Thirty important forest trees of Maryland. How to know them

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THIRTY
IMPORTANT

FOREST
TREES

CMARYLAND

HOW TO KNOW THEM

MARYLAND STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY
OES tae
F. W. Besley, State Forester

In Co-operation with the Torest Service
U. S. Department of Agriculture,

THIRTY
IMPORTANT

HOW TO KNOW THEM

MARYLAND STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY
F. W. Besley, State Forester

In Co-operation with the Forest Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture,

1922

FOREST TREES
> FRROKK -PIR KKK E -S PREKKKE E - FIRKK EE IKKE SE

PURPOSE OF THIS MANUAL

It is the purpose of this pocket manual to present
what is considered the thirty principal trees of
Maryland, as determined by occurrence and uses
from a list of more than one hundred native species.
The chief characteristic of each are set forth in plain
illustrations and simple language that should en-
able easy field identification. The rapidly increas-
ing interest in outdoor life, stimulated by the Scout
movement, nature study in the schools, garden clubs,
and similar organizations, has created a demand
for such a manual as this.

Acknowledgments

The subject-matter has been prepared by the State
Foresters of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina
and Tennessee, who are each publishing similar
manuals. The advice and help of the Forest Service
of the United States Department of Agriculture,
including the preparation of drawings from which
most of the cuts were made, is gratefully acknowl-
edged. A number of cuts illustrating leaves and
fruit of hardwoods were kindly loaned by the Ver-
mont Agricultural Experiment Station.

FOREST TREES.
> PERC KK EO AHIEKKG EE HSK D> FROG HIS

RED CEDAR (Juniperus virginiana L.)

VERY valuable tree found in all classes and
conditions of soils—from swamp to dry rocky
ridges—seeming to thrive on barren soils where few
other trees are found. It is scattered throughout
the State except in the high mountains, but it is
most important in the middle section.
There are two kinds of leaves, usually both kinds
being found on the same tree. The commoner kind

RED CEDAR
One-half natural size.

From Sargent’s ‘Manual of the Trees of North America,”
by permission of Houghton-Miffin Company.

is dark green, minute and scale-like, clasping the
stem in four ranks, so that the stems appear square.
The other kind, usually appearing on young growth
or vigorous shoots, is awl-shaped, quite sharp-
pointed, spreading and whitened.

The two kinds of flowers are at the end of minute
twigs on separate trees. Blooming in February or
March, the male trees often assume a golden color
from the small catkins, which, when shaken, shed
clouds of yellow pollen. The fruit, which matures
in one season, is pale blue, often with a white bloom,
one-quarter of an inch in diameter, berry-like, enclos-
ing one or two seeds in the sweet flesh. It is a
favorite winter food for birds.

The bark is very thin, reddish brown, peeling off
in long, shred-like strips. The tree is extremely
irregular in its growth, so that the trunk is usually
more or less grooved.

The heart wood is distinctly red, and the sapwood
white, this color combination making very striking
effects when finished as cedar chests, closets and
interior woodwork. The wood is aromatic, soft,
strong and of even texture, and these qualites make
it most desirable for lead pencils. It is very dura-
ble in contact with the soil, and on that account is in
great demand for posts, poles and rustic work.

5

FAREST TREES
A> RRO epecE D> $x Gac OO HEKE EO HOG SE OHIO HK

HEMLOCK (Tsuga canadensis Carr.)

HE hemlock, sometimes known as hemlock

spruce or spruce pine, is a large timber tree,
attaining a height of 60 to 100 feet and a diameter
of 2 to 4 feet. It is common along streams and on
cool slopes throughout the mountains and extends
somewhat into the adjoining regions. Its horizontal
or ascending branches and drooping twigs, forming

From Sargent’s “Manual of the Trees of North America,”
by permission of Houghton-Mifflin Company.

a pyramidal crown, make it one of our handsomest
and most desirable trees for shade and ornament.

The leaves are from one-third to two-thirds of an
inch in length, oblong, dark green and lustrous on
the upper surface and whitish beneath, and, although
spirally arranged, appear to be 2-ranked on the
stem; they fall during the third season. The cones
are oblong, about three-fourths of an inch long, light
brown in color. The cone scales are broadly ovate
and about as wide as they are long. The seed is
small and winged, maturing in the fall and dropping
during the winter.

The wood is light, soft, not strong, brittle and
splintery. It is used for coarse lumber and for paper
pulp. The bark on old trunks is cinnamon-red or
dark gray and divided into narrow, rounded ridges,
and is one of our chief sources of tannin.

_ FOREST TREES
SBR nc SIR KKK EE HE KE SE ORE © HE

LOBLOLLY PINE (Pinus taeda L.)

fast-growing member of the yellow pine

group, loblolly pine is a tree of the Coastal
Plain, ranging southward from the southernmost
county of Delaware. It is variously known locally
as shortleaf pine, fox-tail pine and old-field pine.
As the last name implies, it seeds up abandoned
fields rapidly, particularly in sandy soils where the

LOBLOLLY PINE
One-half natural size.

From Sargent’s “Manual of the Trees of North America,”
by permission of Houghton-Miffin Company.

water is close to the surface. It is also frequent in
clumps along the borders of swamps and as scat-
tered specimens in the swamp hardwood forests.

The bark is dark in color and deeply furrowed,
and often attains a thickness of as much as 2 inches
on large-sized trees. The leaves, or needles, 6 to 9
inches long, are borne three in a cluster, and, in the
spring, bright green clumps of them at the ends of
branches give a luxuriant appeatance to the tree.
The fruit is a cone, or burr, about 3 to 5 inches
long, which ripens in the autumn of the second year,
and, during fall and early winter, sheds many geeds
which, by their inchlong wings, are widely dis-
tributed by the wind.

The resinous wood is coarse-grained, with marked
contrast, as in the other yellow pines, between the
bands of early and late wood. The wood of second-
growth trees has a wide range of uses where dura-
bility is not a requisite, such as for building ma-
terial, box shooks, barrel staves, basket veneers,
pulpwood, lath, mine props, piling and fuel.

7

FAREST TREES
> PRE ED HKG AE OO HOEK HE OE HOMIE SE HIEOXE-~

PITCH PINE, OR BLACK PINE
(Pinus rigida Mill.)

HE pitch pine grows on dry ridges and slopes
and in cold swamps and bottoms in the moun-
tains and outlying hilly regions up to about 3,500
feet elevation. It occurs scattered, or in small
groups with hardwoods or other pines.
It attains a height commonly 50 to 75 feet and
a diameter of 1 to 2 feet, The trunk is erect, and

PITCH PINE, OR BLACK PIND

One-half natural size.

From Sargent’s ‘Manual of the Trees of North America,”
by. permission of Houghton-Miffin Company.

at heights of 20 to 30 feet branches into a close
head made up of rather large branches and notice-
ably thick foliage. It has longer leaves and larger
cones, or burrs, and generally a rougher and less
straight trunk than the shortleaf pine with which
it is often found.

The leaves, which are found in clusters of 3 each,
are 3 to 5 inches long, stiff, dark yellowish green in
color and stand out straight from the twigs. They
fall during the second year after forming. The cones
are 1 to 3 inches long and light brown in color. They
usually cling to the branches for several years,
sometimes for 10 to 12 years. The bark on the stems
and branches is rough. On mature trees it is dark
gray or reddish brown, and irregularly divided into
broad, flat, continuous ridges.

The wood is light, soft and brittle. It is sawed
into lumber for general construction and is used
for fuel. This tree is able to grow on very poor soil
and has the capacity, when young, of sprouting suc-

cessfully from the base of the stump when burned
or cut back,

FOREST TREES
> PEER DIE AIG AE HOMIE -<E OD HOKE OHSS

SPRUCE PINE (Scrub Pine)
(Pinus virginiana Mill.)

"Tew spruce pine, scrub or southern jack pine, is
J found in greatest abundance over the upper and
hilly parts of the State. It occurs often in pure
stands in old fields and is very persistent in gully-
ing, broken and very dry soils. It is one of our
slower-growing pines. The side branches usually
persist for many years, even after dying, thus giving

SPRUCE PINH

One-half natural size,

From Sargent’s “Manual of the Trees of North America,”
by permission of Houghton-Miffin Company.

a scrubby appearance to the tree which is responsi-
ble for one of its common names,

The twisted and spreading leaves are borne two
in a cluster. They vary from 1% to 3 inches in
length, are grayish green in cclor, and are shorter
than those of any other pine native to the State. The
fruit is a cone, or burr, averaging about 2 inches in
length, narrow, and often slightly curved, with small
prickles. Cones are produced almost every year,
and, as they persist on the branches from 3 to 5
years, a tree top with many dry, open cones is char-
acteristic of the species. The bark is thin, reddish
brown, and broken into shallow plates. Even with
age, the fissures in the bark are so shallow as to
give a somewhat smooth appearance to the trunk of
the tree.

Except in the occasional large-sized trees, the
wood is very knotty because of the persistence of
the side branches. It is light and soft, but fairly dur-
able in contact with the soil, so that it is being used
to some extent for posts, poles and piling. The lum-
ber is increasingly used for rough construction, but
it warps easily with alternate wetting and drying.
It is much used for paper pulp and firewood.

9

FOAREST TREES
AS ALS Ane DY Rockin D> PRO KE HE SE HKKE EE HUE -~

WHITE PINE (Pinus strobus L.)

HE white pine occurs naturally throughout the
(ee and extends into the adjacent region.
It grows on high, dry, sandy and rocky ridges, but
prefers the cooler or moister situations. Its straight
stem, regular pyramidal shape and soft gray-green
foliage make it universally appreciated as an orna-
mental tree. Its rapid growth and hardiness, and

I

GQ. f WHITE PINE

One-third natural size.

From Sargent’s ‘‘Manual ‘of the Trees of North America,”
by permission of Houghton-Miffiin Company,

the high quality of the wood make it one of the most
desirable trees for forest planting.

The trunk is straight, and, when growing in the
forest, clear of branches for many feet. The branches
extend horizontally in whorls (i. e., arranged in a
circle on the stem), marking the successive years
of upward growth. The bark is thin and greenish
red on young trees, but thick, deeply furrowed and
grayish brown on older trees. The tree commonly
attains heights of 50 to 60 feet and diameters of
1 to 2 feet, though much larger specimens are still
to be found.

The leaves, or needles, are 3 to 5 inches in length,
bluish green on the upper surface and whitish be-
neath, and occur in bundles of 5, which distinguishes
it from all other eastern pines. The cone, or fruit,
is 4 to 6 inches long, cylindrical, with thin, usually
very gummy scales, containing small, winged seeds
which require two years to mature.

The wood is light, soft, not strong, light brown in
color, often tinged with red, and easily worked. The
lumber is in large demand for construction pur-
poses, box boards, matches and many other products,

10

FOREST TREES
> BER EGA FRE KG MRE SO HOKE SE -~O HE OREO SE

WHITE ASH (Frasxinus americana L.)

HE white ash is found throughout the State, but

grows to best advantage in the rich moist soils
of mountain coves and river bottomlands. It reaches
an average height of 50 to 80 feet and a diameter of
2 to 3 feet, though much larger trees are found in
virgin forest. The bark varies in color from a light
gray to a gray-brown. The rather narrow ridges are

WHITE ASH
Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.

separated with marked regularity by deep, diamond-
shaped fissures.

The leaves of the white ash are from 8 to 12 inches
long and have from 5 to 9 plainly stalked, sharp-
pointed leaflets, dark green and smooth above, pale
green beneath. The ashes form the only group of
trees in eastern America that have opposite, com-
pound leaves with 5 or more leaflets. This fact in
itself provides a ready means of identifying the
group. The flowers are of two kinds on different
trees, the male in dense reddish purple clusters and
the female in more open bunches. The fruit of the
ash is winged, 1 to 1144 inches long, resembling the
blade of a canoe paddle in outline, with the seed at
the handle end. The fruits mature in late summer
and are distributed effectively by the winds.

The wood of the white ash is extremely valuable
on account of its toughness and elasticity. It is
preferred to all other native woods for small tool
handles, such athletic implements as rackets, bats
and oars, and agricultural implements. It is also
used extensively for furniture and interior finish.

11

FAREST TREES
A> Ro REE ED $ROKEG RE O HOKE SE O HESS D> REX-

BEECH (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.)

HE beech occurs throughout the State. It makes
its best growth, however, in the moist coves in
the mountains. It is widely found scattered with
oaks and hickories on rich, well-drained bottoms,
and in the mountains sometimes occurs in unmixed,
dense stands. It is one of the most beautiful of all
trees, either in summer or winter.
The simple, oval leaves are 3 to 4
inches long, pointed at the tip, and
coarsely toothed along the margin.

: BEECH

One-half natural size.

When mature, they are almost leathery in texture.
The beech produces a dense shade. The winter buds
are long, slender and pointed.

The bark is, perhaps, the most distinctive charac-
teristic, as it maintains an unbroken, light gray sur-
face throughout its life. So tempting is this smooth
expanse to the owner of a jackknife that the beech
has been well designated the “initial tree.”

The little, brown, three-sided beech nuts are
almost as well known as chestnuts, They form
usually in pairs in a prickly burr. The kernel is
sweet and edible, but so small as to offer insufficient
reward for the pains of biting open the thin-shelled
husk.

The wood of the beech is very hard, strong, and
tough, though it will not last long on exposure to
weather or in the soil. The tree is of no great eco-
nomic importance as a lumber tree, though the wood
is used to some extent for furniture, flooring, car-
penters’ tools, and novelty wares,

12

FOREST TREES
> PRR <r E> PUK EE --HURKKE ~<E _HUKIKE OREO KES EE

BLACK BIRCH (Betula lenta L.)

HE black birch, also known as sweet birch or

cherry birch, occurs only in the highlands and
mountain sections. It attains its best development
in the mountain coves and on rich slopes where it
reaches an average height of 70 feet and a diameter
of 2 to 3 feet. The tree is moderately slow growing,
but is of value for its products and protection to the
soil in the high mountains,

BLACK BIRCH

Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size.

The bark of the trunk is dark brown, almost
black, dull and broken into large irregular, but not
papery, plates. The small branches and twigs, also
dark in color but lustrous and very aromatic, are
frequently cut and distilled for the production of
birch oil, much used as wintergreen flavoring.

The leaves are simple, alternate, oval or ap-
proaching oblong, 3 to 4 inches long, finely toothed
and dark green, dull on the upper surface.

The flowers are of two kinds; the male catkins,
usually 3 to 4 on a shoot, forming in the summer and
blooming the following spring when the female cat-
kins or “cones” open from the winter buds. The
seeds ripen in late summer or autumn and fall with
the loosened scales of the “cone.”

The wood is heavy, very strong, hard and compact.
The dark-brown color of the wood has given rise to
the common local name of mahogany, or mountain
mahogany. It is used for furniture, often being
sold as “mahogany,” and for flooring and interior
trimming; locally it is prized as firewood.

18

FAREST TREES
FD AREKERKE HEE HUSK SEO PEK SE OEE

RIVER BIRCH (Red Birch) (Betula nigra L.)

HIS is the only native birch found at low eleva-
tions in the South. It is at home, as the name im-
plies, along water courses, and inhabits the deep,
rich soils along the borders of streams, ponds, lakes,
and swamps which are sometimes inundated for
weeks at a time.
The bark provides a ready means of distinguish-
ing this tree. It varies from reddish brown to cinna-

RIVER BIRCH
One-third natural size.

mon-red in color, and peels back in tough papery
layers. These layers persist on the trunk, present-
ing a very ragged and quite distinctive appearance.
Unlike the bark of our other birches, the thin papery
layers are usually covered with a gray powder. On
older trunks, the bark on the main trunk becomes
thick, deeply furrowed, and of a reddish-brown
color.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 2 to 3 inches
long, more or less oval in shape, with double-toothed
edges. The upper surface is dark green and the
lower a pale yellowish green.

The flowers are in catkins, the two kinds grow-
ing on the same tree. The fruit is cone-shaped
about 1 inch long, and densely crowded with little
winged nutlets that ripen from May to June.

The wood is strong and fairly close-grained. It
has been to some extent used in the manufacture
of woodenware, in turnery and for wagon hubs.
Since, however, this tree is scattered in its distribu-
tion and mostly confined to the banks of streams, it
does not figure largely in commercial lumbering,
but is cut chiefly for firewood.

14

FOREST TREES
D> FREE DAO MG AE -D HOMOGE +O HOKE OH

BLACK CHERRY (Wild Cherry)

(Prunus serotina Erh.)

medium-sized tree, up to about 70 feet high
and 1 to 8 feet in diameter, black cherry as a
tree is at its best in the high mountains. The forest-
grown trees have long clear trunks with little taper ;
open-grown trees have short trunks with many
branches and irregular spreading crowns. The bark
on branches and young trunks is smooth and bright
reddish brown,
marked by conspicu-
ous, narrow, white,
horizontal
lines, and
has a bit-
\ ter-almond
taste. On
the older
trunks the
bark be-
comes
rough and
broken
into thick,
irregular
plates.
T he
BLACK CHERRY leaves are

Twig, two-thirds natural size.
Leaf, one-third natural size. alternate,

simple,
oval to lance-like in shape, with edges broken by
many fine incurved teeth, thick and shiny above,
and paler beneath.

The fruit is dull purplish black, about as large
as a pea, and is borne in long hanging clusters.
It ripens in late summer, and is edible, although
it has a slightly bitter taste.

The wood is reddish brown with yellowish sap-
wood, moderately heavy, hard, strong, fine-grained,
and does not warp or split in seasoning. It is
valuable for its lustre and color and is used for
furniture, interior finish, tools, and implement han-
dles. With the exception of black walnut, the
cherry lumber has a greater unit value than any
other hardwood of the eastern United States.

15

FAREST TREES
D> BRR SR RK ee > HUH HE HIKE SE EHR

CHESTNUT (Castanea dentata Borkh.)

VER the Southern States the chestnut is native

to the hilly and mountain sections. It is one
of our most useful trees and as such, has been called
the “farmer’s best friend.”

The long-pointed leaves with their coarse teeth,
each bearing a slender spine, are quite distinctive.
They are simple, alternate, average 5 to 10 inches in

CHESTNUT

Leaf, one-third natural size.
Twig, one-half natural size.

length, and are dark green in color. The flowers
are of two kinds on the same tree, the long, slender,
whitish catkins opening in midsummer. The fruit
is a prickly burr, which opens at the first frost, or
earlier, and drops 2 or 3 shiny, brown, sweet, edible
nuts.

The bark becomes broken into light-gray, broad,
flat ridges, which often have a tendency toward a
spiral course around the trunk.

The wood is light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained,
and very durable in contact with the soil—qualities
which make it particularly valuable for posts, poles,
crossties, as well as for light building construction.
The wood is rich in tannin, and in the southern Ap-
palachians it is extensively cut and used for the ex-
traction of this valuable commercial product.

A bark disease, known as the chestnut blight, is
proving fatal to the chestnut, and has already prac-
tically exterminated the tree over much of north-
eastern United States. It has already reached por-
tions of Virginia and North Carolina,

16

FOREST TREES
> PORES DUO EO HEKG SO HOKE O HESS

WHITE ELM (American Elm)
(Ulmus americana 1.)

HE famous shade tree of New England, whose

range, however, extends to the Rocky Mountains
and southward to Texas. Within this vast area, it
is generally common except in the high mountains
and wet bottom lands. It reaches an average height
of 60 to 70 feet and a diameter of 4 to 5 feet. The
bark is dark gray, divided into irregular, flat-topped,
thick ridges, and is generally firm, though
on old trees it tends to come off in flakes.
An incision into the inner bark will show
alternate layers of brown and white.

The leaves are alternate, simple, 4 to 6

J inches
long, rath-
er thick,
somewhat
one- sided,
doubly
toothed on
the mar-
gin, and
generally

Twig one-half WHITE ELM smooth
natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. above and

downy below. The leaf veins are very pronounced
and run in parallel lines from the midrib to: leaf-
edge.

The flowers are small, perfect, greenish, on slen-
der stalks sometimes an inch long, appearing before
the leaves in very early spring. The fruit is a light
green, oval shaped samara (winged fruit) with the
seed portion in the center and surrounded entirely
by a wing. A deep notch in the end of the wing is
distinctive of the species. The seed ripens in the
spring and by its wing is widely disseminated by
the wind.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough, and diffi-
cut to split. It is used for hubs of wheels, saddle
trees, boats and ships, barrel hoops, and veneer for
baskets and crates.

Because of its spreading fan-shaped form, grace-
ful pendulous branches, and long life, the white elm
justly holds its place as one of the most desirable
shade trees,

17

FAREST TREES
>Re Dh Reo > $i KKG E HRKIGE FSEKHK

BLACK GUM (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.)

HE black gum, often called sour gum, has been

considered a weed in the forest. Weed-like, it
finds footing in many types of soil and conditions of
soil moisture throughout the State. In the lowlands
it is occasionally found in year-round swamps with
cypress, and in the hills and mountains on dry slopes
with oaks and hickories.

The leaves are simple, 2 to 3 inches
long, entire, often broader near the apex,

shiny, and dark green in color. In the
fall the

turn a
most bril-
liant red.

T he
bark on
younger
trees is
furrowed
between
flat ridges,

BLACK GUM and grad-
One-half natural size. ually de-

velops into quadrangular blocks that are dense, hard
and nearly black.

The greenish flowers on long slender stems ap-
pear in early spring when the leaves are about
one-third grown. They are usually of two kinds,
the male in many-flowered heads and the female
in two to several-flowered clusters on different trees.
The fruit is a dark blue, fleshy berry, two-thirds of
an inch long, containing a single hard-shelled seed,
and is borne on long stems, 2 to 3 in a cluster.

The wood is very tough, cross-grained, not dur-
able in contact with the soil, hard to work, and
warps easily. It is used for crate and basket
veneers, box shooks, rollers, mallets, rough floors,
mine trams, pulpwood, and fuel. In the old days,
the hollow trunks were used for “bee gums.”

18

FOREST TREES
> ROK EE SHOOK EE HEN SE SD HOKE EO HEOXSHEOCVOG

SWEET GUM (Red Gum)
(Liquidambar styraciflua L.)

HE sweet gum is a large valuable forest tree. It
occurs on rich river bottoms and in swamps sub-
ject to frequent overflow, as well as on drier uplands
throughout the lower and middle parts of the State.
It is usually abundant in second growth on old fields
and’ in cut-over woods. The bark is a light gray,
roughened by corky scales, later becoming deeply
furrowed. After the second year the
twigs often develop 2 to 4 corky pro-
jections of the bark, which
give them a
winged ap-
pearance.
The simple,
alternate
star - shaped
leaf, with its
5 to 7 points
or lobes, is
5 to 7 inches
across and
very aro-
matic. In the

fall its
SWEET GUM coloring is
Leaf, one-third natural size. brillian t

Twig, two-thirds natural size. ranging from

pale yellow through orange and red to a deep
bronze.

The flowers are of two kinds on the same tree,
unfolding with the leaves. The fruit at first glance
reminds one of the balls of the sycamore, but on
closer inspection proves to be a head. It meas-
ures an inch or more in diameter and is made up of
many capsules with projecting spines. It fre-
quently hangs on the tree by its long swinging
stem late into the winter.

The wood is heavy, moderately hard, close-
grained, and not durable on exposure. The reddish
brown heartwood, which suggests the name red gum,
is not present to any appreciable extent in logs
under 16 inches in diameter. The wood is exten-
sively used for flooring, interior finish, paper pulp
and veneers for baskets of all kinds. Veneers of
the heartwood are largely used in furniture, some-
times as imitation mahogany or circassian walnut.
This tree should be more widely planted for orna-

mental use.
19

FAREST TREES
A> BOSE AEE LD RR OKEG REE D> FEO KG SE > KOE <E EHO

PIGNUT HICKORY
(Hicoria glabra Britton) (Carya glabra Sweet)

HE pignut hickory is a medium to large upland
eee occurring plentifully on poor soil in the
middle section and less frequently in the other parts
of the State. It has a tapering trunk and a narrow
oval head. :

The bark is close, ridged and grayish, but oc-
casionally rough and flaky. The twigs are thin,
smooth and glossy brown. The polished brown win-
ter buds are egg-
shaped. the outer
reddish brown
scales falling in
the autumn,

Twig, one-half
natural size.

The leaves are smooth, 8 to 12 inches long and
composed of 5 to 7 leaflets. The individual leaflets
are rather small and narrow.

The fruit is pear-shaped or rounded, usually with
a neck at the base, very thin husks splitting only
half way to the base or not at all. The nut is smooth,
light brown in color, rather thick-shelled, and has an
edible kernel.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough and flexi-
ble. Its uses are the same as those of the other
hickories.

The small-fruited hickory (Carya microcarpa
Nutt.), by some considered a variety of the pignut
hickory, differs from it in having a round fruit and
a bark which frequently separates into narrow
plates.

The pale-leaved hickory (Carya pallida Ashe)
is found scatteringly in the upland woods, It has
pale, delicate foliage. The leaves are woolly or
hairy underneath, and when young are covered with
silvery scales. The husks are thicker than those of
the pignut. 6

FOREST TREES
D> ALOR DEKE DO HE KG SE HEE BH HEU

WHITEHEART OR WHITE HICKORY
(Mockernut Hickory)

(Hicoria alba Britton) (Carya alba K. Koch)

HE white hickory, whiteheart, mockernut, or
big-bud hickory is common on well-drained soils
throughout the State. It is a tall, short-limbed tree
averaging 60 feet high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter.
The bark is dark gray, hard, closely and deeply
furrowed, often apparently cross-furrowed or netted.
The winter buds are large, round or broadly egg-
Shaped, and
covered with
downy, hard
WHITEHRART

OR WHITE
HICKORY

Leaf, one-fifth
natural size.

Twig two-thirds
natural size.

scales. The recent shoots are short, stout and more
or less covered with a downy growth.

The leaves are large, strong-scented and hairy,
composed of 7 to 9 obovate to oblong, pointed leaf-
lets which turn a beautiful yellow in the fall.

The flowers, like those of all other hickories, are
of two kinds on thesame tree; the male in three-
branched catkins, the female in clusters of 2 to 5.
The fruit is oval, nearly round or slightly pear-
shaped with a very thick, strong-scented husk which
splits nearly to the base when ripe. The nut is of
various forms, but is sometimes 4 to 6 ridged, light
brown, and has a very thick shell and small, sweet
kernel.

The wood is heavy, hard, tough and strong; it is
white excepting the comparatively small, dark-
brown heart, hence the name white hickory. It is
used for vehicle parts, handles and picker-sticks. It
furnishes the best of fuel. This and the other
hickories are very desirable both for forest and
shade trees,

21

FAREST TREES
D> Pilon SD Ei KKKran OO HEKGE = OC HEH SS > ROKK ~<

BLACK LOCUST (Yellow Locust)
(Robinia pseudacacia L.)

THE black locust occurs throughout the entire

State and in all soils and conditions of moisture
except in swamps. It is found as a forest tree only
in the mountains, where it attains a height of 80 to
100 feet and a diameter of 30 inches. Throughout
the other sections of the State it occurs generally
in thickets on clay banks or waste places, or singly
along fence rows.
The twigs and
branchlets are armed
with straight or
slightly curved sharp,
strong spines, some-
times as much as 1
inch in length which
remain attached to
the outer bark for
many years. The
bark is dark brown
and divides into
strips as the tree
grows older.

The leaves are pin-
nate, or feather-like,
from 6 to 10 inches
in length, consisting
of from 7 to 19 ob-
long thin leaflets.

The flowers are
fragrant, white or
cream-colored, and

BLACK LOCUST appear in early
Leaf, one-third natural size. spring in graceful
Twig, two-thirds natural size. pendant racemes.

The fruit is a pod
from 3 to 5 inches long containing 4 to 8 small hard
seeds which ripen late in the fall. The pod splits
open during the winter, discharging the seeds. Some
seeds usually remain attached to each half of the
pod, and this acts as a wing upon which the seeds
are borne to considerable distances before the strong
spring winds.

The wood is yellow in color, coarse-grained, very
heavy, very hard, strong, and very durable in con-
tact with the soil. It is used extensively for fence
posts, poles, tree nails, insulator pins and occasion-
ally for lumber and fuel.

22

FOREST TREES
DREHER SHEA HE SD HOKE SO HOKE -O HE S-<

RED MAPLE (Acer rubrum L.)

HE red maple, or swamp maple, is widely dis-

tributed throughout the State. It is usually
a medium-sized tree, quick-growing and relatively
short-lived. It is used as a shade tree, though much
inferior for this purpose to the other maples, espe-
cially the sugar maple. The bark is smooth and
light gray on young stems, and dark gray and rough
on the old limbs and trunk.

RED MAPLE

Leaf, one-third natural size.

Twig, one-half natural size.

The leaves are 2 to 5 inches long and have from
3 to 5 pointed, saw-toothed lobes, which are sepa-
rated by sharp angular sinuses or openings. The
upper surface when mature is light green and the
lower surface whitish and partly covered with pale
down. In autumn the leaves turn to brilliant shades
of red, orange and yellow.

The red flowers in dense clusters appear in early
spring before the leaves, the buds turning a deep
red sometime before they open. The winter buds
are small, red and round or blunt-pointed. The
fruit ripens in late spring or early summer. It
consists of pairs of winged seeds, or keys, one-half
to 1 inch in length, on long drooping stems, red,
reddish brown or yellow in color.

The wood, which is commercially known as soft
maple, is heavy, close-grained, rather weak and of
a light-brown color. It is used in the manufacture
of furniture, and for turnery, woodenware, and also

for fuel,
23

FAREST TREES
D> HOKAGE, SHOOK OD HEKE SH ONENESS > KeXK~<

SUGAR MAPLE (Acer saccharum Marsh.)

HE sugar maple, often called sugar tree, is
eee only on the cool slopes of our higher
mountains. It is generally a rather slow-growing
tree, but in the open it grows faster and has a
very symmetrical, dense crown, affording heavy
shade. It is therefore quite extensively planted as
a shade tree. The bark on young trees is light gray
to brown
and rather
smooth,
but as the
tree grows
older it
breaks up
into long,
irregular
plates or
scales,
which vary
from light
gray to
almost
black. The
twigs are
smooth
and red-
dish brown, and the winter buds sharp-pointed.
The tree attains a height of more than 100 feet and
a diameter of 3 feet or more. The sap yields maple
sugar and maple syrup.

SUGAR MAPLD

Leaf, one-third natural size.
Twig, one-half natural size.

The leaves are 3 to 5 inches across, simple, oppo-
site, with 3 to 5 pointed and sparsely toothed lobes,
the divisions between the lobes being rounded. The
leaves are dark green on the upper surface, lighter
green beneath, turning in autumn to brilliant shades
of dark red, scarlet, orange and clear yellow.

The flowers are yellowish green, on long thread-
like stalks, appearing with the leaves, the two kinds
in separate clusters. The fruit, which ripens in the
fall, consists of a two-winged “samara,” or “key,”
the two wings nearly parallel, about 1 inch in length
st a a seed. It is easily carried by the
wind.

The wood is hard, heavy, strong, close-grained
and light brown in color. It is known commercially
as hard maple, and is used in the manufacture of
flooring, furniture, shoe-lasts and a great variety of
novelties,

24

FQAREST TREES
D> PERLE ED PERS KEKE RE ED “ROKK EE IKKE HEHE

BLACK OAK (Quercus velutina Lam.)

HE black oak, sometimes farther north called

yellow oak or yellow-barked oak, usually grows
to be about 80 feet in height and 1 to 3 feet in diame-
ter. It is found commonly throughout the State
on dry plains and ridges, but seldom on rich ground.
The crown is irregularly shaped and wide, with a
clear trunk for 20 feet or more on large trees. The
bark on
the very
young
trunks is
‘smooth
and dark
brown but
soon be-
comes
thick and
black,
with deep
furrows
and rough
broken
ridges.
Thebright-

Twig one-half BLACK OAK ellow
natural size. Leaf, one-third natural size. ace and

bitter taste of the inner bark; due to tannic acid,
are distinguishing characteristics.

The leaves are alternate, simple, 5 to 10 inches
long and 3 to 8 inches wide, shallow or deeply
lobed, the shape varying greatly. When mature,
the leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper
surface, pale on the lower, more or less covered
with down, and with conspicuous rusty brown hairs
in the forks of the veins.

The fruit matures the second season, The light-
brown nut is from one-half to 1 inch long, more
or less hemispherical in shape, and from one-half
to three-quarters enclosed in the thin, dark-brown,
scaly cup. The kernel is yellow and extremely
bitter.

The wood is hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained
and checks easily. It is a bright red-brown with
a thin outer edge of paler sapwood. It is used for
the same purposes as red oak, under which name
it is put on the market. Its growth is rather slow.

FOAREST TREES
AD FREER EER KKK RE HIKE FIR KKKG EE HEE

CHESTNUT OAK
(Quercus montana Willd., formerly Q. prinus L.)

HESTNUT OAK, also known as mountain oak

and rock oak, has acquired these names from
its leaf, which resembles that of the chestnut, and
from its fondness for rocky or mountain ridges.
It is found widely distributed throughout the moun-
tains on dry gravelly and rocky slopes, ridges and
stream banks, and less commonly in the upland
part of the State in
similar dry, rocky situ-
ations.

It is noticeably a
spreading tree of medi-
um height; at 15 to 20
feet, the trunk frequent-
ly divides into several
large, angular limbs,
making an open, irregu-
lar-shaped head. The
bark is dark reddish
brown, thick, deeply di-
vided into broad,
rounded ridges, and is

cauSENU Gan of high commercial
Guethicd pects sea: value for the extraction
of tannic acid.

The leaves are simple, alternate, oblong, often
rounded at the point, irregularly scalloped or wavy
on the edge (not sharp-toothed as in chestnut), 5 to
9 inches long, and shiny yellowish green above,
lighter and slightly fuzzy beneath. The fruit is an
acorn about an inch long, oval, shiny brown, and
enclosed up to half its length in a cup. It ripens
in one season, and, like the acorn of the white oak,
sprouts in the autumn soon after falling to the
ground.

The wood is generally similar to that of the other
upland white oaks, heavy, hard, strong, and durable
in contact with the soil. It is extensively cut into
crossties and heavy timbers for bridge, railroad, and

other rough construction, and used for fence posts
and fuel.

26

FOREST TREES
DERE SD HERES DO HOKE -~<E SO HERE O HERSEK

NORTHERN RED OAK

(Quercus borcalis maxima Ashe,
formerly Q. rubra L.)

HE northern red oak occurs throughout the

State, but is most common and of best quality in
the higher mountains. It is not found in swamps.
It usually attains a height of about 70 feet and a
diameter ranging from 2 to 3 feet, but is sometimes
much larger. The forest-grown tree is tall and
straight with a clear trunk and narrow crown.

The bark on young
stems is smooth, gray to
brown, on
older trees
thick and
broken by
shallow _ fis-
sures into
regular, fiat,
smooth - sur-
faced plates.

The leaves
are simple,
alternate, 5
to 9 inches
long and 4 to

NORTHERN RED OAK 6inches wide,
Leaf, one-third natural size. broader _ to-
Twig, one-half natural size. ward the tip,

divided into
7 to 9 lobes, each lobe being somewhat coarsely
toothed and bristle-tipped, and firm, dull green
above, paler below, often turning a. brilliant red
after frost. The flowers, as in all the oaks, are of
two kinds on the same tree, the male in long, droop-
ing, clustered catkins, opening with the leaves, the
female solitary or slightly clustered. The fruit is
a large acorn maturing the second year. The nut
is from three-fourths to 134 inches long, blunt-
topped, flat at base, with only its base enclosed in
the very shallow dark-brown cup.

The wood is hard, strong, coarse-grained, with
light reddish-brown heartwood and thin lighter-col-
ored sapwood. It is used for cooperage, interior fin-
ish, construction, furniture, and crossties. Because
of its average rapid growth, high-grade wood, and
general freedom from insect and fungus attack, it is
widely planted in the higher portions of the State
for timber production and as a shade tree.

27

; FAREST TREES
A> ARR IKKE HOOK HIRE HOKE

PIN OAK (Quercus palustris Muench.)

IN OAK is rarely found naturally except on the

rich moist soil of bottomlands and the borders
of swamps. It is usually not abundant in any local-
ity but found scattered with other kinds of trees.
It more commonly attains heights of 50 to 70 feet,
with diameters up to 2 feet, but is sometimes larger.
The tree commonly has a single, upright stem with
numerous long, tough
branches, the lower
ones drooping, the
middle horizontal,
and the upper as-
cending. The many
small bristling twigs
and branches give
the tree its name.
The bark on young
stems is smooth,
shining and light
brown; on old trunks

PIN OAK ‘
Leaf, one-third natural size. light gray-brown and

Twig, one-half natural size. covered by small,

close scales. Because of its beauty, its hardiness,
and its fairly rapid growth, pin oak makes an ex-
ceptionally fine street tree.

The leaves generally resemble those of scarlet oak,
but the rounded openings do not extend quite so
near to the midrib; they average somewhat smaller,
being 3 to 5 inches long and 2 to 4 inches wide.

The flowers are of two kinds on the same tree,
and appear when the leaves are about one-third
grown. The fruit, taking two years to mature, is
an acorn nearly hemispheric, about one-half inch
long, light brown, often striped, enclosed only at the
base in a thin, shallow, saucer-shaped cup.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and usually
knotty. It is light brown, with thin, darker-colored
sapwood. It is sold and has the same uses as red
oak, although it is generally not so good in quality.

28

FQAREST TREES
> hho KEE ARO KGS HE KE E +O REKKG E O HEKE EE

SCARLET OAK (Qurcus coccinea Muench.)

CARLET OAK, also known as pin, Spanish or

spotted oak, occurs usually on dry, rocky, or
sandy soils, throughout the uplands of the lower
mountains, but is nowhere very abundant or of first
importance. It usually reaches a height of 60 or 80
feet, with a trunk diameter of 2 or 3 feet, and is
sometimes larger. The branches droop at the ends
and form a narrow,
open crown and the
trunk tapers rapidly.
The bark
on young
stems is
smooth
and light
brown. On
old trunks
it is di-
vided into
ridges not
so rough
as those of
the black
oak and
not so flat-

: topped as
SCARLET OAK Twigonehalf those of

Leaf, one-third natural size. natural size. the north-

ern red oak. The bark is often mottled or spotted °
with gray. The inner bark is reddish.

The leaves are simple, alternate, somewhat oblong
or oval, 3 to 6 inches long, 214 to 4 inches wide,
usually 7-lobed, the lobes bristle-pointed and sepa-
rated by rounded openings extending at least two-
thirds of the distance to the midrib, giving the leaves
a very deeply “cut” appearance. The leaves turn a
brilliant scarlet in the autumn before falling. The
flowers are of two kinds on the same tree and ap-
pear when the leaves are two-thirds or one-half
grown. The fruit takes 2 years to mature. The
acorn is one-half to 1 inch long, reddish brown,
often striped, and about half-enclosed in the cup.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong and coarse-
grained . The lumber is sold as red oak and has the
same uses. It is usually somewhat inferior in qual-
ity and sometimes known as pin oak. Scarlet oak
is used considerably in ornamental planting.

29

FAREST TREES |

WHITE OAK (Quercus alba L.)

ITHIN its natural range, which includes prac-

tically the entire eastern half of the United
States, the white oak is one of the most important
timber trees. It commonly reaches a height of 60
to 100 feet and a diameter of 2 to 3 feet; sometimes
it becomes much larger. It is found in a wide variety
of soils. When grown in a dense stand it has a

WHITH OAK

Twig, one-half natural size. Leaf, one-quarter natural size.

straight continuous trunk, free of side branches for
over half its height. In the open, however, the tree
develops a broad crown with far-reaching limbs.
Well-grown specimens are strikingly beautiful.

The leaves are alternate, simple, 5 to 9 inches
long and about half as broad. They are deeply di-
vided into 5 to 9 rounded, finger-like lobes. The
young leaves are a soft silvery gray or yellow or
red while unfolding, becoming later bright green
above and much paler below. The fruit is an acorn
maturing the first year. The nut is three-quarter
to one inch long, light brown, about one-quarter en-
closed in the warty cup. It is relished by hogs and
other live stock. The bark is thin, light ashy gray
and covered with loose scales or broad plates.

The wood is useful and valuable. It is heavy,
strong, hard, tough, close-grained, durable, and light
brown in color. The uses are many, including con-
struction, shipbuilding, tight cooperage, furniture,
wagons, implements, interior finish, flooring, and
fuel. Notwithstanding its rather slow growth, white
oak is valuable for forest, highway and ornamental
planting,

30

FOREST TREES
> ROME DS HICH AE DEKE SO HEGRE

YELLOW POPLAR, OR TULIP TREE
(Liriodendron tulipifera L.)

5h oe POPLAR, or tulip tree, received its
names from the yellow color of its heartwood
and its attractive tuiip-like flowers. It is one of
the largest and most valuable hardwood trees of
the United States. It occurs commonly throughout
the State, but reaches its largest size in the deep
moist soils along streams and in the lower moun-

YELLOW POPLAR

: Twig, two-thirds
Leaf, one-third natural size. natural size.

tain coves. As more commonly seen, it has a height
of 60 to 100 feet and a diameter of 3 to 4 feet. Origi-
nal-growth trees, however, attain heights of 150 to
190 feet and diameters up to 10 feet. Growing with
a straight central trunk like the pines, and often
clear of limbs for 30 to 50 feet, it has a narrow
pyramidal head which in older age becomes more
spreading. The tree has been extensively cut, but
is reproducing rapidly and remains one of the most
abundant and valuable trees in our young second-
growth forests. It has been planted as on orna-
mental and shade tree. ;

The leaves are simple, 4 to 6 inches in length and
breadth, 4-lobed, dark green in summer, turning
to a clear yellow in the fall.

The greenish-yellow tulip-shaped flowers appear
in April. The fruit is a narrow light-brown, upright
cone, 2 to 3 inches long, made up of seeds, each en.
closed in a hard bony coat and provided with a
wing which makes it easily carried by the wind.

The wood is light, soft, easily worked, light yel-
low or brown, with wide cream-colored sapwood.
It is extensively cut into lumber for interior and
exterior trim, vehicle bodies, veneers, turnery and
other high-grade uses.

FAREST TREES
> BRR Ep D> RRO KKK aE D> BURKE EO FROG EE HOEK

SYCAMORE (Platanus occidentalis L.)

HE sycamore, also called buttonwood, is con-

sidered the largest hardwood tree in North
America. It occurs throughout the State but is
most abundant and reaches its largest size along
streams and on rich bottomlands. It is one of the
more rapid-growing trees. In maturity it occasion-
ally attains a height of 140 to 170 feet and a diame-

SYCAMORE

Leaf, one-third
natural size.

Twig one-half
natural size.

ter of 10 to 11 feet. It often forks into several
large secondary trunks, and the massive spreading
limbs form an open head sometimes 100 feet across.

The bark of the sycamore is a characteristic fea-
ture. On the younger trunk and large limbs it is
very smooth, greenish gray in color. The outer
bark yearly flakes off in large patches and exposes
the nearly white younger bark. Near the base of
old trees the bark becomes thick, dark brown and
divided by deep furrows.

The leaves are simple, alternate, 4 to 7 inches
long and about as broad, light green and smooth
above, and paler below. The base of the leafstalk is
hollow and in falling off exposes the winter bud.
The fruit is a ball about 1 inch in diameter, con-
spicuous throughout the winter as it hangs on its
flexible stem, which is 3 to 5 inches long. During
early spring the fruit ball breaks up, and the small
seeds are widely scattered by the wind.

The wood is hard and moderately strong, but
decays rapidly in the ground. It is used for
butchers’ blocks, tobacco boxes, furniture and in-
terior finish.

The European sycamore, or planetree, is less sub-
ject to disease than our species and has been widely
planted in this country for ornament and shade.

32

FOREST TREES
> ho <KKG aS GRRE KG AE SHIR EEK SPR ee

BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra L.)

HIS valuable forest tree occurs on rich bottom-

lands and moist fertile hillsides throughout the
State. In the forest, where it grows singly, it fre-
quently attains a height of 100 feet with a straight
stem, clear of branches for half its height. In
open-grown trees the stem is short and the crown
broad and spreading,

é

BLACK WALNUT

Leaf, one-fifth natural size.
Twig,three-quarters natural size.

The leaves are alternate, compound, 1 to 2 feet
long, consisting of from 15 to 23 leaflets of a yel-
lowish green color. The leaflets are about 3 inches
long, extremely tapering at the end, and toothed
along the margin. The bark is thick, dark brown
in color, and divided by rather deep fissures into
rounded ridges.

The fruit is a nut, borne singly or in pairs, and
enclosed in a solid green husk which does not split
open, even after the nut is ripe. The nut itself is
black with a very hard, thick, finely ridged shell,
enclosing a rich, oily kernel edible and highly nu-
tritious.

The heartwood is of superior quality and value.
It is heavy, hard and strong, and its rich chocolate-
brown color, freedom from warping and checking,
susceptibility to a high polish, and durability make
it highly prized for a great variety of uses, including
furniture and cabinet work, gun-stocks, and air-
plane propellers. Small trees are mostly sapwood,
which is light colored and not durable. Walnut
is easily propagated from the nuts and grows
rapidly on good soil, where it should be planted
and grown for timber and nuts,

33

FAREST TREES
D> Rio nce > PR kn > KEE EE EIS SE HE

BLACK WILLOW (Salix nigra Marsh.)

HE black willow is common along streams

throughout the State except in the high moun-
tains. It rarely comes to be over 50 feet in height
and is frequently found growing singly or in clumps
along the water courses. In winter the easily sepa-
rable, bright reddish-brown or golden, naked twigs
are quite conspicuous.

The leaves are from 3 to 6
inches long and less than one-
half an inch wide; the tips are
very much tapered and the en-
tire margins finely toothed.
The leaves are bright green on
both sides, turning pale yellow
in the early autumn.

; The flowers are in catkins,
\ the male and female on sepa-
\ rate trees. The fruit is a pod
bearing numerous minute seeds
which are furnished
with long silky down,
enabling them to be
blown long distances.

The bark is deeply di-
vided into broad, flat
ridges which separate
into thick plate-like
scales. On old trees it
becomes very shaggy.
In color it varies from
BES MELON light brown tinged

Two-thirds natural size. :
i a a with orange to dark
brown or nearly black.

The wood is soft, light and not strong. A high
grade of charcoal, used in the manufacture of gun-
powder, is obtained from willow wood, and it is
the chief wood used in the manufacture of artificial
limbs.

There are many species, or kinds, of willows not
easily distinguished. They are of high value in
checking soil erosion and waste along stream banks,
for which purpose they should be more extensively
grown.

34

FOREST TREES
SD ROKE-E -DHEHS EE OD HEKO SO HOKE OS HOEK K

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Cedar ROG eescrescusyes cect son sseneaenrten iain ull yeeisresnlds dee veae 5
Om GC esis cei aeneeatay lasting nies die eee RTT RS 6
Pings. ODOM ye scs seseiig ain iia eecau eas Wonca ete sieht abcde qT
Piteh eaccsruomunsrcorg omrcronaiaen senna nate 8
Spruce... ike eee et a eters 9
WAGG so eccoivsstacstscacinialedeyspabiiatins vevdapeetutesrvncteenieiunin gegunmendvnines 10
Ash, “White. divocan: aianco utes tite eadnauteaeeaeiny 11
IBOGCN: «jas. goes srsves, chins heaved sat evita cr tele tn eecectte 12
Birch; Blaeles oi. cccnsecosesespiesncsiacstensss cneastiicleivtersnsvicioeorccas waa aaubantens 13

River ...

Cherry, Black ... 15
CHEST: “cicss services edadatsinaeseaGiticecueersaciaess aad .. 16
TO ata ONO ee ea dete ne 17
Gum) Blake oerescine vase rea enh vies rateaaeeneeeee wh et 18
DS WEC E5528 ond: Sieasd cote ndonth icsdanay sansadiencessiaseds ialeasdpseeseasieaceenye ian 19
Hickory), (Pignuts soscdacnncaesaaieencl see tances Rae: Breese 20
White Heart: sinosets coecenie mae ieinevvnn ec 21

THOCUSE, SBIR. 2 ii5ssc5icsg siti aoe de clad gissesauan cone Meteaierownaecs 22
Maple, REG) scsissicosieine se wince wane comdpinnnnambriiinnenn 23
SULA’ sy cicavuneeakes | chutes teunetaneuenesmentes 24

Oaks, “Bl@ele sscvscecsvwsvonareviseaun wetcanawoeseeiensiess voile 25
CRS CHUA ss ssa jeden case shia desea Gacabhauzanensaiiessodaacauseiacnostecsses 26
NGPEHGTR Med. oiatecinraSeeiintnccnmiaernan uaa ea atoaencaes 27

PAM) se cccoteaciesesece case eeacnytenschegemt oyster x aan tovenaarere ta realest tous 28
SCOr6t: ces eee hace tle Eee raat ated seven 29
Witte see ee eet ee: 30
Poplar; Y ello Wcccdievssaseniesccrystsccntncs ccean severed caaveceventisssicaavievetsaascese 31
SVOAMOLE® shsccgectee.isideaiainecenitiadoynns suatledundeattan Meas tcatecnris 32
Walnut; Black: s.caicannuciadiniatensdmammeie oaks 33

Willow, Black

“Tf we would have Forests

We must prevent Fires”