bishop’s Lodge, Hamilton.

Psychotria Undata. Jacq. A shrub with glossy, dark, wavy,
green leaves, tapering at the base. Is said by Lefroy to be
found at Walsingham. Flowers inconspicuous in April and
May.

Rachicallis Rupestris, D. C., or muralis. A low spiny shrub,
two to three feet high, branches rusty, erect, in opposite pairs.
Spines slender, longer than leaves, the latter one-third of an
inch in diameter, roundish, pointed. Flowers yellow. Barren
hills on the south shore. Rare. September.

Spermacoce Tremior, Linn. (button-wood.) A plant with
slender stem, erect, sparingly branched; six to eight inches
high. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire, hairy, upper ones

narrow. Flowers in clusters, pale pink. Reade calls it a
‘‘very common wayside weed,’’ while Lefroy confines it to

Walsingham. It is not unlike one of the American Epilo-
biums All seasons. Annual,

Spermacoce or Borreria Loevis. Griseb. (borera.) Stem
erect, three to six inches. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed,
shining. Flowers many-clustered, pink. Wayside weed.
Corresponds in other respects with preceding.

Galium Uniflorum. Mich. (bedstraw.) A trailing plant,
stem half to one foot. Leaves one-third of an inch long, four
in a whorl, narrow, oblong, pointed. Flowers on slender-
jointed stalks, yellow. Found on barren hills and dry road-
sides. June to August. Annual.

Galium Palustre. Linn. (healsoon.) Similar in every re-
spect to forgoing, except that flowers are white, andit is
found only in marshes and marshy ground.

Galium Arvensis, (field madder.) A prostrate plant, stems
one foot long; leaves half-an-inch long, four to six in a whorl,
oblong, pointed. Flowers pink, small. Annual. Found only
at Salt Kettle. Properly a garden plant. May.

Centranthus Airosiphon, Bots., or rubber, (sugar plum.) A
smooth erect plant two feet high, with fleshy sub-entire leaves
two to three inches long. Flowers dense, terminal, level-top-
ped, red. Originally a garden plant it has spread and isin
some parts common, especially at Somerset. Annual. Sum-
mer months,

Valerianella Olitoria or Fedia, Vahl. (lamb’s lettuce.) A
small plant with forked branches, in the axils of which dense,
flat clusters of small lilac flowers are collected. Leaves one to
two inches long, and said to be excellent in salads. Both Le-
froy and Reade assign it to St. David’s Island. Annual.

Natural Order, Compositae.

Eupatorium Foeniculaceum. Willd. (dog fennel.) A tall
plant with. fennel-like leaves. Stem four to six feet high,
much branched, leaves alternate, divided into numerous slen-
der segments. Flower-heads very numerous, small, in a sort
of compound pyramid. Flowers dirty white, one-tenth of an
inch in diameter. Annual. Autumn months.

Bidens Leucantha. Willd. (shepherd’s needle.) An erect
plant, stems four-angled, branching, smooth. Leaves ‘and
leaflets serrate. Flowers yellowish with white rays, heads
three-quarters of an 'inch in diameter. Annual. A common
weed, noticeable for its barbed aums sticking to the clothes.
Summer months.

Chichorium Intybus. Linn, (wild cherry.) An almos
shrubby plant with erect, tough, angular stem with bare spread-
ing branches, two tothree feet high. Lower leaves deeply
and sharply toothed backwards; upper ones narrow, heart-
shaped, clasping the stem. Flower-heads in pairs with hairy
fringe. Florets along the stalk numerous. Flowers one to
one-and-a-half-inch across, bright blue. Very common every-
where, Although a good substitute for coffee, and used in
adulterating the latter, yet the fleshly roots are not used here.
Perennial. Summer months.

Taraxicum Dens-Leonis. Defs. (dandelion.) A plant
whose leaves, deeply toothed backwards, lie mostly flat on the
ground, All spring from the root. Flower-stalks hollow,

erect, two to four iriches high, sometimes scarcely perceptible,
silky, at the top, rising higher after flowering, and bearing a
globular head of white, Jowny fluff, which is carried every+
where by ‘the wind. Very common everywhere, stunted on
rocks. “Flowers bright yellow, .one to two inches across. Its
roots are medicinal as a tonic, and sometimes, when.. roasted,
are used for coffee: Biennial. Almost all. seasons. Leaves
when blanched are excellent for salads; also when young are
boiled and used as a vegetable.

Sonchus Oleraceus. Linn. (sow thistle.) An erect plant,-
leaves resembling those of the dandelion, Stem, angular, hol-
low, with a milky juice, one to three feet high. A very com-
mon weed. Flowers half inch across, pale yellow. March to
August. : ‘

Sonchus Asper. Vill. (milk thistle.) A distinct species of
the preceding plant, which it closely resembles, but having a
stouter and more angular stem; generally larger in every res-
pect as a species: ‘Leaves-armed with slightly sharp, prickly
teeth, upper ones clasping the stem. Flowers pale yellow.
Spring.and Summer. Annual. ;

Crepis Lyrata. Froel. (knotweed.) An erect plant with
slender stems, oné to two feet high, much branched above.
‘LeavéS tiiostly at root, toothed, the end lobe the largest, taper--
ing. Flower stalks thread-like; heads small;-florets numerous.
Flower-heads quarter of an inch broad; bright yellow. Com-
mon on roadsides. Annual. March to June.

Eclipta Erecta. Linn. A many branched, tall plant, smooth
stem and swollen joints. Commion along watercourse in Pem-
broke Marsh. Mentioned only by Lefroy. I have failed to
find it, although I have carefully searched for it.

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. (ox-eye;) erroneous
‘daisy’? is getting abundant, evidently at first introduced.
Stem eight to ten inches high, slightly leaved, the base being
deeply pinnated and rough. Flowers white with yellow
cushion, numerous rays encompassing the same. Biennial.
June and July.

Barrichia Arborescens, D. C. (seaside marigold. ). An erect,
brittle, succulent maritime shrub, three to four feet high.
Leaves fleshy, three to four inches long, entire, tapering and
embracing the stem with their united ‘base—some smooth and
shining green, some hoary ‘and gréy, both being on the same
plant. Flower-heads .a- bright yellow, one anda _ half inch
across, not unlike the garden Dutch marigold. Common on
seaside rocks,. May to September.

Baccharis Heterophilla. © H. B. K. (dogbush. )' An erect
bushy shrub; four to six feet high, with smooth angular
branchés. Leaves leathery, two to thrée inches long, smooth
and shining. Flower-heads on terminal branchlets, with a
whitish covering over flowers which’ area brownish-white, one-
third inch in diameter. Very common in and:around marshes.
It is used as one of the decorations for houses.and churches at
Christmas, asis has the property of keeping ereen and or-
namental for weeks. ‘November to March.

Solidago Senpervirens Linn. (golden rod.) An erect
‘plant with smooth purplish stem ‘two to four feet high; leaves
lance-shaped; acute at both ends, one totwo inches wide,
-smooth, entire, rather fleshy, and bushy below flower-head.
-The root leaves on long stalks; flower-heads one-sided, com-
pact, nodding. Flowers, golden yellow in long tassel. Com-
mon, mostly in damp or shady spots. Perennial. Summer
months. , a ae :

Solidago Mexicano. H.B. (golden rod.) Very closely re-
sembling the preceding, but is more stunted in growth, and
sturdy. It frequents high and dry | ground, ‘old quarries: and
rocky bluffs Perennial. Autumn.

Erigeron Canadensis. Linn. (fleabane. ), An erect plant
with wiry stem, one to three feet high; much branched above;
rough, hairy onl furrowed. Leaves two to three inches long,
‘quarter of an inch wide, lanceolate. Flower-heads’ small, in
‘bunches with insignificant ‘florets. ‘Flowers white,* one eixtth
of an inch across, A troublesome weed, and common in culti-
vated ground and on waysides. May to August. Annual.

Hrigerou Pusillus. (deabane.) This seems to be. only a

dwarf phase of the above, when growing on barren rocky
ground, resembling in every respect the preceding. Stem not
more than six inches high. Annual.

Erigeron Bonariencis. Linn. (fleabane.) An erect leafy
plant, hairy, stem one to three feet high, branched above.
Leaves lanceolate, one-third to half-inch wide, the lower ones
toothed. Flower-heads small; flowers white, one-third of an
inch broad. Common everywhere. May to August. Annual.

Krigeron Annuus, Linn. An erect, stout stem, three to four
feet high, leafy from the base, branched, hairy. Leaves four
to six inches long, one anda half-inch wide, slightly hairy,
ovate, coarsely toothed in the middle Flower-heads large and
scattered. Flowers half inch in diameter, white, tinged with
purple. April to July. Annual.

Erigeron Jamaicensis. Linn. It is yet an open question
whether this species is an Erigeron oran Aster I aminclined
to the latter belief. Itisa plant with slender stem, six to
eighteen inches high, according to locality, nodding before the
flowers expand. The root-leaves roseate, blunt; stem leaves
few, distant, clasping the stem, one to one and a half inch long.
Heads few; flowers half inch in diameter, with numerous pur-
ple rays and yellow disk. Apriland May. Annual.

In addition to the foregoing. Lefroy enumerates E. liniflorus,
E. philadelphicus, and E. quercifolius, but without any des-
cription.

Artemisia Termifolia. Willd. (french fennel.) A_ tall
plant, four to six feet high. Leaves divided into numerous
slender filaments. Heads small and numerous; flowers whitish
yellow. August and September. The white plant has a fetid
smell. Annual.

Senecia Vulgaris. Linn. (groundsel.) An erect weed
with fleshy stem, up to a foot high. Leaves divided half way
from margin to midrib, toothed. Flower-heads few, drooping.
Waste places, but not as abundant as its feathery seeds would
indicate as likely. Flowers one-third of an inch in diameter,
Yellow. April to July. Annual.

Pluchea Adorata. Cass. (pluchea.) A shrub four to six
feet high, branched from base, the branchlets clothed with
rusty, woolly down. Leaves oblong, pointed, woolly beneath.
Flower-heads branched, compact, numerous. Flowers pinkish,
one-third inch. Found in old quarries and at foot of dry walls.
February to May.

Pluchea Camphorata. D. C. (marsh fleabane.) A fleshy
plant with erect stem, one to one and a half feet high, branch-
ed and clothed with short viscid hairs. Leaves twoto three
inches long, scarcely stalked, the lower ones sharply toothed,
the upper ones entire. Flowers purple, crowded with small
red hairs or bristles. Not common. Marshes. Annual. This
is evidently Lefroy’s P. purpurascens. Annual.

Parthenium Hysterophorus. Linn. (parthenium.) An
erect plant, one to two feet high. Stem rather hoary, grooved.
Leaves divided half-way, one to one and half inch long.
Flower bracts numerous, on branchlets. Flowers quarter of
an inch across, white with a transparent look. Common on dry
walls and waysides, Summer months. Annual.

Tanacepum Vulgare. (common tansey.) A ragged foliaged
plant two feet high, with yellow blossoms. Mostly found
around country cottages from which there are escapesin the
vicinity. Greatly used as atonic. Perennial. Summer.

Pyrethrum Parthenium. (fever few.) A low-growing plant
with grey leaves, deeply cut. Flowers yellowish-white. Used
asatonic. It is an escape like the above.

Ambrosia Artemisiaefolia. (hog weed.) A plant with a
stout, erect stem, one to three feet high, branched. Leaf stalks
fringed with slender hairs. Leaves twice-divided or pinnatifid,
two and a half inches long. Flower stalks slender, terminal.
Found on waste as well as cultivated grounds. Flowers very
small, greenish, with yellow stamens. May to September.
Annual, Often mistaken for ‘‘ wormseed.’’ Lefroy mentions
another, probably sub-species. A. heterophylla,

Xanthium Echinatum. Murr. (cockle burr.) A common
noxious weed on roadsides and waste land, thus described by
Sir Joseph Hooker; ‘‘ A rank weed-like plant remarkable for

the curious structure of its flowers and the prickly involucres
(or whorl of bracts surrounding the flowers) which surround
the fertile ones, enlarging andl becoming part of the fruit. (or
seed.’?) April-and May. Annual.

Natural Order, Goodeniaceae.

Scaevola Plumiere. Blume. A straggling shrub with stout
twiggy stems branching from the base. Leaves fleshy,
broadly ovate, three inches long, entire, smooth, shining.
Flowers white, one inch long, followed by a black fruit the size
of a cherry, fleshy, two-celled, two-seeded, not edible. It
frequents sandy shores and rocks; is abundant near the Natural
‘Arch, and on South shore dunes generally. June to Novem-
ber. 7

Natural Order, Campanulaceae.

Lobelia Cardinalis. Uinn. (cardinal flower.) A plant of
herbaceous nature with dark green crenate leaves, somewhat
heavy below, on€ anda half inch long. ‘Flowers a brilliant red
raceme slightly drooping. Its brilliant colour cannot fail to
attract attention. Not uncommon in a shady place. Is proba-
bly a garden escape. May to September. Perennial.

Natural Order, Plumbagineae.

Statice Caroliniana. Walt. (Plumbagin.) (sea lavender.)
This plant is omitted in Reade’s Botany, but is given in Le-
froy’s as found by the margin of pools in Walsingham, throw-
ing up tall spikes of small blue flowers in September, whence
‘its local name.

Natural Order, Primulaceae.

Anagallis Arvensis. Linn. Pimpernal, A low lving attrac-
tive little plant, with square stem, six to twelve inches long,
procumbent. Leaves small, opposite, ovate, clear and bright.
Flower-stalks longer than leaves, bearing numerous. flowers
one-third of an inch long, scarlet, closing on approach of rain:
‘whencé a common name for it" Shepherd’s weather gilass.”’
‘Annual, Common. by waysides and on cultivated ground.
“January to July- and later. :

Natural Order, Oleaceae.

Olea Huoropaea. Linn. (Olive.) An evergreen tree ten to
twenty feet high, with angular branches opposite. Léaves
oblong, numerous, pointed, hoary beneath, giving in the wind
a silvery appearance, or what. is known as olive-green.
Flowers small, whitish and slightly fragrant. No notice has
apparently ever been taken of its fruit, and the tree has revert-
ed to its wild condition. February to May. The olive being
mentioned as far back as 1612, would lead to the idea that it
was a native tree, except for the further remark on its exis-
tence, ‘‘but no great store.’’? -It is mentioned again in 1624
and in 1661. ‘The Bermuda or Virginia. Company ordétred
olives to be planted on every shore. J,efroy inclines to the
idea that the olive had ‘‘ become naturalized probably from
seeds sown .by the crews of Spanish vessels visiting the islands
or wrecked on them in the sixteenth century.’’ As olives aré
successfully grown in California, it would seem they ought to
be successful here, with care and attention. The cultivated
olive of Europe has a much broader leaf than the wild Bermuda
species.

Forestiera Porulosa. Poir. This tree is stated by Lefroy ai as
confined to Walsingham, and rare. Its flowers are minute on
short branches in December. :

Jasminum. Gracile. Andr. (Wild jasmine. ) A climbing
or creeping smooth shrub, with leaves ovate, pointed and op-
posite, shining or glossy, narrow. Flowers, yellowish-white,
fragrant. Summer months. Lefroy cites this plant asa re-
markable example of rapid naturalisation. Introduced at
Paynters Vale in 1840 by Archdeacon Spencer, it has now
overrun the Walsingham tract soas to make the rocks in
many places nearly impassable. -It is also getting abundant
every where.

Jasminum Fruticans. Linn. (yellow jasmine.) A bushy
shrub much branched. Leaves alternate, ovate, entire with
three to five leaflets. Flowers bright yellow, one inch in
diameter. Summer andautumn. Not. uncommon, more fre-
quently outside gardens and shrubberies,

Jasminum Officinale. Linn. (white jasmine.) A smooth
climbing shrub with leaves opposite, pinnate and three to
seven leaflets, lanceolate. Flowers white and very fragrant.
Summer months.

Jasminum Sambac. Ait. (Arabian Jasmine.) A low bushy
shrub with rusty stems, heart shaped, entire and downy leaves,
Flowers white, one inch in diameter. This and the previous
one are called by Lefroy ‘‘all naturalized,’? but I have never
yet seen them outside of cultivation. Summer months,

Natural Order, Apocynaceae.

Nerium Oleander. Linn. (Oleander.) Anevergreen shrub
bushy, branching densely from base, six to twenty feet high,
attaining in places along South shore the dimensions of a tree,
and free from undergrowth. Leaves lance-shaped, six inches
long, one and a quarter to one anda half inch wide, glossy
and rather fleshy, Flowers are followed by seed-pods six to
ten inches long, not abundant. The blossoms range in colour
from delicate white to various shades of deep red scarlet, with
here and there a double-flowing plant to be seen, and on the
cross-roads from Walsingham to the North shore a fine hedge
of double-flowering oleanders exists. When in full bloom the
scent is overpowering, andis said to exercise on certain con-
stitutions poisonous effects. Introduced, it is said, as a rare
exotic, about 1790, it has now spread all over the islands, and
is a nuisance to farming interests. The more itis cut down,
unless the roots are extracted, the thicker it grows again. Its
seeds, like thistledowu, are carried everywhere by the wind,
when the seed-pod opens. It makes excellent hedges or wind-
breaks, but along the shores is badly affected by the sea spray.
The flowers are in perfection from May tothe end of July,
though a stray blossom may not unfrequently be found all
through the year.

Plumieria Rubra. Linn. (Frangipani; sometimes called red
jasmine.) A small tree or shrub, to be found common in gar-
dens, its thick cylindrical, blunt branches terminating in
clusters of large, alternate, oblong leaves, and large red flowers.
It is one of the few deciduous or leaf-shedding shrubs in winter
here, flowering before the new leaf puts forth in May. It is

considered ornamental, and is striking from the stag-horn ap-
pearance its blunt branches present. There is a beautiful
specimen at Llanstwyth, Hamilton.

Vinea Rosea. (Poor Man’s Rose; Red Periwinkle.) Al-
though a garden plant may here and there be found outside of
cultivation, there are white and red varieties of it. It grows
about nine inches high, the flowers being in center of’ leaves
grouped around them and being mathematically star-shaped.
Leaves ovate, pointed, two to three inches across and four
inches long, dead green, cool-looking. Biennial. May to
September. Blossom not unlike a phlox. :

Thevetic Merufolia. Juss, or Cerbera Thevetia (yellow
Trumpet-flower.) Closely resembles the oleander except that
its bright, glossy leaves are much narrower, drooping and
alternate, Its yellow blossoms are followed by a two-seeded
drupe or fruition a stalk two inches long, spiny, not unlike
that of the horse chestnut, but very poisonous. Summer
months. I have found it in several localities, although Reade
confines it to cultivation.

Natural Order, Asclepiadeae.

Asclepias Curassavica. Linn. (Butterfly-weed; wild ipeca-
cuanah), A plant two to four feet high, half shrubby: stems
cylindrical, downy. Leaves four inches long, one inch wide,
lanceolate, opposite, entire. Flowers showy, scarlet, and
orange, followed by pods the seeds of which are embedded in
glossy silky hairsor fibres, Not common. In America it is
known as silkweed. Perennial. July to November.

Natural Order, Gentianeae.

Erythraea Centaurium. Pers. (Centaury; wild rice.) A
small, inconpicuous plant, seldom more than six inches high,
oftenest less. Stem branched, leaves in pairs, entire, oblong,
half-inch long and quarter of an inch wide. Flowers rose-
colour, long, slender with a white appearance of corolla tube,
like a grain of rice. Common on hillsand dry waysides.
Annual, February to July.

Natural Order, Boragineae.

Heliotropium Curassavicum. JLjinn. (sea turnsole; wild
heliotrope. A procumbent plant, found along salt marshes.
Stems branched, radiating, one to two feet long. Leaves pale
milky-green, rather fleshy, one to two inches long, quarter of
an inch wide; narrow, lanceolate, entire, not stalked. Flowers
minute, one-sixth of an inch, white with yellow throat, chang-
ing to purple. Twin spikes of flowers elongating in fruit three
to four inches curve over in opposite directions dotted full
length after, with small seed pods. May to October. Com-
mon. Annual.

Tournefortia Gnaphaloides. R. Br. (sea lavender.) A
seaside shrub among rocks, three to four feet high, with gnarl-
ed, twisted and contorted trunk. Branches naked, leaves of a
sage-green crowded at end of branches, two to three inches
long, one-third of an inch wide, with a white silky down, giv-
ing hoary appearance, blunt, very fleshy. Branches scarred
where previous leaves have fallen. Flowers half an inch across,
crowded, whitish-pink. Common along South shore, April to
August.

Tithespurnum Distichum. Arteg. (gromwell.) Quoted by
Lefroy as a ‘‘native seaside plant,’’ but no description.
Omitted by Reade.

Cordia Sebestana, or Sebestiana. Linn. (scarlet cordia.)
may be seen only as a large garden tree, known by its tubular
scarlet flowers and bright green fleshy ovate leaves. It is
limited in numbers, there not being many in the island shrub-
berries. Spariugly flowering all the year round.

Natural Order, Hydrophyllaceae.

Nama Jamaicensis. Linn. (nama.) A plant with prostrate
stem, eight to ten inches long, radiating from the root. Leaves
reversely ovate, one to two inches long, Flowers with short
stalks, solitary orin pairs, tubular, bluish-white. Rare, al-
though Reade says a frequent garden weed. Summer months.
Annual,

Natural Order, Convolvulaceae.

Ipomoea Pres-Caproe. Roth. Seaside convolvulus. A creep-
ing plant with smooth reddish stems, branching from the root,
and spreading over saud and rocks for long distances, rooting
at the nots. Leaves leathery, round, emarginate, three to four
inches in diameter. Flower stalks long, and generally bearing
three blossoms, with a short tube. Flowers two to three inches
across, purple. Perennial. July to October.

Ipomoea Nil. Pers. Convolvulus nil (purple morning giory.)
A plant with turning stem, slender, leafy, intertwining and
running over old walls and waste corners. Leaves heart-shaped,
entire, or three-lobed slightly hairy. Its foliage rapidly covers
what would be otherwise an unsightly waste. Flower stalks
short, one to three flowers, one inch long. It grows universal-
ly, and its purple-blue flowers succeed each other all the year
round. It is asserted that its seeds never germinate, and that
its reproduction is by means of rootlets from its joints. ThisI
am unable to verify, although after continuous search I have
failed to find perfect seeds. Perennial. Most of the year.

‘Ipomoea Purpurea. Linn locally known as cave convolvulus
resembles closely the above, and isthe ornament of the Con-
volvulus Cave. Although differing very little from the above
it has been assigned a separate place by Lefroy. Flowers ofa
redder hue than the preceeding.

Ipomoea Sidifolia. Schrad. (tree convolvulus). Stem
woody, twisted thick branched, and ascending trees to a great
height. Leaves heartshaped, pointed, entire, velvety under-
neath. Rare. Flowers numerous, one inch in diameter.
White with purple base, slightly fragrant. Some fine speci-
mens on road south-east of Prospect, and at Clarence Cove
where it runs from tree to tree. October and November.
Perennial.

Ipomoea Sagittaefolia. Hook. Similar except not attaining
any height. Found only in a marsh near Shelly Bay, where it
is abundant. Lefroy styles it ‘‘ naturalized from America.”’

Ipomoea Dissecta. (Poir.) A creeper or vine. A beautiful
species, creeping over bushwood. Leaves divided into five to

seven finger-like segments, the latter lobed and toothed, much
resembling those of the scented geranium. When bruised they
emit a prussic acid smell, like the leaves of the sweet bay.
Flowers white with a purple base, much flatter than in other
species, one anda halfinch across. Not common. Abundant
in lane west of Rosebank, Hamilton. Perennial. May and
June.

Dichondra Repens. Forst. Dichondra. A small plant with
stems appressed to the ground, slender, wiry, rooting and in-
terlacing, several feet in diameter Leaves heart-shaped,
entire, half to one inch. Flower on stalks, seldom an inch
high, very insignificant, greenish-white, quarter of an inch
wide. Very common mixed with grass on hillsides. March
to June. Perennial.

Natural Order, Solanaceae.

Solanum Aculeatissimum. Jacq. (common night shade;
cockroach berry). A prickly, shrubby plant, two to three feet
high, with stout spreading branches, thickly spined. Leaves
three to four inches long with oblong lobes; midrib and veins
prickly, wavy margin, both surfaces clothed with minute
brownish down, and long hairs. Flower-stalks slender, flowers
drooping, half inch in diameter, white, followed by an orange
scarlet berry, three quarters of an inchin diameter, very
poisonous. It is the representative of the British Belladonna
(deadly nightshade.) Found by waysides. Perennial. Sum-
mer mouths.

Solanum Nigrum. Linn. (black nightshade). An erect
plant, some two feet high, much branched. Leaves two to
four inches long, smooth, coarsely toothed. Flower-heads
rise from the stem below the leaves, pendulous. Flowers
white, one third of an inch, with yellow centre, followed by a
small round black berry. A nauseating smell pervades this
plant, especially if the leaves are bruised or rubbed. Commion
in waste places, and shady corners. Summer months.
Annual.

Datura Stramonium. Linn. (thorn apple or stinking weed.)
A branching plant, two to three fcel high, stem green smooth,
Leaves six to nine inches long, and four to six wide, ovate

coarsely toothed. Flowers solitary in the forks of the stem,
white with tube three inches long followed by an erect oval
seedhead, one to two inches long, covered with stout prickly
spines or thorns. It is of a poisonous nature and its extinc-
tion was urged ina proclamation of 1679. Waste places and
cultivated ground. Its leaves are smoked for lung affections.
Annual. Summer months.

Datura Tatula. Linn, (datura.) A tall species of the
above genus. attaining to ten feet high, closely resembling the
above except that its stem is purple, and flowers bluish-white
with purple veins, six inches long. These hang like bells, or
inverted trumpets, in great profusion. Perennial, Summer
and Autumn..

Datura Metel. Linn. (prickly burr.) A stout, erect,
shrubby plant, three to six feet high. Branches succulent,
cylindrical. Leaves distant, six to eight inches long, four to
six inches wide, ovate, velvety, slightly-shaped, hanging
downwards, six inches long, white, followed by seed head,
pendulous, covered with spiny prickles. Biennial (?) May
to September, occasionally earlier, occasionally later. One of
these shrubs with its white bell-shaped blossoms contrasting
with its foliage, isa remarkable sight. Originally a garden
plant, it has spread on waste ground abundantly.

Datura Suaveolens. H.B., or Brugmansia. (moon plant.)
Both single and double flowering is not unlike the above,
except in not attaining such growth, and its bell shaped flowers
with less covered lip are cream or yellowish in colour, often
erect instead of pendulous. This is for the most part a
garden plant,. though occasionally found outside of cultivation.
Perennial. May and June,

Nicotiana Tabacum. Linn. (tobacco.) A plant four to six
feet high, with large, slightly downy, lanceolate leaves, entire.
Flowers pink, two inches long, erect. Its locality is around
ruins and occasionally dry waysides, by their walls. A rem-
nant of what was at one time cultivated here. Annual. July
to September. The early records of the islands show that at
one time a large trade was done here in the shipment of tobacco
to England. From the luxurious growth of the stray plants

growing spontaneously here and there, a good yield might be
anticipated under cultivation.

Nicotiana Glaucia. Graham. (blue tobaaco). Yellow
tubular flower and blue-green leaves. Common on waste stony
ground and old walls, Formerly a garden plant.

Physalis Edulis. Sims; or P. peruviana, Linn. (cape goose.
berry ) A plant clothed with velvety soft hairs, weak branches,
spreading. J,eaves heart-shaped, long, pointed, irregularly
toothed. Flowers, solitary in angle of leaf and stem, yellow
with purple spots at base, three quarters of an inch in diameter,
fruiting abundantly with a cherry-sized berry enclosed ina
scaly envelope or calyx. Summer mouths. Perennial
Evidently escaped from gardens.

Paysalis Linkiana, or lanceolata. Mich. (cow cherry.)
Similar to above but much less hairy; stem, purple-spotted,
two to three inches long. eaves sharply toothed. Flowers
drooping, yellow with purple spots, and berry similar to that
in above. Fields and waste places. Annual. September.

Physalis Angulata. Linn. (balloon berry.) Very similar
to above but rarer. Its yellow flowers are not spotted. Found
near Causeway.

Vhysalis Pubescens. Ljinn., or hirsuta (borse cherry) is
omitted by Reade but is mentioned by Lefroy who says it is
distinguishable from the former by the more oval form and
bluish tint of the fruit, with its flowers in clusters.

Capsicum Annuum. Linn. (Chili pepper.) A shrub from
three to six feet high, woody, frequent stems or branches.
Leaves ovate, pointed, one inch long. Flower stalks half to
one inch long. Flowers white, drooping, single, quarter of an
inch or more long, bright, shining green, turning red when
ripe. These are used in either the green or the ripe state for
culinary purposes, and for making the hot Chili vinegar which
is extensively used. This plant may now and then be found
outside of plantations, It is almost universally grown.
Flowers with five white petals. May to August.

Nicandra Physaloides. Gaert. (Nicandra.) A plant some
three feet high, with branched, Angular, smooth stems.
Leaves three to four inches long, half as wide, ovate, oblong.
Flowers solitary at leaf stalks, very showy, one inch across,
blue with white tube Although Lefroy quotes it as only found
on Ireland Island. Reade calls it a frequent weed in cultivat-
ed ground. It is not, however, common, Annual. June to
September.

Natural Order, Scrophularineae.

Verbascum Thapsus. Linn. (mullein.) An erect plant,
very sturdy with stout stem, seldom branched, half to one foot
or more high. WLeaves near ground, six to ten inches long,
oblong, blanket-like or densely woolly, their base clasping the
stem. Flower spike one or more feet long, and thick, the
blossoms along and close to the stalk. Flowers from three-
quarters of an inch to one inch across, golden yellow. Some-
times called Devil’s Tobacco, the leaves being smoked for
asthma. Waste land; not common. Perennial. June to
October.

Buddleia Neema. Roxb., or B. americana (snuff Plant) A
drooping shrub, six or niore to ten feet high, much branched
with downy foliage, under surface white or hoary. Leaves
three to four inches long, oblong, acute, flower-stalks pendu-
lous, many flowered. Flowers yellow with a bluish-red tinge,
each one-sixth of an inch long. Found by waysides, and field
corners. A remarkable growth of the shrub to be seen on the
South bank of the Paget road near Point Finger. Its drooping
growth recalls that of the weeping willow. June to August.

Capraria Biflora. Linn. (goatweed.) A smooth, shrubby
plant, two to three feet high, witb erect, tough branches.
Leaves oblong, coarsely serrated, one and a half inch long and
half an inch wide, the serrate teeth sharp and spre&ding,
fringed with small hairs. Flowers in pairs, stalked, white,
quarter of an inch wide according to locality, Common every-
where, Spring and Summer,

Herpestis Monniera. H.B. (herpestis.) A creeping plavt,

with round fleshy stem, rooting at the joints. Leaves half an
inch long, fleshy, wedge shaped, smooth, entire. Flower-sta‘ks

one inch long; flowers white with purple throat, one-third of
an inch in diameter. Frequents damp ground, edges of
marshes and wet fields. Perennial. August to September.

Veronica Agrestis. Linn. (veronica.) A plant with pros-
trate, slender stems, branching, slightly hairy. Leaves half
an inch long, roundish, coarsely serrate. Flower stalks same
length, one-flowered. The whole plant is insignificant.
Flowers pale blue, veined, quarter of an inch. Grows in waste
ground and in gardens Annual. March to June.

Veronica Arvensis. Linn. (speedwell.) ‘his species has
erect stems four to eight inches long. Leaves ovate, slightly
serrate. Flowers on a long, leafy stalk, blossoming sparingly,
one or two atatime. Flowers one-eighth of an inch broad,
blue. Common on waysides. Annual. Spring months.

Veronica Peregrina. Linn. (speedwell.) A plant with
erect, smooth stem several inches high Leaves crinkly,
oblong, blunt, scarcely serrate, slightly fleshy. Flowers soli-
tary from leaf joints, white, one-eighth of an inch across.
Cultivated ground. Annual. Spring months.

Maurandia Sempervirens. Jacq. (roving sailor) An ever-
green, delicate climber, with long, slender stem, often festoon-
ing to great length. Leaves triangular, smooth, clean. Climbs
along rocks and over brushwood, and is seen to perfection,
clothing the steep cutting at Mount Langton entrance,
Flowers, an inch long, pale purple. Perennial. Summer
months.

Maurandia Barclayana. Bot. Reg. Similar in all respects
to the former, but with leayes somewhat larger and flowers
double the size. Flourishes at Mount St. Agnes, and in the
lane east of Rosebank, Pitts Bay Road.

Linaria Vulgaris. Mills. (toadflux; butter and eggs.) An
upright plant, one to two feet high, with slender smooth and
leafy stem. Leaves one to two inches long, one-eighth of an
inch wide, alternate or in whorls of three, numerous all the way
up thestem. Flower-heads terminal, crowded. Flowers, with
a peculiar spur as long as the tube, yellow with a deep orange

palate, very showy. Probably a garden escape. Roadsides
and waste ground. Not very common, Perennial. Summer
months.

Linaria Elatine. Desf. A hairy creeping plant, with very
slender numerous branches one foot long. Leaves halberd-
shaped, half to three-quarters of an inch long. Flower-stalks
long and thread-like, at right angles from leaf-joints. Rare.
Near Causeway. Flowers, yellow with small purple upper lip.
One quarter of an inch across, Annual. Spring months.

Russelia Duncea. Zuccar. (heath.) English name a
misnomer, plant having nothing akin to real heaths. An al-
most leafless plant with long, rushlike, jointed branches,
abundant along old walls. Flowers long, scarlet, tubular, very
similar to a piece of red coral. Perennial. All the year round.

Natural Order, Bignoniaceae.

Crescentia Cujete. Linn. (calabash tree.) Although not a
wild tree a number are scattered through the islands, being
grown for the sake of the hard shell encompassing the fruit,
which is carved ornamentally as well as used by country resi-
dents. At Walsingham is the celebrated calabash tree associa-
ted with the name of the Irish poet Tom Moore, It is a large
straggling tree, leaves entire, wedge-shaped, growing in rosette-
like clusters along the spreading branches, presenting an
appearance ofitsown. The solitary flower stalks rise direct
from the branches. Flowers, whitish, followed by a fruit the
size of a cocoanut suspended by a long stalk, presenting the
appearance of a solid dark-green pumpkin, but hard.

Tecoma Pentaphylla. Juss. (Tecoma or white cedar.) A
tree twenty feet high, in appearance not unlike the galba,
handsome, clean, bold growing and sturdy. Leaves or leaflets
oblong, leathery, glossy, entire, four to six inches long and
half as many across. Flowers a rosy white, with tube nearly
one inch long It is an ornamental tree in the public grounds
in Hamilton. A fine specimen may be seen in front of Rose
Cottage, on Parliament Street, Hamilton, and another at
Wistow, the Flatts, on the side of the public road leading from

Flatts Bridge, North. It is not common. May and June.
The name ‘‘cedar’’ is a misnomer, the tree having nothing in
common with the cedar proper.

Tecoma Stans. Juss. (trumpet flower.) A shrub some ten
feet high with pinnate leaves, serrate, the leaflets being large
and with numerous bright yellow flowers. It is to be seen in
many gardens and one shrub grows in the open near the Pub-
lic or Experimental Gardens, in Paget East. Summer.

Natural Order, Acanthaceae.

Justicia Alba; Roxb., and Justicia lucida, (Nees.) Both
shrubby plants, one with white flowers, the other with red
flowers. They are the only wild species under this Order and
are evidently garden escapes. They are not unlike the Clero-
dendron, except that the flowers instead of being in a head are
at the terminal extremity of the shrub. Not common. Pere-
nnial Summer months.

Natural Order, Verbenaceae.

Verbena Chamaedrifolia (common verbena.) This in differ-
ent colours, especially the purple variety, isa garden escape,
but has so spread over the islands that some fields are tinged
with the colour of the flower. The flower-spike of the garden
verbena is contracted so that the clusters appear level-topped.
Perennial. Chiefly May and June.

Verbena Bonariensis. (purple verbena.) Has rough, point”
ed leaves clasping the stem margin, armed with small spiny
teeth. Flower stalks lengthen out one to two feet high, above
in threes, some two tothree inches long. Flowers a deep
purple. Not very common. Waysides and fields. Perennial.

Verbena Urticaefolia. R.P. (wild verbena.) A roughly
grown plant with stem two feet high, long slender branches,
wrinkled and nettle-like leaves, coarsely serrate. Flowers
small, scattered along slender spreading curved branches of a
compound spike. They are small, one-sixth of an inch, but
being numerous although the lower ones shed before the mid-
dle and end ones open, present a pinkish-white appearance,
Waysides and waste ground. Perennial. Summer months,

This plant is very apt to be, and often is, confounded with
the following which it resembles except for the colouring of
the flowers and flower bracts.

Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis. Vahl. (vervain.) An erect
growing plant, one to two feet high, or more. Stem shrubby
at base and tough, slightly hairy. Leaves two to three inches
long, ovate, serrate, with purplish veins. Flower-stalks some-
what flattened, towering, naked, bearing deep blue flowers,
one-third of an inch long, numerous along the spikes, common
amidst stone heaps and by roadsides. Annual and Perennial.
Summer months,

Lippia Nodiflolia. Rich. (capeweed.) This is one of the
most widely distributed plants in Bermuda, being nearly uni-
versally so. It is a prostrate plant, stems many feet in length,
rooting at the joints. Leaves clean and dense, lance-shaped,
one inch long and half an inch wide. Flower-stalks rise erect
two or three inches, bearing a dense round head of purplish-
white flowers a half-inch in diameter. Neglected ground,
moist preferred, but common everywhere. Perennial. Sum-
mer months.

I am told that the leaves of this plant were used by the early
settlers as a substitute for tea.

Lippia Reptans. H. B. K. Cited by Lefroy as Godet’s weed,
a name given also to an Artemesia.

Lantana Crocea. Jacq. (prickly sagebush.) An erect
bushy shrub, very branching, stems angular, with rough hairy
branchlets. Leaves two to three inches log, ovate, pointed,
serrate, aromatic. Flower-stalks two inches long, heads al-
most flat, flowers yellow,, changing to orange-red, one inch or
more in diameter. A favourite hot-house shrub North, being
a perpetual flowerer asit is here. Found universally along
stony ridges and walls. All the year round.

-Lantana Odorata. Linn. (common sagebush.) A smaller
species than the preceding, about four feet high. Leaves
small, one to one and a half inch long, serrate, rough on both
surfaces. Flower--stalks two inches long, flowers pale pink,
throats yellow, one-half to three-quarters of an inch long.

Lefroy says that this shrub with the preceding was introduced
with the idea that it would be good for fuel, but being only
brushwood it has now overrun woods and pastures and is a
pest to cultivation. The old residents assert that its leaves
when used for cleaning cooking utensils by boiling a few
branches would remove any taint or smell. In flower all the
year round.

Lantana Aculeata. Linn. (red sagebush) or camara,
originally called Madeira sage, although said by Lefroy to be
abundant, is rare now, and probably seldom met with out of
cultivation.

Lantana Crocea. Jacq. somewhat similar to the above, is
rather rare out of cultivation.

Citharexylon Quadrangulare. Linn. (fiddlewood.) A solid-
looking tree from twenty to thirty feet high, with stem and
main branches cylindrical, smaller branches four-angled.
Leaves five to seven inches long, smooth, clean, oblong, entire,
tapering to a point; flower-stalks long; drooping, eight or ten
inches, hanging on the tree as a spikelet, long after the berries
have fallen. The flowers are white, pendant on a bunch
followed by a dark, small berry. Itisacommon tree. Sept-
ember and October. (‘‘Bois fidele.’’ Fr.)

Duranta Plumieri. Linn. (pigeon berry.) A drooping
shrub, from six to ten feet high or more, with smooth stem,
much branched, bright glossy leaves, oblong, entire. Flowers
blue in long leafless clusters, which getting weighted with
subsequent yellow wax-like berries the size of a pea become
pendulous. It is a favourite ornament in shrubberies, but
increases rapidly. The flowers are slightly poisonous. Very
common in open woods and waysides. Summer months.

Callicarpa Ferruginea. Sw. (turkey berry.] A very orna-
mental shrub, three or four feet high, its branches and the
under surface of its leaves having a rusty appearance from the
down thereon. Leaves three and four inches long, lance-shap-
ed, pointed, serrate, Its level-topped flower clusters are both
at the end of the branch, as well as in the leaf angle.
Flowers abundant, pale blue, quarter ofan inch in diameter

followed by asmall berry, red or magenta coloured. Found
chiefly in the Walsingham tract. Not common. June and July.

Clerodendron Aculeatum. Gr., or, Volkameria aculeata
(prickly myrtle.) A bushy shrub some six feet high, brancby>
rather gummy. Stems dark brown. Leaves large, three to
four inches long, and as many across, slightly hairy, or with
minute spines. Flowers in a close head, white with purple
stamens, giving the flower-head a purplish ground. Not com-
mon. Found near the caves. How the name coffee (used by
Reade) became applied to this plant is a mystery. Summer
months.

Clerodendron Capitatum. Schum. Very similar to the
above but stouter in growth and more bushy. Originally a
garden shrub, but now spread here and there in patches. On
the lane East of the Richmond grounds, and on the lower
South shore road in Devonshire, on the Camden estate, path
leading to Hungry Bay along the roadside wall are two large
patches, the former sight affording the largest number of plants.
Very showy. May to August.

Avicennia Nitida. Linn. (white or false mangrove.) Al-
though belonging to this order, this tree has been alluded to
in connection with the mangrove proper (Order Rhizophora. )
The term used, ‘‘black’’ according to Lefroy, is derived from
the colour of the wood.

Natural Order, Labiatae.

Mentha Viridis. Linn. garden mint or spearmint. A plant
with numerous purplish stems, one to two feet high; leaves
oblong, lanceolate, rough, dark-green, one t» two inches long,
serrate. Flower-spikes cylindrical. Flowers one-sixth of an
inch long, pale purple, common along ditches and marshes.
It is a true garden mint but has spread universally. Perennial.
Summer months.

Mentha Rotundifolia, Linn. (wild mint.) Hoary all over,
and coarse-smelling, stems upright, one to two feet. Leaves
rounded, one inch in diameter, wrinkled and woolly. Near
marshes and on damp road-sides in large patches, the plants
being densely crowded. Flowers minute; pale pink. Perennial.
Summer months.

Mentha Arvensis. Linn. (peppermint.) A plant with
smooth slender stem, one to two feet high. Leaves one to two
inches long, broadly ovate, serrate, deeply veined, dark-green.
Flowers small; pink. Frequents marsh edges. Not very com-
mon. Perennial. Summer months.

Calamintha Nepeta. Linn. Nepeta Cataria (catnip.) A
downy herb, stems straggling, very strong smelling. Leaves
half to one inch long, broadly ovate. Flowers pale lilac,
spotted throat, one-third of an inch long, Waste ground
especially. Common, and eagerly sought after by cats, which
delight to roll, in its foliage. Perennial. Summer months.

Salvia Coccinea. Linn. (scarlet sage.) A plant six to
twelve inches high, hoary. Leaves one to two inches long,
oval, heart-shaped, sage-green. Flowers showy, scarlet, three-
quarters of an inch long. Dry banks and hillsides. Common
in localities only. Perennial. April to October.

Salvia Serotina. Linn. (white sage.) Very similar to
preceding, except leaves pale green, velvety beneath. Flowers
white, quarter of an inch long. Dry banks and waysides.
Perennial. Summer months.

These two salvias are very apt to be confounded with the
lobelia or cardinal flower.

Lamium Amplexicante. Linn. (dead nettle.) A small
plant with weak, brittle stem, almost transparent; leaves
roundish, crenate, upper ones broader than long. Flowers
rosy, variegated with white, half an inch long. Waysides and
fields. Common. Annual. Spring months.

Lamium Purpuerum. Linn. (purple dead nettle.) Stems
branching from root with purple tinge. Similar to preceding:
of which it may be called an offshoot, differing mainly in its
flowers being purple.

Stachys Arvensis. Linn. (hedge nettle.) A plant with
stems one half-foot to one foot long, slender. Leaves half an
inch to one inch long, ovate, crenate, whorls of distant flower
one-third of an inch long, purple, variegated with white:
Common on waysides. Annual, Spring to Autumn.

Leonuris Cardiaca. Linn. (motherwort.) A herbaceous
plant two or more feet high, square stems, downy, leafy all the
way up. Leaves cut into many toothed lobes. Flower whorls
distant, numerous; flowers rosy, half an inch long, with purple
veins, Perennial. Summer months.

Rosmarinus Officinalis. Linn. (rosemary.) A fragrant
leaved shrub, stem much branched, two or more feet high,
Leaves narrow, quarter inch wide, two inches long; with deep-
ly channelled midrib, hoary, especially beneath. Flowers
whitish-blue, or blue-grey, in terminal clusters. Found
abundantly on St. David’sisland, and sparingly elsewhere,
mostly east, on rocky hills. Very aromatic. Perennial.
Early Summer.

Natural Order, Plantagineae.

Plantago major. Linn. (English Plantain.) A plant with
large, ovate, crinkled leaves, six to eight inches long and four
to six inches broad. Flower stalks nearly a foot long, terminat-
ing in a slender whip-like spike of nearly equal length, encircl-
ed with greenish-white flowers, small. (designated by Lefroy
“Wayside weeds.’’)

Plantago Lanceolata. Linn. (Ribwort.) A plant with
leaves six to eight inches long, one inch wide, acute and taper-
ing into a long channelled stalk, with three to five ribs. The
flower-stalk one to one and a half feet high, terminating in a
thick ovate spike one inch long, dark brown, with long thin
stamens. Common everywhere. Perennial, All the year
round. Locally called ‘‘ratstail.’’

Natural Order, Nyctagineae.

Boerhavia Erecta. Linn. (hogweed.) An erect plant two
to three feet high. Stem smooth, leafy below divided into
numerous slender branches devoid of leaves. Leaves of plant
some two inches long, opposite, in unequal pairs, oval, pointed,
wavy margin, underside whitish. Flower-stalks thread-like.
Flowers minnte, pale pink. Common weed. Aunual, Summer,

Mirabilis Jalapa. Linn. (four o’clock marvel of Peru.] A
smooth plant two to three feet high with large tuberous roots.

Stem stout, forking at brittle swollen joints. Leaves oval,
long, pointed. Flowers in terminal clusters of six or eight,
shortly stalked, whitish pink, variegated with yellow, followed
by a five-ribbed seed the size of a pea, black, wrinkled, floury
within. The brilliant flowers open at four o’clock p.m., clos-
ing on the following morning. Rare; and though, found by
waysides is evidently originally a garden flower.

Mirabilis Dichotoma. Uinn. (synonymous with M, Jalapa)
is cited by Lefroy but without description, and is probably
alluded to by Reade, who says—''other varieties are by no
means uncommon.’’ It is not likely that the differently
coloured flowers may have led to this division of species.

Bougainvillea Spectabilis. Willd (bougainvillea.) One of
the most beautiful creepers in the islands. Introduced from
Gibraltar in 1874, it has established itself with great rapidity,
and has thrived to such an extent that few garden walls are
without it. Its beauty consists of the large scarlet leafy bracts,
growing in triplets, from which the more delicate flowers of
darker hue rise. It presents the appearance of a mass of sweet
pea flowers thrown together. It has taken possession, here
and there, of trees as an escape, notably near Fairylands, and
will probably in time rival the oleander in its distribution.
Early Spring and well on into Summer.

B. Spectabilis (syn. B. speciosa) is represented by four plants
only—one at the Admiral’s House two at the Botanic Station,
and one at Bellevue, Paget, the residence of the late Wor.
W. T. James.

Natural Order, Amarantaceae.

Amaranthus Retroflexus, or spinosus. Linn. (amaranth. )
An erect plant, stem three to four feet high, reddish, grooved.
Leaves three to four inches long, half as wide, oval, pointed,
strongly veined below, margin wavy and tinged with red.
Spikes green, densely flowered, crowded. Not uncommon in
cultivated ground where it is a tall conspicuous weed. Flowers
green, minute, rather mealy. Annual. July to October.

Natural Order, Chenopodiaceae.

Chenopodium Anthelminticum. Linn. (worm-seed.) An
erect coarse, leafy plant of a bright green colour, and unplea-
sant aromatic smell, two or three feet high, stem slightly
branched, angular and grooved. Leaves oblong, two to three
inches long, one inch wide, acutely toothed. Flower clusters
in small whorls along numerous slender leafless spikes.
Flowers minute, yellowish-green, followed by round, shining,
dark-brown seeds. Common on waste ground and waysides.
Perennial. July to October.

Chenopodium Album. Linn. (pigweed.) An erect plant,
two to four feet high, stem grooved. Leaves one to three
inches long, one to one and a half inch wide, toothed slightly,
whitish and powdery, oblong. Flowers in roundish clusters»
collected in spikes, greenish, minute, mealy looking. Way-
sides and cultivated ground. Annual. Summer months.

Chenopodium Murale or Ambrosioides, Linn. A plant with
branched, grooved stems, six to eighteen inches high. Leaves
smooth, shining, green, oval, sharply toothed, except near base.
Flower-spikes half an inch long, terminal and at leaf stalks.
Flowers green, small, mealy. Annual. Autumn months.

Blitum Maritimum (=Chenopodium rubrum;) Atriplex
cristata, H. B.; and, Obione cristata, Moquin. A plant with
stem one to two feet high, branched Leaves grayish, one to two
inches long, juicy, lance-shaped and toothed. Flower spikes at
leaf joints, short, flowers minute, grayish-green merging into
a red tinge. Found near shores, especially at the Ducking
Stool. Annual. Summer months.

Salicorina Fruticosa, ambigua, or herbacea. Linn,
(samphire glasswort.) A plant with woody stem, prostrate or
creeping, rooting in the sand, rocks, and salt marsh margins:
Branches six or eight inches long, or more, fleshy, cylindrical,
jointed, leafless, erect. Very succulent and used in pickles-
Swamp. Flowers obscure, green. Common. Perennial’
May and June.

Division III: Apetalae.
Natural Order, Polygonaceae.

Polygonum Acre. H. B. (pondweed.) An aquatic plant with
narrow, lanceolate leaves, sprinkled with brownish patches.
Flowers erect, on spikes three inches long, with swelled ter-
minal portion, minute. Rare. Found by Reade in Pembroke
Marsh.

Polygonum Convyolyulus. (black bindweed.) A twining
plant with stems one to three feet long, slender Leaves one
to two inches long, halberd-shaped, pointed. Flowers in leafy
racemes, greenish-white followed hy a triangular nutty seed-
Roadsides and waste places. Not common; probably intro-
duced among seeds. Biennial. August.

Polygonum Fagopyrum. (buckwheat.) An erect smooth
plant two to three feet high, stem reddish, juicy. Leaves
arrow-shaped, one to one and ahalf inch long. Flowers pale
rose-colour on short stems at leaf stalks, followed by a seed-
grain similar to that of the above species, and largely used in
America for food It is evidently a remnant of cultivation, and
is found on the flat land at North Village, Pembroke. Annual.
July to September.

Coccoloba Uvifera. Linn. (seaside grape ) A largely dis-
tributed tree, especially along the sea shore ten to twenty feet
high, with smooth spreading branches. Leaves smooth, shin-
ing, rounded, heart-shaped massive, three to six inches long,
and in many of them broader. Flowers in slender, jointed
stalks, forming dropping racemes, small, whitish, followed
by berries of purplish colour, in bunches like to and of the size
of grapes. They have an acrid and rough taste very different
from true grapes, although bunches of either side by side are
scarcely distinguishable. Early Summer.

Rumex Acetosella. jinn. (sour grape.) A small species
of dock, similar in every respect to the following species except
that the acrid taste of the leaves closely resembles sorrel, and
leaves etc., are much smaller.

Rumex Obtusifolius. Linn. (common dock.) Has a stout
stem, erect, angular, two to three feet high. Lower leaves es-

pecially prostrate, six to ten inches long, and half as wide,
oblong, frequently red-veined, blunt wavy-edged. Flower
stalks leafy, branched, with distant whorls, the petals veined.
Flowers green, quarter of aninch long. Common everywhere.
Perennial. January to March.

Rumex Sanguineus. Linn. Closely resembling in growth
the former but always with blood-red veins in leaves. Pere-
nnial. Common,

Rumex Crispus. Linn. (curly dock.) Stem erect, furrow-
ed, two to three feet high. Leaves oblong, six to ten inches
long, two inches wide, very waved on margins presenting a
crisp appearance. In other respects and in locality, the same
as preceding species.

Naural Order, Ceratophylleae.

Ceratophyllum Demersum. Linn. (pond-weed, water
hyacinth?) A plant of peculiar growth, stemless, but putting
up numerous fleshy, dark-green. shining leaves two to three
inches long, and nearly as wide supported on strong stalks two
to three inches long, tumid and excessively swollen, composed
of a pulpy, fibrous growth, roots floating or skirting the mud.
Flowers, abundant on stalk three or four inches long, mauve-
pink, very similar to the Colichum. Pembroke marsh. Pere-
nnial. August.

This plant was introduced from Florida. It has now so spread
as to block the water channels in Pembroke marsh, necessita-
ting an annual raking out and destruction of the plants.

Natural Order, Aristolochiaceae.

Aristolochia Trilobata. Linn. (Dutchman’s pipe, birth-
wort.) A creeping plant, extending many feet with long
slender runners,covering walls or fences. Leaves heart-shaped
slightly fleshy, light-green, delicately veined underneath,
pointed, three to four inches long, two inches wide, narrowing
to a point. Flowers pendulous from leaf axil on a stalk two
to three inches long; expanding and opening upwards from
the stalk end; brown and white mottled. The form of the
flower corresponds to that of a pipe. Seed-pod like an invert-

_ed parachute. Originally a garden plant, it is now compara-
tively abundant on old walls. Perennial. Summer.

Natural Order, Laurineae.

Persea Gratissima. Gaert. (alligator or avocado pear.) A
handsome, well-grown tree of considerable height and sturdy
growth, originally brought from the West Indies. Leaves a
shining green, dense foliage. Flowers whitish. April. It
fruits well, but is uncertain in some seasons. The fruit comes
in from August to October, and is a favourite among the resi-
dents. Itisremarkable for the large, round kernal in its
drupe. It is common in fields as well as in shrubberies.

aurus Nobilis, Linn. (sweet bay tree.) Although prop-
erly a garden tree or shrub, yet it has in some places escaped
and flourished Its laurel-like leaves emit a pleasant prussic
acid smell when pressed or rubbed.

Natural Order, Euphorbiaceae.

Poinsettia Pulcherrima. Graham. (blazing star; burning
bush.) A handsome shrub nine to twelve feet high, with
almost leafless branches, not unlike the Sumach of the North,
terminating in clusters of greenish-red and yellow flowers,
surrounded by a whorl of large leaf-like bracts of the brightest
scarlet, from six to ten inches in length. It flowers from Nov-
ember through the winter, and is one of the chief floral attrac-
tions of the islands, for when in full bloom it fairly dazzles the
eye with its splendour. I have not met with it as yet as an
escape although plentiful in gardens.

Phyllanthus Niruri. Linn. (phylanthus.) A plant rather
shrubby at base, about one foot high, stem smooth with leafy
branchlets, bearing alternate flowers. Leaves oblong, blunt,
entire, pale below, one third of an inch long. Flowers solitary
or in pairs, green, hidden beneath the leaves, which close at
sunset. Common, Annual. Autumn months.

Jatropha Multifida. Linn. (coral plant.) A shrub four to
six feet with almost bare branches, terminating in upright
clusters of handsome scarlet flowers, borne on coral-like stalks.
The leaves are divided almost to the base into from seven to
nine finger-like slender lance-shaped divisions or segments,
A garden plant and not known as an escape. May to June.

Jatropha Manihot. Linn. Manihot Utilissima, Pohl,
(cassava.) A smooth.shrubby plant, cultivated, three to four
feet high. Leaves cut like the preceding into five to seven
acute segments Propagated from cuttings. Its roots are not
unlike those of the dahlia, but more massive. A Bermudian
Christmas dinner is not considered complete without cassava
pie, an adjunct which however palatable to some tastes is out
of place as a substitute for the English plum pudding at that
season Flowers from the leaf-stalks. Tapioca is made from
the roots by a process somewhat similar to that of arrowroot,
but it is not carried on toany extent, the low price of the
article not warranting the outlay. It is also known under the
name of manioc.

Jatropha Curcas. Linn. (physic nut.) A shrubby plant
six to eight feet high, with smooth, entire, heart-shaped leaves
six to seven inches long and half as wide, three to five-lobed
and six inches long; is found sparingly around Walsingham.
It takes its local name from its purgative properties. Flowers
green. May and June.

Aleuritis Triloba. Forst. (otaheite walnut.) A tree fifteen
to twenty feet high; leaves, three-lobed, the middle one largest,
and together with its leaflets covered with a mealy down.
Flowers, greenish-white, followed by a round nut, called here
“butternut,’’ very rich in oil and not wholesome if eaten in
any quantity. It is not common, a few trees being in the
grounds of the Public Buildings, one or two in the Rosebank
grounds, and here and there a tree in private shrubberies.

Cicca Disticha. Linn. (otaheite gooseberry. A fairly sized
tree or large shrub, shedding its leaves in Winter. Leaves
oval; flowers green. Very rare.

Ricinus Communis. Linn. (castor oil plant.) This it is
supposed, according to Lefroy, to be the plant mentioned in
1623 by Captain John Smith as the redweed, and was cultivated
under the name of ‘‘olyseed’’ in 1632. This plant is here of
very quick growth, assumes the size of a small tree, ten to fif-
teen feet high; stem branched, smooth, frequently of a purple
colour. Leaves, seven to ten-lobed, acute, coarsely toothed,
the teeth again serrate, one foot in diameter, attached near the

centre to the leaf stalk. Flowers on erect stalks six to ten
inches long, green with purplish tinge, followed by a prickly
casing. It delights in old disused quarries and stony ground,
where it best attains its full height. Perennial, although an
annual iu the Northern United States and Canada. ‘The seeds
yield the well known castor oil, but do not seem here as yet to
have been put to any particular use. Summer months.

Croton Maritimus. Walt. (croton.) A small shrub some
three feet high, with slender branches, straggling, coated with
a brownish-light wooly down. Leaves alternate, one to two
inches long, one inch wide; oval, entire, pale-green above,
silvery-white below. Flower stalks terminal or axilliary, with
numerous whitish, small flowers. Grows in woods at edge of
sandy bays, and is the parent of the many ornamental varieties
gracing gardens. Early summer.

Acalypha Tricolour. Hort. (acalypha.) A shrub six to
eight feet high, of colour varying from deep red to bronze, or
copper colour. Originally a garden shrub, it has escaped and
is establishing itself, a notable growth of it apart from a gar-
den being on the east side of the Spanish Point Road, on the
edge of the Pembroke water channel.

Hura Crepitans. Linn. (sandbox, or monkey puzzle.)
Only a few specimens to be seen, namely, at the Public Gar-
den, St. George's. Deciduous,

Euphorbia Buxifolia. Lam. and Sw. (sea side spurge.) A
small milky-juiced plant, sometimes half shrubby, juice acrid.
Stems spreading and branching, with purple tinge, leafy, one
foot long Leaves, half an inch long, same width, opposite,
entire, oval, pointed, milky-green appearance Flower heads
greenish-white. Found especially on seashores and edges of
marshes. Perennial. Autumn,

Euphorbia Maculata. Linn. (common spurge.) A_pros-
trate plant, stems much branched, radiating, purplish, and
often forming a large patch of growth, spreading flat on walks
and flowerbeds. Leaves, one-third of an inch long, dark-
green, otherwise resembling the previous species. Flowers,
reddish-green. Annual. All the year round.

Euphorbia Prostrata. Ait. or Euphorbia hypericifolia.
Linn. Similar to above; except that the latter has twiggy stem
with alternate slender branches, Leaves one inch long,
opposite, often red-blotched. Flowers both terminal and at
leaf-stalks, minute, white. Common, Aunual. Summer
months,

Euphorbia Heterophylla. Linn. (Joseph’s coat.) A
smooth plant, one to two feet high, stem erect, branched,
bright-green, Leaves, alternate, varying in shape, oval, lance
or fiddle-shaped, entire or serrate, the upper leaves surround-
ing the terminal cluster of flowers having a deep red blotch at
their base, giving the appearance, as in the ‘‘ blazing star,’’ of
being a part of the flower itself. Flowers reddish-green.
Frequents warm side of old walls. Annual. Summer.

Euphorbia Peplus. Linn. A small erect leafy plant, six
inches high, stem dividing into three branches, repeatedly
forked, forming a leafy flowerhead. Leaves alternate, half-
inch long, blunt, roundish, oblong at summit. Waste places
and neglected gardens, Flowers, small, green. Annual.
Septeniber to November.

[Note: All the spurges proper are called by the coloured
population indiscriminately, ‘‘ Tettimelly.’’]

Euphorbia Candelabrum., Trem. (candlestick tree.) A
plant attaining when old a height of twelve or fifteen feet (one
at ‘‘ Bishop’s Lodge,’? Hamilton) not unlike and apt by a
novice to be mistaken for a cactus which its stem and branches
much resemble, the latter really acting as leaves. Its blossom
is in clusters, dirty yellow, but only seen on full grown shrubs-

Euphorbia Splendens. Bojer. (Jerusalem thorn.) A low,
very spiny shrub, stem and branches chocolate colour, covered
with spines. Leaves few, pale green, oval. Flower-stalks
one to one and a half inch, bearing a showy bright red flower,
three quarters of an inch across. Prefers stone heaps and
ruined walls. Rare and an escape. Perennial. Spring and
Summer months.

Xylophylla. (centipede plant or snake plant.) Is of curious
growth. The erect stem is cylindrical, with broad, flattened

and compressed, jointed branchlets, not unlike a small ‘‘Stag’s
Horn’? Fern, bearing dense, alternate clusters of green-white
flowers at the joints. Its stems, three or four semi-trailing
feet cover ground enough to give the idea of being several
plants, this appearance being caused by the dense stems. It
is only in gardens except where, as in one case in Devonshire,
thrown out with garden rubbish.

Mercurialis Annua. Linn. (mercury.) A plant with erect
smooth stem, six inches to one foot high, sparingly branched.
Leaves opposite, soft, two inches long, oval and lance-shaped,
sharp, serrate. Flower-stalks slender at leaf joints. Stem
terminating in an interrupted spike. Female plant has no
spike, only leaf axil and flowers, green. Very common every-
where. Annual. June to December.

Natural Order, Urticaceae.

Urtica Dioica. Linn. (common nettle.) A plant with
erect stem two to three feet high, all parts bristling with sting-
ing hairs, slightly branched, four angled. Leaves heart-shaped,
coarsely serrate, with acute point, entire. Flower-stalks
branched, springing from leaf angle. Flowers small, green.
Perennial. Early Spring. Aninfallible remedy for the stings
inflicted by this plant is to rub dock leaves on the affected
parts.

Urtica Urens, Jinn. (small stinging nettle.) A plant
with erect stem, one toone anda half feet high. All parts
armed with irritating stings. Leaves, broadly oval, rounded,
sharply serrate. Flower-heads in dense clusters, shorter than
the leaves, from the angles of which they spring. Flowers,
minute green. Annual. December to March.

Urtica Purpurascens, Mitt. (notch-leaved nettle.) Almost
a counterpart of the above, but distinguishable by the bold
notches or saw teeth of the leaves. Annual. Spring and
Summer.

Boehmeria Cylindrica. Willd. (false nettle.) Scarcely dis-
tinguishable from Urtica dioica, which it closely resembles in
growth and flower, but is without stinging properties. It is

found on marsh land, but is not very common, Biennial.
Summer,

Parietaria Debilis or Floridana. Forst. (red pellitory.) A
woody plant at root, with erect stems six to twelve inches
high, downy, reddish. Leaves oval, one anda half inches
long, and five-eights wide, pointed, of a glossy dark-green.
Flowers greenish-white, tinged with red. Grows on damp
walls and in rocky crevices. Annual. Winter months.

Parietaria Alba (white pellitory.) A plant with white tran-
slucent stems. Leaves same as above, but variable in size.
Flowers greenish tinged with white. Not common. In all re-
spects very similar to the preceding species.

Morus Ruba. Linn. (red mulberry.) An erect, thickly
branched tree, twenty to twenty-five feet high. Leaves large,
crinkled, five to eight inches long and three inches wide, heart-
shaped, pointed, serrate. Flowers, a pinkish-white, followed
by a juicy fruit, on some trees red, on others white. It forms
a splendid shade tree from the denseness of its foliage. In
1593, Henry May, the earliest writer on these islands, speaks
of ‘‘infinite store of mulberries,’’ and Jourdan writing in 1609
mentions ‘‘ mulberries both white and red.’’ The Bermuda
Company perhaps with a view to improving the native tree
sent out mulberry seeds in 1616. The tree may frequently be
seen, especially in Warwick, in the shape of hedges,

Morus Alba. Of this species there are two varieties (M.
multicaulis, Perrot, and M. macrophylla, Hart) which were
introduced in connection with an attempt made by the late Dr.
S. A. Smith to establish the silk industry in this colony.
These varieties are in appearance very similar to the preceding
but not so massive or so lofty. For several years Dr. Smith
dovoted close attention to breeding silkworms. The cocoons,
however seemed to fail to mature fully. Nevertheless Dr.
Smith shipped, yearly, fairly large consignments of them to
Italy and France. Itis alleged that climatic conditions in
Bermuda militate against the winding of the silk off the cocoons.

Ficus Carica (common fig.) his shrub, which at one time
was abundant in a wild state, is scarce although in the cultiva-

ted state it is now again receiving attention. It is well known
by its cleft, seven-lobed leaves of a dark-green hue, and wide
spreading branches. The wild fig, although rare may be found —
here and there springing up out of or at the foot of old walls.
Of late years the fig-tree has been subject toa peculiar fungoid
growth on the underside of its leaves, as well as to a scale insect
both of which have materially injured its cultivation, but
formerly Bermuda was famed for the excellence and abundance
of its figs.

Ficus Elastica. Roxb. (India rubber tree.) This tree is
closely allied to the fig, but assumes such enormous and
fantastic growth that it is an object of special admiration, It
branches out from the roots into numerous sturdy boughs,
clothed with long, thick, leathery leaves; four to six inches
long, and half as broad, of a dark shining green. The young
buds are of a reddish-brown tinge at the tip, especially in the
Spring when the tree sheds a large portion ofits leaves per-
haps more noticeable from their size than other leaves, yet the
new growth either forcing off the matured leaf or supplying
its place before the latter is shed, fills up the gap. The small
green flowers are produced on the leaf axil, and are followed
by a small fruit very like in shape and taste toa fig. Children
eat the fruit eagerly. Some very large specimens of this tree
are in the grounds at Mount Langton; one very large one is in
the Par la Ville Garden, on Queen Street, Hamilton; various
other shrubberies possess large trees of the species.

Maclura Xanthoxylon. Endi. (tamarind plum.) A few
specimens of this West Indian tree may be seen in several pri-
vate grounds—but it is rare.

Natural Order, Platanaceae.

Platanus Occidentalis. Linn. (plane tree.) A few of these
trees are scattered about the islands, several tall ones growing
near Spanish Point. A large tree grows on the north side of
St. Peter’s Church, at St. George’s near the vestry door.
Leaves, five-angled and sharply toothed. Flowers are gather-
ed into dense balls, followed by a round globose seed on a long
stalk, remaining in position loug after maturity.

Natural Order, Myricaceae.

Myrica Cerifera. Linn. (bay berry, candle berry myrtle.)
An erect bushy shrub, three to six feet high, with nuimerous
leafy branches. Leaves present a dry or withered appearance,
dotted brown underneath, oblony, wedge-shaped, entire, two
to three inches long, and one-half to three-quarters of an inch
wide. Flowers dirty-white, followed by dense clusters of
berries size of a small pea, granular, aud coated with white,
fragrant wax from which candles can be made. Marshes.

Summer.

Natural Order, Salicineae.

Salix Babylonica. - Linn. (weeping willow.) A few of these
trees were introduced in 1830, and cuttings therefrom now
developed into trees may be seen in private grounds, but by
no means commonly. Damp soils are necessary for the full
development of the tree.

Class II: Gymnospermae.

Natural Order, Coniferae or Pinaceae.

Juniperus Bermudiana. Linn. (Bermuda Cedar.) A large
evergreen tree mentioned by the early discoverers as covering
the islands Teaves very small, scile-like, densely overlapp-
ing in four rows, channelled on the back. Flowers or catkins
oblong, cylindrical, half an inch long, followed by a purple
berry, the size of apea. The male catkins in Spring scatter
clouds of pollen over the female trees which then fructify and
perfect the berry. Its abundance everywhere makes it almost
wearisome in its sombre monotony. Lefroy accounts for its
universality by ‘‘its success in the struggle for existence, due
to its power of withstanding the gales of wind for which the
Bermudas have always been famous,’’ as well as the little re-
sistance offered by its foliage, toughness of wood and root-
power in the rock interstices Formerly it attained a greater
size than at present, as evidenced by the trunks dredged up in
the Sound. In the Camber at the Dockyard, when dredging
or excavating for the floating-dock, cedar wood was found
forty-seven feet below low-water mark, and well preserved
trunks have been found at three to five fathoms depth in Elys

Harbour and Hamilton Harbour, indicating a great subsidence
of the original Bermuda. The timber is very durable and
fragrant. ‘The tree flowers in March.

A beautiful weeping-leaved pine from Central America, some
fifteen to twenty feet high and very flourishing, is in the
garden at ‘‘Bellevue,’’ Paget East, where also are some _thriy-
ing specimens of Araucaria Excelsa, Arcarian or Norfolk pine.

Natural Order, Cycadaceae.

Cycas Revoluta. Thub. (sago palm.) This shrubby tree is
not a true palm although resembling that family. It is almost
in every garden, its rough naked trunk bearing at its summit a
cluster of feather-like fern-shaped leaves, with slender, glossy
and acute leaflets, very narrow, of a dark glossy green, and in
innumerable pairs set close together. Its cones are hidden in
a large, terminal, cushion-like head.

Monocotyledons.
Natural Order, Orchidiee.

Spiranthes Tortolis. Rich. (The only native orchid the
Islands produce.) A plant with stem six inches to one foot
high. Leaves narrow, six to eight inches long, procumbent.
Flowers white, one third of an inch in diameter, peculiar from
the spiral twist around the terminal spike, two to three inches
long. Pembroke marsh and a few in Devonshire, but becom-
ing rare. Root bulbous. April and May. It bids fair to soon
become extinct.

Natural Order, Cannaceae.

Canna Indica. Linn. or Coccinea. Mill. (Indian shot.)
An erect, leafy, sturdy plant, three to five feet high. Leaves
some ten inches long, four inches wide, with prominent veins,
oval, oblong, slender pointed, smooth, massive, sheathing the
stem. Flower-stalk terminal upright. Flowers two inches
long, red, the lip variegated with yellow or orange. Seed-pod
prickly, rough, three-celled; seeds round, black, shiny. Abun-
dant in waste corners of fields, and corners of walls. Perenni-
al. Summer months,

Canna Lutea. Ait. (yellow variety.) precisely the same as
preceding, except in colour of flower.

Maranta Arundinacea. Linn. (arrowroot.) A herbaceous
plant with tuberous root. Stems from two to three feet high.
Leaves large, shining, more lanceolate than arrow-shaped.
Flowers white in pairs. The plant is raised from portions of
the root-like rhizome or tuber planted in April, which attains
full size by the following February. The starch, known as
arrowroot, is obtained from the tubers, which are first washed
and peeled, then is rasped by a revolving grater, is passed
througli sieves to separate the fibre, and the pulp cleansed by
repeated washings. The moisture is finally pressed out and
the snow-white, flaky cake is broken up, dried and bleached in
the sun. Bermuda arrowroot is unrivalled in quality, but of
late years the trade had dwindled until recently taken up by
the late W. T. James Esq., who manufactured it on a large
acale, with the latest improved machinery, employing a large
staff of workers at Bellevue.

Maranta or Canna Edulis. Linn. (toisles mois.) Is very
similar in growth and manufacture, but the demand for it has
died out. It is chiefly grown on St George’s and St. David’s
islands.

Zingiber Officinale. Rose. (ginger.) This is grown occasion-
ally in a few gardens but not sufficiently to be an article of
commerce.

Alpinia Nutans. Rose. (shell plant, wild ginger.) A very
pretty broad-leaved plant about four feet high. Leaves long
narrow and not unlike the gladiolus. Flowers in elegant ter-
minal nodding racemes, not unlike shells, of a whitish pink.
Confined to gardens.

Musa Paradisiaca. Linn. (plantain.) A plant eight to ten
feet high, with graceful, palm-like appearance. Leaves para-
llel-veined four to five feet long, and one foot wide, often
shredded by heavy winds. The flower is dark brown, tulip-
shaped, dropping over, at the base of which heavy clusters of
bunches of fruit hang in whorls, containing fifty to one hundr-
ed plantains. The whole plant presents an appearance of a
tropical growth.

Musa Sapientum. Linn. (West India Banana.) Very
similar 1o the above but not attaining the same height, and its
bunches only contain about one half the number of fruit the
plantain produces. The flowers and the fruit ripen all the
year round; a tree flowering in April will produce a bunch of
fruit fit to cut in from ninety to one hundred days, whilst one
flowering in November will require one hundred and fifty to
one hundred and sixty days. There are several other kinds,
namely; the red banana, (M. rosacea), the fig or thum banana
(M, picata), and the dwarf (M. Cavendishii.) The collection
of bananas at the Jamaica Experimental Station contains
thirty-five species. The fruit bunches of the several kinds
average from fifty to seventy-five pounds. In Bermuda sufh-
cient attention is not given to the cultivation of the banana.

Natural Order, Bromeliaceae.

Tillandsia Usneoides (Spanish moss.) A peculiar parasite,
hanging down from the branches on which it grows, like a
tuft of long gray hair, somewhat, although ina much more
profuse way, like certain lichens in European forests. In the
cypress and cedar swamps of the Southern States of America
it presents a weird, sombre and funereal appearance. Itis only
to be seen ina few gardens here, a fine specimen growing in
front of a small cottage, east of Pembroke hall; at the Flatts,
below Orange Grove, another fine specimen may be seen.
When powdered and mixed with lard, it has curative powers
for piles.

Naural Order, Haemodoraceae.

Sansevieria Guineensis, or Zealandia. Willd. (bowstring
hemp.) A plant throwing out long, strap shaped leaves from
eight to eighteen inches or more and some four or five inches
wide. Attimes they lie prostrate, at other times they are
erect, all strong, tough and sturdy, mottled, not unlike the
back ofa snake. Flower stem short, and flowers white. A
garden curiosity, but it is found outside of plantations, al-
though not common.

Natural Order, Irideae.

Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, Linn. (Bermuda ‘‘iris,’’ or

blue-eyed grass.) A plant with stem eight or nine inches high,

erect, bearing compressed leafy bracts. Leaves six to eight
inches long, quarter of an inch wide, and sword-shaped.
Flowers in clusters of three to six, on a slender stalk, purplish-
blue with yellow eye, so abundant in places as to give a, blue
appearance tO the surrounding grass. Abundant in waste
places, barren hills, and among rocks. The seed-pod or cap-
sule is remarkable for its size in proportion to the smallness of
the plant. Bulbous root. April and May.

Pancratium Ovatum. Mill. (spider lily.) Stem erect, two
feet high. Leaves strap-shaped, smooth, leathery, two feet
long, three feet wide. Flower stem terminatesin ahead of
long thin whitish flowers, conspicuous from their spider-like
form, six or seven inches long. Summer months,

Pancratium Maritimum. (chruchyard lily.) Similar to the
above but smaller. eaves, strap-shaped, leathery, eighteen
inches long, five-eights of an inch wide. Flower-stem shorter
than the leaves. Flowers terminal, abundant, four to six
inches long, white, fragrant; petals slender. Summer.

Crinum Cruentum. Ker. (giant lily.) Has stem three to
four feet long. Leaves same length, abundant, five to six
inches wide. Flowers in terminal clusters, of a reddish hue,
from which dark-red bracts hang in slender tresses. This
plant presents a massive appearance and has become so natur-
alized that it is by no means rare.

Zephyranthes Rosea. Lindl. Has narrow grass-like leaves,
some six inches long, and erect flower-stems, six to twelve
inches high, bearing red, solitary flowers, one and a half inch
long.

Zephyranthes Tubispatha. Herd. Very similar to the
above, except that its flowers are of a greenish-white. Both
are garden escapes.

Zephyranthes Atamasco, Herb. (atamasco lily.) Very
similar, bearing a solitary, erect flower about three inches long,
rising with the leaves from the bulb, some white, some pink.
A rare escape.

Amongst garden lilies proper, of which I have not ascer-
tained escapes as yet, although some planted out on the edge
of private grounds lend that appearance, are:—

Anraryllis Equestris. Ait., with narrow, oblong leaves, and
erect flower-stem bearing at its point two or three nodding,
large vermilion or coloured flowers.

Amaryllis, or Nerine, Sarmiensis. Linn, Guernsey lily.
Has strap-shaped leaves, and a slender flower-stem a foot high,
crowned with eight or nine gold-bespinkled flowers with wavy
lobes.

Natural Order, Liliaceae.

Allium Cepa. Linn. (common onion.) One of the staple
products of Bermuda. Grown everywhere. The seeds are
sown in September, and when about the size of a pencil, are
planted out by hand. The greater part of the seed is imported
from Teneriffe, the native seed not maturing here to any ex-
tent. The onion is garnered April and May.

Allium Sativum. (onion lily or wild garlic.) Is very
abundant in many places, springing up through the grass, the
flower stalk five or six inches high, bearing a small cluster of
greenish white flowers, before the leaves are scarcely apparent.
It is a terrible weed and as each corm or bulb is surrounded
with ten to fifteen small ones, the reproduction is enormous.
April and May.

Friesia Alba. (friesia.) Introduced only ten or twelve
years ago, this plant has become so abundant as to be fairly
naturalized. Planted out in the approaches to private houses,
it will soon spread universally and may even now be found on
waysides. leaves narrow three-quarters of an inch wide, and
three or four inches long. Slender nodding flower with a
raceme or bunch of white fragrant flowers or bells. Another
species with purple stripes in the white flower is known as
Friesia refracta.

Antholyza Ethiopica. (Cape lily.) Hasa flower stalk rising
above the leaves, strap-shaped, four to five inches long, one
inch broad, crowned with several branchlets each bearing two

orange-coloured lily flowers. Is strictly a garden plant. June.
It is classed by Reade as an Iris as he also calls the following.

Gladiolus, Herb. (Corn flag gladiolus.) Lefroy says this
plant died out after importation; Reade only barely alludes to
it. But now scarcely a garden can be found which is not gay
with its many coloured brilliant flowers one above another,
commencing halfway up the flower stalk eighteen inches to
two feet high. The original gladiolus is a poor weak flower,
dirty red, which has spread into cultivated fields and waste
places, where it has become a weed.

A plant much resembling the gladiolus was imported by the
late honourable Thomas S. Reade, of Pembroke Hall. Its
flower-head droops over; flowers a dingy red, not so large as
the former. Its name is Menbretichus.

Naural Order, Amaryllideae.

Agave Americana. Linn. (agave or golden aloe.) Leaves
three to six feet Jong, fleshy and leathery, smooth, lance-shap-
ed with curved spines, and very sharp points. Flower-stem
rises fifteen to twenty-five feet, with alternate branches,
pyramidal in appearance, covered with numberless flower
clusters. Waste places thickets, and planted in places close as
afence. Flowers two inches long, of a greenish-golden yellow.
Itis known in some places asthe Century plant, from the
erroneous idea that it only flowers once ina hundred years.
It takes a number of years growth before it does flower, after
which the plant gradually dies.

Narcissus Jonquilla. Linn. (jonquil.) Aboutone foot high,
with long narrow leaves at base of stem. Bears from one to
three deep yellow, fragrant, flat flowers. Common around
plantations. Spring.

Narcissus Tazetta. (narcissus.) Very similar to the above,
except that it bears a cluster of white flowers with a yellow
centre, smaller than the preceding, with a delicious fragrance.

Aloe Vulgaris, Lam. (aloe.) Stem of no height throws up
suckers around its base. Leaves, two to three feet long or
more, lance-shaped, acute, curved upward, very thick, glutin-

ous, and armed with spiny teeth. Flower-stalk branched,
several feet high; flowers nodding, yellow. Sandy, waste
places, and rocky hillsides.

Yucca Serrulata, Haw; or Y. Glorifolia. Linn. (Spanish
bayonet; Adams needle.) A plant with rougb, woody, cylind-
rical stem, five to six feet high, leaves one or more feet long,
spear-shaped, thickly clustered at summit, one inch wide,
with rough margin, and slender, needle-shaped points or
springs, very nasty to handle. Flower-stalk erect, many
flowered, nodding. Flowers two inches long, white with
purple base, forming a very showy, dense cluster. It is quite
common, but its dagger-like leaves make it very formidable.
Edg-s of thickets, rocky barrens, and sandy soil are its favour-
ite loc lities. June to August.

Lilium Longiflorum, (Easter lily.) Although extensively
cultivated in fields it is not uncommon as an escape, and is
quite naturalized. This is a dwarf growth of the following:—

Lilium Harrissii. (White Easter lily; Bermuda lily.) This
was originally introduced from Japan, butits cultivation asa
staple product only dates from 1878. Although a considerable
number of buds are shipped North for Easter decorations, yet
the main trade lies in the bulbs, thousands of which are annu-
ally exported. The bulbs of these lilies are composed of scales
laid one upon the other, at the base of each of which is an
embryo bud, representing a future plant. The erect stem is
from two to four feet high, well leafed all its length with a
bunch at the summit of from three to five white blossoms,
several inches long, trumpet-shaped and often at a right angle
with the stem. General Hastings and Mr. Harris (florist of
Halifax, N. S.) may be styled the fathers of the introduction
here of this valuable lily.

Hemerocallis Fulva. Linn. (day lily.) A plant with oval-
pointed, very crinkled leaves of a pale green, six or seven
inches long and nearly as wide, throwing up a flower stem or
stems six or eight inches high, bearing a raceme of white, long
tube-shaped flowers.

Agapanthus Umbellatus. (blue lily, locally called Star of
Bethlehem.) Bears a naked stem bout two feet high, with a

head of numerous deep blue flowers, before the leaves arise.
This is not the true star of Bethlehem, which is a small flower-
ing lily, stem six inches high; leaves narrow; flower white
with dark centre.

Lilium speciosum. (Japanese or spice lily.) About ten
inches high. Bears a red flower.

Lilium Chaledonium. (scarlet Martagon lily.) Like the
above only in colours.

Other and new varieties of the lily family are being imported
from time to time and may be seen in private gardens.

Dracaena Terminalis. Linn. (purple dracaena.) A shrub
eight to ten feet high, branching up from the root with numer-
ous stems or branches. Leaves dark purple, two to three
inches long, deeply veined, oblong, bluntly pointed, somewhat
crinkled below, the whole leaf turning upward from mid-rib.
Flower in racemes, small, terminal on branches, ofa rich
purple or reddish claret color.

Dracaena Australis, Forst. (Green dracaena.) In all re-
spects similar to the above, except that its foliage is green,
and flowers are of a similar hue. Both species are prickly
garden shrubs, and I am not aware of any existing as escapes.

Natural Order, Commelinaceae.

Commelina Agraria, Kth. (day-flower.) A plant with pros-
trate smooth stem, rooting at the brittle joints, much inter-
woven with branchlets, the almost transparant stems attaining
several feet in length. Leaves alternate, oblong, shining, one
and a half to two inches or more long. The bracts bear three
or four flowers on slender, branched stalks, bright blue, half
to ene inch in diameter. Ditch bottoms, marsh lands and
cultivated ground. Perennial. Summer months.

Commelina Elegems. Rich. (Poultry, or chicken grass.)
Very similar to the above, but not so sturdy. Stems ascending
about one foot instead of prostrate. Same localities as preced-
ing. Flowers borne the same way but smaller, half an inch
wide at most, bright blue with yellow racemes closing early in
the day. Common, Perennial, Summer months.

Tradescantia Discolor. Rafin. (wandering jew.) Thick,
short, fleshy, trailing stems, leaves purple banded with yel-
lowish-white, semi-oval, pointed. This is a garden plant but I
found two specimens by the roadside at Point Finger, anda
third specimen on the road to Spanish Point—evidently es-
capes.

Natural Order, Pontederiaceae.

Pontederia Azurea.—Hichorina Crassipes. (water hyacinth.)
Abundant in Pembroke marsh channels, where it was intro-
duced within the last few years, and has rapidly spread but at
present is confined to that locality. The flower is in heads
like a hyacinth, of a delicate lilac colour, and very beautiful.
It grows with a peculiar bladder-shaped stem, which acts as a
float to keep the plant above water, without its roots being
attached to the bottom. The leaves are long, broad and lily-
shaped with runners slanting from the crown of leaves just
beneath the water. These intertwine and connect in long
masses in the form of floating islands which have given such
an obstruction in the navigable waters of Florida as to cause
Congress to have an examination made to devise some means
of putting a limit to its growth. It is said to be native of Ven-
ezuela and was intsoduced North as an ornamental plant grown
in tubs. It spreads very rapidly. Its propogation without
restriction threatens the navigation of the waters it has encro-
ached upon, .

Natural Order, Juncaceae.

Juncus Tenuis. Willd. (common rush) Stem slender,
erect, wiry, pithy, eight to eighteen inches long, leafy, only
at base. Leaves very narrow nearly as long asstem, Flowers
single, distant, along one side borne on the branched divisions
of the angle of the leaf, and upper part of the stem; greenish-
brown, in tufts. Marsh lands and marshes. Perennial.
Common.

Natural Order Aroideae.

Scirpus Validus. Vahl. or S. Lacastris, Linn, (bull rush,
club rush.) Stem stout, erect, leafless, cylindrical, four to six

feet high, tapering upwards, and terminating in a short tooth
above the flower; scales densely over-lapping each other.
Common in wet marshes.

Scirpus or Eleocharis Melanocarpis. Gr. (spiked rush )
Stem compressed, slender, six to twelve inches high, termina-
ting in an oblong, spike one-third of an inch long F'orets
greenish-brown supported by three or four purple bristles.
Common in marshes. Summer months,

Scirpus Palustris. Probably S. plantagineus of Lefroy,
Stem cylindrical, slightly compressed, one to two feet high»
not jointed; spike cylindrical about one inch long, bearing
numerous flowers. Scales, rusty-brown in colour. Marshes
and ponds. Rather rare. November.

Scirpus or E. Eqaisetorides (jointed rush.) Stem cylind-
rical, erect, two to three feet high, with twenty to thirty joints;
stem pithy. Spike scaly, the scales brown, overlapping, af-
pearing like a continuation of the stem, one inch long. Com-
mon in marshes. July to October.

Cladium Occidentale. Scheld. (prickly sedge.) Stem cane-
like, six to eight feet high, triangular below, cylindrical above.
Leaves two to three feet long, one-third of an inch wide, rough»
serrate. Flowers numerous, protruding from all leaf angles
on upper part of stem. Very commonin all marshes. May
and June.

Rhynchospora Stellata. Gr. (white sedge; white-headed
rush.) Stem triangular, one totwo feet high. Leaves very
slender, six to eight inches long. Flower-heads white,
‘hemispherical, supported by five or six slender leafy bracts,
white at their base. Spikeless, one-sixth of an inch long.
Marshes. Conspicuous by its white heads. Not very common-
June and July.

Natural Order, Gramineae.

Hambusa Vulgaris or Arundinaceae. Wendl. (bamboo.) A
very graceful tree especially when planted in clumps, its joined
stems rising thirty or forty feet, swaying about with every
passing breeze. ; <

Its slender branches are not hollow like the main ree‘d-like
stem, but are solid and bear narrow leaflets about six inches
long. Itis only to be seenin plantations, and is not very
common The lower joints of large bamboos attain the thick-
ness of a man’s leg. The cane or tree terminates in a large,
tawny plume.

Arundo Donax. Linn. (cane.) Is closely allied to the
above, but the stems from ten to fifteen feet, crowned with a
plume. It is generally to be seen near country cottages.
When young itis cut as fodder for cattle, Neither of these
seein to have escaped.

Saccharum Officinatum Linn. (sugar cane.) This is
planted occasionally, not for sugar manufacture but for sale in
sticks. In growth it resembles Indian corn. Lefroy says in
1675 alaw was passed to prevent the destruction of cedar for
sugar boiling, but there are no records to show to what extent
that industry was carried on. Itis not common, and little
attention is paid to its cultivation.

Zea Mays. Linn. (Indian corn, or maize.) This plant has
been cultivated since the early settlement of the islands, being
mentioned in the laws of 1622. It is only found in cultivation,
and is either ploughed under as manure, cut green for fodder,
the ears used in a green state as a vegetable, or, when ripe
pulled for various household uses. Itis not nearly as much
cultivated as formerly.

Gynerium Argenteum, Nees. (pampas grass.) A large,
coarse, shrubby grass three to four feet high, in clumps, grown
only for ornament; adorns a few gardens or edges of shrubberies
and lawns. It throws up a stem some four or five feet high,
crowned with a dense feathery, fluffy head.

Sorghum Saccharatum. Moench, (Guineacorn.) This is
not unlike sugar cane but is not so woody. It is only grown
for cattle.

The ordinary grains of the adjoining continent are not
grown here, their importation being cheaper than the land
they would occupy for other produce is worth, and the absence
of silica in the soil militates against straw growth when ripe.

The grasses of Bermuda are simply mentioned here, but the
quality for grazing purposes is inferior, and hay is never cut
here, bales of that pressed being imported for use.

The names of the various grasses are given with the local
name whenever ascertainable:

Stenotaphrum: Americanum or Glabrum. (crab grass.)
Chloris petrae (bed grass;) Cynodon Dactylon (Bermuda, or
devil, grass;) Paspalum filiforme (wire grass;) P. distichum
(seaside grass;) P. vaginatum; P. conjugatum; P, setaceum; P.
setigerum: Spartina cynosuroides (rush grass); Eleusine indica
(cocks foot grass); Polypogon, monspeliens; Setaria viridis; S.
verticillata; S. glauca; Cenchrus echinata (burr grass); C.
tribuloides, (millet-grass); Oplisminus setarius; Panicum pro-
liferum (cave grass); P. maximum (guinea grass); P. Colonum;
P. virgatum (twig-grass); P. capillare (quaking-grass); P,
lineare; and the following, cited only by Lefroy and not by
Reade; Leptochloa mucronata (slender-grass); Digitaria Segi-
tera, probably Paspalum setigerum of Reade, (finger-grass);
Schlerochloa rigida (hard grass, )

Natural Order, Cyperaceae.

Cyperus Rotundus. Linn. (star grass.) Stem triangular,
six to ten inches high. Leaves smooth, shining, as long as the
stem, channelled, flat. Flower-heads unequal, flat, compressed,
green centre with three to five bracts surrounding them, one
inch long, rayed, extending outwards like a star, Marsh lands
especially, and damp fields. Verycommon, Perennial. May
and June.

Cyperus Flexuosus. Griseb. Very similar to the above,
but stem two to three feet high. Spikelets slender. Flowers
green, with six to ten long rayed white leaves supporting them.
Marshlands. June.

Cyperus Nuttallii. Tor. (nut-grass.) Stem triangular,
four to sixinches high; spiklets many flowered, compresed.
Flowers brown with three to five unequal long leaves surround-
ing them, followed by a triangular nut seed. A bad weed on
cultivated ground. Perennial. Early Summer,

Cyperus Ligularis. Hemsl. Mentioned by Reade, as exist-
ing in Paget. I have failed to trace it.

Kyllinga Monocephala. Linn. (sedge, or bog rush.) This
has a strong, creeping root, stem erect, eight to twelve inches
high, with several flat, narrow leaves. Flower heads solitary,
globose, quarter of an inch wide. Flowers pale green. Com-

monin marshes. Perennial. July to October.
Mosses, Lichens, etc.
Natural Order, Equisetaceae.

Equisetum Palustre. Linn (marsh weed or mare’s tails. )
It has an upright, almost leafless stem, one to one and a half
feet high, jointed, with imbricate or scaly blunt spikes Rare.
Pembroke Marshes. (Lefroy.)

Natural Order, Psilotaceae.

Psilotum Triquetrum. Sw. A small, wiry, erect plant, with
forked branches and minute scaly leaves; spores instead of
seeds. Flowerless. Is rare and is confined to Paynter’s Vale
and the vicinity of the Causeway.

Natural Order, Spognaceae.

Sphagnum Palustre. (Heat Moss.) A fibrous growing
moss, rough, almost hairy, tough. Is found only near mouth
of water course. It is the main constituent of peat bogs in the
North

Natural Order Agaricaceae.

Although Lefroy quotes Agaricus campestris (edible mush-
room) as having been found near Pembroke churchyard, yet
I have failed to hear of anyone finding such a growth on the
islands. Mushroonis are grown under cover in a few gardens
from imported spawn only, and there is no instance that I can
trace of their natural growth,

Natural Order, Bryaceae.

Tortula Muralis. A small moss forming a green, velvet-like
mantle on old walls, rocks and wayside banks. Is common.
Its thread-like stems, minute, terminate in small caps contain-
ing its spores.

Lichens are not abundant, Peltialii being found on old walls,
and two species of Cenomyre on decaying vegetables. As a
matter of fact mosses and lichens are but little known or
examined and the study of them might elucidate facts unknown
here at present.

Class IV: Cryptoyamia.
Natural Order Filices.

The ferns and fern life of these islands are so fully and ably
described in a bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, by Mr.
B. D. Gilbert, that to give another description here would be
only invidious. Consequently the names and habitat are
simply given,with any special remarks called for. The princi-
pal fern localities are the marshes aud the caves, and damp
walls or rocks.

Adiantum Capillus Veneris—Walsingham district. Planted
out by Governor Lefroy. It is not a native or indigenous, but
may from its spread be now counted as a naturalized species.

Adiantum bellum—A common fern, growing everywhere on
rock surfaces by the roadside and on garden walls.

Adiantum bellum walsingense—A variety of the above but
much larger. Abundant near Walsingham.

Pteris Longifolia—Jam. Uncertain whether it isa native or
naturalized. Crevices of walls and rocks round Hamilton.

Pteris heterophylla—Open caves and cliffs of Walsingham.
It is known as the ‘‘ parsley fern.’’ Scarce.

Pteris aquilina, var. caudata--Devonshire marsh. Very
luxuriant, growing from ten to twelve feet high.

Woodwardia virginica—Pembroke marsh, and north side of
Devonshire marsh, plentiful in latter locality.

Asplenium dentatum—Frequent on rocks at Walsingham.
Asplenium Trichomanes—Common everywhere.

Asplenium Myriophyllum—Rare, and liable to extinction.
Church Cave.

Asplenium Laffaniaum—An endemic species. A specimen
sent to Kew proved entirely new. It is very rare. Walsingham
and Church Cave.

Dryopteris aculeata—Described by Gilbert and stated by
Hemsley of the Challenger as growing at the caves. Being in
the Kew collection, it must stand a Bermuda species, at least
of a former time.

Dryopteris capensis—In danger of extermination, being now
very rare. Devonshire marsh. It is known as the ‘‘Ten
Days Fern,’’ it keeping green for ten days after cutting.

Dryopteris ampla—Rare. Paynters Vale. Lefroy cities it as
‘“common by roadsides.’? Doubtful if ever common.

Dryopteris patens—Very abundant, especially in the marshes.
where it attains a height of four feet, and one anda ‘half in
width.

Dryopteris Thelypteris—G rows sparingly in Pembroke
marsh, and in a marsh on the north side of Hamilton.

Dryopteris mollis—Planted out by Lefroy, but not to be
found now, though a few stragglers may exist.

Dryopteris villosa—Trott’s Cave, Paynter’s Vale, and a cave
south of Church Cave. Plentiful in those localities only.

Dryopteris bermudiana—An endemic species. Locality un-
specified, but specimen obtained by the Challenger.

Nephrolepis Exaltata—Common among rocks at Walsing-
ham.

Polypodium elasticum—(Plumula)—Paynter’s Vale and
Walsingham tract, sparingly.

Polypodium Pectinatum—Hemsley the only authority for
this species, giving Walsingham as its habitat.

Acrosticum aureum—Abundant in brackish marshes, the
South Shore marshes yielding smaller specimens than those in
Devonshire.

Acrosticum vulgare—Distinguished from previous species by
its larger size, attaining sometimes a height of eight or nine
feet. It grows in the Devonshire marsh out of ‘the reach of tide
water.

Class III.
Gymnospermae.
Naural Order, Tremellaceae.

Tremella Intumescens {meteor jelly) a small jelly like sub-
stance which is not uncommon amongst grass in wet weather.
In substance it more resembles the texture of the marine jelly-
fish than a plant.

As cultivation increases with the use of repeated dressings of
stable mauure, fungi commonly called toadstools will probably
spring up in course of time. Reade mentions two, but un-
named, one with a yellow, the other with a red cap, springing
up after rain at the base of cedars.

Introduced Plants.

The following species are to be found in a very few gardens
or in private grounds, and have all been introduced. They are
mentioned in Lefroy’s list.

Capparis Torulosa. (black willow.) Lefroy says only seen
at Par-la-Ville, Hamilton; recognized by its glossy leaves,
rusty beneath, and branches covered with scales. Doubtful.

Pittosporum undulatum (laurel.) Rectory, Paget.
Mammea Americana (mammee.) Few old gardens only.
Ilex Aquifolium. (English Holly.) St. George’s. Rare.

Mangifera Indica. (mango.) Mount Langton; Bellevue,
Paget, the home of the late Worshipful W. T. James, J. P.;
Mrs. M. A. Pilkington, Queen Street, St. George’s.

Erythrina Indica (locust. Scarce;) a large tree at Mount
Langton, but its name is doubtful, as the seeds of it are scarlet,
whilst those of E. indica should be black. The flowers of this
tree, too, are dark scarlet, whilst others are orange red.

Erythrina Caffra. (Caffra-brom.) One large tree, adjoining
“ Rosebank,’’ Hamilton, which is said to be true caffra.

Guillandina Bonducella. (nicker tree.) No trace of this,

Visnia guianensis. (gamboge.) Very doubtful.

(Note: Gamboga is obtained from Garunia morilla Desr.
Nat. Ord. Guttiferae.)

Eugenia Jambos (rose apple) and Chrysophyllum Cainilo
(star apple) are to be found in a few gardens only.

Achras sapota, Linn. (sapodilla.) At Bellevue; the Trim-
ingham grounds; ‘‘ Rosebank;’’ Mount Langton, and elsewhere:

Sapindus Saponaria (soap berry.) Few gardens only.
Chrysobalanus icaco, ly. (cow plum.) Very few only.

Ixora coccinea (Ixora.) Few gardens, lately introduced.
Quercus alba (white oak.) At Rosebank.

Inglans nigra. (black walnut.) At Rosebank and in one or
two other gardens.

Cassia Florida. (not given by Lefroy but mentioned by
Reade, in the Public Gardens) has been put down as Lignum
Vitae, and as Ebony. Now the former of these two has blue
flowers, and the latter rosy pink flowers, whilst the tree in
question much resembling the Poinciana has a flower not un-
like that of the Star Apple. It is evidently the Albizzia thibetia,
the tree in question being as far as known the only specimen in
Bermuda.

For the following note, Iam indebted to Mr. T. J. Harris
late Superintendent of the Public Garden:

“T have seen Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale, L., Nat,
Order Zygophylleae) aud Ebony (Brya Ebenus, D.C., Nat.
Order Leguminoseae) growing side by side in the West Indies;
they of course are quite distinct—the former producing dense
masses of pretty blue flowers, while the tree itself in outline is
dense and heavy andin the distance resembles an umbrella
with a very thick and heavy handle; there is also a white
variety of it. The ebony tree in comparison bears a distinctly
flippant and almost a spooky outline; putting out its few arm-
like branches, some up, others out, and down, suggesting a
dissipated semiphore. Its flowers are yellow, and resemble
little sprigs of gorse,

“‘The best ebony and the largest supply comes from
Diospyros Ebenum, Koenig, of Ceylon. (Nat. ord. Ebenaceae. )
Black.’’

Plants of Medicinal Properties.

This information has been obtained chiefly from natives and
older residents.

Aloe (Aloe soccotrina. Lam.) The pith of its fleshy leaves
is used as a poultice for obstinate sores; the juice as a diuretic.

Arrowroot. (Maranta arundinacea. Linn.) Excellent asa
food for invalids. A large factory for its manufacture has been
established at Bellevue, Paget. Thearticle is in great demand.

Alexanders. (Smyrnium Olusatrum. Linn.) A carmina-
tive. Its root macerated in rum is used externally and intern-
ally for rheumatism; also for sprains and swollen joints

Birthwort. (Aristolochia trilobata. Linn.) Is supposed to
possess a good deal of virtue in cases of parturition.

Bryone. (Sycos angulatus. Linn.) Infusion of this plant
is used in cases of colds and fevers.

Cassia. (Cassia Fistula. Linn. The bark of this plant is a
strong astringent, while the leaves are purgative and are often
used instead of Jalap.

Catnip. (Nepeta Cataria. Linn.) Useful in chills, colds,
and fevers.

Castor Oil Plant. (Ricinus communis. Linn.) No atten-
tion seems to have been given to its cultivation. From its berries
or fruit a good oil might be extracted. At St. George’s I have
heard of one case—that of a young Sergeant of Artillery, who
afterwards became a War Office official—who used occasion-
ally to eat the ripe berries instead of taking castor oil, and
with like benefit.

Cedar. (Juniperus Bermudiana. Linn.) A conserve from
its berries, locally known as ‘‘ cedar berry syrup,’’ is a remedy
for pulmonary complaints.

Centuary. (Centaurea sativa. Maris.) Acarminative and
largely resorted to by the natives as a tonic.

Red Clover. (Trifolium pratense. Linn.) A tea made
from the flowers of this plant is diuretic; a vermifuge and good
in urinary complaints.

Dandelion. (Taraxacum Dens-leonis. Desf.) It is a good
tonic and the roots roasted and ground are a substitute for
coffee.

Dock. (Rumex obtusifolia. Linn.) Its leaves assuage the
irritation caused by insect stings.

Daturra, or Thron Apple. (Datura Stramonium. Linn.)
The leaves smoked are a remedy for asthma. The berry is
poisonous.

Elderberry. (Sambucus nigra. Linn.) A lotion and cool-
ing ointment is made from its flowers. If sufficient berries are
spared from birds, an excellent wine can be made from them;
such a wine is used by the poor in England.

Fever-few. (Pyrethrum parthenicum. Wild.) A tonic is
made from the plant, which is used in fever.

Ginger. (Zinghiber officinale. Rose.) A tea made from
the root is used for colic, spasms, and wind.

Horse-radish Tree. (Morninga Pterygosperma, Gaert )
Though not properly medicinal, yet its oilisin demand by
watch-makers, and is known as Ben oil.

The other species. (Moringa aptere,) is the source of the Oil
of Ben.

Horehound (Marrubium vulgare. Linn.) Infusion of leaves
is good for coughs and colds.

Ipecacuanah, (Asclepias curassaivica. Linn.) Emetic.

Milk Weed. (Asclepias. Linn.) In urinary disease leaves
and juice are used as a poultice on the loins

Ipomaea. All the family of this genus possess more or less
the properties of jalap as purgative in their roots.

Jalap. (Jatropha Curcas. Linn.) A violent purgative

Mullein. (Verbascum Thapsus. Linn.) Leaves smoked
with tobacco for asthma and neuralgia,

Marsh Mallow. (Kosteletzkya virginica.) Syrup for colds,
coughs and sore throats.

Mercury. (Mercurialis annua. Linn.) Decoction good for
liver complaint and constipation.

Nettle. (Urtica urens. Linn ) The young shoots in spring
are eaten as a vegetable and are a bloodpurifier.

Papaw. (Carica Papaya. Linn.) Sap and fruit produce
pepsine, a digestive, and the leaves are popularly believed to
have curative powers in rheumiatism when externally applied.

Pride of India (Melia Azedarach. Linn.) The bark isa
powerful astringent and is useful in diarrhoea and dysentery.

Plantain. (Plantago major.. Linn.) Weaves make a cool-
ing laxative; bruised they are very healing on sores and bruises;
they are also steeped in hot water asa drink. The plant is
popularly called ‘‘ Ribwort,’’ is a most valuable herb and is
highly prized.

Opium Poppy. (Papaver somniferum. Linn.) The seed-
heads are used as a fomentation for neuralgia, and when
placed in open-work bags induce sleep.

Prickly Poppy. (Argemone mexicana. Linn.) The juice
is said to be good for inflamed or diseased eyes.

Prickly Pear. (Opuntia coccinifolia. Mill.) The leaves

or stalks of this species peeled and soaked are diuretic and are
much used by the old natives.

Pomegranite. (Punica Granatum. Linn.) The bark isa
powerful tonic and astringent.

Pluchea. (Pluchea odorata. Cass.) Leaves are used as a
tonic.

Palmetto. (Sabal Palmetto. Lodd.) An intoxicating
beverage formerly made largely, but scarcely obtainable now,
called ‘‘ Bibey,’’ was distilled from its berries. Leaves are
used for manufacturing fancy articles.

Pink-root. (Dianthus Caryophyllus.) Decuction from root
used as a vermifuge.

Pumpkin. (Cucumis Pepe. Linn.) Its seeds, scalded or
boiled, are a powerful diuretic.

Quassia. (Quassia amara. Jinn.) Bark a strong tonic.
Cups made from its wood immediately impart a bitter flavour

to the water.

Ribgrass. (Plautago lanceolata. Linn.) Leaves good for
bruises, sores and ulcers.

Red Sage. (Lantana Camara. Linn.) A decoction of its
leayes mixed with a bunch of Junipers asserted to be a sure
cure for yellow fever, if the patientis covered up with blankets
after drinking it, when profuse perspiration isinduced. It was
used here largely by the natives during the yellow fever
epidemics and was found effective when taken in time.

Sarsaparilla. (Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Mich.) This is
not the true sarsaparilla, which does not grow wild but
Tridentata was imported in 1875, planted at Mount Langton
and is reported doing well there.

Addendum.

A list of exotics said to have been introduced by different
governors at Mount Langton, mentioned in Governor Lefroy’s
Catalogue republished in the United States Bulletin, No. 25, of
the United States National Museum, Department of the In-
terior, 1884

Note. No sign indicates, still existing.
An asterisk means, Disappeared.

When a plant has not disappeared but is now found in
some other ground, the locality is given.

What is known as ‘‘ Lefroy’s Garden’? isa more shrubby
wilderness than the modern garden of Government House.
Since Governor Lefroy’s day many of his tests have been lost
sight of, and have probably been choked by the more sturdy
growth which has sprung up around them.

*Flacourtia prunifolia. (Governor’s Plum. )

Flacourtia Ramancho. (Madagascar Plum.) also in grounds at
‘‘Bellevue,’’ Paget, ‘‘Rosebank,’’ and the Trimingham
grounds at ‘‘Montrose.’’

Hibiscus Cooperi. Doubtful.

*Melianthus major. (Honey-flower? )

*Quassia amara. (Quassia. )

Citrus nobilis. (Mandarin orange.)

*Cookia punctata. (Wampee.)

Ampelopsis tridentata. (Species of Virginia creeper. )

Nephelium Litchi (Leechee); also in the grounds at
““Bellevue,’’ ‘‘ Rosebank”’ and in a few other grounds.

*Rhus Inglandifolia. (Walnut-leaved Sumach. )
*Desmodium gyrans.

*Brownea grandiceps.

Bauhinia Vahlii. (Bauhinia. )

Mimosa pudica. (Sensitive plant.)

Acacia macrapantha.

Echeveria gibbiflora,

*Passiflora edulis. (White Passion flower. )

Cornus stricta. (Dogwood. )

*Rondeletia odorata.

Gardenia Fortunii. (Gardenia. )

*Plumbago Cocinea. (Species of Plumbago. )

*Bigonia capreolata.

Tecoma capensis. (Orange flowering climber. )
*Artocarpus incisa. (Bread Fruit.) In garden at ‘‘ Bellevue.’’
Hedychium speciosum. (Species of Ginger.)
Dieffenbachia Seguine. (Dumb Cane.) 2
*Gasteria obliqua. (Hawthorn.)

*Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon.) In the garden at
“ Bellevue,’’ ‘‘ Rosebank,’’ ‘‘Montrose,"’ etc.

Erythrina indica. (species of Locust. }
Clitoria teruatea. (Blue pea.)
*Pithecolobrium Saman. (Leguminous. )

*Asclepias nivea.
*Cestrum Pargni.

PRINTED BY
“BELL QUICK PRINTERS, Co.
HAMILTON, BERMUDA.

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